Score Guide PTEA
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PTE Academic Score Guide November 2012 Version 4 PTE Academic Score Guide © Copyright Pearson Education Ltd 2012. All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written permission of Pearson Education Ltd. Contents 1 Reported Scores: An Overview Overall score Communicative skills scores Enabling skills scores 2 2 2 2 2 Item Scoring: An Overview Correct or incorrect Partial credit 4 4 4 3 Item Scoring: Skills Tested and Scoring Criteria Part 1 Speaking and writing Read aloud Repeat sentence Describe image Re-tell lecture Answer short question Summarize written text Write essay Scoring criteria: Pronunciation and Oral fluency Part 2 Reading Multiple-choice, choose single answer Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers Re-order paragraphs Reading: Fill in the blanks Reading and writing: Fill in the blanks Part 3 Listening Summarize spoken text Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers Fill in the blanks Highlight correct summary Multiple-choice, choose single answer Select missing word Highlight incorrect words Write from dictation 8 8 8 10 12 14 16 17 19 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 4 Using PTE Academic Scores How institutions can use PTE Academic scores Overall score and communicative skills scores Enabling skills scores Alignment with CEF The PTE Academic Score Scale and the CEF What PTE Academic scores mean PTE Academic Requirements Error of measurement Overall score and communicative skills scores Enabling skills scores Test reliability 36 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 42 42 43 43 5 Estimates of Concordance between PTE Academic, TOEFL and IELTS Test comparisons using field test data Information on concordances since the launch of PTE Academic Relation to the Common European Framework Validity check using BETA testing data Concordance of PTE Academic with other measures of English Estimates of concordance between PTE Academic and the descriptive scale of the CEF Estimates of concordance between PTE Academic and TOEFL iBT Estimates of concordance between PTE Academic and IELTS 44 44 45 45 45 46 47 49 50 6 Scored Samples Automated scoring Scoring written English skills Scoring spoken English skills Spoken samples Example Describe image item Test Taker responses Overall performance rating Written samples Example Write essay item ‘Tobacco’ Test Taker Responses Overall performance rating 51 51 51 51 53 53 55 58 59 59 61 64 7 References Using PTE Academic scores Concordance to other tests 65 65 65 Introduction Pearson Test of English Academic (PTE Academic) is an international computer-based English language test. It provides a measure of a test taker’s language ability in order to assist education institutions and professional and government organizations that require a standard of academic English language proficiency for admission purposes. The Score Guide is designed for anyone who wants to learn more about how the different tasks in PTE Academic are scored. The Guide will help you to understand: What test takers are assessed on How to use scores reported on the score report How to compare PTE Academic scores with scores on other English language tests How automated scoring operates The Guide has been bookmarked and linked so that you can access sections quickly from the ‘Contents’ page and dip into the topics you want to know more about. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 1 of 71 1 Reported Scores: An Overview PTE Academic reports an overall score, communicative skills scores and enabling skills scores. Overall score The overall score is based on performance on all test items (tasks in the test consisting of instructions, questions or prompts, answer opportunities and scoring rules). Each test taker does between 70 and 91 items in any given test and there are 20 different item types. For each item, the score given contributes to the overall score. The score range is 10–90 points. Communicative skills scores The communicative skills measured are listening, reading, speaking and writing. Items testing these communicative skills also test specific subskills. For integrated skills items (that is, those assessing reading and speaking, listening and speaking, reading and writing, listening and writing, or listening and reading) the item score contributes to the score for the communicative skills that the item assesses. The score range for each skill is 10–90 points. Enabling skills scores The enabling skills are used to rate performance in the productive skills of speaking and writing. The enabling skills measured are grammar, oral fluency, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, and written discourse. The scores for enabling skills are based on performance on only those items that assess these skills specifically. The score range for each skill is 10–90 points. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 2 of 71 The enabling skills reported are described as follows: Grammar Correct use of language with respect to word form and word order at the sentence level Oral fluency Smooth, effortless and natural-paced delivery of speech Pronunciation Production of speech sounds in a way that is easily understandable to most regular speakers of the language. Regional or national varieties of English pronunciation are considered correct to the degree that they are easily understandable to most regular speakers of the language Spelling Writing of words according to the spelling rules of the language. All national variations are considered correct, but one spelling convention should be used consistently in a given response Vocabulary Appropriate choice of words used to express meaning, as well as lexical range Written discourse Correct and communicatively efficient production of written language at the textual level. Written discourse skills are represented in the structure of a written text, its internal coherence, logical development and the range of linguistic resources used to express meaning precisely Scores for enabling skills are not awarded when responses are inappropriate for the items in either content or form. For example, if an essay task requires the test taker to discuss the environment, but the test taker’s response is entirely devoted to the topic of fashion or sport, no score points will be given for the response, and none of the enabling skills be scored for the item. In relation to form, if a task requires a one-sentence summary of a text and the response consists of a list of words, no score points for the response will be given. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 3 of 71 2 Item Scoring: An Overview All items in PTE Academic are machine scored. Scores for some item types are based on correctness alone, while others are based on correctness, formal aspects and the quality of the response. Formal aspects refer to the form of the response: for example, whether it is over or under the word limit for a particular item type. The quality of the response is represented in the enabling skills. For example, in the item type Re-tell lecture the response is scored on skills such as oral fluency and pronunciation. Scores for item types assessing speaking and writing skills are generated by automated scoring systems. There are two types of scoring: Correct or incorrect Some item types are scored as either correct or incorrect. If responses are correct, a score of 1 score point will be given, but if they are incorrect, no score points are awarded. Partial credit Other item types are scored as correct, partially correct or incorrect. If responses to these items are correct, the maximum score points available for each item type will be received, but if they are partly correct, some score points will be given, but less than the maximum available for the item type. If responses are incorrect, no score points will be received. The tables that follow give an overview of how the 20 item types in the three parts of PTE Academic are scored. They also show timings, the number of items in any given test, the communicative skills, enabling skills and other elements scored. Part 1 Speaking and Writing (approx 77–93 minutes) Item type Time allowed Number of items Scoring Communicative skills, enabling skills and other traits scored Read aloud 30-35 minutes 6-7 Partial credit Reading and speaking Oral fluency, pronunciation Content Repeat sentence 10-12 Partial credit Listening and speaking Oral fluency, pronunciation Content Describe image 6-7 Partial credit Speaking Oral fluency, pronunciation Content Re-tell lecture 3-4 Partial credit Listening and speaking Oral fluency, pronunciation PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 4 of 71 Content Answer short question Summarize written text 10-12 20-30 minutes 2-3 Correct/ incorrect Listening and speaking Partial credit Reading and writing Vocabulary Grammar, vocabulary Content, form Write essay 20-40 minutes 1-2 Partial credit Writing Grammar, vocabulary, spelling, written discourse Content; development, structure and coherence; form, general linguistic range Part 2 Reading (approximately 32–41 minutes) Item type Time allowed Number of items Scoring Communicative skills, enabling skills and other traits scored Multiple-choice, choose single answer 32-41 minutes 2-3 Correct/ incorrect Reading Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers 2-3 Partial credit (for each correct response. Points deducted for incorrect options chosen) Reading Re-order paragraphs 2-3 Partial credit (for each correctly ordered, adjacent pair) Reading Reading: Fill in the blanks 4-5 Partial credit (for each correctly completed blank) Reading Reading and writing: Fill in the blanks 5-6 Partial credit (for each correctly completed blank) Reading and writing PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 5 of 71 Part 3 Listening (approx 45–57 minutes) Item type Time allowed Number of items Scoring Communicative skills, enabling skills and other traits scored Summarize spoken text 20-30 minutes 2-3 Partial credit Listening and writing Grammar, vocabulary, spelling Content, form Multiple–choice, choose multiple answers 23-28 minutes 2-3 Partial credit (for each correct response. Points deducted for incorrect options chosen) Listening Fill in the blanks 2-3 Partial credit (each correct word spelled correctly) Listening and writing Highlight correct summary 2-3 Correct/ incorrect Listening and reading Multiple-choice, choose single answer 2-3 Correct/ incorrect Listening Select missing word 2-3 Correct/ incorrect Listening Highlight incorrect words 2-3 Partial credit (for each word. Points deducted for incorrect options chosen) Listening and reading Write from dictation 3-4 Partial credit (for each word spelled correctly) Listening and writing Please note: The minimum and maximum timings indicated for the sections of each part of the test do not add up to the total timings stated. This is because different versions of the test are balanced for total length. No test taker will get the maximum or minimum times indicated. Example of item scoring The diagram on the next page illustrates how different types of scores reported in the PTE Academic score report are computed for the item type Write essay. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 6 of 71 + Content (if 0, no further scoring) + Form (if 0, no further scoring) + Other traits Enabling skills scores + Vocabulary Vocabulary + Spelling Spelling + Grammar Grammar + Development, structure and coherence + General linguistic range Written discourse = Total item score Communicative skills score: Writing Overall score The item type is rated on content; form; vocabulary; spelling; grammar; development, structure and coherence; and general linguistic range. The item is first scored on content. If no response or an irrelevant response is given, the content is scored as 0. If an acceptable response is provided (a score is received for content), the item will be scored on form. If the response is of the appropriate length, a score will be given and the response will then be rated on the remaining traits: vocabulary, spelling, grammar; development, structure and coherence; and general linguistic range. The scores for content, form and the enabling skills traits (vocabulary, spelling, grammar, development, structure and coherence, and general linguistic range) add up to the total item score. The enabling skills scores awarded for the item contribute to the enabling skills scores reported for performance on the entire test, which for this particular item type include vocabulary, spelling, grammar and written discourse. The total item score contributes to the communicative skills score for writing, as well as to the overall score reported for performance on the entire test. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 7 of 71 3 Item Scoring: Skills Tested and Scoring Criteria Please note: The scoring criteria used by human raters for PTE Academic are given. This serves to give an understanding of what test takers need to demonstrate in their responses. The automated scoring engines are trained on scores given by human raters. The scores indicated for each trait undergo a number of complex calculations to produce the total item score. Part 1 Speaking and writing Read aloud Communicative skills tested: Reading and speaking Subskills tested: Identifying a writer’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; understanding academic vocabulary; reading a text under timed conditions Speaking for a purpose (to repeat, to inform, to explain); reading a text aloud; speaking at a natural rate; producing fluent speech; using correct intonation; using correct pronunciation; using correct stress; speaking under timed conditions Scoring Communicative skills Reading and speaking Content: Enabling skills and other traits scored Each replacement, omission or insertion of a word counts as one error Maximum score: depends on the length of the item prompt PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 8 of 71 Pronunciation: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Intrusive 0 Non-English (Detailed criteria on p.21) Oral fluency: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Limited, 0 Disfluent (Detailed criteria on p. 21) PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 9 of 71 Repeat sentence Communicative skills tested: Listening and speaking Subskills tested: Understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent Speaking for a purpose (to repeat, to inform, to explain); speaking at a natural rate; producing fluent speech; using correct intonation; using correct pronunciation; using correct stress; speaking under timed conditions Scoring Communicative skills Listening and speaking Enabling skills and other traits scored Content: Errors = replacements, omissions and insertions only Hesitations, filled or unfilled pauses, leading or trailing material are ignored in the scoring of content 3 All words in the response from the prompt in the correct sequence 2 At least 50% of words in the response from the prompt in the correct sequence 1 Less than 50% of words in the response from the prompt in the correct sequence 0 Almost nothing from the prompt in the response PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 10 of 71 Pronunciation: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Intrusive 0 Non-English (Detailed criteria on p. 21) Oral fluency: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Limited 0 Disfluent (Detailed criteria on p. 21) PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 11 of 71 Describe image Communicative skills tested: Speaking Subskills tested: Speaking for a purpose (to repeat, inform, explain); supporting an opinion with details, examples and explanations; organizing an oral presentation in a logical way; developing complex ideas within a spoken discourse; using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar; speaking at a natural rate; producing fluent speech; using correct intonation; using correct pronunciation; using correct pronunciation; using correct stress; speaking under timed conditions Scoring Communicative skills Enabling skills and other traits scored Speaking Content: 5 Describes all elements of the image and their relationships, possible development and conclusion or implications 4 Describes all the key elements of the image and their relations, referring to their implications or conclusions 3 Deals with most key elements of the image and refers to their implications or conclusions 2 deals with only one key element in the image and refers to an implication or conclusion. Shows basic understanding of several core elements of the image 1 Describes some basic elements of the image, but does not make clear their interrelations or implications 0 Mentions some disjointed elements of the presentation PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 12 of 71 Pronunciation: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Intrusive 0 Non-English (Detailed criteria on p. 21) Oral fluency: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Limited 0 Disfluent (Detailed criteria on p. 21) PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 13 of 71 Re-tell lecture Communicative skills tested: Listening and speaking Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying supporting points or examples; identifying a speaker’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; classifying and categorizing information; following an oral sequencing of information; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent Speaking for a purpose (to repeat, to inform, to explain); supporting an opinion with details, examples and explanations; organizing an oral presentation in a logical way; developing complex ideas within a spoken discourse; using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar; speaking at a natural rate; producing fluent speech; using correct intonation; using correct pronunciation; using correct stress; speaking under timed conditions PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 14 of 71 Scoring Communicative skills Listening and speaking Enabling skills and other traits scored Content: 5 Re-tells all points of the presentation and describes characters, aspects and actions, their relationships, the underlying development, implications and conclusions 4 describes all key points of the presentation and their relations, referring to their implications and conclusions 3 Deals with most points in the presentation and refers to their implications and conclusions 2 Deals with only one key point and refers to an implication or conclusion. Shows basic understanding of several core elements of the presentation 1 Describes some basic elements of the presentation but does not make clear their interrelations or implications 0 Mentions some disjointed elements of the presentation Pronunciation: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Intrusive 0 Non-English (Detailed criteria on p. 21) Oral fluency: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Limited 0 Disfluent (Detailed criteria on p. 21) PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 15 of 71 Answer short question Communicative skills tested: Listening and speaking Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words Speaking for a purpose (to repeat, to inform, to explain); using words and phrases appropriate to the context; speaking under timed conditions Scoring Communicative skills Listening and speaking Correct/incorrect: 1 Appropriate word choice in response 0 Inappropriate word choice in response PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 16 of 71 Summarize written text Communicative skills tested: Reading and writing Subskills tested: Reading a passage under timed conditions; identifying a writer’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information Writing a summary; writing under timed conditions; taking notes while reading a text; synthesizing information; writing to meet strict length requirements; communicating the main points of a reading passage in writing; using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar Scoring Communicative skills Reading and writing Content: Enabling skills and other traits scored 2 Provides a good summary of the text. All relevant aspects mentioned 1 Provides a fair summary of the text but misses one or two aspects 0 Omits or misrepresents the main aspects of the text Form: 1 Is written in one, single, complete sentence 0 Not written in one, single, complete sentence or contains fewer than 5 or more than 75 words. Summary is written in capital letters PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 17 of 71 Grammar: 2 Has correct grammatical structure 1 Contains grammatical errors but with no hindrance to communication 0 Has defective grammatical structure which could hinder communication Vocabulary: 2 Has appropriate choice of words 1 Contains lexical errors but with no hindrance to communication 0 Has defective word choice which could hinder communication PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 18 of 71 Write essay Communicative skills tested: Writing Subskills tested: Writing for a purpose (to learn, to inform, to persuade); supporting an opinion with details, examples and explanations; organizing sentences and paragraphs in a logical way; developing complex ideas within a complete essay; using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar; using correct spelling; using correct mechanics; writing under timed conditions Scoring Communicative skills Writing Enabling skills and other traits scored Content: 3 Adequately deals with the prompt 2 Deals with the prompt but does not deal with one minor aspect 1 Deals with the prompt but omits a major aspect or more than one minor aspect 0 Does not deal properly with the prompt PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 19 of 71 Form: 2 Length is between 200 and 300 words 1 Length is between 120 and 199 or between 301 and 380 words 0 Length is less than 120 or more than 380 words. Essay is written in capital letters, contains no punctuation or only consists of bullet points or very short sentences Development, structure and coherence: 2 Shows good development and logical structure 1 Is incidentally less well structured, and some elements or paragraphs are poorly linked 0 Lacks coherence and mainly consists of lists or loose elements Grammar: 2 Shows consistent grammatical control of complex language. Errors are rare and difficult to spot 1 Shows a relatively high degree of grammatical control. No mistakes which would lead to misunderstandings 0 Contains mainly simple structures and/or several basic mistakes Enabling skills and other traits scored General linguistic range: 2 Exhibits smooth mastery of a wide range of language to formulate thoughts precisely, give emphasis, differentiate and eliminate ambiguity. No sign that the test taker is restricted in what they want to communicate 1 Sufficient range of language to provide clear descriptions, express viewpoints and develop arguments 0 Contains mainly basic language and lacks precision Vocabulary range: 2 Good command of a broad lexical repertoire, idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms 1 Shows a good range of vocabulary for matters connected to general academic topics. Lexical shortcomings lead to circumlocution or some imprecision 0 Contains mainly basic vocabulary insufficient to deal with the topic at the required level Spelling: 2 Correct spelling 1 One spelling error 0 More than one spelling error PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 20 of 71 Scoring criteria: Pronunciation and Oral fluency The following scoring criteria apply to the speaking item types that are scored on pronunciation and oral fluency in PTE Academic. Pronunciation 5 Native-like All vowels and consonants are produced in a manner that is easily understood by regular speakers of the language. The speaker uses assimilation and deletions appropriate to continuous speech. Stress is placed correctly in all words and sentence-level stress is fully appropriate 4 Advanced Vowels and consonants are pronounced clearly and unambiguously. A few minor consonant, vowel or stress distortions do not affect intelligibility. All words are easily understandable. A few consonants or consonant sequences may be distorted. Stress is placed correctly on all common words, and sentence level stress is reasonable 3 Good Most vowels and consonants are pronounced correctly. Some consistent errors might make a few words unclear. A few consonants in certain contexts may be regularly distorted, omitted or mispronounced. Stress-dependent vowel reduction may occur on a few words 2 Intermediate Some consonants and vowels are consistently mispronounced in a non-native like manner. At least 2/3 of speech is intelligible, but listeners might need to adjust to the accent. Some consonants are regularly omitted, and consonant sequences may be simplified. Stress may be placed incorrectly on some words or be unclear 1 Intrusive Many consonants and vowels are mispronounced, resulting in a strong intrusive foreign accent. Listeners may have difficulty understanding about 1/3 of the words. Many consonants may be distorted or omitted. Consonant sequences may be non-English. Stress is placed in a non-English manner; unstressed words may be reduced or omitted and a few syllables added or missed 0 Non-English Pronunciation seems completely characteristic of another language. Many consonants and vowels are mispronounced, misordered or omitted. Listeners may find more than 1/2 of the speech unintelligible. Stressed and unstressed syllables are realized in a non-English manner. Several words may have the wrong number of syllables Oral fluency 5 Native–like Speech shows smooth rhythm and phrasing. There are no hesitations, repetitions, false starts or non-native phonological simplifications 4 Advanced Speech has an acceptable rhythm with appropriate phrasing and word emphasis. There is no more than one hesitation, one repetition or a false start. There are no significant nonnative phonological simplifications 3 Good Speech is at an acceptable speed but may be uneven. There may be more than one hesitation, but most words are spoken in continuous phrases. There are few repetitions or false starts. There are no long pauses and speech does not sound staccato 2 Intermediate Speech may be uneven or staccato. Speech (if >= 6 words) has at least one smooth three-word run, and no more than two or three hesitations, repetitions or false starts. There may be one long pause, but not two or more 1 Limited Speech has irregular phrasing or sentence rhythm. Poor phrasing, staccato or syllabic timing, and/or multiple hesitations, repetitions, and/or false starts make spoken performance notably uneven or discontinuous. Long utterances may have one or two long pauses and inappropriate sentence-level word emphasis 0 Disfluent Speech is slow and labored with little discernable phrase grouping, multiple hesitations, pauses, false starts, and/or major phonological simplifications. Most words are isolated, and there may be more than one long pause PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 21 of 71 Part 2 Reading Multiple-choice, choose single answer Communicative skills tested: Reading Subskills tested: Any of the following dependent on the item: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying the relationships between sentences and paragraphs; evaluating the quality and usefulness of texts; identifying a writer’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; identifying supporting points or examples; reading for overall organization and connections between pieces of information; reading for information to infer meanings or find relationships; identifying specific details, facts, opinions, definitions or sequences of events; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words Scoring Communicative skills Reading Correct/incorrect: 1 Correct response 0 Incorrect response PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 22 of 71 Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers Communicative skills tested: Reading Subskills tested: Any of the following dependent on the item: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying the relationships between sentences and paragraphs; evaluating the quality and usefulness of texts; identifying a writer’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; identifying supporting points or examples; reading for overall organization and connections between pieces of information; reading for information to infer meanings or find relationships; identifying specific details, facts, opinions, definitions or sequences of events; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words Scoring This is the first of three item types in the test where points are deducted for incorrect responses. So if a test taker scores 2 points for two correct options, but then scores -2 for two incorrect options chosen, they will score 0 points overall for the item. Communicative skills Reading Partial credit, points deducted for incorrect options chosen: 1 Each correct response - 1 Each incorrect response 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 23 of 71 Re-order paragraphs Communicative skills tested: Reading Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying supporting points or examples; identifying the relationships between sentences and paragraphs; understanding academic vocabulary; understanding the difference between connotation and denotation; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; classifying and categorizing information; following a logical or chronological sequence of events Scoring Communicative skills Reading Partial credit: 1 Each pair of correct adjacent textboxes 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 24 of 71 Reading: Fill in the blanks Communicative skills tested: Reading Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying words and phrases appropriate to the context; understanding academic vocabulary; understanding the difference between connotation and denotation; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; following a logical or chronological sequence of events. Scoring Communicative skills Reading Partial credit: 1 Each correctly completed blank 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 25 of 71 Reading and writing: Fill in the blanks Communicative skills tested: Reading and writing Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying words and phrases appropriate to the context; understanding academic vocabulary; understanding the difference between connotation and denotation; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; following a logical or chronological sequence of events Using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar Scoring Communicative skills Reading and writing Partial credit: 1 Each correctly completed blank 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 26 of 71 Part 3 Listening Summarize spoken text Communicative skills tested: Listening and writing Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; summarizing the main idea; identifying supporting points or examples; identifying a speaker’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; classifying and categorizing information; following an oral sequencing of information; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent Writing a summary; writing under timed conditions; taking notes whilst listening to a recording; communicating the main points of a lecture in writing; organizing sentences and paragraphs in a logical way; using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar; using correct spelling; using correct mechanics PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 27 of 71 Scoring Communicative skills Listening and writing Enabling skills and other traits scored Content: 2 Provides a good summary of the text. All relevant aspects are mentioned 1 Provides a fair summary of the text, but one or two aspects are missing 0 Omits or misrepresents the main aspects Enabling skills and other traits scored Form: 2 Contains 50-70 words 1 Contains 40-49 words or 71-100 words 0 Contains less than 40 words or more than 100 words. Summary is written in capital letters, contains no punctuation or consists only of bullet points or very short sentences Grammar: 2 Correct grammatical structures 1 Contains grammatical errors with no hindrance to communication 0 Defective grammatical structures which could hinder communication Vocabulary: 2 Appropriate choice of words 1 Some lexical errors but with no hindrance to communication 0 Defective word choice which could hinder communication Spelling: 2 Correct spelling 1 One spelling error 0 More than one spelling error PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 28 of 71 Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers Communicative skills tested: Listening Subskills tested: Any of the following dependent on the item: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying supporting points or examples; Identifying specific details, facts, opinions, definitions or sequences of events; identifying a speaker’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; identifying the overall organization of information and connections between pieces of information; inferring the context, purpose or tone; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; predicting how a speaker may continue Scoring This is the second of three item types where points are deducted for incorrect options chosen. So if a test taker scores 2 points for two correct options, but then scores -2 for two incorrect options chosen, they will score 0 points overall for the item. Communicative skills Listening Partial credit, points deducted for incorrect options chosen: 1 Each correct response - 1 Each incorrect response 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 29 of 71 Fill in the blanks Communicative skills tested: Listening and writing Subskills tested: Identifying words and phrases appropriate to the context; understanding academic vocabulary; comprehending explicit and implicit information; following an oral sequencing of information Writing from dictation; using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar; using correct spelling Scoring Communicative skills Listening and writing Partial credit: 1 Each correct word spelled correctly 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 30 of 71 Highlight correct summary Communicative skills tested: Listening and reading Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying supporting points or examples; understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; classifying and categorizing information; following an oral sequencing of information; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent Identifying supporting points or examples; identifying the most accurate summary; understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending concrete and abstract information; classifying and categorizing information; following a logical or chronological sequence of events; evaluating the quality and usefulness of texts Scoring Communicative Skills Listening and reading Correct/incorrect: 1 Correct response 0 Incorrect response PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 31 of 71 Multiple-choice, choose single answer Communicative skills tested: Listening Subskills tested: Any of the following dependent on the item: Any of the following dependent on the item: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying supporting points or examples; Identifying specific details, facts, opinions, definitions or sequences of events; identifying a speaker’s purpose, style, tone or attitude; identifying the overall organization of information and connections between pieces of information; inferring the context, purpose or tone; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; predicting how a speaker may continue Scoring Communicative Skills Listening Correct/incorrect: 1 Correct response 0 Incorrect response PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 32 of 71 Select missing word Communicative skills tested: Listening Subskills tested: Identifying the topic, theme or main ideas; identifying words and phrases appropriate to the context; understanding academic vocabulary; inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words; comprehending explicit and implicit information; comprehending concrete and abstract information; following an oral sequencing of information; predicting how a speaker may continue; forming a conclusion from what a speaker says; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent Scoring Communicative skills Listening Correct/incorrect: 1 Correct response 0 Incorrect response PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 33 of 71 Highlight incorrect words Communicative skills tested: Listening and reading Subskills tested: Identifying errors in a transcription; understanding academic vocabulary; following an oral sequencing of information; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent; understanding academic vocabulary; following a logical or chronological sequence of events; reading a text under timed conditions; matching written text to speech Scoring This is the third of three item types where points are deducted for incorrect options chosen. So if a test taker scores 2 points for two correct options, but then scores -2 for two incorrect options chosen, they will score 0 points overall for the item. Communicative Skills Listening and reading Partial credit, points deducted for incorrect options chosen: 1 Each correct word - 1 Each incorrect word 0 Minimum score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 34 of 71 Write from dictation Communicative skills tested: Listening and writing Subskills tested: Understanding academic vocabulary; following an oral sequencing of information; comprehending variations in tone, speed and accent; writing from dictation; using correct spelling Scoring Communicative skills Listening and writing Partial credit: 1 Each correct word spelled correctly 0 Each incorrect or misspelled word PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 35 of 71 4 Using PTE Academic Scores PTE Academic uses 20 item types, reflecting different modes of language use and requiring different response tasks and formats. All items in PTE Academic are machine scored. Scores on a number of item types are based on correctness only, while scores on other item types requiring spoken or written responses are based, in addition to correctness, on formal aspects (e.g., number of words) and the quality of the response. The quality of the responses is reflected on the PTE Academic score report in the enabling skills: grammar, oral fluency, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary and written discourse. How institutions can use PTE Academic scores Overall score and communicative skills scores The score report provides an overall score, a score for each communicative skill and a score for each of the enabling skills. The overall score provides a general measure of a test taker’s ability to deal with English in academic settings. The score range is from 10 to 90 points. The communicative skills scores provide discrete information about the listening, reading, speaking and writing skills of a test taker. These skills are also scored between 10 and 90 points. Example Institution Score Report In the context of some university programs, the communicative skills scores may provide useful, additional information for making admissions decisions. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 36 of 71 For example, institutions may: set the admission requirement based on the minimum overall score alone, without taking into account communicative skills scores in admission decisions; set the admission requirement based on the minimum overall score in combination with a higher minimum on one of the communicative skills scores, because it is considered particularly important for the program the test taker wants to enter; set the admission requirement based on the minimum overall score in combination with a lower minimum on one of the communicative skills scores, because it is considered less important for the program the test taker wants to enter. Other combinations of the overall score and one or more of the communicative skills scores may be considered. Enabling skills scores The enabling skills scores are also provided within the PTE Academic score report. They provide information about particular strengths and weaknesses of a test taker’s ability to communicate in speaking or writing. This information may be useful to determine the type of further English study and coursework required to improve a test taker’s English language ability. The enabling skills scores should not be used when making admissions decisions because the ‘measurement error’ is too large. This is discussed in the ‘Error of measurement’ section on p.42. A definition of the enabling skills is given in the table below: Enabling Skills Definition Grammar Correct use of language with respect to word form and word order at the sentence level Oral fluency Smooth, effortless and natural-paced delivery of speech Pronunciation Ability to produce speech sounds in a way that is easily understandable to most regular speakers of the language. Regional or national pronunciation variants are considered correct to the degree that they are understandable to most regular speakers of the language Spelling Writing of words according to the spelling rules of the language. All national variations in spelling are considered correct Vocabulary Appropriate choice of words used to express meaning precisely in written and spoken English, as well as lexical range Written discourse Correct and communicatively efficient production of written language at the textual level. Written discourse skills are manifest in the structure of a written text, its internal coherence, logical development, and the range of linguistic resources used to express meaning precisely Definition of enabling skills PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 37 of 71 Alignment with CEF To ensure comparability and interpretability of test scores, PTE Academic has been aligned to the CEF, which is recognized as a standard across Europe and in many countries outside of Europe. In the USA, the National Council of State Supervisors for Languages (NCSSFL) has introduced the use of the LinguaFolio Self Assessment Grid (NCSSFL, 2008), which relates language levels to the scales of both the ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) and the CEF. The CEF includes a set of consecutive language levels defined by descriptors of language competencies. The six-level framework was developed by the Council of Europe (2001) to enable language learners, teachers, universities or potential employers to compare and relate language qualifications by level. Alignment of PTE Academic to the CEF levels provides a means to interpret PTE Academic scores in terms of the level descriptors of the CEF. As these descriptors focus on what an English language learner can do, scores that are properly aligned to the CEF give educators and institutions more relevant information about a test taker’s ability. The PTE Academic Score Scale and the CEF The explanation of the alignment of PTE Academic to the CEF is that to stand a reasonable chance at successfully performing any of the tasks defined at a particular CEF level, learners must be able to demonstrate that they can do the average tasks at that level. As students grow in ability, for example within the B1 level, they will become successful at doing even the most difficult tasks at that level and will also find they can cope with the easiest tasks at the next level. In other words, they are entering into the B2 level. The diagram below shows PTE Academic scores aligned to the CEF levels A2 to C2. The dotted lines on the scale show the PTE Academic score ranges that predict that test takers are likely to perform successfully on the easiest tasks at the next higher level. For example, if a candidate scores 51 on PTE Academic, this means that they are likely to be able to cope with the more difficult tasks within the CEF B1 level. At the same time, according to their PTE Academic score, it predicts that they are likely to perform successfully on the easiest tasks at B2. Alignment of PTE Academic scores to the CEF PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 38 of 71 What PTE Academic scores mean PTE Academic alignment with the CEF can only be fully understood if it is supported with information showing what it really means to be ‘at a level’. In other words, are test takers likely to be successful with tasks at the lower boundary of a level; do they stand a fair chance of doing well on any task, or will they be able to do almost all the tasks, even the most difficult ones, at a particular level? The table below shows for each of the CEF levels A2 to C2 which PTE Academic scores predict the likelihood of a test taker performing successfully on the easiest, average and most difficult tasks within each of the CEF levels. PTE Academic scores predicting the likelihood of successful performance on CEF level tasks CEF Level Easiest Average Most Difficult C2 80 85 NA C1 67 76 84 B2 51 59 75 B1 36 43 58 A2 24 30 42 For example, if a test taker’s PTE Academic score is 36, this predicts that they will perform successfully on the easiest tasks at B1. From 36 to 43, the likelihood of successfully performing the easiest tasks develops into doing well on the average tasks at B1. Finally, reaching 58 predicts that a candidate will perform well at the most difficult B1 level tasks. The table on page 40 shows what PTE Academic scores in the range from A1 to C1 mean. The table includes shaded score ranges that predict some degree of performance at the next higher level, and it describes what a test taker is likely to be able to do within those score ranges. PTE Academic Requirements A score of at least 36 is required for UKBA tier 4 student visas for students wanting to study on a course below degree level. A score of at least 51 is required for UKBA tier 4 student visas for students wanting to study on a course at or above degree level at an institution that is not a UK Higher Education Institution. If students wish to study at degree level or above at a UK Higher Education Institution, then it is the university that decides on the score required. Our experience suggests that most universities require: for undergraduate studies a minimum score between 51 and 61 for postgraduate studies a minimum score between 57 and 67 for MBA studies a minimum score between 59 and 69 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 39 of 71 Common European Framework Level Level Descriptor 1 What does this mean for a score user? 76 - 84 C1 Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, wellstructured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices. C1 is a level at which a student can comfortably participate in all postgraduate activities including teaching. It is not required for students entering university at undergraduate level. Most international students who enter university at a B2 level would acquire a level close to or at C1 after living in the country for several years, and actively participating in all language activities encountered at university. 59 - 75 B2 Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of oral fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. B2 was designed as the level required to participate independently in higher level language interaction. It is typically the level required to be able to follow academic level instruction and to participate in academic education, including both coursework and student life. 51 - 58 Scores in this range predict success on the easiest tasks at B2 Has sufficient command of the language to deal with most familiar situations, but will often require repetition and make many mistakes. Can deal with standard spoken language, but will have problems in noisy circumstances. Can exchange factual information on familiar routine and non-routine matters within his/her field with some confidence. Can pass on a detailed piece of information reliably. Can understand the information content of the majority of recorded or broadcast material on topics of personal interest delivered in clear standard speech. PTE Academic Score 1 © 2001 The copyright of the level descriptors reproduced in this document belongs to the Council of Europe. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 40 of 71 43 - 58 B1 Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics, which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. 36 - 42 Scores in this range predict success on the easiest tasks at B1 Has limited command of language, but it is sufficient in most familiar situations provided language is simple and clear. May be able to deal with less routine situations on public transport e.g., asking another passenger where to get off for an unfamiliar destination. Can re-tell short written passages in a simple fashion using the wording and ordering of the original text. Can use simple techniques to start, maintain or end a short conversation. Can tell a story or describe something in a simple list of points. 30 - 42 A2 Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g., very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need. A2 is an insufficient level for academic level participation. 10 - 29 A1 or below Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help. A1 is an insufficient level for academic level participation. B1 is insufficient for full academic level participation in language activities. A student at this level could ‘get by’ in everyday situations independently. To be successful in communication in university settings, additional English language courses are required. PTE A scores, CEF level descriptors and what scores mean PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 41 of 71 Error of measurement Tests aim to provide a measure of ability. PTE Academic measures the ability ‘to use English in academic settings’. Obviously, measures of a test taker’s English language abilities will vary; some candidates will have higher scores than others. The degree to which scores among test takers vary is the ‘score variance’. The purpose of testing is to measure ‘true variance’ in ability among students, but all measurement contains some error. The degree to which the score variance is due to error is called the ‘error of measurement’. The remainder of the variance is due to ‘true variance’ in ability among test takers. The error of measurement is related to the reliability of the test: a smaller measurement error means higher reliability of test scores. The error of measurement can be interpreted as follows: the true score of a test taker is within a range of scores around the reported score. The size of that range is defined by the error of measurement. For example, if the reported score is 60 and the error of measurement is 3, then the true score, with 68% certainty, is within one measurement error from the reported score; that is within the range of 57 (60-3) and 63 (60+3). The true score, with 95% certainty, is within twice the measurement error; that is within the range of 54 (60-2x3) to 66 (60+2x3). Overall score and communicative skills scores There are two main approaches to estimating the error of measurement. In Classical Test Theory (CTT) the reliability estimate is assumed to apply to any score on a test, irrespective of whether the score is low, medium or high. Therefore, the error of measurement is assumed to be the same size anywhere on the test’s score scale. That is why in CTT we speak of the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM). Many test providers report the SEM and for PTE Academic this is 2.32. This figure is based on test data from 30,000 test takers. An alternative approach to estimating the error of measurement is used in modern test theory, commonly referred to as Item Response Theory (IRT). IRT recognises that the reliability of a test is not uniform across an entire score scale. Tests tend to be less reliable towards the extreme low and high score ranges. Consequently, the size of the error of measurement tends to be larger towards these extreme scores. The size of the error is therefore conditional on the score and so in IRT we speak of Conditional Errors of Measurement (CEM). The table below shows the average size of the CEM at five levels (A2 to C2) on the CEF for the overall score and for the communicative skills scores that are provided on the PTE Academic score report. The size of the error at each score point is estimated by averaging scores across a random sample of 100 test forms from the PTE Academic item bank. Average Measurement Error PTE Academic Scores A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.5 Listening 3.7 3.4 3.8 4.4 4.9 Reading 3.9 4.0 4.4 5.2 5.8 Speaking 3.6 3.9 4.4 5.1 5.6 Writing 4.3 3.7 4.1 4.8 5.3 Overall Communicative skills Measurement error for overall score and communicative skills scores at levels A2 to C2 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 42 of 71 Enabling skills scores The error on the enabling skills scores is too large to justify use in high-stakes decision-making. The table on the next page shows the average error in score points for the enabling skills. PTE Academic Scores Enabling skills Average Measurement Error A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 20.7 21.6 20.5 18.7 17.8 Oral fluency 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.3 Pronunciation 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.4 Spelling 18.2 18.7 14.9 14.5 15.7 Vocabulary 10.9 10.7 10.8 11.4 12.3 Written discourse 28.5 29.6 28.1 26.6 26.6 Grammar Measurement error for enabling skills scores at levels A2 to C2 Test reliability Directly related to measurement error is test reliability, which is another way of expressing the likelihood that test results will be the same when a test is taken again under the same conditions, and therefore how accurately a reported test score reflects the true ability of the test taker. Reliability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 means no reliability at all and 1 means perfectly reliable. For tests that are used to make important decisions, high reliability (0.90 or higher) is required. The table below provides the reliability estimates of the overall score and the communicative skills scores within the PTE Academic score range of 53 to 79, which is the most relevant range for admission decisions. For further information on the reliability of PTE Academic, refer to the white paper Validity and Reliability in PTE Academic, available at pearsonpte.com/research/Pages/ValidityandReliability.aspx. Score Overall Listening Reading Speaking Writing Reliability 0.97 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 Reliability estimates for scores in the range 53–79 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 43 of 71 5 Estimates of Concordance between PTE Academic, TOEFL and IELTS Test comparisons using field test data PTE Academic has been field tested using over 10,400 test takers. Field testing took place in 2007 and 2008. Test takers were representative of the global population of students seeking admission to universities and other tertiary education institutions where English is the language of instruction. Test takers were born in 158 different countries and spoke 126 different languages. During the field tests several sets of secondary data were collected. Among these were ratings for all test takers on descriptive scales published by the Council of Europe (2001). In addition, a number of test takers reported their scores on other tests of English, including TOEIC, TOEFL PBT, TOEFL CBT, TOEFL iBT and IELTS. A limited number of the self-reported data were invalid as the reported scores were outside the possible score range for the particular test. A small number of the test takers also submitted copies of their official score reports on the tests, for which they had provided self-reported data. The table below shows the following for each test: the numbers of self-reported data, how many of these were valid, the mean self-reported scores, the number of official score reports sent in, the mean official scores and the correlations with the PTE Academic field test scores. All correlations are significant at p<.01 2 . Self-Reported Data Official Score Report Test N Total N Valid Mean Correlation n Mean Correlation 328 327 831.5 0.76 No data - - TOEFL PBT 96 92 572.3 0.64 No data - - TOEFL CBT 110 107 240.5 0.46 No data - - TOEFL iBT 144 140 92.9 0.75 19 92.1 0.95 IELTS 2436 2432 6.49 0.76 169 6.61 0.73 TOEIC PTE Academic field tests: test takers on other tests of English From the table, it can be concluded that the self-reported scores are, in general, quite accurate. Indeed, the correlation between the self-reported results and the official score reports was .82 for TOEFL iBT and .89 for IELTS. This finding is in agreement with earlier research on self-reported data. For example, Cassady (2001) found students’ self-reported Grade Point Average (GPA) scores to be ‘remarkably similar’ to official records. The data are also consistent. According to ETS (2005, p.7) the score range 75–95 on TOEFL iBT is comparable to the score range 213–240 on TOEFL CBT and to the score range 550–587 on TOEFL PBT. The mean self-reported scores in the table for these three tests are therefore comparable. 2 Significant at p<.01 means there is less than 1% chance to observe this correlation if the measures are not related. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 44 of 71 In addition, according to ETS (2001, p.3) a score range of 800–850 on TOEIC corresponds to a score range of 569–588 on TOEFL PBT, which makes the self-reported TOEIC mean score of the test takers on the PTE Academic field test also fall in line with data published by ETS. Based on the data presented in the table, concordance between PTE Academic and other tests of English can be estimated, taking into account a less than optimal effort of test takers during field testing where test results have no direct relevance to the test takers. Information on concordances since the launch of PTE Academic At the time of the launch of PTE Academic in November 2009 we presented concordance of PTE Academic with other measures of English as ‘preliminary’. Since then additional information has become available supporting our preliminary estimates. This new information comes from: the tens of thousands of test takers who have taken PTE Academic annually since launch the use of test scores by thousands of tertiary education institutions additional concordance data gathered via surveys publications by third parties Relation to the Common European Framework The relation of the PTE Academic score scale with the descriptive scale of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF) is based on both an item-centered and a test takercentered method. For the item-centered method, the CEF level of all items was estimated by item writers, reviewed and, if necessary, adapted in the item-reviewing process. For the test takercentered method, three extended responses (one written and two spoken) per test taker were each rated by two independent, trained raters. If there was a disagreement between the two independent raters, a third rating was gathered and the two closest ratings were retained. A dataset of over 26,000 ratings (by test takers self-reporting, by items and by raters) on up to 100 different items was analyzed using the computer program FACETS (Linacre, 1988; 2005). Estimates of the lower boundaries of the CEF levels, based on the item-centered method, correlated at .996 with those based on the test taker-centered method, which effectively means that the two methods yielded the same results except for less than 1% of error variance. Validity check using BETA testing data In addition to the initial field testing of 10,400 students during 2007–08, a further 364 test takers participated in the 2009 BETA testing of PTE Academic. The concordance between the score scale of PTE Academic and the score scales of TOEFL iBT and IELTS (each estimated from the field test data) were used as predictors of TOEFL iBT and IELTS scores of test takers participating in BETA testing. Test takers provided self-reported scores and a smaller, partially overlapping, number of test takers sent in copies of their official score reports. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 45 of 71 The table below shows the mean scores as self-reported and from the official score reports; the mean scores for the same test takers as predicted from their PTE Academic score and the correlations between the reported scores and the predictions from PTE Academic. All correlations are significant at p<.01 3 . It can be concluded that this concordance produces fairly accurate and coherent predictions. Self-Reported Data Official Score Report Test n Mean Predicted Correlation n Mean Predicted Correlation TOEFL iBT 42 98.9 97.3 0.75 13 92.2 98.2 0.77 IELTS 57 6.80 6.75 0.73 15 6.60 6.51 0.83 PTE Academic BETA: test takers on other tests of English Concordance of PTE Academic with other measures of English Based on the research described, Pearson has produced concordance tables. The table on p.47 shows Pearson’s current best estimate of concordance between PTE Academic scores and the CEF. In addition, shaded score ranges indicate the PTE Academic scores that predict some degree of performance at the next CEF level. The table on p.49 shows the relation between scores on TOEFL iBT and PTE Academic. The table on p.50 shows the relation between scores on IELTS and PTE Academic. It must be noted that any attempt to predict a score on a particular test, based on the score observed on another test, will contain measurement error. This is caused by the inherent error in each of the tests in the comparison and in the estimate of the concordance. Furthermore, tests in the comparison do not measure exactly the same construct. 3 Significant at p<.01 means there is less than 1% chance to observe this correlation if the measures are not related. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 46 of 71 Estimates of concordance between PTE Academic and the descriptive scale of the CEF PTE Academic Score >85 76 - 84 59 - 75 51 – 58 43 - 58 4 Common European Framework Level Level Descriptor 4 What does this mean for a score user? C2 Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in more complex situations. C2 is a highly proficient level and a student at this level would be extremely comfortable engaging in academic activities at all levels C1 Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices. B2 Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of oral fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. Scores in this range predict success on the easiest tasks at B2 Has sufficient command of the language to deal with most familiar situations, but will often require repetition and make many mistakes. Can deal with standard spoken language, but will have problems in noisy circumstances. Can exchange factual information on familiar routine and non-routine matters within his/her field with some confidence. Can pass on a detailed piece of information reliably. Can understand the information content of the majority of recorded or broadcast material on topics of personal interest delivered in clear standard speech. B1 Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics, which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. C1 is a level at which a student can comfortably participate in all postgraduate activities including teaching. It is not required for students entering university at undergraduate level. Most international students who enter university at a B2 level would acquire a level close to or at C1 after living in the country for several years, and actively participating in all language activities encountered at university. B2 was designed as the level required to participate independently in higher level language interaction. It is typically the level required to be able to follow academic level instruction and to participate in academic education, including both coursework and student life. B1 is insufficient for full academic level participation in language activities. A student at this level could ‘get by’ in everyday situations independently. To be successful in communication in university settings, additional English language courses are required. © The copyright of the level descriptors reproduced in this document belongs to the Council of Europe. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 47 of 71 PTE Academic Score 36 – 42 30 - 42 10 - 29 Common European Framework Level Level Descriptor 4 Scores in this range predict success on the easiest tasks at B1 Has limited command of language, but it is sufficient in most familiar situations provided language is simple and clear. May be able to deal with less routine situations on public transport e.g., asking another passenger where to get off for an unfamiliar destination. Can re-tell short written passages in a simple fashion using the wording and ordering of the original text. Can use simple techniques to start, maintain or end a short conversation. Can tell a story or describe something in a simple list of points. A2 Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g., very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need. A2 is an insufficient level for academic level participation. A1 or below Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help. A1 is an insufficient level for academic level participation. PTE Academic | Score Guide What does this mean for a score user? Page 48 of 71 Estimates of concordance between PTE Academic and TOEFL iBT TOEFL iBT Score PTE A Score TOEFL iBT Score PTE A Score No data 85 - 90 90 61 120 84 89 60 119 83 87-88 59 118 82 86 58 117 81 85 57 115-116 80 83-84 56 114 79 82 55 113 78 81 54 112 77 79-80 53 110-111 76 78 52 109 75 76-77 51 107-108 74 74-75 50 106 73 72-73 49 105 72 70-71 48 103-104 71 67-69 47 102 70 65-66 46 101 69 63-64 45 99-100 68 60-62 44 98 67 57-59 43 97 66 54-56 42 95-96 65 52-53 41 94 64 48-51 40 93 63 45-47 39 91-92 62 40-44 38 No data 10 - 37 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 49 of 71 Estimates of concordance between PTE Academic and IELTS PTE Academic | Score Guide IELTS Score PTE A Score 9.0 86 - 90 8.5 83 - 85 8.0 79 - 82 7.5 73 - 78 7.0 65 – 72 6.5 58 - 64 6.0 50 - 57 5.5 42 - 49 5.0 36 - 41 4.5 29 - 35 No data 10 - 28 Page 50 of 71 6 Scored Samples Automated scoring As the worldwide leader in publishing and assessment for education, Pearson is using several of its proprietary, patented technologies to automatically score test takers’ performance on PTE Academic. Academic institutions, corporations and government agencies around the world have selected Pearson’s automated scoring technologies to measure the abilities of students, staff or applicants. Pearson customers using automated spoken and written assessments include eight of the 2008 Fortune Top 20 companies; 11 of the 2008 Top 15 Indian BPO companies; the U.S., German and Dutch governments; world sports organizations, such as FIFA (organizers of the World Cup) and the Asian Games; major airlines and aviation schools; and leading universities and language schools. An extensive field test program was conducted to test PTE Academic’s test items and evaluate their effectiveness as well as to obtain the data necessary to train the automated scoring engines to evaluate PTE Academic items. Test data was collected from more than 10,000 test takers from 38 cities in 21 countries who participated in PTE Academic’s field test. These test takers came from 158 different countries and spoke 126 different native languages, including (but not limited to) Cantonese, French, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Marathi, Polish, Spanish, Urdu, Vietnamese, Tamil, Telugu, Thai and Turkish. The data from the field test were used to train the automated scoring engines for both the written and spoken PTE Academic items. By combining the power of a comprehensive field test, in-depth research and Pearson’s proven, proprietary automated scoring technologies, PTE Academic fits a critical gap by providing a stateof-the-art test that accurately measures the English language speaking, listening, reading and writing abilities of non-native speakers. Scoring written English skills The written portion of PTE Academic is scored using the Intelligent Essay Assessor™ (IEA), an automated scoring tool that is powered by Pearson’s state-of-the-art Knowledge Analysis Technologies™ (KAT™) engine. Based on more than 20 years of research and development, the KAT engine automatically evaluates the meaning of text by examining whole passages. The KAT engine evaluates writing as accurately as skilled human raters using a proprietary application of the mathematical approach known as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). Using LSA (an approach that generates semantic similarity of words and passages by analyzing large bodies of relevant text) the KAT engine “understands” the meaning of text much the same as a human does. IEA can be tuned to understand and evaluate text in any subject area, and includes built-in detectors for off-topic responses or other situations that may need to be referred to human readers. Research conducted by independent researchers as well as Pearson supports IEA’s reliability for assessing knowledge and knowledge-based reasoning. IEA was developed more than a decade ago and has been used to evaluate millions of essays, from scoring student writing at elementary, secondary and university level, to assessing military leadership skills. Scoring spoken English skills The spoken portion of PTE Academic is automatically scored using Pearson’s Ordinate technology. Ordinate technology is the result of years of research in speech recognition, statistical modeling, linguistics and testing theory. The technology uses a proprietary speech processing system that is specifically designed to analyze and automatically score speech from native and non-native speakers of English. In addition to recognizing words, the system locates and evaluates relevant PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 51 of 71 segments, syllables and phrases in speech and then uses statistical modeling technologies to assess spoken performance. To understand the way that the Ordinate technology is “taught” to score spoken language, think about a person being trained by an expert rater to score speech samples during interviews. First, the expert rater gives the trainee rater a list of things to listen for in the test taker’s speech during the interview. Then the trainee observes the expert testing numerous test takers, and, after each interview, the expert shares with the trainee the score he or she gave the test taker and the characteristics of the performance that led to that score. Over several dozen interviews, the trainee’s scores begin to look very similar to the expert rater’s scores. Ultimately, one could predict the score the trainee would give a particular test taker based on the score that the expert gave. This, in effect, is how the machine is trained to score, only instead of one expert teaching the trainee, there are many expert scorers feeding scores into the system for each response, and instead of a few dozen test takers, the system is trained on thousands of responses from hundreds of test takers. Furthermore, the machine does not need to be told what features of the speech are important; the relevant features and their relative contributions are statistically extracted from the massive set of data when the system is optimized to predict human scores. Ordinate technology powers the Versant™ line of language assessments, which are used by organizations such as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, schools of aviation around the world, the Immigration and Naturalization Service in the Netherlands, and the U.S. Department of Education. Independent studies have demonstrated that Ordinate’s automated scoring system can be more objective and more reliable than many of today’s best human-rated tests, including oneon-one oral proficiency interviews. Further information about automated scoring is available on our website www.pearsonpte.com/Pages/AutomatedScoring.aspx. PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 52 of 71 Spoken samples The PTE Academic automated scoring system correlates highly with human ratings. Studies have been carried out to compare human and machine scores for the speaking item type Describe image using tasks such as the example below. Example Describe image item Samples of test taker responses at B1, B2 and C1 were collected as well as comments from the Language Testing division of Pearson. The ratings on each response include a machine score and scores from at least two human raters. In cases where the two human rater scores differed, an adjudicator was used to provide a third human rating. Scoring The Describe image item is scored on 3 different traits: Traits Maximum raw score Human rating Machine score Content 5 + + Oral fluency 5 + + Pronunciation 5 + + 15 15 15 Maximum item score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 53 of 71 These traits are scored as follows: Content Pronunciation Oral fluency 5: 5 Native-like: 5 Native–like: Describes all elements of the image and their relationships, possible development and conclusion or implications All vowels and consonants are produced in a manner that is easily understood by regular speakers of the language. The speaker uses assimilation and deletions appropriate to continuous speech. Stress is placed correctly in all words and sentence-level stress is fully appropriate Speech shows smooth, rhythm and phrasing. There are no hesitations, repetitions, false starts or non-native phonological simplifications 4: 4 Advanced: 4 Advanced: Describes all the key elements of the image and their relations, referring to their implications or conclusions Vowels and consonants are pronounced clearly and unambiguously. A few minor consonant, vowel or stress distortions do not affect intelligibility. All words are easily understandable. A few consonants or consonant sequences may be distorted. Stress is placed correctly on all common words, and sentence level stress is reasonable Speech has an acceptable rhythm with appropriate phrasing and word emphasis. There is no more than one hesitation, one repetition or a false start. There are no significant nonnative phonological simplifications 3: 3 Good: 3 Good: Deals with most key elements of the image and refers to their implications or conclusions Most vowels and consonants are pronounced correctly. Some consistent errors might make a few words unclear. A few consonants in certain contexts may be regularly distorted, omitted or mispronounced. Stress-dependent vowel reduction may occur on a few words Speech is at an acceptable speed, but may be uneven. There may be more than one hesitation, but most words are spoken in continuous phrases. There are few repetitions or false starts. There are no long pauses and speech does not sound staccato 2: 2 Intermediate: 2 Intermediate: Deals with only one key element in the image and refers to an implication or conclusion. Shows basic understanding of several core elements of the image Some consonants and vowels are consistently mispronounced in a non-native like manner. At least 2/3 of speech is intelligible, but listeners might need to adjust to the accent. Some consonants are regularly omitted, and consonant sequences may be simplified. Stress may be placed incorrectly on some words or be unclear Speech may be uneven or staccato. Speech (if >= 6 words) has at 1: 1 Intrusive: 1 Limited: Describes some basic elements of the image, but does not make clear their interrelations or implications Many consonants and vowels are mispronounced, resulting in a strong intrusive foreign accent. Listeners may have difficulty understanding about 1/3 of the words. Many consonants may be distorted or omitted. Consonant sequences may be non-English. Stress is placed in a non-English manner; unstressed words may be reduced or omitted and a few syllables added or missed Speech has irregular phrasing or sentence rhythm. Poor phrasing, staccato or syllabic timing, and/or multiple hesitations, repetitions, and/or false starts make spoken performance notably uneven or discontinuous. Long utterances may have one or two long pauses and inappropriate sentence-level word emphasis 0: 0 Non-English: 0 Disfluent: Mentions some disjointed elements of the presentation Pronunciation seems completely characteristic of another language. Many consonants and vowels are mispronounced, misordered or omitted. Listeners may find more than 1/2 of the speech unintelligible. Stressed and unstressed syllables are realized in a nonEnglish manner. Several words may have the wrong number of syllables Speech is slow and labored with little discernable phrase grouping, multiple hesitations, pauses, false starts, and/or major phonological simplifications. Most words are isolated, and there may be more than one long pause PTE Academic | Score Guide least one smooth three-word run, and no more than two or three hesitations, repetitions or false starts. There may be one long pause, but not two or more Page 54 of 71 Test Taker responses Test-taker A: mid B1 Level Listen to audio sample ‘Test taker A’ Comment on response The response lacks some of the main contents. Only some obvious information from the graph is addressed. Numerous hesitations, non-native-like pronunciation, poor language use and limited control of grammar structures at times make the response difficult to understand. How the response was scored The table below and subsequent tables under ‘How the response was scored’ show the machine scores and the human ratings that have been assigned to this response. When the cells in the adjudicator column are empty, the adjudicator score does not deviate from the scores given by the first and second human rater. Trait name Maximum raw score Machine score Human rater 1 Human rater 2 Content 5 1.69 2 2 Oral fluency 5 1.62 4 2 Pronunciation 5 1.41 2 2 15 4.72 8 6 Total item score PTE Academic | Score Guide Adjudicator 2 6 Page 55 of 71 Test taker B: mid B2 Level Listen to audio sample ‘Test taker B’ Comment on response The test taker discusses some aspects of the graph and the relationship between elements, though some key points have not been addressed. The rate of speech is acceptable. Language use and vocabulary range are quite weak. There are some obvious grammar errors and inappropriate stress and pronunciation. How the response was scored Trait name Maximum raw score Machine score Human rater 1 Human rater 2 Adjudicator Content 5 2.50 2 3 2 Oral fluency 5 3.71 4 5 3 Pronunciation 5 3.28 3 4 2 15 9.49 9 12 7 Total item score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 56 of 71 Test taker C: mid C1 Level Listen to audio sample ‘Test taker C’ Comment on response The test taker discusses the major aspects of the graph and the relationship between elements. The response is spoken at a fluent rate and language use is appropriate. There are few grammatical errors in the response. The candidate demonstrates a wide range of vocabulary. Stress is appropriately placed. How the response was scored Trait name Maximum raw score Machine score Human rater 1 Human rater 2 Adjudicator Content 5 2.70 3 4 3 Oral fluency 5 4.03 4 5 4 Pronunciation 5 4.02 5 4 4 15 10.75 12 13 11 Total item score PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 57 of 71 Overall performance rating As can be seen from the scoring tables on the responses presented, the human ratings at trait level differed up to two score points out of six possible scoring categories (0 - 5). The two graphs below show the level of agreement of the total item score (sum of traits) of the human raters (graph on the left) and the agreement of the machine score with the average of the human ratings (graph on the right). The total item scores are rendered as a proportion of the total maximum item score (15) for the item. The human ratings vary substantially, especially for the B2 candidate, from a score that is only slightly higher than the score given to the B1 test taker, to a score that is close to the one given to the C1 test taker. Note that these ratings were given by trained raters who had all recently passed a rater’s exam. This example is therefore not typical for the human rating in general, but it shows that in some instances, especially for spoken responses, human raters have a hard time deciding on the most fitting score. The automatic scoring system that has been trained on more than 100 human raters agrees quite well with the average human rating as shown in the graph on the right. The machine-human comparison is part of the validation studies based on the field test responses for speaking, where 450,000 spoken responses were collected and scored, generating more than 1 million human ratings. The correlation between the human raw scores and the machine-generated scores for the overall measure of speaking was 0.89. In order to neutralize the effect of differences in severity amongst human raters, the human scores were scaled using Item Response Theory (IRT). The correlation with the machine scores then increases to 0.96. The reliability of the measure of speaking in PTE Academic is 0.91. Score type Human-human Machine-human Raw scores 0.87 0.89 IRT scaled 0.90 0.96 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 58 of 71 Written samples The PTE Academic automated scoring system correlates highly with average human ratings. Studies were carried out to compare human and machine scores for the writing item type Write essay, using tasks such as the example below. Example Write essay item ‘Tobacco’ From the studies using these items, samples of test taker responses at B1, B2 and C1 are given as well as a comment from the Language Testing division of Pearson. Ratings on each response are provided including a machine score and scores from at least two human raters. In cases where the two human rater scores differed, an adjudicator was used to provide a third human rating. Scoring The item type Write essay is scored on 7 different traits: Traits Maximum raw score Human rating Machine score Content 3 + + Form 2 Development, structure and coherence 2 + + Grammar 2 + + General linguistic range 2 + + Vocabulary range 2 + + Spelling 2 Maximum item score 15 + + 11 15 The form and spelling traits do not require human ratings for training the automatic scoring systems as they can be objectively scored. It can be assumed (if the human raters work error-free) that the human rating on these two traits would have been identical to the machine score. To make the total score from human rating comparable to the machine score, we need to take the score as a proportion of the maximum obtainable score by dividing the observed total score by the maximum possible score. An item is not scored if the test taker’s response does not meet the minimum requirements for the traits content and form (i.e., when a test taker scores 0 for content and/or form). PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 59 of 71 The traits are scored as follows: Content Development, structure and coherence Form Grammar 3: Adequately deals with the prompt 2: Deals with the prompt but does not deal with one minor aspect 2: 2: 2: Length is between 200 and 300 words Shows good development and logical structure Shows consistent grammatical control of complex language. Errors are rare and difficult to spot 1: Deals with the prompt but omits one major aspect or more than one minor aspect 1: 1: 1: Length is between 120 and 199 or between 301 and 380 words Is incidentally less well structured, and some elements or paragraphs are poorly linked Shows a relatively high degree of grammatical control. No mistakes which would lead to misunderstandings 0: Does not deal properly with the prompt 0: 0: 0: Length is less than 120 or more than 380 words. Essay is written in capital letters, contains no punctuation or only consists of bullet points or very short sentences Lacks coherence and mainly consists of lists or loose elements Contains mainly simple structures and/or several basic mistakes General linguistic range Vocabulary range Spelling 2: 2: 2: Exhibits mastery of a wide range of language to formulate thoughts precisely, give emphasis, differentiate and eliminate ambiguity. No sign that the test taker is restricted in what they want to communicate Good command of a broad lexical repertoire, idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms Correct spelling 1: 1: 1: Sufficient range of language to provide clear descriptions, express viewpoints and develop arguments Shows a good range of vocabulary for matters connected to general academic topics. Lexical shortcomings lead to circumlocution or some imprecision One spelling error 0: 0: 0: Contains mainly basic language and lacks precision Contains mainly basic vocabulary insufficient to deal with the topic at the required level More than one spelling error PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 60 of 71 Test Taker Responses Test taker A: mid B1 Level Tobacco, mainly in the form of cigarettes, is one of the most widely-used drugs in the world. Over a billion adults legally smoke tobacco everyday. Recently, it is not only the adult. Even the high school students or college students smoke just because they want to know how it feels. It is also not limited by gender. Lots of women are smokers. Even the old people still smoke, as if they do not care about their healthy. Become a smoker is like make someone just care about the good feeling of smoking and makes them to forget the risks they will face in the future. The long term health costs are high - for smokers themselves, and for the wider community in temrs of health care costs and lost productivity. The worst risk that the smokers will face is lung cancer, which can cause death. The governments have a legitimate role to legislate to protect citizens from the harmful effects of their own decisions to smoke. For example they make rule about no smoking area, in the street, and public place. But it also the decisions of each individual wheter they want to continue their life as a smoker and take all the risk, or stop and learn to life healthier. (211 words) Comment on response The response is a simple essay which gives a minimal answer to the question. The argument contains insufficient supporting ideas. The structure is lacking in logic and coherence. There is frequent misuse of grammar and vocabulary. Vocabulary range is limited and inappropriate at times. How the response was scored The table below and subsequent ones under ‘How the response was scored’ show the machine scores and the human ratings that have been assigned to this response. When the cells in the adjudicator column are empty, the adjudicator score does not deviate from the scores given by the first and second human rater. Trait name Maximum raw score Machine score Human rater 1 Human rater 2 Adjudicator Content 2 1.80 2 2 Development, structure and coherence 2 1.35 0 1 Form 2 2.00 n/a n/a General linguistic Range 2 1.03 1 1 Grammar 2 1.07 1 1 Spelling 2 0.00 n/a n/a Vocabulary range 2 0.93 1 2 1 Total item score 14 8.18 5 7 6 PTE Academic | Score Guide 1 Page 61 of 71 Test taker B: mid B2 Level In my opinion it should be a combined effort of both government and an individual. In some countries specially in UK, government is tring to impose laws and regulations which discourage smoking, for example the law which prohibits smoking in pubs, bars and public areas. Also there are TV commercials and banners which explain the long term effects of smoking. As a result there has been some reduction in the number of people smoking before the law and now. But this effort is not enough. Uptil and unless an individual doesnt makes an effort himself the problem cannot be solved. One has to have control of his own body and will power to over come this habit turned necessity of the body. There has been a significant increase in amount of people who are approching mediacl practioners and NHS to help them to overcome this problem. There are also some NGO’s who are working in this field. \n\nI think if we can spread awarness about the ill effects of smoking to teenagers, there will be less number of people who start smoking at the first place. It is a collective responsibilty of government and parents as well. To conclude i can say that youngsters are the people who get facinated by the whole idea of smoking, thus this concept should be changed by the efforts of government, media and by us as an individual. (234 words) Comment on response A systematic argument with appropriate highlighting of significant points and relevant supporting detail has been developed. Ability to evaluate different ideas or solutions to a problem has been demonstrated. However, some obvious grammar errors and inappropriate use of vocabulary can be found. There are also quite a number of spelling errors. How the response was scored Trait name Maximum raw score Machine score Human rater 1 Human rater 2 Adjudicator Content 2 2.25 3 1 2 Development, structure and coherence 2 1.17 2 1 2 Form 2 2.00 n/a n/a General linguistic range 2 1.42 1 1 Grammar 2 1.68 1 2 Spelling 2 0.00 n/a n/a Vocabulary range 2 1.32 1 1 Total item score 14 9.84 8 6 PTE Academic | Score Guide 3 9 Page 62 of 71 Test taker B: mid C1 Level Outlawing tobacco use would create unprecedented controversy. Billions of people worldwide smoke; whether they are chain smokers or recreational smokers. Also, there are several multimillion dollar cigarette companies that will also suffer many consequences if tobacco use is made illegal. We must also consider the thousands of employees who will be left unemployed if such a legislation is made. Unfortunately, it is an industry that makes ridiculous amounts of money for many people, so the likelihood of banning it is minimal. Nonetheless, it is a change that would benefit society on many levels in the long run. Smoking causes so many health care issues, so if smoking is made illegal, morbidity and mortality rates would be reduced significantly. Quality of life will be improved dramatically, and it will allow more people to enjoy their lives significantly longer. Legislators must also consider the rights of the individual. Should’nt every individual have the right to choose how they treat their body? The government can argue that these individuals may do as they wish, but then they must also suffer the consequences without government funding. They must take full responsibility for any health issues developed as a result of tobacco use, and not expect medicare or health insurance to cover costs caused by their own irresponsible negligent decisions. In essence, if individuals wish to make their own decisions to smoke, they must consider all the possible outcomes, and be willing to deal with these outcomes accordingly. (243 words) Comment on response Clear, well-structured exposition on the topic which touches upon the relevant issues. Points of view are given at some length with subsidiary points. Reasons and relevant examples are demonstrated. General linguistic range and vocabulary range are excellent. Phrasing and word choice is appropriate. There are very few grammar errors. Spelling is excellent. How the response was scored Trait name Maximum raw score Machine score Human rater 1 Human rater 2 Adjudicator Content 2 2.74 1 2 Development, structure and coherence 2 1.97 2 2 Form 2 2.00 n/a n/a General linguistic range 2 2.00 2 2 Grammar 2 1.70 2 2 Spelling 2 1.00 n/a n/a Vocabulary range 2 1.82 1 2 2 Total item score 14 13.23 8 10 11 PTE Academic | Score Guide 3 Page 63 of 71 Overall performance rating As can be seen from the scoring tables on the essay responses, the machine scores correspond closely to the average human score. Although there is some variation at the trait level, the total item scores agree to a high degree. To illustrate this agreement the graph below shows the machine scores and the average human scores. The graph illustrates the total (proportional) item score from the machine and from the human ratings for the essay responses. The results show that the machine generated total item scores are closely aligned with the average over the human ratings. The machine-human comparison is part of the validation studies based on the field test responses for writing, where 50,000 written responses were collected and scored, generating about 0.6 million human ratings. The correlation between the human raw scores and the machine-generated scores for the overall measure of writing was 0.88. In order to neutralize the effect of differences in severity amongst human raters, the human scores were scaled using IRT. The correlation with the machine scores then increases to 0.93. The reliability of the measure of writing in PTE Academic is 0.89. Score Type Human-Human Machine-Human Raw scores 0.87 088 IRT scaled 0.90 0.93 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 64 of 71 7 References Using PTE Academic scores American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (1986) ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. Hastings-on-Hudson, NY American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (1999) ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines Speaking, (Revised), actfl.org/files/public/Guidelinesspeak.pdf (retrieved 2009-08-08) American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (2001) ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines Writing, Revised actfl.org/files/public/writingguidelines.pdf (retrieved 2009-08-08) Council of Europe (2001) Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching Assessment Cambridge: CUP National Council of State Supervisors for Languages (2008) Linguafolio Self-Assessment Grid, ncssfl.org/links/LFGrid.pdf (retrieved 2009-08-08) Concordance to other tests Cassady, Jerrell C. (2001) Self-Reported GPA and SAT Scores. ERIC Digest. ERIC Identifier: ED458216 Council of Europe (2001) Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge: CUP ETS (2001) TOEFL Institutional Testing Program (ITP) and TOEIC Institutional Program (IP): Two On-Site Testing Tools from ETS at a Glance. Handout Berlin Conference 2001. Princeton: Educational Testing Service ETS (2005) TOEFL ® Internet-based test: Score comparison tables. Princeton: Educational Testing Service Linacre, J.M (1988; 2005) A Computer Program for the Analysis of Multi-Faceted Data. Chicago, IL: Mesa Press PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 65 of 71 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 66 of 71 PTE Academic | Score Guide Page 67 of 71
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