Magic Six Commands Manual V0 Searchable

%•

JBS\

The Zero-th Edition of the Maqic Six Commands Manual

4/27/78

/iPN

ijp\

Opening Monologue:

You are probably already asking why a system commands manual needs

an openinq monologue. It's very

simple,

like any

opening monoloque

this gives one

a'taste

of what to expect inside this very zero-th

edition of The Magic Six

Programmers'

Manual. It is also to warn

you to ignore the 3/20/78 that appears all over the place. That

is when this manual was put onto

ma emetic

tape,

it took a bit of

PDP-10

programming, a bit of careful questioning and the combined

resources of fche

Dynamod (Proaramming

Technology)

PDP*-10

(they

had the nine track tape drive) , the Advanced Research Project

Agency's ARPANET, and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory's

Xerographic Printer. It also required countless hours of dedicated

hacking, both to document and to implement (not necessarily in

that order) the programs described herein.

All of the files in this manual are in the directory: >doc

and are accessible via the help command so if it doesn't work

the way it is described here, check online and see if it is out

of date.

t

>

The Magic

Six

Commands

t1art(J(J|

fox (typing

conventions)

3/20/78

\$

Information

on "Fox"

terminals

on

MagicSix.

Foxes are

computer terminals

with a

video'character

display. They can

display

24 lines of up to 88 characters per line. Each character position can hold

• exactly one character, hence

"over,

strikes" (such as underlined

uord9)

are not

possible. The

default

typing conventions are

listed be I

on,

some are user-

setable,

for

information

on changing them type

"help

stty".

On

typeout,

at most one screenful

I 424

lines - a "page")

will

be typed since

your last input. If the command you typed causes more than one page of typed

output, the last line typed on the screen

will

be:

—more—

You

now

have

twc

choices:

(1) type

a

space ("blank"),

to.

allow

the

terminal

to

type

the

hext

page.

;

(2) type

any

other character {such

as the

first character

of the

,

you intend

to

type)

to

"swal

low"

the

rest

of the

typed output, rather

then

printing

it.

Note that

the

system

"ready"

message

will also

be

"swallowed".

On input, most

key

bushes result

in the

corresponding

character being added

to

the right hand

end of the

"current line". Some control characters

are

used

to .

edit

the

current

line

and

reformat

the

display

but

are

not

normally

inserted,/

into

the

current

line:

•i.

RETURN

DEL

Ctrl

X

Ctrl

D

Ctrl

R

Ctrl

L

Ctrl

C

Ctrl

U

terminates current

line (it

is

then sent

to

the

command

processor*

or

whichever program

is

reading

input).

;

this

delates

the

rightmost character

on

the

line,

it

"tintypes"

the

previous character. (Note that

the key on the Fox

is

labeled

up

side

down, lower case

is

DEL, upper case

is

"underscore").

;

excises

the

current line (deletes

to

the. leftmost char

on

the

line).

'

i.

'.lit'

redisplays

the

current line (handy

if you

were

typing in whi le

the

'.

system

was

typing out).

'

.

,. .,,,

clears

the

screen then redisplays. Note: this

is

much better

thertU8in£|:i|i:f,f';

the CLEAR

ALL

key, which also clears

tab

settings.

Thesystein ;seis

-

V^'t-fjOi

tabs every

5

characters

at

newproc'

time.

•

; •

:'j

.;'••"•

j

• / "'*

'li^fe

clears

all

type ahead.

•

i i

M!''

silences

the

typout

(all

text which

would*

have

been

typed-

is swallowed

«\:y

\'f\--

until

the

*

'

'•,•;'

ctrl

Q

quotes

the

following

character (used

to

insert special control: chars

;

I

into

the

buffer).

.

;

•

Ctrl

Z

signals

break immediately.

.

'

•'^

To type

a

control character, "ctrl

Z"

for

exampl-e,

hold down

the

CTRL

key}

and

hit

the "Z" key.

In

uc

(upper case) mode

all

letters

are

converted

to

lower case unless

:

i(!

they

are

preceded

by

a

#.

:

n:

»

!

- 1 -

J)

1

I I

'

The

rta^ic Six

Commands

Manual

3/29//T&

glossary

.

'

''••'. ' '

''.',•

Memory

Management

;.. . .

^

segment

.!.

..^'ifrf

most computers have

a

1-dimensional

address

space,

a single integer

can be

used

to

specify

any

given memory

location.

The Infce'rdato

7/32

provides

a

2-dimensiohal

address

space, each memory location

is

referred

to by

a segment number (from

0*

to

15) and

an

offset

(from

0

to

65535).

At

any

given time

any

number

of the

segments

may exist

(a

segment

may

exist

even

if

it

is

actually

out

on.

the disk

as

long

as

the

system knows that

it

has

been

initiated).

Each segment

may

have

its

own

size

and access

mode.

This means

that

some

may be

programs

which

are

read and execute

only, whi

le others

may

be data

segments

of

varying

sizes.

If you

read beyond

the

end of a

segment

(e.g.

load from <5,5049>

when

segment

5 is only 4096

bytes

long)

an

oobounds

condition

wi

II

be

raised.

.

If

you

write beyond the end of a

segment

to

which

you

have write

access

the

segment

will automatically be

grown

to the

appropriate

size

tin multiples

of

2048

bytes)

unless

the

segments

maximum

length

is too

small:.

The

current default

maximum,

length is

50KB.

If

you

attempt

to

write

to

a

segment

to

which

you do not

have

write

access

a

no_write condition will

be

raised.

Branching

to

a

segment

to

which

you do not

have

execute access

will

cause

a

no_execu

condition

to be

raised.

Referencing

a

npn-exlstent segment wi.l I cause

a

nonexist

fault.

i

<n,m>

is

probably

more fami Marly

known

as n|m

which

is how

pointers

are

usually printed

.out

address space

. is the

name given

to the set of up to 16

segments

•

which

may

referenced

at a

given

instant. Since

a typical user needs many more segments

the

dynamic

linker

is

able

to

perform

an

operation

caI

led

address space switching which changes

the set of

accessible

segments

and

attempts

to

make

the

arguments

to the

subroutine accessible

in the new

address space.

Each

segment

has a

preferred address space

or

is expected

to,

run

in the

address space

of

i

ts

caller.

Thus Whenever

tv is

called it will

be

run

in

the. address space

called

tv

while

whenever

ioa

is

called

it

will

be run in the

current address

space.

- 2 r

!

'I.

t

.1

i

...(.,..}

;

:-Ji;|

J^N

The Magic

Six Commands

Manual

glossary

I

access

(or

acl)

Each segment

in an

address space

has an

access

mode.

This consists

of a set of

bits which indicate

the

segment

io

readable

(r),

writable

(w),

or

executable(e)

as well

as a

number

of

other bits which

are.used to

protect

the

system from

.the

user.

Uhen

a

segment

is

initiated its

access

is set to the one

stored

in

the file

system

and

will

stay

as

such

until it

is

changed

by use of

hcs8set_acl.

reference name

(ref_name)

Each segment

in

each address

space.may

have

any

number

of reference names

as

long

as

they

are*

unique

.in

the

address space.

The

reference names

may be

listed

with

the

Irn.

(Iisi_ref_names)

command

and are

used

by

the

dynamic

linker

when

it trie-s

to see

if

a

segment

is

already

initiated.

3mm-\

'?jj

• I

•;••>'

1

if

:

:.".;>B:i

;-

>••

.:

•'• :

ft'

-.,

-if,

•

*jl

•.-..HI

-•••W.

••..!id:

'H

i.

.

i-'

il-

I'!'

•M

.

I

An

.1

M

r

I.-K-

•;•-<

J#"V

dynamic

linking

In most systems

the

core locations

of all

subroutines

must

be

known before

a

program

may be

allowed

to run.

This

has

many problems

wh-ich

should

be

obvious

to

anyone

who

has

written

a

multiple overlay

program

on

MAGIC

4.

In

a

dynamically

linked system subroutine references

are resolved

the

first time

the

subroutine

j's-called

in.a

given process, meaning that

the

core location

of

a

subroutine need

not be

known until

it is

actually caI

led*

Calling

is

done

by the

means

of a

special'

instruction

called

a

link.

(Do not

confuse

this.with

the

use

of.

link

in the

file system sense, this

us'age

is

historical.).

The first time

a

link

is

executed

the

dynamic

linker*

finds

the

address

of the

subroutine

and

converts

the

link

into

a

branch

(or

load immediate) instruction

with

the

proper target address. This

is

called

snapping

the

link.

The call

may

then

be

repeated

any

number

of

times with

no

further

intervention

by the

dynamic,I

inker*

(Since

the

link

is

obviously impure

jt resides in

the

.'".:'..-•

so called

linkage

section

or

linkage segment along with

v

the programs static storage.)

The dynamic linker accepts links

of the

form:

refnameSepname

...

although

the PL/I

compiler

and the

assembler

will

convert-

external references

of the

form:

refname

to.refnameSrefname*

The work

of the

dynamic

linker

is

done

by a

subroutine

called

scsSmake_ptr.

It

first searches

for a

segment

with

the

specified

reference name

and

if it

finds

one

decides

if jt

needs

to be

moved into

the

current address

.•'

- 3 -

;•

<

h

V It-;-'

•:<•

•!•'

ill-'

••<'

X

J.:'

:-;h

.11*1

il'-ii!

!.=!f.

.:*.i.il

•;

i-:

I

"•vj •J.'.iifl

KM

i

,.•;;?

•

:-rt.i

•

i>)Xi:h

•'

II.

•I:

'

4o-i.

i

»

The ttagtic

Six Commands Manual

'

3/2d/JZ^

glossary

space. Otherwise

it

searches through

a

list

of

directories

called

the

search rules for

a

segment with the

appropriate

.

etn-try

name.

ji

If

the-

link

is

of.

the form rqfnamefr

then

it

is

assumed

to

refer

to

the b39e of

the

segment.

If it

is

o-fr

tha

form

renameJtepname

then it

.must-

be;

an

object

segment,

since

it

refers

to*the

entry point

named epname

within

it.

Links^ofthe formflepname

are designed

to

prevent

segment

name

clutter since'the dynamic linker

first

checks

the calling

segment for that/entry

point'

before

trying

to-

snap a,

link

to

epnameSepname.

.

If

the

dynamic linker is unable

to

snap

a link it will

raise

the

condition

linkage.

initiate

To

initiate

a

segment the system looks

up

that segment

in the

file

system

(given

a

directory,

name'and.

an

entry

name)

and-makes

that segment appear to be

in

the current

(or

specified) address space

by

making

one

of

the previously

free segment slots contain

tha,t

segment.

before:

')

referencing

<7,0>

(or

710

in

more

common

nomenclature)

would cause

a

honexist

fault

'

i

ti-

;.'

terminate

}

To terminate a segment is tp

disassociate

the file system

segment from the current slot

in-

the address space.

before:

referencing

<7,0>

is the same operation as referencing

the first byte in the segment/file >u>common>uncommon

hcsSterminate(<7,0>J

after:

t

!

referencing

*7,0>

gives a nonexist fault

File System .

- 4 -

I':.

•"

i

/^L

I

1

.

"

•

•i

i

• •

[

w

{;•!_

.

J

>

.

:

«

-

i

• •* *

lift

•'Is

.i

i

P

Iv?.1

i#-f

'W

•

% !

.

i::iH

\?i

hcsSini

t i ate

(%u>common'\

"uncommon",segjptr.-error^code) ;'-.•" ' .!.i;j

.'.;.'• . . ..;#

after: *

seg_ptr « <7T0>

error_code »

0

referencing

<7r0> is

the same

operation.as referencing

the first byte in the

segment/file >u>common>uncommon

,

:'"'•{'$•

.• I

:•

•It:

i.

'•

I

. I

, •

>

<*%•

fr.'i

t

i

I

The Magic

Six

Commands

Mar<y||l

glossary

1 -.:•!: -ilir

3/28/78

•'i

£^*--

t< ••

hierarchy

The

file

system

can be

thought

of.as

a

tree

(an

acyclic

!

directed graph

in

which

each'node

has a

unique predecessor).'

•

At

the top

is

a

unique node known

as the

root. From

this

node

it

is

possible

to

specify

a

path

'to

any

other node

of

the.

tree.

Nodes which point

at

other nodes

are

called directories i

while

those which

do not are

called segments

(or

files).

; "

Each branch

leaving

a

given-node,

may have

any

number

of

named i

root

/

I

\ . .

.....

'i

•>

•MM

• '

i

'I

ft

•;.:;•

(-.-;,

••v.!

!;•>.:;}

'•'•

•.'•.I.I;,«.

f »

!•

<i

'-:•

•., .

-;r.

' "!' -' •''

1

'If'

•:.:.•

.i;

i.

.''J

udd

: /

1

/

1

sas mlk

/

1

\

/ |

•

\

foo

bar foo.

8

all

/

1

\

/

.

1

. \

list

cwd

ppom

•

P»l

pathname

A pathname

is

the

name

of a

file

given

as a

path

to

•

traverse through

the

file hierarchy.

An

absolute

pathname

is one

which begins

at the

roo.t.

In

the

above

diagram

>

refers

to the

root, >udd refers

to

the

directory named

udd

immediately

below

the

root.

>udd>sas>foo

is

the

name

of the

file

foo in the

directory

sas in the

directory

udd

under

the

root. Absolute pathnames begin

with

a >

(pronounced "greater than"

or

"down")

and

start

at

the root. Relative pathnames start

at'

the

current working

directory

and may

either indicate

a

list

of

branches

to

travel down

(e.g. if the

working directory

is>udd>sas then

foo.pll would refer

to

>udd>sas>foo.pll)

or may

indicate

,

that

the

specified node

i.s

reachable*

from

the

working,

directory only

by

first

travelling

up the

tree. This

is

indicated

by

starting

the

pathname

with a

< or a

series

of

<*s.

(e.g. if the

working

direc-tory

is

>udd>sas

then,

<rk indicates

the

directory >udd>rk)

.

•

.i.

»!t

•

»

i-.

i

•:-!::i;:

I

ink A link is a

node in

a directory which indicates that a

branch is

reaily

located somewhere else in the

file

hierarchy. If a

link

in >sll name

oink'

were

created

pointing

to >udd>sas>bar then

all

references to

>sll>oinK

would be converted to references to

>udd>sas>bar.

walking the hierarchy

Walking the hierarchy involves traversing the

file system

tree in such

a

manner as to

visit

every node below a given

• - 5 -•

MM;

''

>

•".

'i

J.'

•

•..'•

i\

?

••».

•iWW

•;'•• /.i'H-'.i

The'Wagic

Six Commands Manual

glossary

3/29/78

r

i

\

one

in the

tree. Thus

a

complete tape dump must walk

the

entire

file

system from

the

root down.

starname or

star

convention

Sometimes

it is

useful

to

specify

a set of

file

system

entries which have

certain

sections

of

their names

in

common.

For

example,

all:

programs ending with

".pll"

or

aJI

twc

component

file

names.

To do

this there

is the

star

convention. .

which

allows

commands which accept

starnames

to

recognize

the

specified

subset

of

all available

files.'

A

starname

looks

like

any

ordinary branch name except that

it

contains

either a

star (asterisk,

*)

or a

question mark

(?}.

In a

star name

a

?

matches

an\^

letter. Thus,

??

would match

all twc

letter

names

and

mumble.???.frotz

would match

all

names which start

with

"mumble.",

end

wi th

."frdtz."

and

have exactly three

characters

in the

middle. Star matches

any

number

of

characters-

up

to the

(period,

•')

so

that *.pll

would

match

all

files which

end

with-

".pll"

and

contain

no

other dots.

(e.g.

Saturday_Night.pll

would match while

SundayJlorning.incl.pl1

would not.) Star star

(**)

matches

any

sequence

of

letters,

therefore

**

matches everything,

**.pll

matches anything ending

with

".pll",

*.*#.pll

matches everything with

two or

more dots

ending with

".pll".

I/O

System

stream

An

I/O

stream

is the

basic unit

of

data transmission

in

Magic

Six.

It

roughly corresponds

to a

logical unit

on

MAGIC

5, ..•

except that streams

are

given names rather than numbers

and

consist

of a dim

which

does

the

I/O

processing

and a

description

which indicates

to

what

device/stream

the

result

is to be

transmitted

(or

received from) 8nd/or

how

such processing

is

to be

.

performed*

Streams

may be

created

and

destroyed within

a

process.

The information

apdUt

a

given stream

is

stored

in its

iocb

(I/O

Control

Block).

*

i *

.

%":-X-

•A...'-'-

.

1

'• •

i .

l

'

•'

:

i

. •

1

* ': • '

'

."' :-

••'

••;•

t

.

:.if

i

•»:

•'{

.

I .

:."i

•'..•;

attach

A stream is attach by specifying the stream, a dim, and

attachment

description

which is interpreted by the dim.

A stream must be attached before

it

can be Used for

I/O.

an

detach

The opposite

of

attaching

a

stream

is

detaching

it

which makes

it

unusable

for

I/O.

dim

i

:>r.

This

originally

came from device interface module and

is basically

the program which actually does J/0 to the given device.

- 6 -

•'•'*>-'.«

I*.

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manijpl

glossary

3/28/78

list

of the

most commonly appearing dims

follows:

tty_io

interfaces

to.

pas I a

devices

and

imiacs

syn_io

.

transmits data

on to the

target stream

, :

mt_Jo

does

magnetic

tape

I/O

i

file.io.

does

I/O

to

a-segment

(or

set-

of

segments)

:••.« • I

'1» f

•.'••<»

•'•

i

•

i

.:.

•

..

. i

.

. . i • ..

,

--[•:•

!.»

.'

i

:

f.;1

•u}«

.'•>(••

V

"

.

'•' I •

i •

!'

•;VV.

if.

h

>.'••

'i

!

'i^V

4

A;

i

'i.1

'

• *

•-.•'!

,

•.

J

;.ui

.

!

.

,

1

.'*"; ;

'

•I'-;.

.

1

i

•••••Jr,-

if

• . •• -.

;•<

-J-

..L

V-i'-j-

1

I I

'

.i

- 7 -

• »

.t •. , • • • • i ••

''•',,.';i-t

..-.:•.

•.

-• :•.. '•>

•»,••,

.i -.••'•'•

-. .,

:h

,"• ' •; *

i I

:••'

»'

i!|

•

.v:

•

:;.'..?'

'• •••••

.

• -i :

"."•r'r/a-.i'l.ViW.'l-

.

•

• V ••

•:. ;:

i !

The Hag ic

Six

Commands

Manual

address spaces

'3/2ft/ft

•.

»!

•

'•.t;

'•: ••;•

-.;

li

•

'

i

'.:

i:

(cur

1-14-78)

S^lk!!

ADDRESS

SPACE DOCUMENTATION

The commands

which dear with

address spaces

arei

ii?

HIM

Irn

en

in

list

status

tmr.

Lists Reference

Names

of

active segments

(per

address

space).

List existing

address Spaces.

sets

the

Space Name

of a

segment.

Initiates

a segment

in the

current

address

Bpace.

Lists

address

Space

for

each segment

(if

it

is not

null),

its the

last thing on.

the

line,

the

last-'being

the

ring

number.

Gives

stats

on a

segment,

including

address space.

Terminates

a

segment from

the

current

atfdress

space.

What

an

address space

is:

,,"

J.

•**

i

;

!

M-

Because

of

hardware

I

imitations,

'at most-IB

segments

may

be

"mapped"

or

"in

use".

MagicSix

provides

a

general

-facility

for

a.l

lowing

the

users

to think

they

have

as

many active segments

as

they want.

The

operating system

can

manipulate entire

sets-

of 16

segments called

"address spaces",

basically

pushing'

and

poping

on a

stack

of

pending

address

spaces,

only

the top one

actual ly

being active (hardware

mapped).

Each segment

has a

specified

address space. When

we

link

to

a

subroutine,

a

check

of the

address space

of the

segment

(containing

the

subroutine)

is

made,

if it Is the same as

the

active

space

or

it

is

null

(indicating

"I'll

run

anywhere")

the

segment

is initiated

in the

current

address-space

and

linked

to.

I f

the

space

names

do not

match

the new

space

is

pushed

and

made

active.

Now

when

the segment

is

initiated

it

will

be in the new

address space

and

hence

will

not

take

up any

segments

in the

caller's address space. When

the

subroutine returns

the

rteW

address space

is

poped

and the

(the

caller's) becomes

active.:

Note that

the

address

space

is

still

"there"

just

not

active.

sn:

This

is the

space_name command.

It

takes

two

args,

a

pathname

and

an

address space

name.

The

segment represented

by

the

pathname

Is

put

in the

address space named.

i.i

.1

=•:>

; i

'

1

.

1

*

1

• .

•

[

•

i'*a%!l

':'!

.

• •

r

.4

i

•(••

*

•

"

• * 1 1

• .*.

••; i

<1

•

1 .T!'

••: '?i«l

.1 '

• tv

Irnj This

command has three

.forms.

Uhen called uith no

args,

this command lists

all

the

refnames

on the segments in

the

current

address space.

Uhen called with

one

arg,

and that is not a "*", then

Irn lists

the

refnames oh

the segments in the address space named

- 8 -

.-.i

•.

i

,J

.=

The Magic

Six

Commands

^OWfe'

address spaces

3/28/78

W

by

the

argument.

1

f

-y

in*

argument.

f

the

name is

a

»*»

*u .

.

are

listed

and

all

the

SPCI

?*.!

•

°n

?"

addre"

8Pac*

refnames.

segments therein

are

listed

with their

8

* '

u

I

••

I

•,..

'I.

Is:

prints

a

Iist

entered

s

from

this

ts

a

list

of all of the

address-spaces

which have been

ince

the

last

neuproc

(or

login).

wzs"

removes

spaces

list.

•

i

A

I

.

t

''

l

••

I

l >

•V •'•'"

.>'

•

*:••••«:•.'•:••;

•.';•• i

•

... -I •

J.

•

'•

. .1 I I

:,f

••••'].*••

•'•••••:;'••,; i

:<

.:•''.-':•.••••

•:•{••'.{.Ill*':.ifi--:

!.*,:<•

.

f

I

j

•

i

;

•.

i

..

ii

•

• .

»

J0^\

V

1

i

, . ., , -

!' 1

Ui

I

•'

-'•;'

-

9 -

<

i

! "

^'H

I

!

I'.,

I

-':fV11

it

KM

M i: ;if i

;.

i

'I.-.1-

.i

»•

vi!

Ii1

t'-.ii.

>;!?!

'id.

I!

'

-t

Ttte Wag

i c

Six-

Commands Manua I

arcfrfve

3/20/78

The archive

manager:

»

,

usage

is: ac

<one letter

command>

<archive> [<archive

entry>J

The

ac

command

has at

least

four

sub

commands

t

-

generate

a

table

of

contents

of the

specified archive

d -delete

an

entry from

the

specified archive

a

- add an

entry

to the

specified

archive

x

-

copy

an

entry from then specified archive into

a

fife

of the

same name

. * '

1

.'.'.•

.' ••

/«^

•

'^ft

•

1

'

1

1'

"'

'

.

•

1.

•I

•1'

'

M

/.

"»!i

;'

•«

I

.

':

V

, \.

i

f:

V.

j'.'ji

\ '!••

0'

:

'

. .

•'•••<

I.

• :•'. i

'

r

>a%

/v

Jfrt:'

- 10 -

>

•

i.

i

;'

'

•

:

!• ';

i'-l

:

1 !: » •

I '

i.

'

i

• •• i

; '

?',

•»»

'.

II

;!;/:-i

•J

'l..'

:.J.i

'.'.'if.

.

>

M

\-1

'i;"

lj'

.-' ';

r,-':*

:..?:;1:.

.

•

i

I

.

I

H

•;i

The

Magic Six Commands MaHijpl

asr.dsr.psr

3/20/78

#**••

The

asr

command takes

two

args.

The

first

is a

full

pathname

of a

dir

to be

added

to the

search

rules,

and

the

second

is

a

number between

1 and f (hex)

which

is the

position

in the

rules

to

make'this

.dir.

The.

first

dir

after initiated

segments

is

I,

and

the others

are

numbered successively*

The name

-ud will

specify

the

working directory.

.

The

dsr

command takes

one

argument

and

removes

it*

from

the

search

rules.

It

warns

you if the dir

is

not in the

search rules.

The

psr

command

prints

the

search rules.

- 11

-

.[•<•**

'

i

* .

»

-

t '

" \ ,

•

* *

,

,--JT:

.. •

•- .i •

' .• t

•

• '" •

• •*

. '••.

• '_'

1'

' ^ .'

-

I

• .'

.:•'

:

• 1 • i '

• "

!

•!•'•

,<•

-..•!r!i

1 • . • »*

;<

:

'•.'•

Aw-.

'•

-f-\-:"::.'m\

:

..)Hf-

• ••

:;f.

1 1

.

• . *

•*

i

'

•

*

•:::":J:K

3".-l

•.:

•;i

.

*

t

»

:.•;!

:.r.

Jr

•

-V:. ••••;

...

;•• -il

[•>.:.',.

I '

.••••.

, •

.• .

"It'

.1

• ,

"

• •''

••:''

<:•

'

.'.

:=.

••• ,' •*:•'•

a'!

'•

: i • .,

•

r...ll

>••,

••::' ':.r ^^l-WM

•••••• • .-.• .-,"

<'•'••

i''-'J'

»•

) .

>!$':,#•1'

The

Mag i

c

S

t

x Commands

flanua I

b i

nd

3/28/78

The

bind

command concatenates several object segments

into

a single segment.

The

names

of the

segments

to be

bound

are

in

a bind

control

segment.

The

usage

iss

"bind foo"

the

bind,

file

•

becomes

foo.bind

and the

first

line

in it is the

name

of the

output

file.

All

succeeding lines

of the

bind file

are

interpreted

as

segments,

to be

bound.

The

last

line

that

will

be

read

by

,

the binder

is

"end;",

this terminates

the

bindirfg.

Any

line

beginning

with

a

";"

Mill

be

treated'as

a

comment

line.

•

Ir

•

.-'••

r.'

f

•.

i

si

:

' '•' •!'

MJ

v«

-'

i

•I

••;

-

12 -

•

f

I

*

/^:'.;j>

i>

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

clean

3/28/78

•.

"•

:

i;

V*

The CLEAN

command

takes

no

arguments.

11

goes through

the current working dir,

and for

each

file

that

it

finds,

it

prints

the

file

name

and

ask

you

"what

about

it"?

If you .

answer anything etartihcj with

a

"d"

or a

"D",

the.

file will

be deleted, otherwise

It

will

not;

In

either case, CLEAN

will

then

go to

the

next file

in

the

dir. When there

are no

more files

in

the

dir,

it will

return.

If

you hit

quit

wh-ile

in

clean,

you wi

II

be

back

at the

level

you

started

at.

r

•

i

..

.'!••:•• '

:•::>••••

••'••• '.:••:

.!

"

•

'

•

.id-'!

•

'I. i

:i;

.

r

• '

t

•..

..jjr'«!-i

'•.'. *• .1

>.i

il

'

•-•»

»•

i..

>::•••

• ^K^t^lM

• •••;•.!•• =;!.-: -_ r

t,

• \->

• I

•)!:-?-vr:i!|>

!--./---:i7-A--!'.-'--

V'-'l:;

•'

v:,:i

v'f.?.

:•'••'

A

•.:''•'-1

-

13

-

.<';

:•:%.{

#^

•».

•• I''

•'.•

>•

,<

.-«

i

Thettagic

Six

Commands

Manual

cond

it ions

3/20/7JS

"

<!

There

are

various conditions that

can

be

raised while

running;

programs'

on

MagicSix.

Here

is a

list

of

them, what they mean

and

what

td do

to

fix

them.

i ::.'•!:

i

Ma.

lit'

•

bad_Juck.

,

This

is a

very unique

cond

i-t

ion,

the

fact that

it is raised

has

nothing

to do

with

the

correctness

of

your program.

It

indicates

the

system's inability

to

recover from

a

certain combination

of

unlucky

happenstances.

To

wit:

a

segment fault occured

in

the

middle

of the

wrong instruction, destroying needed information. Just

try

again.

no_excut

This means

that

the

location that this condition

was

raised

at is

not;

in

an executable

segment.

This

means that

the

e

access (when

you

type

list)

is

off.

Most compiled segments have this access

set

correctly,

so

if you get

this error,

it

most likely means that

you

aire tryi.ny

to

execute

a

data segment.

If

you

want

to

correct

the

access

of a

segment,

use

the

sa

command (type help sa).

.

no^wr

i'te-

This

means that

the

program attempted

to

store into

a

read-only

segment.

The

location

the

condition

is

raised

at-

is the

location

of

the instruction

which-attempted

the

invalid store instruction.

The

referencing

address

is

the

place that would

have,

been modified.

gate_err

' . .. j •

This error occurs when

the

system

is

called

incorrectly.

This means

that either

an

entry point that should

not

be

used

by

users

has

been

called,

a

random branch

Into

segment

0

has

been made,

or

the

wrong number

of

arguments

have been supplied

to a

system routine.

.The

location that this

was

raised

at

/•fill tell

you

which

Routine

was

called. Register

14

ui 11

likely point

'to

the

cal

ler.

f!

!

M

,

.11;

in

i

.i

'

!

•

i

hi

vi«

•

I

badxstat

This is raised when an external static variable is referenced,

and resides in a

different

address space than the

caller.

\

bad__args

This condition

is

raised when

a

call

to a

system

roucins

would

cause

the

system

to

attempt

to

modify

a

read-only

segment.

It is

raised

at

the

point

of

entry into

the

system

that,

detects

the

error.

area This condi

tlon

is

raised*when

an

allocate statement

or

call

to

allocn fails

because

of

insufficient free space

in the

given area.

unimp I op

This

means that

an

un-implemented pll

operator

has

been

U9ed.

Notify

MLK (Mike Kazar)

and he

ui 11

write

it.

i

)-•

•>:•.'

:i

.;

'•!

;

:.•'. *

'T.

'!

;•

•'••

I:

'»

^:«

,

•'•«'•:

'••!:

:

'

1.

%

I

•• !|

I

i i

:::

i

'I A

:

-

14 -

tfjfc

'

):••'

i;;1

! r

'• if

a

'«

The Magic Six Commands

Manyal

cond

i

11 ons

3/20/78

!••••!

badnargs

You

called

a

pll

program with the

urong

number of

arguments.

oobounds

This

condition

is

raisd when

you

attempt

to

either

grown

a

segment past

its

maximum

length,

usually

>60K,

or try to

reference past

the end of a

read-only segment.

The

latter

is the

most

Iikely

reason.

recurse

This condition

is

raisedwhen

you

grow your stack

too far,

usually

by

recursing

too

deeply.

You can

type

a few

commands,

biit If

you are not

lucky, then

you

will

get a

fatal error.

nonexi

st

This

that does condition

is

raised

when.you

reference

or

branch into

a

segment

not

exist,

i.e.

that

is not

mapped over

a

file.

SVC0 This

a segment

conditon

means that

the

dynamic linker

was

unable

to

find

named

in a

link,

or the

entrypoint

in

the

segment.

i

!

I

'•

>l.i,--

;•

.7.fi:

•

15

•i

1 it..

1

.

•••••*••:» i

.

5:l i

'

•

?!

•

<i*i!

i

- 15 -

!jP

:•• •

i >

. .

U'.

1

• :•

•

.i'

:

v.'

;

•••'

:i-

v -. -"i *

•••• yi y

t-i^-hi

''•••••'?:

•

.-fMs-.--

•

i

••'

,i

]•:••

• ...f

I

;V.i.

••• a

THie Mag re

Six Commands Manual

3/20/715

console.Iights

*

EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT THE LIGHTS

teT

WERE AFRAID TO ASK

The information displayed in thefront panel lights

by

MagicSix is extremely useful for debugging MagicSix crashes

and

other less serious

problems.

The four different

sections are

described

below.

C

B

B B A A A A

,.

:

.,••••.

, _

::

;•

1'

•

:'- ;;

!.

• *

• • , . ' *

•• .

i

.

• i" !.

-.

•' • ,'

1

..'. .

;'

!

•

. •;'

'•••»*•

]••

• ;.

.•

..?•.:.

!••

•

1 .:••'.•'•

'.

i

•

••-, *•.•'' ;'!

1

- * *•*•'.

J

' .

'•'••••

•'•

'>"•

':•-'/

f.

••••",' i ••

•

: : •

'•',••

.'<

'

'' '•".

• ',

!••••.' ••-....'. *|

';•'

'!

.

1

>

J

•I :

.

J

i-

/<s,%

fr^'f

The Right Most

Ha If

word

(AAAA):

This

displays the TCB address of

the*current

user. There are

i

two classes of

TCB's.

The first set are the

TCB*s

for

the

^

two system processes. They both have zero as their upper

digit

(ie "8CE8."-or

"09D8H).

The

Other

class of

TCB's

are

those

of

users.

These start at

"D8C0"

and can range into the

"Fxxx"

area.

All

of

these numbers are multiples of

8

hex which means that

the low order three bits of this section should NEVER

be

lit.

The usual cause of their being

lit is

some

sort of

irrecoverable disk

error.

To

fix this problem hit SGL

to

stop the processor and turn the disk off then on.> Restart

i

•'•

the processor by hitting RUN.

Since

all

the

systeirt

processes and only the system processes

1

•x

have zero as their first digit "thrash

mode"

is easy

to

.

j

detect.

If

very

little*

time is spent with any of the first

.

•

digit lit then no

one

is getting much work done: the system

•'•'{'

is thrashing. Warning: the system always spends

a

certain

• :

amount

of

time thrashing even with only one user and

under

••.-.;"

J

normal

circumstances.

For instance the PL/1

compiler

•

{

requires very little CPU time and

Jets

and lots of memory.

'

j

Therefore

a

PL/1 compilation

with'only

one user LOOKS

a

lot .

:

-

!

like

thrashing.

A

cjood

test to see if you are hopelessly

:.

j

thrashing

is

for all

users'to

hit break and try to go idle.

' •

''• < '

if one

or

more,

user

fails

to respond with QUIT

followed

by

a

•.•••';•

,'j

|'

ready

message'Within

several minutes (give it

a

little

time)

.

,•

••••iM"-"{ I

then you are

really

thrashing. If one or

more'users

gets

to

ii ri

command,

level have them

type

"hcsSlpgout"^

If all

idle-users

: ! !•'* '

have typed this AND their

consoles*

have stoped

echoing

then -i D

!

you have

really

had it. The system must be

re-IPLed..

,:

j

...,(

The Middle

Ha Ifword

(BBBB):

This half

word

consists

of

a

single

bit

which moves back

and

-

16

-

;|

i

.•fti

The Magic

Six

Commands

console Iights

3/28/78

J^

r

irf

forth.

It

advances one

bit

posi

t

ion*

every

time

MagicSix'

passes through the scheduler. That is

when'ever.MagicSix

attempts to find another user to run.

If

no users are runable these

lights

do not move

.and the

wait light above the key switch is on*. This is "idle

mode".

If the only load on the system

is reading

characters

the

lights

are moving in fits and

.starts.

This

occurs

when

all

the users are typing at command level or the user with the

pinwheel it typeing

and the other users are being held at

bay so that the

pinwheeler

can get some works done.

Basically:

one or more users are getting work done and the .

work

is

type

in.

Uhen a process Is doing a fair amount of thrashing it

will,

send many messages to the

C0RE_J0B

(the system process

with

the

smaller

TCB

address).

The

C0RE_JDB

often

send*

messages

to SYS_INIT (which is the disk server) when

it heeds

something brought in from disk. This means that

the

processor will be switching processes quite often and the

lights will be

moving back and

forth'very

quickly.

Simultaneously

the TCB address in

the.

AAAA slot

will

also

be

flashing

vigorously.

This

is

the normal mode for the PL/1

compiler.

•

Any program that loops or does prolonged crunching

will

be

evident because the

lights will

be moving

steadily and

magesticly.

One TCB

will

be in the AAAA slot.

Assembling

large programs with

midi

will make the lights

act like

this.

Uhen this is happening the process is not

volentarily

giving

up control

of the processor but has it taken away

when the

clock interrupt happens. It happens 10 times pe.r second. In

this

mode the dot should take about 3 seconds

to

complete

one

cycle.

The final state the

lights

can be. in is

characterized

by the

lights

blazing.

The dot is moving back and forth so

fast

that the single dot is blurred into a line. One TCB

address

is being

displayed,

usually

a system process.

This'

means

that the process

is waiting

for some one

else

to

do

something and no one is. A very typical example

is

for

a

lock to get left locked somehow.

If

the process

waiting

on

the

lock is

not a system process the a

directory is probably

locked and another user can try and unlock the offending dir

(It

is

usually >pd

that is locked so try

it

first

followed

by the users home

dir).

If there are no other users

logged

in hit

*Z

on

a

free console and login In as foo to try and

unlock things. Do NOT. login as a regular

user.«

*

The Left Hand Corner (C):

This section is

for hacks.

It

should be doing

something.

The Left

Most

Edge (0):

These four

bits

are ALUAYS moving.

If

they

aren*

t

the

system

- 17

-

•it

M

..

. t

"

#

' '

i

.!i

ii.

::.

•••!.:['

••V

••

;f.

•

11':

'

i i

: • I

! .

;

• r v

-

I;

•

»

"i

I

i'i

•i.

••• •' t

h

.. .

:••

•.

• r

.

• • !

i'.' ',

•

h^'i'1':;!!'

•

.r.i,.-

.fijihj.-.

I

.M

•

'1

••

'41

•Mil.

r

tr •

i'

4

•'! -;i *'\ ••:•• • *

:

j,

• 1

The-Magic

S-i.x

Commands hanual

console lights

3/20/78

is deader than'!a door nai I.

PUNT.

iH.:

i ••

1

'

, i

*.' l

-• . ' •

•

;...'

v

*

*' '

•

• .

i

t

i

.

•

•,

.•

• '

"

';

.- ' :

i

:

•

• '

•; '••.

'

I

t

*

•

*

1

•

' * • '.

*

"

* •

;

: ••'.

. <

i.

ti''

•?•!

'.'""•' •

"

-i.i \

• ••'•'.

i"l

1 • I

.

. • J

i

: . .

..

' i •

i ••

.

•

-1

•

"

...;|r

•. ;•

J

;*»i.

'

•

••'•

••' f> 't

.•..::.

•!";vri'

'!p.:;a •-iv

. • -

•

• •

••:•. fit

'

r

/

>

,

,t*

- ••

ti'.'

.•(«.'!

1 -

• •

' :'.||s;«

•:

,

Mi

•

'<.''•:

•

: •-:.•

'

-th'r.

•i ..'...,'•:

!

. '•-•

'"

:ti;'

;

.• '

:.

• •.

.-51 • «i

.It.

:

.

: ' .

-i.1

:

.-.

..;.«:.i.

.•

•••

.-:.

Mi'...

:.::.'

.••;:;:ij:

...

•••••' '

W:

•".' • -

"•

-.'--j:

•'.

••'

• • .•'<•,[ ± .r+

1

••••I

.. •

-

•

••'".

.•:

?>l

.••••-•;• -Mv?

• ••

; -,-.\\

.> ; I

•

i

:.

i

'

• .

«•.

-•!••!

• .-•;..i

- 18 -

•!• !

•. r

The Magic

Six Commands Manual

copy

3/20/78

••' •'•'•''' »

i.,-t'

••• ' .'"

r:

•-.,..

•

t<..

i«i

:

, '•

\'

• !

I)

'<

-I

••'

•;•:•*•(-,*:•

(;'•;!

•

••'!!MT ,v'-,i

> • ; .'

t :..i

;

.

'!•

.'

•• ' • ••!' •

Documentation

for

copy (cp):

'

• ! :''•

•

This

is

the

copy command.

It

takes

two

arguments.

The

first

i9.the'pathname

for

the

source fi

le:

The

second

is

the pathname for the

destination,

file.

'

If only

one

file

name .is

given, then

it

is the

name

of

source

f I

le,

and'the

destination

file name

is

formed

by

taking

the

entry name of the source file

:

and

putting

it in

the

current working

directory.

This

command copies

using

the bit

count field

of the

source segment,

unless it is

zero,

ih

which

case

the

number

of

characters

to be

copied

is

determined

from

the

page

count

of

the

source

file.

•

'.

•i •

ifi'

V

I

i

.

•

••.•«••

•!' •

•

i-

••

Ji'Vhi!:

!;

i

'Uf;

• '•'•;

,' •

::

•

ft.'

.

.'I

:

'!»

.•i.i

'

i'

'

i-.

:',•• ••••'.\t

••:';»

i.;

>l

.

I"t..l

1 \

• * •

M

JPN

-

19 -

•:

',

•'•• -v •:•••• :.'.•:•

*•-&.'

.

>••.•'•

I

.«.

-

till

-

.'•»•'

I

M.

|

• ll

•:•-*•

•<•••

-.I'll"

.• ' ''

•••.m

•>-:Vrt

'

US

•J*

ii':l

\

•'••.-

:^

The

flagic Six Commands Manual

crash 3/20/78

•

J

•

r

i

'

'l

' ..-,•

Here arte

a list

of the codes flashed in the

lights when the system \

'-,/yi

crashes, and Mhat they

mean*

They are due to

svc7,s

being

issued

by the

system.

.

•

I

•'

.' "•'

1:.

Changed

processes

tilth

the

inhibit

flag on. • .• •• ' • . '

•'.

i

2:

Read^Jpc

got a

spurious wakeup. Normally happens

if you

power

up;.'•.

a

.disk with

the

machine running rather than halted.

This

is

obsolete

and

should never occur.

.!

•..'••' • * • . • '

i"

'•.'.'.'

•';'

3:

.Core

job

tried

to

grow

a

segment past

.sixty-four

k.

•

'*

. '• • '

*••''•'.•

'..''.

''•-

!

• ''.:':

4*

Core

job

tried

to

wakeup deleted

user.-

! • .;

• •'•.••:

5:

Too many wired pages (No paddle). . .

6: Tried to read a disk record into segment 0.

, T

7:

Common

heap free chain smashed.

8: Not enough

free-storage

to satisfy request.

9*

Smashed linkage offset

table.-

.•

• • • •

A*

Checksum error on system loading.

.• •' ,,:•'•'

. • . j ,

B:

Tried

to

swap

out

into vtoces

0,

1 or 2.

.

i;

Cs Tried

to

write

out

into pages

.0

or 1.

i.

•

'

••»••-.;:•

D:

Tried

to

load

a

file

>

memory hole size.

li

'

E:

Power

failure while executing

critical code.

; ' .

I

!•: ••

:

jl-

•I

•II

• ,

.1.

1,J

j>

I

..I

• -i ••'•

i

<,.:M

'!h

1.»

i

<

4

:lf

y

!

^

!.

-20

-

i

A

vi

• i ;

!• •

'••! .!

The

Magic Six

Commands

HariUdl

delete

3/20/78

•

i

• i

!•*:•"•«:•

.-V-Mi

;- ;•.!:

There are four commands for deleting

file.system

entries

(dire*

I

inke,

arid

segs).

•

•hi

:

.. i i

it.

ill-

.1

i-:

#.,

<

.

• -i

They are

1) delete

or

dl

-

deletes only segments

. ' •

'..J;

•'.-,

2)

unlink

or

u!

-

deletes only

links

•

.

3) delete dir

or dd -

deletes only dirs

•• '*.-.' • .* '

4)

delete_entry

or de -

deletes any

entry'

'

The first takes one argument which

is

the star name

of

the entries

to

be

deleted.

The

last three take any number

of

arguments which are the

star

names

of

the entries

to be

deleted. The first three only attempt

to

delete

entries

of

the right type. Hence,

if

you have

a

dir named

"fob"

and say

'

"delete

foo". you

Mill

get

an

error

messsage

saying that

no

entries

matched

the star name

as

opposed

to an

error message saying that the entry was

of

the

Mrong type.

In

general the first three commands are meant for general

use

while

the

last

is

meant for

masochists

and

really

cleaning

up a

dir.

'

- ;;

; * • '

.

.-if

i

.--•.-

Comments

/

Complaints, on these commands should

be

sent to

RK.!

• •.;.'•"/!!

• ••

:•••(•'

.

I

: ' • 1 • •

i %!

••!•!

• ••

•

• I:

.

i

.

•

•'•

»

.

.•-'«'

i'.'.l

»

." '.:- '•

-1

••S

. •.

-

t'

'

,.'.!•;

J

•I U ]

i TVI

*•-.,.•.•

k\-

•:

,

j*^.

t

•

"M

.•/.

>t\

.

v;I-*

.'•

- 21 -

'.!••

i

•

! ! 1

! • •

,

*

>i

•".

<'->.

.l-\

• •

: r

'"•'

1

»r

•-

•

.

' • •

-

••»•

j,':-'

>'••;

r •

M|

j

.,1

(

•

•?•!

;

'"i-i '%; •

•

i;

•; •

I.-

•.: :

•

,/

.,

'• I

••••'•: . '•

t»'.-'

: i

.'

i

'.»I

•

i

:r--;-...

'j

-Jf.i,-

• v

»

The Hagic

Six Commands

Manual

do

3/20/78

do

is a

command

line

program which implements

the

general

lambda

form

for. command

4

ines.

•/*% ••

do pattern

argl

arg2

...

The pattern

is

a

string which

is

passed

to the

command processor

after

all

parameters

in it

have been

substituted

for. A

parameter

is indicated

by an

ampersand,

u&".

The

string

"W"

is

replaced

by

a single ampersand,

otherwise

when

an

ampersand

is

encountered

the next

few

characters

are

scanned.

These must

be.V",

"q"

or

a digit from "0"

to

M9*\

do

scans

up to the

number

and

then

performs

the

substitution.

»

&n

'

causes

the n-th

argument

to be

substituted.

&qn

causes

the n-th

argument

to be

substituted,

but.

also

requoted.

This means that

the

string

is

surrounded

by quotes

and all

quotes within

it are

doubled

so

that

when

do

passes

the

line

to the

command

processcr,

the

result

is ohe

argument.

&rn

causes

the n-th

argument

on to be

substituted.,

each

argument separated

by a

single space. This effectively

scoops

up the

remaining arguments.

6qrn

acts like

&rn

except that

it

also

requotes

the

result

like

&qn.

•

To

see the

result

of

a

do

expansion,

use the

entry point

doSdebug

which acts just

like

do

except prints

the

result

as

Apposed

to

passing

it

to

scsScl.

The

expanded

line

must

hot

exceed

256

characters

In

length.

Examples:

M

.i

i

I-

•

i

f

i

• •"

•

¥!

1<;

.

i,.-'

I

do

"who"

-'-»

who

do

"pll &1

Tnd"

foo

~» pll

foo

-nd

do "send

rk

&rl"

this

is a

message

'—»

send

rk

this

is a

message

*

do "send

&1

6qr2"

sas

this loses

—»

send

sas

"this

loses"

•

i'li

'••

•

•!r.

- 22 -

•.

.

i

•

.-.

i;'

•n

J

I

»'•

%*•!••

I *

The Magic Six Commands

ManmQl

exec_.com

3/28/78

.:-••

M.

exec_com:

The

command file executing routine.

Command Format:

'

exec_com

filename

[substitution

string,

ffi [, sub.

string

N2

t,.*.l

1'J-

< where

*ec*

may be

used instead

of

'exec

com'

>

!

The purpose

of a

command

file

is to

allow

a

user

to

berform

a

defined

Bet

of tasks repeatedly with

a

minimum amount

of

effort.

Exec_com

is a

routine

designed

to

execute such

a

file.

Basically,

exec__com

allows string

substitution,

and

flow

control

(by

means'

of

'if*

-

'then*

-

'else',

and

'goto*

statements).

The

substitut

ion

string

capability permits

the

user

to

substitute

an

argument

in the

command line

'

for

a

string

in the

command file.

Uith

the use of the if

-

then.;-

eiee

constructs

and the

goto statement control

can be

shifted

from

one

part

of

;'

the command file

to

another.

,

V-

'

All exec_com

commands

are

preceded

by an

'&',

:

i-

The following

is a

list

of the

possible

exec_com

commands*

'

.;

.:«

in

=;:

a

.• •:"•!;

'•..i

II;,

• 1

•J.

•''?r

i?-t •• ' f ••*••

Argument

Substitution:

V

;.'. i

i-.i

•

!••

t

..i •

('1

:-

,1-

*4ec_name'

•fin'

...*.

•

1

replaced

by

'&\

i

replaced

by the

entry name

of

command

file.

!;! '

replaced

by the

number

of

aruments

to

the-

exec^com

command.

.

• ' !

replaced

by the

directory port

ion

of the

command fi

le

pathname.

replaced

by the

'

i'th

substitution argument

in the

exec_.com

command.

*&fi*

(i is any

integer) replaced

by the

*i*th

through; the last

substitution

arguments

&\*

(i is any integer)

Flow Control Statements:

*&goto*

<

I

abe

I

_namel*

'Alabel'

<IabeI_n3me*

•*qu

i

t

*

•&iff

[ACTIVE FUNCTION)

i i

i

i i

transfers control

to

statements

following;

the

occurance

of the

label

.

(see &

label).

location

to

where control

is

transferred

as

result i

of

a-goto.

<label_name>

is

a

character string

df

'.

32

or

less characters.

:

stops execution

at

this point

and

returns,

to

User.

•;

j

this

is an

optional command;

it

is.

assumed

at the end

J

|

of

the

command,

file.

/;/'

']:'•'•'

:/*Wl.'*:|j:

the act

i

ve

funct ion

must

be

enc

Iosed

by

square

; • :' •

;:'!<|

]|.

.'jj

brackets,

and is any

function that

is

defined'

to,

,:

:V

;'.

tfoiji

-.1

Mvrt •".&--n!'i»

- 23

- '•,

i.

••)

Mi

'-'I.

it-1

•*;•

{Vr.wfc

i

if!'-

*t

The

Magic Six

Commands

Manual

exec_com

3/20/78

'«then'

'Seise*

'Sendlf'

the system

or

user,

the

square-bracketed expression

is

fed

to

the

command-1 ine-prpcessor

which

returns

either

.'true*

or

'false*

(assuming

the

active function

,

is

defined),

control

is

then issued

to

the

*6then*#

ot

•'Seise*

statement depending

on

the

returned

value*

.

[All

*Sif* statements must have

a

matching

'Sendif*

statements,

there

may be

nothing else

on.the

line

following

the

square-bracket

expression,

control

is-

transferred

to

here

if

the

square bracket

expression

of

the

corresponding

*Sif*

is

true,

control

Js

transferred

to

this

pojnt

if

the square ,<

bracket expression

of the

corresponding

*

Sif*

is ] v

.false.

. -

c

•• •

closes

a

'Sif

block,

there must

be a

one-to-one

.

correspondence between *Sif*

and

'Sendif*

statements*

!?•'

•

ill

Miscellaneous

Statements:

*

Scommflind_

I

i

ne_on*

''Scqmfnand_

I i he_o f

f'

*Sready_on*

'Sready_off*

'Sprint*

'S

'

causes subsequent command

lines

to

be'

printed

out

to

the terminal before they

are

executed.

' ,

inhibits printing

of

command lines before

execution,

invokes the

calling

of the

user's ready

procedure

• .!

after each command

is

executed.

•'•'>.*•'

turns

off

the previous.

prints rest

of

line

to

terminal,

line

is

not

executed*

rest

of

line

is

ignored,

intended

for

commenting

lines,

.

;i

..

i

• : •

... , -

:

•I

|

!•

•

I

f

:

...

:>

.

I.

'

«

tt-rf

If

any

of

this

seems

unclear

look

in

the

Multics

Programmers*

Manual

Reference

Guide

for

*exec_com*.

The

major difference between this version

of

'exec_com'

and

the

Multics

version

is

that this version

allows multiple

line*

and

nested

(to level

16),

i

f-then-eIse.

constructs.

' ;|

• ..

' •

I.

I;

r "A

t

:

i

•

:

.•

•

1

'

,

•

•••.-. \!'.'Wi

'

•;•,.,•••.••:.•!»;•

'

1 *

:

•!.•••!

''•'-•'>•-

.

•'•i-l

••••••:'-fi

'' •• : •.•-'>

:'ii!

;

•

-y'

'

"•••

('•'

)

•.«.'•.

M-.-.-J:!}

•

.

•

••><:•:;

f

:

,.

«''

•

'!

.Si-

!i

i ...

.-

. '!•

V>

•;:

:r-.!i

- 24 -

'*%•'

i

The Magic

Six

Commands

Mariii|||l

etc

(error_table_cotnpi

I*M-)

3/20/78

#*•'

•'t

'

*

.1 •!•

etc

is the

error table compiler.

etc

error_table

converts

a

source error file

error_table.et

into

an

object

'error table

in the

current working directory.

The

first I

ine

of the

error table

is the

name

to be

given

•

to

the

generated error table.

The format

of a

source,

error file

is*

a series

of

lines which

may

be

either comments

(if the

first character

is an

asterisk)

or error

designations,

which

are of the

fonn:

error number, short name, long message

•

where:

'

error number

is the

internal error code number (negative

if

a serlotifl •

error,

positive if

a

minor note (e.g. segment

already

known)•

short name

is the

short name

of the

error

message,

etc

puts

the

error

number

at an

entry point with

the

short name indicated.

long message

is the

message which

will

be

printed

out by

comber for

for

the

error

in

question.

For

example:

-37,

fuckyou.Fuck

you, you

mangey

scumsucker.

*

would generate

3n

error entry

for

error

-37.

error_^tableSfuckyou

would indicate

a

fixed

bin(31) value

of

-37.

call

com_error(-37,"eatdogs");

would print

eatdogs; Fuck

you. you

mangey scumsucker.

•!•!•

•

" :

•J'

• !

• '

:•

•i

'

.,!.V'.-<JH!v|

:

':5t'.

:

'.!i

.

•

r.

•

,

•

• *

I i •

•!•'

I

.

i

.<

••

'

•i;.1

I

* !

-••

•

*•

i

•'••.:•

;•

'.<••

.;.••-••;•••• '

;••:•;*.!;;••.

i'i':\

:<v

::

'. • '.'i

.

if

• '

-

25 -

•%•.

i

,

.ii;

(

;

••!:.:.';.;.:!f:;:

KM

••••"'•

•'••.;>'••:•v".r.'^.,.i'!

.•

'

<-

••< I

ir-1

!

•'•

J:-;.:-!.:

••':

"• ':

f

:;f'M-'fil'''

i • .i

Thesrtagic

S^|x»Commands.

ManuaI

external data

3/2^7&,

;.^;^ir External

data

Is normal ly

stored

In

segment 14 by the

system.

This

the Linkage segment and Is known by the name

"linkage".

External

data

Items':'

may.be.

set

Mp-by.cal I Ing

scs8make_static_external.

The

j

follstwjng.

is.

a

list

of

the system defined external data

items*

They

may

be*

referenced as

I

inkage&<natne>.

is

var i

abIe va I

ue

assess

i1'

•

V

I

.*>

level .

ready_pn ',

acqefj^mB

s

sages

long^errpr

pr

i n

fc_coto._er

r or _mes sagp

9,

uservjo

U8er_

input

user^output

listing_output

error_output

>':

the current command

processor level

whether

or

not ready messages on on

whether

or.not messages

are

being

accepted

whether or

not

long error messages are desired

whether or not

com_error should print

the message

this,

flag 18

reset,

by

each

call

to com_error

and'

is used by com_error$:shut_up uhich

on

calls to

suppress

the

printing of

the message i f you want

to

dp

something

else

iocb

ptr

for user_io stream

.iocb

ptr for

user_input

stream

iocp

ptr for

pser_output

stream

.iocb

ptr for

I isting_output

stream

iocb

ptrfor error__output

stream |

i/i

t;

"• t

i;i

' :

1

•

•>!!

\

- 26-

J

,1

'*%;

iri

The

Magic Six Commands Manjjgl

fido

3/20/78

i

•

i

i'-

•

i

•

i

! i

Fido

ip a

general purpose watchdog program.

It

takes

the

fol

lotting

argst

i

V:

fct

•num

•user foo

•uatch nnnn

-off

-on

-1

i

me

n

-index

n

-entry n

-sum

-clear

n

-calI

foo

-cl foo

means Match

for a

change

in the

number

of

users.

means Match

for

user

foato

login.

means Match hexadecimal location nnnn

for

changes

(1 uordK

turns

fido

off.

turns

fido

back

on.

tells fido

to

Makeup every

n

seconds.

tells fido

to

Match

for

vtoc index

n to be

used

by

anyone.

tails

fido

to

Match

for the

segment

h to be

initiated*

fido

Mill

summarize Mhat

it

is

waiting

to see.

clear

the

n-th

tells

fido

to

I ike

-calI.

thing that fido

is

Matching

for.

call

foo

every time

it

Makes

up.

Fido*s

are

cleared across processes.

1.

••

*

t

.<

.1?

f v<

•

Mi.

^

i,

•

i

I;I

,;'-::r.

»..

!

'

.

ij

1 '.'•

i.

1

J-

"l

r.

i

• ; »

!

'-

'. i

;= • 111

•1

*

i

*

;• •

*

I

i'.-'•Mi

••':

•i • •; : !

I.:

i^S

- 27 -

•'•!:«

-i'V'il

i

•VI"

I

•

i

»

) t

'I

•

The

IWagic Six

Commands Manual .'

*

3/2&/5%

findall .

Document for

FINDALL:

'•' •;?

findall

is

used

to search for a particular character string in a

set

of •

(

'{!'

segment-s.

Usage

Is:

j

findatl <the-str.ing~to-be-searched-fbr>

r »

I

<starname-of-f

i'fes-tb-be-searched>

)

C-sl

!

•

'

' '•

~

The

starname

defaults to

"**",

and can be either absolute or

relative*

i..i'

The default

is

"long

format",

but any

third

argument will

cause

it

to -.i^jj

use "short

format".

In

long format, each

I

ine containing

the

string

is

printed.

In

short format only

the

number

of

occurrences

is

printed.

.'•'•';•:.

. .

•

'•=•

'^ '*%•

.,

Examples of use:

.

j;j.

*\ To

find all labels in

foo.pll:

ji^

findall

i fqo.pll .

; . : .

!'

jji|

••'•'•••..'

.'i

"'••;

i

••'!, ••'

.v.

To find

all

of

the

calls

to

subroutine

nzaprt

in all

of

the

pll

(

•"

•

.

j-

programs

in

your

work Ihg

directory:

'

.

fIndalI

zap

*.pll

Hi

To

fin,d all

(or at

least most)

of the

setq's

to the

atom quack

in

__':!!

all of

your

lisp

files:

• . •.

..i

findall

"(setq quack"

*,

lisp

'

•}'

••••.•; :••• ••". :ri

•;

To count the number

of

statements

in

each of the

phi 'prV$i:e|n8\jn :•• /••;> •'•' ? if

i

^

'L^L

the system source directory:

, .

.'

' !*

' ,!i

findall

V >s>*.pll

-s

i

.1

I'M

• •:':'•

Jif.:-:

•

i'

•

(•':

X i

;,

i.

.;.

-

•

• • •.

i

',•

•»'

;

•

,

' •'.|

•

': ; ••.'

i-

:.:r:fj

«;

i ••'. !

!

•

if

>i :!

J

•jlii

'•

:

-

28

- •

'

I

—

i i

.

•-

•.'I

I?

;»

'!

'1

: •

The Magic

Six

Commands

Mantel

forall

3/28/78

5/39/77

forall

is a

program which allows

one to

perform

an

operation

on

a

set

of

segments,

links,

or

directories.

.The

general format

of

an

invocation

of

forall

is as

follows:

forall

starname options command

where

the

starname (optional

if the

first argument

begins with

a

"-" in

which case

it

becomes **)

is a

standard star/pathname

such

as

<**.PL1

options

are

keywords which begin with

a

"-"

and are as

follows:

-BF

brief

-

don't print

the

command

strincj

-S segments

j

only perform

the

operation

on

segments

-L

links

-

only perform

the

operation

on

links

-D dirs

-

only perform

the

operation

on

dirs

*

-UK after

you

finish

a

given directory recursively

do

everything

to all of the

sub-directories

-P causes

substitution

to use

the.full

path name

vs«

a

relative

pathname

i i

.;

.• i

j|^N

If

no options are

specified -S

is assumed.

The commands is an argument or a series of arguments which

are catenated together (separated by spaces) to form a string.

If the string contains a

*c it*will

be replaced by the

entry

name or

full

pathname (see -P) of the entry being operated

on.

"^c"

may

appear

up

tp

4

times in the command

string.

If

0Ac"

.'.'•"

does not appear in the command string it is, catenated on at the

end.

M.

Hi'

Examples:

FORALL **.PL1 ST

does

a

status

on

al I

PL1

programs

in-

the current

dif

FORALL

* -BF

COPY

Ac >SLl>Ac

copies

all

single component segments

in

the

wdir-

into >SL1

without printing

out

messages

FORALL

>**.PL1

-P -UK

ASCIIP

;

checks

a I I

PL1

programs

on the

system (note

the

-UK)

and

sees

if

they

are

ASCII files

- 29 -

• '"•.

.••

.

•i.,',n i

'

|=;:!> ?jJ

'

• 4

'i

.

•'.

J

.

r

.

i

•V

•••

I

'.

•>:'.'

•••

i'

I

'

• "

•>..

"I

k',?

IL'irH

:r

.1

:'

TheMagic Six

Commands

Manual

he

lp

3/20/78

/*

<'*•

'.••'

?

*

help.pi1

**

Novices to

Hagicsix

should try

"help

Introl"

and "help

intro2V ' • !

help program looks upand

prints

the

documentation

on.

a

program

• '' ,

or

subroutine,

"help

tv"

will

print

out the

documentation

on the

tv

command,

for instance. Help

*

MI

11

print*

out

all

the

topics'on

which help

is

available.

Two other programs also make

use of the

help__files

"whatis"

which give9

a1'J

short

explanation

of the

program,

arid

"whoseis"

which looks

up

the

maintaiher

of the

program.

The data base

in

which

the

help

(and

whatis

and

whoseis)

program,

looks

:

is

kept

in

>doohelp_f I

le.

The

format

of.

each entry

is

as

follows.

(<name

of

program>

<pathname

of

documentation>

<maintainer(s)>

/

<dneliner>)

The pathname

can be one of

three things.

Da real

pathname.

2).

the

word "none"

meaning

that

the-one liner i9

the

only

available

documentation

and

that*

it

should

beprinted

out.

,

3)

the

word

"doc"

meaning

use

M>doc>name_of_progr.am.doc"

as the

pathname.

Since many programs have alternate names

the

number

of help/f'J

le.;

entries

can be

minimized

by the use of

the.

assoc_table.

•

This

is a

file

containing

a

list

of

associations

to be

made between what topic help

is

needed

on and

where

the

help

can be

found.

The

format

of the

assoc__table,

which

Is

in

>doc>assoc_table.

Is

very

simple:

[<hame>

<name

of

help entry>]

!.,:•

• ' " '

!»

•

t

•.'I

- 30 -

'

M

'•

<h-:

il

The Magic

Six

Commands Manual

ieh (>tools>

3/20/78

or

Ieh

scan

ieh

load

dnameh

enamel

...

i-.

i

•

>«!

These programs provide

a

facility

for

scanning

and

loading Magic

4

or

5

standard

IEH

DUMP tapes,

To set up the

tape stream type:

io attach tape

si

mt_io ta^e

ieh load takes arguments like those used

on

Magic

4

except

that the

Magic

Six

star convention

is

used (thus

**.pll Mill

Work).

All

letters

in requests

are

upper cased

but the

fi.le

names

are

lower cased when

they

are

loaded. This

is

probably

the

most convenient

transformation.

The Magic

4/5

directories

are

turned into

subdirectories

of

the

current working directory.

Example:

ieh load

zing_*:**.pll

zing_#:*

zingjKt*.sysin .

might create the

subdirectories zing_a

and

zing_b

in the

current

working

directory and load the

appropriate fijes

into

them.

•

t,.

i.

':"•(.

I

'. I .

I

'

>

*

"*j

->•'

/ •>

m

,

v:

i'i

.!;••• !

'«'••

*•.-••••

.•.••:,,:fi.«!;-i!

a !

".

f'

•

> , •:. .V1 ' I • | f

f

I,-I

- 31

-

"H

.

i.

.-J

•i •.•«

/>«•>;

lis:

••:.•;

.

?J i

•• .

j

.

The

Magic Six Commands Manual

iehlist

'

imm

The IEHLIST command does

a

cheap

version

of the

Magic 4

IEHLIST.

It prints

out the

name

of

every file

in the

file system,

by

recurslng

t

f

rom

the

root.

Files dire

indented

if

they

are

contained

in a

subdir.

•

•}

t.r,"

/^9$\

',';':

,

1

f

I.

•••\

.:

'7.'"'

;>\i

•'•':',. -:; :' ^!,

. '

•- •:.;

!i;-!

.-•••••.

'• •

"r4

.

-...- •••• v

•

•:>./!!•

Mr

•: i.

t:

i.

.

. ! .

•

i.

I

•

ilri

1"!

!

',

Hi'

4.

I,

•ill

•

v.!'!

.

V'i

••]•;.{

I

V

*.

»

i'V..

Jilt

- 32 -

'

I1

r U

»•.'..'.••••••

J

.

>..t

i-

•••

-

<"*

s

I;

•; .

1-

f

.1 !'•

*

:•:•

%.\-

i'.

/

.

•*t

H

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

3/20/78

inquire

Inquire prints

out

useful information about people known

by the

system.

It optionally

takes

one arg

which

is the

user

id

to

lookup (default

te

you)*

If additional arguments

are

present these

are

interpreted

as

special fields

which

are

individually

looked up.

•

This information

is

kept

in

>doopeop1e>foo.doc

where

foo

is a login

id. There

are

only.a

few

requirements

as tq

the format

of

the ff

Id.

.

1) Each topic

is delimited

both before

and

after,

with

a

double

CR.

2) Each topic

is

headed

by

its

name

followed

by

h: ".

For

an

example

see

>doopeople>exatnple.doc.

Currently

inquire knows

about

the

fields

name.nick_.name,

phone, address, last_logout

and

hacking.

Good

luck.

- 33 -

1 :

.'

•v I

•

I.

•t

<

.1!

. '

\l

. t

I

}

I

!

:' *

c

.'ill

'

i.

: t

.>»

•

i

:! • ! T \:''•'•,

'

.

••; •••:•••:•!•

. !

, .f.M

<

•:^;f

•

•if.-';

ill

< • .-.

••

-:••;;

i

f:-m

I

is.

•••:):•;

til

:.

i.'-l--.-

V5:':•;•;.•'•";•'••.

y\\i)r:i

-••••. •!'•..•!

•••.•;»:!•;••.••

i

• ,'

•

.

• • ••;l '

• !

'•

H-.--.-ffl

r

I

••:•• .'- :••'!! i

.v.'

:••!•?'i

.•

1

•. • i

I

V

\

>:•

»*.»•

••*,

t.

Hi?

The

Magic

Six.

Commands.

Manual

3/20/78

_

<

!

io'-

fti-t-l

l.i

ty command)

j;

•

The lo

command a

I

lows

a

number

of

io

system requests

to

be performed

at command

level.

These

Include attaching,

detaching,

and

many

I/O

and

order

calls.

The

basic

synta*

is:.

..',-.

io request stream options

'

The various

forms

are as

follows:

•.*'<*

»

L

.

A-

< ,-f.:r»iii

io attach stream mode

attach_string

•

••:•' •'!

6.••

•;:<::i-

to detach

stream

* *

•

lo

order stream

request

io

get

stream

nbytes

io

put

stream*nbytes

*

get requests

input

from

the

terminal

while put sends

ascii

to

the

terminal.

'»•

i

-

l :

.

f /'.

.

'

•

;-:>

[:

'"H

.

• • . .

:•:..', :;.:•;.

<::•';'*

,

•

. ••;•-• •.••

,-;.;;••{!•

* ••••••.••••••.. t -.j

.•'••;••.•*•!:.

U;>'v

.'

•

• '

•

•-:• •

... • •••.

;•:-• •;

'']

i

'•'.; ':

•

"' •"•::

*

.Tiii-i

i

.:

«••'

:• '

"I

i

••-•' •' = /' '•••,';.''

•

- ...

A

.

••<i;

•. ;f

.

• .

..•-: f .....;•: --r ..•''*

.

- • ••

••• •-,.••••' *-:•.

,:

'v

••

..

••••»:

••.r;-;';:;if.1

:

.

.•'••:•

..

••

\»

->:;

i

j.

" .'•"•••

'•

••'•''•.'•'

' ;

-j.

•

'

•:.

.

;

•

>.i

,-!

1.

-*;

I

• •

.••.'"•.•'••" :.•:'•;!

f

i.

:

-

34 -

If

I'fii

i

• •

••'I

.!«•

The Magic

Six

Commands Manual

link

3/20/78

In

addition

to

segments

and

directories,

there

are

file system

objects called

links

that indicate that

a

file

or

directory

in

d

directory

is not

there,

but can be

found

in

another directory.

Thus

if

there

was a

link

from

">a>b>cM

to

">e>f",

then

a

reference,

to

the

file

">a>b>c"

would

result.in

the

file

">e>f"

being referenced

instead.

j~-'

•i•;

•

4

;l i

)«•'

Ii

nk:

' .

Iks .

This

command

creates file system links. It has two

completely different

formats. The

first

is

•

link

• '.

which creates a link at the first pathname that when

referencied yields

the segment, directory or link at the

second'pathname.

Thus

I ink*>u>mlk>a

>u>rk>o>plums.

.

'

i

;

would create a

link

named

"a",

in the dir

M>u>mlk"

that refered (o r

the segment plums in the dir >u>rk>p.

•

The second

format

is •;•"'

*'

link <f.ul I

path name of target>

e.g.

'

:;,-:V

link >u>rk>o>plums

*

which would create

a

link,

in the

current

working*

dir, named

plums

that refers

to

>u>rk>o>plums.

Thus

if the

current working

dir

were

'

j

>u>mlk,

a

this would have been equivalent

to the

longer

command

•'•'»'•

<

link >u>mlk>plums

>u>rk>o>plums.

ul:

unl inki

,'

This command

deletes

a

link.

The

object

of the

I (nk

is

not

touched.

The

command format

is the

same

as for the

d.l

and dd

commands*

• • i

•!: '

i

. •'!.

t

.'I..

'•I

.

')

.

iil

I

»

1 II

i '"

. •

i

'";

. •'••;'* )

,,l

ir.

.•

: •'.

.

•!'

- 35 -

i •

;

i > i "• i

(

Y

.'

":

.-

• .;;

1 •

.

,

• •• •

-i •.* 4 -'

• •

;,'

1H

••:pjv';..'|!--VM:^'

i

:'i::.y:::

.':•;

>••

a

•M

• •'

,. •

I.I.

;f

: I

.

i

• '

.-<<•'.

i

.«

y

*'

>•

.i

j.

:'. w

I.

'••,. ;.• ;;;!:, ;,.'•.•!.• :.:i

I ' *• -•. i . • . J •. *l

••.••.

' il.ri •

!'i;

^il!

f

1:

'!!.

i.

;.»l

.'i.!

l /--,

> •

I

.

i •

The

Hagic Six

Commands

Manual

lisp

3/2W#8

MagicSix LISP (cur

1-21.-78)

/S%

(type "help

lisp-int"

rfor

internal

documentation)

LISP is a

programming

language for symbol ic

manipulation,

it

is a very

versatile and'.elegant

language, having its roots in the Lambda Calculus

of Alfonso Church. The

name

LISP

is

a contraction of

LISt

Processing,

a

"list"

i^

the most common

data-structure

in lisp. LISP

programs .

(functions) are usually

interpreted,

at least

unti

I

the

functions

are'

completely

debugged. But

lisp

functions can also be

compiled

for

increased execution speed and efficent

use.of

memory.

This on I

ine document is not intended to be an

instruction

manual on lisp

programming (several Of these exist off line) but this

will

serve to

• sumer

ize the

aval I able

features and compare

MagicSix I

i

sp

wi th

its

ancestors,.

MacLisp

and

Lisp Machine

Lisp.

Symbols

for

lisp

constructs used in

this

document:

<expression> a

Iisp symbolic

expression,

either ah

<atom>

i

or a

<list>.

<atom>

<list>

a terminal in the tree structure, . • • *

'• ,

.

either

a

<symbol>,

an <number>, •

i-

or

.a

<array>.*

a tree structure,

either an empty list (called

"nil"):

0

or a list of

expressions:

(• <xl>.

<x2> ••'•* *.)

<n>

<f>

<array>

<x>,

<xl>.

a

numeric

quantity,

.

i

either a <fixnum>,

or

a

<flonum>,

a

fixnUm,

an integer

a

flonum,

a floating point number

an array,

a special type of atom

allowing

indexed access to data,

can have any number of dimensions,

each element of the array can

have

8,

16, or 32

bits*

<x2> ...

<$>•

...

any <expression>.

,.' •

- : •

'

.

.'

;

,

»

1

j

| '

•!

>

J

t f

''. '\>

•

/•

I !

•

t;*

•

.; •:

••'#•

•'•#

•

••

!

"i-,

•

::

>i!

,

1

•

1'

1

'

1

. f

- 36 -

'

•

i

•i i

The Magic

Six

Commands

flamjgl

lisp

3/26/78

• '

•

'*• •'• , 'i

!

„'

.1.

CBssccocnscBeccccaccBiiaccsseanssBScscQcaBSD

Alphabetical listing

of

supplied

functions:

BBBBciieBBBaBBSBBeiiecBesiissBeaflsiBSHBaDaRM

addl

(addl <n> )

=> n+1

1+

addr

and

apply

ar

arrayp

as

atom

append

assq

autoload

baktrace

boundp

catch

catenate

car

;

I

•

J

I

<

i

(as <value> <array> <diml> <dim2>

...) '*> <value>

:

j

Array Store function, sets the indicated element

.',.

of the array

<array>

to

<value>.

i

# • .

. •

.

*

«

"'..•'

(atom <x> )

B>

t

if

<x> is an atom

•

»> ni I otherwise

if;

.V-

f

(append <xl>

<x2>,

<x3> ... )

";•>

.

V

. •

I"

• •

(assq <x> <y> )

•• ...

(autoload <symbol> <char-str>)

Declares <symbol>" to be an

AUTOmaticaIly

LOADed

function.

The first time the function <symbol> is evaluated the

MagicSix

segment named

<char-str>

is read in by

"load",,

then the expression is re-evaluated.

'

'-.•:•.••« 31

: -i

:" •/' •'

<!i

,il

:•! ,,-i

Ji

(baktrace) traces all pe.nding

functions

on stack

printing their names, starting

Mith

after

error*

most.recent*

...

»

\ f

• •;•'! i

.'I

-

i

•

(baktrace t) trace includes calling form

in additIon to

name.

(boundp <symbo

>

)

«>

t

if

has a value bound

to

li'i

niI otherwise •-

•'••

h'.

. '•!.

•.j

•..

•

• • > • i •

.iii'

i •* 11

I •• • •.

-H.

- 37

- -:• :

I'M-';.

".•I':

•i

••

•J

i ;

.

. #

Th© Itargtc

Six Commands

Manual

11 sp

3/2a/7a

*•

M!

»* •.';

cdr

close

cond

cons

•)'«•

:).

i

'I'i

i.

i!

'

cons-string (cons-string

<addr> <length> )

cons__string

cos

Ctol

dec

I are

defun

delq

di

fference

do

eq

•1

•

*

k

•i •'

fc

equal

eva

1

fboundp

•

fixp

floatp

fmakunbound

feet

fsymeval

gc

gc_c1eanup

(cos

)

«*>

trigonometric

cosine

of an

angle

of

<number> radians

i i

(delq

<x> <y> ) two arg

version only, deletes

all

elements

<y> which

are

"eq"

to <x>

of

.

i

.

-1

•

•:"

'

i :.

i

iJ

"i

i.-

V!

M'

•••••.. :

:

rr

••:-[•.

... •

••>:•'«.-i

•

i

• ••

i

,.i:

•••i;

' !

I

»

•"v!

.!;i

-:•'. II

n

••; i

••;

>•

I

:

i

: •

%•'

!V-

i

,

*

I

- 38 -

^%'

1

The

Magic

Six

Commands Manga I

lisp

3/20/78

/jF"*

'0*^

u

gc_setup

gensym

get

getpname

get_asci i

get-ascii

go

gr

i

nd

greaterp

intern

ItoC

lessp

list

load

I oad2

make_array

make-array

mak

e_ar

r ay_header

makoblist

makunbaund

mapcar

•

i

!••..:«

<.

•»•

(make-array

<bit-sUe-of-elemehts> <diml> <dim2> V

•'*.)'

'!

i

•:]

i-!i

'"\

1

•

V:.

--•"•I

:

•Ml

m

Mi

V

t

{••-

'.«,

i:

i

'^

max

memq

min

minus

nconc

(memq

<x> <y>)

(ncohc

<x> <y>

...)

- 39 -

•

,:>>..•:

;":;!•.'.:;

' '••', *"• "•,'••••

•

".'•

i.-,

.J....

..•I.

;

-r-i

•••

!••.-..

vT

';. '

:»>.

';. ;;

1,..

'•

X:

•?•,]..

J

Ui,#:

>•

•! ; •• * '

l'

.Ml.

'I

.

•I.-T

:• !::J:l •'•

The;'

Magic

Six.

Commands:

ManuaI

lisp:

3/2G/7S

f

: 1

1^

V.l;

not

nreverse

null

open

or

prist

pi us

print

.'.prog

..'•

progrt

pu.tprop

quit

quotient

/

V

i

,

i

<q

• •

read

release

reroai

nder

•

.

A

remprop

rep

rep__lqop

return

1 rplaca

rplacd

»i:

.

i

\

'»'*

":.t

(quit)

Does an

"(release

all)",

and exits

to MagicSix.

(read.) => one <expression>

read from

console,

(read <file>

)

.=> one

<expression>.

read from

<file>.

(release)

Used after an error

to*unwind

stack to uhere you

were

before eval

ing

the

function

that

got. the'

errors

the previous top-level.. '.'•, .

i

:i

I

i

(rep) does a

read-evaI-print operation

(rep_loop)

repeatedly does (rep)

- 48 -

:."i

'I

P

'"%!•

!i'

.•)j

i

:

••

1:

\'.l .1

I

•

i

J1^

w-

rfi

'»•<•:

,jf»\

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

lisp

3/26/iZ

set

setq :

set__gc_flag

sin

substr

stringlength

string-length

string_length

strIngp

subl

1-

symbolp

symevaI

terpri

throw

top-level

(sin

)

*> trigonometric

sine

of

an

angle

of

radians

:-i-:,:H

.•,

•

'.•'•• •• '•'•'•

••• •:,<

• •'.•:•:•

j

/ tm

• •:.•!•• ^jA

I-

. •:

!:-'!!'-

•:':;••

i\rdnt*

.:••'•• ••::•; i •;

.'«!"

•••.VI

n-;

-•

)

- .--i

i

.1

t

i mes

•i.:..'-i

•,'••!

[•••.•••\".j,\

.: i

••J-

%,!Ji.ir.i:;;!.j

.''••"'iwiv.

•.•••>••.•

;•;:,,

fjV|

V'. '•••'

=

!-j.";-.

;•••*••" ::•••',' -I !

if-'.

•:

•?.:

•

:V.

I:!:;

*.' ••

:;;r?

•lj

I

if

(top-level)

By

default

this

is the

same'as

the

function ,'r6prtt

••..!'/•• "!| '

•

(defun

top'-level

;

.

0 '

r

' '.

; ' •••''•• :;•:

A'

'

.

(print (eval (read))))

: "

*

•

i ..

.',

-

* "

•'.'.••

But

it may be

redefined

to do

whatever one

wants

done every

top

level

evaluation.

i

•I.

•

I-.

•

.

•'

'

i-

i-••:,r

•-••:.•:. i :

trace

tyi

tyo

untrace

zerop

-41 -

•

'

•: :-•.:•

•••M..-|

I

;• ••'-; •;.'i:.t

!

• • ••:

.

. •*

i.

> i

*

;••:••

i-.iir

|

•':.''• •.•,'•'1 •!•

! '

•••••

''/li ;;

'

,

.!•'•••.

}/:

ilM'ii.

i

••>;.•••

/:•• :• ';

I)-

U .f

i

1 <

•

I;

•

J

M'

\

The-

flag i

c

lisp Six Commands ManuaI

3/20Z7&

Initially

(COOCBBCDSBRD

bound atoms:

Da«BBBnaBBaonnnBcsseB»

•

W

nil

obarray

Pi

»

ni

I

» art

arra^

of

128

lists

(hash

buckets) of

atoms,

all

interned

atoms*are

on one of

these

lists.

«

•>

3.1415926

i '!•

ii

!

i

'

j

r

.'

i

• '

1

:

rti'i

...

-

•'•'$•

.»•

•.

•••

••

ii««

'.

:'•:•

^ii:

I •

i.

:(!

c

.

I.

m

t

2pi

.>

t

»>

6.2831852

...

and

a

baby's

arm

Holding

an

apple.

i *

•;.

'r

•

:: \

»

t •

•

. !

•i

•»

h

*„••

!^

•

! .,.

•-

••'

I

.

•'•>•

•••••!'•.

!.T.

?•

!

•

' •

;,

' •'•. :;

•

ii--

•;

i*

' * *

•:.

¥<!'

, \

'

•••

••

i-

.-t

i

:.'

';

Vi

; v;

'• -•••. |t

|

.-

42

-

.ii

.

i

1

•••'••'.

•

*

.-;;-•••

! i,

:;••-:.. iT

•

' *t

i

J

;..-•• j?i

f

I

•rh

The

Magic Six

Commands

Manual

list

3/29/78

•i

.

v

list:

•I:

This command lists

a

directory.

It

takes various control arguments

and also

an

optional

star name

to

match

in the

listing

operation.

The default star name

is

"**",

i.e. the

wild-card star name.

The opt

I ona I.

control arguments

are

"-d"

to

only

list

directories,

"-s"

to

only list segments,

"-I"

to

only list links

(the

default

is

to

list all

three

and

any

combination

may be

given

on the

command line)

and

"-p

<dname>"

to

list

in the

directory

named.

Note

that

if a

directory name starts with

a

">"

character

or a

"<"

character*

then

the

"-p"

is not

necessary before

the

name,

as the

list

command knows

t

that this must

be a

dirname

and not a

star

name.

Here

are

some

examples

of

various list

commands:

J»

• '•'

I ist

**

' • '."'.-

lists all files In

the

current working

dir.

••,'

•;

i !

'i;:

.}'

.! ;

'i

.••••)

•tl!-.

«•

i

t

•

I

does

the

same

as the

above.

list >s11

motd**

lists all file's

in the dir

>sll that star.t with

the.

first

four chars

"motd".

I

-p

source foo*.*

-d

if

the

working

dir is

>u>ota,

dirs

in V

where

the

oo*.*

-d

orking

dir is

>u>ota,

for

example, this lists

all

the directory >u>ota>source that have

two

component

e first three characters

of the

first component

ere

»

ftatnes.

"fo.0%

The listing format

first

gives the access you have

on

the segment

.

(any

combination

of V",

"e"

and "w"

for.

read permission,

execute

permission

and

write

permission),

followed

by the number of

2K

pages allocated

to the segment, followed by the byte count

(calculated

from the bit

count)-

in

parentheses,

followed by a "*" if the segment

has

been modified since

it

has been backed up,

•

fol

lowed.by the. name of

the.

segment,

followed by

the address space name if not "",

followed

* •

,

by the ring number in brackets. .

; ' .

11

!

(

• •."!•'!•

- 43 r

t r

*

.

4'

«',

•''•;•?;-if

..t

i*

•

I

ff,.

J;l.

'•''

i'

'

-il

-

I

-.'in*.'

•.

<

U:

Wl

'••••

.!•.•>•»

;'?''.

::

<•.

' •-•'

;i'{ii.!^:i

!•• .r

K-Ktf:

.'••

•:*>,

#1

:

U

••;•'• WV ; H

•'

•'•'5:;/J

:•'•*»

.)

•

:.':,-!!!.«-v.,-;.t;j

••• ••

N':|

•.

;' •:

i

••si*

•

The

Hagic Six

Commands

Manual

midi

is.a

middle scale assembler

for the 7/32

midi f iIename

op

11ons

i

causes midi

to

assemble

filename.sysin

into

an

object

file

named

filename.

The

options

are:

-nc

supresses

code generation

-Is generates

a

listing

on the console

-nl

stops the

listing

of

include files i

-nx

stops the

listing

of macro expansions

midi knows about most of the machine opcodes

and:

many

pseudo-operations:

3/5(9/7^8

I

t

i

i i

f!

entry

extrn

extrd

equ

set

defines

an

entry point

defines

an

external symbol

de.fi hes 3h

external data reference

• •

sets

a

symbol

sets

a

symbol weakly

(no

error

checking)

assigns

the

remainder

of the

line

to a

variable

'••(!

•

V:

:

',

I

:

i

•

i

'

end

1

f

<•

»t.

•

1.

• •;.•

•».

.

en t U

.rtn

pc

dsect

pure

static

macro

mend

9

incl

copy

dc

dac

ds

a I Ign

ends

the

source program

generates

an

entry sequence tilth

ff

bytes

of

automatic storage

generates

the

return

sequence

sets

the

program counter

to:

0

ahsolute/no

code

1 pure code

7 impure code

same

as pc

0

same

as pc 1

same

as pc 7

defines

a

macro, macros

may not

define macros

ends

a

macro

definition

indicates that

the

next symbol

is to be

replaced

by its

value, either

a

number

or a

string,

quotes

an

@

or

quoted string

includes

the specified f i

le.

incT.

sys-i-n

in the

source

like incl, except only

for the

first pass

defines constants (halfwords)

defines constants (fullwords)

define storage NB:

this,

rounds

up to the

nearest

halfMord

aligns storage

on the

specified

boundary

•

-"

44

-

• »

•.:'•••&!

. •

• • ; '.*

• •"•.•'

In!

»'•'

!'».

'.'

#":

•

vi-v

.Mi-I'-

ll

•

• • ."

•

. •'

i*

..

• •

I.-

The

Magic Six

Commands

Manual

midi

3/20/78

!"•:•!

.

type

.push

.pop

.

if

•

el se

.fi

types

out the

remainder

of

the

line

pushes

the

numerical

or

string value

of

a

symbol onto

the

pops

the

numerical

or

string value

of a

symbol,

off

of

the

conditional

assembly,

if ar.g>0

then true

flip state

of

truth flag

'<;

_

balances

a

.

if

••

vr

•

I

<i;

: .

!•:

•stack

etack

•

::\

(see

at

so:

midi.macros)

i I .-•;

= i * •'

!;•:••:•'

1:.

-1

'

*1'

1

.

M.

~#^'

:

.:

1

••.-••:7;:i:

j

..'•in-*••;:

.i

•I

• •

• • . • .-I

„

• ,-,.

I-

.!' . • I

J'-

U,j|

(

• .

•,'• ;,•'.-','"

•/.

:.

••(r-••"••-•:

»'•'••»•.

i

:'

•

'.j

:;

>:.

;.••'. •• • '•

I-'I.!'.

*

• . .•!••• .. " •u..:-.i'v!-U

'

'.'-

'•-

:.:•-.. •:•• ••'•lisYVMr

:.

;•.••;•»:

vi

I,

,

.

.;

'•'

\

• •!

I

.

••••!'!

•

,:U'

.::

..:•••;-H--"

••'••••

'•>••!

••jr-;H

'••i)''-:

i'

•••'i

>:;h

I '•.,!•.'

•'

.1 '

.

*»

•' .

• i i

•

v- = -'.-'..lil

- 45 -

•i ::!.,':|

<;<;.:}

• :.

••••;'.>

4

•

'm i

•'i

I

\

I

' •;•

The Magic

Six-Commands Manual

3/20/78:;

midi

Some Thoughts On Macro Assemblers

i-.i

.

: •• ; :;-;

<

Magic Six has

had a smaII

macro assembler named midi since

thiB

j

!

i.

summer-..

It

has proven to be

a

valuable test bed for

a

number ..'•

(

j

of macro invocation ideas and

will

probably evolve into

a

full

•. ;'.

r-'

! : ' . '

fledged

macro

assembler

over the next several

months.

Since

.''.'!-!'.•

its

inception i

t has supported

a

weak macro expansion capabi

I i

ty

.-..!

which

has slowly

been changing into

a

more

advanced one.

<]

OriginaI

Iy,

macro

arguments could only

be

tokens.-

Thus

mumble

and

x*

f

8018000'

could be passed to

a.

macro as an

argument while

"

•} i

mumble+1

or

246+x*

f8010000•«

could not be. This

allowed

for

the

.

R::'

simple use

of;

macros which did not do anything

complieated

or

•!

require complicated arguments.

•'

ji

.

<t.

';;!!.

4

More

recently

it was decided to try out

a

newer

scheme.

V

.''•!.

.

!^]'

This one involved the use of

*

string

var-iab I

es.

In.

a

typical

'. ; ;

jy;

:

assembler

symbols may

have numerical values and

a

number

of

'•..-.; ;

'fj.i

other orooer

ties such

as relocatabiIi

tu and

entru-ness.

'.

.* :r-;fi

other

properties

such

as relocatabi I i

ty and

entry-ness.

Uhen

an

expression

is

evaluated

these values are

substituted

for the

symbols.

A string

variable may have an indeterminately

long character string value. An assignment statement would

.

:'

J

;h::

exist to allow variables to be given

string,

values.

In

addition,

'

•:(;•

when

a

macro

is

invoked each of its parameters is bound

to

-ii'

i

ts

appropriate

string value as an

argument

after the

old binding

*

is pushed on

a

stack. This is similar

to

the "shallow binding"

1

jr

mechanism

used used

in

MACLISP (as well as Arch

Lisp)..:

,

i^^:1

As with most such

schemes

the issue

of

exactly how and

when

": :'.*.

M

string variables

(symbols

bound to

strings) would be replaced

,

t'

with their values.

After

a false start it was decided

to •••'.•! I

implement the substitution process as

a

series of passes

; \[

:'h\

over the source

line

each of which

substituted

each of '

I } !

41

the string

variables encountered-with

its value. To

a'lew

•

•'

'.-"'*'•".•*:"

for arbitrary construction of tokens

constant

strings

of '

;

; •,', '••

• •

:{

the form " string " were

al

lowed

and*

were defined to

be

replaced by their contents whenever they were

encountered.

Thus,

I

f

foo was

bound

to

"jeckle",

then: .

M

«-»•

H

£_..••

•

M

dc "c,Hfoo

would become: .

• "

.i

dc

c*

jeckle*

. . '

•

'

'•..'

]

'^'fr.

t

•

This had a number of problems. One

invo-lved

the

casual ; .' I

•;

i •';•

•

substitution of

items In

string

assigtnents,

for example,.

'• '

i:'

''

the a in:

'

<;;

test=This

is a test.

- 46 -

; i

"**%:'

,;• i •

••• v

.i

i\

:,!•

.v.

**

The Magic

Six

Commands Manual

midi

3/20/78'

•:i!::::!-:i"li

if

might very

well

be replaced by the value of some macro

parameter. Other problems included the same problem

as requires the existence of at least one fexpr in a lisp

implementation.

That is, how does one reassign to a

symbol?

If

a is bound to

"b"

then:

a=c

would

become:

b=c

{0^

u-n

and

the

value

of a

would

be

unchanged. This caused

a

number

of

capricious

and

arbitrary

rules

to be

generated

for when

string

values were

substituted

and

when they were

not.

Finally,

if a

were bound

to

be-continued

indefinitely unless

a

on

substitution,

... , and so on.

war

in

Asia,

[credit

for

that goes

at

HoneywelI

CISL3

a"

substitution would

level

limit were

placed

It

seemed

I

ike

land

to Bernard Greenberg

After

discussing

the

problem

with

Daniel Weinreb

at the AI Lab

we reached

the

conclusion that

the

problem

was

basically

the same

as

that

in the

original "lunar macro"

package,

which is

a set of

macro

defining

macros

for use

with

'MACLISP. [They were

called

the

lunar macros since they

were

written

by

David Moon also

at

AI.]

The

"

sem i

-

lunar"

and

"cis-lunar"

macro packages solved thus problem

by

requiring

that

all substitutions

be

explicitly indicated.

t,

i

The character

"@"

was chosen as the string

"indirection"

operator

during the substitution pass. No

substitutions would

occur

unless the symbol was preceded by an at-sign. An at-sign

followed

by an at-sign would be ignored so

.that multiple level •

of

"indirection"

could be supported. Quoted strings would

be

substituted as before. Thus:

a

= This is

a

test*

would work correctly. This means that

all references

to the

values

of

arguments would have

to be

preceded

by an

at-sign,

but

in

exchange eliminated

a

number

of

possible

"accidental"

substitutions.

As

a

final feature

a

quoting character

is

needed to.

allow

an

at-sign

to be

assigned

to a

string

(for

example),

as in:

xyz» *@abc

- 47

-r

V

J-

f

i V

I

•

I.

•J

'•ft

••

>t«:

i

M

i'

•

AliM

:.l.':.i

v\

The Itag

i

c Si x

Commands Manua I

mid!

3/2^/7a

which would

set xyz to

"©abc".

Note that:

i • •

:

i

xyz«"@abcM

•t'i uould

set xyz to whatever

abc

was bound due to the way quoted

strings are substituted for. In

addition

it is now possible to

stuff quoted

strings

into strings by using accent ague to quote

them.

It

has been suggested (but not yet implemented)

,that

the

meanings

of • and.

' be more

or less reversed during macro

definition

as in the

semi-lunar

macros.

.

.1

.

I-.

One

reason

for

the

recent interest in macros

is

the desire to

improve the readability

of assembler

code.

One

common

method

of

doing this is by

means of

a

set of

structured programming

macros. This suggests that one method of eliminating

the

short/long branch

problem is by not

allowing tine

user to

directly code the branch instructions so that a

table

of

label/branch

inter dependencies

can be built and

optimized.

In a

higher level

language

this is

not as

important implying

that

goto*s

(in

a very limited sense)

are "harmful"

only

in

lower level languages but not higher level ones.

[The

long/short

branch

problem is

common on

mpchines which

have

two

flavors

of

branch

instructions,

which

require

different amounts of memory so that it is desirable to

use

the shortest ones

possible^

These

machines include .the

IBM

1138,

all

recent (model

3

and up)

lnterdata

Machines,

many microprocessors and a host of others.]

..

•»

i:

l!

•• ' ,

i

'•'•.••;;•

..'I

'•

.

t-'i

: t

t '

' •

i'

'

•'•

i

.1

:

• •!!

i

.

>:

:

,•;

I-

••.

!.

• i

As a final

note,

the strangest macro expander I have run

into is Multic's mexp which

is a two pass macro expander,

the first

expands-a 11

macros and their

arguments

and

the

second evaluates all

conditionals.

. !

!:•:•-,•!•:,

\

.

I

- 48 -

.

*

!

r

*

••!• i

•;!

i

^

• t

i: i'

• *. .

:

•:.'

i

•

.

.-•!..•

-.1.

••• '

•!

m*\

The

Magic

Six

Commands Manual

mini 3/20/78

The MINI command runs

the

miniature assembler

written

by SAS.

It

is

primarily

used

to

assemble compiler output,

but can

be

used

by

users also.

The

command format

is:

MINI

.

11

Mi

;,! ! *•!.

:

'

:

I

•".

••

•

%

1:1

•

>•

•i!

where

the

filename will have

".sysin"

concatenated

to

i

ts

end by

MINI*

The automatic assembly feature

of PLl

makes

use of

this command

for PLl

output obsolete,

as

most programs

are-automaticaI

iy assembled

rather

than

manualIy.

The output

is to the

segment <filename> without

any

modifiers*

such

as

.text.

it

Ji

i i

I

.

3

!•

•' 'I

i

. •

I'

•

h

! '

K

A

•,!.

: •

. • i

i

ri

i

••?.

i

<

-»>

I1

-

49

-

.

i i i

...

,•..•'••!

!<|

J

':: <

*S-ti!4{;

•'• •• ••••

:••;:->;.--.N;

..

.

. . • \.-

I.

. ,

<•

si it ,

:•

•

.•'!.'' ,

', '•

•,.'•>.{.•

,

I-

••!l-

; •

r • •'

„-v;

• .•.!!.»

•: »•

• '

ii

•I

:•

,'

I

The

Magic Six

Commands Manual

moon

3/20/78

For your convenience

and

safety,

MagicSix

keeps

track of

the

phase

of the

earth*s

moon,

Luna.

The

three commands

are:

moon Prints

out a

diagram

of the

current lunar

phase-.

ppom

Prints phase

of

moon*

short

format.

pi

pom

Prints

long

Version

of

phase

of

moon.

..*

moonSpom

returns char string

for

ppoin

del

moonSpom entry

(bit(64),

char

(20)

varying);

call

moonSpom (time,

short_pom_str)

;

wheret time

is a

standard system time code, (zero means current time)

short.jjom_str is

the

corresponding

quarter

and

offset

moonSlpom

same

as

moonSpom,

but

returns' long

verbose

string

del moonSlpom

entry

(foit(64),

char

(80)

varying);

call

moonSlpom (time,,

long_pom_str);

moonSfpom

returns phase

as

a

floating point number between

0.0

&

1.0

del

moonSfpom

(bit(64),

float);

call moonSfpom (time,

ratio);

where:

time

is

ds

above

ratio

is a

floating

point

number-between

0.0

and

1.0/

0.0

new

moon

'

0.25

first

quarter

0.5

fulI

moon

0.75 last quarter

• i '

i

•

I'

:,

. •

i

•

"I

!

I •'•

V>

'

«tr-..

.•.!>!•:••

••<(:>•

•..'"•."•••'

'..

H

v

»

••

*

•' .•

»

• •

'.:*••

••••:

3'

«•

i

«

i

- 50 -

i

>

i

t

i

The Magic

Six

Commands

nanual

nlte ,,r

3/20/78

•'»

i

NITE

02/22/78

Nlte

Is

a text

justlfier.

It is supposed to

be

extensible

and

all

that but only

time will

tell.

At

any rate It should be

good enough for

UROP

reports and the

like.

By default the

input

text comes from foo.nite and the output goes to the terminal. The

output

destination,

can be changed

with

the

file

command. Here are

a list of available commands.

As.

usual

with these things all

commands are the first and only things on a

line

and begin with a

dot. Any other

lines

beginning with ".

"

are treated as nite

comments, they are ignored by

nlte/

and do not effect the

finished

document^

In general

numeric

arguments which refer

to."

horizontal

white

space

can be given in terms of character positions or

inches or

centimeters,

(e.g.

.Ilnel

6.5i. sets the

line

length to

8.5

inches).

w

linel

- (II)

this

takes a number and makes that the line length.

page I

-

(pi) This

sets the page length

page - (pa) Causes a page break (starts a new

page).

*

break - (br) This causes a break in the

filling

of text.

lines -

(Is) this sets the line spacing to its

argument*

.double

->

.Is

2

tty - send output to the tty pauses at every

page,

type any non

printing

character to

continue

file

- This interprets the rest of the command line as

a

pathname.

The'spec i

f.ied

file

is

made the current

output

destination,

if

no args output goes to input filename

concatenated

wlth

".abno".

The next two commands take a modifier (I,

left,

r, right,

b,

both, c, center) which specifies the alignment of the

line*

I

means

make

the left margin even,

this is

the normal

mode,

r means make the right margin

even,

b means make

both

margins

even,

and c centers the

line.

fill

- (fi) make

line a3

long as possible.

..

nofill

- (nf) take each

line

as

it

comes.

indent•-

(in) Takes a number and indents all suceeding lines

that

far.

If

the number

is

preceeded by a sign then the new

indenting is

being

specified

relative to the current

indenting.

undent -

(un)

This takes an amount to

tempprarily

un-Indent.

The

change last only for one

line.

-51 -

'» I

.1'

.;•!

v;

j

I

i

-i

•.#:

.••••• ••

V.\> •

11-

•. i

•

i.

I-'

•.

!

t

. i

i

•

• • • ti ,

The

Mag i

c S

i

x Commands

Manua I

ni

te

r

'•

•LiiL

3/20/78

i-i

^%.

••i.u

it^'t

•

read

-

This

takes

the

name

of a

file

which

is

read

and

processed

toy

nite

as

though•it

had

appeared

in the

main

file.

* •

• -

begin

*

This

pushes

a\neu

environment.

All old

parameters

are

carried across

but

changes

will

go

away when

the

environment

Is

poped,

this iricludes

the

definition

of

variables

in

these

frames.

[,

end

-this

pops

the

cUrrent

frame.

setvbl

-

This sets

the

variables

named

by the

first

arg to

the

string

consisting

of the

rest

of the

line.

.If

a

of the

same name existed

it

value

Mill

be

bashed.^

setlvbl

- The

sets

a

local variable.

It is the

same

as the

above

except

that

the

value

of the

same variable

in

saved

and

restored when/the current frame

«s

poped.

macro

-

This defines

a

macro

with the-name

of the

first

argument.

The

definition is

ended with

a

.mend

<macro_name>. Only

one.

space

i s a 11

owed

betwjsen

the

mend

and the

name

and

therie mag

be

no

trailing

spaces.

The

macro

is

invoked whenever

the

command

.<macro_name>

is

encountered

durring normal

parsing.

No breaks

are

generated.

skip

-

The

takes

a

number

and

generates that many blank

lines*

This

is

exactly equivalent

to a

I

ike number

of

carraige

returns.

If the

line spacing

is set to

three

<3)

then

three

times

as

many physical lines will

be

output.

block

-

This insures that

*<arg>-blank

lines will

be

left

blank

contiguously.

The

number

of lines

is

interpreted like

in

the

skip

command.

Special

variables

are

built into nite.

The

three variables

"date",

"time",

and

"page"

are set to

the'current date, time

and

page number

when

nite

is

started'and

can be

used

any

time.

Also

the macros "header"

and

"footer"

are

called

at the

beginning

and

end

of

every page

(except

the

beginning

of the

first*

page),

they

are

defined.

if

Fpr

an example of a

nite

input

file,

see

this documentation

">doc>ni te.ni te". the

file

used to create

.1

I

.

'T

/ ;:• 9

•i

j:|>

:

i.;

•!•'•

'

iC--'%\

:

• :i '

y

i

(•...••.

;•

•.

•

i

i.

.i!

1

'I *

i :

•i '

-

52 -

*

i

*

i

!

i;

The Magic Six Commands

MfjHufl

object

format ™

3/20/78

The Magic 6 Object

Segment

Format

An object segment looks more or

less-as

follows:

i

i 1

H

HH

I

I I

—I

I _I_PJ

>•

i

uhere:

pure code

is

the executable code and other pure

portions

of the program

linkage section is the impure section of the

program

relocation

entry

map

is

the

relocation bits

for

the*

program

wh.ich

are

a

string

of

structures

as

follows:-

del

1

relocation_Jnfo

based;

2 type fixed

bin(7),

/*

1,2,7.

or 8 */

2

number_pf_hws

bit(8),

/*

usually

Ma0"b4

*/.

2 offset fixed bin,

/*

offset

into section

*/

2 bits

bit(80);

/* one per

halfword

*/

for relocating pure code:

'•

1 indicates

a

reference

to

the'linkage

section

2 indicates

a

reference

to

pure

code

for relocating

the

linkage

section:

7 indicates

a

reference

to the

linkage

section

8 indicates

a

reference.

..to

pure code

The arrays appear

in the

relocation section

serially

and

are

terminated

by a

halfword containing

zero.

The entry

map

consists

of a

series

o-f

names each

preceded

by a

halfword length

and

consisting of

an

ascii

string.

At the

first

halfword after the

string there

is an

offset into

the

pure code.

I

••:•

.Ml'.

!

I

'

fl.

11

..

1/

;

|

f

"

«,.'||

I

f

'!

ipN

To use this:

del

i

1

map_entry

based(mp),

. 2

nchars fixed

bin,

2 name

chard);

del

offset fixed bin based;

do

mp=map_start

repeat

addrel(map_start,

el

en)

while(map_entry.ncbarsA«0);

- 53

-

,: \

1.1

.

..:

v

.

•;

i

r

I

,

•

i

*

.!' :';

.

.,,1

i

,-•

•

'-%:l!

;

'

•"

:• !

"M I

!••*.*:& !

'

"i -'T •? !

,

'•WiiNii'-*

;

...

If

' •

••••! *;*#

'•'

• . -

!

-v.••;••;

:Vilb !

•

7 •;, '<

J

'

l:f:W-."

!

i.

I

•ruwm

•

,"'.!,i.;:!f!'M

'I!

The Mag

i c

Si

x Commands Manila

I

object

format

3/20/78

?•'

elen=biHnchars+lf16)&MfffeMb4;

• if substr(name,l,nchars)t*epname

|

then

ep=ptr(baseno(map_atart),.

addrel(mp,elen-2)->offeet);

end;

To get

a

p6inter

to the

start

of the map

given

a

pointer

to the

segment

and its bit

count

Took

up

scs8get_obj_map.

•

i

I ' !

map

is a

structure*giving

the offsets within the

segment

of the

various aections described

above.

The structure is declared as follows:

del

i

objectjnap

based,

2

code_section

fixed bin,

J;

2

entry_map_offset fixed

bin,

2

Iinkage_section-fixed

bin,

2

relocation_bits

fixed bin;

If relocation_bits is

zero then their are none.

• i

.

• "

iV.'

T.;:i

.i-l

•Y!

' !

.1

i • ' •

-

54

-

;;ii!f

" •••• ;.**:

• •

.•'•Mi.'.I,'

1

h.:-

•

-m

•

*

• •

I'"

It

' '•

•:•••«•!

'

••)

!

The Magic Six Commands ManUjjl

ols (>tools) B

3/20/78

j0fi\

The online salvager,

ols, is a

program that

cleans

up

a

directory.

It

basically

reallocates

everything

in

the

dir'in

a

wired tempseg that

is not

part

of

the

file

system,

and

then truncates

the dir

being salvaged

and

copies

the new

contents from

the

tempseg back

to the

dir.

This

program

is

useful*

when

a

hash bucket

is

somewhat damaged

or

something.

Be careful using

it

on

directories that

are

badly

smashed,

it may

loop.

If

you do not

know what this does clearly,

then

do not use

it*

j •.

.,! •'.

'I I

'»

->'

•' ' •! ! ,

/JflN

- 55 - :• .'!|:r;ii'M

The

ftagic Six

Commands

Manual

peek

(>tools)

3/20/78

.;}'.

Peek is a program which gives all sorts of useful and

interesting

information about the current users of the

system.

The current columns '

are as

fiollows.

name

',

tcb

address

.: '

pinwheel

pointee

psw

console

device address

idle

time

pinwheel

quantum

CPU time

current address space

! ^

\

i.

i

•

n

it

\

J;

.

y\

:' '.• i -.;

I

;

»•!•

i-

••

'•! • ' •!

i-

i-;]1,^']!-

1

'• .

-.

1 1 ' * '

.':

!•

n-';•'•

i

«'

*«*

w

l

r;.-!

-"• i

.'

•>•

:.:' : !;|

'

:•;;"

•'.••j-;

v,i-

'

;<*

:

••

i

-I

! •••

.;•!<

i •'

I

•

i

.'

ii.'

;•

••'!

•;:?;i;>,5II-

i

'Mi

-

SB -

>'-.

V'i

iv.

I!

!

»

!

i

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

Pll

3/28/78

J0f**>

The pll command runs the PL/I compiler.

Its

usage is: pll pathname options

where pathname is the

name

of the file to

compile.

The options may be:

-nc

suppresses code generation

-na suppresses the assembly on.ly

-se

short error message

mode

-sz takes

the next argument as a hex number of

4K

blocks

that the compiler is to use for

scratch-storage

-Is print listing

-nd suppresses the generation of debugging

information

-tb causes the compiler to generate a symbol

file.

,

(see also:

pll.language

and

pll.changes)

•.•(•

\

' *

• :

V 1

'•

>:•

ft'

••

•

f;

'

/P***'

l-V.

III

#^

- 57 -

•

i

...

•

• ?

i •.

.•• •

'•.

1-;

• ••.:••;

.

i

"

-r'

•!?•:'.,>4:,!.':;

.1

•

*

•'.

•

:(i:-.

<:•'•••>••>•

•.'•••: 'V

.i:

.M;t't.r

i

•?!

The-Magic Six

Commands

Manual '

3/28/78:

pi1

language summary

General Notes on The Architecture Machine PL/I

Language'Subset

Numbers:

There

are

numbers:

f.ixed

and

float

fixed

are

like Fortran INTEGER

float

are

like Fortran

REAL

fixed

constants include:

1,

247,

-3121

float

constants include:

1.0,

247.0,

0.0064,

12352.34,

le23

operations

on

fixed

and

float constants

include:

+, -,

*,

/,

**

If

both operands

are

fixed

the

result

is

fixed, otherwise

it

Is

float.

2/3 yields

0

(fixed)

2./3 yields

0.666667

(float)

66.2+32.1 yields

98.3

(float)

12+7 yields

19

(fixed)

*

To convert from fixed

to

float

and

back

.there

are two

"builtin"

functions:

fixed

and

float.

i'.

/^%

".'?;

:*:!'

t

f!

1.

!

.r

^

,

-I

t

•

\

float(l)

fixed(2.3) yields

1.0

yields

2

In

addition

fixed

and

float

numbers

may be

compared

with

the basic

6

relational operators:

>,

<,*>=,

<«,

«,

A*.

Bits:

•;

Bits

are binary

digits..

PL/I supports bits and bit

strings.

.

bit

constants:'"101010^,

"l"b,

,M,b,

"00011l"b

•i

operations on bits include:

&,

|; A

-leie^s-ii©©^

,,l"b|"0,,b

yields "1000"b

yields

'T'b

yields

"1100"b

To extract a substring from a bit string:

substrtbit string,.first bH,number

of bits)

subs

trri010nb,

3.1)

substr("110011"b,3.3)

fields "lnb

yields

"001"b

•

- 58 -

•i

•!

•

i

•

'i

!!

'""•U

'I

• •

'•rr

•

-if

iiit.,

• •:•!!

•

••I

•

-if*;

*

i

•*•

•

•I'

#^

'#-

J?

.•(i

•

• •

•

' '

'

The Magic Six Commands

Maqu|l

3/28/78

till

\

anmiane*

aiihimarii '«

pll

language summary

A

variable

may

contain:

The relational operators apply

to bit

strings.

"l"b is

greater than.

M0"b

and the

shorter string

is

assumed

.to

be filled

out

with blanks. Thus,

"lnb

is

greater than

. '• • j

"81"b.

' ; |

' •' *

NOTE:

The

reault

of

all

relational operations

are

bits.

"l"b

if the

comparison

uas

true.

M0ttb*

i

f i t had

been

false.

Thus:

i>j & j>k

is

a

bit

expression.

Characters:

• ,

character constants:

"abed",

,M\

"the

quux

ate

luux"

||

is the

concatenation operator

'•

"abc"!!"

"IT'def"

yields

"abc

def"

'. \ ;

substr works

on

character strings more

or

less as

it does

on bit

strings.

i.-

•i,

.':! ;'•• :

'f

i

f . ,;!.••...

• »•,.. - •

;••}!••:

i.»M

..

.<<

8ubstrrabcdef",2,3)

yields

"bed"

,

U

.'

substr(nfoonv2,1)

yields

Mo

M«M • •

.. •

I •

,

•••!

,

•- .'

-r-li-;!:

.11 '

i

r •

ili.!.

I

Variables:

'

' % "•;'

.

!* ;

''.'•'.

'.

:'

Variables are places

to

put

values.'

Variable

names

may be

very (128

or

mtre*)

letters long

' •

i,

and

may

contain all

the

letters (upperor

louer

-.;

;j

i.

case),

S, _

and the numbers. They may begin with

!

.•:";>..;

•'»

•

i"':\rj

any

of

these characters except the numbers.

"'':•'.*'.•?•:••'•

-.rj"'•'!.:•'••:';

»U

•

.

• .'...:••! :..•;'••

1.

i

it •

' •

u

I

abc,

i,

quux, foo_bar,

age_of_time

and so on

' \.

•

are variables

.-.• ,'•' !"' 5>

-

•"*

"L

•*•' • >i '

'it'

rj ".:•••«

r

• t

!

i

t.

'

i

/

a

fixed

number

•

...

.

a float

number

.: ;

i

•••

'i..j':,

.;•'••.'••.

ii:'-:.

.,

•'••;">.

,:

J

any given number

of

bits

'^

any given number

of

characters

|

up

to any

given number

of

characters, plus

how

many there are

•; •

>•

i

Declarations:

-

59 -

•

I

-.•

•'.'•

. •

1 Ml

:

...J"

.

••.:!•• ••-.{?

'

: .

.I1"-.

.''''

'•'

•

"

i

1

i

.U

i

The

flagic Six

Commands

Manual

•p'll

language summary .

To

declare

a

variable*

del

tor declare) variable the type;

or

3/20/78

. •

i*

i t

declare variable type, another type2,

uet_another.'type3:

Semicolon

ends

the

statement!

Instead

of a

single variable

you can use

3

list

of them such as: (varl,quux,var2).

So:

del (i,j,k)

fixed, name

char(32)

variable;

del (x,y)

float;

del

able__to_read

bi.t(l)?

del letters_seen_today

char(26)

varying:

Arrays:

.

If there

is

more than

one of a

given thing:

del thing float?

del

things(10)

float?

causes':'

thing(1),, thing(2),

..,

To

specify

the

range

df allowable

subscripts:

del

things(19:47) char(32)

varying:

causesi

thing(19),thlhg(20),

...

,thing(47)

Structures:

To

group things together

for

many reasons:

del

1

line,

2

xl

float.

2

yl

float,

i

2

x2

float,

2

y2

float:

* •

builds

a box

called line thus

Iy,

i

..

ii

1

i

•

•f

.4"

.

fir-

.• ;• I

w

.;»,*

»:;.•

' .i

1 ii

to

^%

;•'=;

;

• • .

i.l

vV.^i

i

*

....

- i

•

'.•• •

i.:

•I ..

••:>

'••'.'.

i

'•- ,

' '';

"V'

.!

i

l-

.=

•»'

,.

. ...

•'••'

•, ,•

;!•• -;

!...'<r

•

•;•;:

•::>!'

•

,• . ! $ ;

: •

<

i

!

'

• ;

-

60 -

•y.i

•ii-

..shKiivr'

The

Magic Six

Commands ttafct

pll

language summary

3/20/78

'

i

•

/0^*"

V

|xl

I

ltfl_l

|x2_|

Iy2

|

Iihe.xl

Iine.yl

Iine.x2

IIne.y2

Structures can be used to just organize

.things

or for more powerful purposes.

Both:

*

A structure may contain arrays and an array may

contain structures.

del

1

line(10),

2

xl

float,

2

yl

float,

2

x2

fIoa

t,

2

y2

float:

causes:

I ine(l)

.xl,

I ine(l)

.yl,

I

ine(l).x2,

....

,

line

(10).

yl.

I ined0).x2,1

ine(10).y2

I

;

i:

pi-

"N

!

:•»

I

:i

I.-.

ijtPN

or perhaps,

•

'•

•

del

1

shape,

2

nsides

fixed,

•

'.

2

side(12);

3

xl

float,

3

yl

float;

3

x2

flcat,

3

y2

float?

which

could

be

abbreviated:

del

1 shape,

2 nsides fixed,

. 2 side(12)

like

line;

and causes:

shape.nsides,

shape.sided).xl,

shape*side(1).yl

and so on.

Brief Note on Syntax:

PL/I accepts input in free format, no columns are

reserved.

Each

statement must

be ended by a

semicolon

and any number

of statements may appear on a line.

It

is good

practice not

- 61 -

:;'.-.•

i

i i

(

<

':

r. •.

i

i.

.'<

K

»•:

•'I

•..-..(

I

:!<!

;ii

:

J.

i

•fcm

!;':r.--ti|:

•;•'•":

;'v;

I'M

• -.'

..

.

• i i

.i '•

•

,!

i i

•

'I •

The

Magic Six

Commands

Manual

pI1 Ianguage

summary

3/20/78

!

£4

to goonch

all

the

code

together ..since

it

gets hard

to

read

and hard

to

trace

in the

debugger which isn't

too

bright..

Comments

may

appear anywhere

and

have about

as

much impact

as

a

blank space. They begin

with

the

sequence

/*

and

may contain anything except

a */

which ends them.

/«%'

i.

'#.¥'

Assignment:

11 has

already been

implied

that there is some way to .

set a variable to a given value. One. of the most common

•

ways is

via the assignment statement:

thing to assign to

»

thing to assign:

Examples:

i=l:

name«="John.

Doe"?

pudding<j3roved*puddlng_weight>10.4 & pudd i ng_dens i ty<*0.9 & Afruitlcakej

dist=x*x+y*y;

The

substr

bull

tin

function

mentioned above

can be

used

on

the left hand side

of

an

equal side

to

indicate

that

a

substring

of

the

string variable

specified

is to be

modified.

For

example:

dcI

c

char(8)?

,

substr

(c.,2,4)towq«uknj

would

set c

to

"

quux

it

•<••

!

.1

Procedures:

The atomic unit of code is the

procedure.

nuke:.pr ocedur

e:

end;

is

the

procedure nuke. Anything between

the

procedure

statement

and the ehd

statement

is in

-the

body

of the

procedure.

''

• •

A procedure

has

associated

with it all variables

which

are

declared

in

it.

So:

nuke:procj

- 62 -

1.

1:1

•

*

•i.'i

; I

I

•.•

i!.'J

.1

^^\

"4*

«'v

lhe flagic

Six Commands Manual

pI1 Ianguage

summary

Itl

3/20/78

••='

i-.W'U

<

I

li.M.

del

abomb

fixed;

i.

del hbomb

float;

luke:proc;

del

abomb

char(32);

del qbomb bi

t(1);

:

end;

has abomb and hbomb declared in

it.

There may

be

other '.

variables named abomb and hbomb but the abomb and

hbomb

declared in nuke are only known

inside'of

nuke.

nuke also has luke declared in it. luke has abomb and

qbomb

declared in

it.

Inside of luke, abomb and qbomb

refer

to

the variables declared

therein,

hbomb refers to the

hbomb

declared in nuke, the

"containi'ng

block",*

Inside

of

nuke

qbomb

is

unknoun and abomb refers to the one declared in nuke.

This nesting

and masking of variable names is known as

"lexical

scop

i

ng".

Flow

of-Control:

Normally

the flow of control in a

prpgram

is sequential..

Each

statement

is executed in turn'. This

can'be.

altered

in several

ways:

branching

with

a goto

executing an

if

statement

executing

a do statement

calling

a procedure

invoking a function

Branching

with

a goto:

The syntax of this is: go to place;

r

where

place

must appear somewhere in the program

at the start of a

statement.and

followed by a

colon.

here:

go to here; will loop indefinitely

here

is

declared to be a label at that

location.

- 63 -

'

i i

'..'•'

.'

•••',.(

''

,

'• '

J

-

i "

• i

••

.

Hs..

:

.'

.•

':

•

•*

*!;•<•

i

..•

"I

:»[

•

1

l •;

••.i.:.••:•'!••.

•••!•<

:

.'•.':'•••.. ••;

J

* ': 4 ••' ** '*'.'.• *' *

-.••••:' :' •.,-,'/

.:•.

••••

;; • -••;?

J

',.

• ••

'.,

.1'

.'

'•:

t

• :

••'

',! •

i

••'

•

.'••• • .« '!••

^Vfv.-iVfc!

•.••••••'.•>•

•:•: ••,.••; :i t

- •

' '•• ,

•

/; »

v^i-^ ;-"••:•;

•.

1

'

::i

M :.j

1'

.'.

•

• - '

-

'.

' ,'

"•.'•• 'if ;.

vi''

r

•"'

•:'•• r

'.•!-.••

.••:•:

ji-1-

•'*:,•!

:>•

J1

•!•

r-.'

•

il

.

];•

;

VI-

•

!

••l.-w'l

•

'M

I

i-Ji

. i "-

.<.,

'

N

='-'

••'••

••'j.':fe.!

,,

...it

i ,

r

t

1

V

I-

»'T

i

>•

1

=

y.{

!

'.

f.

-J

• . :.

'

•

£i I

' 'III -

:••:-;• ••••• !•:.",;• ^-il

•• i .••

!...

•i

•'M.VI'i'i'

.1.1

'•;i:r-.:.'^;i^

I;'

•!

..'!<•'•*;

ti!v:?."

Ji,

•

I

" • i

:•

-: I .

'•

I .i

I1

• .

•'•r;<:-.:

•

v

•

'.'^••.••IEI

M

• "

;i".

\

:•• •,

•

••••:

• •

v*

I

"

<••

>

Ii

: ;• •'';r'-i'.-V •''!•'!!*!"!

i

);._*.-

i '

•

'. •:'• i 'i

.'• ••••

i't

|

'•'

•••'!!•'• 1

•:••'' Hi

The

Hag i c

Six

Commands ttanua

I

'pit language

summary

3/20/78

/^%;'

i

..,,:

Label

values can be put into label variables.

For

example:

*

dcI mabeI IabeI?

quux:

mabelequuxj

go to

mabe

I;

nil I

loop

indefinitely

Sometimes it is

useful

to branch to a given location

given

an integer value (for example the Fortran computed

goto

...).

To do this declare a label

arrant

del actions(7)

label

constant^

and then you can

define

labels such

as:

••

label(1):

'

which would be the target of a branch to

label

(i)

when i was equal to

1.

Executing

an if statement:

if condition

then actionlj

else action2j

causes the condition to be evaluated to a

bit(J)

value

and i

f

it is

"l"b

executes

actionl,

otherwise

it executes

action?*

So:

..

i.

'.!

:'••'• •;•"

• < > •

A

!

'

'.I

)

i

','.

M

>i'r-

•

i-

•

31.'.

fill.

iJi;!

i f a>b then

max^a;

else

max^b;

'

Indentation is not required by the language but

i f

you

don't

bother don't

expect

to debug your code. Ask

people,

how to set the tabs on your

IMLAC,

it

Is

not much

worse

than on a

Seleetrie.

An action may

either'be a statement*or

a-statement

group.

The former we have been describing

all

along,

but the latter

is

a

special

construct:

i f

a>b then do:

maxca;

min=b;

end;

else

do:

max«b;

-

64 -

.

v.

•

i

'.,

-i-r.

1.

.

. : -.. .

-.1.

:

'".•

• •;•.

!:>-

M

I1'

•

I

The Magic

Six

Commands

hartt|J|

pll

language summary

•

min»a;

:

end; i

i

Note

that end

is

used to end statement groups and to close

procedures. PL/1 is

full

of

this

kind of thing, notice:

a«b»c;

is not unreasonable

?n

PL/I.

•

*

i

f-then-else

clauses may be

Inested

and

otherwise MeirdIy

grouped when the program logic gets

hirsute,

if

a*b

then if od then

flag«"llHbj

else

flaq«n10"b;

) else if

e>f then f

lag)«»"01"b;

.

.else

flagVWb;

II

; 1

In this example

the

indentation

should indicate which

if,

then

and

else

go

together.

!

•

i

One

of the

most common

constructs

is:

i

• .

•

»

i f a°l

then

do; .

:

'

end;

j

else if b=»44.3

then

do; j

end;

i

else

if

command="G0"

then

dol;

end;

j

and

so on. . j '

This "else

if"

construct

is

Used

so

frequently

that

some

languages have

an

else if

statement.

Executing a

do

statement:

!

The do statement is perhaps

cne

of the most powerful and

.versatile

statements ih the {language. The simplest

case

was recently mentioned and

a:imply

groups the contained

statements into a group for (use

with if

clauses.

i

do also

allows

the body of

s{

do group to be executed

iteratively (like

the

Fortran

do

statement):

do

variables tart

to end Coy increment];

which means that

to

add up

a;11

the numbers

from 1 to 10...

|

num~0i i

•

In.

I-I

In I Hi j

nniii-niimi 11 •

1

IT •

,i

•• fob -

3/20/78

««

i

»

• M| • - | •

i

• •' '

,'.:

l.'M

*•• ;:

!»

t

41

i .-!•• •

'I1;

j,

• i

I

i!

-

•

'i

'

:'••!'

i'.i

i • .'•

•I'

'...-- : I '•:.

!.i

( »

•j"i:-r

Mi:-':

'ii

• u •

I' t

'ifi!'-

;!•»

.!• JiK

i-••»{-•

.

i -i-'i

I-!;.:

l

•V

i

"!l

J>

•

;

%1

'!

;•>

.

oi-

•

'•••

Vi;

'•".;

"1'

••<£•><

;

1;.

!

11

M

h'

ii

j

i.

r.

The Magic

Six

Commands Manual

pll language summary

3/20/78

endi

Mhile to

add the numbers from

i

to 10 backwards.;..

r

' .1

aum»0j

do

i-10

to 1 by

-It

Bum-sum+ij :

endj i

The loop figures out which direction to go if it

isn't obvious at

compile

time.

NOTE:

The values in the to and by clause are

calculated

when the loop

is

entered*

not each

time

through! , So,

do

i=l

to

nj ''

end?

cannot

be

exited

by

setting

n to 1 or

less than

if sfnce

its

initial value

has

been stored

auay

somewhere.

A more

general

form

of the do

allows

the

user

to

completely specify

the

test

and the

iteration step:

do

variabIe°start

repeat

i terationlwhi le(condition)]

\

•

• •

i

This

sets

the

variable

to the

start value

and

as long

\

as the qondl tlon is

true

(if

you

leave

out the

condition

it

will

loop forever) executes

the

body

of the do

group.

Each

time it

reaches

the end

it

sets

the

value

of

the

variably

to the

recalculated value

of the

iteration

expression.

So

to add the

numbers from

J

to

10...

9um«=0;

dp

i«l

repeat

i+1

whJle(i<«10);

sum«sum+ij

end;

Another form

of the do

simply indicates that

the:

body

is

to

be

iterated until some condition

is no

longer1

true.

This

involves

the;

while clause alone,

as in:

J'

'•

I.

:

1

..:

•••V-V;.-«t-

i

J

I

-

!;>

A'/lf

. ,

/ .

I

' ' •!'•••

:»•••

•>•••'.•

•!><"

if

i

••

i

:

.

•..'!»'.

r

!/;!

, t

11

:.«»'

.

I.

':••

•••{}.!

l.'.i

rl-i'1

i

•"'•'•I

i

r

»

do

while(error_margin>0.001);

end;

The

while

clause

may

also

be

combined with

the to and by

constructs

to

provide

anot+ier

escape from

the

loop

in

addition

to the

to*clause,

as in:

•»*'•

-

SB

-

; '

*

:' .

.-I

• ••••

i

•' '

' •

i'Yl

i

•/•:•!.:•«••'».•'

'Wit)

•.

'

JJI

The

Magic

Six

Commands

ri^HLJl

pll

language summary

do

Ul

to

n_people

uhi

le(person(i)A-"Jimmy");

end;

Calling a procedure:

Calling is

done via the

call

statement. Thus to

call

the procedure nuke (from

above):

calI

nuke;

This

causes a branch to the program which nuke

which immediately grabs some storage from

.somewhere

and saves

all

the information it

will

heed

to-get

back to

right after

the place

it

was

called,

nuke

also uses this storage for pther things, but as soon

as nuke is done executing that storage is

released

to whomever wants it and the flow of contr.ol resumes

where

it

left off. (This

ability

to save the machine

state is at the heart of a good deal of modern

recursive*

function theory

...)

Executing a return statement will cause the procedure

executing to

return

to

Its caller

as

will "falling

'through"

to the end statement.

3/20/78

•.•:•;',; !'•

i

.•i

'

i;:

,:,'i:,!

i

..?*?•

ii

M"

, 4

7

it

l«i

I

!

Arguments and Parameters:

Uhen

a procedure

.is called it

is possible to

pass it

a number of values or

variables

(references) to work

with.

These values or

variables

are passed as arguments

and are received as parameters.

zoot:proc(soot,bOot);

del (soot.boot)

float;

soot«=boot;

end;

.

gives

ah,example

of procedure with two floating point

parameters.

If x is declared float and i is declared fixed.

<A

f

, !•

call

zoot(x,4);

would

set

x to 4.0 since zoot

requires

two

float

arguments,

4

would be converted to

4.0

and

passed as an

argument,

x would be passed by reference

so that soot in zoot

would

refer to x.

call

zoot(i.x);

would not appear to do anything since

- 67 - •

... .••

•«

•

••.

i i

•

'j i

.';-.*•••'!

r.

•..I

!)

•'. ' :

i } -v

'

j

S

&

J.

a

i

-•• l

5i"::j!!^.

i.

V

?5W

' '/. :

'ii'A,

'

I

:

i

n

i •'

•!•?

I,

!!•

The

Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

pll

language summary

3/28/78

*

i Mould have its Value converted tp floating point

and passed as an argument by value. Thus, soot would

refer

to this temporary value as opposed to

i.

x would

be passed by reference.

*

> External Procedures:

In

order for PL/I to generate code for a given call statement

it must know the attributes expected for each argument for

the procedure in question. Toward this end there is. the

data type entry and the entry

declaration:

del

things to declare

entry U [attributen,attribute2

...J);

it'

:\ ••

to declare nuke,

del.

nuke

entryj

to declare zoot,

del zoot entry (f I

oat,

float);

to declare

a

procedure which accepts

a

char(32)

values,

two

floating

point

numbers.and

a

bit,

•

• •

del mgby entry(char

(32),

float, float,

bit(U) j

Some external

entries

are

very

versatile

so

they

can

figure

out

how

they have been called

at

runtime

b.y

means

of

the

opt ions

(variable)

clause. Something

you may

see,

a

lot is:

dq|

(ioa,ask)

entry

opt

ions(variable);

These procedures

may.

be called with

any

number

or

type

of arguments

and

if

they

can

figure

out

what

to do

with

them

they

will.

PL/I has no

language feature

to

write

that

kind

of

program

but

there

are

subroutines that

can

be

called

to

dp

a lot of it.

•

Functions:

Any procedure may return a value so that it may be

used in an expression. This is done by means of the

returns clause in the procedure statement. A

routine

'

which

returns a

floating

point number could be

written:

won:proc(x)

returns(float);

del

x

float;

return(sin(x)*sin(x)+cos(x)*co8(x));

end;

•w

.

t.ij;i

I .

!

;•:.!'

P-

•

i.l..

I;

. s

i

M:

!

.

>5

jj

'>'-%'•

ski

'

<

.! •

• t

y

•

to

Note that the return statement indicates the value to

return.

This value

will

be forced to the appropriate

- 68 -

Hi

. I

*

<*%•?

i

:it

/jf^N

The Magic Six

Commands

fid

pll

language summary

type before it is returned, thus the above program Could

have been

written with

a

Veturn(l);M.

External entries may be declared with

a-returns

clause

as

well.

For example:

dql mumble

entry

(f loat, float) returns (char

(64)

varying);

del

ages

entry

returns(fixed);

These

routines

may be used in

functions:

•

images

0+1;

if mumber (wonO ,

i/2)=""

then ...

3/20/78

'»

.1

• *

l

.

j

••'.

i''•'•'•;

• ••'•! f

I:

"!••••

i

•;:!

I • i '" : i

V

'/.

!

n

/

r'

4y_

u>

I.

•'

t.

i

-

69

-

•:l ,•

: '-.•:.

>*•.

'

l':1'

f I

(111-'

'

*-f

..

•••• ',' ; • Lf

••

j..V'»V

•M-"?i^|jli

' ! •!•.- .; --i.fi

- : • •

: :'.!:•:• :':••

:-.:

•"•\\^\\[

•

• •...

; • • :>.n

• : '( •' i ;•

• i •

.1

The

Magic

Six Commands Manual ' • ... ' j . •

3/28/78

pr i

nt

•

;

The print (pr, type, ty) command prints a. file on

yodr

console.

The usage is:

;:

print

<pathname>*

•

l-no_header

|

-noheader

|

-nhel.

'

Unless

the

-no_header

option is given, the

file ui

11!

be preceded

by. a header giving

the

full

path,

name and

the-date-time

modified.

The

arguments can,

of.

course, be given in any order.

• • •

'

The

dprint (dp)

command can be used to

print

a

file

on the line

printer.

•

i

ill

'if.

.V!

.

:•''''•.•"I

'

•••".•rji:

• * * i

I

T

.

• i

1.

;..

!

I • 'I "I

'M

•'•-

•'. ''•'.• .

'••",> !;''t

'

i.^-ii'?

I

'• I

.

--.Si.

i i

•'

>«

f

'1

1 .

•i'-':i

-.-'J!:

.;!

I!

i

'i

•<

v

•if

-

70 -

I

!

I

:

i

.

«

>

*~/p\.

•

(V.

^

*\

The

Magic Six

Commands

Manjjfll

3/20/78

probe

This is the

documentation

for the symbolic debugge, pb.

Here is what the commands do. Note that numbers are

in hex unless preceded

by

a control d

character.

Command

*j (line

feed):

This command opens the next location,

by.adding

four to

the current

location

and redisplaying

it.

Command

^m (carriage

return):

This

command opens the previous

iocation

from the current,

by substracting four from the current open location.

Command

.ch:

This

command

prints

the current

location

out as a

char n

string,

where n

defaults

to

four.and

can

be specified

by preceding the command

with

a

number.

Command .fit

This

command

prints

the current

rocation

in decimal,

treating i t as a fixed (31) variable.

Command

.hi:

This

command does the

6ame

as

.fi,

only for a

fixed(15)

variable instead.

Command

.r:

This command prints

in

the

current stack frame

the

value

of

register

n,

where

n is a

standard

arg to the

command.

i.e. is

placed

immediately preceding

the

'V

character.

For

example,

3.r •

.'.•.'.•:••..:•

would display register

3.

Command -:

This command does the same (with the same defaults)

as the

'"+"

command only it subtracts the argument from

the current location Instead of adding it in.

_

M

I

i

i i

:•:;

• &

'

•:/

'J

ir,

.

•

>•'

•!•:

••.:.

.'!.!

•I -.

:.-».

• \

• '

1

. * •

r

•••>,!

I.I:

:

.

t

•

!• '!!•

!

1 ;

' ' .

' '

'

:;•-. •

.<;

;

- i

:

]|

•

'•if

•

«|i.

r

'

'K

'

M •...

:«i

1.

ti-

ll

.-••I

Command +:

; ,!}

i

This command adds its argument to the current location, and

the argument

defaults

to 2 if not specified.

'• "•

• •! ••;

:- i

• ' •

-.\.

>.••

;/.'•'

:[:':t\.\

:

•'•••••"« :!'!.:•• ••••-,.«:i

.*'••

•••* -;•:••

i1',-

;

• •• .. ••-••'•' •

t.\

i>~*k$:[

••:;• •••

^••••T?..n,i.i'"i;;.N.

!

.",.«:.

'1 .:'

•:-. f ••l'l :

•vi:';

W4\

:-..••

•

-:..

;iii;!

1

' '

i

i •!'

I

• ''.•'

• . t

The

Magic

Six Commands Manual

probe

3/20/78N

/ • i

•jrK'-h'

h

•

;:

Command

This command

modifies

the open

full'word.

The argument

the value that is put in the

location.

If

there

is

no .

argument, then the value of zero

is

used.

is

Command

.in?

The

.in

command

is

used

to

initiate segments.

The

name

of the

segment

to be

initiated

is put

after

the

j

.

in,

and

exact I

y

one

space

is

assumed,.

so

that

files with

weird names

can be

easily

handled.

The

command prints

out

what segment

the

segment

is

initiated into,

and the

code

returned from

initiate.

If .in

is

given

a

numerical argument

then

it

attempts

to

initiate

the

pathname

in a

segment

with

that number.

i

•>*%

t • >i

'••

i

• :

.

-

i.

•;'".•;.•.

•;

i.(•

•i

:

A

Command

..:

The

..

command is used to send commands to the command processor

via

the scsSd

entry. The .. is immediately followed by the

command

line

as

it is to be sent to the

cl

entry.

»r>f

•

Command

.ins:

The

.ins

provides the macro facility. It is preceded by

the

buffer number, and is

followed

by the command name, which should

9tart

with a dot. You then input the macro, ending with a

line

that contains only a backslash. You can then run the macro

by

typing the command Name that you have given it.-

Command

.ps:

The

.ps

command

is

used

to set

plod break points.

It takes

an

argument, which

is the

line number

at

which

to

set

the

break point.

As

usual,

the

break

is

before

the

line.

The

program name

is

taken from

the

last

.use

command.

Command

.pk:

This command kills all

pll

break points that

have been set in this process.

1

i.

• •

:

1':

' ,••!'

'•••

;l

.,,:;•!

••

•

'

'.

,i

•

i

t

i.

j*i;-

ii'-

1

Command

,pn

This command is just

like .ps

only it

kills

the

break point rather than

setting

it. It warns you if

there

is no such break.

Command

.qs:

.- 72

-

•

Mi'

•

.'!£••

f

•, •*

M

*

•

* ;

The

Magic Six

Commands Manual

probe

H

3/20/78

/ifflBN.

This command sets assembly

break-

points. It is preceded by

the location at

which to set the break, or

if

none

ie

provided,

then It sets it at the, current open location.

."!

I •••

Command

.qk:

This

kills

all

assembly break points

in the

current process.

Command-.qr;

This command works just

like-.qs

only

it

resets

the

break point instead

of

setting

it.

\>.:?<

-

hi

i

!

Command

.pi:

This command

lists all pll

breaks.

•

i.

!

.

'

.'

!

1:

Command

.ql:

This command lists all

assembly break]

points.

/ i

Command

.fy:

This

command turns on

flow

tracing of pll debug

programs-

:'

M

I

w.

Command:

.fn:

This

command turns off

flow

tracing.

Command

.w:

This is

the

watch command.

It

takes

a

location,

which

defaults

to the

current location,

and

watches

it

for

changes.

It

is

checked

at

every

pll

debug line entry,

and

if it

changes,

a warning

is

printed

and you get a

break point encountered message,

i..

-.••••

(•'•:•?•<

-i ••'

;»l.|

r

-Mi.1

•*?'

•»'\

i

v;-

»•!{!•:•':•

'

il

Command

.s:

This

is the

symbol loader

command.-It

has two

forms.

•s

.s f iIename

In

the

first,

the

file sym will.be

used

for the

symbols file, while

in the

second,

the

file

filename.sym

will

be

used. Expand path

is

called.

Command

.tr:

The

.

tr command does stack traces.

If

preceded

by a

number,

only

the last

n

frames

will

be

traced.

If followed

by an

"I",

then

the

long

ii.j

•:•.•»

•'It

l

/

.J

.,»••••»

•

-I •

' '•

J

\<>

- 73

-

The Magic

Six

Commands Manual

probe

3/26/78

form stack frame trace

wili

be

done, which prints

all

registers.

Command

q:

The

q

command causes

the

debugger

to

return

to its

caller.

This

will

work

on pll

breaks

and

assembly breaks

as a

break

return,

see

^g's documentation

for

more

information.

Thi.s command simply returns.

Command

t:

The

t

command chases

a

pointer.

The

pointer

at the

current

open location

is

used

as the

address'of

the

new

current

location.

Command

o:

The

o

command does

the

same

as t,

only

it

only takes

a

halfnord

and adds

in the

offset base,

set by the

.so

command.

Command

.so:

This command sets

the

offset

base.

All o

commands

have

this

value added

to

them

to get the new

current

location.

If

no argument

is

provided, then

it is

assumed that

the

offs.et

base

is the

current

location,

otherwise

the

argument

is the

new offset

base.

*

•

»

.••I'j

ii

j'ii

• r

i

Command •

sb:

This

command

works like

-.so,

only

it

sets the

"based

base".

This

is

the*,

value that all

based

variables,

are based at when using the

symbol

table

hackery.

rt

•

i :

•

,

1

Command

g:

This command

returns

from assembly break points

in a

clever

way*

namely

that

the

current break points

is

cleared

so

that

you

can

precede,

and

then

it

is

replaced after

the

single instruction

that

was

break pointed

has

run. This

is not the

standard

return,

since

some segments

are

read-only

and

this would cause

a

segfault

in some cases trying

to

catch execution after

the

break

point.

1,

Command

p:

This

is the pll

instruction.

It

executes

one

line

of pll and

then

hits

a

breakpoint.

p Command

.use:

This

command

takes

two forms, <n>.use and

.use

<name>.

In the first form, it tells the debugger to use frame n for

-

74

-

>'

/

.

*.;-:i

1.

*

•• •

* • *.

•

V

I

ii

•'

;

/

• - 1

•U

.

1 1

1

I

il

ill

1 ;:•'

The Magic Six Commands

Manljpl

probe 3/20/78

•

i:

vi

r

.'

\.

':

t

examination

of such things as registers. The second

is

more

powerful. This form

tells

it to look up the stack for a pll

entry

with

that name.

If

it can find it,

it

uses

that

frame, otherwise it

prints a warning. It then looks in the current symbol

table and searches for the symbol table for the

proc.

If it can not find one, then it again prints a warning.

If the symbol table entry is found, then all further

symbol table requests

will

be done relative to

that

procedure.

i

•

Command

.t i:

This command does text insertion. The rest of the

line

after the space after the

".ti"

is inserted

from

the current location until the <cr> is found. The <cr>,

is not inserted.

Command v:

This

command

prints

a char varying

string.

It prints

the

one at the current location. Giving it

a location of course opens the new location, i.e.

3080V

prints the char varying 3tring at location

x'32W,

•

.

c

i

' •

:l

!

* ! '

\.r>

Command n:

This is the "next" command to execute

one'

assembly

instruction

after an assembly type break

has

been encountered.

Command

.y:

This command returns from a macro to reading

commands from the terminal.

Command

.tmr:

This

command takes one argument, which

is

the number of the segment to terminate.

•,

i

:

;'

.

.I'-

ll.

11

•

Mi;

•

-5

i

»fi;

i-i!

,

Command

.map:

This command takes a segment number

like .tmr

only instead

lists all

of the entry points in the

particular

segment.

Command

.st:

This command takes one

argument,

ana"

controls

• ! •

(

• ;-,h

.

•

in

-

i..-

.

;

.i.

!';

:

I

\ !

!l'

1

>

'

i X

i

••

.•

i

<

!

I

#^

- 75 -

r

I

.•

I

..

"•(•

... !•'

I

Ii>*

The

Magic Six

Commands Manual

probe

subroutine tracing

wl'th

the '.n command. If you do

a'

l.st,

then subroutines

Mill

be traced, and 0.n resets

this.

The

default

mode

is

not to trace subroutines.

Here are some examples of

how

to do gome of the more

commonly performed

operations

in probe. •

To use a. symbol table

foo.sym,

and..look at-the

variable

bar

in

proedure mars':

<

3/20/78

'**%

'{•

(i

j

. s foo

•use

mars

,

bar

;need only be done once per process.

;prints spurious

warnings

sometimes,

{prints the value of bar.

#ifi:i.t

To

chase a pointer, you use the

t command.

i;

i

•

i-

If

you

have

an

area

at

location 50330

for

example,

and

have

lots

of offsets relative

to

this area that

"you

want

the

"o"

command

to work with, then

do

i*;

50330.so jsets

the

offset base

to

50330

and then from then

on, the

"q"

command

will

take,

the

halfword

at the

currently open location,

add it to the

base

value

of 50330

and

move'

to

this location. This

is the

equivalent

of

the

"t"

command

for

offsets instead

of

pointers.

;

Note that probe currently does

not

work

for

debugging programs

'

that

run

in

weird address

spaces*

*

•

To

run a

program, watching

to see

if•

a

static variable

foo

in

the

procedure mars, with symbol

tabl

mars.syin,

has

changed,

we do

the

following.

•ii

I'-l

Pb

• fy

•s mars

.use

mars

,

foo

.w

q

{turn on flow

tracing,

{tell

pb which symbol table to use.

{tell

pb which procedure to use.

{open the location, foo

;!{tell

probe to watch this location.

{telI

probe to

quit.

Then type at command

I eve

IJ

mars

{tell

command

processor

to run the program mars.

;pb

will

print every line number, and

will stop

;if

the value of foo changes.

.

-1.

J

- 76 -

il',

;

fit-'

*f

The Magic

Six

Commands

MaHljgl

read

maiI

3/20/78

Commands are:

t

P'r

int

message.

n

(love

to next message.

d Mark message for deletion.

u

Undelete message.

p Move to previous message.

I

Log cgrrent message (creates

logbox

if necessary)

s Summarize undeleted messages. (*

indicates

current

message)

a Summarize all messages. (0 indicates message is marked for deletion)

q

Quit

mail,

deleting marked messages.

x Same as q.

j Jump to message. (No argument - jump to 1st message)

f Forward

message*

prompting.for

recipients.

r Reply to message.

? This information. (obviously)

"

" Print the

message,

(default

» all)

:1i

"A

<n> Becomes the argument for the

following

command. When no

argument is supplied, the current message is used (except

where

specified

above). .

Command

line options?

*

1

•***

-summarize

-log

Summarize the mailbox, then quit,

Use the

logbox.

•i

if

i j

-I.

;

i

11

:

;i

i

:• -i

/ .

?•

rx

•

....

,--!v»-n

:

I.;

-I .

I

- 77 -

'

i;

-.: • ••:

••-•i!:-!i

•'•".

:

Vh!j

j'

•!.•>••!

.

•"

.•'

j

-s:

¥'•'$•

''*M

•?.:

Ml*4

'.:t|.

I

;

-i

i.M}

-i;f

ii

••

! .

::;:rii:'|;'^l-

'. ''.

,-;:./v;iii"

. !

The

Hagic

Six Commands Manual

ready

3/20/78

The

default

MagicSix^

ready message

has up to six

parts:

. \

(1)

Current time

of day.

(2)

The

amount

of cpu

time

(in

seconds) since

the

last

ready

message,

(3)

The

current working directory.

(4)

The

address space which invoked

the

command.processor.

(5).

The

listener

level

number.

The command processor

can be

called recursively from

inside

a program.

The

level number

tells

you how

many

times this

, has

happened. This

also

happens when

you

hit

the

BREAK

key.•".'..

*'

on your console.

To go

back

to a

numbered)

command processor level type

rl

(release).

To

restart

the

program running under

the

processor,

type

sr

(start).

'

(6)

The

number

of

segments left

if the

number falls

too

low.

This

is the

number

of

unused segments

in

the.current address

space.

The

maximum number

is

16.

If it is

0,

you

cannot

bring

in any new

programs*

One way to get out of

this state

is

to

keep

hittmg

BREAK

until

the

level count gets

too

high

and causes

a

fatal processor error

and

newproc.

if

To

invoke your own ready proc initiate a

name rdy in your startup ec so that that

the dynamic

linker.

segment

with

the reference

version

will

be found by

ill

Si'..

ik

t"

i!

!V

•

i

li

*V..|j"p

.: '

i '.[

' .•!•• {•

¥\

- 78 - •r

V-

•

The

Magic Six

Commands Manila

I

rename

3/20/7*.

••..'".!r|!.

-!';•

|

t

s-

rn

rename

RENAME COMMAND: rename

<old-name>

<new-hame>

. ••, i

'.-' .

,1!

Wr:

The rename command takes

two

arguments,

the

first is

an

absolute

or

relative

pathname

of the

segment

to be

renamed,

the

second

is

the

new

segment name (which must

be a

relative pathname

(no ">u9

or

"<"s in

name)).

Examples:

I

rename

foo bar The

segment

now

named

"foo"

in

the current working directory

is renamed "bar",

if

found*

.;!

<

•'•

Mi

•i>;:

fi

• '•,'

- • •

r-

• '

t

'

' • .'

' i

I

4-.

it

,

- i

rn

>ding>dong>danc|

dank The segment ">ding>dong>dang"

becomes:

">dihg>dong^dank"

•

< i

1 '*

•

••

'

i'.-'l

,

<

.1

•ill

-

79 -

j

••I :.

\

t

1 • i

•.

•

i-

i i

•. i

.;!'!

i

?(••

!

•

I-?

'

•

M

A

Wis

•!

iii i

•

n

'•.«.'|l,.ji!

•

..

. ..•: •.•"i.f

>:

y •

"

.••!'

'

>*

.•'•--

•

•••..•.. •"•*• i

••':,':

MM^;•:••:•,••

.-••fjli

•'••:.•-:••••

•

••• •!•!.•.

,•

.'ii'-^i-{:•

!•

•1

j".

J-;IIIP

i

^

»

.

i

The Magic

Six Commands

ManuaI

93

3/20/78

*.m

•«

document for

sa:

r

I

This is the

set_access

command. It takes two

arguments*

The first

Is a

pathname

of a segment (or a directory), star names are

allowed.

The second

is

any combination of the three letters

"r.",."e"

and

"w"

;

for read, execute and

write

permission.

sa data

r

sa

** rew

a I lows

read access only

to

segment "data"

removes

all

access restrictions

in the

working

dir

-I

l ••:

'.••..;:,-r«!

i •

Kl"

$fh

In general, object code segments should have

the

access "re" and

source

segments

"rw"

or V", Dirs should have the access "r". If the

segment

:

i9

already initiated in any process, the access change wi

11

not take

place until the segment is terminated and re-initiated, or until

a

new_proc

takes

place.

':

• •

3-'

i.=

•»,

j«.

i ••

: •'!

,1

!: '.:' '.*

,vf'!

= ;:'.' '

n.

!

...|,v

;.•'••;.;;

•.•«!•

f

li

•

•f4

.

.'

ti-

' *

•»

•

i.

v !i

;

'i

.

t

•»

4

t'.l

*

*!•

- 88 -

r

a

i

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

3/28/78

setjbi

t_count

i

.4

•

I

• • *

•

»

•••.•'

. '

•:"

.-v.

is.

,;-['l

The

set bit

count

command,

?bc,

sets the bit count

of a

file.

::-«:

i\^'

^

The usage is: •

,'

•

:/.'..;;• ' _ \ • '

['\\

vj;

•;$-..!

,

sbc

. '

"'•

i':

•

-*'\\ •^l;i

.4

»i?>

jf^;

!(l

I

/^\

'i

The bit count is

provided

in bytes for convenience.

•

;•'•»

- 81

-

.'• :'it

i

' i

•','

li.

;•:•,. •i--->:i!:i

"'•:'•:'•" •• •'••

;-t'

i;tl

'•'.,

•:••••

;

"••

;•...•.•• Tj

:"U-.:J.

:V\ ;-|'

.V-»-

.'ci»

•

'

..

..I'-

-

"i'

• :i •

''•I.-:;

«.'

?;«,'•

J

; ••.•:

.i-'

;.•>.

•

i

:

••«!•

» ':

'•'••••'••;V-P:i.

'J

::^,v--

'

?

::V;vj'.::;3:N':^:t;f;:

,.. •

••'•:<»

••

•.•••' ••!.;•:

i."

•• ' :

• '

••,}'

••"

'••'..'i-4!'

::-T.

'•':.! •% •}

. • :•

i :

1^.

••.•••.i-.-'..-v •;:

?;

r.f

I

•.i-.vi'^f.-.d:-?yf.-il.::-

••••:.!:•.- .

I-:

•.••••' .• •

.•••'/•;..3.

•

«;

'i'

i;

;.:.•••:• ^:"l-.f

The

Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

stty

3/20/78

i,

i'.V

atty:

a program to set terminal

descriptions

stty

accepts four types of

arguments:

11

arguments which describe a bit

2)

arguments

which describe

a

numerical

parameter

3)

arguments

which

describe a terminal or

terminal'

4).

arguments which

print

out the current settings

5)

arguments which specify a device

type

Bit

values are

modified

by giving their name

optionally preceeded

by

a not sign

indicating

that

.the bit

is to be reset not set.

Numerical parameters are followed by their new value expressed

as

a

decimal

number.

Types, are specified by their

name,

describe,

des,

show,

and ? will

cause the current modes to be

printed,

save

say to change the

flags

used when the device

is first

attached to the

current

flags.

Devices are

specified

by

device,

device__force,

dvt

df, stream,

or

st which

afl

take

one.

argument

(eitNer

a device name or a stream name).

'Examples:

stty

pad

Amore j this will

set the pad

bit

and reset the more

bit

stty

page I

53

{this

sets the page length to 53 '

stty

show

;

this will display all parameters and their current

{setting

stty device printer printer save ;this will first say to

Use the

jprinter

device, then reset

its modea

to the

{standard printer modes, and finally to make them

' jthe

default

modes

Set table

Parameters:

i:;

t :•;> •

m

'if'

Hi

bits:

i

\

echo

raw!

rawo

speed

.eft

sp

I

ay

nobreaks

more

reverse

pari

ty

wrap

notabs

formfeed

uc

{do echoing on input

t' :

{do

ho

special processing on characters oh

input

{output characters

without

translation

{initialize

this device in the high speed mode

,:

{this

terminal'can

do

cursor*

positioning

(is a Fox)

':

{no breaks

wilj

be

noticed !

{do more

processing

{reverse the

_

and

del'keys'

•

.

jdo parity

checking

{assume that the

scroll

enable

key.

is up •

{output tabs as spaces (for devices

without hardware

tabs)

jdutput control-l

without translation

{assume the terminal

is

uppercase

o.ily

• i *

J

i'.

numbers:

page I

line I

padcrIf

{number of usable

lines

on a

{number of

usable columns

on

{number of pad characters to

page

a

I i ne

send

sfter

a cr

I

f

js'i

-

I

!

-'I!

- 82 -

j

.! !

|

'

'j

I

' • .'

.! •"'*%

]

i

,r.

".•;••/ •;

jfGSv

it-U:*!'

The Magic

Six

Commands

Manual

stty

5/20/78

types:

fox

la3B

decwr

i

ter

carousel

printer

host

network

glass

imlac

Perkin-Elmer

Data Systems

Fox - 1100

DEC LA36

Decwriter Ii

(suitable

for

most

30

cp9

terminals)

,

Interdata

Carousel P.O.S.

Bright

BI

1215 Bar

Printer

Semi-Intelligent

Device

(actual

ly

meant

for use

with

the

Mult ice

calI

out

unit)

suitable

for a CRT

type terminal

without

using cursor

positioning

and

tabs

Imlac

PDS 1

:<n

I

-:!

I

i

:

i

<•/!

/'

••:

,r.'! •.,'•:> ,'f:l

:' !4i •;•:• i

•

*

•4 s'

!

>

i

•

,...'•

•P

::•'.•]

X

•*

:l

•

I

'

.

I

JP"N

- 83 -

I

•!

(* • i !

.•:•••* -I

^'n:;

••;••••' i

.»•!•:

•:••

';!-.V*.i-M:^fi-!

.' ••• •'• |i.;>'ii^p

• : •' •'.

"'i', *i:

;

•i.

•

'•5'

•

•• •':•!•

j-.

*•••.,

Hi.|

•

"•,.|i-j;

•:.

'III---.

rt'

to

*•

The

flagic Six Commands Manual

'

" . .

3/20/7$

sw

1.

(snap

|

inkage

sections)

'•.:;••.• •

H'h:

\

f

•

Stfl

is a

program that

allous

you

to

suap your linkage section.

It viciously increases the

likely

hood

of'bad_Juck

faults,

but.

'

gets

you

past

those'"tight"

times when

you-thrash

your ass off.

' .

j'J

•:1!

i '.

..

Lh

.1

•

ffl

:;

r'!

;

it'

m

t.

;

.?-

;:'!

i

••

i

...•

.'••'.

is'.:

,;•••'.»

I

s-1

.... •,

(I •

*

1

>

i

i • ••;••

.»;

'

"i

^•'•.••"W**

* I 4

I'!

I

>

••;

i • •!;•'

ii!

•

ilj.-l.

-;l

'

:':riif!

•'•••!•

«S-

•i

'

!l.

!!.

• •

:

•

•.: ;:vl

- 84

- '.!

^ -. -i

li

J!

The

Magic

send

ma iI

Six Commands Manual

3/20/78

/jF*k\

Uelcome

to the wonderful world of

sendjnail.

T

sends the

mail.

Altmode (escape) is the command prefix. Sub-commands of alt aret

.

:4

JP\

•

s Subject: Prompts

for

subject

line.

t

To:

Prompts

for

additional users

and

adds

them

to the

recipient

li

u

Un-to:

Prompts

for a

user name

and

removes

it

from

the

list.

f From: Prompts

for a

user

name'and

changes

the

From field.

i Insert file: Prompts

for a

file*

name

and

reads

it

.into the buff

ex.

n Notify: Toggles notification

of

mail

sent,

default:

off.

q Quit: Exits

sendjnaiI

without sending

the

mail.

? This information. (Obviously)

~L

redisplays

the

entire message..

*R redisplays the

current

Iine.

^X kills

the

current

line.

'MJ

same

as

*X.

del rubs

out the

last character.

' *•

St.

!* • •

•

;

••

. -

: •';

i

i .

t . . |

• .

K

1

t •• 1

!

X

II

i

. < - ('

•

i

'

• ' . i

•

,::(;-V;

1-

,.-'.

• .

i

•

• <

.

> • •,»•'.

' •

!

'it';

•••:•.!••.•:;

*

' , r

\

i

*

\

!

• ...

.-.

•>:

1

i

:'

•',

*•••

- :.

.'

.

-M

• . .

•• n

.

'?•••

'Jl

. '

-V,

1 .

,!•..

ft-'iiiil

i

i-

1

:

.1

,

• i..

f.:

i.-rls-

•;-?m

1:

1-

i

!

.

!

! !

M

•

i

«••

) '

i

I-

•

i.

i

.

i

• •

>••

.' • • '

".'•>,

il

;

i

-. ..I

i

*

.!•

i M

- 85

-

i

!

"

>

t .

•

!':•

!!:ir

i-

;. ;•••' !

i

."'

':«

•

•l-i

v

!'i

•9

JK-h't

The Mag

i

c S

i

x Commands

ManuaI

tape

3/20/78

MAGNETIC

tape,

tp,

t

TAPE

UTILITY

. 9

The tape command

dumps.,

loads and scans MaglcSIx format

tapno.

Every

call

to tape requires a sub-command, the

(ILoad

and (d)ump oub-commancle

!

also take a pathname and optional arguments.

Arguments aliiayn forco '

'

options which are not the defaults.

•. •

!»

sub-commands:.

j

r rewinds tape

(

.

'

f sk'ips

to

just after

the

mark

s scans

the

tape printing

the

files:

dtb and

size

of

each

d takes

a

.pathname

and

dumps

it to

tape*

-nw

(-nowalk)

Don't dump

any sub

directories.

-inc dump only those segments which have been modified since

last

dumped,

-time

takes

a

date/time string

and

dumps

all files

modified

since that

date.

Date

is of

standard form.

Magic Six Commands Manual V0 Searchable

Navigation menu

Versions of this User Manual:

Views

Navigation