Perform3D User Guide

• Title page
• Copyright
• Disclaimer
• Acknowledg ments
• Contents
• Chapter 1 Overview
  • 1.1 Screen Layout
  • 1.2 Structures
  • 1.3 Phases
  • 1.4 Modeling Phase
  • 1.5 Analysis Phase
  • 1.6 View Direction and Perspective
  • 1.7 Reports
    • 1.7.1 Printed Reports
    • 1.7.2 Saving Results to a File
    • 1.7.3 ECHO File
    • 1.7.4 Direct Access to Results Files
  • 1.8 Reporting Errors
  • 1.9 Some Things to Keep in Mind
• Chapter 2 Structures, Folders and Files
  • 2.1 List of Folders
  • 2.2 Saving and Opening a Structure
    • 2.2.1 Saving a Structure
    • 2.2.2 Opening a Structure
  • 2.3 Location of ECHO file
  • 2.4 Moving or Copying a Project or Structure
  • 2.5 Other Folders
    • 2.5.1 Records Folder
    • 2.5.2 RecordsF Folder
    • 2.5.3 Spectra Folder
    • 2.5.4 User Folder
  • 2.6 Do Folder Locations Matter?
• Chapter 3 Nodes
  • 3.1 Methods for Specifying Nodes
  • 3.2 Zooming
  • 3.3 Closely Spaced Nodes
  • 3.4 Supports
  • 3.5 Masses
  • 3.6 Slaving Constraints
    • 3.6.1 General
    • 3.6.2 Rigid Floor Constraint
    • 3.6.3 Full Rigid Link Constraint
    • 3.6.4 Eccentric Connection Constraint
    • 3.6.5 Equal Displacement Constraint
• Chapter 4 Frames
  • 4.1 Plotting of Nodes and Elements
  • 4.2 Defining a Frame
  • 4.3 Duplicating a Frame
• Chapter 5 Component Properties
  • 5.1 Elements and Components
  • 5.2 Procedure for Specifying Components
    • 5.2.1 Scope
    • 5.2.2 Component Types and Names
    • 5.2.3 Materials
    • 5.2.4 Beam and Column Cross Sections
    • 5.2.5 Fiber Cross Sections for Walls
    • 5.2.6 Fiber Cross Sections for Frame Elements
    • 5.2.7 Basic Structural Components
    • 5.2.8 Plot Hysteresis Loops
    • 5.2.9 Strength Sections
    • 5.2.10 Frame Compound Components
    • 5.2.11 Shear Wall Compound Components
    • 5.2.12 General Wall Compound Components
    • 5.2.13 Viscous Bar and BRB Compound Components
  • 5.3 Managing Component Properties
    • 5.3.1 General
    • 5.3.2 Filter
    • 5.3.3 Purge
    • 5.3.4 Use Cross Section Strengths
    • 5.3.5 Save As
    • 5.3.6 Copy-Paste
  • 5.4 Printed Reports
  • 5.5 F-D Relationship
    • 5.5.1 Actions and Deformations
    • 5.5.2 Actual Components
    • 5.5.3 PERFORM F-D Relationship
    • 5.5.4 E-P-P and Bilinear Relationships
    • 5.5.5 Additional Parallel Stiffness
  • 5.6 Strength Loss
    • 5.6.1 General
    • 5.6.2 Total Strength Loss at X Point
    • 5.6.3 Strength Loss Interaction
  • 5.7 A Warning on Strength Loss
    • 5.7.1 General
    • 5.7.2 Components in Parallel
    • 5.7.3 Components in Series
    • 5.7.4 Effect on Analysis Method
    • 5.7.5 Hinge Strength Loss in a Compound Component
  • 5.8 Column Ductile Limit Depends on Axial Force
    • 5.8.1 Effect to be Modeled
    • 5.8.2 FEMA 356 Requirements
    • 5.8.3 PERFORM Implementation of Variable Ductile Limit
    • 5.8.4 Procedure
  • 5.9 Deformation and Strength Capacities
    • 5.9.1 General
    • 5.9.2 Demand and Capacity
    • 5.9.3 Deformation Capacities
    • 5.9.4 Drift Capacities
    • 5.9.5 Strength Capacities
    • 5.9.6 Overview of Limit States and Usage Ratios
    • 5.9.7 Note on Maximum Demand-Capacity Ratio
  • 5.10 Beam or Column Shear Strength Depends on Hinge Rotation
    • 5.10.1 General
    • 5.10.2 PERFORM Implementation
    • 5.10.3 Procedure for Strength Section Properties
    • 5.10.4 Procedure for Frame Compound Component
  • 5.11 Cyclic Degradation
    • 5.11.1 Backbone Relationship
    • 5.11.2 Hysteresis Loops
    • 5.11.3 Dynamic Analysis
    • 5.11.4 Procedure for Degradation Factors
    • 5.11.5 Push-Over Analysis
  • 5.12 Control of Hysteresis Loop Shape
    • 5.12.1 Alternative Loops
    • 5.12.2 E-P-P Relationship
    • 5.12.3 Trilinear Relationship After U Point
    • 5.12.4 Procedure for Unloading Stiffness Factor
  • 5.13 Cross Sections
    • 5.13.1 The Role of Cross Sections
    • 5.13.2 Beam and Column Sections
    • 5.13.3 Fiber Cross Sections for Beams and Columns
    • 5.13.4 Fiber Cross Sections for Walls
    • 5.13.5 Other Sections
  • 5.14 Using Cross Section Dimensions
    • 5.14.1 General
    • 5.14.2 Length of Uniform X-Section Segment
    • 5.14.3 Tributary Length for a Curvature Hinge
  • 5.15 "Auto" Components
    • 5.15.1 Auto End Zones for Beams and Columns
    • 5.15.2 Auto Panel Zones in Steel Frames
    • 5.15.3 Panel Zone Limit States
  • 5.16 Upper and Lower Bounds
    • 5.16.1 Overview
    • 5.16.2 Procedure for Specifying Upper/Lower Bounds
    • 5.16.3 Procedure for Using Upper/Lower Bounds
• Chapter 6 Elements
  • 6.1 Element Types
    • 6.1.1 General
    • 6.1.2 Simple Bar Elements
    • 6.1.3 Beam Elements
    • 6.1.4 Column Elements
    • 6.1.5 Brace/Other Frame Elements
    • 6.1.6 Shear Wall Elements
    • 6.1.7 General Wall Elements
    • 6.1.8 Infill Panel Elements
    • 6.1.9 Connection Panel Zone Elements
    • 6.1.10 BRB Elements
    • 6.1.11 Viscous Bar Elements
    • 6.1.12 Seismic Isolator Elements
    • 6.1.13 Slab/Shell Elements
    • 6.1.14 Support Spring Elements
    • 6.1.15 Deformation Gage Elements
  • 6.2 Specifying Elements
    • 6.2.1 Element Groups
    • 6.2.2 Steps
    • 6.2.3 Start a New Element Group
    • 6.2.4 Add Elements
    • 6.2.5 Parallel Elements
    • 6.2.6 Delete Elements
  • 6.3 Element Orientations
  • 6.4 Element Properties
  • 6.5 Moving Elements Between Groups
  • 6.6 P-, P- and Large Displacement Effects
    • 6.6.1 General
    • 6.6.2 P- vs. True Large Displacements
    • 6.6.3 P- Effect
    • 6.6.4 Do You Need To Consider P- Effects?
    • 6.6.5 Axial Shortening Due to Bending
    • 6.6.6 PERFORM Options
• Chapter 7 Load Patterns
  • 7.1 Pattern Types and Restrictions
  • 7.2 Nodal Load Patterns
  • 7.3 Element Load Patterns
  • 7.4 Self Weight Load Patterns
• Chapter 8 Drifts and Deflections
  • 8.1 Drifts
    • 8.1.1 Simple Drift
    • 8.1.2 Distortion Drift
    • 8.1.3 Procedure for Specifying a Drift
    • 8.1.4 Reference Drift
  • 8.2 Deflections
• Chapter 9 Structure Sections
  • 9.1 Concept
  • 9.2 Specifying Element Cuts
  • 9.3 Shear Strength for a Wall Section
  • 9.4 Section Groups and Strength Limit States
  • 9.5 Moment, Shear and D/C Ratio Diagrams
    • 9.5.1 Procedure
    • 9.5.2 Save D/C Values to a File
    • 9.5.3 Signs and Sign Reversal
• Chapter 10 Limit States and Usage Ratios
  • 10.1 Limit State Types
  • 10.2 Deformation Limit States
  • 10.3 Strength Limit States
  • 10.4 Drift Limit States
  • 10.5 Deflection Limit States
  • 10.6 Structure Section Limit States
  • 10.7 Limit State Groups
• Chapter 11 Inactive Elements
  • 11.1 Inactive Elements
  • 11.2 Procedure
• Chapter 12 Gravity Load Cases
  • 12.1 Gravity Loads
  • 12.2 Procedure
    • 12.2.1 Steps
    • 12.2.2 Number of Load Steps
    • 12.2.3 Maximum Number of Events
    • 12.2.4 Initial Step to First Event
    • 12.2.5 Analysis Limit State
• Chapter 13 Static Push-Over Load Cases
  • 13.1 Push-Over Loads
    • 13.1.1 Load Distribution and Magnitude
    • 13.1.2 Choice of Load Distribution
    • 13.1.3 Load Distribution Based on Mode Shapes
    • 13.1.4 Linear Analysis Option
  • 13.2 Procedure
    • 13.2.1 Steps
    • 13.2.2 Reference Drift
    • 13.2.3 Number of Steps
    • 13.2.4 Maximum Number of Events
    • 13.2.5 Initial Step to First Event
    • 13.2.6 Analysis Limit State
  • 13.3 Loads Based on Mode Shapes
    • 13.3.1 Symmetrical Structure
    • 13.3.2 Unsymmetrical Structure or Diagonal Push-Over
    • 13.3.3 Other Key Points
• Chapter 14 Dynamic Earthquake Load Cases
  • 14.1 Earthquake Loads
  • 14.2 Procedure
    • 14.2.1 Steps
    • 14.2.2 Total Time
    • 14.2.3 Time Step
    • 14.2.4 Maximum Number of Events
    • 14.2.5 Save Interval
    • 14.2.6 Analysis Limit State
• 15 Earthquake Records
  • 15.1 Organization
    • 15.1.1 Overall Steps
    • 15.1.2 Organization of Earthquake Records
    • 15.1.3 Copying Earthquake Records
  • 15.2 Setting Up a New Earthquake Record
    • 15.2.1 Text File Format
    • 15.2.2 Adding A New Record
  • 15.3 Reviewing Existing Records
• Chapter 16 Dynamic Force Load Cases and Analysis
  • 16.1 Purpose and Overall Procedure
    • 16.1.1 Purpose
    • 16.1.2 Overall Procedure
  • 16.2 Organization of Dynamic Force Records
    • 16.2.1 RecordsF Folder
    • 16.2.2 Steps for Setting Up Dynamic Force Records
    • 16.2.3 Copying Dynamic Force Records
  • 16.3 Setting Up a New Dynamic Force Record
    • 16.3.1 Text File Format
    • 16.3.2 Adding a New Record
  • 16.4 Reviewing Existing Records
  • 16.5 Dynamic Force Load Cases
    • 16.5.1 Load Cases
  • 16.6 Multi-Support Earthquake Analysis
    • 16.6.1 Purpose
    • 16.6.2 Analysis Method
    • 16.6.3 Imposed Dynamic Support Displacements
    • 16.6.4 Ground Displacements
    • 16.6.5 Ground Displacement Records
    • 16.6.6 Alpha-M Damping
    • 16.6.7 Results Interpretation
• Chapter 17 Analysis Series
  • 17.1 Analysis Series Concept
    • 17.1.1 Concept
    • 17.1.2 Procedure
  • 17.2 Basic Parameters and Masses
    • 17.2.1 Event Overshoot Factor
  • 17.3 Damping
    • 17.3.1 General
    • 17.3.2 Procedure for Modal Damping
    • 17.3.3 Procedure for Rayleigh Damping
  • 17.4 Procedure for Using Upper/Lower Bounds
  • 17.5 Quick'n'Dirty
• Chapter 18 "Elastic" Viscous Damping
  • 18.1 Modal Damping
    • 18.1.1 Damping Matrix
    • 18.1.2 Physical Interpretation
  • 18.2 Rayleigh Damping
    • 18.2.1 Rayleigh Damping Model
    • 18.2.2 Implied Modal Damping Ratio for Linear Analysis
    • 18.2.3 Implied Damping for Nonlinear Analysis
    • 18.2.4 PERFORM Implementation
    • 18.2.5 Procedure for Specifying Rayleigh Damping
    • 18.2.6 Special Assumption for Concrete Fibers
    • 18.2.7 Alternative Procedure for Base Isolation
  • 18.3 A Case Where Modal vs. Rayleigh Damping May Be Substantially Different : Coupled Shear Walls
  • 18.4 Combined Modal and Rayleigh Damping
• Chapter 19 General Load Sequence
  • 1.1 Standard and General Load Sequences
  • 1.2 Points to Note for General Sequence
    • 19.1.1 General Push-Over and Target Displacement Plots
    • 19.1.2 Unload Push-Over Load Case Type
    • 19.1.3 Analysis Limit State
    • 19.1.4 Controlled Drifts
    • 19.1.5 Removing Gravity Loads
    • 19.1.6 Return To Static State After Dynamic Analysis
    • 19.1.7 Graphs That Cover Several Analyses
    • 19.1.8 Inactive Elements
• Chapter 20 Running Analyses
  • 20.1 Steps for Running Analyses
  • 20.2 Adding and Deleting Analyses
• Chapter 21 Mode Shapes
  • 21.1 Plotting Mode Shapes
  • 21.2 Using Mode Shapes for Push-Over Analysis
  • 21.3 Vertical Masses
• Chapter 22 Response Spectrum Analysis
  • 22.1 Response Spectrum Load Cases
    • 22.1.1 Spectra
    • 22.1.2 Response Spectrum Load Cases
  • 22.2 Response Spectrum Analyses
    • 22.2.1 Run Analysis
    • 22.2.2 Analysis Results
    • 22.2.3 Lateral Load Patterns from Analysis Results
• Chapter 23 Energy Balance
  • 23.1 Types of Energy
    • 23.1.1 Dynamic Analysis
    • 23.1.2 Static Analysis
    • 23.1.3 Calculation of Inelastic and Strain Energies
  • 23.2 Energy Plots
    • 23.2.1 Complete Structure
    • 23.2.2 Inelastic Energies in Element Groups
    • 23.2.3 -K Energies in Element Groups
    • 23.2.4 Energy Error
  • 23.3 Approximate Damping Ratio
    • 23.3.1 Overview
    • 23.3.2 Theory
    • 23.3.3 Procedure
• Chapter 24 Deflected Shape Plots
  • 24.1 Deflected Shape
  • 24.2 Procedure
    • 24.2.1 Deflected Shape Only
    • 24.2.2 Deflected Shape with Usage Ratio Coloring
    • 24.2.3 Some Points on Components vs. Entire Element
    • 24.2.4 Other Aspects
    • 24.2.5 Save Usage Ratios to a File
• Chapter 25 Time History Plots
  • 25.1 Plot History for a Single Node
    • 25.1.1 Options
    • 25.1.2 Procedure
    • 25.1.3 Save Plotted History to a File
  • 25.2 Save Histories for Multiple Nodes
  • 25.3 Plot History for a Single Element
    • 25.3.1 Procedure
    • 25.3.2 Save Plotted History to a File
  • 25.4 Save Histories for Multiple Elements
  • 25.5 Drift or Deflection Histories
  • 25.6 Structure Section Force Histories
  • 25.7 Plot Section Results for Multiple Load Cases
    • 25.7.1 Purpose
    • 25.7.2 Procedure
• Chapter 26 Hysteresis Loop Plots
  • 26.1 Purpose
  • 26.2 Procedure
  • 26.3 Cut-Off Corners
  • 26.4 Save Loops to a File
• Chapter 27 Moment and Shear Diagrams
  • 27.1 Detailed Results for a Single Element
    • 27.1.1 Element Selection
    • 27.1.2 Element Loads Option
    • 27.1.3 Moment and Shear Envelopes Option
    • 27.1.4 Moment and Shear Histories Option
    • 27.1.5 Deflected Shapes Option
  • 27.2 Moment and Shear Diagrams for a Line of Elements
  • 27.3 Moment and Shear Diagrams Based on Structure Sections
• Chapter 28 General Push-Over Plots
  • 28.1 Overview
    • 28.1.1 Available Methods
    • 28.1.2 Differences Among Methods
    • 28.1.3 Some Key Points
    • 28.1.4 Main Steps
  • 28.2 Procedure for Defining Response Spectra
    • 28.2.1 Spectrum Types
    • 28.2.2 Add or Edit a Spectrum
    • 28.2.3 Copy Spectra from a Different Structure
  • 28.3 Procedure for Capacity and Demand Curves
    • 28.3.1 Choose Task
    • 28.3.2 Plot Capacity Curve
    • 28.3.3 Sa vs. Sd Option
    • 28.3.4 Spectral Acceleration Capacity
    • 28.3.5 Define Trial Points
    • 28.3.6 Period Calculation
    • 28.3.7 Choose Push-Over Method and Response Spectrum
    • 28.3.8 Plot Demand Curve
    • 28.3.9 Capacity Curve Scaling for Sensitivity Studies
  • 28.4 Performance Evaluation
  • 28.5 Consistency
    • 28.5.1 General
    • 28.5.2 Calculation of Spectral Displacement
    • 28.5.3 Suggested Methods
    • 28.5.4 A Reason for Using Sa vs. Sd Option
  • 28.6 Energy Dissipation and Damping
    • 28.6.1 General
    • 28.6.2 Stiffness and Degradation and Energy Ratio
    • 28.6.3 Equivalent Damping Ratio
    • 28.6.4 Degradation in Push-Over Methods
    • 28.6.5 PERFORM Method for Energy Ratio
    • 28.6.6 Extra Damping from Fluid Dampers
    • 28.6.7 Strength Loss and Degradation
  • 28.7 Theory for Relationship Between Sa and H
    • 28.7.1 General
    • 28.7.2 Special Case With Modal Load and Displaced Shape
    • 28.7.3 General Case Where Load Matches Displaced Shape
    • 28.7.4 Case Where Load Does Not Match Displaced Shape
• Chapter 29 Target Displacement Plot
  • 29.1 Target Displacement Method
    • 29.1.1 Concept
    • 29.1.2 Target Drift
    • 29.1.3 Spectral Drift
    • 29.1.4 Factor C0
    • 29.1.5 Factor C1
    • 29.1.6 Factor C2
    • 29.1.7 Factor C3
  • 29.2 PERFORM Implementation
• Chapter 30 Usage Ratio Graphs
  • 30.1 Usage Ratios
  • 30.2 Procedure
• Chapter 31 Load Case Combinations and Envelopes.
  • 31.1 Overview
    • 31.1.1 Main Steps
    • 31.1.2 Load Case Combinations
    • 31.1.3 Combination Methods
  • 31.2 Procedure
    • 31.2.1 Load Combinations
    • 31.2.2 Usage Ratios for Structure
    • 31.2.3 Usage Ratios for Elements
• Chapter 32 Importing/Exporting Structure Data
  • 32.1 Importing Structure Data
    • 32.1.1 Text Files
    • 32.1.2 File for Elements (with Optional Nodes)
    • 32.1.3 File for Nodes
    • 32.1.4 File for Nodal Masses
    • 32.1.5 File for Nodal Loads
  • 32.2 Note on Element Import
  • 32.3 Import and Export Procedures
    • 32.3.1 Import
    • 32.3.2 Export
  • 32.4 Component Properties Export/Import
    • 32.4.1 General
    • 32.4.2 Export/Import Steps
• 33 Procedure For Reporting Errors
  • 33.1 Reporting Errors
  • 33.2 Procedure For Sending Files
    • 33.2.1 Structure Data
    • 33.2.2 Send As An Email Attachment
    • 33.2.3 Upload to FTP Site