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Section 29. Instruction Set

HIGHLIGHTS
This section of the manual contains the following major topics:
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8

Introduction ..................................................................................................................29-2
Instruction Formats ......................................................................................................29-4
Special Function Registers as Source/Destination ......................................................29-6
Q Cycle Activity............................................................................................................29-7
Instruction Descriptions................................................................................................29-8
Design Tips ................................................................................................................29-45
Related Application Notes..........................................................................................29-47
Revision History .........................................................................................................29-48

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A page 29-1

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
29.1

Introduction
Each midrange instruction is a 14-bit word divided into an OPCODE which specifies the instruction type and one or more operands which further specify the operation of the instruction. The
midrange Instruction Set Summary in Table 29-1 lists the instructions recognized by the MPASM
assembler. The instruction set is highly orthogonal and is grouped into three basic categories:
• Byte-oriented operations
• Bit-oriented operations
• Literal and control operations
Table 29-2 gives the opcode field descriptions.
For byte-oriented instructions, 'f' represents a file register designator and 'd' represents a destination designator. The file register designator specifies which file register is to be used by the
instruction.
The destination designator specifies where the result of the operation is to be placed. If 'd' is zero,
the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is one, the result is placed in the file register specified
in the instruction.
For bit-oriented instructions, 'b' represents a bit field designator which selects the number of the
bit affected by the operation, while 'f' represents the number of the file in which the bit is located.
For literal and control operations, 'k' represents an eight or eleven bit constant or literal value.
All instructions are executed in one single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test is true or the
program counter is changed as a result of an instruction. In these cases, the execution takes two
instruction cycles with the second cycle executed as an NOP. One instruction cycle consists of
four oscillator periods. Thus, for an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, the normal instruction execution time is 1 µs. If a conditional test is true or the program counter is changed as a result of an
instruction, the instruction execution time is 2 µs.

DS31029A-page 29-2

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
Table 29-1:

Midrange Instruction Set

Mnemonic,
Operands

14-Bit Instruction Word
Description

Cycles
MSb

LSb

Status
Affected

Notes

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-3

29
Instruction
Set

BYTE-ORIENTED FILE REGISTER OPERATIONS
1,2
00 0111 dfff ffff C,DC,Z
1
f, d Add W and f
ADDWF
1,2
00 0101 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d AND W with f
ANDWF
2
00 0001 lfff ffff Z
1
Clear f
f
CLRF
00 0001 0xxx xxxx Z
1
Clear W
CLRW
1,2
00 1001 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d Complement f
COMF
1,2
00 0011 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d Decrement f
DECF
1,2,3
00 1011 dfff ffff
1(2)
f, d Decrement f, Skip if 0
DECFSZ
1,2
00 1010 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d Increment f
INCF
1,2,3
00 1111 dfff ffff
1(2)
f, d Increment f, Skip if 0
INCFSZ
1,2
00 0100 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d Inclusive OR W with f
IORWF
1,2
00 1000 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d Move f
MOVF
00 0000 lfff ffff
1
Move W to f
f
MOVWF
00 0000 0xx0 0000
1
No Operation
NOP
1,2
00 1101 dfff ffff C
1
f, d Rotate Left f through Carry
RLF
1,2
00 1100 dfff ffff C
1
f, d Rotate Right f through Carry
RRF
1,2
00 0010 dfff ffff C,DC,Z
1
f, d Subtract W from f
SUBWF
1,2
00 1110 dfff ffff
1
f, d Swap nibbles in f
SWAPF
1,2
00 0110 dfff ffff Z
1
f, d Exclusive OR W with f
XORWF
BIT-ORIENTED FILE REGISTER OPERATIONS
1,2
01 00bb bfff ffff
1
f, b Bit Clear f
BCF
1,2
01 01bb bfff ffff
1
f, b Bit Set f
BSF
3
01 10bb bfff ffff
1 (2)
f, b Bit Test f, Skip if Clear
BTFSC
3
01 11bb bfff ffff
1 (2)
f, b Bit Test f, Skip if Set
BTFSS
LITERAL AND CONTROL OPERATIONS
11 111x kkkk kkkk C,DC,Z
1
Add literal and W
k
ADDLW
11 1001 kkkk kkkk Z
1
AND literal with W
k
ANDLW
10 0kkk kkkk kkkk
2
Call subroutine
k
CALL
00 0000 0110 0100 TO,PD
1
Clear Watchdog Timer
CLRWDT
10 1kkk kkkk kkkk
2
Go to address
k
GOTO
11 1000 kkkk kkkk Z
1
Inclusive OR literal with W
k
IORLW
11 00xx kkkk kkkk
1
Move literal to W
k
MOVLW
00 0000 0000 1001
2
Return from interrupt
RETFIE
11 01xx kkkk kkkk
2
Return with literal in W
k
RETLW
00 0000 0000 1000
2
Return from Subroutine
RETURN
00 0000 0110 0011 TO,PD
1
Go into standby mode
SLEEP
11 110x kkkk kkkk C,DC,Z
1
Subtract W from literal
k
SUBLW
11 1010 kkkk kkkk Z
1
Exclusive OR literal with W
k
XORLW
Note 1: When an I/O register is modified as a function of itself (e.g., MOVF PORTB, 1), the value used will be that
value present on the pins themselves. For example, if the data latch is '1' for a pin configured as input and is
driven low by an external device, the data will be written back with a '0'.
2: If this instruction is executed on the TMR0 register (and, where applicable, d = 1), the prescaler will be
cleared if assigned to the Timer0 Module.
3: If Program Counter (PC) is modified or a conditional test is true, the instruction requires two cycles. The second cycle is executed as a NOP.

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
29.2

Instruction Formats
Figure 29-1 shows the three general formats that the instructions can have. As can be seen from
the general format of the instructions, the opcode portion of the instruction word varies from
3-bits to 6-bits of information. This is what allows the midrange instruction set to have 35 instructions.
Note 1: Any unused opcode is Reserved. Use of any reserved opcode may cause unexpected operation.
Note 2: To maintain upward compatibility with future midrange products, do not use the
OPTION and TRIS instructions.
All instruction examples use the following format to represent a hexadecimal number:
0xhh
where h signifies a hexadecimal digit.
To represent a binary number:
00000100b
where b is a binary string identifier.
Figure 29-1: General Format for Instructions
Byte-oriented file register operations
13
8
OPCODE

7
d

6

0
f (FILE #)

d = 0 for destination W
d = 1 for destination f
f = 7-bit file register address
Bit-oriented file register operations
13
10 9
7 6
OPCODE
b (BIT #)

0
f (FILE #)

b = 3-bit bit address
f = 7-bit file register address
Literal and control operations
General
13

8

7

OPCODE

0
k (literal)

k = 8-bit literal (immediate) value
CALL and GOTO instructions only
13

11
OPCODE

10

0
k (literal)

k = 11-bit literal (immediate) value

DS31029A-page 29-4

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
Table 29-2: Instruction Description Conventions
Field

Description

Register file address (0x00 to 0x7F)
Working register (accumulator)
Bit address within an 8-bit file register (0 to 7)
Literal field, constant data or label (may be either an 8-bit or an 11-bit value)
Don't care (0 or 1)
The assembler will generate code with x = 0. It is the recommended form of use for
compatibility with all Microchip software tools.
d
Destination select;
d = 0: store result in W,
d = 1: store result in file register f.
dest
Destination either the W register or the specified register file location
label
Label name
TOS
Top of Stack
PC
Program Counter
PCLATH Program Counter High Latch
GIE
Global Interrupt Enable bit
WDT
Watchdog Timer
TO
Time-out bit
PD
Power-down bit
[ ]
Optional
( )
Contents
→
Assigned to
<>
Register bit field
∈
In the set of
italics User defined term (font is courier)

f
W
b
k
x

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-5

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
29.3

Special Function Registers as Source/Destination
The Section 29. Instruction Set’s orthogonal instruction set allows read and write of all file registers, including special function registers. Some special situations the user should be aware of are
explained in the following subsections:

29.3.1

STATUS Register as Destination
If an instruction writes to the STATUS register, the Z, C, DC and OV bits may be set or cleared
as a result of the instruction and overwrite the original data bits written. For example, executing
CLRF STATUS will clear register STATUS, and then set the Z bit leaving 0000 0100b in the register.

29.3.2

PCL as Source or Destination
Read, write or read-modify-write on PCL may have the following results:
Read PC:

PCL → dest;

Write PCL:

PCLATH → PCH;
8-bit destination value → PCL

Read-Modify-Write:

PCL→ ALU operand
PCLATH → PCH;
8-bit result → PCL

PCLATH does not change;

Where PCH = program counter high byte (not an addressable register), PCLATH = Program
counter high holding latch, dest = destination, W register or register file f.

29.3.3

Bit Manipulation
All bit manipulation instructions will first read the entire register, operate on the selected bit and
then write the result back (read-modify-write (R-M-W)) the specified register. The user should
keep this in mind when operating on some special function registers, such as ports.
Note:

DS31029A-page 29-6

Status bits that are manipulated by the device (including the interrupt flag bits) are
set or cleared in the Q1 cycle. So there is no issue with executing R-M-W instructions
on registers which contain these bits.

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
29.4

Q Cycle Activity
Each instruction cycle (Tcy) is comprised of four Q cycles (Q1-Q4). The Q cycle is the same as
the device oscillator cycle (TOSC). The Q cycles provide the timing/designation for the Decode,
Read, Process Data, Write etc., of each instruction cycle. The following diagram shows the relationship of the Q cycles to the instruction cycle.
The four Q cycles that make up an instruction cycle (Tcy) can be generalized as:
Q1: Instruction Decode Cycle or forced No Operation
Q2: Instruction Read Cycle or No Operation
Q3: Process the Data
Q4: Instruction Write Cycle or No Operation
Each instruction will show the detailed Q cycle operation for the instruction.
Figure 29-2: Q Cycle Activity
Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Tosc

Tcy1

Tcy2

Tcy3

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-7

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
29.5

Instruction Descriptions

ADDLW

Add Literal and W

Syntax:

[ label ] ADDLW

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

(W) + k → W

Status Affected:

C, DC, Z

Encoding:

11

111x

k

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

The contents of the W register are added to the eight bit literal 'k' and the result is
placed in the W register.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example1

Q3

Read
literal 'k'

ADDLW

Process
data

Q4
Write to W
register

0x15

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

After Instruction
W

Example 2

ADDLW

= 0x25

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

Address of MYREG † = 0x37
† MYREG is a symbol for a data memory location

After Instruction
W

Example 3

ADDLW

= 0x47

HIGH (LU_TABLE)

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

Address of LU_TABLE † = 0x9375
† LU_TABLE is a label for an address in program memory

After Instruction
W

Example 4

ADDLW

= 0xA3

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

Address of PCL † = 0x02
† PCL is the symbol for the Program Counter low byte location

After Instruction
W

DS31029A-page 29-8

= 0x12

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
ADDWF

Add W and f

Syntax:

[ label ] ADDWF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(W) + (f) → destination

Status Affected:

C, DC, Z

Encoding:

00

f,d

0111

dfff

ffff

Description:

Add the contents of the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0 the result is stored in the
W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is stored back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

ADDWF

Q4

Process
data

Write to
destination

FSR, 0

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2

After Instruction
W = 0xD9
FSR = 0xC2

Example 2

ADDWF

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x20

After Instruction

29

W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x37

Case 1:

ADDWF

Instruction
Set

Example 3

PCL

Before Instruction
W = 0x10
PCL = 0x37
C
= x

After Instruction
PCL = 0x47
C
= 0

Case 2:

Before Instruction
W
PCL
PCH
C

=
=
=
=

0x10
0xF7
0x08
x

After Instruction
PCL = 0x07
PCH = 0x08
C
= 1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-9

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
ANDLW

And Literal with W

Syntax:

[ label ] ANDLW

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

(W).AND. (k) → W

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

11

1001

k

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

The contents of W register are AND’ed with the eight bit literal 'k'. The result is
placed in the W register.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read literal
'k'

ANDLW

Process
data

Q4
Write to W
register

0x5F

Before Instruction
W

= 0xA3

After Instruction
W

Example 2

ANDLW

= 0x03

; 0101 1111
; 1010 0011
;---------; 0000 0011

(0x5F)
(0xA3)
-----(0x03)

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0xA3

Address of MYREG † = 0x37
† MYREG is a symbol for a data memory location

After Instruction
W

Example 3

ANDLW

= 0x23

HIGH (LU_TABLE)

Before Instruction
W

= 0xA3

Address of LU_TABLE † = 0x9375
† LU_TABLE is a label for an address in program memory

After Instruction
W

DS31029A-page 29-10

= 0x83

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
ANDWF

AND W with f

Syntax:

[ label ] ANDWF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(W).AND. (f) → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

0101

f,d

dfff

ffff

Description:

AND the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0 the result is stored in the W register. If
'd' is 1 the result is stored back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

ANDWF

Process
data

Q4
Write to
destination

FSR, 1

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2

After Instruction

; 0001 0111
; 1100 0010
;---------; 0000 0010

(0x17)
(0xC2)
-----(0x02)

; 0001 0111
; 1100 0010
;---------; 0000 0010

(0x17)
(0xC2)
-----(0x02)

W = 0x17
FSR = 0x02

Example 2

ANDWF

FSR, 0

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2

After Instruction
W = 0x02
FSR = 0xC2

ANDWF

INDF, 1

Instruction
Set

Example 3

29

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x5A

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x15

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-11

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
BCF

Bit Clear f

Syntax:

[ label ] BCF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
0≤b≤7

Operation:

0 → f

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

01

f,b

00bb

bfff

ffff

Description:

Bit 'b' in register 'f' is cleared.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

BCF

Q4

Process
data

Write
register 'f'

FLAG_REG, 7

Before Instruction
FLAG_REG = 0xC7

; 1100 0111

After Instruction
FLAG_REG = 0x47

Example 2

BCF

; 0100 0111

INDF, 3

Before Instruction
W =
0x17
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x2F

After Instruction
W =
0x17
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x27

DS31029A-page 29-12

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
BSF

Bit Set f

Syntax:

[ label ] BSF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
0≤b≤7

Operation:

1 → f

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

01

f,b

01bb

bfff

Description:

Bit 'b' in register 'f' is set.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

BSF

ffff

Q4

Process
data

Write
register 'f'

FLAG_REG, 7

Before Instruction
FLAG_REG =0x0A

; 0000 1010

After Instruction
FLAG_REG =0x8A

Example 2

BSF

; 1000 1010

INDF, 3

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x20

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x28

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-13

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
BTFSC

Bit Test, Skip if Clear

Syntax:

[ label ] BTFSC f,b

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
0≤b≤7

Operation:

skip if (f) = 0

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:
Description:

01

10bb

bfff

ffff

If bit 'b' in register 'f' is '0' then the next instruction is skipped.
If bit 'b' is '0' then the next instruction (fetched during the current instruction execution) is discarded, and a NOP is executed instead, making this a 2 cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1(2)

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Read
register 'f'

If skip (2nd cycle):
Q1
Q2
No
operation

Example 1

Case 1:

No
operation

HERE
FALSE
TRUE

Q3

Q4

Process
data

Q3

Q4

No
operation

BTFSC
GOTO
•
•
•

No
operation

No
operation

FLAG, 4
PROCESS_CODE

Before Instruction
PC =
FLAG=

addressHERE
xxx0 xxxx

After Instruction
Since FLAG<4>= 0,
PC =
addressTRUE

Case 2:

Before Instruction
PC =
FLAG=

addressHERE
xxx1 xxxx

After Instruction
Since FLAG<4>=1,
PC =
addressFALSE

DS31029A-page 29-14

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
BTFSS

Bit Test f, Skip if Set

Syntax:

[ label ] BTFSS f,b

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
0≤b<7

Operation:

skip if (f) = 1

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

01

11bb

bfff

ffff

Description:

If bit 'b' in register 'f' is '1' then the next instruction is skipped.
If bit 'b' is '1', then the next instruction (fetched during the current instruction execution) is discarded and a NOP is executed instead, making this a
2 cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1(2)

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Read
register 'f'

If skip (2nd cycle):
Q1
Q2
No
operation

Example 1

Case 1:

No
operation

HERE
FALSE
TRUE

Q3

Q4

Process
data

Q3

Q4

No
operation

BTFSS
GOTO
•
•
•

No
operation

No
operation

FLAG, 4
PROCESS_CODE

Before Instruction
PC =
FLAG=

addressHERE
xxx0 xxxx

After Instruction

29

Since FLAG<4>= 0,
PC =
addressFALSE

Case 2:

Before Instruction
addressHERE
xxx1 xxxx

Instruction
Set

PC =
FLAG=

After Instruction
Since FLAG<4>=1,
PC =
addressTRUE

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-15

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
CALL

Call Subroutine

Syntax:

[ label ] CALL k

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 2047

Operation:

(PC)+ 1→ TOS,
k → PC<10:0>,
(PCLATH<4:3>) → PC<12:11>

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

10

0kkk

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

Call Subroutine. First, the 13-bit return address (PC+1) is pushed onto the
stack. The eleven bit immediate address is loaded into PC bits <10:0>. The
upper bits of the PC are loaded from PCLATH<4:3>. CALL is a two cycle
instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

2

Q Cycle Activity:
1st cycle:
Q1
Q2
Decode

2nd cycle:
Q1
No
operation

Example 1

Q3

Read literal
'k'

Q2

Q4

Process
data

Q3

No
operation

HERE

No
operation

Q4

No
operation

CALL

No
operation

THERE

Before Instruction
PC = AddressHERE

After Instruction
TOS = Address HERE+1
PC = Address THERE

DS31029A-page 29-16

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
CLRF

Clear f

Syntax:

[ label ] CLRF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127

Operation:

00h → f
1→Z

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

f

0001

1fff

ffff

Description:

The contents of register 'f' are cleared and the Z bit is set.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

CLRF

Process
data

Q4
Write
register 'f'

FLAG_REG

Before Instruction
FLAG_REG=0x5A

After Instruction
FLAG_REG=0x00
Z
=
1

Example 2

CLRF

INDF

Before Instruction
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR)=0xAA

After Instruction
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR)=0x00
Z
=
1

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-17

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
CLRW

Clear W

Syntax:

[ label ] CLRW

Operands:

None

Operation:

00h → W
1→Z

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

0001

0xxx

xxxx

Description:

W register is cleared. Zero bit (Z) is set.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

Q4

Process
data

Write
register 'W'

CLRW

Before Instruction
W

=

0x5A

After Instruction
W
Z

DS31029A-page 29-18

=
=

0x00
1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
CLRWDT

Clear Watchdog Timer

Syntax:

[ label ] CLRWDT

Operands:

None

Operation:

00h → WDT
0 → WDT prescaler count,
1 → TO
1 → PD

Status Affected:

TO, PD

Encoding:

00

0000

0110

0100

Description:

CLRWDT instruction clears the Watchdog Timer. It also clears the prescaler count of the WDT. Status bits TO and PD are set.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

No
operation

Process
data

Q4
Clear
WDT
Counter

CLRWDT

Before Instruction
WDT counter= x
WDT prescaler =1:128

After Instruction
WDT counter=0x00
WDT prescaler count=0
TO = 1
PD = 1
WDT prescaler =1:128

Note:

The CLRWDT instruction does not affect the assignment of the WDT prescaler.

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-19

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
COMF

Complement f

Syntax:

[ label ] COMF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

f,d

1001

dfff

ffff

Description:

The contents of register 'f' are 1’s complemented. If 'd' is 0 the result is
stored in W. If 'd' is 1 the result is stored back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

COMF

Q4

Process
data

Write to
destination

REG1, 0

Before Instruction
REG1=

0x13

After Instruction
REG1=
W =

Example 2

COMF

0x13
0xEC

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR)=0xAA

After Instruction
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR)=0x55

Example 3

COMF

REG1, 1

Before Instruction
REG1=

0xFF

After Instruction
REG1=
Z
=

DS31029A-page 29-20

0x00
1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
DECF

Decrement f

Syntax:

[ label ] DECF f,d

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) - 1 → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

0011

dfff

ffff

Description:

Decrement register 'f'. If 'd' is 0 the result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1 the
result is stored back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

DECF

Process
data

Q4
Write to
destination

CNT, 1

Before Instruction
CNT = 0x01
Z
= 0

After Instruction
CNT = 0x00
Z
= 1

Example 2

DECF

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x01
Z
= 0

After Instruction

29

FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x00
Z
= 1

DECF

Instruction
Set

Example 3

CNT, 0

Before Instruction
CNT = 0x10
W = x
Z
= 0

After Instruction
CNT = 0x10
W = 0x0F
Z
= 0

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-21

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
DECFSZ

Decrement f, Skip if 0

Syntax:

[ label ] DECFSZ f,d

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) - 1 → destination; skip if result = 0

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

1011

dfff

ffff

Description:

The contents of register 'f' are decremented. If 'd' is 0 the result is placed
in the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is placed back in register 'f'.
If the result is 0, then the next instruction (fetched during the current
instruction execution) is discarded and a NOP is executed instead, making this a 2 cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1(2)

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Q3

Read
register 'f'

If skip (2nd cycle):
Q1
Q2
No
operation

Example

Case 1:

Q4

Process
data

Q3

No
operation

Write to
destination

Q4

No
operation

HERE

DECFSZ
GOTO
CONTINUE •
•
•

No
operation

CNT, 1
LOOP

Before Instruction
PC
CNT

=
=

address HERE
0x01

After Instruction
CNT
PC

Case 2:

=
=

0x00
address CONTINUE

Before Instruction
PC
CNT

=
=

address HERE
0x02

After Instruction
CNT
PC

DS31029A-page 29-22

=
=

0x01
address HERE + 1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
GOTO

Unconditional Branch

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 2047

Operation:

k → PC<10:0>
PCLATH<4:3> → PC<12:11>

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

10

GOTO k

1kkk

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

GOTO is an unconditional branch. The eleven bit immediate value is loaded
into PC bits <10:0>. The upper bits of PC are loaded from PCLATH<4:3>.
GOTO is a two cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

2

Q Cycle Activity:
1st cycle:
Q1
Q2
Decode

2nd cycle:
Q1
No
operation

Example

Q3

Read literal
'k'<7:0>

Q2

Process
data

Q3

No
operation

No
operation

Q4
No
operation

Q4
No
operation

GOTO THERE

After Instruction
PC =AddressTHERE

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-23

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
INCF

Increment f

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) + 1 → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

INCF f,d

1010

dfff

ffff

Description:

The contents of register 'f' are incremented. If 'd' is 0 the result is placed in
the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is placed back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

INCF

Q4

Process
data

Write to
destination

CNT, 1

Before Instruction
CNT =
Z
=

0xFF
0

After Instruction
CNT =
Z
=

Example 2

INCF

0x00
1

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0xFF
Z
=
0

After Instruction
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x00
Z
= 1

Example 3

INCF

CNT, 0

Before Instruction
CNT = 0x10
W = x
Z
= 0

After Instruction
CNT = 0x10
W = 0x11
Z
= 0

DS31029A-page 29-24

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
INCFSZ

Increment f, Skip if 0

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) + 1 → destination, skip if result = 0

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

INCFSZ f,d

1111

dfff

ffff

Description:

The contents of register 'f' are incremented. If 'd' is 0 the result is placed in
the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is placed back in register 'f'.
If the result is 0, then the next instruction (fetched during the current
instruction execution) is discarded and a NOP is executed instead, making
this a 2 cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1(2)

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Q3

Read
register 'f'

If skip (2nd cycle):
Q1
Q2
No
operation

Example

Case 1:

Q4

Process
data

Q3

No
operation

Write to
destination

Q4

No
operation

HERE

INCFSZ
GOTO
CONTINUE •
•
•

No
operation

CNT, 1
LOOP

Before Instruction
PC
CNT

=
=

address HERE
0xFF

29

After Instruction
CNT
PC

0x00
address CONTINUE

Before Instruction
PC
CNT

=
=

Instruction
Set

Case 2:

=
=

address HERE
0x00

After Instruction
CNT
PC

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

=
=

0x01
address HERE + 1

DS31029A-page 29-25

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
IORLW

Inclusive OR Literal with W

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

(W).OR. k → W

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

IORLW k

11

1000

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

The contents of the W register is OR’ed with the eight bit literal 'k'. The result is
placed in the W register.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
literal 'k'

IORLW

Process
data

Q4
Write to W
register

0x35

Before Instruction
W

= 0x9A

After Instruction
W
Z

Example 2

IORLW

= 0xBF
= 0

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0x9A

Address of MYREG † = 0x37
† MYREG is a symbol for a data memory location

After Instruction
W
Z

Example 3

IORLW

= 0x9F
= 0

HIGH (LU_TABLE)

Before Instruction
W

= 0x9A

Address of LU_TABLE † = 0x9375
† LU_TABLE is a label for an address in program memory

After Instruction
W
Z

Example 4

IORLW

= 0x9B
= 0

0x00

Before Instruction
W

= 0x00

After Instruction
W
Z

DS31029A-page 29-26

= 0x00
= 1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
IORWF

Inclusive OR W with f

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(W).OR. (f) → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

IORWF

0100

f,d

dfff

ffff

Description:

Inclusive OR the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0 the result is placed in
the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is placed back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

IORWF

Process
data

Q4
Write to
destination

RESULT, 0

Before Instruction
RESULT=0x13
W =
0x91

After Instruction
RESULT=0x13
W =
0x93
Z
=
0

Example 2

IORWF

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
W =
0x17
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x30

29

After Instruction

Example 3
Case 1:

IORWF

Instruction
Set

W =
0x17
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x37
Z
=
0

RESULT, 1

Before Instruction
RESULT=0x13
W =
0x91

After Instruction
RESULT=0x93
W =
0x91
Z
=
0

Case 2:

Before Instruction
RESULT=0x00
W =
0x00

After Instruction
RESULT=0x00
W =
0x00
Z
=
1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-27

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
MOVLW

Move Literal to W

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

k→W

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

MOVLW k

11

00xx

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

The eight bit literal 'k' is loaded into W register. The don’t cares will assemble as 0’s.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
literal 'k'

MOVLW

Q4

Process
data

Write to W
register

0x5A

After Instruction
W

Example 2

MOVLW

=

0x5A

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

Address of MYREG † = 0x37
† MYREG is a symbol for a data memory location

After Instruction
W

Example 3

MOVLW

= 0x37

HIGH (LU_TABLE)

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

Address of LU_TABLE † = 0x9375
† LU_TABLE is a label for an address in program memory

After Instruction
W

DS31029A-page 29-28

= 0x93

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
MOVF

Move f

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

MOVF f,d

00

1000

dfff

ffff

Description:

The contents of register ’f’ is moved to a destination dependent upon the
status of ’d’. If ’d’ = 0, destination is W register. If ’d’ = 1, the destination is
file register ’f’ itself. ’d’ = 1 is useful to test a file register since status flag Z
is affected.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

MOVF

Process
data

Q4
Write to
destination

FSR, 0

Before Instruction
W = 0x00
FSR = 0xC2

After Instruction
W
Z

Example 2

MOVF

= 0xC2
= 0

INDF, 0

Before Instruction
W =
0x17
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x00

29

After Instruction

Example 3
Case 1:

MOVF

Instruction
Set

W =
0x17
FSR =
0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x00
Z
=
1

FSR, 1

Before Instruction
FSR = 0x43

After Instruction
FSR = 0x43
Z
= 0

Case 2:

Before Instruction
FSR = 0x00

After Instruction
FSR = 0x00
Z
= 1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-29

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
MOVWF

Move W to f

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127

Operation:

(W) → f

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

MOVWF

0000

f

1fff

ffff

Description:

Move data from W register to register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

MOVWF

Process
data

Q4
Write
register 'f'

OPTION_REG

Before Instruction
OPTION_REG=0xFF
W =
0x4F

After Instruction
OPTION_REG=0x4F
W =
0x4F

Example 2

MOVWF

INDF

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x00

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x17

DS31029A-page 29-30

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
NOP

No Operation

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

None

Operation:

No operation

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

NOP

0000

Description:

No operation.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example
:

0xx0

Q3

No
operation

HERE

0000

Q4

No
operation

No
operation

NOP

Before Instruction
PC

=

address HERE

After Instruction
PC

=

address HERE + 1

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-31

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
OPTION

Load Option Register

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

None

Operation:

(W) → OPTION

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

OPTION

0000

0110

0010

Description:

The contents of the W register are loaded in the OPTION register. This
instruction is supported for code compatibility with PIC16C5X products.
Since OPTION is a readable/writable register, the user can directly
address it.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

To maintain upward compatibility with future PIC16CXX products, do
not use this instruction.

DS31029A-page 29-32

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
RETFIE

Return from Interrupt

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

None

Operation:

TOS → PC,
1 → GIE

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

RETFIE

0000

0000

1001

Description:

Return from Interrupt. The 13-bit address at the Top of Stack (TOS) is
loaded in the PC. The Global Interrupt Enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>), is
automatically set, enabling Interrupts. This is a two cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

2

Q Cycle Activity:
1st cycle:
Q1
Q2
Decode

2nd cycle:
Q1
No
operation

Example

Q3

No
operation

Q2

Process
data

Q3

No
operation

No
operation

Q4
No
operation

Q4
No
operation

RETFIE

After Instruction
PC = TOS
GIE = 1

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-33

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
RETLW

Return with Literal in W

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

k → W;
TOS → PC

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

RETLW k

11

01xx

kkkk

kkkk

Description:

The W register is loaded with the eight bit literal 'k'. The program counter is
loaded 13-bit address at the Top of Stack (the return address). This is a
two cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

2

Q Cycle Activity:
1st cycle:
Q1
Q2
Decode

2nd cycle:
Q1
No
operation

Example

Q3

Read
literal 'k'

Q2

Q3

No
operation

HERE

TABLE

Q4

Process
data

Q4

No
operation

CALL TABLE
•
•
•
ADDWF
RETLW
RETLW
•
•
•
RETLW

Write to W
register

No
operation

; W contains table
; offset value
; W now has table value

PC
k1
k2

;W = offset
;Begin table
;

kn

; End of table

Before Instruction
W

= 0x07

After Instruction
W = value of k8
PC = TOS = Address Here + 1

DS31029A-page 29-34

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
RETURN

Return from Subroutine

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

None

Operation:

TOS → PC

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

RETURN

0000

0000

1000

Description:

Return from subroutine. The stack is POPed and the top of the stack
(TOS) is loaded into the program counter. This is a two cycle instruction.

Words:

1

Cycles:

2

Q Cycle Activity:
1st cycle:
Q1
Q2
Decode

2nd cycle:
Q1
No
operation

Example

Q3

No
operation

Q2

Process
data

Q3

No
operation

HERE

No
operation

Q4
No
operation

Q4
No
operation

RETURN

After Instruction
PC = TOS

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-35

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
RLF

Rotate Left f through Carry

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

See description below

Status Affected:

C

Encoding:
Description:

00

RLF

f,d

1101

dfff

ffff

The contents of register 'f' are rotated one bit to the left through the Carry
Flag. If 'd' is 0 the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is
stored back in register 'f'.
C

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

RLF

Register f

Q4

Process
data

Write to
destination

REG1,0

Before Instruction
REG1=
C
=

1110 0110
0

After Instruction
REG1=1110 0110
W =1100 1100
C
=1

Example 2
Case 1:

RLF

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
W = xxxx xxxx
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0011 1010
C
= 1

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0111 0101
C
= 0

Case 2:

Before Instruction
W = xxxx xxxx
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 1011 1001
C
= 0

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0111 0010
C
= 1

DS31029A-page 29-36

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
RRF

Rotate Right f through Carry

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

See description below

Status Affected:

C

Encoding:
Description:

00

RRF f,d

1100

dfff

ffff

The contents of register 'f' are rotated one bit to the right through the Carry
Flag. If 'd' is 0 the result is placed in the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is
placed back in register 'f'.
C

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

Q4

Process
data

RRF

Register f

Write to
destination

REG1,0

Before Instruction
REG1= 1110 0110
W = xxxx xxxx
C
= 0

After Instruction
REG1= 1110 0110
W = 0111 0011
C
= 0

Example 2
Case 1:

RRF

INDF, 1

29

Before Instruction

Instruction
Set

W = xxxx xxxx
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0011 1010
C
= 1

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 1001 1101
C
= 0

Case 2:

Before Instruction
W = xxxx xxxx
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0011 1001
C
= 0

After Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0001 1100
C
= 1

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-37

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
SLEEP
Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

None

Operation:

00h → WDT,
0 → WDT prescaler count,
1 → TO,
0 → PD

Status Affected:

TO, PD

Encoding:

00

0000

0110

0011

Description:

The power-down status bit, PD is cleared. Time-out status bit, TO is set.
Watchdog Timer and its prescaler count are cleared.
The processor is put into SLEEP mode with the oscillator stopped.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example:

Note:

DS31029A-page 29-38

SLEEP

No
operation

Q3
No
operation

Q4
Go to sleep

SLEEP

The SLEEP instruction does not affect the assignment of the WDT prescaler

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
SUBLW

Subtract W from Literal

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

k - (W) → W

Status Affected:

C, DC, Z

Encoding:
Description:

SUBLW k

11

110x

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1:
Case 1:

kkkk

kkkk

The W register is subtracted (2’s complement method) from the eight bit
literal 'k'. The result is placed in the W register.

Q3

Read
literal 'k'

SUBLW

Process
data

Q4
Write to W
register

0x02

Before Instruction
W
C
Z

= 0x01
= x
= x

After Instruction
W
C
Z

Case 2:

= 0x01
= 1
= 0

; result is positive

Before Instruction
W
C
Z

= 0x02
= x
= x

After Instruction
W
C
Z

29

; result is zero

Before Instruction
W
C
Z

Instruction
Set

Case 3:

= 0x00
= 1
= 1

= 0x03
= x
= x

After Instruction
W
C
Z

Example 2

SUBLW

= 0xFF
= 0
= 0

; result is negative

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0x10

Address of MYREG † = 0x37
† MYREG is a symbol for a data memory location

After Instruction
W
C

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

= 0x27
= 1
; result is positive

DS31029A-page 29-39

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
SUBWF

Subtract W from f

Syntax:

[ label ]

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f) - (W) → destination

Status Affected:

C, DC, Z

Encoding:
Description:

00

0010

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2

Example 1:
Case 1:

dfff

ffff

Subtract (2’s complement method) W register from register 'f'. If 'd' is 0 the
result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is stored back in register 'f'.

Words:

Decode

SUBWF f,d

Q3

Read
register 'f'

SUBWF

Q4

Process
data

Write to
destination

REG1,1

Before Instruction
REG1=
W =
C
=
Z
=

3
2
x
x

After Instruction
REG1=
W =
C
=
Z
=

Case 2:

1
2
1
0

; result is positive

Before Instruction
REG1=
W =
C
=
Z
=

2
2
x
x

After Instruction
REG1=
W =
C
=
Z
=

Case 3:

0
2
1
1

; result is zero

Before Instruction
REG1=
W =
C
=
Z
=

1
2
x
x

After Instruction
REG1=
W =
C
=
Z
=

DS31029A-page 29-40

0xFF
2
0
0

; result is negative

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
SWAPF

Swap Nibbles in f

Syntax:

[ label ] SWAPF f,d

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(f<3:0>) → destination<7:4>,
(f<7:4>) → destination<3:0>

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

1110

dfff

ffff

Description:

The upper and lower nibbles of register 'f' are exchanged. If 'd' is 0 the
result is placed in W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is placed in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

SWAPF

Process
data

Q4
Write to
destination

REG, 0

Before Instruction
REG1= 0xA5

After Instruction
REG1= 0xA5
W = 0x5A

Example 2

SWAPF

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x20

29

After Instruction

Example 3

SWAPF

Instruction
Set

W = 0x17
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x02

REG, 1

Before Instruction
REG1= 0xA5

After Instruction
REG1= 0x5A

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-41

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
TRIS

Load TRIS Register

Syntax:

[ label ] TRIS

Operands:

5≤f≤7

Operation:

(W) → TRIS register f;

Status Affected:

None

Encoding:

00

0000

f

0110

0fff

Description:

The instruction is supported for code compatibility with the PIC16C5X products. Since TRIS registers are readable and writable, the user can directly
address them.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Example
To maintain upward compatibility with future PIC16CXX products, do
not use this instruction.

DS31029A-page 29-42

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
XORLW

Exclusive OR Literal with W

Syntax:

[ label]

Operands:

0 ≤ k ≤ 255

Operation:

(W).XOR. k → W

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:
Description:

XORLW k

11

1010

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

kkkk

kkkk

The contents of the W register are XOR’ed with the eight bit literal 'k'. The
result is placed in the W register.

Q3

Read
literal 'k'

Q4

Process
data

XORLW

Write to W
register

0xAF

Before Instruction
W

= 0xB5

After Instruction
W
Z

Example 2

XORLW

; 1010 1111

(0xAF)

; 1011 0101

(0xB5)

; ---------

------

; 0001 1010

(0x1A)

= 0x1A
= 0

MYREG

Before Instruction
W

= 0xAF

Address of MYREG † = 0x37
† MYREG is a symbol for a data memory location

After Instruction
W
Z

XORLW

HIGH (LU_TABLE)

Before Instruction
W

= 0xAF

Address of LU_TABLE † = 0x9375
† LU_TABLE is a label for an address in program memory

After Instruction
W
Z

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

= 0x3C
= 0

DS31029A-page 29-43

Instruction
Set

Example 3

29

= 0x18
= 0

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
XORWF

Exclusive OR W with f

Syntax:

[ label ] XORWF

Operands:

0 ≤ f ≤ 127
d ∈ [0,1]

Operation:

(W).XOR. (f) → destination

Status Affected:

Z

Encoding:

00

0110

f,d

dfff

ffff

Description:

Exclusive OR the contents of the W register with register 'f'. If 'd' is 0 the
result is stored in the W register. If 'd' is 1 the result is stored back in register 'f'.

Words:

1

Cycles:

1

Q Cycle Activity:
Q1
Q2
Decode

Example 1

Q3

Read
register 'f'

XORWF

Process
data

Q4
Write to
destination

REG, 1

; 1010 1111

(0xAF)

Before Instruction

; 1011 0101

(0xB5)

; --------; 0001 1010

-----(0x1A)

REG, 0

; 1010 1111

(0xAF)

Before Instruction

; 1011 0101

(0xB5)

; --------; 0001 1010

-----(0x1A)

REG= 0xAF
W = 0xB5

After Instruction
REG= 0x1A
W = 0xB5

Example 2

XORWF

REG= 0xAF
W = 0xB5

After Instruction
REG= 0xAF
W = 0x1A

Example 3

XORWF

INDF, 1

Before Instruction
W = 0xB5
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0xAF

After Instruction
W = 0xB5
FSR = 0xC2
Contents of Address (FSR) = 0x1A

DS31029A-page 29-44

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
29.6

Design Tips
Question 1:

How can I modify the value of W directly? I want to decrement W.

Answer 1:
There are a few possibilities, two are:
1.

2.

For the midrange devices, there are several instructions that work with a literal and W. For
instance, if it were desired to decrement W, this can be done with an ADDLW 0xFF. (the 0x
prefix denotes hex to the assembler)
Notice that all of the instructions can modify a value right where it sits in the file register.
This means you can decrement it right where it is. You do not even need to move it to W.
If you want to decrement it AND move it somewhere else, then you make W the DESTINATION of the decrement (DECF register,W) then put it where you want it. It is the same
number of instructions as a straight move, but it gets decremented along the way.

Question 2:

Is there any danger in using the TRIS instruction for the PIC16CXXX since
there is a warning in the Data book suggesting it not be used?

Answer 2:
For code compatibility and upgrades to later parts, the use of the TRIS instruction is not recommended. You should note the TRIS instruction is limited to ports A, B and C. Future devices may
not support these instructions.
Question 3:

Do I have to switch to Bank1 of data memory before using the TRIS instruction (for parts with TRIS registers in the memory map)?

Answer 3:
No. The TRIS instruction is Bank independent. Again the use of the TRIS instruction is not recommended.
Question 4:

I have seen references to “Read-Modify-Write” instructions in your data
sheet, but I do not know what that is. Can you explain what it is and why I
need to know this?

Answer 4:

One situation where you would want to consider the affects of a R-M-W instruction is a port that
is continuously changed from input to output and back. For example, say you have TRISB set to
all outputs, and write all ones to the PORTB register, all of the PORTB pins will go high. Now, say
you turn pin RB3 into an input, which happens to go low. A BCF PORTB,6 is then executed to
drive pin RB6 low. If you then turn RB3 back into an output, it will now drive low, even though the
last value you put there was a one. What happened was that the BCF of the other pin (RB6)
caused the whole port to be read, including the zero on RB3 when it was an input. Then, bit 6
was changed as requested, but since RB3 was read as a zero, zero will also be placed back into
that port latch, overwriting the one that was there before. When the pin is turned back into an
output, the new value was reflected.

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-45

29
Instruction
Set

An easy example of a Read-Modify-Write (R-M-W) instruction is the bit clear instruction BCF. You
might think that the processor just clears the bit, which on a port output pin would clear the pin.
What actually happens is the whole port (or register) is first read, THEN the bit is cleared, then
the new modified value is written back to the port (or register). Actually, any instruction that
depends on a value currently in the register is going to be a Read-Modify-Write instruction. This
includes ADDWF, SUBWF, BCF, BSF, INCF, XORWF, etc... Instructions that do not depend on
the current register value, like MOVWF, CLRF, and so on are not R-M-W instructions.

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
Question 5:

When I perform a BCF other pins get cleared in the port. Why?

Answer 5:
There are a few possibilities, two are:
1.

2.

DS31029A-page 29-46

Another case where a R-M-W instruction may seem to change other pin values unexpectedly can be illustrated as follows: Suppose you make PORTC all outputs and drive the
pins low. On each of the port pins is an LED connected to ground, such that a high output
lights it. Across each LED is a 100 µF capacitor. Let's also suppose that the processor is
running very fast, say 20 MHz. Now if you go down the port setting each pin in order; BSF
PORTC,0 then BSF PORTC,1 then BSF PORTC,2 and so on, you may see that only the last
pin was set, and only the last LED actually turns on. This is because the capacitors take
a while to charge. As each pin was set, the pin before it was not charged yet and so was
read as a zero. This zero is written back out to the port latch (R-M-W, remember) which
clears the bit you just tried to set the instruction before. This is usually only a concern at
high speeds and for successive port operations, but it can happen so take it into consideration.
If this is on a PIC16C7X device, you may not have configured the I/O pins properly in the
ADCON1 register. If a pin is configured for analog input, any read of that pin will read a
zero, regardless of the voltage on the pin. This is an exception to the normal rule that the
pin state is always read. You can still configure an analog pin as an output in the TRIS register, and drive the pin high or low by writing to it, but you will always read a zero. Therefore
if you execute a Read-Modify-Write instruction (see previous question) all analog pins are
read as zero, and those not directly modified by the instruction will be written back to the
port latch as zero. A pin configured as analog is expected to have values that may be neither high nor low to a digital pin, or floating. Floating inputs on digital pins are a no-no, and
can lead to high current draw in the input buffer, so the input buffer is disabled.

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 29. Instruction Set
29.7

Related Application Notes
This section lists application notes that are related to this section of the manual. These application notes may not be written specifically for the Mid-Range MCU family (that is they may be written for the Base-Line, or High-End families), but the concepts are pertinent, and could be used
(with modification and possible limitations). The current application notes related to the instruction set are:
Currently No related Application Notes

29
Instruction
Set

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS31029A-page 29-47

PICmicro MID-RANGE MCU FAMILY
29.8

Revision History
Revision A
This is the initial released revision of the Instruction Set description.

DS31029A-page 29-48

 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.



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