Remex_RFD4000_RFD4001_8_Inch_Product_Reference_Manual Remex RFD4000 RFD4001 8 Inch Product Reference Manual
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SEC'I10N 1
CENERAL DESCRIP'IIOK
EQUIPME~T
1. 1
DESCRIPTION
'The REMEX RFD400Q,and:;.R.FIl,4.,O.ql.".)l;~~~J,t~~,,~.R::~!.~~,",,~;:"~ 8 . small, portable. doubleheaded direct access storage devices which" ut:'illze i('i"em'oval$le" two";:s1d~t;l"
flexible diskette as the storage medium . . See Figure 1-1. The mechanis~ consists of a belt driven spindle, spindle motor, two read/.7ite heads and 8
split band stepping motor drive system for positioning the heads. The drive
also uses B light emitting ~iode and phototransistor for index sensing, and 8
printed circuit board to provide all. required internal electronic functions.
The RFD4000 and RFD4QOl are identical except the RFD4001 provides for data and
clock separation from the data stream. The RFD2000 is identical to the RFD4000
except data is recorded only on one side; similarly the RFD2001 is identical to
the RFD4001 for the same reason. All information given in this manual is
identical to all four drives unless specifically noted.
~gnetic
data is ~itten on or read from the diskette surface by one of two
heads ~hich are positioned to concentric tracks on the diskette
surface by means of the steyper motor. The diskette spindle is belt driven
at 360 RPM by a drive motor.
read/~~ite
Figure 1-1.
RTD4000 Diskette Drive • .The Rr-n4001» RI~2000 and
RFD2001 BTe Identical in Outward Appesrance.
R.1"DLoOOO AND RFD2000 FEATURES
1. 1 • 1
All units provide physical and electrical interface compatibility with the
Shugart SA 850R/851R ~1th the exception of the LO~ Ct~RENT input which is
used on the R£MEX drives_ The use of the ~ CURREh~ input provides improved
data integrity compared to limilar models by other manufacturer.. The RFD4000
and RFD4001 are media compatible with the .ingle-sided IBM 33FD drives and
two-sided IBM 43FD drives. Read/Write/Erase head geometry 11 identical to
that in IBM diskette drives and the mechanism for positioning the head meets
the precise requirements of track location. thereby alloving complete diskette
interchangeability. For applications where IBM format compatibility is not a
requirement. storage capacity ~y be increased by the use of hard-.ectored
diskettes._.c:t;:·r6.Q,,~lb.Ae,,~~~"~,1.:ty,e..!l,c.o~ing.
The drive employs specially designed
electronics which allows data capacity of·' tvice·thatused '·insingle,de.nsi:.ty!
recording techniques.
Drive select code ,circuitry 1s provided which allows the address code of an
individual drive to be selected by a jumper. Up to four drives msy be
connected in parallel. This feature eliminates the unit select decode circuitry from the host system and makes it possible for the user to change the
drive address without .physica1ly removing the drives and interchanging them.
Unit select line features allows bussing of up to four drives on a ribbon
cable.
The heads are ceramic and are positioned on a lightweight head carriage.
The bottom head is fixed while the top head is mounted on a movable head
load arm which provides less wear and higher overall reliability. Other
features include automatic erase control which eliminates the need for
erase gate electronics in the host system and a head load indicator, installed on the front panel, which is lit when the head is loaded.
1.1.2
RFD4001 AND RFD2001 FEATURES
.,-
The RFD4001 and RFD2001 contain the same features as described in Section 1.1.1
-for the RFD4000 and RFD2000 except for a built in data and sector separator
that provides separate output lines for sector signals ~en a 33 hole media is
used and provides separate output lines for Data and Clock signals. In the
RFD4000 and RFD2000 data and clock signals are contained in the Read Data
out put 6,.;Jeam.
1.1.3
OPTIONS, FA.crORY INSTALLED
The follo_~ng options are available on all four model drives. A more complete
description of each option is included in Section 3.5. In addition certain
modifications are available for optional voltages and drive actors. See
Section 1.8 and Table 1-2 which describes ho~ these options are incorpor8ted
into the model number.
8.
Modification for 100/115/230 VAC. operation of a
Bynchronous motor.
1.1.4
OPTIONS, CUSTOMER INSTALLED
Several options can be implemented by' the customer 80 that the diskette
drives function differ~ntly than that described for the standard unit.
Certain traces are added or subtracted and alternate I/O pins are used to
implement these modifications. A shorting plug (AMP pIN 530153-2) is used
in some cases as the connection. A 16-pin programmable shunt 1s provided
for the eight most commonly used cut trace options. Section 3.6 describes
'in detail the various options available, as well as their installation.
Table 3-2 lists the various options,their trace locations and how the cir"cuit board isfactorywi~.ed.,:,<.lt".;·sho.u1d·::,be;"noted., in.. thos,e.op,tiqJ:lsHtbat".us.e.."
the same traces and/or alternate I/O pins, only one option can be installed •
'1.2
. MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT REQUIRED BUT NOT SUPPLIED
The maintenance procedures in Section 5 require equipment that is not supplied.
This equipment.1s listed in Table 5-1 •.
1.3
EQUIPMENT WARRANTY
A statement covering the warranty of this equipment is given on page iii .
(second page in book). It should be read and understood. All preventive maintenance procedures must be performed as outlined.in Section 5.2 during the
warranty period in order that the warranty remain in effect. Any question
arising concerning the warranty should be directed to the REMEX Service Depart.ent.
l.~
SPECIFICATIONS
The specifications for the four diskette drives are listed in Tab1.e 1-'1.
Table 1-1.
Specifications for the RFD4000. RFD400l, RFD2000 and RFD2001.
Sped f:1 ca t ior.
Characteristic
400K Bytes. f;1n~le dcnf;it)', unformattt>d
800K Bytes, douhl c density. unformatted
CapaC' 1 ry/Side
RecoTd:1n~
Density
.
..
... -
,.~
M~
. lrack Density
~urr.bcr
2S0K Bytes, IB~~ Format (26 sectors). single dt:-nsity
- SOOK Bytes. IB~~ Format (26 sertors). double dE"nsity
RFD400X: 3408 BPI, .ingle density; 6816 BPI, double density.
RFD200X: 3268 BPI, lingle density; 6536 BPI, double density •
V'
-.".,
.. -,,: ..
",
TPI
]54 (77 each side)
of TT3cks
Heatis
2 (RFD4000, RFD4001) ;
Recording tiethod
n~,
P.otBtional Speed
360 RP1'
lnlOsf er Rate
25Clt: Bits/Sec. single densiry; 50m: Bits/SeC'. double d£'ns1ry
LRtency
83 ms, average
Access Time
3 ms, trRck to trar-k; 15 tr.s, set tle; 9] ms
(including r.cttling).
Head Load Time
35 ms
Kotor Start Time
2 sec
Media
RD!EX recommended media only.
s1n~l(>
1 (RrD2000, RFD2001).
density; Mnl or ~fFtl,
doubl~
densi r,'
Bvera~e
\
Read Error Rate (Recoverable): Less than 1 in li)~ biB T<.>aci.;
bits read.
Read [rror nate (~on-~ecoverable): Less than ] ir. 10
Seek ErTo" Rate:
Les~ than ] in 10t.seeJ-: operation£.
Error Rare
tITEF
6000 power on hours
IITTP.
30 minutes
.'
Desi~n
15,000 power on hours or 5 years
Life
Hcdic Liff'
3.5 x lOb passes/track
A.C. Power
95-127 VAC, 50i60Hz ! O.5Hz at 0.4 Amps s!~chronous motor or O.E klps shaded pole
motor. 170-253 VAC, 50/60Hz ! O.5Hz at 0.2 Amps. See Table 1-2 for voltage and
frequenc:y of a partic:ular model.
D.C. PO\"er
+24 Vdc
!
+5 Vdc
!
-7 to
-}E;
lO~' ~
O.nA, typic:al
5:' G 1.OA. typical
"dc
e O.lA
r:
Optional -5 Vcie =5'
O.D5.t. typical
loOor to 11:;°:;, Oncrating
!e!nper2ture
I
F'.Elati\·r HU!:':idiry
t~,pic:al
-30°: to 150'-'r, Storar e (\..'ithout medic;)
20 to 8i.1 i
5 to
~3:
OT'c:rc;tin~,
Stora~c.
","ithout Conciensation -
""ithout Condensation
-
~eirht
13 lbs.
Outline Dimensions
S.ee
ri~uTE-
1-2.
~
1.5
DISKETTE
The storage element used is 8 two-sided ferromagnetic coated flexible disk
enclosed within 8 protective plastic jacket. See Figure 1-3 for two sided
diskette and Figure 1-8 for one sided diskette. The interior of the jacket
i8 lined with a wiping material to clean the disk of contamination. The
diskette is always kept in a storage and traveling envolope to further protect
the recording surface. Characteristics of the storage element are as follows:
Track Width:
Track Spacing:
Disk Diameter:
Envelope Size:
1.6
0.0140 inch
0.02083 inch (48 tracks/inch)
7.875 inches
8 x 8 inches
RECORDING FORMAT
The format of the data recorded on the Diskette is totally a function of the
host system and can be designed to the user's application to best take advantage of the total available bit capacity of anyone track or diskette.
The folloying are four examples of data formatting:
Figure 1-4 shows the IBM track format. 0
Figure 1-5 shows a recording format using index recording.
Figure 1-6 shows a sample format used with MFM encoding.
A discussion of MFM encoding is contained in Section 02.5.2.
Figure 1-7 shows a recording format used with a 32 sectored
diskette.
1.7
MAI~"TENANCE M~ J~~;EL.IABILITY
This section defines the long term
diskette drive.
1.7.1
~nit
reliability and data integrity of the
DESIGN LIFE
The drive is designed and constructed, to provide a useful life oof15,000
power on hours or 5 years. During the useful life repair or replacement of
parts is permitted. The read head is designed for a minimum of 30,000
hours operation.
1.7.2
RECOVERABLE READ ERROR
The recoverable read error rate is less than one error in 10
1.7.3
9
bits.
NON-RECOVERABLE READ ERROR RATE
The non-recoverable read error rate is less than one error in 10 12 bits read.
A read error is defined in Section 3.3.8.2. Errors attributed to the diskette
are not included in determining the non-recoverable read error rate.
r---=-----=-=-------.-
n.n v---·--I
I
tII "'("I
ryp r"~/OI.
1 - - - - - - e.oo - - - - - - - - - - . f
w~t r l/WLIU 6~n "'"'"",
rn ....
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II IJ ""., '".
o t"".r"Sl'''' "",IT" •1"~1t.
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m ,,"'rJ' ~6"r1CrlJ "~/If!
rt1
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lr~t'_s
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"",I?"I
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rtI """PII'? It "
o
If'It "A~r bOOt tJVrtNr,.1 .1,,",'" BY
-.""" r6M ,'NC6.
a
o
.-,*"~- !I.~f.O
I
Figure 1-2.
C>\.A(e~
Installation Drawing, llidels RFD4000, RFD4001,
RFD2000 and; RFD2001.
m
.650±.005
,
.302±.005 2
~ 2.~OO ± .005
~
~
OIA.
OIA.
1.500-:1.001 ~-.: .. '.'
.lOO:t.005~ -'
-------1
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D1A . .'.
7.8801.005
I
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B.OOO
I±.015
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,
,,:....---_~--r4.000
/
/'
.057
rn
2071
2 PLACES
1
4
'-
.500±.005
\-
""
90 ±0C>:"O'
Cl
.........
'---
.250'± .005 .
~.550
2 PLACES
...----8.000
±.O 15
I"
-----4...-1
MMC 669
QJ 1t~)EX
HOLE IN DISK_
WINDEX HCLE IN JACKET-BOTH SIDES.
3. ALL Dlt-1[NSJONS ARE ±.010 INCH UNLES~ OTHERWISE INDICATED. -
(1)
CENTER OF MOUNTING HOLE TO CENTER OF INDEX HOLE IS 1.500 ±.002
INCH.
~ MO:JNTING HOLt. IN JACKET - BOTH SIDE.S.
[[j M-OUNTING
HOLE IN DISK.
Figure 1-3.
Two Sided Storage Element Physical Dimensions.
, .,
SINGLF:
Dr-:N~ITY
20Srrrcm
~
i~
I''''''~
m.l'lmtF.
R :nTTflRS
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I,m
&0
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tar::
~SI·
dock be~ bits J m-d I,.
tfJ-1 cslb it "COtltrc>l MtIl" ~ 1JI'P.d on TOO Side 0 ~tm: 6-26 srd TOO
Side I III 1 Sector/!. Thill 18 rot """llcablf! to the D1tll lolttreh::II.l!,e.
(4) Inltfallze p.ttrllmtet"1I an estbmt~ fTUTI ot~ fot'1'"f1tll for 1.!hlch WI! hIM! 11" Sr«s.
(J) Thh lit F1l for delttf'd MUll or
(5) Track 00 Side 0 I ... written 8lmllar to 1I~1e den."lqr 26 8~t0t"9 for till fonmtIJ f!Xcept datA Held" lin! dl£Cttent.
(6) Track 00 Side 1 is written In 26 sector plIttem either fllnr.le or double den.!llty to nIItch rest of dhkette.
me
calcullltM by 1 ... ·x 5 ... xU ... x 16
Figure 1-4.
IBM Track Format.
'"
AI (2)
rllf J)
40
~l02e
)0(
t.t
,.-0
(2) H.1I9"ttl7, clock he~ bit8 4 srd 5.
)0( -
III
J
rt • 15
'·r
T •
I
r"f 1)
8/f
U· 26
1T
T • "
Hexidecimal Notation Used (X'OO') In This Illustration.
tar.
INDEX FORMAT
t~·-------------------------"6.7~·----------------------~·~1
I
I
I
I
S ~S----------------~
LJ
aI··
..
a;
~:
,.
~ ,,'
i
",
"I
i
'r
MMC 421
1
2
3
4.
Figure 1-5.
Preamble =
Dato Mark =
Data
=
Postamble =
175 Bits
1 Byte
40 ,441 Bits
331 Bits
Recording Format Using Index
Recordin~.
"'r~------- .5.2 .." ----------~~
--1l_'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _rL.::, .
.J Stl~ l:"'i-16~JI. ;. .J
I rL
~~ ~2~' ~
- - - - - - 4.096m. _ _ _ _ _ _3_2_P.....
J
I
..it I II
'osrA~.~~J
DATA
L::;:"lE
MMC 590
Preamble -7 words
8th word
7.5 words
=
=
=
0016
AA 16, AA 16
0016
Sync . - 1 Byte
Data
- 128 words
CRCC - 1 word
Figure 1-6.
Postamble - 16 words = 0016
A Recording Format for MFM Encoding.
S ...
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -
INDEX
U.....------------1
-U
SECTOR (32)
U-~U
u
U,
u
,I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
IPREAWBLE lID
M ... C422
Fieamble
= 22 Bytes •00 t
= 1 Byte
Doto Sync
= N Bytes
Data
Track and Sector = 2 Bytes
= 2 Bytes
= 1 Byte
Guard
eRe
32 Sector Data
16 Sector Data
8 Sector Data
4 Sector Data
2 Sector Data
=
N
119 B>tes
N = 277 Bytes
N = 593 Bytes
N = 1237 Bytes
N = 2488 Bytes
Records/Trock
Bits/Record
Bits/Trock
Bits/D isk (77)
32
16
952
2,216
4,744
9,799
30,464
35,456
2,345,728
2,730, 112
. 37,952
.2,922,304
'39, 196
3,018,092
3,065,986
8
'4
2
19,909
Figure 1-7.
39,818
32-Sector Format.
1.7.4
AtCESS POSITIONING ERROR RATE
The access mechanism positioning error rate is less than one error per 10
seek executions.
1.7.5
6
INTERCHANGEABILITY
The RFD4000 and RFD4001 diskette drives are designed to be media interchangeable with all other RFD400Q and RFD4001 drives with the two side IBM 43FD
drives and Shugart SAB50R/B5IR drives and with single side drives including
REMEX RFS12XO and RFS1100 subsystems and REHEX lIllA, lIl2A, I20X, RFS7400
and RFS7500 systems a'nd·tbeRFDIOOO'artdRFD7401'dr'ives'. ····.Similarly'~~·the-~~liedfa
for the RFD2000 and RFD200l are ,interchangeable with the single sided IBM 33FD
drives.and Shugart SA BOOR/B01R drives and the aforementioned single sided
REMEX drives and systems.
1.B
MODEL NUMBER DESIGNATION AND OPTIONS
The model number system is used for product identification. It includes a
basic model series number ~ich is followed by a virgule (I) and then a six
digit number and finally a three digit dash number. The model number is used
to code and identify a particular combination of options used in a given .
product line. This number is printed on the Identification Decal and is
located on one of the rear surfaces. Those digits to the left of the virgule
are the basic model series of the 'product line (RFD4000). The six digits to
the right and the three dash numbers give the top assembly number of the
product. The three digit dash number is unique for any particular combinati~n
of options and configurations used in the basic assembly. Table 1-2 lists
,·the "var fous "'as'S'embli'es""'Pos s i hie ···anda"·"'des:cri:pt..J:-on·""of!<·"o~oIr":combi..'ftB:t:~"SI~U'S!e.d~
for each dash number. An X in a model number (as used in many parts of the
manual, especially the parts list) denotes any of the letters or digits used
in that space is applicable in the situation cited.
Table 1-2.
MODEL NUMBER
Model Number Configurations
DESCRIPTION
:~l ~:g~~ ~ :~:g:~gg~
RFD4000/B1409D-00I
tl RFD4000/B1409D-002
~ RFD4000/B14090-003
(t) RFD4001/B1409D-OD4
~ RFD4001/B14090-005
~~ RFD4001/B1409D-006
(1 RFD4000/B14090-007
~
RFD4000/B14090-008
U
RFD4000/B14255~001
RFD4001/B14255-003
RFD4000/B14256-001
RFD4000/B14256-002
RFD4000/B14256-003
RFD4001/B14256-004
RFD4001/B14256-005
RFD4001/B14256-006
RFD4000/B14256-007
RFD4000/B14256-00B
R.Fff40'OUt81t.:2'50~·OU9~"(··
RFD4000/B14256-010
RFD4000/B14256-011
RFD4000/B14256-012
RFD4000/B14256-013
RFD4001/B14256-014
RFD4000/B14256-015
RFD4001/B14256-016
:::~~ ~;~;:,' w~!~V~; ~a6~::a!;~!r,
1.1 5VAC,60Hz(SR)
Drive, 100/115VAC, 50Hz. (SY)
Drive, l15VAC, 60Hz (SY)
Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz (SY)
Drive with Data Separator, 100/ 115VAC, 50Hz (SY)
brive with Data Separator, 1 15VAC, 60Hz(SY)
Drive with Data Separator, 220VAC, 50Hz(SY)
Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz, no P.C. Card.(SY)
Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz, no P.C. Card.(SY)
Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz (SP)
Drive with Data Separator, 115VAC, 60Hz(SP)
Drive, 100/115VAC, 50Hz (SY)
Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz (SY)
Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz (SY)
Drive with Data Separator, lOO/115VAC, 50Hz(SY)
Drive with Data Separator, 115VAC, 60Hz(SY)
Drive with Data Separator, 220VAC, 50Hz(SY)
Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz, no P.C. Card.(SY)
Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz, no P.C. Card.(SY)
,,~g':Sa:src '··Uti~e;~7·'1't5VAC~'·"5'dRi ~ "no '1". c. 'C"a'i"d ~'''(SY) .
Same as RFD4000/814256-001 except uses
114522-Q01 Door Latch Plate.
Same as RFD4000/B14256-002 except uses
114522-001 Door Latch Plate.
Same as RFD4000/B14256-003 except uses
114522-001 Door Latch Plate.
Basic Drive 220V, 60Hz, Synchronous AC Motor.
Basic Drive with Data Separator, 220VAC, 60Hz,
Synchronous AC Motor.
Same as RFD4000/B14256-003 except uses
114B10-001 Drive Motor Assembly.
Same as ~fD4001/814256-004 except uses
114B10-.o01 Drive Motor Assembly.
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
These are older units with aluminum casting and are not now available but
listed for reference only.
SP
= Shaded
Pole AC Motor
SY = Synchronous AC Motor
Table 1-2.
Model Number Configurations (Continued).
DESCRIPTION
MODEL NUMBER
!it E~E!~lHHE~~L
RFD2000/B14226-002
~l
(1 RFD2000/B14226-003
~ RFD2001/B14226-004
W RFD2001/B14226-005
CD
RFD2001/B14226-006
RFD2000/B14257-001
RFD2001/B14257-003
RFD2000/B14258-001
RFD2000/B14258-002
RFD2000/B14258-003
RFD2001/B14258-004
RFD2001/B14258-005
RFD2001/B1425B-006
RFD2000/B14258-007
RFD2000/B14258-008
RFD2000/B14258-009
RFD2000/B1425B-010
RFD2000/814258-011
RFD2000/814258-012
RFD2000/814258-015
RFD2001/814258-016
Basic
Basic
"Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic
Drive. 115VAC, 60Hz(SP)
Drive with Data Separator~ 115VAC. 60Hz(SP)
Dri.v..e..,.lOO/ 1,1 5VAC , 50Hz.., ~.(SY.). .. ,.
Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz(SY)
Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz{SY)
Drive with Data Separator, 100/1 15VAC , 50Hz{SY)
Ba~ic Drive with Data Separator, 115VAC, 60Hz(SY)
Basic Drive with Data Separator, 220VAC, 50Hz(SY)
Basic Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz (SP)
Basic Drive with DAta Separator, 115VAC, 60Hz{SP)
Basic Drive 100/115VAC,50Hz (SY)
Basic Drive, 1 15VAC , 60Hz (SY)
BAsic Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz (SY)
Basic Drive with Dota Separator, 100/115VAC, 50Hz(SY)
Basic Drive with Data Separator, 115VAC, 60Hz(SY)
Basic Drive with Data Separator, 220VAC, 50Hz(SY)
Basic Drive, 115VAC, 60Hz, no p.e. Card.(SY)
Basic Drive, 220VAC, 50Hz, no P.C. Card.(SY)
BAsic Drive, 115VAC, 50Hz ,. no P. C. Card. (SY)
Same as RFD2000/B14258-001 except uses
114522-001 Door Latch Plate.
Same as RFD20001B14258~002 except uses
114522-001 Door Latch Plate.
Same as RFD2DOO/814258-003 except uses
114522-001 Door Latch Plate.
Same as RFD2000/814258-003 except uses
114810-001 Drive Motor Assembly.
Same as RFD2001/B14258-004 except uses
114810-001 Drive Motor Assembly.
These are" older units" lo1ith aluminum casting and are Dot no\r,1 available but
listed for reference only.
SP
= Shaded Pole AC Motor
SY
= Synchronous
AC Motor
INDEX ACCESS HOLE
READ/WRITE
HEAD OPENING
/
I
/
8.,0
Sq.
I
I
,-
.. I ,
~'~"'l''''''·~·'"'·'''''=·'
" .• ~
\
\
\
""" "--- --
/
.,/'
/'
/
2.3 DIA. OPENING
FOR DRIVE HEAD
",.
PLASTIC ENVELOPE
1.5 DIA. REGlSTRATiON
OPENING
TRACK 00
INDEX
HOLE
TRACK 76
\7.8 DIA ..
MMC 419
Figure 1-8.
Single Sided Storage Element Physical Dimensions.
SECTION II
INSTALLATION AND INTERFACE
2.1
UNPACKING
To provide the most protection during transit, specially designed and rein··,f orcedpac king: ,cat:ton,S,;~--------.....t. ~-"'----I::J
--------~~>----------------~<~--_e------.
-
Figure 2-3.
Recommended Interface Circuits.
DOUBLE DENSITY DESIGN CQN$IDERATIONS
2.5
The REMEX Diskette Drives aay be implemented 1n both single density and double
density.yst'ems. By utilizing double density encoding.che~s. the system
designer is able to' double the capacity of • standard IBM 3740 type flexible
diskette. Standard dilkettes. using double frequency recording. will store a
maximum capacity of 6.4M bits cn both sides. Double density encoding schemes
will increase the maximum capacity cf diskettes to' l2.8M bits. This increase
is achieved without increasing the number of flux reversals per inch on the
diskette. The fcI'lowing discussion compares double frequency recoding with
double density and describes the basic circuit components required for implementation.
More than ,one ,type of double density recording is available to' the designer.
Buti t .is --important'.:-toi~y:e~l1.~:e,~~~b •.t.c',~'-1y:..QQ:uQl,e,--~cl,~,'Q.s ity~"dri"e,_,W.il~!,,,~e . ,00p:~_i.tIl~~~d
for Dnly one type of recording technique. REMEX recommends either the modified
frequency' modulation (HFM) cr the modJ-fied, frequency modulation (M2FM) be used
with the diskette drives. Discussion in this section will be confined to
techniques ·only.
DOUBLE FREQUENCY AND MFM ENCODING COMPARED
2.5.1
With either single density or double density schemes, the stream of data into
cr out of the drive is divided into bit cells. Each bit cell is enceded as
either a "0" or a "1". The key to' the various enceding schemes lies in the
definition of the "0" or "1" within a bit cell.
Single density applications use a double frequency encoding scheme. Double
frequency ceded infermation incerporates a clock pulse at the beginning ef each
bit cell. See ·figure 2-4. If a data pulse is present at the center eJ a bit
cell, that cell representa a "I". If no. data pulse is present between cleck
pulses, ,\tba.t,J;d..t,.,c.el)..,;r."~p';;.~~~s'~l1:t~~;:!",~.:,.:,~Q:,:~~:;~..,.":r;l:1.7.,,s-leckpulses,are required to' maintain synchrenizatien in the event of, a long stream of "0" bit" c·ells. Hewever,
at least half ef the diskette flux reversals are cleck pulses, net useful data
pulses.
c
e
c
o
o
e
o
o
Bit Cell:".,s
C
= Cloc k
Pulse
D= Dota Pulse
MMe .585
Figure 2-4.
Deuble Frequency Encoding.
'e
c
o
Modified frequency modulation (MFM) 1s a self-clocking encoding scheme. By
using MFM it is possible to double the number of recorded data bits without
increasing the flux changes per inch on the media. Basically the rules for
MFM encoding are as follows:
a.
b.
A "1" is defined as a pulse occurring at the center of B
bit cell.
A "0" is defined as a pulse occurring at the beginning of
a bit cell, except when preceded by a "I". In that case,
no pulse occurs during the bit cell for a "0".
Anfi!xa.mRle~t"B.., ,~,~,1:"eam off:l~.~a.pulses. us~ngMfM ,~ncod~ng1~s.hown1nFi.~.u~e
2-5. Note that by comparing 'Figures 2-4 Bnd 2":5,' 'Ehe' thirifmum'/'tifue'b:ei~een:;
pulses is 2~s for both double frequency and MFM encoding. But the data
transfer rate for MFM encoding is twice that for double frequency encloding,
i.e., 2S0 kHz. ~ encoding is 100io efficient because of a 1 for 1 relationship between the flux changes per inch and the bits per inch recorded on the
diskette. Double frequency encoding on the other hand is only SOio efficient.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MFM
2.S.2
MFM encoding and decoding can be implemented with the RFD400X by the addition
of ,the following components to a system:
a.
b.
Write encoding circuit with write precompensation.
Read decoding circuit with a phase locked oscillator~
The block diagram for this implementation is shown in Figure 2-6.
Basically the write encod~ng circuit must receive serial write data from the
controller and provide MPH encoded data. This circuit and the write precompensation circuit (described below) ~ill usually be combined. The MFM
encoded wrrite data must consist of pulses 250 nanoseconds :t 20% in length
and are true at the logic 1 level.
j
I
Bit Cell
j'
~
0
n~
0
0
~ I~ ~
=2J1s
MMC 58.(
Figure 2-5.
MFM Encoding.
~.
0
0
rL
0
Write Oota(NRZJ '-r-
Write
Clocl~
.......
......
..
r-
Write Gate
Write En.coding
ond
Write Pre- Compensation
Write Data (MFM)
-
-,.."""
a:
WJ
-'
-'
C
....a:
z
c
f..)
to..
0
0
0
~
"0
0
0
C'\J
_Reod' Data (MFM)
. , Read Data
~
--
Reod Clock
Read Decoding
ond
.-I
Read Gate
Phase lock Oscillator
--
-
C
U.
c:
~Sector
--
MMC 586
Figure 2-6.
Basic Components of Double Density Systemm
Since the . bit .. ~ellw. t~1:II.eJpr . do.up,le pen~ity is 2lJs versus 4lJS f,or single
.density, bit shifting becomes much more critical with double density. The
allowable windo~ for detecting a data pulse is only half as long as for
single density. The Diskette Drive is designed for minimum possible
bit shifting, but ~ite precompensation of the data stream will be required
to further minimize large bit shifting for certain data patterns. The data
patterns Yith large bit shift tendencies are:
XOIIX
XIIOX
XOOOIX
XIOOOX
(an X denotes either a "0" or "1" can be in that digit)
These data patterns will have bit shift tendencies as sho~ in Figure 2-7
which indicates the bit shift tendency on read back data. Note that the
bits will shift away from a nearby pulse and towards a space with no pulse.
Additional information on bit shifting can be obtained from the REMEX
Applications Group. A ~ite precompensation circuit must compensate for
this expected read data. bit shift by providing an equivalent, but opposite
bit shift on the write data stream. Optimum compensation for the drives
is 150 ns. In order to implement this compensation, it is necessary to
sample data blocks of at least four bits. The precompensated data would
appear as shown in Figure 2-8.
..
bit ,hift
~ ~
0
~
j
I
0
bit shift
n ~
j
."
0
0
0
..
...
bit ,hift
~.
..
bit shift
0
~I n
0
0
MMC 587
Figure 2-70
1.15O~·l
Expected Bit Shift on Read Back Data.
r-
~U
J'
0
0
~t.850"'S
__U~
o
I
0
o
I
~~_
o
lOr
MMC 588
Figure 2-8.
Precompensated Write Data.
0
The read decoding circuit must provide the opposite function as the write
decoding circuit. The data stream at the output of drive will consist of
200 ns pulses encoded in MFM. Good design practice will combine the Read
Decoding circuit with a phase lock oscillator for data recovery. Data
recovery should be accomplished with 1 ~s windows centered on the expected
bit location. See Figure 2-9. The read data is then transmitted to the
controller.
1__
2.,.~
I
lit Cell
I
~I
I
1.,.
.--
I
I
I
~
~
~
, ,
MfM Read Data
Data Recovery
Window.
0
1
0
I
.~
'I
0
rL
'
____n
Decoded
aead Data
MMC 589
Figure 2-9.
"
M~FH
2.5.3
Data Recovery Timing.
FORMAT DESCRIPTION
Modified, modified frequency modulation (M2FM) also provides a 1 for 1
relationship between the flux changes per inch and the bits recorded
per inch on the diskette. The encoding scheme for M2FM is as follows.
a. A "1 II is defined as a pulse occurring at the cent,er,
of a bit cell.
A "0" is defined as a pulse occurring at the beginning
of a bit cell, except when preceded by cell containing
a pulse (0 or 1). In that ca"se, no pulse occurs during
the bit cell for O.
" 2
Figure 2-10 gives the same example for M FM that is used in Figure 2-5 for MFM
encoding.
b.
I
1
1
I
0
I
(I
I 01
1
I
1
1
1010
MMC 670
Figure 2-10.
M2 FM Encoding.
1
0
I
SECTION III
OPERATION
3.1
INPuT~UTPUT
SIGNALS
0,
Section 2.~ and Table 3-1 describe the input. output and power signals which
are routed through I/O connectors. Section 3.3 describes the various operations
and timing required when operat~g the diskette drive.
3.2
OPERATOR CONTROLS
The diskette drive is under full. automatic direction of a computer controller
except for loading and unloading the diskette. A front panel indicator LED
indicates that drive 1s busy. Section 3.3.3 describes the loading and unloading
of a diskett.e.
3.3
LOADING .AND OPERATING INS'TRUCTIONS
The REMEX Diskette Drives are designed for ease of operator use and to
"facil:ttate 'a 'wide range "of,.,operator," orieD~ep app11~tUtns~ .'. ol'l'1er.e are
.complicated controls andindicatora. The following
fines , the'proeedure8"~
for loading and operating the drive. AlBO included are aome suggested 8oftware procedures for handling error conditions which might occur during writing
or reading operations.
aect'tiil'out
3.• 3.1
no
POWER UP MODE
Applying AC and DC power to the drive can be done in any sequence. However,
once ACpower bas been applied, a 2-sec.ond delay iDust. be_~ompleted before any
!lead or ~ite operation is attempted. This delay. is for'stabilization of'the
Diskette rotational speed. . ihen DC power is applied, a 90 msec power on reset
automatically resets the electronics and inhibits inadvertent writing or erasing
on the Diskette. See Figure 3-1. Thus, the drive 1s ready for operation 2seconds after applic.ation of AC power and 90 msec after application of DC power.
Also, initial position of the R/W bead with respect to data tracks 1s indeterminate immediately after application of DC power. In order to assure proper posi'tioning of the a/w head prior t.o any read/~ite operation, a Step ~t operation
should be performed until the Track 00 indicator becomes active.
Table
~no~
.n- 1CD,
3~1.
Interface Signal hscriptioDS.
__ac~1,U"
I't"
2
~
Cun."t- Ift....,t. A lov ant" 1..e1 ttrI thh 11M 1s r._ulr~ ~"
This input ts u •• d to lower th~ WTlt. tur~.nl ~y 101.
VTlt1~a ttrI
track. .,
thTOUt:'" 76.
JI .. 1 thTu JI-8
IIot U••4.
J)-t, JO
1Vo-SUed Output·(Cuala.eT Jnalall.d Option). A low acttv. alma] on this l1n~ tndlcale~ a
A.n iftAcUv. a1Wna1 .indlcate, • alra,h-aSdd
~.ld.d d1 ••• ttc 1, rot_tiD, t~ t~ ~rSve.
dhketU 15 lnHall.c!. Und on J1'I)4000 a~ U'J)4001 ODly.
J)-ll. 12
Di.~ Cnaraz~ Output·(Cualoae~
•n-13., l'
S1de Select I~,ut • A low .l,nal •• lect. 81d~ I aurf_ce for readSnr or VTltin, a~ • hilh
alpal laelect .1ci~ D .urfau. " I. 100 "IS dehy·'·b.)~equll'ethub".·.fJIV1.tcM.IIJ tr.o.Lo:D.,,~.~Lto,the
other before any lead or WTlte operat!" can be 1DltSated. Deactivation of the Driv. Select
and/or chanJln~ the Sld. Select .ust .. delayed at lea.t 600 uaec follDV1DI a WT1te operation 1.0 enwre tbat tM tTa~k b ful1:r tunnel erased. UIIe~ 1t1l.1FD4000 aDd aFD4001 0111,.
J)-l~.
J~
1nata1led Opt10n). This l1n~ 15 low actlve when th. drive ia
aeletted (DrSve Select true) ,rovSded durlna the prevSou5 ~riod when t~ drive va, DOt
.elected. aeady vas loat. When ~Sv. Select .ext ~oes lnactlve. this lint Joes lnact1v~
prOYlded th. drive has ,on. aeady.
111 O.e lnput (Custa.tr Installed Option).
DO
Jl-17.
Ie
,
the JUSY LED.
'10 aae
t~s
A low active .i~l will lock the door and turll
liDe. place ju.per acrou pad D.
Bead Load Input (tusta.t:r Installe~ Option). A low active .11DAl will eau •• th. "ac1/WTiu
hPA~ to be loaded a.aiDst the diskette Drnv1ded "ad~ 1s active.
A 3~ •• delay 1. reoulred
after the low actlve ai,nal before aead oata is valtd or before the Write Gat. and Write
,
Data a1~nals can be .ppli~d. 10 ase d115 liDe, place 'waper acroas pa~ C.
Jl-19, 20
lDdex Out'u~ The leadin2 edt. of tbis low active s11na1 1Ddicates the beginning of the
track. 'Ibis .i,nal ~s pre.ent ooee each revolutioll (every 166.67 •• ) and reaalDS acUve for
1.6 ~ 0.6 aaec (RFD4000). 0.4 t 0.2 aaee (JlJl)4001). 111 order to properly detect the Index at
the Bost s,.tem t~ traDsit10n fr~ iDlctive to active ahould be recogn1aed after tbe drive
bas beell selected.
Jl-2l. ·22
bady Output~ A low active .11DA1 1ndicate5 all of th. follDWing conditions have occurred:
(1) a diskette bas been properl, tnserted aDd ~. rotatini. (2) ~ lDdex boles have been
recolll1zed aDd (3) tbe appropriate drive select liDe 1s true. aeady is alao actlve if after
DC paver is app11ed. two index boles bave been recognized (AC power previously applied aDd
diskette properly in.erted). If a a1DJle-aided diskette 1s insLalled and Side 0 1, .elected,
this .i~l will be active. If SiDe 1 of a aiutle-.1ded diskette 1s aelected. thls .1~al
will be ~nact1ve. When elther aide of a two-Sided diakette ls aelected, this signal vill
be active.
ll-23. 2it
J1-25. 26
27, 28
29, 30
,-~~~;,... ~o;t~t*'(i:FDl.ool and aFn20l11 CIIll,.)., ,., T&l.u lI1pal ;>b· .weIUeo, '¥hIUW&' ,33 bolt·,'dia'kette *~.~,
'1& 1DIIerud aD&! 11 lOll active S2 u ... _cb ftVoluU.D1l tor a·. period of 0.4.&.
Drive Select 1. l. 3 aDd ..4 Input... A low active Signal 15 used to aelect one of tout drive5
depending upon the liDe selected. The line .elected aust correspond ~o the Drive Select
Ju.per locations a6 described in Section 2.3.1. DuOer Doraal operation tbis Drive 'elect
liDE rill perfoT'S tbe follDWint: (1) load the read/VT1te heaos, (2) apply ~r to stepper
.ator, (3) enable ~~e 1DPUt lines, (4) activate the output lines, (5) 111umiDate the ~USI
LED aDd (6) lock the trout door. hfer to TiJUTe 3-1 for taint diagru..
31,
32
.J1-33,
~
D1rection Select Input. A low si",..l will acrve the read/vr1te bead in t.ovard tht: .center of
tbe diskette when th£ Step line 16 active • A high s1~1 will lIIOve the Te&dJvr1t.e bead out
.vay frOlt the clmter of the dialtett. wen tbe 8tep luI'! 16 active. hf er tc 'figure 3-1 for
Usinl dia,ram.·
.J1-35. 36
St.ep Input • 1'h1a input 1.5 used in eD'DjUDCticm wit.h tb«: D1rect1cn1 Suect lDpu: ancl causes
the read/vr1tt bead to aove in or out. Vhe:n tbe ttaUiug ec!ge of tbis pulae ,Des trOll! low
to ht,h the head 1a aoved one ttack.. 1'be pulae widtb IlUst be 1 ". aiD. '1. 1 ". delay .u£t
De . .de vheu aDy chaD,e 1n tbe b1rect1on &elect liDe 1s . . de before tbe traUint edze of tbe
Step JKUse. •. hi er to 71,ure 3-1 for Uain, dia,ru:..
Jl-37, 38
Write Data 'In~\~~ ~u to ~ ,n.1nen ern the diakette U trausferr.o Dtl t:h1a ll.ne. AD active
Vr1~e Gatt aiJnal v1.l1 enable this lin~.
Current throulh the read/vrite bead :h reveraeel
wit.b each tran&iticm frlm a hilh le'gel to a low level. The Ua1n& diagr.. is ahovn in
l'igun 3-4.
Jl-39, .40
active
enable£ Vrite Data to be vritteD in the diskette.
'"1
te
lnpu~ A
b1,h. inactive aiJD&l eDA&leE the read ano stepper logic. The t:i.Jr.1ng d1agralt is shO\olTl in
&ate
l~
ai~nal
#.
Figur. 3-4.
.J1-41, 42
Jl-1,3.
I.,
-rracr. 00 Ou~u~ A 10\." active .1Inal indicat.es that thtc read/writ.e head is located at
traer. 00 and .tep .ator ~ha.e 1 1a energized. A high. inactive signal indicat.es that the
read/vrite bead 1.5 not located at traer. 00.
ll'r1te Protect Out~u~ A low active 8irnal indicates that & diskette with an uncovered ANSI
ll'r1te protect bOtch is loaded, causiDg VT1tiug to be inhibited. A bi,h levd indicates that
a d1~kette with a covered Write protect notch or a diskette with DO Dotcb bas ~en iDserted
and VTltinf, ally occur.
------_.
Table 3-1.
lnterface Signal Descriptions (Continued)
Description
Connector Pin
Jl-45. 46
Output. This line providea the compo. it e eloele and Oata ai,nals a, re.a directl)
tht diskette. A 1010' level indicate. II data or clock bit is present and a high level
1ndicate~ tht absence of oata.
Each flux Tever.lI) causes a tTan.1t10n frO!!': the h1p:h inactiVE>
level to the lo~ active level for. period or 200 ~ 30 nanosecond •• Data output to the host
is the .alllt fon a, the writ€' data Teceived fro~ the host.
lead
~ta
fro~
J1-47 • 48
.
"
".'
Separate nata OUtput (lFD4001 and RFD2001 00ly). Thb line provide. the oata algnal which
hal been aeparated out of the compolite read data (Jl-46) • Thb ·daul 11 low active for
200 ~ 30 nano.acond. for .ach oata bit •
..
.,
..
.,
....
... "
'"
"
Separate Clock Output (lFD4001 and RFD2001 Only). Thl1 line providel the clock aimal which
bal b •• n aeparated out of the compolite oata (Jl-46) • Thi. alJb&l 11 low active for 200 ~
20 nanolecond. for .ach clock pul •••
J. "
J1-1.9. 50
f~ <.
'-T";'; ,
.'
~~
~"
J~-l
A.C. Input. 100/115 VAt ! 10:. 50/60 Hz ! 0.5 Hz ~ 0.81. or optional 200/230 VAt ~ 104,
50/60 Hz ~ 0.5 ~ ~ 0.41.. See Table )-1 for complete ht apeelfications and figure 1-8 for
model de5cri~tion.
+2~ Vdc ! 10% @ 0.81..
J5-2
+24V Return.
J5-3
-5V Return.
J5-4
-7 to -16 Vdc
J6-1. 2. 3
@ 0.11. sax.
If the customer installed -5V option
0.25 Vdc ~ 0.071. ~);.
be -5Vdc
!
J5-5
-+5 Vdc
0.25 Vdc
J5-6
+4V Return.
CD
!
~
is used, this
volta~e
1.11. Max.
All odd p1ns on Jl are used as Teturn liDes.
Refer ~o T1gure 2-3 for recommended interface circuit&.
All signals on Jl are TIl 10g1c.
Input L1nes have the following charac~eriBt1cs:
Active ('ITue)
Inactive (False)
o < V < -+ 0.4 ~ 40mA max.
< V < -+ 5.25\' @ 0 mAo
+2.5
Output Lines 4re driven by'l'TL rate vith ~p,l7n.collectorcapable of sinking 4.0. mA@.o<. V ( + 0.4 in the
active state.· In the inactive state tht collector· current is 250 IJAm:ax.""(d£i~e:,offY:
See Table 2-1 for
~~ting
Connector&.
will
DISKETTE
3.3.2
~~LING
The Diskette consists of the flexible disk encased in a plastic jacket. When
not in use the diBkette is always stored in B protective envelope. An analogy
of this protective storage envelope would be the same as the envelope used to
store phonograph records used in your home. The storage envelope affords the
same protection from dust and contaminants.
To protect the Diskette, the same care and handling procedures specified for
computer magnetic tape apply. These precautionary procedures are as follows:
·a.
Return the Diskette to its storage envelope whenever it
is removed from file.
b.
Store Diskettes vertically.
c.
Keep Diskettes away trom magnetic fields and from ferromagnetic materials which might cause magnetization. Strong
magnetic fields can destroy recorded data on the disk.
d.
Replace storage envelopes when they become worn, cracked
or distorted. Envelopes are designed to protect the
Diskette.
e.
Do not ~ite on the Diskette with a lead pencil or ballpoint pen. Use a felt tip pen.
f.
Do not smoke while handling the Diskette. Heat and contamination from a carelessly dropped ash can damage the
disk.
g.
Do not expose Diskettes to heat or sunlight. The read/
head,ccannot'properly track a""warped 'disk.'
~TI'ite
h.
Do not touch or attempt to clean the disk suface. Abrasions or foreign material from the hands may cause loss
of stored data.
AC POWER
DC POWER
-
to:=2 SC?c--{
MIN
_ _.-J,I
I
ur-------
II
.......90ms-l
I
VALID CONTP.Ol
OUTPUT SIGNALS
I
I
I
5
I
H
....----i+--------1
t~ OOn~
I
DRIVE SELECT
~dN
I
MIN
------I~I------------.H$------------
I
DIRECTION
S~LECTION
I
--'I us
I
:=J M1N
..... 90ms - I
~
:--
OLITt~ IN
~
,
MltJI
- . j ...... Ius MIN
~
SiEP
I
I
I U5~ toMIN
-:?,ms ~
MIN
MMC 662
Figure 3-1.
Power Up and Seek Sequence.
DISKETTE
3.3.3
LOADING/~~OADING
The following procedure should be followed when loading or unloading the
disket'te:
a.
b.
c.
Apply AC/DC power to the unit.
Open the drive door by depressing the button assembly release
(item 44, Figure 7-1).
Carefully remove the diskette from its storage envelope.
NOTE
On units containing the write protect option,
if it is desired to protect the.diskette data
from inadvertent or accidental erasure and
write-over, make sure the notch on the jacket
1s uncovered. An optional sensor senses the
notch and if it is covered ~iting is allowed;
if it is uncovered the write circuitry is
disabled.
d.
Insert the diskette into the drive. The diskette is inserted
with the index hole nearest the operator and the diskette
label on the same side as (facing) the door. See Figure 3-2.
To load the drive', insert a diskette into the open mouth of the
drive until ejection mechanism is engaged and the door ~ll
shut when closed. Clos~ the door to the drive.
e.
The drive may now be operated in any of the modes of operation
described in Sections 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, or 3.3.8.
f.
·;·T6-unloadthe-diskette~bpen;'i.tne"'d()or-"i'(when-bu·sy-vl:i.-ght"',1;s·'·-of-f)-',
by depressing the latch, remove the diskette (returning it to
its protective storag~.envelope) and close the door.
LAlEl
Figure 3-2.
Diskette Insertion.
DRIVE SELECTION
3.3.1+
Applying a OV active signal to Jl-26, Jl-28, Jl-30 or Jl..;.32 for drive 1. 2,
3 Dr 1+. respectively, will enable the selected drive only. The position of
the drive sele.ct jumpers is used to select the number of the drive as described in Section 2.3.2. The functions of the drive select line are the
following: (1) load the read/write heads, (2) apply power to the stepper
motor, (3) enable the input lines, (1+) activate the output lines, (5)
illuminate the BUSY LED and (6) lock the front door. Drive select timing
is shown in Figure 3-1.
TRACK POSITIONING
3.3.5
The following sequence should be used when stepping from one track to the
other. Figure 3-1 show the track access timing.
a.
b.
c.
Place the,d:esired, drive, select.:1in.e.,.in,;tbe.activ.e .s~ta;te ..
See Section 3.3.1+.
Place the Direction Select Input (Jl-34) in the low (OV) state
to m~ve the head in toward the center of the diskette or in
the high state tD move the head out away from the center of
the diskette.
Apply the negative going step pulse to Jl-36 for each track
to be stepped. . It is important that the Direction Select
line be in the ·desired state and be stable at least 11.Js before
the positive going (trailing) edge of the step pulse appears.
The minimum width of the step signal is 11.Jsec.
SIDE SELECTION (RFD4000 AND RFD4001 ONLY)
3.3.6
Applying a low (OV) signal to Jl-14 selects side 1 surface for reading or
writing or applyi~g a high (+5V) signal selects side O. The side selection
must be made 1001.15 min before a read or ~ite operation can be performed or
before data can be considered valid. See Figures 3-3 and 3-4.
READ OPERATION
3.3.7
Figure 3-3 illustrates the read timing sequence.
should be followed:
ao
The following sequence
Place the desired drive select line in the active state.
See Section 3.3.4. After ap'plying the drive select signa1 a
35 ms min. delay must be present to allow for head· load
. s_~cEi;~ing time.
.
b. Make sure the Write Gate input 31-40 is high (false) ~ .
c. Step the head to the desired track. See Section 3.3.5. 1-.. 15 ms
delay must be present if stepper power is applied independent of
head load to allow for head step settling time.
d. Select the desired side by performing Section 3.3.6
(RFD4000 and Rt-n400l Only).
e. Valid read data ~ll appear after the minimum delays shown
in Figure 3-3 have occurred. The composite stream of data
appears at Jl-46. On models RFD400l and RFD200l the composite clock and data are separated into data signal only
at Jl-48 and clock signals only at 31-50. The data and
clock separator is designed to work with double frequency
code only.
WRITE OPERATION
3.3.8
Figure 3-4 illustrates the write timing sequence.
should be followed:
The following sequence
a.
Place the desired drive select line in the active state.
See Section 3.3.4. After applying the drive select signal)
a 35 ms min. delay must be present to allow for head load
settling time.
b.
Step the head to the desired track. See Section 3.3.5.
A 15 ms delay must be present if stepper power is applied
independent, of h~ad .load to allow for head, step settl;ng
time.
c.
Place tbe'Wr1te Gate input at Jl'-40 in the low (true) state.
the~desired side by performing Section 3.3.6
(RFD4000 and RFD4001 Only).
d.- Select
e.
Apply the data
at -Jl-38 after
occurred. The
of the methods
to be written on the 'Write Data .input line
the minimum delays shown in Figure 3-4 have
coding scheme used for the data can be any
described in Section 2.5.
AC POWE.R ~
I
DC POWER ~
I
,I
~RIVt
ELE T
I
I
I
I' "'I
I
I
I
U
,
STEP
SIDE SELECT
I
,
I
I
1-...1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'---100).)5
l
'--__
I ------\H\--~,
I
.------{~
VALID READ
DATA
~'8ms ~
_I
I
I
MIN
I
I
I
35ms MJN~
I
'
I
t---90mst·1IN ~
r--
I
I
t-- 2
SC2C
I
100 ,..,sac~
MIN
-
:
MIN ~
MMC 663
Figure 3-3.
,
Read Sequence Operation.
I
I
.......
AC POWER..-J
DC POWER
---+---
DRIVE
SELECT
t--IBms
MIN.
S TE P
I
SIDE
SFlECT
I
I
1
--i
~IOOJJS MIN
35m £.
•
t-"-MIN;
~ 90ms=-:::J
MIN
_~
,-------------
WRITE
GATE
~
.,
WRITE
DATA
t-- 4JJS
i
MAX
I-·=====-2-S-E'-C---:::u-uu
- - - - l....
MIN
MMC 664
Figure 3-4.
3.3.9
Write Sequence.
COMPOSITE SEQUENCE
Figure 3-5 illustrates the combining of ~oth read and write operations in a
typical sequence along Yith various timing restrictions, which are necessary
for correct operation.
3.3.10
ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION
3.3.10.1
Write Error
If an error occurs during a write operation, and is detected on the next
revolution by doing a read operation, commonly called a "write check", to
correct the error, another write and ~7ite check operation must be done. If
the ~~ite operation is not successful after 4 attempts have been made, that
sector or track should be labeled defective.and error correction should be
attempted on another track. If the error still persists, the Diskette .should
be considered defective and discarded.
---~------------~J'r----------------------------------------
AC POWER
j-~®
DC POWER
~
JJr----------------------------------------
I
I
I
.... 9:>ms-, MIN
1
,1~--------~JI~------------------------------------r-500 ns
MAX
DRIVE SELECT
SIDE SEL.ECT
~------------~Jl~---------------------------------------..
I-I---------IOOIJS MIN - - -....-.11
----~---'IOOus
"-i
I
n"""":·-------...;.I-------~
MIN"+--
I
I
I
----.-;------ I
I
I
~ ~Iu~
~~~
1
I
VALID READ
DATA SIGNAL
11
I
I
--tt--lusMIN
MI..:..:.N..;..'_ _-tl
I
I
I
l~ ~ms '-I
I. : MIN-f~'
~18ms IN
I
I
~9~~sR\
.
I,
Ii'\~,
I
I
I
J
I
I
1 1
I
I
I
~,..... ISms MIN
I
I
CD -------~..~II
600 JJS~
MIN
,
I
MIN@
I
~
..... 4AJsMAX
, I
WRITE DATA
AFTER APPLYING DRIVE SELECT SIGNAL,
A 35ms MIN. DELAY MUST BE PRESENT TO
ALLOW FOR HEAD SETTING TIME. A ISms
DELAY MUST BE PRESENT IF STEPPER POWER
IS APPLIED lNDEPEN"DENT OF HEAD LOAD,
AGAIN TO ALLOW FOR HEAD SETTLING
TIME.
® IF DC AND AC POW.ER
ARE APPLIED
SIMULTANEOUSLY, ir.lS TIME BECOMES
2 SEc..IN ALL CASES, A 2 SEC. DELAY 1S
REQUIRED BEFORE ANY SIGNAL IS VALID
WHEN AC IS TURNED ON.
MMC 665
~rite
Sequences.
~
IN
_I_ _ _ _ __
;~.~-------_90ms----------~.~~I------~Jf""""--~
General Read and
I
1 : - - - ' ....... IO~AJ~
I
Figure 3-5.
MIN
---1------' """"---"";""'';'''1- - - - - - - - -
'
I :...__--------I
CD
!:
I:
I
.~--------~I------~J~--~~II
:
---
I -"-\!J~
WRITE GATE
~ ~IAJsMIN
l t:rU":
-----:.1-1--,'
STEP
MIN~
....-600u~
I
=i""t---IJJ-S--:"~----41~
DIRECTION
SELECT
I
I.....,
Read Error
3.3.10.2
Most errors that occur will be "soft" errors; that is, by performing an
error recovery procedure the data ~~ll be recovered.
Soft errors are usually caused by:
a.
b.
c.
Airborne contaminants that pass between the read/write
head and the disk. These contaminants will generally
be removed by the cartridge self-cleaning wiper.
Random electrical noise which usually lasts for a few
, miC'roseconds.
Small defects in the written data and/or track not detected
during the write operation which may cause a soft error
9uring a read.
The following procedures are recommended to recover from the above mentioned
soft errors:
1)
Reread the track 10 times or until such time as the data
is recovered.
2)
If data is not recovered after using Step 1, access the
head to the adjacent track in the same direction previously
moved, then return ·to the desired track.
3)
4)
Repeat Step 1.
If data, is not recovered, the error is not recoverable
a
Errors attributed._ t.O the, Diskette will not be includegin,... detennining, the
Non-Recoverable Read Error Rate.
NOTE
Unloading the head when not transferring data
will increase the data reliability and extend
the diskette life.
3.3.10.3
Seek Errors
Seek errors rarely occur unless the stepping rate of' 3 msec is significantly
exceeded. In'the event of a seek error, recalibration of track location is
achieved by repetitive Step and Out Direction commands until the Track 00
signal is received.
3.4
RFD4001 AND RFD200 I FEATURES
The following features are applicable to the RFD4001 and RFD200l Only.
3.4.1
DATA SEPARATOR
The data separator included as a standard feature on the RFD4001 and
RFD200l separates the composite read data stream into a separate data- output
(Jl-48) and a separate clock output (Jl-50). The composite data signal at
Jl-46 is unaffected. This feature can be used only with single density
recording. Figure 3-6 illustrates Data Separator Signals'-.
3.4.2
SECTOR OUTPUT
MOdels RFD4001 and RFD2001 provide a separate output for the sector signal
on J1-28. This line .becomes active 32 times per revolution when used with
a 33-hole diskette. In addition, the index line at Jl-20 becomes active
once each revolution. The sector and index timing is given in Figure 3-7.
3.5
FACTORY INSTALLED OPTIONS
The following options·are available on both the diskette drives. These options
are coded as part of the model number as shown in Table 1-2. Units are available which are designed to operate on lOOVAC, 50Hz; 11SVAC, 60Hz; or 220VAC,
50Hz. The parts list describes the differences between these changes. It is
not recommended that these changes be made in the field.
3.6
CUSTOMER INSTALLED OPTIONS
The diskette drives -can be nodified by the user to function differently
than outlined in Sections 3.1 thru 3.4. This is accomplished by adding or
deleting traces andlor using shorting plugs. Certain 1/0 pins have been_
reserved,-for this usage. When shorting plugs are used, the type of plug
recommended is AMP 530153-2 or equivalent. The follOwing sections describe
the options and their installation. Table 3-2 contains a summary of the
customer cut/add trace options· as they are shipped from the '''factory • Fi-gures
3-8 and 3-9 show the trace locations on the circuit card. Section 4.2.13
describes the differences in theory for each option.
NOTE
Since many of the options, utilize the same
traces or interface pins only one option
using a given trace or interface pin must
be used.
~
,.--200 ns
~
U
READ DATA
0
2.9·JJ sec
s
S--
r-
U s rS
U
DATA
n
U
·U
LJ
CLOCK
.S
U
0
n
J[=209)'s:n
ONE SHOT
I
t-
0
0
MMe 425
Figure
3-6~
Data Separator Ttming.
,...I .....i---------- 166.7_
LJr-------------41 J
INDEX
~)
Lr
I
............... ~ • • • J _ _ i..,I'~~)
OA-.J
~i..,1
(IFP4001)
SECTOI
u
I
~l.6.a....,
.. I
I
I
I ...
,u
5.2.,
Figure 3-7.
U
I
~
f f
•
U
t......-O.~.a
32-Sector/lndex T~ing. The tolerance of the
INDEX pulse is a function of the hole tolerance
in the diskette.
3.6.1
SIDE SELECTION UTILIZING DRIVE SELECT LINES (RFD4000 AND RFD4001 ONLY)
With this option, the drive select lines can be used to select four read/write
heads on two drives rather than select the four different drives. This can
only be used in systems containing no more than two drives. It is implemented
by moving jumper S2 to S3 (see Figure 3-9) and adding a jumper at DSn (see
Figure 3-9) where n (n - 1, 2, 3 or 4) is the desired head select number for
side O. A jumper is also added at nB where n (n - I, 2, 3, 4) 1s the de~ired
head select number of side 1 of that drive. For example, to allow drive select
lines 2 and 3 to select sides 0 and I, respectively. change 52 to S3 and add
jumpers at DS2 and 3B. It should.be noted that OV is required to select both
sides. No drive ·s.elec,tti.l.:ines. a~ei;tto be,,:dupl,ll.cat.ed.,
3.6.2
RADIAL READY
:I
The purpose of this option is to allow the user to monitor the Ready line of
each drive (including drives not selected). The following steps are required
for the installation of this option:
a.
Cut trace R (see Figure 3-8).
b.
Cut trace RR (see Figure 3-8).
c.
Add a wire from pad R to one of the following:
pin 4, 5 or 8. Do not use the same pins again
on this drive or any other drive since all
drives are daisy chained.
NOTE
If de&ir'ed'''one~~'bf:'' t,he"·'dr±ve1;"'''t"an....''trse·'P'itl 22
as its Ready output line thereby eliminating
steps band c. The remaining drives must incorporate all three steps and not use pin 22.
Later model cards (113971-001 or -002 B assembly or higher or card 114951-001
or -002) which contain the U (Unselect Ready) pin can select Radial Ready by
adding a jumper from the U pin to one of the adjacent unused pins 4, 6 or B.
Thus the above procedure can be eliminated with B assembly or higher.
NP
RI
Y
Figure 3-8.
Trace and JUmper Locations for DL, WP, HP, RI,
RR, S, A,
I,~
X, B, A, HL, Z, DS, Y. '
FS
~
_____ -5V
, _ _ _ _ -15V
S1
Figure 3-9.
Trace and Jumper Locations for 2S, DC, C, D, TS,
FS, DS1-DS4, IB-4B, 51-53, U4, U6, UB.
Table 3-2.
Customer Cut/Add Trace Options
Shipped From Factory
Trace
Designation
Description
7A
'Terminations for Multiplexed Inputs
DSI
Drive Select 1 Input Pin
Open
Plugged
X
DS2.3,1+
Drive Select 2.3,1+ Input Pins
X
IB,2B,3B,t.B
Side Select Option Using Drive Select
X
Radial Ready
RR
;
X
. Radial Index and Sector
RI
..
Short
,
.:;
.. ," ,',
.~~
·:'··;'·'l-·~~~":'·~~_;.;4..*'~~~:~_··~·:~""~~~~:""''''''~'~·''''''~P.~·I~
Option Shunt for Ready Output
R (Shunt 5E)*
X
~'~~~~~~-.~
X
Two-Sided Status Output
25
X
~888
~88t
4000/4001
Sector Option El}able
I (Shunt 5E)*
Index Output
X
5 (Shunt 5E)*
Sector Output
X
Disk Change Option
DC
X
Stepper Power from Head Load
RL (Shunt SE)*
X
-';';'':''-~~
DS
Stepper Power from Drive Select
WP
Inhibit Write When Write Protected
NP
Allow Write
I Alternate
D
DL .
"
~.
~nen
"'~'"
.
X
X
Write Protected
X
Input - In Use
X
Door Lock Latch Option
'·'····~'-.:.vw.~
;" .. -:",;,. •••
,···.·l_.,'~~~~'f
A,B,X
"._<
• •"
.
Radial Bead· Load
X
'-.
f,
•
i(
(Shunt 5E)*
Alt:ernate Input - Head Load
C
Z (Shunt 5E)*
y
t
In
Use
from Drive Select
In
Use
from Head Load
Sl
S1.de Select Option Using Direction Select
52
Standa1-:-o Side Select Input
I Side
53
TS,.FS
.
X
X
I
,
X
i:
X
"':';';"
Select Option Using Drive Select
Data Separation Option Select
TS - True Separation
FS - False Separation
(The Data Separation goes out of
Phase in the IBM Address Mark
Fields)
-SV t -lSV
-5 Volt Supply Option
U4,U6,U8,U
Unselect Ready (See Section 3.6.2)
AA,BB,CC
Disk Change Output (See Section 3.6.7)
X
FS
TS
X
X
..
BB
to CC
*Part of 16-pin programn!able shunt (at location SE) these traces are usually
-.~. •-
_ .. *.
-
--
-.
RADIAL INDEX AND SECTOR
3.6.3
This option permits constant .onitoring of the Index and Sector lines. This
~eaults in reduced latency time since it permits the drive to be selected
,just prior to the sector that is to be processed. Tbefollowing steps are
required for the installation of this option:
~
a.
Cut Trace RI (see Figure 3-8).
b.
Cut Trace I
(see Figure 3-8).
c.
Cut Trace S
(see Figure 3-8).
d.
Add a wire from·, pad_ . ,1:".:CsE!.~~t1.guJ;'e,~~8>". tQ"on~ of the . following:
pin 4, 6 or 8. Do not use the same pins "again on" this drive
or any other drive since all drives are daisy chained.
e.
Add a wire from pad S (see Figure 3-8) to one of the following:
pin 4, 6. or 8.) Do not use same pin as step d. Do not use the
same pins again on this drive or any other drive since all drives
are daisy chained.
NOTE
If desired one of the drives can use pin 20
(Index) and pin 24 (Sector) as its Index and Sector
output lines, thereby eliminating steps b, c. d
and e. The remaining drives must incorporate all
five steps and use p~ns other than 20 and 24.
3.6.4
TWO-SIDED STATUS OUTPUT (RFD4000 AND RFD4001 ONLY)
As indicated in Table 3-2. the two-sided option is shipped ~th the, jumper
removed. Installing the jumper at 2~ provides the two-sided output interface
signal described in Table 3-1 at )1-10. 'Refer to Figure 3-9 for jumper 2S
location.
3.6.5
INDEX OUTPUT
indicated in Table 3-2, the circuit card is shipped from the factory with
a jumper 'installed at I. This provides the:interface output signal,;atJl-20
as described in Table 3-1. Removing the jumper disconnects this interface
Signal. See Figure 3-8 for I location.
As
3.6.6
SECTOR OUTPUT
indicated-in Table 3-2, the circuit card is shipped from the factory with
a jumper installed at S. This provides the interface output signal at Jl~24
as described in Table 3-2. Removing the jumper disconnects this interface
signal. Refer to Figure 3-8 for S location.
As
DISK CHANGE OPTION
3.6.7
As indicated in Table )-2, the circuit card is shipped from the-·factory
~thout a jumper installed at DC.
If the ~u8tomer selects thi8 option and
installs the jumper at DC, the interface signal at J1-12 will provide the
DisK Ch~nge Output as described in Table 3-1. ~efer to Figure 3-9 for DC
location.
.
113971-001, E revision or higher, pads AA, BB and
CC have been installed (sheet S of Figure 8-2). Normally, BB and CC are
jumpered to prov~de the Di8k Change Output (1f customer selected) &5 described in Table 3~l~ The "re8tft' line' fo'7:'the"D'illC-Cliahg'e'};atcn flt'"'·'.'\tdtn~';
bination of the Ready Signal and correct aide .election signal. If AA 1s
connected to SB, the Disk Change Latch 18 reset by the Ready signal only
(side selection bas no effect on the Disk Change Latch).
On Drive Card A88embiy
~
DRIVE SELECT WITHOUT LOADING HEADS OR ENABLING STEPPER MOTOR
3.6.8
Generally, the head is loaded and the step motor is enabled at the time
a drive is selected. This option allows the head to remain unloaded until
a Read, Write or Seek oper.ation is required. When one of these operations
is"required, the controller would load the head via the Bead Load Input
at J1-20 which would also cause the step motor to be enabled. The benefit
of this options is to minimize the length of time during which head 1s
loaded. thereby extending the life of both the head and media. The following
steps are required for the installation of this option:
a.
Cut trace X (see Figure 3-8).
ll.
Install; 3:jumper
e:f!li't:~rac:e
C: {s,e,eP'j,gl1'£,e
3~8}... ,
A delsy of 35 ms is required after the Head Load signal is applied and before
data is valid or before the Write
applied.
~ead
~ate
and
DRIVE SELECT AND STEP MOTOR ENABLE
3.6.9
~Tite
Data signals can be
~THOUT
LOADING HEAD
This option allows the drive to perform 8 seek operation while the door is
open and without "loading the head'. Normally,·,'t:-he door must be closed and the
bead loaded for a seek operation to occur. This option may be useful during
a power up sequence when it is necessary .to position the head· to track zero.
1D addition, this option also minimizes the length of time the head is loaded,
thereby extending the life of both the head ana media.
The following steps are required for the installation of this option:
B.
Cut trace X (see Figure
b.
Jumper trace DS (see Figure 3-8).
c.
Cut trace HL (see Figure 3-8).
d.
Jumper trace C (see Figure 3-9).
3~B).
HEAD LOAD WITHOUT SELECTING DRIVE OR ENABLING STEP MOTOR
3.6.10
The option makes use of head load input to allow the heads to be loaded on
all drives at the same time. This eltminates the 35 =s head load time. This
option also requires that the head be loaded before the drive can be selected.
The following steps are required for the installation of
a.
Cut trace A (see Figure 3-8).
b.
Jumper trace DS (see Figure 3-8).
c.
Cut trace HL (see Figure 3-8).
d.
Jumper trace C (see Figure 3-9).
3.6.11
this option:
IN USE ALTERNATE INPUT
As indicated in" Table 3-2, ~he circuit card is"shipped from the factory
without a jumper installed at trace D. See Figure 3-9. If the customer
selects this option and installs the jumper at D, the interface signal at
31-16 vill provide "the In Use function. i.e., will turn on the BUSY LED
and lock the door.
SIDE SELECTION USING DIRECTION SELECT
3.6.12
This option allows the Direction Select line (J1-34) to perform the normal
function of Direction Select as described in Table 3-1, J1-34 and in addition,
during read/write operations to perform the function of Side selection as
described for Jl~14. The follow~g steps are required for installation of
this option:
"-(s~e"e>Pfgure"·"3~9).
a.
Remove the jumper at trs.ceS2
b.
Install the jumper at trace Sl (see Figure 3-9).
3.6.13
DOOR LOCK LATCH
This option allows the door latch circuit to be activated by the Drive Select
line ~thout maintaining the In Use line. This permits the door to remain
locked ~thout activating the In Use line. The door is unlocked by again
activating the Drive· Select line when the ,In Use line;."i6,,;inactive. The
option is installed by "installing jumpers at D (see Figure 3-9) and DL
(see Figure 3-8).
3.6.14
WRITE PROTECT OPTIONAL USE
In its standard configuration, the drive ~ll inhibit writing when a ~ite
protected diskette is installed. This option allows writing on a Write
Protected Diskette but the drive will still activate the Write Protect Output at J1-44. The following steps are required for the installation of
this option:
a.
Cut trace WP (see Figure 3-8).
b.
Install jumper at NP (see Figur"e 3-8).
3.6.15
-5 VOLT OPTION
As ~hipped from the factory, the standard drive 1s Bet up to run with
8 -7V
to -16 Vdc external power supply. This voltage 1s then applied to 8 -SVdc .
regulator which generates the required -5 Vdc. To allow the drive to operate
directly from a -5 Vdc external power supply. install jumper trace -SV (see
Figure 3-9).
3.6.16
DATA SEPARATION OPTION SELECT (MODEL RFD4001 ONLY)
For FM applications using IBM soft sector (missing clocks) format vith
jumper at trace TS the data separator vill provide a true data and clock
separation during read. See Figure 3-9. With the jumper at TS removed and
a jumper installed.at FS (see figure 3-9), the data separator may not decode
the data and clock correctly in the missing clock field.
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Sheet 7-7
Schematic Drive Card,
1I4951-XXX.
8-31/8-.12
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