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01 DAILY REVIEW
Daily review is an important component of instruction. It helps
strengthen the connections of the material learned. Automatic recall
frees working memory for problem solving and creativity.
MON TU WE TH FR
02 NEW MATERIALS IN SMALL STEPS
Our working memory is small, only handling a few bits of
information at once. Avoid its overload — present new material in
small steps and proceed only when first steps are mastered.
03 ASK QUESTIONS
The most successul
teachers spend more than
half the class time
lecturing, demonstrating
and asking questions.
Questions allow the
teacher to determine how
well the material is
learned.
04 PROVIDE MODELS
Students need cognitive support to help them learn how to solve
problems. Modelling, worked examples and teacher thinking out loud
help clarify the specific steps involved.
05 GUIDE STUDENT PRACTICE
Students need additional time to rephrase, elaborate and
summarise new material in order to store it in their long-term
memory. More successful teachers built in more time for this.
06 CHECK STUDENT UNDERSTANDING
Less successful teachers merely ask “Are there any questions?”
No questions are taken to mean no problems. False. By contrast,
more successful teachers check on all students.
07 OBTAIN HIGH SUCCESS RATE
A success rate of around 80% has been found to be optimal,
showing students are learning and also being challenged.
Better teachers taught in small steps followed by practice.
08 SCAFFOLDS FOR DIFFICULT TASKS
Scaffolds are temporary
supports to assist learning.
They can include modelling,
teacher thinking aloud, cue
cards and checklists. Scaffolds
are part of cognitive
apprenticeship.
09 INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
Independent practice produces ‘overlearning’ — a necessary process
for new material to be recalled automatically. This ensures no
overloading of students’ working memory.
10 WEEKLY & MONTHLY REVIEW
The effort involved in recalling recently-learned material embeds it
in long-term memory. And the more this happens, the easier it is to
connect new material to such prior knowledge.
WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK
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THE PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUCTION Taken from THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION
By BARAK ROSENSHINE
Based on strategies to optimise how we acquire and use new information
Summarised by Oliver Caviglioli | @olivercavigliol | teachinghow2s.com

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