=

+ 128 = + 1 see if past end of t no, do another put$sys: 0200 318033 0203 218033 0206 0600 wr$trk: 0208 0e01 wr$sec: 020a 020d 0210 0211 0212 cd0004 118000 19 0c 79 ~213 fe1b 0215 da0a02 d c a,c 27 wr$sec arrive here at end of track, move to next track 0218 0219 021a 021c 04 78 fe02 da0802 inr mov cpi jc b a,b 2 wr$trk track = track+1 see if last track no, do another done with putsys, halt for lack of anything bette 021f fb 0220 76 ei hIt user supplied subroutines for sector read and write move to next page boundary 0300 org ($+0100h) and 0ff00h read$sec: read the next sector track in , sector in dmaaddr in 0300 c5 0301 e5 0302 0342 el 0343 c1 push push b h user defined read operation goes here ds 64 pop pop h b 57 0344 c9 ret 0400 org ($+0100h) and 0ff00h write$sec: . I 0400 c5 0401 e5 0402 0442 e1 0443 c1 0444 c9 same parameters as read$sec push push b h user defined write operation goes here ds 64 pop pop ret h b end of getsys!putsys program 0445 end 58 another page bo APPENDIX E: A SKELE'rAL COLD START LOADER this is a sample cold start loader which, when modified resides on track 00, sector 01 (the first sector on the diskette). we assume that the controller has loaded this sector into memory upon system start-up (this program can be keyed-in, or can exist in read/only memory beyond the address space of the cp/m version you are running). the cold start loader brings the cp/m system into memory at "10adp" (3400h + "bias"). in a 20k memory system, the value of "bias" is 0000h, with large values for increased memory sizes (see section 2). afte loading the cp/m system, the clod start loader branches to the "boot" entry point of the bios, which begins at "bios" + "bias." the cold start loader is not used until the system is powered u? again, as long as the bios is not overwritten. the origin is assumed at 0000h, an must be changed if the controller brings the cold start loader into another area, or if a read/only memory area is used. 0000 org 0 base of ram in cp/m liH1l4 = msize equ 20 min mem size in kbytes 0000 3400 4a00 0300 4a00 1900 0032 bias ccp bios biosl boot size sects egu equ egu egu egu egu equ (msize-20)*1024 3400h+bias ccp+1600h 0300h bios bios+biosl-ccp size/128 offset from 20k system base of the ccp base of the bios length of the bios = = = = = = = size of cp/m system # of sectors to load begin the load operation cold: lxi mvi lxi 0000 010200 0003 1632 0005 210034 Isect: ., b,2 d,sects h,ccp b=0, c=sector 2 d=# sectors to load base transfer address load the next sector insert inline code at this point to read one 128 byte sector from the track given in register b, sector given in register c, into the address given by branch to location "cold" if a read error occurs 59 • ************************************************* * * user supplied read operation goes here ••• * ************************************************* 0008 c36b00 000b jmp ds past$patch 60h ., remove this when patche past$patch: ; go to next sector if load is incomplete 006b 15 dcr d ; sects=sects-l , head for the bios 006c ca004a jz boot . more sectors to load we aren't using a stack, so use as scratch registe to hold the load address increment 006f 318000 0072 39 lxi dad sp,128 sp 128 bytes per sector = + 128 0073 0074 0075 0077 inr mov cpi jc c a,c 27 Isect sector = sector + 1 0c 79 felb da0800 last sector of track? no, go read another end of track, increment to next track 007a 0e01 007c 04 007d c30800 0080 mvi inr jmp end sector = 1 track = track + 1 for another group of boot loader c,l b Isect 60 APPENDIX F: CP/M DISK DEFINITION LIBRARY 1: 2: CP/M 2.0 disk re-definition library 3: ; 4: ; 5: 6: 7: Copyright (c) 1979 Digital R=bearch Box 579 Pacific Grove, CA 93950 8: 9: ; 110: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15 : 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: ; ; ; ; ; ; 22: ; 23: ; 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: ; 30: ; 31: 32: ; 33: 34: 35: 36: 37: 38: 39: 410: 41: ; ; ; ; ; ; CP/M logical disk drives are defined using the macros given below, where the sequence of calls is: disks n diskdef ?arameter-list-0 diskdef 9arameter-list-l diskdef parameter-list-n endef where n is the number of logical disk drives attached to the CP/M- system, and parameter-list-i defines the ,characteristics of the ith drive (i=0,1, ••. ,n-l) each parameter-list-i takes the form dn,£Qc,lsc, [skf] ,bls,dks,dir,cks,ofs, [0] where dn is the disk number Ii) ,1, ••• ,n-l fsc is tile first sector number (usually 0 or 1) lsc is ti1e last sector number on a track skf is ofjtional iiskew factor" for sector translate bls is tne data block size (1024,2048, ••• ,16384) dks is tnt:: disk size in bls increments (word) dir is tn€: number of directory elements (word) cks is th~ number of dir elements to checksum ofs is the number of tracks to skip (word) [0] is an opt.ional 0 which forces 16K/directory en for convenience, the form dn,dm defines disk dn as having the same characteristics as a previously defined disk dm. 42: ; 43: ; 44: ; 45: 46: 47: 48: 49: 50: 51: 52: 53: ; ; ; ; ; ; a standard four disks diskdef dsk set rept dsk set diskdef endm endei drive CP/M system is defined by 4 10,1,26,6,1024,243,64,64,2 o 3 dsk+1 %dsk,0 the value of "begdat" at the end of assembly defiries t 61 • 54: 55: 56: 57: 58: 59: 610: 61: 62: 63: 64: 65: 66: 67: 68: 69: ; ,. dskhdr macro dn define a single disk header list dpe&dn: dw xlt&dn,00100h. ;translate table dw 0000h,0000h ;scratch area dw dirbuf,dpb&dn ;dir buff,parm block dw csv&dn,alv&dn ;check, ailoc vectors endm ;; ; 70: disks 71: 72: 73: 74: ;; ndisks dpbase ; ; "15: dsknxt 76: 77: 78: 79: 80: 81: 82: a 3: 84: 85: 136: 87: 88: 89: 90: 91: 92: 93: 94: 95: 96: 97: 98: 99: 100: 101 : 102: dsknxt ., dpbhdr dpb&dn ,. ddb ; ; ; ; gcd ;; ;; ., ., gcdm gcdn gcdr 1103: 108: macro nd define nd disks ;;for later reference set nd ;base of disk parameter blocks equ $ generate the r~d elements set 0 rept nd dskhdr %dsknxt dsknxc+l set endm endm macro equ endm dn ;disk parm block $ macro da ta, cornmen t define a db statement db data endm comment ; ddw 104: gcdx 105: gcdr 1106: 1107: beginning of the uninitialize ram area above the bios, while the valve of "enddat" defines the next location followinq the end of the data area. the size of this area is ~iven by the value of "datsiz" at the end of t assembly. note that the allocation vector will be qui large if a large disk size is defined with a small blo size. macro da ta, commen t define a dw statement dw data endm comment macro m,n greatest common divisor of m,n produces value gcdn as result (used in sector translate table generation) set m ;;variable for m set n ;;variable for n set 0 ;;variable for r rept 65535 set gcdm/gcdn set gcdm - gcdx*gcdn if gcdr = 0 exitm endif 62 109: 110: 111: 112: 113: 114: 115: 116: 117: 118: 119: 120: 121: 122: 123: 124: 125: 126: 127: 128 : 129 : 1310: 131 : 132 : 133: 134: 135: 136: 137: 138: 139: 140: 141: 142: 143: 144: 145: 146: 147: 148: 149: 1510: 151 : 152: 153 : 154: 155: 156: 157: 158: 159 : 160: 161: 162 : 163: gcdm gcdn set set endm endm gcdn gcdr : diskdef macro dn,fsc,lsc,skf,bls,dks,dir,cks,ofs,k16 ;; generate the set statements for later tables if nul lsc ;; current disk dn s~me as orevious fsc dpb&dn equ dpb&fsc ;8quivalent parameters als&dn equ als&fsc ;same allocation vector size css&dn equ css&fsc ;same checksum vector size xlt&dn equ xlt&fsc ;same translate table else secmax set lsc-{fsc) ;;sectors 0 •.• secmax sectors set secmax+l;;number of sectors als&dn set (dks)/8 ;;size of allocation vector if ({dks) mod 0) ne f2J als&dn set als&dn+l endif css&dn set (cks) /4 ; inumber of checksum elements generate the block shift value I I bls/128 ;;number of sectors/block blkval set blkshf set 0 ;;counts right 0's in blkval 0 ;;~ills with l's from right blkmsk set rept 16 ;i~nce for each bit position if blkval=l exitm endif ;; otherwise, high ord~r 1 not found yet blkshf set blkshf+l blkmsk set (blkmsk shl 1) or 1 blkval set blkval/2 endm ,, generate the extent mask byte blkval set bls/1024 iinumber of kilobytes/block extmsk set 0 iifill from right with l's rept 16 if blkval=l exitm endif otherwise more to shift ; ; extmsk set (extmsk shl 1) or 1 blkval set blkval/2 endm may be double byte ~llocation ;; if (dks) > 256 extmsk set (extmsk shr 1) endif ;; may be optional [0] in last position if not nul k16 extmsk set k16 endif now generate directory reservation bit vector ; ; set dir dirrem ii# remaining to process .. .. 63 • 164: dirbks 165: dirblk 166: 167: 168: 169: 170: ii 171 : 172 : 173: 174: 175: 176: 177: 178: 179: 180: 181: 182: 183: 184: 185: 186: 187: 188: 189: ; ; dirblk dirrem dirrem 190: ii 191: 192: xlt&dn 193: 194: 195: xlt&dn 196: 197: ii 198: 199: 200: 201 : 202: nxtsec nxtbas 203: 2104: ii ,. ,. neltst ;; 2105: nelts 206: xlt&dn 207: 208: 209: 210: 211 : 212 : 213: nxtsec 214: 215: nxtsec 216: 217: nelts 218: bls/32 ;;nuffiber of entries per block set set i;f111 with l's on each loop o rept 16 if dirrem=0 exitm endif not complete, iterate once again shift right and add 1 high order bit set (dirblk shr i) or 8000h if dirrem > dirbks set dirrem-di~bks else set endif endm dpbhdr dn ;;ge~erate equ $ ddw %sectors,<;sec per track> ddb %blkshf, ddb %blkmsk, ddb %extmsk, ddw %(dks)-l,<;oisk size-I> ddw %(dir)-l,<;airectory max> ddb %dirblk shr &,<;alloc0> ddb %dirblk ana 0ffh,<;allocl> ddw %(cks)/4~ ddw %ofs, generate the translate table, if requested if nul skf equ 0 ino xlate table else if skf = g ino xlate table equ o else generate the translate taole set (1 iiaext sector to fill set 0 iifficves by one on overflow gcd %sectors,skf gcdn = gcd(sectors,skew) set sectors/gcdn neltst is number of elements to generate before we overlap orevious elements set ne1tst iicounter equ $ itranslate table rept sectors i ionce for each sector if sectors < 256 ddb %nxtsec+(fsc) else ddw %nxtsec+(fsc) endif set nxtsec+(skf) if nxtsec >= sectors nxtsec-sectors set endif set nelts-l if nelts = 0 64 219 : 220: 221 : 222 : 223: 224: 225: 226: 227: 228: 229 : 230: 231 : 232 : 233: 234: 235: 236: 237: 238: 239: 240: 241: 242 : 243 : 244: 245: 246: 247: 248: 249: nxtbas nxtsec nelts set set set endif endm endif endif endm nxtbas+l nxtbas neltst macro as endm lab,space space macro aefds endm Ib,dn,val Ib&dn,%val&dn ;;end of nul fac test ;;end of nul bls test ; aefas lab: ·, Ids ·, ·, ., begdat endef macro generate the nec~ssary ram data areas egu $ ;directory access buffer dirbuf: ds 128 dsknxt set 0 rept ndisks ;;once for eacn disk Ids alv,%dsknxt,als Ids csv,%dsknxt,css dsknxt set dsknxt+l endm enddat egu $ $-begdat datsiz egu ;; db 0 at this point forces hex record endm • 65 APPENDIX G: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: ;***************************************************** 1* ;* ;* Sector Deblocking Algorithms for CP/M 2.0 * * * ;***************************************************** 6: 7: ; 8: smask 9: ;; 10 : BLOCKING AND DEBLOCKING ALGORITHMS. ; ; 11 : @y 12 : @x 13: ;; 14: 15 : 16: 17: ·. 18: , , 19: @y 20: @x 21: 22 : utility macro to compute sector mask macro hblk compute log2(hblk), return @x as result (2 ** @x = hblk on return) set hblk set 0 count right shifts of @y until = 1 rept 8 if @y = 1 exi tm endif. @y is not 1, shift right one position . set @y shr 1 set @x + 1 endm endm 23: ; . 24: ,.***************************************************** , 25: · * '* 26 : ,· * CP/M to host disk constants * 27: ,· * * . 28: ,.***************************************************** 29: blksiz equ 2048 ;CP/M allocation size 30: hstsiz equ 512 ;host disk sector size 31 : hstspt equ 20 ;host disk sectors/trk 32: hstblk equ hstsiz/128 ;CP/M sects/host buff 33: cpmspt equ hstblk * hstspt ;CP/Msectors/track 34: secmsk equ hstblk-l ;sector mask hstblk ;compute sector mask 35: smask ;log2(hstblk) 36: secshf equ @x 37: 38: 39: 40: 41: 42: 43: 44: ; ,.***************************************************** * ,.* ,.* BOOS constants on entry to write * ,.* * ,.***************************************************** o wrall wrdir 45 : wrual equ equ equ 46: 47: 48: 49: 50: 51: 52: 53: The BOOS entry points given below show the code which is re-levant to deblocking only. ;write to allocated ;write to directory ;write to unallocated 1 2 , ·;***************************************************** ,.* ;* ;* ,.* * * * * ,.***************************************************** 66 54: 55: 56: 57: 58: 59: 60: 61 : 62: 63: 64: 65: 66: 67: 68: 69: 70: 71: 72: 73: 74: 75: 76: 77: 78: 79: 80: 81: 82: 83: 84: 85: 86: 87: 88: 89: 90: 91: 92: 93: 94: 95: 96: 97: 98: 99: HHJ: 101: 102: 103: ·, ·, boot: dpbase DISKDEF macro, or hand coded tables go here egu ;disk param block base $ wboot: :enter here on system boot to initialize xra a ; 0 to accumulator sta hstact ;host buffer inactive sta unacnt ;clear unalloc count ret ; seldsk: ·, set trk: :select mov sta mov mvi rept dad endm lxi dad ret disk a,c sekdsk l,a h,0 :selected disk number ;seek disk number :disk number to HL 4 :multiply by 16 h d,dpbase d ;base of parm block ;hl=.dpb(curdsk) ;set track given by registers Be mov h,b mov l,c shld sektrk itrack to seek ret setsec: ·, ;set sector given by register c mov a,c :sector to seek sta seksec ret setdma: ·, iset dma address given by mov h,b mov l,c shld dmaadr ret sectran: ;translate sector number mov h,b mov l,c ret 67 Be Be • lrl14: .***************************************************** I 1 rlI 5: .* I lrl1 6: ·I * lrl17: . * I The READ entry point takes the place of the previous BIOS defintion for READ • * 1 rlI8: .* I * 1 rlI9: .***************************************************** I llrl1 : read: Ill: 112: 113: 114: 115: 116: 1read the selected CP/M sector mvi a,l readop sta 1read operation rsflag sta 1must read data mvi ·a ,wrual sta wrtype 1treat as unalloc jmp rwoper 1to perform the read 117: 118: I 119 : I.***************************************************** · 12rl1 : 121: 122: 123: 124: 125: 126: 127: .* I .* I ·.** I I * * * * .***************************************************** I write: 128: 129 : 13rl1: 131: 132: 133: 1 134: 135: 136: 137 : 138: 139: 140 : 141: 142: The WRITE entry point takes the place of the previous BIOS defintion for WRITE. · 1write the selected CP/M sector xra 1rl1 to accumulator a readop 1not a read operation sta rnov a,c 1write type in c sta wrtype cpi wrual 1write unallocated? jnz chkuna 1check for unalloc write to unallocated, set parameters mvi a,blksiz/128 1next unalloc recs st.a unacnt Ida sekdsk 1disk to seek sta unadsk 1unadsk = sekdsk Ihld sektrk shld unatrk 1unatrk = sectrk Ida seksec sta unasec 1unasec = seksec 143: I 144: chkuna: 145: 1check for write to unallocated sector 146: Ida unacnt 1any unalloc remain? 147: ora a 148: jz alloc 1skip if not 149: 15rl1: 1 151: 152: 153: 154: 155: 156: 157: 1 158: 1 more unallocated records remain dcr a ;unacnt = unacnt-l sta unacnt Ida sekdsk ;same disk? lxi h,unadsk cmp m 1sekdsk = unadsk? jnz alloc ;skip if not disks are the same 68 159: 1610: 161: 162 : 163: 164 : 155: 166: 167: 168: 169: 1710: 171: 172: 173: 174: 175: 176: 177: 178: 179: 1810: 181: 182: 183: 184: 185: 186: 187: 188: 189: 1910: 191: 192: 193: 194: 195: 196: 197: 198: 199: 21010: 2101: 202: 20~: 2104: 2105: 2106: 2107: 2108: 2109: 2110: 211: 212: 213: 1xi call jnz h,unatrk sektrkcmp a110c ;sektrk = unatrk? ;skip if not tracks are the same Ida seksec 1xi h,unasec CPO m jnz a110c ;same sector? ;seksec = una sec? ,skip if not match, move to next sector for future ref inr m ;unasec = unasec+1 mov a,m ;end of track? cpi cpmspt ;count CP/M sectors jc noovf ;skip if no overflow overflow to next track mvi m,e 1h1d unatrk inx h sh1d unatrk ;unasec = 10 ;unatrk = unatrk+1 noovf: ;match found, mark as unnecessary read xra a ;10 to accumulator rsf1ag ; rsf1ag = 10 sta jmp rwoper ito perform the write ; a11oc: ., ;not an unallocated record, requires pre-read xra a ; 10 to accum unacnt sta ;unacnt = 10 inr a ;1 to accum rsf1ag. sta ; rsf1ag = 1 . ,• ***************************************************** * ,.* ;* Common code for READ and WRITE follows * .* * I .***************************************************** I rwoper: ;enter here to perform the read/write xra a ;zero to accum sta erf1ag ;no errors (yet) Ida seksec ;compute host sector rept secshf ora ;carry = 10 a rar ;shift right endm sta sekhst ;host sector to seek active host sector? 1xi h,hstact mov a,m mvi m,l 69 ;host active flag ;a1ways becomes 1 • 214: 215: 216: 217: 218: 219 : 2210: 221: 222 : 223: 224: 225: 226: 227: 228: 229: 2310: 231 : 232: 233: 234: 235: 236: 237: 238 : 239: 2410: 241: 242: 243: 244: 245: 246: 247: 248: 249: 2510: 251: 252: 253: 254: 255: 256: 257 : 258: 259: 260: 261: 262 : 263: 264: 265: 266: 267: 268: ora jz ; ;was it already? ;fill host if not a filhst host buffer active, same as seek buffer? sekdsk Ida ;same disk? lxi h ,hstdsk ;sekdsk = hstdsk? cmp m nomatch jnz same disk, same track? lxi h,hsttrk call sektrkcmp nomatch jnz ;sektrk = hsttrk? same disk, same track, same buffer? Ida sekhst lxi h,hstsec ;sekhst = hstsec? cmp m ;skip if match jz match ; nomatch: ;proper Ida ora cnz disk, but not correct sector hstwrt ;host written? a ;clear host buff writehst ; filhst: ;may have to fill the host buffer Ida sekdsk sta hstdsk Ihld sektrk shld hsttrk Ida sekhst hstsec sta ;need to read? Ida rsflag ora a cnz readhst ; ye s, if 1 xra ;/0 to accum a sta hstwr t ;no pending write ; match: ;copy data to or from buffer Ida seksec ;mask buffer number ani secmsk ;least signif bits mov l,a ;ready to shift mvi h,/O ;double count rept 7 ;shift left 7 dad h endm hI has relative host buffer address lxi d,hstbuf dad d ;hl = host address xchg ;now in DE Ihld dmaadr ;get/put CP/M data mvi c,128 ;length of move 710 269 :, 270: 271: 272: 273: 274: 275: 276: 277: 278: 279: 280: 281: , 282: 283: 284: 285: 286: 287: 288: 289: 290: 291: 292: 293: 294: 295: 296: 297: 298: 299: 300: 301 : 302: 303 : 304 : 305: 306: 307: 308 : 309: 310: 311: 312: 313 : 314: 315 : 316 : 317: 318: 319 : 320: Ida ora jnz readop a rwmove iwhich way? iskip if read write operation, mark and switch direction mvi a,l sta hstwrt i hstwr t = 1 xchg isource/dest swap rwmove: ;C initially 128, DE is source, HL is dest Idax d ;source character inx d mov m,a ito dest inx h dcr c ; loop 128 times jnz rwmove .. data' has been moved to/from host buffer Ida wrtype iwrite type cpi wrdir ito directory? Ida erf1ag ;in case of errors rnz inO further processing clear host buffer for directory write ;errors? ora a iskip if so rnz xra i0 to accum a hstwr t ibuffer written sta call writehst Ida erflag ret ·,,.***************************************************** ,.* * ,· * utility subroutine for 16-bit compare * ,· * * ,.***************************************************** sektrkcmp: ;HL = .unatrk or .hsttrk, compare with sektrk xchg lxi h,sektrk Idax d ;low byte compare cmp m i same? rnz ireturn if not low bytes equal, test high Is inx d inx h d 1dax cmp m i sets flags ret 71 • 321: 322: 323: 324 : 325: 326: 327: 328 : 329 : 3310: 331 : 332: 333: 334: 335: 336: 337: 338: 339: 3410: 341 : 342: 343: 344: 345: 346: 347 : 348: 349: 3510: 351 : 352: 353 : 354: 355: 356: 357: 358: 359: 3610: 361: 362: 363: 364: 365: 366: 367: 368: 369: 3710: ,.***************************************************** ,.* ,· * ,· * ,· * ·, * . WRITEHST perf~rms the physical write to the host disk, READHST reads the physical disk. * "It * * * ,. ***************************************************** writehst: ihstdsk = host disk #, hsttrk = host track #, ihstsec = host sect i. write "hstsiz h bytes ifrom hstbuf and return error flag in erflag. ;return erflag non-zero if error ret ·, readhst: ihstdsk = host disk #, hsttrk = host track i, ihstsec = host sect i. read "hstsiz" bytes iinto hstbuf and return error flag in erflag. ret ·,,.***************************************************** i * * ,· * unitialized RAM data areas * ,· * * ,.*************************************n******~******** ·, sekdsk: ds sektrk: ds seksec: ds 1 iseek disk number iseek track number iseek sector number 1 2 1 ihost disk number ihost track number ihost sector number 1 1 1 iseek shr secshf ihost active flag ihost written flag 1 2 i hstdsk: ds hsttrk: ds hstsec: as i sekhst: ds hstact: ds hstwr t: ds i unacnt: unaask: unatrk: unasec: ds as ds ds 1 1 2 1 iunalloc rec cnt ilast unalloc disk ilast unalloc track ilast unalloc sector erflag: rsflag: readop: w:type: dmaadr: hstbuf: ds ds ds as ds ds 1 1 1 1 2 ;error reporting iread sector flag ;1 if read operation ;write operation type ;last dma address ;host buffer hstsiz 72 371: ,.***************************************************** 372: ,. * * 373: ., * The ENDEF macro invocation goes here * * 374: ,.* 375: ,.***************************************************** end 376: • 73 MICROSOFT BASIC 80 REFERENCE MANUAL I [1YA][]©OO©®©[P1J rn3£®[]© c ®@ release 5.0 • Revision 1 ~ Microsoft, 1979 Introduction BASIC-80 is the most extensive implementation of BASIC available for the 8080 and Z80 microprocessors. In its fifth major release (Release 5.0), BASIC-80 meets the ANSI qualifications for BASIC, as set forth in document BSRX3.60-1978. Each release of BASIC-80 consists of three upward compatible versions: 8K, Extended and Disk. This manual is a reference for all three versions of BASIC-80, release 5.0 and later. This manual is also a reference for Microsoft BASIC-86 and the Microsoft BASIC Compiler. BASIC-86 is currently available in Extended and Disk Standalone. versions, which are comparable to the BASIC-80 Extended and Disk Standalone versions. There are significant differences between the 5.0 release of BASIC-80 and the previous releases (release 4.51 and earlier). If you have programs written under a previous release of BASIC-80, check Appendix A for new features in 5.0 that may affect execution. The manual is divided into three large qhapters plus a number of appendices. Chapter 1 covers a variety of topics, largely pertaining to information representation when using BASIC-BO·. Chapter 2 contains the syntax and semantics of every command and statement in BASIC-BO, ordered alphabetically. Chapter 3 describes all of BASIC-BO's intrinsic functions, also ordered alphabetically. The appendices contain information pertaining to individual operating systems; plus lists of error messages, ASCII codes, and math functions; and helpful information on assembly language subroutines and disk I/O. • BASIC-80 Reference Manual CQNTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 General Information About BASIC-80 CHAPTER 2 BASIC-80 Commands and Statements CHAPTER 3 BASIC-80 Functions APPENDIX A New Features in BASIC-80, Release 5.0 APPENDIX B BASIC-80 Disk I/O APPENDIX C Assembly Language Subroutines APPENDIX 0 BASIC-80 with the CP/M Operating System APPENDIX E BASIC-80 with the ISIS-II Operating System APPENDIX F BASIC-80 with the TEKDOS Operating System APPENDIX G BASIC-80 with the Intel SBC and APPENDIX H Standalone Disk BASIC APPENDIX I Converting Programs to BASIC-80 APPENDIX J Summary of Error Codes and Error Messages APPENDIX K Mathematical Functions APPENDIX L ASCII Character Codes ~DS Systems • CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-SO 1.1 INITIALIZATION The procedure for initialization will vary with different implementations of BASIC-SO. Check the appropriate appendix at the back of this manual to determine how BASIC-SO is initialized with your operating system. 1.2 MODES OF OPERATION When BASIC-SO is initialized, it types· the prompt "Ok". "Ok" means BASIC-SO is at command level, that is,' it is ready to accept commands. At this point, BASIC-SO may be used in either of two modes: the direct mode or the indirect mode. In the direct mode, BASIC commands and statements are not preceded by line numbers. They are executed as they are entered. Results of arithmetic and logical operations may be displayed immediately and stored for later use, but the instructions themselves are lost after execution. This mode is useful for debugging and for . using BASIC as a "calculator" for quick computations that do not require a complete program. The indirect mode is the mode used for entering programs. Program lines are preceded by line numbers and are stored in memory. The program stored in memory is executed by entering the RUN command. 1.3 LINE FORMAT Program lines in a BASIC program have the .(square brackets indicate optional) : following format nnnnn BASIC statement[:BASIC statement ••• ] • GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 Page 1-2 At the programmer's option, more than one BASIC statement may be placed on a line, but each statement on a line must be separated from. the last by a colon. A BASIC program line always begins with a line number, with a carriage return, and may contain a maximum of: ends 72 characters in 8K BASIC-80 255 characters in Extended and Disk BASIC-80. In Extended and Disk versions, it is possible to extend a logical line over more than one physical line by use of the terminal's key. lets you continue typing a logical line on the next physical line without entering a . (In the 8K version, has no effect. Every BASIC program line begins with a line number. Line numbers indicate the order in which the program lines are stored in memory and are also used as references when branching and editing. Line numbers must be in the range 0 to 65529. In the Extended and Disk versions, a period C.) may be used in EDIT, LIST, AUTO and DELETE commands to refer to the current line. . GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-SO 1.4 Page 1-3 CHARACTER SET The BASIC-SO character set is comprised of alphabetic characters, numeric characters and special characters. The alphabetic characters in BASIC-SO are the upper case and lower case letters of the alphabet. The numeric characters in BASIC-SO are the digits a through 9. The following special characters recognized by BASIC-SO: Character and terminal keys are Name Brank = + * / f\ ( ) % # $ [ ] & ? < > \ @ Semicolon Equal sign or assignment symbol Plus sign Minus sign Asterisk or multiplication symbol Slash or division symbol Up arrow or exponentiation symbol Left parenthesis Right parenthesis Percent Number (or pound) sign Dollar sign Exclamation point Left bracket Right bracket Comma Period or decimal point Single quotation mark (apostrophe) Colon Ampersand Question mark Less than Greater than Backslash or integer division symbol At-sign Underscore Deletes last character typed. Escapes Edit Mode subcommands. See Section 2.16. Moves print position to next tab stop. Tab stops are every eight columns. Moves to next physical line. Terminates input of a line. • GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-SO 1.4.1 Page 1-4 Control.9haracters The following control characters are in BASIC-80: Control-A Enters Edit Mode on the line being typed. Control-C Interrupts program execution BASIC-80 command level. Control-G Rings the bell at the terminal. Control-H Backspace. Control-I Tab. Control-O Halts program continues. A output. Control-R Retypes typed. Control-S Suspends program execution. Control-Q Resumes program execution after a Control-S. Control-U Deletes typed. 1.5 and returns to Deletes the last character typed. Tab stops are every eight columns. the the line line output second that that while execution Control-O restarts is is currently currently being being CONSTANTS Constants are the actual values BASIC uses during execution. There are two types of constants: string and numeric. A string constant is a sequence of up to 255 alphanumeric characters enclosed in double quotation marks. Examples of string constants: "HELLO" "$25,000.00" "Number of Employees" Numeric constants are positive or negative numbers. ,Numeric constants in BASIC cannot contain commas. There are five types of numeric constants: 1. Integer constants Whole numbers between -32768 and +32767._ Integer constants do not have decimal points. 2. Fixed Point constants Positive or negative real numbers, i.e., numbers that contain decimal points. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 3. Floating Point constants Page 1-5 Positive or negative numbers repre-· sented in exponential form (similar to scientific notation). A floating point constant consists of an optionally signed integer or fixed point number (the mantissa) followed by the letter E and an optionally signed integer (the exponent). The exponent must be in the range -38 to +38. Examples: 235.988E-7 = .0000235988 2359E6 = 2359000000 (Double precision floating point constants use the letter D instead of E. See Section 1.5.1.) 4. Hex constants Hexadecimal numbers with the prefix &H. Examples: &H76 &H32F 5. Octal constants Octal numbers with the prefix &0 or &. Examples: &0347 &1234 1.5.1 Single And Double Precision ~ For Numeric Constants In the 8K version of BASIC-80, all numeric constants are single precision numbers. They are stored with 7 digits of precision, and printed with up to 6 digits. In the Extended and Disk versions, however, numeric constants may be either single precision or double prec1s10n numbers. With double precision, the numbers are stored with 16 digits of precision, and printed with up to 16 digits. • GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 A single precision constant is has: Page 1-6 any numeric 1. seven or fewer digits, or 2. exponential form using E, or 3. a trailing exclamation point ( 1 ) A double precision constant is has: any numeric 1. ~ight 2. exponential form using D, or 3. a trailing number sign (# ) constant that con$tant that or more digits, or Examples: Single Precision Constants 46.8 -7.09E-06 3489.0 22.51 1.6 Double Precision Constants 345692811 -1.09432D-06 3489.0# 7654321.1234 VARIABLES Variables are names used to represent values that are used in a BASIC program. The value of a variable may be assigned explicitly by the programmer, or it may be assigned as the result of calculations in the program. Before a variable is assigned a value, its value is assumed to be zero. 1.6.1 Variable Names And Declaration Characters BASIC-80 variable names may be any length, however, in the 8K version, only the first two characters are significant. In the Extended and Disk versions, up to 40 characters are significant. The characters allowed in a variable name are letters and numbers, and the decimal point is allowed in Extended and Disk variable names. The first character must be a letter. Special type declaration characters are also allowed -- see below. A variable name may not be a reserved word. The Extended and Disk versions allow embedded reserved words; the 8K version does not. If a variable begins with FN, it is assumed to be a call to a user-defined function. Reserved words include all BASIC-80 commands, statements, function GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 Page 1-7 names and operator names. Variables may represent either a numeric value or a string. String variable names are written with a dollar sign ($) as the last character. For example: A$ = IISALES REPORT II • The dollar sign is a variable type declaration character, that is, it IIdeclares ll that the variable will represent a string. In the Extended and Disk versions, numeric variable names may declare integer, single or double precision values. (All numeric values in 8K are single precision.) The type declaration characters for these variable names are as follows: % Integer variable Single precision variable # Double precision variable The default type for precision. a numeric variable name is single Examples of BASIC-80 variable names follow. In Extended and Disk versions: PI# MINIMUM! LIMIT% declares a double precision value declares a single precision value declares an integer value In 8K, Extended and Disk versions: N$ ABC declares a string value represents a single precision value In the Extended and Disk versions of BASIC-BO, there is a second method by which variable types may be declared. The BASIC-80 statements DEFINT, DEFSTR, DEFSNG and DEFDBL may be inclcded in a program to declare the types for certain variable names. These statements are described in detail in Section 2.12. 1.6.2 Array Variables An array is a group or table of values referenced by the same variable name. Each element in an array is referenced by an array variable that is subscripted with integers or integer expressions. An array variable name has as many subscripts as there are dimensions in the array. For example V(10) would reference a value in a one-dimensional array, T(1,4) would reference a value in a two-dimensional array, and so on. • GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 1.7 Page 1-8 TYPE CONVERSION When necessary, BASIC will convert a numeric constant from one type to another. The following rules and examples should be kept in mind. 1. If a numeric constant of one type is set equal to a numeric variable of a different type, the number will be stored as the type declared in the variable name. (If a string variable is set equal to a numeric value or. vice versa, a "~ype mismatch" error occurs.) Example: 10 A% = 23.42 20 PRINT A% RUN 23 2. During expression evaluation, all of the operands in an arithmetic or relational operation are converted to the same degree of precision, i.e., that of the most precise operand. Also, the result of an arithmetic operation is returned to this degree of precision. Examples: 10 D# = 6#/7 The arithmetic was performed 20 PRINT D# in double precision and the RUN result was returned in D# .8571428571428571 as a double precision value. 10 0 = 6#/7 20 PRINT D RUN .857143 The arithmetic was performed in double precision and the result was returned to D (single precision variable), rounded and printed as a single precision value. 3. Logical operators (see Section 1.8.3) convert their operands to integers and return an integer result. Operands must be in the range -32768 to 32767 or an "Overflow" error occurs. 4. When a floating point value is converted integer, the fractional portion is rounded. Example: 10 C% = 55.88 20 PRINT C% RUN 56 to an GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-BO 5. Page 1-9 If a double precision variable is assigned a single value, only the first seven digits, rounded, of the converted number will be valid. This is because only seven digits of accuracy were supplied with the single precision value. The absolute value of the difference between the printed double precision number and the original single precision value will be less than 6.3E-B times the original single precision value. Example: prec~s~on 10 A = 2.04 20 B# = A 30 PRINT A~B# RUN 2.04 2.039999961B53027 1.B EXPRESSIONS AND OPERATORS An expression may be simply a string or numeric constant, or a variable, or it may combine constants and variables with operators to produce a single value. Operators perform mathematical or logical operations on values. The operators provided by BASIC-BO may be divided into four categories: 1.B.1 1. Arithmetic 2. Relational 3. Logical 4. Functional • Arithmetic Operators The arithmetic operators, in order of precedence, are: Operator Operation Sample Expression Exponentiation XAY Negation -X *,/ Multiplication, Floating Point Division X*y X/Y +,- Addition, Subtraction X+Y GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 Page 1-10 To change the order in which the operations are performed, use parentheses. Operations within parentheses are performed first. Inside parentheses, the usual order of operations is maintained. Here are some sample algebraic expressions and counterparts. Algebraic Expression X+Y*2 x-..L Z X-Y/Z Z X+Y -Z- (X2) Y yZ X X(-Y) BASIC BASIC Expression X+2Y XY their X*Y/Z (X+Y)/Z (XJ\2) J\Y XJ\(YJ\Z) X*(-Y) Two consecutive operators must be separated by parentheses. 1.8.1.1 Integer Division And Modulus Arithmetic Two additional operators are available in Extended and Disk versions of BASIC-BO: Integer division and modulus arithmetic. Integer division is denoted by the basks lash ('). The (must be in the range operands are rounded to integers -32768 to 32767) before the division is performed, and the quotient is truncated to an integer. For example: 10\4 = 2 . 25. 68\6.99 = 3 The precedence of integer divisionis multiplication and floating point division. just after Modulus arithmetic is denoted by the operator MOD. It gives the integer value that is the remainder of an integer division. For example: 10.4 MOD 4 = 2 (10/4=2 with a remainder 2) 25.68 MOD 6.99 = 5 (26/7=3 with a remainder 5) The precedence of modulus arithmetic is just division. after integer GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-BO Page 1-11 1.8.1.2 Overflow And Division ~ Zero If, during the evaluation of an expression, a division by zero is encountered, the "Division by zero" error message is displayed, machine infinity with the sign of the numerator is supplied as the result of the division, and execution continues. If the evaluation of an exponentiation results in zero being raised to a negative power, the "Division by zero" error message is displayed, positive machine infinity is supplied as the result of the exponentiation, and execution continues. If overflow occurs, the "Overflow" error message is displayed, machine infinity with the algebraically correct sign is supplied as the result, and execution continues. 1.B.2 Relational Operators Relational operators are used to compare two values. The result of the comparison is either "true" (-1) or "false" (0). This result may then used to make a decision regarding program flow. (See IF, Section 2.26.) Relation Tested EXEression = Equality- x=y <> Inequality x<>y < Less than x Greater than x>y <= Less than or equal to X<=Y >= Greater than or equal to X>=y °Eerator (The equal sign is also used to variable. See LET, Section 2.30.) assign a value to a When arithmetic and relational operators are combined in one expression, the arithmetic is always performed first. For example, the expression X+y < (T-1)/Z is true if the value of X plus Y is less than the T-1 divided by Z. More examples: IF SIN(X) 0 THEN K=K+1· value of • GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-SO 1.S.3 Page 1-12 Logical Operators Logical operators perform tests on multiple relations, bit manipulation, or Boolean operations. The logical operator returns a bitwise result which is either "true" (not zero) or "false" (zero). In an expression, logical operations are performed after arithmetic and relational operations The outcome of a logical operation is determined as shown in the following table. The operators are listed in order of precedence. 0 NOT X NOT X a 1 a AND 1 y 1 a o a 1 a X AND Y 1 X Y X OR Y 1 1 1 O· X 1 1 a a a OR 1 1 1 a a o o X Y X XOR Y 1 1 1 XOR 1 a a o 1 o o 1 1 o IMP Y 1 X IMP Y o o o 1 1 1 X Y x EQV Y 1 1 1 X 1 1 a a 1 EQV a a o 1 o 1 o o 1 Just as the relational op~rators can be used to make decisions regarding program flow, logical operators can connect two or more relations and return a true or false value to be used in a decision (see IF, Section 2.26). For GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-80 Page 1-13 example: IF 0<200 AND F<4 THEN 80 IF I>10 OR K < > <= operators >= String comparisons are made by taking one character ,at a time from each string 'and comparing the ASCII codes.' If all the ASCII codes are the same, the strings are equal. If the ASCII codes differ, the lower code number preced~s the higher. If, during string comparison, the end of one string is reached, the shorte~ string ~s said to be smaller. Leading and, trailing blanks are significant. Examples: "M" < "AB" "FILENAME" = "FILENAME" "X&" > "X#" "CL " > "CL" "kg" > "KG" "SMYTH" < "SMYTHE" B$ < "9/12/7~" wher~ B$ = "S/12/7S~ Thus, string comparisons can be used to test string, values or to alphabetize strings., All string constants used in comparison expressions must be enclosed in quotation marks. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BASIC-SO 1.9 Page 1-15 INPUT EDITING If an incorrect character is entered as a line is being typed, it can be deleted with the RUBOUT key or with Control-H. Rubout surrounds the deleted characterCs) with backslashes, and Control-H has the effect of backspacing over a character and erasing it. O~ce a characterCs) has been deleted, simply continue typing the line as desired. To delete a line that is in the process of being typed, type Control-U. A carriage return is executed automatically after the line is deleted. To correct program lines for a program that is currently in memory, simply retype the line using the same line number. BASIC-SO will automatically replace the old line with the new line. More sophisticated editing capabilities are provided in the Extended and Disk versions of BASIC-SO. See EDIT, Section 2. 16. To delete the entire program that is currently residing in memory, enter the NEW command. CSee Section 2.41.) NEW is usually used to clear memory prior to entering a new program. 1.10 ERROR MESSAGES If BASIC-SO d~tects an error that causes program execution to "terminate, an error message is printed. In the SK version, only the error code is printed. In the Extended and Disk versions, the entire error message is printed. For a complete list of BASIC-SO error codes and error messages, see Appendix J. .. CHAPTER 2 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS All of the BASIC-80 commands and statements are described in this chapter. Each description is formatted as follows: Format: Shows the correct format for the instruction. See below for format notation. Versions: Lists the versions of BASIC-80 in which the instruction is available. Purpose: Tells what the instruction is used for. Remarks: Describes in detail how the instruction is used. Example: Shows sample programs or program segments that demonstrate the use of the instruction. Format Notation Wherever the format for a statement or command is given, the following rules apply: 1. Items in capital letters must be input as shown. 2. Items in brackets lower « » case letters enclosed in angle are to be supplied by the user. 3. Items in square brackets ([ ]) are optional. 4. All punctuation except angle brackets and square brackets (i.e., commas, parentheses, semicolons, hyphens, equal signs) must be included where shown. 5. Items followed by an ellipsis ( ••• ) may be repeated any number of times (up to the length of the line)'. I BASIC-80 COMMANDS 2.1 A~D STATEMENTS Page 2-2 AUTO Format: AUTO [[,]] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To generate a line number every carriage return. Remarks: AUTO begins numbering at and increments each subsequent line number by . The default for both values is 10. If is followed by a comma but is not specified, the last increment specified in an AUTO command is assumed. automatically after If AUTO generates a line number that is already being used, an asterisk is printed after the number to warn the user that any input will replace the existing line. However, typing a carriage return immediately after the asterisk will save the line and generate the next line number. AUTO is terminated by typing Control-C. The line in which Control-C is typed is not saved. After Control-C is typed, BASIC returns to command level. Example: AUTO 100,50 Generates line numbers 100, 150, 200 ••. AUTO Generates line numbers 10, 20, 30, 40 •.• BABIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.2 Page 2-3 CALL Format: CALL [«argument list»] Version: Extended, Disk Purpose: To call an assembly language subroutine. Remarks: The CALL statement is one way to transfer program flow to an assembly language subroutine. (See also the USR function, Section 3.40) contains an address that is the starting point in memory of the subroutine. may not be an array variable name. contains the arguments that are passed to the assembly language subroutine. The CALL statement generates the same calling sequence used by Microsoft's FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC compilers. Example: 110 MYROUT=&HDOOO 120 CALL MYROUT(I,J,K) • BASIC-BO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.3 Page 2-4 CHAIN Format: CHAIN [MERGE] [, [] [,ALL] [,DELETE]] Version: Disk Purpose: To call a program and pass variables to it the current program. Remarks: is the name of the called. Example: program from that is CHAIN"PROG1" is a line number or an expression that evaluates to a line number in the called program. It is the starting point for execution of the called program. If it is omitted, execution begins at the first line. Example: CHAIN"PROG1",1000 is not command. affected by a RENUM With the ALL option, every variable in the current program is passed to the called program. If the ALL option is omitted, the current program must contain a COMMON statement to list the' variables that are passed. See Section 2.7. Example: CHAIN"PROG1",1000,ALL If the MERGE option is included, it allows a subroutine to be brought into the BASIC program as an overlay. That is, a MERGE operation is performed with the current program and the called program. The called program must be an ASCII file if it is to be MERGEd. Example: CHAIN MERGE"QVRLAY",1000 After an overlay is brought in, it is usually desirable to delete it so that a new overlay may be brought in. To do this, use the DELETE option. Example: CHAIN MERGE"OVRLAY2",1000,DELETE 1000-5000 The line numbers in are affected by RENUM command. the BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS NOTE: Page 2-5 The Microsoft BASIC compiler does not support the ALL, MERGE, and DELETE options to CHAIN. If you wish to maintain compatibility with the BASIC compiler, it is recommended that COMMON be used to pass variables and that overlays not be used. • BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.4 Page 2-6 CLEAR . Format: CLEAR [ , [] [, ] ] Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Purpose: To set all numeric variables to zero and all string variables to null; and, optionally, to set the end of memory and the amount of stack space. Remarks: is a memory location which, if specified, sets the highest location available . for use by BASIC-SO. sets aside stack space for BASIC. The default is 1000 bytes or one-eighth of the available memory, whichever is smaller. NOTE: In previous versions of BASIC-SO, set the amount of string space and set the end of memory. BASIC-80, release 5.0 and later, allocates string space dynamically. An "Out of string space" error occurs only if there is no free memory left for BASIC to use. Examples: CLEAR CLEAR ,32768 CLEAR,,2000 CLEAR,32768,2000 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.5 Page 2-7 CLOAD Formats: CLOAD CLOAD? CLOAD* Versions: 8K (cassette), Extended (cassette) Purpose: To load a program or an array from cassette tape into memory. Remarks: CLOAD executes a NEW command before it loads program from cassette tape. is string expression or the first character of string expression that was specified when program was CSAVEd. the the the the CLOAD? verifies tapes by comparing the program currently in memory with the file on tape that has the same filename. If they are the same, BASIC-80 prints Ok. If not, BASIC-80 prints NO GOOD. CLOAD* loads a numeric array that has been saved on tape. The data on tape is loaded into the array called specified when the array was CSAVE*ed. CLOAD and CLOAD? are always entered at command level as direct mode commands. CLOAD* may be entered at command level or used as a program statement. Make sure the array has been DIMensioned before it is loaded. BASIC-80 always returns to command level after a CLOAD, CLOAD? or CLOAD* is executed. Before a CLOAD is executed, make sure the cassette recorder is properly connected and in the Play mode, and the tape is possitioned correctly. See also CSAVE, Section 2.9. NOTE: CLOAD and CSAVE are not included implementations of BASIC-80. Example: CLOAD "MAX2" Loads file "M" into memory. in all • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.6 Page 2-8 CLOSE Format: CLOSE[[#][,[#]]] Version: . Disk Purpose: To conclude I/O to a disk file. Remarks: is the number under which the file was OPENed. A CLOSE with no arguments closes all open files. The association between a particular file and file number terminates upon execution of a CLOSE. The file may then be reOPENed using the same or a different file number; likewise, that file number may now be reused to OPEN any file. A CLOSE for a sequential output file writes final buffer of output. the The END statement and the NEW command always CLOSE all disk files automatically. (STOP does not close disk files.) Example: See· Appendix B. BASIc-ao COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.7 Page 2-9 COMMON Format: COMMON Version: Disk Purpose: To pass variables to a CHAINed program. Remarks: The COMMON statement is used in conjunction with the CHAIN statement. COMMON statements may appear anywhere in a program, though it is recommended that they appear at the beginning. The same variable cannot appear in more than one COMMON statement. Array variables are specified by appending "()" to the variable name. If all variables are to be passed, use CHAIN with the ALL option and omit the COMMON statement. Example: 100 COMMON A,B,C,D() ,G$ 110 CHAIN "PROG3", 1 a • • • BASIC-BO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.B Page 2~10 CONT Format: CONT Versions: BK, Extended, Disk Purpose: To continue program execution after a Control-C has been typed, or a STOP or END statement has been executed. Remarks: Execution resumes at the point where the break occurred. If the break occurred after a prompt from an INPUT statement, execution continues with the reprinting of the prompt (? or prompt string) • CONT is usually used in conjunction with STOP for debugging. When execution is stopped, intermediate values may be examined and changed using direct mode statements. Execution may be resumed with CONT or a direct mode GOTO, which resumes execution at a specified line number. With the Extended and Disk versions, CONT may be used to continue execution after an error. CONT is invalid if the program has been edited during the break. In 8K BASIC-80, execution cannot be CONTinued if a direct mode error has occurred during the break. Example: See example Section 2.61, STOP. Page 2-11 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.9 CSAVE Formats: CSAVE CSAVE* Versions: 8K (cassette), Extended (cassette) Purpose: To save the program or an memory on cassette tape. Remarks: Each program or array saved on tape is identified by a filename. When the command CSAVE is executed, BASIC-80 saves the program currently in memory on tape and uses the first character in as the filename. may be more than one character, but only the first character is used for the filename. array currently in When the command CSAVE* is executed, BASIC-80 saves the specified array on tape. The array must be a numeric array. The elements of a multidimensional array are saved with the leftmost subscript changing fastest. CSAVE may be used as a program statement or as a direct mode command. Before a CSAVE or CSAVE* is executed, make sure the cassette-recorder is properly c6nnected and in the Record mode. See also CLOAD, Section 2.5. NOTE: CSAVE and CLOAD are not included implementations of BASIC-80. Example: CSAVE "TIMER" Saves the program currently in memory on cassette under filename liT". in all • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.10 Page 2-12 DATA Format: DATA Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Purpose: To store the numeric and string constants that are accessed by the program's READ statement(s). (See READ, Section 2.54) Remarks: DATA statements are nonexecutable and may be placed anywhere in the program. A DATA statement may contain as many constants as will fit on a line (separated by commas), and any number of DATA statements may be used in a program. The READ statements access the DATA statements in order (by line number) and the data contained therein may be thought of as one continuous list of items, regardless of how many items are on a line or where the lines are placed in the program. may contain numeric constants in any format, i.e., fixed point, floating point or integer. (No numeric expressions are allowed in the list.) String constants in DATA statements must be surrounded by double quotation marks only if they contain commas, colons or significant leading or trailing spaces. Otherwise, quotation marks are not needed. The variable type (numeric or string) given in the READ statement must agree with the corresponding constant in the DATA statement. DATA statements may be reread from the beginning by use of the RESTORE statement (Section 2.57). Example: See examples in Section 2.54, READ. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.11 Page 2.,.13 DEF FN Format: DEF FN[«parameter list»]= Versions: 8K, Ext-ended, Disk Purpose: To define and name a function that is written by theuser. Remarks: must be a legal variable name. This name, preceded by FN, becomes the name of the function is comprised of those variable names in the function definition that are to be replaced when the function is called. The items in the list are separated by commas. is an expression that performs the operation of the function. It is limited to one line. Variable names that appear in this expression serve only to define the function; they do not affect program variables that have the same name. A variable name used in a function definition mayor may not appear in the parameter list. If it does, the value of the parameter is supplied when the function is called. Otherwise, the current value of the variable is used. 0 The variables in the parameter list represent, on a one-to-one basis, the argument variables or values that will be given in the function call. (Remember, in the 8K version only one argument is allowed in a function call, therefore the DEF FN statement will contain only one variable.) In Extended and Disk BASIC-80, user-defined functions may be numeric or string; in 8K, user-defined string functions are not allowed. If a type is specified in the function name, the value of the expression is forced to that type before it is returned to the calling statement. If a type is specified in the function name and the argument type does not match, a "Type mismatch" error occurs. A DEF FN statement must be executed before the function it defines may be called. If a function is called before it has been defined, an "Undefined user function" error occurs. DEF FN is illegal in the direct mode. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Page 2-14 Example: • 410 DEF FNAB(X,Y)=XA3/YA2 420 T=FNAB(I,J) • • Line 410 defines the function function is called in line 420. FNAB. The BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.12 Page 2-15 DEFINT/SNG/DBL/STR Format: DEF where is INT, SNG, DBL, or STR Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To declare variable types as integer, precision, double precision, or string. Remarks: A DEFtype statement declares that the variable names beginning with the letter(s) specified will be that ·type variable. However, a type declaration character always takes precedence over a DEFtype statement in the typing of a variable. single If no type declaration statements are encountered, BASIC-80 assumes all variables without declaration characters are single· precision variables. Examples: 10 DEFDBL L-P All variables beginning. with the letters L, M, N, 0, and P will be double precision variables. 10 DEFSTR A All variables beginning with the letter A will be string variables. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.13 Page 2-16 DEF USR Format: DEF USR[]= Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To specify the starting address of language subroutine. Remarks: may be any digit from 0 to 9. The digit corresponds to the number of the USR routine whose address is being specified. If is omitted, DEF USRO is assumed. The value of is the starting address of the USR routine. See Appendix C, Assembly Languag~ Subroutines. an assembly Any number of DEF USR statements may appear in a program to redefine subroutine starting addresses, thus allowing access to as many subroutines as necessary. Example: 200 DEF USRO=24000 210 X=USRO(YA2/2.89) BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.14 Page 2-17 DELETE Format: DELETE[] [-] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To delete program lines. Remarks: BASIC-80 always returns to command level after a DELETE is executed. If does not exist, an "Illegal function call" error occurs. Examples: DELETE 40 Deletes line 40 DELETE 40-100 Deletes lines 40 through 100, inclusive DELETE-40 Deletes all lines up to and including line 40 • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.15 Page 2-18 DIM Format: DIM Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To specify the maximum values for array variable subscripts and allocate storage accordingly. Remarks: If an array variable name is used without a DIM statement, the maximum value of its subscript(s) is assumed to be 10. If a subscript is used that is greater than the maximum specified, a "Subscript out of range" error occurs. The minimum value for a subscript is always 0, unless otherwise specified with the OPTION BASE statement (see Section 2.46). The DIM statement sets all the elements of the specified arrays to an initial value of zero. Example: 10 20 30 40 DIM A(20) FOR I=O TO 20 READ A (I) NEXT I BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.16 Page 2-19 EDIT Format: EDIT Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To enter Edit Mode at the specified line. Remarks: In Edit Mode, it is possible to edit portions of a line without retyping the entire line. Upon entering Edit Mode, BASIC-80 types the line number of the line to be edited, then it types a space and waits for an Edit Mode subcommand. Edit Mode Subcommands Edit Mode sub commands are used to move the cursor or to insert, delete, replace, or search for text within a line. The subcommands are not echoed. Most of the Edit Mode subcommands may be preceded by an integer which causes the command to be executed that number of times. When a preceding integer is not specified, it is assumed to be 1. Edit Mode subcommands may be categorized according to the following functions: 1. Moving the cursor 2. Inserting text 3. Deleting text 4. Finding text 5. Replacing text 6. Ending and restarting Edit Mode NOTE In the descriptions that follow, represents any character, represents a string of characters of arbitrary length, [i] represents an optional integer (the default is 1), and $ represents the Escape (or Altmode) key. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. Page 2-20 Moving the Cursor Space Use the space bar to move the cursor to the right. [i]Space moves the cursor i spaces to the right. Characters are printed as you space over them. Rubout In Edit Mode, [i]Rubout moves the cursor i spaces to the left (backspaces). Characters are printed as you backspace over theme Inserting Text I I$ inserts at the current cursor position. The inserted characters are printed on the terminal. To terminate insertion, type Escape. If Carriage Return is typed during an Insert command, the effect is the same as typing Escape and then Carriage Return. During an Insert command, the Rubout or Delete key on the terminal may be used to delete characters to the left of the cursor. If an attempt is made to insert a character that will make the line longer than 255 characters, a bell (Control-G) is typed and the character is not printed. x The X subcommand is used to extend the line. X moves the cursor to the end of the line, goes into insert mode, and allows insertion of text as if an Insert command had been given. When you are finished extending the line, type Escape or Carriage Return. Deleting Text D [i]D deletes i characters to the right of the cursor. The deleted characters are echoed between backslashes, and the cursor is positioned to the right of the last character deleted. If there are fewer than i characters to the right of the cursor, iD deletes the remainder of the line. H H deletes all characters to the cursor and then automatically mode. H is useful for replacing the end of a line. right of the enters insert statements at Finding Text S The subcommand [i]S searches for the ith occurrence of and positions the cursor before it. The character at the current cursor position is not included in the search. If is not found, the cursor will stop at the end of Page 2-21 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS the line. All characters passed over during the search are printed. K 5. Replacing Text C 6. The subcommand [i]K is similar to [i]S, except all the characters passed over in the search are deleted. The cursor is positioned before , and the deleted characters are enclosed in backslashes. The subcommand C changes the next character to . If you wish to change the next i characters, use the subcommand iC, followed by i characters. After the ith new character is typed, change mode is exited and you will return to Edit Mode. Ending and Restarting Edit Mode Typing Carriage Return prints the remainder of the line, saves the changes you made and exits Edit Mode. E The E subcommand has the same effect as Carriage Return, except the remainder of the line is not printed. Q The Q subcommand returns to BASIC-80 command level, without saving any of the changes that were made to the line during Edit Mode. L The L subcommand lists the remainder of the line (saving any changes made so far) and repositions the cursor at the beginning of the line, still in Edit Mode. L is usually used to list the line when you first enter Edit Mode. A The A subcommand lets you begin editing a line over again. It restores the original line and repositions the cursor at the beginning. NOTE If BASIC-80 receives an unrecognizable command or illegal character while in Edit Mode, it prints a bell (Control-G) and the command or character is ignored. • BASIC-SO COMMANDS .AND STATEMENTS Page 2-22 Syntax Errors When a Syntax Error is encountered during execution of a program, BASIC-SO automatically enters Edit Mode at the line that caused the error. For example: 10 K = 2 (4) RUN ?Syntax error in 10 10 When you finish editing the line and type Carriage Return (or the E subcommand), BASIC-aO reinserts the line, which causes all variable values to be lost. To preserve the variable values for examination, first exit Edit Mode with the Q subcommand. BASIC-aO will return to command level, and all variable values will be preserved. Control-A To enter Edit Mode on the line you are currently typing, type Control-A. BASIC-SO responds with a carriage return, an exclamation point (1) and a space. The cursor will be positioned at the first character in the line. Proceed by typing an Edit Mode subcommand. NOTE Remember, if you have just entered a line and wish to go back and edit it, the command "EDIT." will enter Edit Mode at the current line. (The line number symbol "." always refers to the current line. ) BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.17 Page 2-23 END Format: END Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To terminate program execution, close all and return to command level. Remarks: END statements may be placed anywhere in the program to terminate execution. Unlike the STOP statement, END does not cause a BREAK message to be printed. An END statement at the end of a program is optional. BASIC-80 always returns to command level after an END is executed. Example: 520 IF K>1000 THEN END ELSE GOTO 20 files • BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.1S Page 2-24 ERASE Format: ERASE Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Purpose: To eliminate arrays from a program. Remarks: Arrays may be redimensioned after they are ERASEd, or the previously allocated array space in memory may be used for other purposes. If an attempt is made to redimension an array without first ERASEing it, a "Redimensioned array" error occurs. NOTE: The Microsoft BASIC compiler ERASE. Example: 450 ERASE A,B 460 DIM B(99) does not support BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.19 Page 2-25 ERR AND ERL VARIABLES When an error handling subroutine is entered, the variable ERR contains the error code for the error, and the variable ERL contains the line number of the line in which the error was detected. The ERR and ERL variables are usually used in IF.aaTHEN statements to direct program flow in the error trap routine. If the statement that caused the error was a direct mode statement, ERL will contain 65535. To test if an error occurred in a direct statement, use IF 65535 = ERL THEN ••• Otherwise, use IF ERR IF ERL = error code THEN ••• = line number THEN a •• If the line number is not on the right side of the relational operator, it cannot be renumbered by RENUM. Because ERL and ERR are reserved variables, neither may appear to the left of the equal sign in a LET (assignment) statement. BASIC-80's error codes are listed in Appendix J. (For Standalone D'isk BASIC error codes, see Appendix H.) • BASIC-80 COMMANDS.AND STATEMENTS 2.20 Page 2-26 ERROR Format: ERROR Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: 1) To simulate the occurrence of a BASIC-80 error; or 2) to allow error codes to be defined by the user. Remarks: The value of must be greater than 0 and less than 255. If the value of equals an error code already in use by BASIC-80 (see Appendix J), the ERROR statement will simulate the occurrence of that error, and the corresponding error message will be printed. (See Example 1.) To define your own error code, use a value that is greater than any used by BASIC-80's error codes. (It is preferable to use the highest available values, so compatibility may be maintained when more error codes are added to BASIC-80.) This user-defined error code may then be conveniently handled in an error trap routine. (See Example 2.) If an ERROR statement specifies a code for which no error message has been defined, BASIC-80 responds with the message UNPRINTABLE ERROR. Execution of an ERROR statement for which there is no error trap routine causes an error message to be printed and'execution to halt. Example 1: LIST 10 S = 10 20 T = 5 30 ERROR S + T 40 END Ok RUN String too long in line 30 Or, in direct mode: Ok ERROR 15 String too long Ok (you type this line) (BASIC-80 types this line) BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Example 2: Page 2-27 • • • 110 ON ERROR GOTO 400 120 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR BET";B 130 IF B > 5000 THEN ERROR 210 • • • 400 IF ERR = 210 THEN PRINT "HOUSE LIMIT IS $5000" 410 IF ERL = 130 THEN RESUME 120 • • • • BASIC-80 COMMANDSAND STATEMENTS 2.21 Page 2-28 FIELD Format: FIELD[#], AS ••• Version: Disk Purpose: To allocate space for variables in a random file buffer. Remarks: To get data out of a random buffer after a GET or to enter data before a PUT, a FIELD statement must have been executed. is the number under which the file was OPENed. is the number of characters to be allocated to . For example, FIELD 1, 20 AS N$, 10 AS ID$, 40 AS ADD$ allocates the first 20 positions (bytes) in the random file buffer to the string variable N$, the next 10 positions to ID$, and the next 40 positions to ADD$. FIELD does NOT place any data in the random file buffer. (See LSET/RSET and GET.) The total number of bytes allocated in a FIELD statement must not exceed the record length that was specified when the file was OPENed. Otherwise, a "Field overflow" error occurs. (The default record length is 128.) Any number of FIELD statements may be executed for the same file, and all FIELD statements that have been executed are in effect at the same time. Example: See Appendix B. NOTE: or Do not use a FIELDed variable name in an INPUT LET--statement. Once a --variable-name is FIELDed, it points to the correct place in the random file buffer. If a subsequent INPUT or LET statement with that variable name is executed, the variable's pointer is moved to string space. BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.22 Page 2-29 FOR ••• NEXT Format: FOR =xTO y [STEP z] • • NEXT [] [, ••• ] where x, y and z are numeric expressions. Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Purpose: To allow a series of instructions to performed in a loop a given number of times. Remarks: is used as a counter. The first numeric expression (x) is the initial value of the counter. The second numeric expression (y) is the final value of the counter. The program lines following the FOR statement are executed until the NEXT statement is encountered. Then the counter is incremented by the amount specified by STEP. A check is performed to see if thevalue of the counter is now greater than the final value (y). If it is not greater, BASIC-SO branches back to the statement after the FOR statement and the process is repeated. If it is greater, execution continues with the statement following the NEXT statement. This is a FOR ••• NEXT loop. If STEP is not specified, the increment is assumed to be one. If STEP is negative, the final value of the counter is set to be less than the initial value. The counter is decremented each time through the loop, and the loop is executed until the counter is less than the final value. be The body of the loop is skipped if the initial value of the loop times the sign of the step exceeds the final value times the sign of the step •. Nested Loops FOR ••• NEXT loops may be nested, that is, a FOR ••• NEXT loop may be placed wi.thin the context of another FOR ••• NEXT loop. When loops are nested, each loop must have a unique variable name as its counter. The NEXT statement for the inside loop must appear before that for the outside loop. If nested loops have the same end point, a single NEXT statement may be used for all of them. The variable{s) in the NEXT statement may be • BASIc-ao COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Page 2-30 omitted, in which case the NEXT statement will match the most recent FOR statement. If a NEXT statement is encountered before its corresponding FOR statement, a "NEXT without FOR" error message is issued and execution is terminated. Example 1: 10 K=10 20 FOR I=1 TO K STEP 2 30 PRINT I: 40 K=K+10 50 PRINT K 60 NEXT RUN 1 20 3 30 5 40 7 50 9 60 OR Example 2: 10 20 30 40 J=O FOR I=1 TO J PRINT I NEXT I In this example, the loop does not execute because the initial value of the loop exceeds the final value. Example 3: 10 I=5 20 FOR I=1 TO I+5 30 PRINT I: 40 NEXT RUN 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ok 7 a 9 10 In this example, the loop executes, ten times. The final value for the loop variable is always set before the initial value is set. (Note: Previous versions of BASIC-80 set the initial value of the loop variable before setting the final value: i.e., the above loop would have executed six times.) BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.23 Page 2-31 GET Format: GET [#][,] Version: Disk Purpose: To read a record from a random disk file into random buffer. Remarks: is the number under whicn the file was OPENed. If is omitted, the next record (after the last GET) is read into the buffer. The largest possible record number is -32767. Example: See Appendix -B. a • BASIC~80 2.24 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Page 2-32 GOSUB ••• RETURN Format: GOSUB • RETURN Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To branch to and return from a subroutine. Remarks: subroutine. is the first line of the A subroutine may be called any number of times in a program, and a subroutine may be called from within another subroutine. Such nesting of subroutines is limited only by available memory. The RETURN statement(s) in a subroutine cause BASIC-80 to branch back to the statement following the most recent GOSUB statement. A subroutine may contain more than one RETURN statement, should logic dictate a return at different points in the subroutine. Subroutines may appear anywhere in the program, but it is recommended that the subroutine be readily distinguishable from the main program. To prevent inadvertant entry into the subroutine, it may be preceded by a STOP, END, or GOTO statement that directs program control around the subroutine. Example: 10 GOSUB 40 20 PRINT "BACK FROH SUBROUTINE" 30 END 40 PRINT "SUBROUTINE"; 50 PRINT " IN"; 60 PRINT " PROGRESS" 70 RETURN RUN SUBROUTINE IN PROGRESS BACK FROM SUBROUTINE Ok BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.25 Page 2-33 GOTO Format: GOTO Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To branch unconditionally out of the normal program sequence to a specified line number. Remarks: If is an executable statement, that statement and those following are executed. If it is a nonexecutable statement, execution proceeds at the first executable statement encountered after . Example: LIST 10 READ R 20 PRINT "R =";R, 30 A -= 3.14*RA2 40 PRINT "AREA =";A 50 GOTO 10 60 DATA 5,7,12 Ok RUN AREA = 78.5 R = 4 AREA = 153.86 R = 7 AREA = 452.16 R = 12 ?Out of data in 10 Ok • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.26 IF ••• ~[ ••• ELSE] AND Format: .!!... GOTO IF THEN number>] IF GOTO [ELSE ] Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk NOTE: The ELSE clause is allowed only in Extended Disk versions. Purpose: To make a decision regarding program flow on the result returned by an expression. Remarks: If the result of is not zero, the THEN or GOTO clause is executed. THEN may be followed by either a line number for branching or one or more statements to be executed. GOTO is always followed by a line number. If the result of is zero, the THEN or GOTO clause is ignored and the ELSE, clause,' if present, is executed. Execution continues with the next executable statement. (ELSE is allowed only in Extended and Disk versions.) Extended and Disk versions allow a comma before THEN. and based Nesting of !! Statements In the Extended and Disk versions, IF ••• THEN ••• ELSE statements may be nested. Nesting is limited only by the length of the line. For example IF X>Y THEN PRINT "GREATER" ELSE IF Y>X THEN PRINT "LESS THAN" ELSE PRINT IIEQUAL II is a legal statement. If the statement does not contain the same number of ELSE and THEN clauses, each ELSE is matched with the closest unmatched THEN. For example IF A=B THEN IF B=C THEN PRINT "A=C II ELSE PRINT "A<>C II will not print IIA<>C II when A<>B. If an IF ••• THEN statement is followed by a line number in the dirapt mode, an "Undefined line" the error results unless a statement with specified line number had previously beeri entered in the indirect mode. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS NOTE: Page 2-35 When using IF to test equality for a value . that is the result of a floating point computation, remember that the internal representation of the value may not be exact. Therefore, the test should be against the range over which the accuracy of the value may vary. For example, to test a computed variable A against the value 1.0, use: IF ABS (A-1.0)<1.0E-6 THEN ••• This test returns true if the value of A is with a relative error of less than 1.0E-6. Example 1: 200 IF I THEN GET#1,I This statement GETs record number I if I is zero. Example 2: 1.0 not 100 IF(I<20)*(I>10) THEN DB=1979-1:GOTO 300 110 PRINT "OUT OF RANGE" • • In this example, a test determines if I is greater than 10 and less than 20. If I is in this range, DB is calculated and execution branches to line 300. If I is not in this range, execution continues with line 110. Example 3: 210 IF IOFLAG THEN PRINT A$ ELSE LPRINT A$ This statement causes printed output to go either to the terminal or the line printer, depending on the value of a variable (IOFLAG) • If IOFLAG is zero, output goes to the line printer, otherwise output goes to the terminal. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.27 Page 2-36 INPUT Format: INPUT[i] [<"prompt string">;] Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To allow input from the terminal during execution. Remarks: When an INPUT statement is encountered, program execution pauses and a question mark is printed to indicate the program is waiting for data. If <"prompt string"> is included,· the string is printed before the question mar~. The required data is then entered at the terminal. program If INPUT is immediately followed by a semicolon, then the carriage return typed by the user to input data does not echo a carriage return/line feed sequence. The data that is entered is assigned to the variable(s) given in . The number of data items supplied must be the same as the number of variables in the lis.t. Data items are separated by commas. The variable names in the list may be numeric or string variable names (including subscripted variables). The type of each data item that is input must agree with the type specified by the variable name. (Strings input to an INPUT statement need not be surrounded by quotation marks. ) Responding to INPUT with too many or too few items, or with the wrong type of value (numeric instead of string, etc.) causes the messsage "?Redo from start" to be printed. No assignment of input values is made until' an acceptable response is given. In the 8K version, direct mode. INPUT is illegal in the BAStC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Examples: Page 2-37 10 INPUT X 20 PRINT X "SQUARED IS" XA2 30 END RUN ? 5 (The 5 was typed in by the user in response to the question mark.) 5 SQUARED IS 25 Ok LIST 10 PI=3.14 20 INPUT ttWHAT IS THE RADIUS";R 30 A=PI*RA2 40 PRINT "THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE IS";A 50 PRINT 60 GOTO 20 Ok RUN WHAT IS THE RADIUS? 7.4 (User types 7.4) THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE IS 171.946 WHAT IS THE RADIUS? etc. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.28 Page 2-38 INPUT# Format: INPUT# , Version: Disk Purpose: To read data items from a sequential disk and assign them to program variables. Remarks: is the number used when the file was OPENed for input. contains the variable names that will be assigned to the items in the file. (The variable type must match the type specified by·the variable name.) With INPUT#, no question mark is printed, as with INPUT. file The data items in the file shoul~ appear just as they would if data were being typed in response to an INPUT statement. With numeric values, leading spaces, carriage returns and line feeds are ignored. The first character encountered that is not a space, carriage return or line feed is assumed to be the start of a number. The number terminates on a space, carriage return, line feed or comma. If BASIC-80 is scanning the sequential data file· for a string item, leading spaces, carriage returns and line feeds are also ignored. The first character encountered that is not a space, carriage return, or line feed is assumed to be the start of a string item. If this first character is a quotation mark ("), the string item will consist of all characters read between the first quotation mark and the second. Thus, a quoted string may not contain a quotation mark as a character. If the first character of the string is not a quotation mark, the string is an unquoted string, and will terminate on a comma, carriage or line feed (or after 255 characters have been read). If end of file is reached when a numeric or string item is being INPUT, the item is terminated. Example: See Appendix B. BASIC-BO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.29 Page 2-39 KILL Format: KILL Version: Disk Purpose:', To delete a file from disk. Remarks: If a KILL statement is given for a file that is currently OPEN, a "File already open" error occurs. KILL is used for all types of disk files: program files, random data files and sequential data files. Example: 200 KILL "DATA1" See also Appendix B. • o BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.30 LET Format: [LET] = Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To assign variable. Remarks: Notice the word LET is optional, i.e., the equal sign is sufficient when assigning an expression to a variable name. Example: 110 120 130 140 LET LET LET LET the 110 120 130 140 value D=12 E=12A2 F=12A4 SUM=D+E+F or / Page 2-40 D=12 E=12A2 F=12A4 SUM=D+E+F of an expression to a BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.31 Page 2-41 LINE INPUT Format: LINE INPUT[i] [<"prompt string">i] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To input an entire line (up to 254 characters) to a string variable, without the use of delimiters. Remarks: The prompt string is a string literal that is printed at the terminal before input is accepted. A question mark is not printed unless it is part of the prompt string. All input from the end of the prompt to the carriage return is assigned to . If LINE INPUT is immediately followed by a semicolon, then the carriage return typed by the user to end the input line does not echo a carriage return/line feed sequence at the terminal. A LINE INPUT may be escaped by typing Control-C. BASIC-SO will return to command level and type Ok. Typing CONT resumes execution at .the LINE INPUT. Example: See Example, Section 2.32, LINE INPUT#. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.32 Page 2-42 LINE INPUT# Format: LINE INPUT#, Version: Disk Purpose: To read an entire line (up to 254 characters), without delimiters, from a sequential disk data file to a string variable. Remarks: is the number under which the file was OPENed. is the variable name to which the line wil~ be assigned. LINE INPUT# reads all characters in the sequential file up to a carriage return. It then skips over the carriage return/line feed sequence, and the next LINE INPUT# reads all characters up to the next carriage return. (If a line feed/carriage return sequence is encountered, it is preserved.) LINE INPUT# is especially useful if each line of a data file has been broken into fields, or if a BASIC-80 program saved in ASCII mode is being read as data by another program. Example: 10 OPEN "O",1,"LIST" 20 LINE INPUT "CUSTOMER INFORMATION? " ; C$ 30 PRINT #1, C$ 40 CLOSE 1 50 OPEN "I",1,"LIST" 60 LINE INPUT #1, C$ 70 PRINT C$ 80 CLOSE 1 RUN 234,4 CUSTOMER INFORMATION? LINDA JONES LINDA JONES 234,4 MEMPHIS Ok MEMPHIS BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.33 Page 2-43 LIST Format 1: LIST [] Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Format 2: LIST [[-[]]] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To list all or part of the program currently memory at the terminal. . Remarks: BASIC-80 always returns to command level after a LIST is executedo in Format 1: If is omitted, the program is listed beginning "at the lowest line number. (Listing is terminated either by the end of the program or by typing Control-C.) If is included, the 8K version will list the program beginning at that line; and the Extended and Disk versions will list only the specified line. Format 2: options: This format allows the following 1. If only the first number is specified, that line and all higher-numbered lines are listed. 2. If only the second number is specified, all lines from the beginning of the program through that line are listed. 3. If both numbers are range is listed. specified, the entire • BASIc-ao COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Examples: Page 2-44 Format 1: LIST Lists the program currently in memory. LIST 500 In the 8K version, lists all programs lines from 500 to the end. In Extended and Disk, lists line 500. Format 2: LIST 150- Lists all lines from 150 to the end. LIST -1000 Lists all lines from the lowest number through 1000. LIST 150-1000 Lists lines 150 through 1000, inclusive. Page 2-45 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.34 LLIST Format: L~IST Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To list all or part of the program currently memory at the line printer. Remarks: LLIST assumes a 132-character wide printer. [[-[]]] in BASIC-80 always returns to command level after an LLIST is executed. The options for LLIST are the same as for LIST, Format 2. NOTE: LLIST and LPRINT are not implementations of BASIC-80. Example: See the examples for LIST, Format 2. included in all • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.35 Page 2-46 LOAD Format: LOAD [,R] Version: Disk Purpose: To load a file from disk into memory. Remarks: is the name that was used when the file was SAVEd. (With CP/M, the default extension .BAS is supplied.) LOAD closes all open files and deletes all variables and program lines currently residing in memory before it loads the designated program. However, if the "R" option is used with LOAD, the program is RUN after it is LOADed, and all open data files are kept open. Thus, LOAD with the "R" option may be used to chain several programs (or segments of the same program). Information may be passed between the programs using their disk data files. Example: LOAD "STRTRK",R BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.36 Page 2-47 LPRINT AND LPRINT USING Format: LPRINT [] LPRINT USING <"format string">; Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To print data at the line printer. Remarks: Same as PRINT and PRINT USING, except output goes to the line printer. See Section 2.49 and Section 2.50. LPRINT assumes a 132-character-wide printer. NOTE: LPRINT and LLIST are not implementations of BASIC-80. included in all .. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.37 Page 2-48 LSET AND RSET Format: LSET = RSET = Version: Disk Purpose: To move data from memory to a random file buffer (in preparation for a PUT statement). Remarks: If requires fewer bytes than were FIELDed to , LSET left-justifies the string in the field, and RSET right-justifies the string~ (Spaces are used to pad the extra positions.) If the string is too long for the field, characters are dropped from the right. Numeric values must be converted to strings before they are LSET or RSET. See the MKI$, MKS$, MKD$ functions, Section 3.25. Examples: 150 LSET A$=MKS$(AMT) 160 LSET D$=DESC($) See also Appendix B. NOTE: LSET or RSET may also be used with a non-fielded string variable to left-justify or right-justify a string in a given field. For example, the program lines 110 A$=SPACE$(20) 120 RSET A$=N$ right-justify the string N$ in a 20-character field. This can be very handy for formatting printed output. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.38 Page 2-49 MERGE Format: MERGE Version: Disk Purpose: To merge a specified disk file into the currently in memory. Remarks: is the name used when the file was SAVEd. (With CP/M, the default extension .BAS is supplied.) The file must have been SAVEd in ASCII format. (If not, a "Bad file mode" error occurs.) program If any lines in the disk file have the same line numbers as lines in the program in memory, the lines from the file on disk will replace the corresponding lines in memory. (MERGEing may be thought of as "inserting" the program lines on disk into the program in memory.) BASIC-80 always returns to command executing a MERGE command. Example: level after MERGE "NUMBRS" • BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.39 Page 2-50 MID$ Format: MID$«string exp1>,n[,m])= where n and m are integer expressions and and are string expressions. Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To replace a portion of one string with string. Remarks: The characters in , beginning at position n, are replaced by the characters in . The optional m refers to the number of characters from that will be used in the replacement. If m is omitted, all of is used. However, regardless of whether m is omitted or included, the replacement of characters never goes beyond the original length of . Example: 10 A$="KANSAS CITY, MO" 20 MID$(A$,14)="KS" 30 PRINT A$ RUN KANSAS CITY, KS another MID$ may also be used as a function that returns a substring of a given string. See Section 3.24. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.40 Page 2-51 NAME Format: NAME AS Version: Disk Purpose: To change the name of a disk file. Remarks: must exist and must not exist~ otherwise an error will result. After a NAME command, the file exists on the. same disk, in the same area of disk space, with the newname. Example: Ok NAME "ACCTS" AS "LEDGER" Ok In this example, the file that was formerly named ACCTS will now be named LEDGER • • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.41 Page 2-52 NEW Format: NEW Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To delete the program currently clear all variables. Remarks: NEW is entered at command level to clear memory before entering a new program. BASIC-80 always returns to command level after a NEW is executed. in memory and BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.42 Page 2-53 NULL Format: NULL Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To set the number of nulls to be printed at end of each line. Remarks: For 10-character-per-second tape punches, should be >=3. When tapes are not being punched, should be 0 or 1 for Teletypes and Teletype-compatible CRTs. should be 2 or 3 for 30 cps hard copy printers. The default value is o. Example: Ok NULL 2 Ok 100 INPUT X 200 IF X<50 GO TO 800 the • Two null characters will be printed after each line. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.43 Page 2-54 ON ERROR GOTO Format: ON ERROR GOTO Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To enable error trapping and specify the line of the error handling subroutine. Remarks: Once error trapping has been enabled all errors detected, including direct mode errors (e.g., Syntax errors), will cause a jump to the specified error handling subroutine. If does not exist, an "Undefined line" error results. To disable error trapping, execute an ON ERROR GOTO O. Subsequent errors will print an error message and halt execution. An ON ERROR GOTO 0 statement that appears in an error trapping subroutine causes BASIC-80 to stop and print the error message for the error that caused the trap. It is recommended that all error trapping subroutines execute an ON ERROR GOTO 0 if an error is encountered for which there is no recovery action. NOTE: If an e~ror occurs during execution of an error handling subroutine, the BASIC error message is printed and execution terminates. Error trapping does not occur within the error handling subroutine. Example: 10 ON ERROR GOTO 1000 first BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.44 Page 2-55 ON ••• GOSUB AND ON ••• GOTO Format: ON GOTO ON GOSUB E~tended, Versions: 8K, Disk Purpose: To branch to one of several specified line numbers,- depending on the value returned when an expression is evaluated. Remarks: The value of determines which line number in the list will be used for branching. For example, if the value is three, the third line number in the list will be the destination of the branch. (If the value is a non-integer, the fractional portion is rounded.) In the ON ••• GOSUB statement, each line number in the list must be the first line number of a subroutine. If the value of is negative, zero or greater than the number of items in the list, an "III~gal function call" erro~ occurs. Example: 100 ON L-1 GOTO 150,300,320,390 • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.45 Page 2-56 OPEN Format: OPEN , [#],,[] Version: Disk Purpose: To allow I/O to a disk file. Remarks: A disk file must be OPENed before any disk I/O operation can be performed on that file. OPEN allocates a buffer for I/O to the file and determines the mode of access that will be used with the buffer. is a string expression whose character is one of the following: first o specifies sequential output mode I specifies sequential input mode R specifies random input/output mode is an integer expression whose value is between one and fifteen. The number is then associated with the file for as long "as it is OPEN and is used to refer other disk I/O statements to the file. is a string expression containing a name that conforms to your operating system's rules for disk filenames. is an integer expression which, if included, sets the record length for random files. The default record length is 128 bytes. See also page A-3. NOTE: A file can be OPENed for sequential input or random access on more than one file number at a time. A file may be OPENed for output, however, on only one file number at a time. Example: 10 OPEN "I",2,"INVEN" See also Appendix B. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.46 Page 2-57 OPTION BASE Format: OPTION BASE n where n is 1 or Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To declare subscripts. Remarks: The default base is O. a the minimum value for array If the statement OPTION BASE 1 is executed, the lowest value an array subscript may have is one. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATErmNTS 2.47 Page 2-58 OUT Format: OUT I,J where: I and J are integer range a to 255. expressions in the Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To send a byte to a machine output port. Remarks: The integer expression I is the port number, and the integer expression J is the data to be transmitted. Example: 100 OUT 32,100 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.48 Page 2-59 POKE Format: POKE I,J where I and J are integer expressions Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To write a byte into a memory location. Remarks: The integer expression I is the address of the memory location to be POKEd. The integer expression J is the data to be POKEd. J must be in the range 0 to 255. In the 8K version, I must be less than 32768. In the Extended and Disk versions, I must be in the range 0 to 65536. With the 8K version, .data may be POKEd into memory locations above 32768 by supplying a negative number for I. The value of I is computed by subtracting 65536 from the desired address. For example, to POKE data into location 45000, I = 45000-65536, or -20536. The complementary function to POKE is PEEK. The argument to PEEK is an address from which a byte is to be read. See Section 3.27. POKE and PEEK are useful for efficient data storage, loading assembly language subroutines, and passing arguments and results to and from assembly language subroutines. Example: 10 POKE &H5AOO,&HFF • BASIC-BO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.49 Page 2-60 PRINT Format: PRINT [] Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To output data at the terminal. Remarks: If is omitted, a blank line is printed. If is included, the values of the expressions are printed at the terminal. The expressions in the list may be numeric and/or string expiressions. (Strings must be enclosed in quotation marks.) Print Positions The position of each printed item is determined by the punctuation used to separate the items in the list. BASIC-80 divides the line into print zones of 14 spaces each. In the list of expressions, a comma causes the next value to be printed at the beginning of the next zone. A semicolon causes the next value to be printed immediately after the last value. Typing one or more spaces between expressions has the same effect as typing a semicolon. ' If a comma or a semicolon terminates the list of expressions, the next PRINT statement begins printing on the same line, spacing accordingly. If the list of expressions terminates without a comma or a semicolon, a carriage return is printed at the end of the line. If the printed line is longer than the terminal width, BASIC-BO goes to the next physical line and continues printing. Printed numbers are always followed by a space. Positive numbers are preceded by a space. Negative numbers are preceded by a minus sign. Single precision numbers that can be represefited with 6 or fewer digits in the unscaled format no less accurately than they can be represented in the scaled format, are output using the unscaled format. For example, 10A(-6) is output as .000001 and 10A(-7) is output as 1E-7. Double prec1s1on numbers that can be represented with 16 or fewer digits in the unscaled format no less accurately than they can be represented in the scaled format, are output using the unscaled format. For example, 10A(-16) is output as .0000000000000001 and 10A(-17) is o~tput as 1D-17. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Page 2-61 A question mark may be used in PRINT in a PRINT statement. Example 1: plac~ of the word 10 X=5 20 PRINT X+5, X-5, X*(-5), XA5 30 END RUN 10 0 -25 Ok 3125 In this example, the commas in the PRINT statement cause each value to be printed at the beginning of the next print zone. Example 2: LIST 10 INPUT X 20 PRINT X "SQUARED IS" XA2 "AND"; 30 PRINT X "CUBED IS" XA3 40 PRINT 50 GOTO 10 Ok RUN ? 9 9 SQUARED IS 81 AND 9 CUBED IS 729 ? 21/ 21 SQUAREDjS 441 AND 21 CUBED IS 9261 ? In this example, the semicolon at the end of line 20 causes both PRINT statements to be printed on the same line, and line 40 causes a blank line to be printed before the next prompt • Example 3: 10 FOR X = 1 TO 5 20 J=J+5 30 K=K+10 40 ?J;K; 50 NEXT X Ok RUN 5 10 10 20 15 Ok 30 20 40 25 50 In this example, the semicolons in the PRINT statement cause each value to be printed immediately after the preceding value. (Don't forget, a number is always followed by a space and positive numbers are preceded by a space.) In line 40, a question mark is used instead of the word PRINT. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS' AND STATEMENTS 2.50 Page 2-62 PRINT USING Format: PRINT USING ; Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To print strings or numbers format. Remarks and Examples: is comprised of the string expressions or numeric expressions that are to be printed, separated by semicolons. , enclosed in quotation marks, is comprised of special formatting characters. These formatting characters (see below) determine the field and the format of the printed strings or numbers. using a specified String Fields When PRINT USING is used to print strings, one of three formatting characters may be used to format the string field: /I!/I "\n spaces\" Specifies that only the first character given string is to be printed. in the Specifies that 2+n characters from the string are to be printed. If the backslashes are typed with no spaces, two characters will be printed; with one space, three characters will be printed, and so on. If the string is longer than the field, the extra characters are ignored. If the field is longer than the string, the string will be left-justified in the field and padded with spaces on the right. Example: 10 A$="LOOK":B$="OUT/I 30 PRINT USING /I!";A$;B$ 40 PRINT USING /1\ \";A$;B$ 50 PRINT USING /1\ \/I;A$;B$;"!!/I RUN LO LOOKOUT LOOK OUT ! ! BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS "&11 Page 2-63 Specifies a variable length string field. When the field is specified with "&", the string is output exactly as input. Example: 10 A$="LOOK":B$="OUT" 20 PRINT USING "!"; A$; 30 PRINT USING "&II;B$ RUN LOUT Numeric Fields When PRINT USING is used to print numbers, the following special characters may be used to format the numeric field: A number sign is used to represent each digit position. Digit positions are aiways, filled. If the number to be printed has fewer digits than positions specified, the number will be right-justified (preceded by spaces) in the field. A decimal point may be inserted at any position in the field. If the format string specifies that a digit is to precede the decimal point, the digit will always be printed (as a if necessary). Numbers are rounded as necessary. PRINT USING "##.##;".78 0.78 PRINT USING "###.##";987.654 987.65 PRINT USING "##.## 11;10.2,5.3,66.789,.234 10.20 5.30 66.79 0.23 In the last example, three spaces were inserted at the end of the format string to separate the printed values on the line. + A plus sign at the beginning or end of the format string will cause the sign of the number (plus or minus) to be printed before or after the number. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Page 2-64 A minus sign at the end of the format field will cause negative numbers to be printed with a trailing minus sign. PRINT USING "+##.## ";-68.95,2.4,55.6,-.9 -68.95 +2.40 +55.60 -0.90 PRINT USING "##.##";-68.95,22.449,-7.01 68.9522.45 7.01** A double asterisk at the beginning of the format string causes leading spaces in the numeric field to be filled with asterisks. The ** also specifies positions for two more digits. PRINT USING "**#.# ";12.39,-0.9,765.1 *12.4 *-0.9 765.1 $$ A double dollar sign causes a dollar sign to be printed to the immediate left of the formatted number. The $$ specifies two more digit positions, one of which is the dollar sign. The exponential format cannot be used with $$. Negative numbers cannot be used unless the minus sign trails to the right. PRINT USING "$$###.##";456.78 $456.78 **$ The **$ at the beginning of a format string combines the effects of the above two symbols. Leading spaces will be asterisk-filled and a dollar sign will be printed before the number. **$ specifies three more digit positions, one of which is the dollar sign. PRINT USING "**$##.##";2.34 ***$2.34 A comma that is to the left of the decimal point in a formatting string causes a comma to be printed to the left of every third digit to the left of the decimal point. A comma that is at the end of the format string is printed as part of the string. A comma specifies another digit position. The comma has no effect if used with the exponential (AAAA) format. PRINT USING "####,.##";1234.5 1,234.50 PRINT USING "####.##,";1234.5 1234.50, BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS AAAA Page 2-65 Four carats (or up-arrows) may be placed after the digit position characters to specify exponential format. The four carats allow space for E+xx to be printed. Any decimal point position may be specified. The significant digits are left-justified, and the exponent is adjusted. Unless a leading + or trailing + or is specified, one digit position will be used to the left of the decimal point to print a space or a minus sign. PRINT USING "##.##AAAA";234.56 2.35E+02 PRINT USING ".####AAAA-";888888 .8889E+06 PRINT USING "+.##AAAA";123 +.12E+03 An underscore in the format string causes the next character to be output as a literal character. PRINT USING" 1##.## 1";12.34 !12.341 The literal character itself may be an underscore by placing " __" in the format string. % If the number to be printed is larger than the specified numeric field, a percent sign is If rounding printed in front of the number. causes the number to exceed the field, a percent sign will be printed in front of the rounded number. PRINT USING "##.##";111.22 %111.22 PRINT USING ".##";.999 %1.00 If the number of digits specified exceeds 24, an "Illegal function call" error will result. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.51 Page 2-66 PRINT# AND PRINT# USING Format: PRINT#,[USING<"format string">;] Version: Disk Purpose: To write data to a sequential disk file. Remarks: is the number used when the file was OPENed for output. <"format string"> is comprised of formatting characters as described in Section 2.50, PRINT USING. The expressions in are the numeric and/or string expressions that will be written to the file. PRINT# does not compress data on the disk. An image of the data is written to the disk, just as it would be displayed on the terminal with a PRINT statement. For this reason, care should be taken to delimit the data on the disk, so that it will be input correctly from the disk • . " In the list of expressions, numeric expressions should be delimited by semicolons. For example, PRINT#1,A;B;C;X;Y;Z (If commas are used as delimiters, the extra blanks that are inserted between print fields will also be written to disk.) String expressions must be separated by semicolons in the list. To format the string expressions correctly on the disk, use explicit delimiters in the list of expressions. For example, let A$="CAMERA" The statement and B$="93604-1". PRINT#1,A$jB$ would write CAMERA93604-1 to the disk. Because there are no delimiters, this could not be input as two separate strings. To correct the problem, insert explicit delimiters into the PRINT# statement as follows: PRINT#1,A$;","jB$ The image written to disk is CAMERA, 93604-1 BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS which can variables. be read Page 2-67 back into string two If the strings themselves contain commas, semicolons, significant leading blanks, carriage returns, or line feeds, write them to disk surrounded by explicit quotation marks, CHR$(34) • For example, let A$="CAMERA, AUTOMATIC" B$=" 93604-1". The statement and PRINT# 1 ,A$; B$ would write the following image to disk: CAMERA, AUTOMATIC 93604-1 and the statement INPUT# 1 ,A$, B$ A$ and would input "CAMERA" to "AUTOMATIC 93604-1" to B$. To separate these strings properly on the disk, write double quotes to the disk image using CHR$(34). The statement PRINT#1,CHR$(34) ~A$;CHR$(34);CHR$(34);B$;CHR$(34) writes the following image to disk: "CAMERA, AUTOMATIC"" 93604-1" and the statement INPUT# 1 ,A$ ,B$ would input "CAMERA, AUTOMATIC" " 93604-1" to B$. to A$ and The PRINT# statement may also be used with the USING option to control the format of the disk file. For example: PRINT#1,USING"$$###.##,";J;K;L For more examples using PRINT#, see Appendix B. See also- WRITE#, Section 2.6~. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.52 Page 2-68 PUT Format: PUT [#][,] Version: Disk Purpose: To write a record from random disk file. Remarks: is the number under which the file was OPENed. If is omitted, the record will have the next available record number (after the last PUT). The largest possible record number is 32767. Example: See Appendix B. a random buffer to a BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.53 Page 2-69 RANDOMIZE Format: RANDOMIZE [] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To reseed the random number generator. Remarks: If is program execution printing omitted, BASIC-80 suspends and asks fora value by Random Number Seed (0-65529)? before executing RANDOMIZE. If the random number generator is not reseeded, the RND function returns the same sequence of random numbers each time the program is RUN. To change the sequence of random numbers every time the program is RUN, place a RANDOMIZE statement at the beginning of the program and change the argument with each RUN. Example: 1 0 RANDOMI ZE 20 FOR I=1 TO 5 30 PRINT RND; 40 NEXT I RUN Random Number Seed (0-65529)? 3 (user types 3) .88598 .484668 .586328 .119426 .709225 Ok RUN Random Number Seed (0-65529)? 4 (user types 4 for new sequence) • 803506 .162462 .929364 .292443 .322921 Ok RUN Random Number Seed (0-65529)? 3 (same sequence as first RUN) .88598 .484668 .586328 .119426 .709225 Ok • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.54 Page 2-70 READ Format: READ Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To read values from a DATA statement and assign them to variables. (See DATA, Section 2.10~) Remarks: A READ statement must always be used in conjunction with a DATA statement. READ statements assign variables to DATA statement values on a one-to-one basis. READ statement variables may be numeric or string, and the values read must agree with the variable types specified. If they do not agree, a "Syntax error" will result. A single READ statement may access one or more DATA statements (they will be accessed in order), or several READ statements may access the same DATA statrnent. If the number of variables in exceeds the number of elements in the DATA statement(s), an OUT OF DATA message is printed. If the number of variables specified is fe',ver than the number of elements in the DATA statement(s), subsequent READ statements will begin reading data at the first unread element. If there are no subsequent READ statements, the extra data is ignored. To reread DATA statements from the start, use the RESTORE statement (see RESTORE, Section 2.57) Example 1: • 80 FOR I=1 TO 10 90 READ A (I) 100 NEXT I 110 DATA 3.08,5.19,3.12,3.98,4.24 120 DATA 5.08,5.55,4.00,3.16,3.37 This program segment READs the values from the DATA statements into the array A. After execution, the value of A(1) will be 3.08 I and so on. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS Example 2: Page 2-71 LIST 10 PRINT "CITY", "STATE", " ZIP" 20 READ C$,S$,Z 30 DATA "DENVER,", COLORADO, 80211 40 PRINT C$,S$,Z Ok RUN CITY DENVER, STATE COLORADO ZIP 80211 Ok This program READs string and numeric data the DATA statement in line 30. from • BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.55 Page 2-72 REM Format: REM Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Purpose: To allow explanatory remarks ,to be inserted in a program. Remarks: REM statements are not executed but are output exactly as entered when the program is lis,ted., , REM statements may be branched into (from a GOTO or GOSUB statement), and execution will continue with the first executable statement after the REM statement. In the Extended and Disk versions, remarks may be added to the end of a line by preceding the remark with a single quotation mark instead of : REM. Example: • • • 120 REM CALCULATE AVERAGE VELOCITY 130 FOR I=1 TO 20 140 SUM=SUM + V(I) • • • or, with Extended and Disk versions: • • 120 FOR I=1 TO 20 130 SUM=SUM+V(I) 140 NEXT I • • • 'CALCULATE AVERAGE VELOCITY BASIC-BO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.56 Page 2-73 RENUM Format: RENUM [[ ] [, [] [ , <.increment>] ] ] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To renumber program lines. Remarks: is the first line number to be used in the new sequence. The default is 10. is the line in the current program where renumbering is to begin. The default is the first line of the program. is the increment to be used in the new sequence. The default is 10. RENUM also changes all line number references following GOTO, GOSUB, THEN, ON ••• GOTO, ON ••• GOSUB and ERL statements to reflect the new line numbers. If a nonexistent line number appears after one of these statements, the error message IIUndefined line xxxxx in yyyyy" is printed. The incorrect line number reference (xxxxx) is not changed by RENUM, but line number yyyyy may be changed. NOTE: RENUM cannot be used to change the order of program lines (for example, RENUM 15,30 when the program has three lines numbered 10, 20 and 30) or to create line numbers greater than 65529. An IIIllegal function call ll error will result. Examples: RENUM Renumbers the entire program. The first new line number will be 10. Lines will increment by 10. RENUM 300,,50 Renumbers the entire program. The first new line number will be 300. Lines will increment by 50. RENUM 1000,900,20 Renumbers the lines from 900 up so they start with line number 1000 and increment by 20. • BASIC-BO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.57 Page 2-74 RESTORE Format: RESTORE [] Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To allow DATA statements to specified point. . Remarks: Example: be reread from a After a RESTORE statement is executed, the next READ statement accesses the first item in the first DATA statement in the program. If is specified, the next READ statement accesses the first item in the specified DATA statement. 10 20 30 40 READ A,B,C RESTORE READ D,E,F DATA 57, 68, 79 • • BASIC-80 2."58 COMr~DS AND STATEMENTS Page 2-75 RESUME Formats: RESUME RESUME a RESUME NEXT RESUME Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To continue program execution after an recovery procedure has been performed. Remarks: Anyone of the four formats shown above may used, depending upon where execution is resume: RESUME or RESUME a RESUME NEXT error be to Execution resumes at the statement which caused the error. Execution resumes at the statement immediately following the one which caused the error. RESUME Execution resumes at . A RESUME statement that is not in an error trap _routine causes a "RESUME without error" message to be printed. Example: ·10 ON ERROR GOTO 900 • • • 900 IF (ERR=230) AND (ERL=90) THEN PRINT "TRY AGAIN" : RESUME 80 • • • • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.59 Page 2-76 RUN Format 1: RUN [] Versions: 8K Extended, Disk Purpose: To execute the program currently in memory. Remarks: If is specified, execution begins on that line. Otherwise, execution begins at the lowest line number. ·BASIC-80 always returns to command level after a RUN is executed. Example: RUN Format 2: RUN [ ,RJ Version: Disk Purpose: To load a file from disk into memory and run it. Remarks: is the name used when the file was SAVEd. (With CP/M and ISIS-II, the default extension .BAS is supplied.) RUN closes all open files and deletes the current contents of memory before loading the designated program. However, with the " R" option, all data files remain OPEN. J Example: RUN "NEWFIL",R See also Appendix B. BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.60 Page 2-77 SAVE I ,p] Format: SAVE [,A Version: Disk Purpose:- To save a program file on disk. Remarks: is a quoted string that conforms to your operating system's requirements for filenames. (With CP/M, the default extension .BAS is supplied.) If already exists, the file will be written over. Use the A option to save the file in ASCII format. Otherwise, BASIC saves the file in a compressed binary format. ASCII format takes more space on the disk, but some disk access requires that files be in ASCII format. For instance, the MERGE command requires an ASCI.I format file, and some operating system commands such as LIST may require an ASCII format file. Use the P option to protect the file by saving it in an encoded binary format. When a protected file is later RUN (or LOADed), any attempt to list or edit it will fail. Examples: SAVE"COM2",A SAVE "PROG" ,P See also Appendix B. • ·BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.61 Page 2-78 STOP Format: STOP Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To terminate program command level. . Remarks:· execution and return· to STOP statements may be used anywhere in a program to terminate execution. When a STOP is encountered, the following message is printed: Break in line nnnnn Unlike the END statement, does not close files. the STOP statement BASIC-80 always returns to command level after a STOP is executed. Execution is resumed by issuing a CONT command (see Section 2.8). Example: 10 INPUT A,B,C 20 K=AA2*5.3:L=BA3/.26 30 STOP 40M=C*K+100:PRINT M RUN ? 1,2,3 BREAK IN 30 Ok PRINT, L 30.7692 Ok CONT 115.9 Ok BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.62 Page 2-79 SWAP Format: SWAP , Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To exchange the values of two variables. Remarks: Any type variable may be SWAPped (integer, single precision, double precision, string), but the two variables must be of the same type or a "Type mismatch" error results. Example: LIST 10 A$=" ONE II : B$=" ALL 20 PRINT A$ C$ B$ 30 SWAP A$, B$ 40 PRINT A$ C$ B$ RUN Ok ONE FOR ALL ALL FOR ONE Ok II C$="FOR" • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.63 Page 2-80 TRON/TROFF Format: TRON TROFF Versions: Extended, Disk Purpos.e: To trace the execution of program statements. Remarks: As an aid in debugging, the TRON statE!ment (executed in either the direct or indirect mode) enables a trace flag that prints each line number of the program as it is executed •. The numbers appear enclosed in square brackets. The trage flag is disabled with the TROFF statement (or when a NEW command is executed). Example: TRON Ok LIST 10 K=10 20 FOR J=1 TO 2 30 L=K + 10 40 PRINTJ;K;L 50 K=K+10 60 NEXT 70 END Ok RUN [10] [20] [30] [40] 1 [50] [60] [30] [40] 2 [50] [60] [70] Ok TROFF Ok 10 20 20 30 BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.64 Page 2-81 WAIT Format: WAIT , I[,J] where I and J are integer expressions Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Purpose: To suspend program execution while the status of a machine input port. Remarks: The WAIT statement causes execution to be suspended until a specified machine input port develops a specified bit pattern. The data read at the port is exclusive OR'ed with the integer expression J, and then AND'ed with I. If the result is zero, BASIC-80 loops back and reads the data at the port again. If the result is nonzero, execution continues with the next statement. If J is omitted, it is assumed to be zero. CAUTION: It is possible to enter an infinite loop with the WAIT statement, in which case it will be necessary to manually restart the machine. Example: 100 WAIT 32,2 monitoring • BASIC-SO COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.65 Page 2-S2 WHILE ••• WEND Format: WHILE [] WEND Versions: Extended,· Disk Purpose: To execute a series of statements in a long as a given condition is true. Remarks: If is not zero (i.e., true), are executed until the WEND statement is encountered. BASIC then returns to the WHILE statement and checks . If it is still true, the process is repeated. If it is not true, execution resumes with the statement following the WEND statement. loop as WHILE/WEND loops may be nested to any level. Each WEND will match the most recent WHILE. An unmatched WHILE statement causes a "WHILE without WEND" error, and an unmatched WEND statement causes a "WEND without WHILE" er_ror. Example: 90 'BUBBLE SORT ARRAY A$ 100 FLIPS=1 'FORCE ONE PASS THRU LOOP 110 WHILE FLIPS 115 FLIPS=O FOR I=1 TO J-1 120 IF A$(I»A$(I+1) THEN 130 SWAP A$(I),A$(I+1) :FLIPS=1 140 NEXT I 150 WEND BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.66 Page 2-83 WIDTH Format: WIDTH [LPRINT] Versions: Extended, Disk Purpose: To set the printed line width in number characters for the terminal or line printer. Remarks: of If the LPRINT option is omitted, the line width set at the terminal. If LPRINT is included, the line width is set at the line printer. is must have a value in the range 15 to 255. The default width is 72 characters. If is 255, the line width is "infinite," that is, BASIC never inserts a carriage return. However, the position of the cursor or the print head, as given by the POS or LPOS function, returns to zero after position 255. • BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.67 Page 2-84 WRITE Format: WRITE[] Version: Disk Purpose: To output data at the terminal. Remarks: If is omitted, a blank line is output. If is, included, the values of the expressions are output at the terminal. The expressions in the li~t m~y be numeric and/or string expressions, and they must be separated by commas. When the printed items are output, each item will be separated from the last by a comma. Printed strings will be delimited by quotation marks. After the last item in the list is printed, BASIC inserts a carriage return/line feed. WRITE outputs numeric values using the same format as the PRINT statement, Section 2.49. Example: 10 A=80:B=90:C$=THAT'S ALL 20 WRITE A,B,C$ RUN 80, 90,"THAT'S ALL" Ok BASIC-80 COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS 2.68 Page 2-85 WRITE# Format: WRITE#, Version: Disk Purpose: To write data to a sequential file. Remarks: is the number under which the file was OPENed in "0" mode. The expressions in the list are string or numeric expres,sions, and they must be separated by commas. " The difference between WRITE# and PRINT# is that WRITE# inserts commas between the items as they are written to disk and delimits strings with quotation marks. Therefore,. it is not necessary for the user to put explicit delimiters in the list. A carriage return/line feed sequence is inserted after the last item in the list is written to disk. Example: Let A$="CAMERA" statement: and B$="93604-1". The WRITE#1,A$,B$ writes the following image to disk: "CAMERA","93604-1" A subsequent INPUT# statement, such as: INPUT#1,A$,B$ would input "CAMERA" to A$ and "93604-1" to B$. • CHAPTER 3 BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS The intrinsic functions provided by BASIC-80 are presented in this chapter. The functions may be called from any program without further definition. Arguments to functions are always enclosed in parentheses. In the formats given for the functions in this chapter, the arguments have been abbreviated as follows: X and Y Represent any numeric expressions I and J Represent integer expressions X$ and Y$ Represent string expressions If a floating point value is supplied where an integer is required, BASIC-80 will round the fractional portion and use the resulting integer. • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.1 Page 3-2 ABS Format: ABS eX) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the absolute value of the expression X. Example: PRINT ABS (7* (-5) ) 35 Ok 3.2 ASC Format: ASC(X$) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a numerical value that is the ASCII code of the first character of the string X$. (See Appendix L for ASCII codes.) If X$ is null, an "Illegal function call" error is returned. Example: 10 X$ = "TEST" 20 PRINT ASC(X$) RUN 84 Ok See the CHR$ conversion. function for ASCII-to-string BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.3 Page 3-3 ATN Format: ATN(X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the arctangent of X in radians. Result is in the range -pi/2 to pi/2. The expression X may be any numeric type, but the evaluation of ATN is always performed in single precision. Example: 10 INPUT X 20 PRINT ATN(X) RUN ? 3 1.24905 Ok 3.4 CDBL Format: CDBL(X) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Converts X to a double precision number. " Example: 10 A = 454.67 20 PRINT AiCDBL(A) RUN 454.67 454.6700134277344 Ok II BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.5 Page 3-4 CHR$ Format: CHR$(I) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string whose one element has ASCII code I. (ASCII codes are listed in Appendix L.) CHR$ is commonly used to send a special character to the terminal. For instance, the BEL character could be sent (CHR$(7» as a preface to an error message, or a form feed could be sent (CHR$(12» to clear a CRT screen and return the cursor to the horne position. Example: PRINT CHR$ (66) B Ok See the ASC conversion. 3.6 function for ASClI-to-nurneric CINT Format: CINT (X) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Converts X to an integer by rounding the fractional portion. If X is not in the range -32768 to 32767, an "Overflow" error occurs. Example: PRINT CINT(45.67) 46 Ok See the CDBL and CSNG functions for converting numbers to the double precision and single precision data type. See also the FIX and INT functions, both of which return integers. BASIC-SO FUNCTIONS 3.7 COS Format: COS (X) Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the cosine of X calculation of COS (X) is precision. Example: 10 X = 2*COS(.4) 20 PRINT X RUN 1.S4212· Ok 3.S Page 3-5 in radians. The performed in single CSNG Format: CSNG(X} Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Converts X to a single precision number. Example: 10 A# = 975.3421# 20 PRINT A#; CSNG(A#) RUN 975.3421· 975.342 Ok See the CINT and CDBL functions for converting numbers to the integer and double precision data types. • BASIC..,80 FUNCTIONS 3•9 Page 3-6 CVI, CVS, CVD Format: CVI«2-byte string» CVS«4-bytestring» CVD«8-byte string» Version:> Disk Action: Convert string values to numeric values. Numeric values that are read in from a random disk file must be converted from strings back into numbers. CVI converts a 2-byte string to an integer. CVS converts a 4-byte string to a single precision number. CVD converts an a-byte string to a double precision number. Example: 70 FIELD #1,4 AS N$, 12 AS B$, ••• 80 GET #1 90 Y=CVS(N$) See also MKI$, Appendix B. 3.10 MKS$, MKD$, Section 3.25 and EOF Format: EOF«file number» Version: Disk Action: Returns -1 (true) if the end of a sequential file has been reached. Use EOF to test for end-of-file while INPUTting, to avoid "Input past end" errors. Example: 10 20 30 40 50 OPEN "I",1,"DATA" C=O IF EOF(1) THEN 100 INPUT # 1 1M (C) C=C+1:GOTO 30 BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.11 Page 3-.7 EXP Format: EXP(X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns e to the power of X. X must be <=87.3365. If EXP overflows, the "Overflow" error message is displayed, machine infinity with the appropriate sign is supplied as the result, and execution continues. Example: 10 X = 5 20 PRINT EXP (X-1) RUN 54.5982 Ok 3.12 FIX Format: FIX (X) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Returns the truncated integer part of X. FIX (X) is equivalent to SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). The major difference between FIX and INT is that FIX does not return the next lower number for negative X. Examples: PRINT FIX(58.75) 58 Ok PRINT FIX(-58.75) -58 Ok • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.13 FRE Format: FRE(O) FRE (X$) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: ~ Example: 3.14 Page 3-8 Arguments to FRE are dummy arguments. If the argument isO (numeric), FRE returns the number of bytes in memory not being used by BASIC-80. If the argument is· a string, FRE returns the number of free bytes in string space. PRINT FRE(O) 14542 Ok HEX$ Format: HEX$(X) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string which represents the hexadecimal value of the decimal argument. X is rounded to an integer before HEX$(X) is evaluated. Example: 10 INPUT X 20 A$ = HEX$ (X) 30 PRINT X "DECIMAL IS " A$ " HEXADECIMAL" RUN ? 32 32 DECIMAL IS 20 HEXADECIMAL Ok See the OCT$ function for octal conversion. BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS Page 3-9 3.15 INP Format: INP (I) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the byte read from port I. I must be in the range a to 255. INP is the complementary function to the OUT statement, Section 2.47. Example: 100 A=INP(255) 3.16 INPUT$ Format: INPUT $ (X [ , [#] Y] ) Version: Disk Action: Returns a string of X characters, read from the terminal or from file number Y. If the terminal is used for input, no characters will be echoed and all control characters are passed through except Control-C, which is used to interrupt the execution of the INPUT$ function. Example 1: 5 'LIST THE CONTENTS OF A SEQUENTIAL FILE IN HEXADECIMAL 100PEN"I",1,"DATA" 20 IF EOF(1) THEN 50 30 PRINT HEX$(ASC(INPUT$(1,#1»); 40 GOTO 20 50 PRINT 60 END Example 2: 100 110 120 130 PRINT "TYPE P TO PROCEED OR S TO STOP" X$=INPUT$(1) IF X$="P" THEN 500 IF X$="S" THEN 700 ELSE 100 • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.17 Page 3-10 INSTR Format: INSTR ([ I, ] X$ , Y$) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Searches for the first occurrence of string Y$ in X$ and returns the position at which the match is found. Optional offset I sets the position for starting the search. I must be in therange 0 to 255. If I>LEN(X$) or if X$ is null or if Y$ cannot be found, INSTR returns O. If Y$ is null, INSTR returns I or 1. X$ and Y$ may be string variables, string expressions or string literals. Example: 10 X$ = "ABCDEB" 20 Y$ = "B" 30 PRINT INSTR(X$,Y$);INSTR(4,X$,Y$) RUN 2 6 Ok 3.18 INT Format: INT(X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the largest integer <=X. Examples: PRINT INT(99.89) 99 Ok PRINT INT(-12.11) -13 Ok See the FIX and CINT functions which also return integer values. BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.19 Page 3-11 LEFT$ Format: LEFT$(X$,I) Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string comprised of the leftmost I characters of X$. r must be in the range 0 to 255. If I is greater than LEN(X$), the entire string (X$) will be returned. If I=O, the null string (length zero) is returned. Example: 10 A$ = "BASIC-80" 20 B$ = LEFT$(A$,5) 30 PRINT B$ BASIC Ok ,'- Also see the MID$ and RIGHT$ functions. 3.20 LEN Format: LEN (X$) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the number of characters in X$. Non-printing characters and blanks are counted. Example: 10 X$ = "PORTLAND, OREGON" 20 PRINT LEN (X$) 16 Ok • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.21 Page 3-12 LOC Format: LOC«file number» Version: Disk Action: With random disk files, LOC returns the next record number to be used if a GET or PUT (without a record number) is executed. With sequential files, LOC returns the number of sectors (128 byte blocks) read from or written to the file since it was OPENed. Example: 200 IF 3.22 ~OC(1»50 THEN STOP LOG Format: LOG (X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: ·Returns the natural logarithm of X. greater than zero. Example: PRINT LOG (45/7) 1.86075 Ok X must be BASIc-ao FUNCTIONS 3.23 Page 3-13 LPOS Format: LPOS (X) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Returns the current position of the line printer print head within the line printer buffer. Does not necessarily give the physical position of the print head. X is a dummy argument. Example: 100 IF LPOS(X»60 THEN LPRINT CHR$(13) 3.24 MID$ Format: MID$ (X$ , I [ , J] ) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string of length J characters from X$ beginning with the Ith character. I and J must be in the range a to 255 • . If J is omitted or if there are fewer than J characters to the right of the Ith character, all rightmost characters beginning with the Ith character are returned. If I>LEN(X$), MID$ returns a null string. Example: LIST 10 A$=ItGOOD " 20 B$="MORNING EVENING AFTERNOON" 30 PRINT A$;MID$(B$,9,7) Ok RUN GOOD EVENING Ok Also see the LEFT$ and RIGHT$ functions. • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.25 Page 3-14 MKI$, MKS$, MKD$ Format: MKI$«integer expression» MKS$«single precision expression>} MKD$«double precision expression» Version: Disk Action: Convert numeric values to string values. Any numeric value that is placed in a random file buffer with an LSET or RSET statement must be converted to a string. MKI$ converts an integer to a 2-byte string. MKS$ converts a single precision number to a 4-byte string. MKD$ converts a double precision number to an 8-byte string. Example: 90 AMT=(K+T) 100 FIELD #1, 8 AS D$, 20 AS N$ 110 LSET D$ = MKS$(AMT) 120 LSET N$ = A$ 130 PUT #1 See also CVI, CVS, CVD, Section 3.9 and Appendix B. 3.26 OCT$ Format: OCT$ (X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string which represents the octal value of the decimal argument. X is rounded to an integer before OCT$(X) is evaluated. Example: PRINT OCT$(24) 30 Ok See the HEX$ conversion. function for hexadecimal BASIC-SO FUNCTIONS 3.27 Page 3-15 PEEK Format: PEEK (I) Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the byte (decimal integer in the range a to 255) read from memory location I. With the SK version of BASIC-SO, I must be less than 3276S. To PEEK at a memory location above 3276S, subtract 65536 from the desired address. With Extended and Disk BASIC-SO, I must be in the range a to 65536. PEEK is the complementary function to the POKE statement, Section 2.4S. Example: A=PEEK ( &H5AO 0) 3.2S POS Format: POS (I) Versions: SK, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the current cursor position. The leftmost position is O. X is a dummy argument. Example: IF POS(X»60 THEN PRINT CHR$(13) Also see the LPOS function. • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.29 Page 3-16 RIGHT$ Format: RIGHT$(X$,I) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the rightmost I characters of string X$. If I=LEN(X$), returns X$. If 1=0, the null string (length zero) is returned. Example: 10 A$="DISK BASIC-80" 20 PRINT RIGHT$(A$,8) RUN BASIC-80 Ok Also see the MID$ and LEFT$ functions. 3.30 RND Format: RND [ (X) ] Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a random number between 0 and 1. The same sequence of random numbers is generated each time the program is RUN unless the random number generator is reseeded (see RANDOMIZE, Section 2.53). However, XO or X omitted generates the next random number in the sequence. X=O repeats the last number generated. Example: 10 FOR 1=1 TO 5 20 PRINT INT(RND*100); 30 NEXT RUN 24 30 31 51 5 Ok BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.31 Page 3-17 SGN Format: SGN(X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: If X>O, SGN(X) returns 1. If X=O, SGN(X) returns O. If X=0. STR$ Format: STR$(X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string representation of the value X. Example: 5 REM ARITHMETIC FOR KIDS 10 INPUT "TYPE A NUMBER"~N 20 ON LEN(STR$(N)) GOSUB 30,100,200,300,400,500 Also see the VAL function. of • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.37 Page 3-20 STRING$ Formats: STRING$(I,J) STRING$(I,X$) Versions: Extended, Disk Action: Returns a string of length I whose characters all have ASCII code J or the first character of X$. Example: 10 X$ = STRING$(10,45) 20 PRINT X$ "MONTHLY REPORT" X$ RUN ----------MONTHLY REPORT---------Ok 3.38 TAB Format: TAB (I) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Spaces to position I on the terminal. If the current print position is already beyond space I, TAB has no effect. Space 0 is the leftmost position, and the rightmost position is the width minus one. I must be in the range 0 to 255. TAB may only be used in PRINT and LPRINT statements. Example: 10 PRINT "NAME" TAB(25) "AMOUNT" : PRINT 20 READ A$,B$ 30 PRINT A$ TAB(25) B$ 40 DATA "G. T. JONES","$25.00" RUN NAME AMOUNT G. T. JONES Ok $25.00 BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.39 Page 3-21 TAN Format: TAN (X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Returns the tangent of X in radians. TAN (X) is calculated in single prec~s~on. If TAN overflows, the "Overflow" error message is displayed, machine infinity with the appropriate sign is supplied as the result, and execution continues. Example: 10 Y = Q*TAN(X)/2 3.40 USR Format: USR[] (X) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk Action: Calls the user's assembly language subroutine with the argument X. is allowed in the Extended and Disk versions only. is in the range 0 to 9 and corresponds to the digit supplied with the DEF USR statement for that routine. If is omitted, USRO is assumed. See Appendix C. Example: 40 B = T*SIN(Y) 50 C = USR(B/2) 60 D = USR(B/3) • BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.41 Page 3-22 VAL Format: VAL (X$) Versions: 8K, Extended, Disk .Action: . Returns the numerical valu,e of string X$. If the first character of X$-isnot +, -, &, or a .digit, VAL(X$)=O. Example: 10 READ NAME$,CITY$,STATE$,ZIP$ 20 IF VAL(ZIP$)<90000 OR VAL(ZIP$»96699 THEN PRINT NAME$ TAB(25) "OUT OF STATE II 30 IF VAL(ZIP$»=90801 AND VAL(ZIP$)<=908J5 THEN PRINT NAME$ TAB(25) "LONG BEACH" • See the STR$ conversion. function for numeric to string BASIC-80 FUNCTIONS 3.42 Page 3-23 VARPTR Format 1: VARPTR«variable name» Versions: Extended, Disk Format 2: VARPT~(#. A value must be assigned to prior to execution of VARPTR. Otherwise an "Illegal function call" error results. Any type variable name may be used (numeric, string, array), and the address returned will be an integer in the range 32767 to ~32768. If a negative address is returned, add it to 65536 to obtain the actual address. number» VARPTR is usually used to obtain the address of a variable or array so it may be passed to an assembly language subroutine. A function call of the form VARPTR(A(O) is usually specified when passing an array, so that the lowest-addressed element of the array is returned. NOTE: All simple variables should be assigned before calling VARPTR for an array, because the addresses of the arrays change whenever a new simple variable is assigned. Format 2: Returns the starting address of disk I/O buffer assigned to . the In Standalone Disk BASIC, VARPTR(# may be added at the end of the command line to set the maximum record size for use with random files. The default record size is 12B bytes. A new feature has been added to the INPUT statement. A comma may be used instead of a semicolon after the prompt string to suppress the question mark. For example, the statement INPUT "ENTER BIRTHDATE",B$ will print the prompt with no question mark. • APPENDIX B BASIC-80 Disk I/O Disk I/O procedures for the beginning BASIC-80 user are examined in this appendix. If you are new to BASIC-80 or if you're getting disk related errors, read through these procedures and program examples to make sure you're using all the disk statements correctly. Wherever a filename is required in a disk command or statement, use a name that conforms to your operating system's requirements for filenames. The CP/M operating system will append a default extension .BAS to the filename given in a SAVE, RUN, MERGE or LOAD command. B.1 PROGRAM FILE COMMANDS Here is a review of the commands program file manipulation. and statements used in SAVE "filename" [,A] Writes to disk the program that is currently residing in memory. Optional A writes the program as a series of ASCII characters. (Otherwise, BASIC uses a compressed binary format.) LOAD "filename" [ , R] Loads the program from disk into memory. Optional R runs the program immediately. LOAD always deletes the current contents of memory and closes all files before LOADing. If R is included, however, open data files are kept open. Thus programs can be chained or loaded in sections and access the same data files. • Page B-2 RUN "filename" [ ,R] RUN "filename" loads the program from disk into memory and runs it. RUN deletes the current contents of memory and closes all files before loading the program. If the R option is included, however, all open data files are kept open. MERGE IIfilename ll Loads the program from disk into memory but does not delete the current contents of memory. The program line numbers on disk are merged with the line numbers in memory. If two lines have the same number, only the line from the disk program is saved. After a MERGE command, the "merged ll program resides in memory, and BASIC returns to command level. KILL" filename II Deletes the file from the disk. IIfilename ll may be a program file, or a sequential or random access data file. NAME To change the name of a disk file, execute the NAME statement, NAME "oldfile" AS "newfile ll • NAME may be used with program files, random files, or sequential files. B.2 PROTECTED FILES If you wish to save a program in an encoded binary format, For use the "Protect ll option with the SAVE command. example: SAVE IIMYPROG II ,P A program saved this way cannot be listed or edited. Page B-3 ~ ~ B.3 FILES - SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM I/O There are two types of disk data files that may be created and accessed by a BASIC-80 program: sequential files and random access files. B.3.1 Sequential Files Sequential files are easier to create than random files but are limited in flexibility and speed when it comes to accessing the data. The data that is written to a sequential file is stored, one item after another (sequentially), in the order it is sent and is read back in the same way. The statements and functions that are used files are: OPEN CLOSE PRINT# PRINT# USING EOF INPUT# LINE INPUT# with sequential WRITE# LOC The following program steps are required to sequential file and access the data in the file: create 1. OPEN the file in "0" mode. OPEN "0", # 1 , "DATA" 2. Write data to the file using the PRINT# statement. (WRITE# maybe used instead.) PRINT#1,A$;B$;C$ 3. To access the data in the file, you must CLOSE the file and reOPEN it in "I" mode. CLOSE#1 OPEN "I",#1,"DATA" 4. Use the INPUT# statement to read data from the sequential file into the program. INPUT#1,X$,Y$,Z$ a Program B-1 is a short program that creates a sequential file, "DATA", from information you input at the terminal. • Page B-4 10 OPEN "O",#1,"DATA" 20 INPUT "NAME" ;N$ 25 IF N$="DONE" THEN END 30 INPUT "DEPARTMENT";D$ 40 INPUT "DATE HlRED";H$ 50 PRINT#1,N$;",";D$;",";H$ 60 PRINT:GOTO 20 RUN NAME? MICKEY MOUSE DEPARTMENT? AUDIO/VISUAL AIDS DATE HIRED? 01/12/72 NAME? SHERLOCK HOLMES DEPARTMENT? RESEARCH DATE HIRED? 12/03/65 NAME? EBENEEZER .SCROOGE DEPARTMENT? ACCOUNTING DATE HIRED? 04/27/78 NAME? SUPER MANN DEPARTMENT? MAINTENANCE DATE HIRED? 08/16/78 NAME? etc. PROGRAM B-1 - CREATE A SEQUENTIAL DATA FILE Page B-5 Now look at Program B-2. It accesses the file "DATA" that was created in Program B-1 and displays the name of everyone hired in 1978. 10 OPEN "I",#1,"DATA" 20 INPUT#1,N$,D$,H$ 30 IF RIGHT$ (H$,2)"="78" THEN PRINT N$ 40 GOTO 20 RUN EBENEEZER SCROOGE SUPER MANN Input past end in 20 Ok PROGRAM B-2 - ACCESSING A SEQUENTIAL FILE Program B-2 reads, sequentially, every item in the file. When all the data has been read, line 20 causes an "Input past end" error. To avoid getting this error, insert line 15 which uses the EOF function to test for end-of-file: 15 IF EOF(1) THEN END and change line 40 to GO TO 15. A program that creates a sequential file can also write formatted data to the disk with the PRINT# USING statement. For example, the statement PRINT#1,USING"####.##,"~A,B,C,D could be used to write numeric data to disk without explicit delimiters. The comma at the end of the format string serves to separate the items in the disk file. The LOC function, when used with a sequential file, returns the number of sectors that have been written to or read from the file since it was OPENed. A sector is a 128-byte block of data. B.3.1.1 Adding ~ To A Sequential File If you have a sequential file residing on disk and later want to add more data to the end of it, you cannot simply open the file in "0" mode and start writing data. As soon as you open a sequential file in "0" mode, you destroy its current contents. The following procedure can be used to add data to an existing file called "NAMES". • Page B-6 1. OPEN "NAMES" in "I" mode. 2. OPEN a second file called "COPY" in "0" mode. 3. Read in the data in "NAMES" and write it to "COPY". 4. CLOSE "NAMES" and KILL it. 5. Write the new information to "COPyll. 6. Rename "COPY" as "NAMES" and CLOSE. 7. Now there is a file on disk called "NAMES" that includes all the previous data plus the new data you just added. Program B-3 illustrates this technique. It can be used to create or add onto a file called NAMES. This program also illustrates the use of LINE INPUT# to read strings with embedded commas from the disk file. Remember, LINE INPUT# will read in characters from the disk until it sees a carriage return (it does not stop at quotes or commas) or until it has read 255 characters. Page B-7 10 ON ERROR GOTO 2000 20 OPEN "I",#1,"NAMES" 30 REM IF FILE EXISTS, ~'1RITE IT TO "COpy" 40 OPEN "O",#2,"COPY" 50 IF EOF(1) THEN 90 60 LINE INPUT#1,A$ 70 PRINT#2,A$ 80 GOTO 50 90 CLOSE #1 100 KILL "NAMES" 110 REM ADD NEW ENTRIES TO FILE 120 INPUT "NAME" i N$ 130 IF N$="" THEN 200 'CARRIAGE RETURN EXITS INPUT LOOP 140 LINE INPUT "ADDRESS? "iA$ 150 LINE INPUT "BIRTHDAY? "iB$ 160 PRINT#2,N$ 170 PRINT#2,A$ 180 PRINT#2,B$ 190 PRINT:GOTO 120 200 CLOSE 205 REM CHANGE FILENAHE BACK TO "NAMES" 210 NAME "COPY" AS "NAMES" 2000 IF ERR=53 AND ERL=20 THEN OPEN "O",#2,"COPY":RESUME 120 2010 ON ERROR GOTO 0 PROGRAM B-3 - ADDING DATA TO A SEQUENTIAL FILE The error trapping routine in line 2000 traps a "File does not exist" error in line 20. If this happens, the statements that copy the file are skipped, and "COPY" is created as if it were a new file. B.3.2 Random Files Creating and accessing random files requires more program steps than sequential files, but there are advantages to using random files. One advantage is that random files require less room on the disk, because BASIC stores them in a packed binary format. (A sequential file is stored as a series of ASCII characters.) The biggest advantage to random files is that data can be accessed randomly, i.e., anywhere on the disk - - i t is not necessary to read through all the information, as with sequential files. This is possible because the information is stored and accessed in distinct units called records and each record is numbered. The statements and functions that are used with random files are: • Page B-8 OPEN FIELD LSET/RSET PUT CLOSE LOC MKI$ MKS$ MKD$ CVI CVS CVD GET B.3.2.1 Creating A Random File The following program steps are required to create a file. random 1• OPEN the file for random OPEN "R",#1,"FILE",32 access ("R" mode). This example specifies a record length of 32 bytes.If the record length is omitted, the default is 128 bytes. 2. Use the FIELD statement to allocate space in the random buffer for the variables that will be written to the random file. 3. Use LSET to move the data LSET N$=X$ into the random buffer. LSET A$=MKS$(AMT) Numeric values'must be made LSET P$=TEL$ into strings when placed in the buffer. To do this, use the "make" ,functions: MKI$ to make an integer value into a string, MKS$ for a single precision value, and MKD$ for a double precision value. 4. Write the data from the buffer to the disk using the PUT statement. FIELD #1 20 AS N$, 4 AS A$, 8 AS P$ PUT #1,CODE% Look at Program B-4. It takes information that is input, at the terminal and writes it to a random file. Each time the PUT statement is executed, a record is written to the file. The two-digit code that is input in line 30 becomes the record number. PalJe B-9 NOTE Do not use a FIELDed string variable in an INPUT or LET statement. This causes the pointer for that variable to point into string space instead of the random file buffer. 10 OPEN "R"#1,"FILE" 20 FIELD #1,20 AS N$, 4 AS A$, 8 AS P$ 30 INPUT "2-DIGIT CODE"~CODE% 40 INPUT "NAME" ~X$ 50 INPUT "AMOUNT"~AMT 60 INPUT "PHONE"iTEL$:PRINT 70 LSET N$=X$ 80 LSET A$=MKS$(AMT) 90 LSET P$=TEL$ 100 PUT #1,CODE% 110 GOTO 30 PROGRAM B-4 - CREATE A RANDOM FILE B.3.2.2 Access A Random File The following program steps are required to access a file: random 1. OPEN the file in "R" mode. OPEN "R",#1,"FILE",32 2. Use the FIELD statement to allocate space in the random buffer for the variables that will be read from the file. FIELD #1 20 AS N$, 4 AS A$, 8 AS P$ NOTE: In a program that performs both input and output on the same random file, you can often use just one OPEN statement and one FIELD statement. • Page B-10 3. Use the GET statement to move the desired record into the random buffer. GET #1,CODE% 4. The data in the buffer may now be acessed by the program. Numeric values must be converted back to numbers using the "convert" functions: CVI for integers, CVS for single precision values, and CVD for double precision values. PRINT N$ PRINT CVS (A$) Program B-5 accesses the random file "FILE" that was created in Program B-4. By inputting the three-digit code at the terminal, the information associated with that code is read from the file and displayed. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 OPEN "R",#1,"FILE" FIELD #1, 20 AS N$, 4 AS A$, 8 AS p$ INPUT "2-DIGIT CODE";CODE% GET #1, CODE% PRINT N$ PRINT USING "$$###.##";CVS(A$} PRINT P$:PRINT GOTO 30 PROGRAM B-5 - ACCESS A RANDOM FILE The LaC function, with random files, returns the "current record number." The current record number is one plus the last record number that was used in a GET or PUT statement. For example, the statement IF LOC(1}>50 THEN END ends program execution if file#1 is higher than 50. the current record number in Program B-6 is an inventory program that illustrates random file access. In this program, the record number is used as the part number, and it is assumed the inventory will contain no more than 100 different part numbers. Lines 900-960 initialize the data file by writing CHR$(255} as the first character of each record. This is used later (line 270 and line 500) to determine whether an entry already exists for that part number. Lines 130-220 display the different inventory functions that the program perfo~s. When you type in the desired function number, line 230 branches to the appropriate subroutine. Page B-11 PROGRAM B-6 - INVENTORY 120 125 130 135 140 150 160 170 180 220 225 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 3,50 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 OPEN "R",#1,"INVEN.DAT",39 FIELD#1,1 AS F$,30 AS D$, 2 AS Q$,2 AS R$,4 AS P$ PRINT:PRINT "FUNCTIONS:":PRINT PRINT 1,"INITIALIZE FILE" PRINT2,"CREATE A NEW ENTRY" PRINT 3,"DISPLAY INVENTORY FOR ONE PART" PRINT 4,"ADD TO STOCK" PRINT 5,"SUBTRACT FROM STOCK" PRINT 6,IIDISPLAY ALL ITEMS BELOW REORDER LEVEL II PRINT:PRINT:INPUT"FUNCTION"iFUNCTION IF (FUNCTION<1)OR(FUNCTION>6) THEN PRINT "BAD FUNCTION NUMBERII:GOTO ON FUNCTION GOSUB 900,250,390,480,560,680 GOTO 220 REM BUILD NEW ENTRY GOSUB 840 IF ASC(F$)<>255 THEN INPUT"OVERWRITE"iA$:IF A$<>"Y" THEN RETURN LSET F$=CHR$(O) INPUT "DESCRIPTION"iDESC$ LSET D$=DESC$ INPUT "QUANTITY IN STOCK";Q% LSET Q$=MKI$(Q%) INPUT "REORDER LEVEL";R% LSET R$=MKI$(R%) INPUT "UNIT PRICE" i P LSET P$=MKS$(P) PUT#1,PART% RETURN REM DISPLAY ENTRY GOSUB 840 IF ASC(F$)=255 THEN PRINT "NULL ENTRY":RETURN PRINT USING "PART NUMBER ###";PART% PRINT D$ PRINT USING "QUANTITY ON HAND #####"iCVI(Q$) PRINT USING "REORDER LEVEL #####";CVI(R$) PRINT USING "UNIT PRICE $$##.##";CVS(P$) RETURN • REM ADD TO STOCK GOSUB840 IF ASC(F$)=255 THEN PRINT "NULL ENTRY":RETURN PRINT D$:INPUT "QUANTITY TO ADD "iA% Q%=CVI(Q$)+A% LSET Q$=MKI$(Q%) PUT#1,PART% RETURN REM REMOVE FROM STOCK GOSUB 840 IF ASC(F$)=255 THEN PRINT "NULL ENTRylI:RETURN PRINT D$ INPUT IIQUANTITY TO SUBTRACT"iS% Q%=CVI (Q$) IF (Q%-S%)100) THEN PRINT "BAD PART NUMBER":GOTO 840 ELSE GET#1,PART%:RETURN END REM INITIALIZE INPUT "ARE YOU SURE";B$:IF B$<>"Y" THEN RETURN LSET F$=CHR$(255) FOR I=1 TO 100 PUT#1,I NEXT I RETURN APPENDIX C Assembly Language Subroutines All versions of BASIC-aD have prov~s~ons for interfacing with assembly language subroutines. The USR Function allows assembly language subroutines to be called in the same way BASIC's intrinsic functions are called. NOTE The addresses of the DEINT, GIVABF, MAKINT and FRCINT routines are stored in locations that must be supplied individually for different implementations of BASIC. C.1 MEMORY ALLOCATION Memory space must be set aside for an assembly language subroutine before it can be loaded. During initialization, enter the highest memory location minus the amount of memory needed for the assembly language subroutine(s). BASIC uses all memory available from its starting loc~tion up, so only the topmost locations in memory can be set aside for user subroutines. When an assembly language subroutine is called, the stack pointer is set up for a levels (16 bytes) of stack storage. If more stack space is needed, BASIC's stack can be saved and a new stack set up for use by the assembly language subroutine. BASIC's stack must be restored, however, before returning from the subroutine. • Page C-2 The assembly language subroutine may be loaded into memory by means of the system monitor, or the BASIC POKE statement, or (if the user has the MACRO-SO or FORTRAN-SO package) routines may be assembled with MACRO-SO and loaded using LINK-SO. C.2 USR FUNCTION CALLS - SK BASIC The starting address of the assembly language subroutine must be stored in USRLOC, a two-byte location in memory that is supplied individually with different implementations of BASIC-SO. With SK BASIC, the starting address may be POKEd into USRLOC. Store the low order byte first, followed by the high order byte. The function USR will call the routine whose address is in USRLOC. Initially USRLOC contains the address of ILLFUN, the routine that gives the "Illegal ·function call" error. Therefore, if USR is called without changing the address in USRLOC, an "Illegal function call" error results. The format of a USR function call is USR(argument) where the argument is a numeric expression. To obtain the argument, the assembly language subroutine must call the routine DEINT. DEINT places the argument into the D,E register pair as a 2-byte, 2's complement integer. (If the argument is not in the range -32768 to 32767, an "Illegal function call" error occurs.) To pass the result back from an assembly language subroutine, load the value in register pair [A,B], and call the routine GIVABF. If GIVABF is not called, USR(X) returns X. To return to BASIC, the assembly language subroutine must execute a RET instruction. For example, here is an assembly multiplies the argument by 2: USRSUB: CALL DEINT XCHG DAD H MOV A,H MOV B,L JMP GIVABF language subroutine that iPutarg in D,E iIDove arg to H,L iH,L=H,L+H,L imove result to A,B ipass result back and RETurn Note that valid results will be obtained from this routine for arguments in the range -16384<=x<=163S3. The single instruction JMP GIVABF has the same effect as: Page C-3 CALL GIVABF ~T To return additional values to the program, load memory and read them with the PEEK function. them into There are several methods by which a program may call more than one USR routine. For example, the starting address of each routine may be POKEd into USRLOC prior to each USR call, or the argument to USR could be an index into a table of USR routines. C.3 USR FUNCTION CALLS - EXTENDED AND DISK BASIC In the Extended and Disk versions, the function is format of the USR USR[] (argument) where is fro~ 0 to 9 and the argument is any numeric or string express~on. specifies which USR routine is being called, and corresponds with the digit supplied in the DEF USR statement for that routine. If is omitted, USRO is assumed. The address given in the DEF USR statement determines the starting address of the subroutine. When the USR function call is made, register A contains a value that specifies the type of argument that was given. The value in A may be one of the following: Value in A ~ of Argument 2 Two-byte integer (two's complement) 3 String 4 Single precision floating point number 8 Double precision floating point number If the argument is a number, the [H,L] register pair points to the Floating Point Accumulator (FAC) where the argument is stored. If the argument is an integer: FAC-3 contains the lower 8 bits of the argument and FAC-2 contains the upper 8 bits of the argument. If the argument is a single precision floating point number: FAC-3 contains the lowest 8 bits of mantissa and I Page C-4 FAC-2 contains the middle 8 bits of mantissa and FAC-1 contains the highest 7 bits of mantissa with leading 1 suppressed (implied). Bit 7 is the sign of the number (O=positive, 1=negative). FAC is the exponent minus 128, and the binary point is to the left of the most significant bit of the mantissa. If the argument is a double precision floating point number: FAC-7 through FAC-4 contain four more bytes of mantissa (FAC-7 contains the lowest 8 bits). If the argument is a string, the [D,E] register pair points to 3 bytes called the "string descriptor." Byte 0 of the string descriptor contains the length of the string (0 to 255) • Bytes 1 and 2, respectively, are the lower and upper 8 bits of the string starting address in string space. CAUTION: If the argument is a string literal in the program, the string descriptor will point to program text. Be careful not to alter or destroy your program this way. To avoid unpredictable results, add +"" to the string literal in the program. Example: A$ = "BASIC-80"+"" This will copy the string literal into string space and will prevent alteration of program text during a subroutine call. Usually, the value returned by a USR function is the same type (integer, string, single precision or double precision) as the argument that was passed to it. However, calling the MAKINT routine returns the integer in [H,L] as the value of the function, forcing the value returned by the function to be integer. To execute MAKINT, use the following sequence to return from the subroutine: PUSH LHLD XTHL H xxx RET isave value to be returned iget address of MAKINT routine isave return on stack and iget back [H,L] ireturn Also, the argument of the function, regardless of its type, may be forced to an integer by callinq the FRCINT routine to get the integer value of the argument in [H,L]. Execute the following routine: LXI H PUSH LHLD PCHL SUB1: H xxx ..... iget ,address of subroutine icontinuation iplace on stack iget address of FRCINT Page C-5 C.4 CALL STATEMENT Extended and Disk BASIC-80 user function calls may also be made with the CALL statement. The calling sequence used is the same as that in Microsoft's FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC compilers. A CALL statement with no arguments generates a simple "CALL" instruction. The corresponding subroutine should return via a simple "RET." (CALL and RET are 8080 opcodes - see an 8080 reference manual for details.) A subroutine CALL with arguments results in a somewhat more complex calling sequence. For each argument in the CALL argument list, a parameter is passed to the subroutine. That parameter is the address of the low byte of the argument. Therefore, parameters always occupy two bytes each, regardless of type. The method of passing the parameters depends upon the number of parameters to pass: 1. If the number of parameters is less than or equal to 3, they are passed in the registers. Parameter 1 will be in HL, 2 in DE (if present), and 3 in BC (if pres·ent). 2. If the number of parameters is greater than 3, they are passed as follows: 1. Parameter 1 in HL. 2. Parameter 2 in DE. 3. Parameters 3 through n in a contiguous data block. BC will point to the low byte of this data block (i.e., to the low byte of parameter 3) • Note that, with this scheme, the subroutine must know how parameters to expect in order to find them. many Conversely, the calling program is responsible for passing the correct number of parameters. There are no checks for correct number or type of parameters. If the subroutine expects more than 3 parameters, and needs to transfer them to a local data area, there is a system subroutine which will perform this transfer. This argument transfer routine is named $AT (located in the FORTRAN library, FORLIB.REL), and is called with HL pointing to the local data area, BC pointing to the third parameter, and A containing the number of arguments to transfer (i.e., the total number of arguments minus 2). The subroutine is • Page C-6 responsible for saving the first two parameters before calling $AT. For example, if a subroutine expects 5 parameters, it should look like: SUBR: SHLD XCHG SHLD MVI LXI CALL P1 ~SAVE P2 A,3 H,P3 $AT ;SAVE PARAMETER 2 ~NOo OF PARAMETERS LEFT ;POINTER TO LOCAL AREA ~TRANSFER THE OTHER 3 PARAMETERS PARAMETER 1 • • [Body of subroutine] RET DS DS DS P1: P2: P3: ;RETURN TO ;SPACE FOR ~SPACE FOR iSPACE FOR 2 2 6 CALLER PARAMETER 1 PARAMETER 2 PARAMETERS 3-5 A listing of the argument transfer routine AT$ follows. 00100 00200 00300 00400 00500 00600 00700 00800 00900 01000 01100 01200 01300 01400 01500 01600 01700 01800 01900 02000 02100 02200 02300 ., ; [B,C] i [H,L] ~ [A] $AT: AT1 : ARGUMENT TRANSFER POINTS TO 3RD PARAM. POINTS TO LOCAL STORAGE FOR PARAM 3 CONTAINS THE # OF PARAMS TO XFER(TOTAL-2) ENTRY XCHG MOV MOV MOV INX MOV INX XCHG MOV INX MOV INX XCHG DCR JNZ RET $AT ;SAVE [H,L] IN [D,E] H,B L,C C,M H B,M H M,C H M,B H A AT1 ~ [H,L] = PTR TO PARAMS ; [B,C] = PARAM ADR ~ [H,L] POINTS TO LOCAL STORAGE iSTORE PARAM IN LOCAL AREA iSINCE GOING BACK TO AT1 iTRANSFERRED ALL PARAMS? iNO, COpy MORE ;YES, RETURN Page C-7 When accessing parameters in a subroutine, don't forget that they are pointers to the actual arguments passed. NOTE It is entirely up to the programmer to see to it that the arguments in the calling program match in number, ~, and length with the parameters expected by the subroutine. This applies to BASIC subroutines, as well as those written in assembly language. C.s INTERRUPTS Assembly language subroutines can be written to handle interrupts. All interrupt handling routines should save the stack, register A-L and the PSW. Interrupts should always be re-enabled before returning from the subroutine, since an interrupt automatically disables all further interrupts once it is received. The user should be aware of which interrupt vectors are free in the particular version of BASIC that'has been supplied o Note to CP/M users: in CP/M BASIC, all interrupt vectors are free.} • APPENDIX D BASIC-BO with the CP/M Operating System The CP/M version of BASIC-BO (MBASIC) is supplied on a standard size 3740 single density diskette. The name of the file is MBASIC.COM. (A 2BK or larger CP/M system is recommended. ) To run MBASIC, bring up CP/M and type the following: A>MBASIC The system will reply: xxxx Bytes Free BASIC-BO Version 5.0 (CP/M Version) Copyright 1978 (C) by Microsoft Created: dd-rnrnrn-yy Ok MBASIC is the same as Disk BASIC-80 as manual, with the following exceptions: D.1 described in this INITIALIZATION The initialization dialog has been replaced by a set of options which are placed after the MBASIC command to CP/M. The format of the command line is: • A>MBASIC [] [/F:] [/M: If is present, MBASIC proceeds as if a RUN command were typed after initialization is complete. A default extension of .BAS is used if none is supplied and the filename is less than 9 characters long. This allows BASIC programs to be executed in batch mode using the SUBMIT facility of CP/M. Such programs should include a SYSTEM statement (see below) to return to CP/M when they have finished, allowing the next program in the batch stream to execute. Page D-2 If /F: is present, it sets the number of disk data files that may be open at anyone time during the execution of a BASIC program. Each file data block allocated in this fashion requires 166 bytes of memory. If the /F option is omitted, the number of files defaults to 3. The /M: option sets the highest memory location that will be used by MBASIC. In some cases it is desirable to set the amount of memory well below the CP/M's FDOS to reserve space for assembly language subroutines. In all cases, should be below the start of FDOS (whose address is contained in locations 6 and 7). If the /M option is omitted, all memory up to the start of FDOS is used. NOTE Both and are numbers that may be either decimal, octal (preceded by &0) or hexadecimal (preceded by &H). Examples: A>MBASIC PAYROLL. BAS Use all memory and 3 files, load and execute PAYROLL. BAS. A>MBASIC INVENT/F:6 Use all memory and 6 files, load and execute INVENT.BAS. A>MBASIC /M:32768 Use first 32K of memory and 3 files. A>MBASIC DATACK/F:2/M:&H9000 Use first 36K of memory, 2 files, and execute DATACK.BAS. D.2 DISK FILES Disk filenames follow the normal CP/M nam~ng conventions. All filenames may include A: or B: as the first two characters to specify a disk drive, otherwise the currently selected drive is assumed. A default extension of .BAS is used on LOAD, SAVE, MERGE and RUN commands if no "." appears in the filename and the filename is less than 9 characters long. Page D-3 D.3 FILES COMMAND Format: FILES [l Purpose: To print the names current disk. Remarks: If is omitted, all the files on the currently selected drive will be listed. is a string formula which may contain question marks (?) to match any character in the filename or extension. An asterisk (*) as the first character of the filename or extension will match any file or any extension. Examples: FILES FILES II*.BASII FILES IIB:*.*II FILES IITEST?BAS II of files residing on the D.4 ·RESET COMMAND Format: RESET Purpose: To close all disk files and write the directory information to a diskette before it is removed from a disk drive. Remarks: Always execute a RESET command before removing a diskette from a disk drive. Otherwise, when the diskette is used again, it will not have the current directory information written on the directory track. RESET closes all open files on all drives and writes the directory track to every diskette with open files. • Page D-4 D.S LOF FUNCTION Format: LOF(-LOF(1) THEN PRINT "INVALID ENTRY" D.6 EOF With CP/M, the EOF function may be used with random files. If a GET is done past the end of file, EOF will return -1. This may be used to find the size of a file using a binary search or other algorithm. D.7 MISCELLANEOUS 1. CSAVE and CLOAD are not implemented. 2. To return to CP/M, use the SYSTEM command or statement. SYSTEM closes all files and then performs a CP/M warm start. Control-C always returns to MBASIC, not to CP/M. 3. FRCINT is at 103 hex and MAKINT is at 105 hex. (Add 1000 hex for ADDS versions, 4000 for SBC CP/M versions.) APPENDIX E BASIC-80 with the ISIS-II Operating System With ISIS-II, BASIC-80 is the same as manual, with the following exceptions: E.1 described in this INITIALIZATION The initialization dialog has been replaced by a set options which are placed after the MBASIC command ISIS-II. The format of the command line is: of to -MBASIC [] [/F:] [/M: is present, BASIC proceeds as if a RUN command were typed after initialization is complete. A default extension of .BAS is used if none is supplied. If /F: is present, it sets the number of disk data files that may be open at anyone time during the execution of a BASIC program. The maximum is six and the default is three. The /M: option sets the' highest memory location that will be used by BASIC. Use this option to reserve memory locations above BASIC for assembly language subroutines. At initializ~tion, the system will reply: xxxx Bytes Free BASIC-80 Version x.x (ISIS-II Version) Copyright 1978 (C) by Microsoft • Page E-2 E.2 LINE PRINTER I/O To send output to the printer during execution of a BASIC program, open the line printer as if it were a disk file: 50 N=4 100 OPEN "O",N,":LP:" 120 PRINT #N,A,B/C Since BASIC buffers disk I/O, you may want to force out by CLOSEing the printer channel. buffers To LIST a program on the line printer, use: SAVE" :LP:",A E.3 ATTRIB STATEMENT In ISIS-II BASIC-80, the ATTRIB statement attributes. The format of the statement is: sets file ATTRIB , The attribute string consists of F, W, S or I for the attribute, followed by a 1 to set the attribute or a 0 to reset. Examples: ATTRIB ATTRIB ATTRIB ATTRIB E.4 "INFO.DAT", "W1" "GHOST.BAS","I1" ":F1:SYSFIL","W1F1S111" A$,B$ MISCELLANEOUS Note these other differences for ISIS-II BASIC: 1. MAKINT is located at located at xxxxx hex. 2. There is no Filenames do and MERGEs. xxxxx hex, and GIVINT is FILES command in ISIS-II BASIC. not default to .BAS on SAVEs, LOADs, APPENDIX F BASIC-80 with the TEKDOS Operating System The operation of BASIC-80 with the TEKDOS operating system is the same as described in this manual with the following exceptions: 1. At initialization, BASIC asks MEMORY SIZE? If you respond with a carriage return, BASIC will use all available memory. If you respond with a memory location (in decimal), BASIC will use memory only up to that location. This lets you reserve space at the top of memory for assembly language subroutines. 2. The number of disk files that may be time defaults to 5. 3. LPRINT and LLIST are not implemented. open a file to the printer. 4. TEKDOS does not support random disk I/O. corresponding BASIC-80 statements (PUT, OPEN"R", etc.) are inoperable under TEKDOS. 5. Control-C works only once due to a bug in TEKDOS. If you interrupt a running program or a LIST command with Control-C, BASIC appears to be in "single statement" mode. To clear this condition, exit BASIC with a SYSTEM command and re-enter BASIC with an XEQ BASIC. Avoid using the AUTO command, since it requires a Control-C to return to BASIC command level. open at one Instead, The GET, • APPENDIX G BASIC-80 with the INTEL SBC and MDS Systems G.1 INITIALIZATION The paper tape of BASIC-80 supplied for SBC and MDS systems is in Intel-compatible hex format. Use the monitor's R command to load the tape, then execute the G command· to start BASIC-80. The command is: .G4000 BASIC will respond: Memory size? If you want BASIC to use all available RAM, just type a carriage return. If you want to reserve space at the top of memory for machine language subroutines, enter the highest memory address (in decimal) that BASIC may use. Terminal Width? (8K versions only) Respond with the number of characters for the output line width in PRINT statements. The default is 72 characters. (Extended versions use WIDTH command.) Want SIN-COS-TAN-ATN? Type Y to retain these functions, type N to delete them, type A to delete ATN only. G.2 or SUBROUTINE ADDRESSES In the 8K version of SBC and MDS BASIC-80, DEINT is located at 0043 hex and GIVABF is located at 0045 hex. USRLOC is at xxx x hex. In the Extended version, FRCINT is located at xxx x hex, and MAKINT is located at xxxx hex. • Page G-2 G.3 LLIST AND LLPRINT LLIST and LPRINT are not implemented. APPENDIX H Standalone Disk BASIC Standalone Disk BASIC is an easily implemented, self-contained version of BASIC-80 that runs on almost any 8080 or Z80 based disk hardware without an operating system. Standalone Disk BASIC incorporates several unique disk I/O methods that make faster and more efficient use of disk access and storage. Random access with Standalone BASIC is faster than other disk operating systems because the file allocation table is kept in memory and updated periodically on the diskette. Therefore, there is no need for index blocks for random files, and there is no need to distinguish between random and sequential files. Because there are no index blocks, there is no large per-file-overhead either in memory or on disk. Binary SAVEs and LOADs are also faster because they are optimized by cluster, i.e., an entire cluster is read or written at one time, instead of a single sector. To initialize Standalone Disk BASIC, insert the BASIC diskette and power up the system. In one- or two-drive systems, BASIC asks if there are two drives. In systems with more than two drives, BASIC asks for the number of drives. BASIC then asks how many files, i.e., how many disk files may be open at one time. Answer with a number from a to 15, or, for a default of 1 file per drive, just enter a carriage return. The operation of Standalone Disk BASIC is the same as Disk BASIC-80 as described in this manual, with the following exceptions: H.1 FILENAMES Disk filenames are six characters with an optional three-character extension that is preceded by a decimal point. If a decimal point appears in a filename after fewer than six characters, the name is blank-filled to six characters and the next three characters are the extension. I Page H-2 If the filename is six or fewer characters with no decimal point, there is no extension. If the filename is more than six characters, BASIC inserts a decimal point after the sixth character and uses the next three characters as an extension. (Any additional characters are ignored.) H.2 DISK FILES The FILES command prints the names of the files residing on a disk. The format is: [L]FILES[] LFILES outputs to the line printer. In addition to the filename, the size of each file, in clusters, is output. A cluster is the minimum unit of allocation for a file -- it is one-half of a track. Filenames of files created with OPEN or ASCII SAVE are listed with a space between the name and extension. Filenames of binary files created with binary SAVE are listed with a decimal point between the name and extension. The protected file option with SAVE is not supported in Standalone Disk BASIC. H.3 FPOS The FPOS function: FPOS«file number» is the same as BASIC-80's LOC function except it returns the number of the physical sector where is located. (BASIC-80's LOC function and CP/M BASIC-80's LOF function are also implemented.) H.4 DSKI$/DSKO$ The DSKO$ statement: DSKO$,,, writes the string on the specified sector. The maximum length for the string is 128 characters. A string of fewer than 128 characters is zero-filled at the end to 128 characters. DSKI$ is the complementary function to the DSKO$ statement. DSKI$ returns the contents of a sector to a string variable name. The format is: DSKI$«drive>,,[, ••• ]] MOUNT with no arguments mounts all drives. When a diskette is mounted, BASIC reads the File Allocation Table (see Section H.11.2) from the diskette into memory and checks it for errors. If there are no errors, the disk is mounted. If an error is found, BASIC reads one or both of the back-up allocation tables from the diskette in an attempt to mount the disk; and a warning message, "x copies of allocation bad on drive y", is issued. x is 1 or 2 and y is the drive number. When a warning occurs, it is a good idea to make a new copy of the diskette. If all copies of the allocation table are bad or if a free entry is encountered in the file chain, a fatal error--"Bad allocation table"--is given and the diskette will not be mounted. While a disk is mounted, allocation table to the check for errors unless the set for that drive (see SET H.G BASIC occasionally writes the directory track, but it does not read after write attribute is statement). REMOVE COMMAND REMOVE is the complement of MOUNT. Before a diskette can be taken out of the drive, a REMOVE command must be executed. The format of the command is: REMOVE[[, ••• ]] REMOVE writes three copies of the current allocation table to disk and follows the same error-check procedure as HOUNT. MOUNT and REMOVE replace the RESET command that is in BASIC-BO. NOTE ALWAYS do a REMOVE before taking a diskette out of a drive. If you do not, the diskette you took out will not have an updated and checked allocation table, and the data on the next diskette inserted will be destroyed when the wrong allocation table is written to the directory track. • Page H-4 H.7 SET STATEMENT The SET statement determines the attributes of the currently mounted disk drive, a currently open file, or a file that need not be open. The format of the SET statement is: SET I # I , is a string of characters that determines what attributes are set. Any characters other than the following are ignored: R P E Read after write Write protect EBCDIC conversion (if available) Attributes are assigned in the following order: 1. MOUNT command When a MOUNT is done for a particular drive, the first byte of the information sector on the diskette (track 35, sector 20 for floppy; track 18, sector 13 for minifloppy) contains the attributes for the disk. (octal values: R=100, P=20, E=40) 2. SET, Statement This statement sets the current attributes for the The disk, in memory, while it is mounted. attributes are not permanently recorded and apply only while the disk is mounted. 3. When a file is created, the permanent file attributes recorded on the disk will be the same as the current drive attributes. 4. SET, Statement This statement changes the permanent file attributes that are stored in the directory entry for that file. It does not affect the drive attributes. 5. When an existing file is OPENed, the attributes of the file number are those of the directory entry. 6. SET#, Statement This statement changes the attributes for that file number but does not change the directory entry. Examples: SET 1,"R" Force read after write output to drive 1 checking SET #1,"R" Force read after write for all on output all to Page H-5 .t:!!,_ .I....J....J..t::: 1 while it is SET #1,"P" Give write protect error if attempted to file 1 SET "TEST", "p" Protect TEST modification SET 1,"" Turn off all attributes for drive 1 H.8 from any output is deletion and ATTR$ FUNCTION ATTR$ returns a string of the current attributes for a drive, currently open file, or file that need not be open. The format of ATTR$ is: ATTR$«drive> # [FOR ] AS [#] where is one of the following: • INPUT OUTPUT APPEND IBM USR The mode determines only the initial positioning within the file and the actions to be taken if the file does not exist. The action taken in each mode is: INPUT The initial position is at the start of the file. An error is returned if the file is not found. OUTPUT The initial position is at the start of the A new file is always created. APPEND The initial position is at the end of the file. An error is returned if the file is not found. file. Page H-6 IBM The initial position is after the last DSKI$ or DSKO$. The file is then set up to write contiguous. No file search is done. (The same effect may be achieved in many cases by altering the FORMAT program. See Section H.11.2.1.) USR Same as IBM mode except, instead of write contiguous, USRO is called and returns the next track/sector number. The USRO routine should read the current track/sector from B,C and return the next location in B,C. When USRO is first called, B,C contains the track and sector number of the previous DSKI$ or DSKO$. If the FOR clause is omitted, the initial position is at the start of the file. If the file is not found, it is created. Note that variable length records are not supported in Standalone Disk BASIC. All records are 128 bytes in length. USR mode is especially useful for creating diskettes that require sector mapping. This is the case if the diskette is intended for use on another system, for example, a CP/M system. Instead of opening the file for write contiguous (IBM mode), the USRO routine may be used to map the sectors logically, as required by the other system. When a file is OPENed FOR APPEND, the file mode is set to APPEND and the record number is set to the last record of the file. The program may subsequently execute disk I/O statements that move the pointer elsewhere in the file. When the last record is read, the file mode is reset to FILE and the pointer is left at the end of the file. Then, if you wish to append another record, execute: GET#n,LOF(n) This positions the pointer preparation for appending. at the end of the file in At anyone time, it is possible to have a particular filename OPEN under more than one file number. This allows different attributes to be used for different purposes. Or, for program clarity, you may wish to use different file numbers for different methods of access. Each file number has a different buffer, so changes made under one £ile are not accessible to (or affected by) the other numbers until that record is written (e.g., GET#n,LOC(n)). Page H-7 H.10 DISK I/O A GET or PUT (i.e., random access) cannot be done on a file that is OPEN FOR IBM or OPEN FOR USR. Otherwise, GET/PUT may be executed along with PRINT#/INPUT# on the same file, which makes midfile updating possible. The statement fqrmats for GET, PUT, PRINT#, and INPUT# are the same as those in BASIC-BO. The action of each statement in Standalone BASIC is as follows: GET If the "buffer changed" flag is set, write the buffer to disk. Then execute the GET (read the record into the buffer), and reset the position for sequential I/O to the beginning of the buffer. PUT Execute the PUT (write the buffer to the specified record number), and set the "sequential I/O is illegal" flag until a GET is done. INPUT# If the buffer is empty, write it if the "Buffer changed" flag is sei, then read the next buffer. PRINT# Set the "buffer changed" flag. If the buffer is full, write it to disk. Then, if end of file has not been reached, read the next buffer. H.10.1 FileFormat For a single density floppy, each file requires 137 bytes: 9 bytes plus the 12B-byte buffer. Because the File Allocation Table keeps random access information for all files, random and sequential files are identical on the disk. The only distinction is that sequential files have a Control-Z (32 octal) as the last character of the last sector. When this sector is read, it is scanned from the end for a non-zero byte. If this byte is Control-Z, the size of the buffer is set so that a PRINT overwrites this byte. If the byte is not Control-Z, the size is set so the last null seen is overwritten. Any sequential file can be copied in random mode and remain identical. If a file is written to disk in random mode (i.e., with PUT instead of PRINT) and then read in sequential mode, it will still have proper end of file detection. • Page H-8 H.11 DISK ALLOCATION INFORMATION With Standalone Disk BASIC, storage space on the diskette is allocated beginning with ~he cluster closest to the current position of the head. (This method is optimized for writing. Custom versions can be optimized for reading.) Disk allocation information is placed in memory when the disk is mounted and is periodically written back to the disk. Because this allocation information is kept in memory, there is no need for index blocks for random files, and there is no need to distinguish between random and sequential files. H.11.1 Directory Format On the diskette, each sector of the directory track contains eight file entries. Each file entry is 16 bytes long and formatted as follows: Bytes 0-8 9 10 11-15 Usage Filename, 1 to 9 characters. The first character may not be 0 or 255. Attribute: Octal 200 Binary file 100 Force read after write check 40 EBCDIC file 20 Write protected file Excluding 200, these bits are the same for the disk attribute byte which is the first byte of the information sector. Pointer into File Allocation Table to the first cluster of the file's cluster chain. Reserved for future expansion. If the first byte of a filename is zero, that file entry slot is free. If the first byte is 255, that slot is the last occupied slot in the directory, i.e., this flags the end of the directory. H.11.2 Drive Information For each disk drive that is information is kept in memory: MOUNTed, the following Page H-9 1. Attributes Drive attributes are read from the information sector when the drive is mounted and may be changed with the SET statement. Current attributes may be examined with the ATTR$ function. 2. Track Number This is the current track while the disk is mounted. Otherwise, track number contains 255 as a flag that the disk is not mounted. 3. Modification Counter This counter is incremented whenever an entry in the File Allocation Table is changed. After a given number of changes has been made, the File Allocation Table is written to disk. 4. Number of Free Clusters This is calculated when the drive is mounted, and updated whenever a file is deleted or a cluster is allocated. 5. File Allocation Table The File Allocation Table has a one-byte entry for every cluster allocated on the disk. If the cluster is free, this entry is 255. If the cluster is reserved, this entry is 254. If the cluster is the last cluster of the file, this entry is 300 (octal) plus the number of sectors from this cluster that were used. Otherwise, the entry is a pointer to the next cluster of the file. The File Allocation Table is read into memory when the drive is mounted, and updated: 1. When a file is deleted 2. When a file is closed 3. When modifications to the table total twice the number of sectors in a cluster (this can be changed in custom versions) 4. When modifications to the table have been made the and the disk head is on (or passes) directory track. • Page H-10 H.11.2.1 FORMAT Program - Before mounting a drive with a new diskette, run BASIC's FORMAT program to initialize the directory (set all bytes to 255), set the information sector to 0, and set all the File Allocation Table entries (except the directory track entry (254» to "free" (255). The FORMAT program is: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 CLEAR 1500 A$=STRING$(255,128) B$=STRING$(35*2,255)+STRING$(2,254)+STRING$(56,255) FOR S=1 TO 19:DSKO$ 1,35,5,A$:NEXT FOR S=21 TO 25 STEP 2:DSKO$ 1,35,S,B$ DKSO$ 1,35,S+1,A$:NEXT DSKO$ 1,39,20,CHR$(0) After running FORMAT and MOUNTing the drive, files will be allocated as usual, i.e., on either side of the directory track. The FORMAT program may be altered to pre-allocate selected files. For instance, you may wish to use the FORMAT program to pre-allocate files contiguously (as they would be allocated in IBM mode). Then IBM and BASIC files may both exist on the diskette. The altered FORMAT program must also write the name of the filets) to the directory track (i.e., files1-8 in sector 1, files 9-16 in sector 2, etc.), so BASIC knows where the files start. H.11.3 File Block Each file on the disk has a file following information: 1. block that contains the File Mode (byte 0) This is the first byte (byte 0) of the file block, and its location may be read with VARPTR(#filenurnber). The location of any other byte in the file block is relative to the file mode byte. The file mode byte is one of the following: (octal) 1 2 4 10 20 40 100 200 Input only Output only File mode Append mode Delete file IBM mode Special format (USR) Binary save Page H-11 NOTE It iz not rsco~~ended that the user attempt to modify the next four bytes of the File Allocation Table. Many unforeseen complications may result. 2. Pointer to the File Allocation Table entry for first cluster allocated to the file (+1) the 30 Pointer to the File Allocation Table entry for last 9luster accessed (+2) the 40 Last sector accessed (+3) 50 Disk number of file (+4) 6. The size of the last buffer read (+5). This is 128 unless the last sector of the file is not full (i.e., Control-Z)0 7. The current position in the buffer (+6). This is the offset within the buffer for the next print or input. 8. File flag (+7), is one.of the following: Octal 100 Read after write check 40 Read/Write EBCDIC, not ASCII (Not available in all versions.) 20 File write protected 10 Buffer changed by PRINT 4 PUT has been done. PRINT/INPUT are errors until a GET is done. (See Section H.10.) 2 Flags buffer is empty 9. Terminal position for TAB PRINT statements (+8) 100 H.12 Beginning of length sector function buffer (+9), and comma in 128 bytes in ADVANCED USES OF FILE BUFFERS 1• Information may be passed from one program to another by FIELDing it to an unopened file number (not *0). The FIELD buffer is not cleared as long as the file is not OPENed. • Page H-12 2. The FIELDed buffer for an unopened file can also be used to format strings. For example, an aO-character string could be placed into a FIELDed buffer with LSET. The strings could then be accessed as four 20-character strings using their FIELDed variable names. For example: 100 200 300 400 500 FIELD#1, ao AS A$ FIELD#1, 20 AS A1$, 20 AS A2$, 20 AS A3$, 20 AS A4$ LINE INPUT "CUSTOHER INFORMATION: ";B$ LSET A$=B$ PRINT "NAME ";A1$;"SSN: ";A2$ 3. FIELD#O may be used as a temporary buffer, but note that this buffer is cleared after each of the following commands: FILES, LOAD, SAVE, HERGE, RUN, DSKO$, MOUNT, OPEN. 4. The effect of PRINT [USING] # into a string may be achieved by printing to a FIELDed buffer and then accessing it without reopening the file. To assure that this temporary buffer is not written to the disk, return the pointer to the beginning of the buffer and reset the "buffer changed" flag as follows: 10 OPEN "D" FOR IBM AS 1:REM THIS DOESN'T USE SPACE 20 PRINT USING#1 ••• 30 P=PEEK(6+VARPTR(#1» : REM OPTIONAL, TO GET LENGTH OF PRINT USING 40 FIELD#1 ••• AS •.• 50 Y=7+VARPTR(#11 60 POKE~PEEK(Y AND &360) :REM RESET BUFFER CHANGED FLAG 70 POKE6+VARPTR,0:REM CLEAR POSITION IN BUFFER Page H-13 H.13 STANDALONE BASIC DISK ERRORS 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 FIELD overflow Internal error Bad file number File not found File already open Disk not mounted Disk I/O error File already exists Disk already mounted Input past end Bad file name Direct statement in file Bad allocation table Bad drive number Bad track/sector File write protected Disk offline Deleted record Rename across disks Sequential after PUT Sequential I/O only File not OPEN • APPENDIX I converting Programs to BASIc-aD If you have programs written in a BASIC other than BASIC-aD, some minor adjustments may be necessary before running them with BASIC-aD. Here are some specific things to look for when converting BASIC programs. I.1 STRING DIMENSIONS Delete all statements that are used to declare the length of strings. A statement such as DIM A$(I,J), which dimensions a string array for J elements of length I, should be converted to the BASIC-aD statement DIM A$ (J) • Some BASICs use a comma or ampersand for string concatenation. Each of these must be changed to a plus sign, which is the operator for BASIC-SO string concatenation. In BASIC-SO, the MID$, RIGHT$, and LEFT$ functions are used to take substrings of strings. Forms such as A$(I) to access the Ith character in A$, or A$(I,J) to take a substring of A$ from position I to position J, must be changed as follows: BASIC-SO X$=A$(I) X$=A$(I,J) X$=MID$(A$,I,1) X$=MID$(A$,I,J-I+1) If the substring reference is on the left side of an assignment and X$ is used to replace characters in A$, convert as follows: Other BASIC A$(I)=X$ A$(I,J)=X$ SK BASIC-SO A$=LEFT$ (A$,I-1)+X$+MID$(A$,I+1) A$=LEFT$(A$,I-1) iX$iMID$(A$,J+1) Ext. and Disk BASIC-80 A$(I)=X$ A$(I,J)=X$ MID$(A$,1,1)=X$ MID$(A$,I,J-I+1)=X$ II Page I-2 I.2 MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENTS Some BASICs allow statements of the form: 10 LET B=C=O to set Band C equal to zero. BASIC-80 would interpret the second equal sign as a logical operator and set B equal to -1 if C equaled O. Instead, convert this statement to two assignment statements: 10 C=O:B=O I.3 MULTIPLE STATEMENTS Some BASICs use a backs I ash ( 1 to separate multiple statements on a line. With BASIC-80, be sure all statements on a line are separated by a colon (:). I.4 MAT FUNCTIONS Programs using the MAT functions available in some BASICs rewritten using FOR ••• NEXT loops to execute properly •. must be APPENDIX J Summary of Error Codes and Error Messages Code Number Message BS 9 Subscript out of An array element subscript that the array, or subscripts. range is referenced either with a is outside the dimensions of with the wrong number of CN 17 Can't continue An attempt is made that: to continue 1. has halted due to an error, 2. has been modified execution, or 3. does not exist. during a a program break in DD 10 Redimensioned array Two DIM statements are given for the same array, or a DIM statement is given for an array· after the default dimension of 10 has been established for that array. FC 5 Illegal function call A parameter that is out of range is passed to a math or string function. An FC error may also occur as the result of: 1• a negative subscript 2. a negative or zero argument with LOG 3. a negative argument to SQR 4. a negative mantissa exponent or unreasonably with a large non-integer • Page J-2 ID 12 5. a call to a USR function for which the starting address has not yet been given 6. an improper argument to r.1ID$, LEFT$, RIGHT$, INP, OUT, WAIT, PEEK, POKE, TAB, SPC, STRING$, SPACE$, INSTR, or ON ••• GOTO. Illegal direct statement that is illegal in di~ect mode is entered as a direct mode command. A NF 1 NEXT'without FOR A variable in a NEXT statement correspond to any previously unmatched FOR statement variable. does not executed, aD 4 Out of data A READ statement is executed when there are no DATA statements with unread data remaining in the program. OM 7 Out of memory A program is too large, has too many FOR loops or GOSUBs, too many variables, or expressions tha~ are too complicated. as 14 Out of string space String variables exceed the allocated amount of string space. Use CLEAR to allocate more string space, or decrease the size and number of strings. OV 6 Overflow The result of a calculation is too large to be represented in BASIC-80's number format. If underflow occurs, the result is zero and execution continues without an error. SN 2 Syntax error A line is encountered that contains some incorrect sequence of characters (such as. unmatched parenthesis, misspelled command or statement, incorrect punctuation, etc.). ST 16 String formula too complex A string expression is too long or too complex. The expression should be broken into smaller expressions. TM 13 Type mismatch A string variable name is assigned a numeric value or vice versa; a function that expects a numeric argument is given a string argument or vice versa. Page J-3 RG 3 UF 18 UL 8 /0 11 Return without GOSUB A RETURN statement is encountered for there is no previous, unmatched statement. which GOSUB Undefined user function A USR function is called before the function definition (DEF statement) is given. Undefined line A line reference in a GOTO, IF ••• THEN ••• ELSE or DELETE is nonexistent line. GOSUB, to a Division by zero A division by zero is encountered in an expression, or the operation of involution results in zero being raised to a negative power. Machine infinity with the sign of the numerator is supplied as the result of the division, or positive machine infinity is supplied as the result of the involution, and execution continues. Extended and Disk Versions Only 19 20 No RESUME An error trapping routine is contains no RESUME statement. entered RESUME without error A RESUME statement is encountered before error trapping routine is entered. but an 21 Unprintable error An error message is not available for the This is error condition which exists. usually caused by an ERROR with an undefined error code. 22 Missing operand An expression contains an operand following it. 23 operator Line buffer overflow attempt is made to input a line too many characters. that An 26 29 FOR without NEXT A FOR was encountered NEXT. without WHILE without WEND A WHILE statement does not WEND. have with no has a matching a matching • Page J-4 30 WEND without WHILE A WEND was encountered WHILE. without a matching Disk Errors 50 Field overflow A FIELD statement is attempting to allocate more bytes than were specified for the record length of a random file. 51 Internal error An internal malfunction has occurred in Disk BASIC-80. Report to Microsoft the conditions under which the message appeared. 52 Bad file number A statement or command references a file with a file number that is not OPEN or is out of the range of file numbers specified at initialization. 53 File not found A LOAD, KILL or OPEN statement references a file that does not exist on the current disk. 54 Bad file mode An attempt is made to use PUT, GET, or LOF with a sequential file, to LOAD a random file or to execute an OPEN with a file mode other than I, 0, or R. 55 File already open A sequential output mode OPEN is issued for a or a KILL is file that is already open; given for a file that is open. 57 Disk I/O error An I/O error occurred on a disk I/O operation. It is a fatal error, i.e., the operating system cannot recover from the error. 58 File already exists The filename specified in a NAME statement is identical to a filename already in use on the disk. 61 Disk full All disk storage space is in use. Page J-5 62 Input past end An INPUT statement is exeucted after all the data in the file has been INPUT, or for a null (empty) file. To avoid this error, use the EOF function to detect the end of file. 63 Bad record number In a PUT or GET statement, the record number is either greater than the maximum allowed (32767) or equal to zero. 64 Bad file name illegal form is used for the filename with LOAD, SAVE, KILL, or OPEN (e.g., a filename with too many characters). An 66 67 Direct statement in file A direct statement is encountered while LOADing an ASCII-format file. The LOAD is terminated. Too many files attempt is made to create a new file (using SAVE or OPEN) when all 255 directory entries are full. An • APPENDIX K Mathematical Functions Derived Functions Functions that are not intrinsic to BASIC-SO may be calculated as follows: Function BASIC-80 Equivalent SECANT COSECANT COTANGENT INVERSE SINE INVERSE COSINE INVERSE SECANT SEC(X)=1/COS(X} CSC(X)=1/SIN(X) COT(X)=1/TAN(X) ARCSIN(X)=ATN(X/SQR(-X*X+1)) ARCCOS(X)=-ATN (X/SQR(-X*X+1))+1.5708 INVERSE COSECANT INVERSE COTANGENT HYPERBOLIC SINE HYPERBOLIC COSINE HYPERBOLIC TANGENT HYPERBOLIC SECANT HYPERBOLIC COSECANT HYPERBOLIC COTANGENT INVERSE HYPERBOLIC SINE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC COSINE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC TANGENT INVERSE HYPERBOLIC SECANT INVERSE HYPERBOLIC COSECANT INVERSE HYPERBOLIC COTANGENT ARCSEC(X)=ATN(X/SQR(X~X-1)) +SGN(SGN(X)-1)*1.5708 ARCCSC(X)=ATN(X/SQR(X*X-1)) +(SGN(X)-1)*1.570B ARCCOT(X)=ATN(X)+1.5708 SINH(X)=(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))/2 COSH(X)=(EXP(X)+EXP(-X))/2 TANH (X)=EXP (-X)/EXP(X)+EXP(-X))*2+1 SECH(X)=2/(EXP(X)+EXP(-X)) CSCH(X)=2/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X)) COTH(X)=EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X))*2+1 ARCSINH(X)=LOG(X+SQR(X*X+1)) ARCCOSH(X)=LOG(X+SQR(X*X-1) ARCTANH (X) =LOG ( (1 +X) / (1-X) ) /2 ARCSECH(X)=LOG«SQR(-X*X+1)+1)/X) ARCCSCH(X)=LOG«SGN(X)*SQR(X*X+1)+1)/X ARCCOTH(X)=LOG«X+1)/(X-1))/2 • APPENDIX L ASCII Character Codes ASCII Code 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 Character NUL SOH STX ETX EaT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESCAPE FS .GS RS US SPACE 11 # $ % & ( ) * ASCII Code 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 Character + 0 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N a P Q R S T U ASCII Code 086 087 088 089 090 091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 Character V W X y Z [ \ ] fI < a b c d e f g h i j k 1 m n 0 P q r s t u v w x Y z { I } DEL APCII codes are in decimal LF=Line Feed, FF=Form Feed, CR=Carriage Return, DEL=Rubout • INDEX ABS • • • • • • • • Addition • • ALL • • • • • • Arctangent • • • • Array variables • • Arrays • • • • • ASC • • • • • ASCII codes • • • • • • • • ASCII format • • • Assembly language subroutines · ATN ATTR$ ATTRIB AUTO • • • • • • • Boolean operators · CALL Carriage return Cassette tape CDBL CHAIN Character set CHR$ • CINT • • CLEAR • • CLOAD • • CLOAD* CLOAD? • CLOSE Command level COMMON Concatenation Constants • • CONT • Control characters Control-A COS • • • • CP/M · · · CSAVE CSAVE* CSNG CVD CVI CVS · DATA · • • 3-2 1-10 2-4, 2-9 3-3 1-7, 2-9, 2-18 1-7,2-7, 2-11 , 2-24 3-2 3-2, 3-4, L-1 2-4, 2-49, 2-77 2-3, 2-16, 2-59, 3-21, 3-23, C-1 • 3-3 H-5 • E-2 1-2, 2-2 1-12 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-3, C-5 1-3, 2-36, 2-41 to 2-42, 2-83 to 2-85 2-7, 2-11 3-3 2-4, 2-9 • 1-3 3-4 3-4 2-6, A-1 • • • 2-7 2-7 2-7 2-8, B-3, B-8 1-1 2-4, 2-9 1-14 1-4 2-10, 2-41 • 1-4 • 2-22 3-5 2-46, 2-49, 2-76 to 2-77, B-1, D-1, H-2 2-11 2-11 3-5 3-6, B-8 3-6, B-8 3-6, B-8 0 2-12, 2-74 • DEF FN • • • • • • DEF USR • • • • DEFDBL • • • • • DEFINT. • • DEFSNG • • • • • DEFSTR • • • • • DEINT • • • • DELETE • • • • • • DIM • • • • • • • Direct mode • Division. ••• Double precision • DSKI$ • • • • • • DSKO$ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • • • • 2-13 2-16, 3-21 1-7, 2-15 1-7, 2-15 1-7, 2-15 1-7, 2-15 C-1, G-1 1-2, 2-4, 2-17 2-18 1-1, 2-34, 2-54 1-10 1-5, 2-15, 2-60, 3-3, A-1 H..;2 H-2 EDIT • • • Edit mode END • • • EOF • • • ERASE • • • • • • • • • • • 1-2, 2-19 • • • • • • • • • • 1-4, 2-19 • • • • • • • • • 2-8, 2-10, 2-23, 2-32 • • • • • • • • 3-6, B-3, B-5, 0-4 2-24 • • • • • • • ERL • • • • • • 2-25 • • • • ERR • • • • • • 2-25 • • ERROR • • • • • • • • 2-26 Error codes • • 1-15, 2-25 to 2-26, J-1 • • • Error messages • • • • 1-15, J-1 Error trapping • • • • • 2-25 to 2-26, 2-54, 2-75, B-7 Escape • • • • • • • • • • 1-3, 2-19 EXP • • • • • • • • • 3-7 Exponentiation • • • • • • • • 1-10 to 1-11, 3-7 Expressions • • • • • • • • • 1-9/ FIELD • • • • • FILES • FIX •••• FOR ••• NEXT • FORMAT program • ••• • FPOS FRCINT •••• FRE •• • Functions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • GET • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-28, B-8, H-11 •. GIVABF • • • • • • • GIVINT • • • • • GOSUB • • • • • • • • GOTO • • • • • • • • HEX$ • Hexadecimal • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0-3, H-2 3-7 2-29, A-1 H-10 H-2 C-1, C-4, 0-4, G-1 3-8 1-14, 2-13, 3-1, K-1 • • 2-28, 2-31, B-8, D-4,A-3 H-7 • • • C-1 to C-2, G-1 • • • E-2 • • 2-32 • • • 2-32 to 2-33 • • • • • • 3-8 • • • • • • • 1-5, 3-8 IF ••• GOTO • • • • • • • 2-34 IF ••• THEN •• 2-25, 2-34 • • • IF ••• THEN ••• ELSE • • • • • • 2-34 Indirect mode • • • • o • • • 1-1 INP • 3-9 • INPUT 2-10, 2-28, 2-36, A-2, A-3, B-9 • • • • • • • • • • INPUT$ INPUT# • • • • • • • • • • • 3-9 • • • • • • • 2-38, A-3, B-3, H-7 • INSTR • • • INT • • • • • • • Integer. • •• Integer division • INTEL • • • • • • Interrupts • • ISIS-II • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3-10 • • 3-7, 3-10 3-4, 3-7, 3-10 • • 1-10 • • G-1 • • C-7 2-76, E-1 • • KILL • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-39, B-2 LEFT$ • • LEN • • • LET • • LFILES • Line feed • • • • • LINE INPUT LINE INPUT# • • 3-11 • • 3-11 • 2-28, 2-40, B-9 • • H-2 • • 1-2,2-36,2-41 to 2-42, 2-84 to 2-85 • • • • • • • • • 2-41 • • • • • • • • 2-42, A-3, B-3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Line numbers • • • • • • • • • 1-1 to 1-2, 2-2, 2-73 Line printer • • • • • • • 2-45, 2-47, 2-83, 3-13, A-2, E-2 Lines • • • • • • • • • • • 1-1 LIST • • • •.• • • • • • • • • 1-2, 2-43 LLIST • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-45, F-1, G-2 LOAD • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-46, 2-77, B-1 LOC • • • • • • • • • • 3-12, B-3, B-5, B-8, H-2 LOF ••••• • • • D-4, H-2 3-12 LOG ••••• • • • • • Logical operators 1-12 Loops • • • • • • • • • • 2-29, 2-82 LPOS • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-83, 3-13 LPRINT • 2-47, 2-83, F-1, G-2 • • • • • • LPRINT USING • • • • • • • • • 2-47 2-48, B-8 LSET. •••• • • • • MAKINT • • • • MBASIC • • • MDS • • • • • • MERGE • • • • • MID$ • • • • • • MKO$ • • • • MKI$ • • • • • • • MKS$ • • • • • • • MOD operator • • • Modulus arithmetic MOUNT • • • Multiplication • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C-1, C-4, D-4, E-2, G-1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • D-1 G-1 2-4, 2-49, B-2 2-50, 3-13, I-1 3-14, B-8 3-14, B-8 3-14, B-8 1-10 1-10 H-3 1-10 NAME • • • • • • • • 2-51 Negation • • • • • • • • • • 1-10 2-8, 2-52 NEW • • • • • • • • • NULL • • • • • • • • 2-53 I Numeric constants Numeric variables • • • • • • 1-4 • • • • • • 1-7 OCT$. •• • Octal • • • • ON ERROR GOTO ON ••• GOSUB • • ON ••• GOTO • OPEN • • • • • • • • • • • Operators • OPTION BASE OUT • • • Overflow • • Overlay • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Paper tape • • PEEK • • • • • POKE • • • • • ••.•• POS PRINT. •• PRINT USING • PRINT#: • PRINT#: USING • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3-14 • • 1-5, 3-14 • • 2-54 • • 2-55 • • 2-55, A-1 • • 2-8, 2-28, 2~56, B-3, B-8, H-"5 • • 1-9, 1-11 to 1-14 • • 2-57 • • 2-58 • • 1-11, 3-7, 3-21, A-1 • • 2-4 • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Protected files PUT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · .. . • • • • • • 2-77, A-2, B-2 • • • • • • Random numbers • • RANDOHIZE • READ • • • • • • Relational operators REM • • • • • • • REMOVE • • • • • • • RENUM • • • • RESET • • • • RESTORE • • • • • RESUME • • • • • • RETURN • • • • • • • RIGHT$ • • • • • • RND • • • . RSET • • • • • Rubout • • • • • • • RUN • • • • • • • • · .• •. • • • • • • • • • ·.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • SAVE • • • • • • • • • SBC • • Sequential files • • • • • • • • • • • • 3-15 3-15 3-15 A-1 A-2 A-3, B-3, H-7 A-3, B-5, B-5 • 2-28, 2-68, B-8, H-7 • • Random files • • • SET 2-53 2-59, 2-59, 2-83, 2-60, 2-62, 2-66, 2-66, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • '. . 2~28, 2-31, 2-39, 2-48, 2-56, 2-68, 3-12, 3-14, A-3 B-7, D-4 2-69, 3-16 2-69, 3-16, A-1 2-70, 2-74 1-11 2-72 H-3 2-4, 2-25, 2-73 D-3 2-74 2-75 2-32 3-16 2-69, 3-16, A-1 2-48, B-8 1-3, 1-15, 2-20 2-76 to 2-77, B-2 • • 2-46, 2-76 to 2-77, B-1 • G-1 • • 2-38 to 2-39, 2-42, 2-56, 2-66, 2-85, 3-6, 3-12, B-3 • H-4 • SGN • • •• ••• SIN. •• • • • Single precision • • • SPACE$ • • •• • SPC. •••••• • SQR •• • Standalone Disk BASIC STOP • • •• ••• STR$ • •. •• ••• • String constants • • • String functions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • String operators • String space • • • String variables • STRING$ • • • • • Subroutines • • • Subscripts • • • • Subtraction • • • SWAP •• •• •• SYSTEM •• ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TAB Tab • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • TAN •• • • • • TEKDOS • • • TROFF • • • • • • TRON •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3-17 3-17 1-5, 2-15, 2-60, 3-5, A-1 '" ." .j-IO 3-18 3-19 H-1 2-10, 2-23, 2-32, 2-78 3-19 1-4 3-6, 3-10 to 3-11, 3-13, 3-16, 3-19, 3-22, 1-1 1-14 2-6, 3-8, A-1, B-9 1-7, 2-15, 2-41 to 2-42 3-20 2-3, 2-32, 2~55, C-1 1-7, 2-18, 2-57 1-10 2-79 0-4, F-1 • • 3-20 • • 1-3 to 1-4 • • 3-21 • F-1 • • 2-80 • • 2-80 USR • • • • • • • • • • • 2-16, 3-21, C-1 USRLOC • • • • • • • • • • • C-2, G-1 VAL • Variables VARPTR • • • • • • • • 3-22 • • • • • • • 1-6 • • • • 3-23, H-10 • • • • WAIT • • . • • WEND •• •• WHILE •• • WIDTH. •• WIDTH LPRINT • WRITE. •• WRITE# • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-81 2-82 2-82 2-83, A-2 2-83, A-2 2-84 2-85, A-3, B-3 • Microsoft ~"f+, •• ~ ...a .....,"' . . . YYUI '4iiiiP D .. ~hlam DOft~"+ I "'WI 'V • • • 1'4iiiiP"""" " I Use this form to report errors or problems in: D D o Date Microsoft BASIC-80 H.icrosoft BASIC-86 Microsoft BASIC Compiler Report only one problem per form. Describe your hardware and operating system: BASIC Release number: Please supply a concise description of the problem and the circumstances surrounding its occurrence. If possible, reduce the problem to a simple test case. Otherwise, include all programs and data in machine readable form (preferably on a diskette). If a patch or interim solution is being used, please describe it. This form may also be used to describe suggested enhancements to Microsoft BASIC. Problem Description: • -()vpr- Did you find errors in the BASIC-80 Referenc.e Manual? If so, please include page numbers and describe: Fill in the following information before returning this form: Name --------------------------------------- Phone Organization ------------------------------------------------------------Ci ty __________ State Zip _ __ Address -------------------------Return. form to: ----------~------------- Microsoft 10800 NE Eighth, Suite 819 Bellevue, WA 98004 MICROSOFT UTILITY SOFTWARE MANUAL MltoDoltW ~@{fltw@[f® [[fi)@[Ji) M@D • ©Microsoft, 1978 Microsoft Utility Software Manual CONTENTS SECTION 1 1.1 1. 2 1.3 1.4 1.5 MACRO-SO Assembler ..... .. • • 5 Format of MACRO-SO Commands • • • • • • • • • 1 • 1 .1 MACRO-SO Command Strings • • • • • • • 1.1.2 MACRO-SO Switches • • • • • • • • • • • Format of MACRO-SO Source Files • • • • • • • 1.,2.1 Statements • • • • • • • • •• 1 .2.2 Symbols. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.2.3 Numeric Constants • • • • • • • • • • • 1.2.4 Strings. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Expression Evaluation • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.3.1 Arithmetic and Logical Operators • • • 1 . 3. 2 Modes • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.3.3 Externals • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Opcodes as Operands • • • • • • • • • • • • • Pseudo Operations •••••••••••• 1 • 5 • 1 ASEG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 • 5 • 2 COMMON • • • • • • • • 1.5.3 CSEG • • • • • • • • • •• 1.5.4 Define Byte • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.5.5 Define Character • • • • • 1.5.6 Define Space • • • •••• 1.5.7 DSEG • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1.5.S Define Word • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 5 5 6 6 7 8 S 1• 5 • 9 1.5.10 1•5 • 11 1.5.12 1 • 5 • 13 1.5.14 1 • 5 • 15 1• 5 • 16 1.5.17 1 • 5 • 1S 1 • 5. 1 9 1 • 5 • 20 1 • 5 • 21 1.5.22 1.5.23 1.5.24 1.5.25 1.5.26 1.5.27 1.5.28 END. • • • • • • • •. 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 .••••• 15 ENTRY/PUBLIC • • • • • •••••• EQU.... • • • • • • • • • • EXT/EXTRN. • • • ••••••• NAME •• • • • • • •••••• ~ • Define Origin • • • • . • • • • • • • PAGE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • SET. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • SUBTTL • • • • • • • • • • • • TITLE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • COMMENT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • P RINTX • • • • • • •••• • • • RADIX • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • REQUEST • • • • • • • • • • • •• .ZSO ••••••••••• • • , • .S080....... • ••••••• Conditional Pseudo Operations ••• Listing Control Pseudo Operations • • • Relocation Pseudo Operations ••••• Relocation Before Loading • • • • • • • 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 1S 0 g g 0 , • • ••• 18 18 19 20 20 21 • 1.6 ~ 22 . 22 1.6.2 1 .6. 3 1. 6.4 1• 6 • 5 1•6•6 1• 6 • 7 REPT-ENDM. • • • • • • • • IRP-ENDM • • • • • • • • • • • IRPC-ENDM.. ••• r1ACRO .•••.•••••••••• ENDM • • • . • • • • • • • EXITr-1. • • • • •• • . • •• • 1 • 6 • S LOCAL. • • • • • • •• • • 1.6.9 Special r·1acro Operators and Forms • Using ZSO Pseudo-ops • • • Sample Assembly • • • • • • ••••• MACRO-SO Errors • • • • • • • • • • .' Compatability with Other Assemblers • • • • • Format of Listings. • • • 1. 11 • 1 Symbol Table Listing • • • • •• • Cross Reference Facility • 23 24 24 24 26 26 27 27 /.S 29 30 31 32 33 34 LINK-SO Linking Loader 36 Macros and Block Pseudo Operations. •• 1•6 • 1 1.7 1.S 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 SECTION 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 SECTION 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 SECTION 4 Terms. • . • • . . . • • • • • Format of LINK-SO Commands • 2.1.1 LINK-SO Command Strings • • • . 2.1.2 LINK-SO Switches • • • • • • . Sample Link • • • • • • • . • Format of LINK Compatible Object Files LINK-SO Error Messages • • • . • • • • Program Break Information . • . • • . LIB-SO Library Manager • LIB-SO Commands • 301.1 Modules. . LIB-SO Switches LIB-SO Listings • Sample LIB Session Summaryof Switches Operating Systems • • . • • 36 • • • • 36 • • • • 37 • • • • . • • • · • 39 39 41 43 · 44 • • . • • ••• • • . . . . .. .... •••••••.••. • • • • • . •••• •••..••••.•• and Syntax • • • • • • • • 44 44 46 46 47 47 • 4S 4. , CP 1M . . . . 4.2 4.3 4.4 DTC Microfile . • • • •• • • • • 50 Altair DOS ••••.•.••..•• . 52 ISIS-II • • . . . • . . . • ••.. • 54 . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • • . 48 SECTION 1 t·1ACRO-80 Assembler 1.1 Format of MACRO-SO Commands 1• 1• 1 MACRO-80 Command Strings To run MACRO-BO, type MBa. followed by a carriage return. MACRO-SO will return the prompt "*" (with the DTC operating system, the prompt is ">."), indicating it is ready to accept commands. The format of a MACRO-SO command string is: objprog-dev: filename. ext, list-dev: filename. ext= source-dev:filename.ext ' objprog-dev: The device on which the object written. program is to be list-dev: The device on which the program listing is written. source-dev: The device from which the source-program input to HACRO-80 is obtained. If a device name is omitted, it defaults to the currently selected drive. filename. ext The filename and filename extension of the object program file, the listing file, and the source file. Filename extensions may be omitted. See Section 4 for the default extension supplied by your operating system. Either the object file or the listing file or both may be omitted. If neither a listing file nor an object file is desired, place only a comma to the left of the equal sign. If the names of the object file and the listing file are omitted, the default is the name of the source file. Examples: *=SOURCE .l-1AC Assemble the program SOURCE.MAC and place the object in SOURCE.REL *,LST:=TEST Assemble the program TEST.MAC and list on device LST • --~- *SMALL,TTY:=TEST 1• 1• 2 - Assemble the program TEST.MAC, place the object in SMALL.RELand list on TTY MACRo-ao Switches A number of different switches may be given in the MACRO-aO command string that will affect the format of the listing file. Each switch must be preceded by a slash (/): Switch Action o Print all listing addresses, etc. in octal. (Default for Altair DOS) H Print all listing addresses, etc. in hexadecimal. (Default for non-Altair versions) R Force generation of an object file. L Force generation of a listing file. C Force generation of a cross reference file. Z Assemble zao (Zilog format) mnemonics. (Default for Z80 operating systems) I Assemble 8080 mnemonics. 8080 operating systems) (Default for Examples: 1.2 *=TEST/L Compile TEST.MAC with object file TEST.REL and listing file TEST.LST *LAST,LAST/C=MOD1 Compile MOD1.MAC with object file LAST.REL and cross reference file LAST.CRF for use with CREF-80 (See Section 1.12) Format of MACRO-SO Source Files In general, MACRO-SO accepts a source file that is almost identical to source files for INTEL compatible assemblers. Input source lines of up to 132 characters in length are acceptable. Microsoft Utility Software Page 7 MACRO-BO preserves lower case letters in quoted strings and comments. All symbols, opcodes and pseudo-opcodes typed in lower case will be converted to upper case. NOTE If the source file includes line numbers from an editor, each byte of the line number must have the high bit on. Line numbers from Microsoft's EDIT-80 Editor are acceptable. 1 .2. 1 Statements Source files input to statements of the form: [label: [ : ] ] [operator] MACRO-BO [ argumen ts ] consist of [; comment] With the exception of the ISIS assembler $ controls (see Section 1.10), it is not necessary that statements begin in column 1. Multiple blanks or tabs may be used to improve readability. If a label is present, it is the first item in the statement and is immediately followed by a colon. If it is followed by two colons, it is declared as PUBLIC (see ENTRY/PUBLIC, Section 1.5.10). For exmple: FOO: : RET is equivalent to PUBLIC FOO: FOO RET The next item after the label (or the first item on the line if no label is present) is an operator. An operator may be an opcode (8080 or Z80 mnemonic), pseudo-op,_ macro call or expression. The evaluation order is as follows: 1. Macro call 2. Opcode/Pseudo operation 3. Expression Instead of flagging an expression as an error, the assembler treats it as if it were a DB statement I Microsoft Utility Software Page a (see Section 1.5.4). The arguments following the operator will, course, vary in for.m according to the operator. of A comment always begins with a semicolon and ends with a carriage return. A comment may be a line by itself or it may be app~nded to a line that contains a statement. Extended comments can be entered using the .COMMENT pseudo operation (see Section 1.5.19). 1.2.2 Symbols MACRO-aO symbols may be of any length, however, only the first six characters are significant. The following characters are legal in a symbol: A-Z 0-9 $ • ? @ With the aoao/zao assembler, the underline character is also legal in a symbol. A symbol may not start with a digit. When a symbol is read, lower case is translated into upper case. If a symbol reference is followed by ## it is declared external (see also the EXT/EXTRN pseudo-op, Section 1.5.12). 1.2.3 Numeric Constants The default base for numeric constants is decimal. This may be changed by the .RADIX pseudo-op (see Section 1.5.21). Any base from,2 (binary) to 16 (hexadecimal) may be selected. When the base is greater than 10, A-F are the digits following 9. If the first digit of the number is not numeric (i.e., A-F), the number must be preceded by a zero. This eliminates the use of zero as a leading digit for octal constants; as in -previOus versions of MACRO-aO. Numbers are 16-bit unsigned quantities. A number is always evaluated in the current radix unless one of the following special notations is used: nnnnB nnnnD nnnnO nnnnQ nnnnH X'nnnn' Binary Decimal Octal Octal Hexadecimal Hexadecimal Overflow of a number beyond two bytes is ignored Microsoft Utility Software Page 9 and the result is the low order 16-bits. A character constant is a string comprised of zero, one or two ASCII characters, delimited by quotation marks, and used in a non-simple expression. For example, in the statement DB 'A' + 1 'A' is a character constant. But the statement uses 'A' as a string because it is in a simple expression. The rules for character constant delimiters are the same as for strings. A character constant comprised of one character has as its value the ASCII value of that character. That is, the high order byte of the value is zero, and the low order byte is the ASCII value of the character. For example, the value of the constant 'A' is 41H. A character constant comprised of two characters has as its value the ASCII value of the first character in the high order byte and the ASCII value of the second character in the low order byte. For example, the value of the character constant "AB" is 41H*256+42H. 1.2.4 Strings A string is comprised of zero or more characters delimited by quotation marks. Either single or double quotes may be used as string delimiters. The delimiter quotes may be used as characters if they appear twice for every character occurrence desired. For example, the statement DB "I am ""great"" today" stores the string I am "great" today If there are zero characters between delimiters, the string is a null string. the • Microsoft Utility Software 1.3 Expression Evaluation 1.3.1 Arithmetic and Logical Operators Page 10 The following operators are allowed in expressions. The operators are listed in order of precedence. NUL LOW, HIGH *, I, MOD, SHR, SHL Unary Minus +, - EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE NOT AND OR, XOR Parentheses are used to change the, order of precedence. During evaluation of an expression, as soon as a new operator is encountered that has precedence less than or equal to the last operator encountered, all operations up to the new operator are perfor.med. That is, subexpressions involving operators of higher precedence are computed first. All operators except +, -, *, I must be separated from their operands by at least one space. The byte isolation operators (HIGH,LOW) isolate the high or low order 8 bits of an Absolute 16-bit value. If a relocatable value is supplied as an operand, HIGH and LOW will treat it as if it were relative to location zero. 1.3.2 Modes All symbols used as operands in expressions are in one of the following modes: Absolute, Data Relative, Program (Code) Relative or COMMON. (See Section 1.5 for the ASEG, CSEG, DSEG and COMMON pseudo-ops.) Symbols assembled under the ASEG, CSEG (default), or DSEG pseudo-ops are in Absolute, Code Relative or Data Relative mode respectively. The number of COMMON modes in a program is determined by the number of CO~~ON blocks that have been named Microsoft Utility Software Page 11 with the COMMON pseudo-oPe Two COMMON symbols are not in the same mode unless they are ~n the sw~e COMMON block. In any operation other than addition or subtraction, the mode of both operands must be Absolute. If the operation is addition, the following rules apply: 1. At least one of the operands must be Absolute. 2. Absolute + = If the operation is subtraction, the following rules apply: = 1. - Absolute 2. - = Absolute where the two s are the same. Each intermediate step in the evaluation of an expression must conform to the above rules for modes, or an error will be generated. For example, if FOO, BAZ and ZAZ are three Program Relative symbols, the expression FOO + BAZ - ZAZ will generate an R error because the first step (FOO + BAZ) adds two relocatable valueso (One of the values must be Absolute.) This problem can always be fixed by inserting parentheses. So that FOO + (BAZ - ZAZ) is legal because the first step (BAZ ZAZ) generates an Absolute value that is then added to the Program Relative value, FOO. 1 .3. 3 Externals Aside from its classification by mode, a symbol is either External or not External. (See EXT/EXTRN, Section 1.5.12.) An External value must be assembled into a two-byte field. (Single-byte Externals are not supported.) The following rules apply to the use of Externals in expressions: 1. Externals are subtraction. legal only in addition and • - 1.4 -----~ 2. If an External symbol is used in an expression, the result of the expression is always External. 3. When the operation is addition, either (but not both) may be External. 4. When the operation is subtraction, first operand may be External. Opcodes ~ operand only the Operands 8080 opcodes are valid one-byte -operands. Note that only the first byte is a valid operand. For example: MVI A, (JMP) ADI (CPI) MVI B, (RNZ) CPI ACI (INX H) (LXI B) C,MOV A,B MVI Errors will be generated if more than one byte is included in the operand -- such as (CPI 5), LXI B,LABEL1) or (JMP LABEL2). Opcodes used as one-byte enclosed in parentheses. operands need not be NOTE Opcodes are not valid operands in Z80 mode. 1.5 Pseudo Operations 1 .5. 1 ASEG ASEG ASEG sets the location counter to an absolute segment of memory. The location of the absolute counter will be that of the last ASEG (default is 0), unless an ORG is done after the ASEG to change the location. The effect of ASEG is also achieved by using the' code segment (CSEG) pseudo operation and the /P switch in LINK-80. See also Section 1.5.27. Page 13 Microsoft Utility Software COMMON // COMMON sets the location counter to the selected cornmon block in memorye The location is always the beginning of the area so that compatibility with the FORTRAN COMMON statement is maintained. If is omitted or consists of spaces, it is considered to be blank common. See also Section 1.5.27. 1.5.3 CSEG CSEG CSEG sets thelocation counter to the code relative segment of memory. The location will be that of the last CSEG (default is 0) I unless an ORG is done after the CSEG to change the location. CSEG is the default condition of the assembler (the INTEL assembler defaults to ASEG). See also Section 1.5.27. 1 .5.4 Define Byte DB [, ••• ] DB [ ••• ] The arguments to DB are either expressions or strings. DB stores the values of the expressions or the characters of the strings in successive memory locations beginning with the current location counter. Expressions must evaluate to one byte. (If the high byte of the result is a or 255, no error is given; otherwise, an A error results.) Strings of three or more characters may not be used in expressions (i.e., they must be immediately followed by a comma or the end of the line). The characters in a string are stored in the order of appearance, each as a one-byte value with the high order bit set to zero. Example: 0000' 0002' 0003' 4142 42 41 42 43 DB DB DB 'AB' 'AB' AND OFFH 'ABC' • Microsoft Utility Software 1.5.5 Page 14 Define Character DC DC stores the characters in in successive memory lo~ations beginning with the current location counter. As with DB, characters are stored in order of appearance, each as a one-byte value with the high order bit set to zero. However, DC stores the last character of the string with the high order bit set to one. An error will result if the argument to DC is a null string. 1.5.6 Define Space DS DS reserves an area of memory. The value of gives the number of bytes to be allocated. All names used in must be previously defined (i.e., all names known at that point on pass 1). Otherwise, a V error is generated during pass 1 and a U error may be generated during pass 2. If a U error is not generated during pass 2, a phase error will probably be generated because the DS generated no code on pass 1. 1.5.7 DSEG DSEG DSEG sets the location counter to the Data Relative segment of memory. The location of the data relative counter will be that of the last DSEG (default is 0), unless an ORG is done after the DSEG to change the location. See also Section 1.5.27. 1.5.8 Define Word DW [, ••• ] DW stores the values of the expressions successive memory locations beginning with current location counter. Expressions evaluated as 2-byte (word) values. in the are Microsoft Utility Software 1.5 .. 9 Page 15 END END [] The END statement specifies the end of the program. If is present, it is the start address of the program. If is not present, then no start address is passed to LINK-BO for that program. 1.5.10 ENTRY/PUBLIC ENTRY [, ••• ] or PUBLIC [, •.• ] ENTRY or PUBLIC declares each name in the list as internal and therefore available for use by this program and other programs to be loaded concurrently. All of the names in the list must be defined in the current program or a U error results. An M error is generated if the name is an external name or common-blockname. 1.5.11 ~ EQU EQU assigns the value of to . If is external, an error is generated. If already has a value other than , an M error is generated. 1.5.12 EXT/EXTRN EXT or EXTRN [, •.• ] [, ••• ] EXT or EXTRN declares that the name(s) in the list are external (i.e., defined in a different program). If any item in the list references a name that is defined in the current program, an M error results. A reference to a name where the name is followed immediately by two pound signs (e.g., NAME##) also declares the name as external. • Microsoft Utility Software 1.5.13 Page 16 NAME NAME ( , modname ' ) NAME defines a name for the module. Only the first six characters are significant in a module name. A module name may also be defined with the TITLE pseudo-oPe In the absence of both. the NAME and TITLE pseudo-ops, the module name is created from the source file nameQ . 1.5. 14 Define. Origin ORG The location counter is set to the value of and the assembler assigns generated code starting with that value. All names used in must be known on pass 1, and the value must either be absolute or in the same area as the location counter. 1.5.15 PAGE PAGE [] PAGE causes the assembler to start a new output page. The value of , if included, becomes the new page size (measured in lines per page) and must be in the range 10 to 255. The default page size is 50 lines per page. The assembler puts a form feed character in the listing file at the end of a page. 1.5.16 SET SET SET is the same as EQU, except no generated if is already defined. 1.5.17 error is SUBTTL SUBTTL SUBTTL specifies a subtitle to be listed on the line after the title (see TITLE, Section 1.5.18) on each page heading. is truncated after 60 characters. Any number of SUBTTLs may be given in a program •. Page 17 Microsoft Utility Software 1.5.18 TITLE TITLE TITLE specifies a title to be listed on the first line of each page. If more than one TITLE is given, a Q error results. The first six characters of the title are used as the module name unless a NAME pseudo operation is used. If neither a NAME or TITLE pseudo-op is used, the module name is created from the source filename. 1.5.19 • COMMENT .COMMENT The first non-blank character encountered after • COMMENT is the delimiter. The following comprises a comment block which continues until the next occurrence of is encountered. For example, using an asterisk as the delimiter, the format of the comment block would be: • COMMENT * any amount of text entered here as the comment block * ireturn to normal mode 1.5.20 .PRINTX .PRINTX The first non-blank character encountered after .PRINTX is the delimiter. The following text is listed on the terminal during assembly until another occurrence of the delimiter is encountered • • PRINTX is useful for displaying progress through a long assembly or for displaying the value of conditional assembly switches. For example: IT ~M .PRINTX /CPM version/ ENDIF NOTE .PRINTX will output on both passes. If only one printout is desired, use the IF1 or IF2 pseudo-oPe • Microsoft Utility Software 1.5.21 Page 18 • RADIX .RADIX The default base (or radix) for all constants is decimal. The .RADIX statement allows the default radix to be changed to any base in the range 2 to 16. For example: LXI H,OFFH .RADIX 16 LXI H,OFF The two LXls in the example are identical. The in a .RADIX statement is always in decimal radix, regardless of the current radix. 1.5.22 • REQUEST .REQUEST [, ••• ] .REQUEST sends a request to the LINK-BO loader to search the filenames in the list for undefined globals before searching the FORTRAN library. The filenames in the list should be in the form of legal MACRO-BO symbols. They should not include filename extensions or disk specifications. The LINK-BO loader will supply its default extension and will assume the currently selected disk drive. 1.5.23 .ZBO .Z80 enables the assembler to accept Z80 opcodes. This is the default condition when the assembler is running on a Z80 operating system. Z80 mode may also be set by appending the Z switch to the MACRO-BO command string -- see Section 1.1.2. 1.5.24 .80aO .8080 enables the assembler to accept 8080 opcodes. This is the default condition when the assembler is running on an B080 operating system. 8080 mode may also be set by appending the I switch to the MACRO-aO command string -- see Section 1.1.2. Microsoft Utility Software 1.5.25 Page 19 Conditional Pseudo Operations The conditional pseudo operations are: o. IF/IFT True if is not IFE/IFF True if is IF1 True if pass 1. IF2 True if pass 2. IFDEF True if is defined or has been declared External. IFNDEF True if is undefined or not declared External. IFB True if is blank. The angle brackets around are required. IFNB True if is not blank. Used for testing when dummy parameters are supplied. The angle brackets around are required. o. All conditionals use the following format: IFxx [argument] [ELSE END IF Conditionals may be nested to any level. Any argument to a conditional must be known on pass 1 to avoid V errors and incorrect evaluation. For IF, IFT, IFF, and IFE the expression must involve values which were previously defined and the expression must be absolute. If the name is defined after an IFDEF or IFNDEF, pass 1 considers the name to be undefined, but it will be defined on pass 2. ELSE Each conditional pseudo operation may optionally be used with the ELSE pseudo operation which allows alternate code to be generated when the opposite condition exists. Only one ELSE is permitted for a • Microsoft Utility Software Page 20 given IF, and an ELSE is always bound to the most recent, open IF. A conditional with more than one ELSE or an ELSE without a conditional will cause a C error. ENDIF Each IF must have a matching ENDIF to terminate the conditional. Otherwise, an 'Unterminated conditional' message is generated at the end of each pass. An ENDIF without a matching IF causes a C error. 1.5.26 Listing Control Pseudo Operations Output to the listing file can be controlled by two pseudo-ops: .LIST and .XLIST If a listing is not being made, these pseudo-ops have no effect. .LIST is the default condition. When a .XLIST is encountered, source and object code will not be .listed until a .LIST is encountered. The output of cross reference information is controlled by .CREF and .XCREF. If the cross reference facility (see Section 1.12) has not been invoked, .CREF and .XCREF have no effect. The default condition is .CREF. When a .XCREF is encountered, no cross reference information is output until .CREF is encountered. The output of MACRO/REPT/IRP/IRPC expansions is controlled by three pseudo-ops: .LALL, .SALL, and .XALL. .LALL lists the complete macro text for all expansions. .SALL lists only the object code produced by a macro and not its text. .XALL is the default condition; it is similar to .SALL, except a source line is listed only if it generates object code. 1.5.27 Relocation Pseudo Operations The ability to create relocatable modules is one of the major features of MACRO-BO. Relocatable modules offer the advantages of easier coding and faster testing, debugging and modifying. In addition, it is possible to specify segments of assembled code that will later be loaded into ~~ (the Data Relative segment) and ROM/PR011 (the Code Relative segment). The pseudo operations that Microsort Ut~~~ty ~o~tware .l:'age ':::1 select relocatable areas are CSEG and DSEG. The ASEG pseudo-op is used to generate non-relocatable (absolute) code. The COMMON pseudo-op creates a common data area for every COMMON block that is named in the program. The default mode for the assembler is Code Relative. That is, assembly begins with a CSEG automatically executed and the location counter in the Code Relative mode, pointing to location a in the Code Relative segment of memory. All subsequent instructions will be assembled into the Code Relative segment of memory until an ASEG or DSEG or COMMON pseudo-op is executed. For example, the first DSEG encountered sets the location counter to location zero in the Data Relative segment of memory. The following code is asembled in the Data Relative mode, that is, it is assigned to the Data Relative segment of memory. If a subsequent CSEG is encountered, the location counter will return to the next free location in the Code Relative segment and so on. The ASEG, DSEG, CSEG pseudo-ops never have operands. If you wish to alter the current value of the location counter, use the ORG pseudo-oPe ORG Pseudo-op At any time, the value of the location counter may be changed by use of the the ORG pseudo-oPe The form of the ORG statement is: ORG where the value of will be the new value of the location counter in the current mode. All names used in must be known on pass 1 and the value of must be either Absolute or in the current mode of the location counter. For example, the statements DSEG ORG 50 set the Data Relative location counter to 50, relative to the start of the Data Relative segment of memory. - LINK-ao The LINK-80 linking loader (see Section 2 of this manual) combines the segments and creates each relocatable module in memory when the program is loaded. The origins of the relocatable segments are not fixed until the program is loaded and the origins are assigned by LINK-80. The command to • M~croso~~ u~~~~ty sottware Page 22 LINK-80 may contain user-specified or~g~ns through the use of the IP (for Code Relative) and ID (for Data and COMMON segments) switches. For example, statements ASEG ORG a program that begins with the 800H and is assembled entirely in Absolute mode will always load beginning at 800 unless the ORG statement is changed in the source file. However, the same program, assembled in Code Relative mode with no ORG statement, may be loaded at any specified address by appending the IP:

switch to the LINK-80 command string. 1.5.28 Relocation Before Loading Two pseudo-ops, ePHASE and .DEPHASE, allow code to be located in one area, but executed only at a different,specified area. For example: 0000' 0100 0103 0106 CD 0106 C3 0007' C9 FOO: 0007' C3 0005 ZOO: . PHASE BAZ: CALL 100H BAZ ZOO JMP RET .DEPHASE JMP 5 All labels within a .PHASE block are defined as the absolute value from the origin of the phase area. The code, however, is loaded in the current area (i.e., from 0' in this example). The code within the block can later be moved to 100H and executed. 1.6 Macros and Block Pseudo Operations The. macro facilities provided by MACRO-SO include three repeat pseudo operations: repeat (REPT) , indefinite repeat (IRP), and indefinite repeat character (IRPC). A macro definition operation (MACRO) is also provided. Each of these four macro operations is terminated by the ENDM pseudo operation. 1. 6. 1 Terms For the purposes of discussion of macros and block Microsoft Utility Software Page 23 operations, the following terms will be used: 1. is used to represent a dummy parameter. All dummy parameters are legal symbols that appear in the body of a macro expansion. 2. is a list of s separated commas. 3. is a list of arguments separated by commas. must be delimited·by angle brackets. Two angle brackets with no intervening characters or two commas with no intervening character~ enter a null argument in the list. Otherwise an argument is a character or series of characters terminated by a comma or >. With angle brackets that are nested inside an , one level of brackets is removed each time the bracketed argument is used in an . (See example, Section 1.6.5.) A quoted string is an acceptable argument and is passed as such. Unless enclosed in brackets or a quoted string, leading and trailing spaces are deleted from arguments. by «» 4. 1 .6. 2 is used to represent a list of actual parameters separated by commas. No delimiters are required (the list is terminated by the end of line or a comment), but the rules for entering null parameters and nesting brackets are the same as described for . (See example, Section 1.6.5.) REPT-ENDM REPT • ENDM The block of statements between REPT and ENDM is repeated times. is evaluated as a 16-bit unsigned number. If contains any external or undefined terms, an error is generated. Example: SET REPT SET DB ENDM o 10 X+1 X ;generates DB1-DB10 • Page 24 Microsoft Utility Software 1.6.3 IRP-ENDM IRP , • ENDM The must be enclosed in angle brackets. The number of arguments in the determines the number of times the block of statements is repeated. Each repetition substitutes the next item in the for every occurrence of in the block. If the is null (i.e., <», the block is processed once with each occurrence of removed. For example: X,<1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10> IRP DB ENDM X generates the same bytes as the REPT example. 1.6.4 IRPC-ENDM ,string (or in the block. For example: X,0123456789 X+1 IRPC DB ENDM generates examples. 1.6.5 the same code as the two previous MACRO Often it is convenient to be able to generate a given sequence of statements from various places in a program, even though differant parameters may be required each time the sequence is used. This capability is provided by the ~~CRO statement. The form is Microsoft Utility Software Page 25 MACRO ENDM where conforms to the rules for forming symbols. is the name that will be used to invoke the macro. The s in are the parameters that will be changed (replaced) each time the MACRO is invoked. The statements before the ENDM comprise the body of the macro. During assembly, the macro is expanded every time it is invoked but, unlike REPT/IRP/IRPC, the macro is not expanded when it is encountered. The form of a macro call is where is the name supplied in the ~~CRO definition, and the parameters in will replace the s in the MACRO on a one-to-one basis. The number of items in and is limited only by the length of a line. The number of parameters used when the macro is called need not be the same as the number of s in . If there are more parameters than s, the extras are ignored. If there are fewer, the extra s will be made nUll. The assembled code will contain the macro expansion code after each macro call. NOTE A dummy parameter in a MACRO/REPT/IRP/IRPC is always recognized exclusively as a dummmy parameter. Register names such as A and B will be changed in the expansion if they were used as dummy parameters. • Microsoft Utility Software Page 26 Here is an example of a MACRO defines a macro called Faa: Faa Y Y MACRO SET REPT SET DB ENDM ENDM definition X a x Y+1 Y This macro generates the same code as the three examples when the call FOO that previous 10 is executed. Another example, which generates the same code, illustrates the removal of one level of brackets when an argument is used as an arglist: Faa MACRO IRP DB ENDM ENDM X Y, Y Faa <1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10> When the call is made, the macro expansion looks like this: IRP DB ENDM 1.6.6 Y,<1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10> Y ENDM Every REPT, IRP, IRPC and MACRO pseudo-op must be te~inated with the ENDM pseudo-oPe Otherwise, the 'Unterminated REPT/IRP/IRPC/MACRO' message is generated at the end of each pass. An unmatched ENDM causes an a error. 1.6.7 EXITM The EXITM pseudo-op is used to terminate a REPT/IRP/IRPC or MACRO call. When an EXITM is executed, the expansion is exited immediately and any remaining expansion or repetition is not generated. If the block containing the EXITM is nested within another block, the outer level Microsoft Utility Software Page 27 continues to be expanded. 1.6.8 LOCAL LOCAL The LOCAL pseudo-op is allowed only inside a MACRO definition. When LOCAL is executed, the assembler creates a unique symbol for each is and substitutes that symbol for each occurrence of the in the expansion. These unique symbols are usually used to define a label within a macro, thus eliminating multiply-defined labels on successive expansions of the macro. The symbols created by the assembler range from •• 0001 to •• FFFF. Users will therefore want to avoid the form •• nnnn for their own symbols. I~ LOCAL statements are used, they must be the first statements in the macro definition. 1.6.9 Special Macro Operators & ~ Forms The ampersand is used in a macro expansion to concatenate text or symbols. A dummy parameter that is in a quoted string will not be substituted in the expansion unless it is immediately preceded by &. To form a symbol from text and a dummy, put & between them. For example: ERRGEN MACRO ERROR&X: PUSH MVI JMP ENDM X B B, , &X' ERROR In this example, the call ERRGEN A will generate: ERRORA: PUSH ,.., MVI B B, 'A' JMP ERROR In a block operation, a comment preceded by two semicolons is not saved as part of the expansion (i.e., it will not appear on the listing even under .LALL). A comment preceded by one semicolon, however, will be preserved and appear in the expansion. When an exclamation point is used in an argument, the next character is entered literally (i.e., !; and <;> are equivalent). • Microsoft Utility Software NUL Page 28 NUL is an operator that returns true if its argument (a parameter) is null. The remainder of a line after NUL is considered to be the argument to NUL. The conditional IF NUL argument is false if, during the expansion, the first character of the argument is anything other than a semicolon or carriage return. It is recommended that testing for null parameters be done using the IFB and IFNB conditionals. 1.7 Using Z80 Pseudo-ops When using the B080/Z80 assembler, the following Z80 pseudo-ops are valid. The function of each pseudo-qp is equivalent to that of its 8080 counterpart. Z80 pseudo-op COND ENDC *EJECT DEFB DEFS DEFW DEFM DEFL GLOBAL EXTERNAL Equivalent 8080 pseudo-op IFT ENDIF PAGE DB OS OW DB SET PUBLIC EXTRN The formats, where different, conform to the 8080 format. That is, DEFB and DEFW are permitted a list of arguments (as are DB and OW), and DEFM is permitted a string or numeric argument (as is DB). Microsoft Utility Software Page 2·9 Sample Assembly 1.8 A>M80 *EXMPL1,TTY:=EXMPL1 MAC80 3.2 0000' 0001' 0002 1 0003' 7E 23 66 6F 0004' 0006' AP 0007' 29 0008' 0009' OOOA' 17 85 6F OOOB' 05 OOOC' OOOF' C2 0006' EB 0010' 0011' 0012' 0013' 73 23 72 C9 No OOOOI' LOOP Fatal error(s) 1 00100 00200 00300 00400 00450 00500 00600 00700 00800 00900 01000 01100 01200 01300 01400 01500 01600 01700 01800 01900 02000 02100 02200 02300 02400 02500 02600 02700 02800 02900 06 03 MACaO 3.2 CSL3 PAGE PAGE 0006' S ;CSL3(P1,P2) ~SHIFT P1 LEFT CIRCULARLY 3 BI~S ~RETURN RESULT IN P2 ENTRY CSL3 ~GET VALUE OF F'IRST PARAMETER CSL3: MOV A,M INX H MOV H,M MOV L,A ; SHIFT COUNT MVI B,3 LOOP: XRA A ; SHIFT LEFT H DAD ; ROTATE IN CY BIT RAL ADD L MOV L,A ; DECREMENT COUNT OCR B iONE MORE TIME JNZ LOOP XCHG ~SAVE RESULT IN SECOND PARAMETER MOV M,E INX H MOV M,D RET END • Microsoft Utility Software 1.9 Page 30 MACRO-80 Errors MACRO-80 errors are indicated by a one-charact.er flag in column one of the listing file. If a listing file is not being printed on the terminal, each erroneous line is also printed or displayed on the terminal. Below is a list of the MACRO-80 Error Codes: A Argument error Argument to pseudo-op is not in correct format or is out of range (.PAGE 1; .RADIX 1; PUBLIC 1: STAX H; MOV M,M; INX C). C Conditional nesting error ELSE without IF, ENDIF without IF, on one IF. D E M N Double Defined symbol Reference to a symbol defined. which two is multiply External error Use of an external illegal in context FOO SET NAME##; MVI A,2-NAME##). Multiply Defined symbol Definition of a symbol defined. which is ELSEs (e.g., multiply Number error Error in a number, usually a bad digit 8Q). (e.g., o Bad opcode or objectionable syntax ENDM, LOCAL outside a block; SET, EQU or MACRO without a name; bad syntax in an opcode (MOV A:): or bad syntax in an expression (mismatched parenthesis, quotes, consecutive operators, etc.). P Phase error Value of a label or EQU name is pass 2. different on Q Questionable Usually means a line is not terminated properly. This is a warning error (e.g. MOV A,B,). R Relocation Illegal use of relocation in expression, such Data, code and COMMON areas are as abs-rel. relocatable. Page 31 MicrosOft Utility Software U Undefined symbol A symbol referenced in an expression is not defined. (For certain pseudo-ops, a V error is printed on pass 1 and a U on pass 2.) V Value error On pass 1 a pseudo-op which must have its value known on pass 1 (e.g., • RADIX, .PAGE, DS, IF, IFE, etc.), has a value which is undefined. If the symbol is defined later in the program, a U error will not appear on the pass 2 listing. Error Messages: 'No end statement encountered on input file' No END statement: either it is missing or it is not parsed due to being in a false conditional, unterminated IRP/IRPC/REPT block or terminated macro. 'Unterminated conditional' At least one conditional the end of the file. is unterminated at 'Unterminated REPT/IRP/IRPC/MACRO' At least one block is unterminated. [xx] 1. 10 [No] Fatal error(s) [,xx warnings] The number of fatal errors and warnings. The message is listed on the CRT and in the list file. Compatibility ~ Other Assemblers The $EJECT and $TITLE controls are provided for compatability with INTEL's ISIS assembler. The dollar sign must appear in column 1 only if spaces or tabs separate the dollar sign from the control word. The control $EJECT is the same as the MACRO-80 PAGE pseudo-oPe The control $TITLE ( , text' ) is the same as the pseudo-oPe ~~CRO-80 SUBTTL The INTEL operands PAGE and INPAGE generate Q errors when used with the MACRO-80 CSEG or DSEG • Page 32 Microsoft Utility Software. warnings; pseudo-ops. These errors are assembler ignores. the operands. the When MACRO-aO is entered, the default for the or~g~n is Code Relative O. With the INTEL ISIS assembler, the default is Absolute O. With MACRO-aO, the dollar sign ($) is a defined constant that indicates the value of the location counter at the start of the statement. Other assemblers may use a decimal point or an asterisk. Other constants are defined by MACRo-ao to have the following values: A=7 H=4 1.11 C=1 M=6 B=O L=5 D=2 SP=6 E=3 PSW=6 Format of Listings On each page of a MACRO-BO listing, the lines have the form: [TITLE text] [SUB TTL text] MAcao 3.2 first two PAGE x [-v] where: 1. TITLE text is the text supplied with the TITLE pseudo-op, if one was given in the source program. 2. page number, which is is the major form incremented only when a feed is (When using encountered in the source file. Microsoft's EDIT-BO text editor, a form feed is inserted whenever a page mark is done. ) When the symbol table is being printed, x = , S ' . 3. page number, which is Y is the minor incremented whenever the • PAGE pseudo-op is encountered in the source file, or whenever the current page size has been filled. 4. SUBTTL text is the text supplied with the SUBTTL pseudo-op, if one was given in the source program. x Next, a blank line is first line of output. printed, followed . by the A line of output on following form: MACRO-BO listing has the [crf#] a [error] loc#m xx xxxx ••• source Page 33 Microsoft Utility Software If cross reference information is being output: the first item on the line is the cross reference number, followed by a tab. A one-letter error code followed by a space appears next on the line, if the line contains an error. If there is no error, a space is printed. If there is no cross reference number, the error code column is the first column on the listingo The value of the location counter appears next on the line. It is a 4-digit hexadecimal number or 6-digit octal number, depending on whether the /0 or /H switch was given in the MACRO-SO command string. The character at the end of the location counter value is the mode indicator. It will be one of the following symbols: " , * Code Relative Data Relative COMMON Relative Absolute External Next, three spaces are printed followed by the assembled code. One-byte values are followed by a space. Two-byte values are followed by a mode indicator. Two-byte values are printed in the opposite order they are stored in, i.e., the high order byte is printed first. Externals are either the offset or the value of the pointer to the next External in the chain. The remainder of the line contains source code, as it was input. 1.11.1 the line of Symbol Table Listing In the symbol table listing, all the macro names in the program are listed alphabetically, followed by all the symbols in the program, listed alphabetically. After each symbol, a tab is printed, followed by the value of the symbol. If the symbol is Public, an I is printed immediately after the value. The next character printed will be one of the following. • Microsoft Utility Software Page 34 U Undefined symbol. C COMMON block name. (The "value" of the COMMON block is its length (number of bytes) in hexadecimal or octal.) * External symbol. Absolute value. Program Relative value. " Data Relative value. COMMON Relative value. 1.12 Cross Reference Facility The Cross Reference Facility is invoked by typing CREF80. In order to generate a cross reference listing, the assembler must output a special listing file with embedded control characters. The MACRO-BO command string tells the assembler to output this special listing file. (See Section 105.26 for the .CREF and .XCREF pseudo-ops.) /C is the cross reference switch. When the /C switch is encountered in a MACRO-BO command· string, the assembler opens a .CRF file instead of a .LST file. Examples: . *=TEST/C *T,U=TEST/C Assemble file TEST.MAC and create object file TEST.REL and cross reference file TEST.CRF. Assemble file TEST.MAC and create object file T.REL and cross reference file U.CRF. the assembler is finished, it is necessary to call the cross reference facility by typing CREF80. The command string is: Wh~n *listing file=source file Possible command strings are: The default extension for the source file is .CRF. The /L switch is ignored, and any other switch will cause an error message to be sent to the terminal. Possible command strings are: Microsoft Utility Software Page 35 file TEST.CRF and generate a cross reference listing file TEST.LST. *=TEST Ex~uiile *T=TEST Examine file TEST.CRF and generate a cross reference listing file T.LST. Cross reference listing files differ from listing files in that: ordinary 10 Each source statement is numbered with a reference number. 20 At the end of the listing, variable names appear in alphabetic order along with the numbers of the lines on which they are referenced or defined. Line numbers on which the symbol is defined are flagged with '#'. cross Microsoft Utility Software Page 36 SECTION 2 LINK-aD Linking Loader 2.1 Format of LINK-aD Commands 2. 1 • 1 LINK-aD Command Strings To run LINK-aD, type LaO followed by a carriage return. LINK-aD will return the prompt "*" (with the DTC operating system, the prompt is ">"), indicating it is ready to accept commands. Each command to LINK-aD consists of a string of filenames and switches separated by commas: objdev1:filename.ext/switch1,objdev2:filename.ext, ••• If the input device for a file is omitted, the default is the currently logged disk. If the extension of a file is omitted, the default is .REL. After each line is typed, LINK will load or search (see /S below) the specified files. After LINK finishes this process, it will list all symbols that remained undefined followed by an asterisk. Example: *MAIN DATA SUBR1 * DATA *SUBR1 */G 0100 0200 (SUBR1 is undefined) 0100 0300 (Starts Execution - see below) Typically, to execute a FORTRAN and/or COBOL program and subroutines, the user types the list of filenames followed by /G (begin execution). Before execution begins, LINK-80 will always search the system library (FORLIB.REL or COBLIB.REL) to . satisfy any unresolved external references. If the user wishes to first search libraries of his own, he should append the filenames that are followed by /S to the end of the loader command string. Microsoft Utility Software 2.1.2 Page 37 LINK-ao Switches A number of switches may be given in the LINK-a 0 command string to specify actions affecting the loading processo Each switch must be preceded by a slash (/)0 These switches are: Switch Action R Reseto Put loader back in its initial stateo Use /R if you l~aded the wrong file by mistake and want to restarto /R takes effect as soon as it is encountered in a command stringo E or E:Name Exit LINK-80 and return to the Operating System. The system library will be searched on the current disk to satisfy any existing undefined globals. The optional form E:Name (where Name is a global symbol previously defined in one of the modules) uses Name for the start address of the program. Use /E to load a program and exit back to the monitor. G or G:Name Start execution of the program as soon as the current command line has been interpreted. The system library will be searched on the current disk to satisfy any existing undefined globals if they existo Before execution actually begins, LINK-ao prints three numbers and a BEGIN EXECUTION message. The three numbers are the start address, the address of the next available byte, and the number of 2S6-byte pages used. The optional form G:Name (where Name is a global symbol previously defined in one of the modules) uses Name for the start address of the program. N If a FILENAME>/N is specified, the program will be saved on disk under the selected name (with a default extension of .COM for CP/M) when a /E or /G is done. A jump to the start of the program is inserted if needed so the program can run properly (at 100H for CP/M) 0 • Microsoft Utility Software P and 0 Page 3a /P and /0 allow the origines) to be set for the ~ program loaded. /P and /0 take effect when seen (not deferred), and they have no effect on programs already loadea7 The form is /P : ADDRESS> or /D:ADDRESS>, where ADDRESS> is the desired origin in the current typeout radix. (Default radix for non-MITS versions is hex. /0 sets radix to octal; /H to hex.) LINK-aO does a default /P:LINK origin>+3 (i.e., 103H for CP/M and 4003H for ISIS) to leave room for the jump to the start address. NOTE: Do not use /P or /D to load programs or data into the locations of the loader's jump to the start address (100H to 102H for CPM and 2800H to 2802H for DTC) , unless it is to load the start of the program there. If programs or data are loaded into these locations, the jump will not be generated. If no /D is given, data areas are loaded before program areas for each module. If a /D is given, all Data and Cornmon areas are loaded starting at the data origin and the program area at the program origin. Example: */P:200,FOO Data 200 300 */R */P:200 /D:400,FOO Data 400 480 Program 200 280 U List the origin and end of the program and data area and all undefined globals as soon as the currentcornmand line has been interpreted. The program information is only printed if a /D has been done. Otherwise, the program is stored in the data area. M List the origin and end of the program and data area, all defined globals and their values, and all undefined globals followed by an asterisk. The program information Microsoft Utility Software • Page 39 is only printed if a /D has been done. Otherwise, the program is stored in the data area. Search the filename immediately preceding the /S in the command string to .satisfy any undefined globals. S Examples: List all globals */M *MYPROG,SUBROT,MYLIB/S Load MYPROG.REL and SUBROT.REL and then search MYLIB.REL to satisfy any remaining undefined globals. */G 2.2 Begin execution of main program Sample ~ A>L80 *EXAMPL,EXMPL1/G DATA 3000 30AC [304F 30AC 49] [BEGIN EXECUTION] 1792 14336 -16383 14 112 14336 -16383 14 112 896 A> 2.3 Format of ~ Compatible Object Files NOTE Section 203 is reference material for users who wish to know the load format of LINK-aO relocatable object files. Most users will want to skip this section, as it does not contain material necessary to the operation of the package. LINK-compatible object files consist of a bit stream. Individual fields within the bit stream are not aligned on byte boundaries, except as noted below. Use of a bit stream for relocatable object files keeps the size of object files to a minimum, thereby decreasing the number of disk reads/writes. • Page 40 Microsoft Utility Software There are two basic types of load items: Absolute and Relocatable. The first bit of an item indicates one of these two types. If the first bit is a 0, the following 8 bits are loaded as an absolute byte. If the first bit is a 1, the next 2 bits are used to indicate one of four types of relocatable items: 00 Special LINK item (see below). 01 Program Relative. Load the following 16 bits after adding the current Program base. 10 Data Relative. Load the following 16 bits after adding the current Data base. 11 Common Relative. Load the following 16 bits after adding the current Common base. Special LINK items consist of the followed by: bit stream 100 a four-bit control field an optional A field consisting of a two-bit address type that isthe same as the two-bit field above except 00 specifies absolute address an optional B field consisting of 3 bits that give a symbol length and up to 8 bits for each character of the symbol A general representation of a special LINK item is: 1 OOxxxx yy nn A xxxx yy nn zzz field zzz + characters of symbol name B field Four-bit control field (0-15 below) Two-bit address type field Sixteen-bit value Three-bit symbol length field The following special types have a B-field only: o 1 2 Entry symbol (name for search) Select COMMON block Program name Microsoft Utility Software 3 4 Page 41 Request library search Reserved for future expansion The following special LINK items have both an A field and a B field: 5 6 . Define COMMON size Chain external (A is head of address chain, B is name of external symbol) Define entry point (A is address, B is name) Reserved for future expansion 7 8 The following special LINK items have an A field only: 9 10 11 12 13 14 External + offset. The A value will be added to the two bytes starting at the current location counter immediately before execution. Define size of Data area (A is size) Set loading location counter to A Chain address. A is head of chain, replace all entries in chain with current location counter. The last entry in the chain has an address field of absolute zero. Define program size (A is size) End program (forces to byte boundary) The following special Link item has neither an A nor a B field: 15 2.4 End file LINK-BO Error Messages LINK-BO has the following error messages: ?No Start Address A /G switch was issued, but no main program had been loaded. ?Loading Error The last file given for input was not a properlyforillatted LINK-BO object file. ?Out of Memory Not enough memory to load program. ?Command Error Unrecognizable LINK-BO command. ? Not Found , as given in the command string, did not exist. • Microsoft Utility Software Page 42 %2nd COMMON Larger /XXXXXX/ The first definition of COMMON block /XXXXXX/ was not the largest definition. Reorder module loading sequence or change COMMON block definitions. %Mult. Def. Global YYYYYY More than one definition for the global (internal) symbol YYYYYY was encountered during the loading process. ,Start = xxxx ,Public = (xxxx) ,External = (xxxx) A /0 or /P will cause already loaded data to be destroyed. %Overlaying [program] Area Data ?Intersecting [ program] Area Data The program and data area intersect and an address or external chain entry is in this intersection. The final value cannot be converted to a current value since i t is in the area intersection. ?Start Symbol - - Undefined After a /E: or /G: is given, the symbol specified was not defined. Origin [Above] Loader Memory, Hove Anyway (Y or N)? . Below After a /E or /G was given, either the data or program area has an origin or top which lies outside loader memory (i.e., loader origin to top of memory). If a Y is given, LINK-80 will move the area and continue. If anything else is given, LINK-80 will exit. In either case, if a /N was given, the image will already have been saved. ?Can't Save Object File A disk error occurred when the file was being saved. Microsoft Utility Software 2.5 Page 43 Program Break Information LINK-80 stores the address of the first free location in a global symbol called $MEMRY if that symbol has been defined by a program loaded. $MEMRY is set to the top of the data area +1. NOTE If -D is given and the data origin is less than the program area, the user must be sure there is enough room to keep the program from being destroyedo This is particularly true with the disk driver for FORTRAN-80 which uses $MEMRY to allocate disk buffers and FCB'so • Page 44 SECTION 3 LIB-80 Library Manager (CP/M Versions Only) LIB-80 is the object time library manager for CP/M versions of FORTRAN-80 and COBOL-80. LIB-80 will be interfaced to other operating systems in future releases of FORTRAN-SO and COBOL-SO. 3.1 LIB-80 Commands To run LIB-SO, type LIB followed by a carriage return. LIB-80 will return the prompt "*" (with the DTC operating system·, the prompt is ">"), indicating it is ready ·to accept commands. Each command in LIB-80 either lists information about a library or adds new modules to the library under construction. Commands to LIB-80consists of an optional destination filename which sets the name of the library being created, followed by an equal sign, followed by module names separated by commas. The default destination filename is FORLIB.LIB. Examples: *NEWLIB=FILE1 , FILE3,TEST *SIN,COS,TAN,ATAN Any command specifying a set of modules concatenates the modules selected onto the end of the last destination filename given. Therefore, *FILE1,FILE2 , TEST isequivalent to *FILE1 *FILE2 *TEST 3. 1 • 1 Modules A module is typically a FORTRAN or COBOL subprogram, main program or a MACRO-80 assembly that contains ENTRY statements a The primary function of LIB-80 is to concatenate modules in .REL files to form a new library. In Page 45 Microsoft Utility Software order to extract modules from previous libraries or .REL files, a powerful syntax has been devised to specify ranges of modules within a .REL file. The simplest way to specify a module within a file is simply to use the name of the module. For example: SIN But a relative quantity plus or minus 255 may be used. For example: also SIN+1 specifies the module after SIN and SIN-1 specifies the one before it. Ranges of'modules may also be two dots: specified by using •• SIN means all modules up to and including SIN. SIN •• means all modules from SIN to the end of the file. SIN •• COS means SIN and COS and all the modules in between. Ranges of modules and relative offsets may also used in combination: be SIN+1 •• COS-1 To select a given module from a file, use the name of the file followed by the module(s) specified enclosed in angle brackets and separated by commas: FORLIB or MYLIB.REL or BIGLIB. REL etc. If no modules are selected from a file, then all • Microsoft Utility Software Page 46 the modules in the file are selected: TESTLIB.REL 3.2 LIB-80 Switches A number of switches-are used to control LIB-80 operation. These switches are always preceded by a slash: 3.3 /0 Octal - set Octal typeout mode for /L command. /H Hex - set Hex typeout mode for /L command (default). /u List the symbols which would remain undefined o~ a search through the file specified. /L List the modules in the files specified and symbol definitions they contain. /e (Create) Throwaway the library under construction and start over. /E Exit to CP/M. The library under construction (.LIB) is revised to .REL and any previous copy is deleted. /R Rename - same as /E but does not exit to CP/M on completion. LIB-80 Listings To list the contents of a file in format, use /L: cross reference *FORLIB/L When building libraries, it is important to order the modules such that any intermodule references are "forward." That is, the module containing the global reference should physically appear ahead of the module containing the entry point. Otherwise, LINK-80 may not satisfy all global references on a single pass through the library. Use /U to list the symbols which could be undefined in a single pass through a library. If a module in the library makes a backward reference to a symbol in another module, /U will list that symbol. Example: Page 47 Microsoft Utility Software *SYSLIB!U NOTE: Since certain modules in the standard FORTRAN and COBOL systems are always force-loaded, they will be listed as undefined by /U but will not cause a problem when loading FORTRAN or COBOL programs. Listings are currently always sent to the terminal; use control-P to send the listing to the printer. 3.4 Sample LIB Session A>LIB *TRANLIB=SIN,COS,TAN,ATAN,ALOG *EXP *TRANLIBoLIB/U *TRANLIB.LIB/L (List of symbols in TRANLIB.LIB) */E A> 3.5 Summary of Switches and Syntax /0 /H /u /L /e /E /R Octal - set listing radix Hex - set listing radix List undefineds List cross reference Create - start LIB over Exit - Rename .LIB to .REL and exit Rename - Rename .LIB to .REL module::=module name 1+ or - number} module sequence ::= module I .. module I module •• I module1 •• module2 file specification: :=filename 1 1, FSO , =M&'{1 This command compiles the source file MAX1.FOR without producing an object or listing file. If necessary, return to the editor and correct any syntax errors. To compile the source file and and listing file, type produce an object A>F80 MAX1,r-iAX1=MAX1 or A>F80 =MAX1/L The compiler will create a REL (relocatable) file called MAX1.REL and a listing file called M&'{1.PRNG Loading, Executing and Saving the Program (Using LINK-80) To load the program into memory and execute it, type Microsoft Utility Software Page 49 .. A>L80 r·1AX1/G To exit LINK-SO and save the memory code), type image (object A>L80 MAX1/E,MAX1/N When LINK-80 exits, three numbers will be printed: the starting address for execution of the program, the end address of the program and the number of 256-byte pages used. For example [210C 401A 48] If you wish to use the CPM SAVE command to save a memory image, the number of pages used is the argument for SAVE. For example A>SAVE 48 MAX1.COM NOTE CP/M always saves memory starting at 100H and jumps to 100H to begin execution. Do not use /P or /D to set the origin of the program or data area to 100H, unless program execution will actually begin at 100H~ object code file has now been saved on the disk under the name specified with /N or SAVE ~in this case MAX1). To execute the program simply type the program name An A> MAX 1 CPM - Available Devices A:, B:, C:, D: HSR: LST: TTY: disk drives high speed reader line printer Teletype or CRT CPM Disk Filename Standard Extensions FOR COB MAC REL PRN COM FORTRAN-SO source file COBOL-SO source file MACRO-SO object file relocatable object file listing file absolute file • Microsoft Utility Software Page 50 CPM Command Lines CPM command lines and files are supported; i.e., a COBOL-BO, FORTRAN-BO, MACRO-BO or LINK-aO command line may be placed in the same line with the CPM run command. For example, the command A>F80 =TEST causes CPM to load and run the FORTRAN-BO compiler, which then compiles the program TEST.FOR and creates the file TEST.REL. This is equivalent to the following series of commands: A>FSO *=TEST *AC A> 4.2 DTC Microfile Create a Source File Create -a source--lile using the DTC editor. Filenames are up to five characters long, with 1-character extensions. COBOL-SO, FORTRAN-BO and MACRO-BO source filenames should have the extension T. Compile the Source File Before attempting -ro- compile the program and produce object code for the first time, it is advisable to do a simple syntax check. Removing syntax errors will eliminate the necessity of recompiling later. To perform the syntax check on the source file called MAX1,type *FBO ,=MAX1 This command compiles the source file MAX1 without producing an object or listing file. If necessary, return to the editor and correct any syntax errors. To compile the source file MAX 1 object and listing file, type and produce an *F80 MAX1,MAX1=MAX1 or *F80 =MAX1/L/R The compiler will create a relocatable file MAX1.0 and a listing file called MAX1.L. called Loading, Executing and Saving the Program (Using LINK-SO) To load the program into memory and execute it, Microsoft Utility Software Page 51 type *L80 MAX1/G To save the memory image (object code), type *L80 MAX1/E which will exit from LINK-80, return to monitor and print three numbers: the address for execution of the program, address of the program, and the number of pages usedo For exampl~ the DOS starting the end 256-byte [210C 401A 48'] Use the DTC SAVE command to save For example a memory image. *SA MAX1 2800 401A 2800 2800H (24000Q) is the load address used by the Operating Systemo DTC NOTE If a /P:ADDRESS> or /D:ADDRESS> has been included in the loader command to specify an origin other than the default (2800H), make sure the low address in the SAVE command is the same as the start address of the program o An object code file has now been saved on the disk under the name specified in the SAVE command (in this case MAX1)o To execute the program, simply type *RUN MAX1 DTC Microfile - Available Devices DO:, D 1 :, D 2 :, D 3 : TTY: LIN: disk drives Teletype or CRT communications port DTC Disk Filename Standard Extensions T o L COBOL-aO, FORTRAN-aO or ~~CRO-aO source file relocatable object file listing file • Microsoft Utility Software DTC Command Lines DTC command lines are supported Section 4.1, CPM Command Lines. 4.3 Page 52 as described in Altair DOS Create a Source File Create a source file using the Altair DOS editor. The name of the file should have four characters, and the first character must be a letter. For example, to create a file called MAX1, initialize DOS and type .EDIT MAX1 The editor will respond CREATING FILE 00100 Enter the program. When .you are finished and editing the program, exit the editor. entering Compile the Source ~ Load the compiler by typing .Fao The compiler will return the prompt character "*" Before attempting to compile the program and produce object code for the first time, it is advisable to do a simple syntax check. Removing syntax errors will eliminate the necessity of recompiling later. To perform the syntax check on the source file called MAX 1 , type * ,=&MAX1 • (The editor stored the program as &MAX1) Typing ,=&MAX1. compiles the source file MAX1 without producing an object or listing file. If necessary, return to the editor and correct any syntax errors. To compile the source file MAX 1 object and listing file, type and produce an *MAX 1R , &MAX 1= &MAX 1 • The compiler will create a REL (relocatable) file called MAX1RREL and a listing file called &~mX1LST. The REL filename must be entered as five characters instead of four, so it is convenient to use the source filename plus R. Microsoft Utility Software Page 53 After the source file has been compiled and a prompt has been printed, exit the compiler. If the computer uses interrupts with the terminal, type Control C. If not, actuate the RESET switch on the computer front panel. Either action will return control to the monitor. Using LINK-SO Load LINK-aO by typing .LSO LINK-ao will respond with a "*" prompt. Load the program into memory by entering the name of the program REL file *MAX1R Executing and Saving ~ Program Now you are ready to e~ther execute the program that is in memory or save a memory image (object code) of the program on disk. To execute the program, type */G To save the memory image (object code), type */E which will exit from LINK-aO, return to monitor and print three numbers: the address for execution of the program, address of the program, and the number of pages used. For example the DOS starting the end 256-byte [26301 44054 35] Usethe DOS SAVE command to save Type • SAV MAX1 a memory image. a 17100 44054 26301 17100 is the load address used by Altair DOS for the floppy disk. (With the hard disk, use 44000.) An object code file has now been saved on the disk under the name specified in the SAVE command (in this case MAX1). To execute the program, simply type the program name .HAX1 • M~crosoft utility Software Page 54 Altair DOS - Available Devices FO:, F1:, F2:, ••. TTY: disk drives Teletype or CRT Altair DOS Disk Filename Standard Extensions FOR COB MAC P~L LST FORTRAN-aO source file COBOL-aO source file MACRO-80 source file relocatable object file listing file Command Lines Command lines are not supported by Altair DOS. 4.4 ISIS-II Create a Source File Create a source =rile using the ISIS-II editor. Filenames are up to six characters long, with 3-character extensions. FORTRAN-a a source filenames should have the extension FOR and COBOL-SO source filenames should have the extension COB. MACRO-SO source filenames should have the extension MAC. Compile the Source File Before attempting ~ compile the program and produce object code for the first time, it is advisable to do a simple syntax check. Removing syntax errors will eliminate the necessity of recompiling later. To perform the syntax check on the source file called MAX1.FOR, type -FSO ,=MAX1 This command compiles the source file MAX1.FOR without producing an object or listing file. If necessary, return to the editor and correct any syntax errors. To compile the source file MAX1.FOR and produce object and listing file, type an -FSO MAX1,MAX1=MAX1 or -FSO =MAX1/L/R The compiler will create a REL (relocatable) file called MAX1.REL and a listing file called MAX1.LST. Microsoft Utility Software Page 55 Loading, Saving ~ Executing the Program (Using LINK-80) To load the program into memory and execute it, type -L80 MAX1/G To save the memory image (object code), type -L80 ~UlX1/E,MAX1/N which will exit from LINK-80, return to the ISIS-II monitor and print three numbers: the starting address for execution of the program, the end address of the program, and the number of 256-byte pages usedo For example [210C 401A 48] file has now been saved on the disk name specified with /N (in this case An object code under the MAX1). ISIS-II - Available Devices :FO:, :F1:, :F2:, ••• TTY: LST: disk drives Teletype or CRT line printer ISIS-II Disk Filename Standard Extensions FOR COB MAC REL LST FORTRAN-80 source file COBOL-80 source file MACRO-80 source file relocatable object file listing file ISIS-II Command Lines ISIS-II command lines are supported as described in Section 4.1, CPM Command Lines. • Microsoft Utility Software Page 56 Index .8080 • • • • COMMENT • .CREF • • • .DEPHASE • .LALL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .LIST • • • • • • • • • .PAGE • • • • • • • • • .PHASE • • • • • • • .PRINTX • • • • • • • • .RADIX • • • • • • • • • REQUEST • • • • • • .SALL • • • • • • • • • .XALL • • • • • • • • • • XC REF • • • • • • • • .XLIST • • • • • • • • .Z80 • • • • • • • • Absolute memory • • • Altair •• ••• • Arithmetic operators ASEG •• •• • Block pseudo ops • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10, 12, 33 • • 6, 52 • • 10 • • 11-12, 21 • • • • 22 Character constants • • Code Relative • • • • • Command format • • • Comments • • • • • • • • CO~.MON • • • • • • • • Conditionals • • • • • • Constants • • • • • • • • CP/M • • • • • • • • Cross reference facility CSEG • • • • • • • • • Data Relative • • Define Byte • • • Define Character Define Origin • • Define Space • • Define Word • • DSEG • • • • • • DTC. •••• • EDIT-80 • • • ELSE • • • END • • • • ENDIF •• • • ENDM ENTRY • EQU • • • Error codes • • Error messages 0 18 17 20 22 20 20 32 22 17 8, 18 18 20 20 20 20 18 9 13, 21-22, 33 5, 36, 44 8 11, 13, 21-22, 33-34 19 8 37, 48 20, 33-34 11, 13, 21, 32 • • • • 10, 14, 20-22, 33 • • • • 8, 13 • • • • 14 • • • • 16 • • • • 14 • • • • 14 • • • • 11, 14, 21, 32 • • • 5, 36, 44, 50 • • • • o 7, 32 • • • • • 19 15 • • 19-20 • • • • • 22, 26 • 15, 44 o o o • • • 15-16 30, 33 o • 31, 41 o • • · EXITM • • • • • 26 EXT • 15 • • • • • • • Externals 11, 15, 30, 33 • • • EXTRN • 15 • • • • • · IF IF1 , • IF2 ~ IFB • • IFDEF • IFE IFF • • IFNB • IFT • INTEL • IRP • • IRPC ISIS-II · · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • • • 19 • • 19 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · · Library manager • Listings • • • LOCAL • • • • • • Logical operators • • · · MACRO · Macro operators • · Modes • • • Modules· · • • NAME • • • • Operating system Operators • • • ORG • • • • · • • • • • 44 20, 32-33, 35, 46 27 10 ·· 20, 27 • 10 · 44 22-26 16 • • • • • 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 6, 31-32 20, 22, 24 20, 22, 24 38, 54 · 48 10 12-14, 16, 21 PAGE • • • • • • 16, 31 Program Relative • • • • 10 PUBLIC • • • • • • • 7, 15, 33 REPT • • • • • SET • • • • • Strings • • SUBTTL • • • Switches • Symbol table • • • • • · • . TITLE • • • • • • 20, 22-23 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 • • • 9 • • • 16, 31-32 • • 6, 37, 46-47 • • • 32-33 • • • 16-17, 32 / • SERVICE INFORMATION I Plfit .1 s t- ~A-6+ S'rOP - SoVtevl-z ~ \4+ tIJ/'rJ :3 c> r L\ 131 001(5 - Actte ReP - S..jo(J S J<7 trv.;) \e}-}-vN -r .b \OC)C ~e-ft-o~ CO{'Ne.r 1Pc2t/OS Sf: (ovis J;;fb S'tS 3/ Lf-43c. -.Ji8 I (;Jesl-po{)..f Ce;Jle.r llrO -e ~ Vlceeo - 15 9DW S.Jf - 11'15 C~ v ~1:f;.2, r2.5 ~\veJ - ~tlSo 'Pf-. Page 1 SERVICING PROCEDURES Your SuperBrain Video Terminal is warranted to the original purchaser for 90 days from date of shipment. This warranty covers the adjustment or replacement F.O.B. Intertec's plant in Columbia, South Carolina of any part or parts which in Intertec's judgment shall disclose to have been originally defective. A complete statement of your warranty rights is contained on the inside back cover of this manual. In order to validate your SuperBrain warranty, the Warranty Registration Form (contained in this section) must be completed in full and returned to Intertec Data Systems within 10 days of receipt of this equipment. Be sure to include the serial number of the specific terminal you are registering. The serial number of your terminal can be found on the rear 1/0 panel next to the power cord. A Customer Comment Card is also enclosed for your convenience if you desire to make comments regarding the overall operation andlor adaptability of the SuperBrain to your particular application. Completion of the Customer Comment Card is optional. IF SERVICE IS EVER REQUIRED: If you should encounter difficulties with the use or operation of this terminal, contact the supplier from whom the unit was purchased for instructions regarding the proper servicing techniques. Service procedures differ from dealer to dealer but most Intertec authorized service dealers can provide local, on·site servicing of this equipment on a per-call or maintenance contract basis. Plus, a variety of service programs are available directly from the factory including extended warranty, a module exchange program and on-site contract maintenance from over 50 locations in the U.S. Contact our National Service Department at the factory for rates and availability if you desire to participate in one of these programs. If you are not covered under one of the three programs described above and service cannot be made available through your local supplier, contact Intertec's Customer Service Department at (803) 798-9100. Be prepared to give the following information when you call: 1} The serial number of the equipment which is defective. If you are returning individual modules to the factory for repair, it will be necessary to have the serial number of the individual modules also. The serial number of the entire terminal may be found on the rear 1/0 panel just to the right of the power cord. Module serial numbers are listed on white stickers placed in conspicuous locations on each major module or subassembly of the terminal. NOTE: Individual modules cannot be returned to the factory for repair unless you originally purchased your unit directly from the factory. If your unit was purchased through a Dealer or OEM vendor, and you desire factory repair, then the entire terminal must be returned. 2} The name and location of the Dealer andlor Agent from which the unit was purchased. 3) A complete description of the alleged failure (including the nature and cause of the failure if readily available). The Customer Service Department will issue you Return Material Authorization Number (RMA Number) which will be valid for a period of 30 days. This RMA ~umber will be your official authorization to return equipment to IDSC for repair only. The Customer Service Department will also give you an estimate, if requested, of the time it should take to process and repair your equipment. Turnaround time on repairs varies depending on workloads and availability of parts but normally your equipment will be repaired and returned to you within 10 working days of its receipt. If your repair is urgent, you may authorize a special $50 Emergency Repair fee and have your equipment repaired and returned within no more than 48 hours of its receipt at our Service Center. Ask the Customer Service Department for more information about this program. • Page 2 SERVICING PROCEDURES (continued) IMPORTANT: Any equipment returned to Intertec without an RMA Number will result in the equipment being refused and possible cancellation of your SuperBrain warranty. Also if ,Your RMA Number expires, you must request a new number. Equipment arriving at Intertec bearing expired RMA Number will also be refused. After securing an RMA Number from the Customer Service Department, return the specified modules and/or complete terminals to Intertec, freight prepaid, at the address below. NOTE: The RMA Number must be plainly marked and visible on your shipping label ,to prevent the equipment from being refused at I ntertec's Receiving Department. ATTN: SUPERBRAIN SERVICE CENTER I ntertec Data Systems Corporation 2300 Broad River Road Columbia, South Carolina 29210 To aid our technicians in troubleshooting and correcting your reported malfunction, please complete an Intertec Equipment Malfunction Report (contained in this section) and enclose it with the equipment you intend to return to the factory. Be sure a declared value equal to the price of the unit is shown on the Bill of Lading, Express Receipt of Air Freight Bill, whichever is applicable. Risk of loss or damage to equipment during the time it is in transit either to or from I ntertec's facilities is your sole responsibility. A declared value must be placed on your Bill of Lading to insure substantiation of your freight claim if shipping damage or loss is incurred. All equipment returned to an Intertec Service Center must be freight prepaid. Equipment not prepaid on arrival at I ntertec's Receiving Department cannot be accepted. Upon repair of the defective equipment, it will be returned to you, F.O.B. the factory in Columbia, via UPS or equivalent ground transportation unless you specify otherwise. INSTRUCTIONS FOR HANDLING LOST OR DAMAGED EQUIPMENT The goods described on your Packing Slip were delivered to the Transportation Company at Intertec's premises in complete and good condition. If any of the goods called for on this Packing Slip are short or damaged, you must file a claim WITH THE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY FOR THE AMOUNT OF THE DAMAGE AND/OR LOSS. IF LOSS OR DAMAGE IS EVIDENT AT TIME OF DELIVERY: If any of the goods called for on your Packing Slip are short or damaged at the time of delivery, ACCEPT TH EM, but insist that the Freight Agent make a damaged or short notation on your Freight Bill or Express Receipt and sign it. IF DAMAGE OR LOSS IS CONCEALED AND DISCOVERED AT A LATER DATE: If any concealed loss or damage is discovered, notify your local Freight Agent or Express Agent AT ONCE and request him to make an inspection. This is absolutely necessary. Unless you do this, the Transportation Company will not consider your claim for loss or damage valid. If the agent refuses to make an inspection, you should draw up an affidavit to the effect that you notified him on a certain date and that he failed to make the necessary inspection. After you have ascertained the extent of the loss or damage, ORDER THE REPLACEMENT PARTS OR COMPLETE NEW UNITS FROM THE FACTORY. We will ship to you and bill you for the cost. This new invoice will then be a part of your claim for reimbursement from the Transportation Company. This together with other papers, will properly support your claim. • Page 3 SERVICING PROCEDURES (continued) IMPORTANT: The claims adjustment procedure for UPS shipments varies somewhat from the procedure listed above for regular motor and air freight shipments. If your equipment was shipped via UPS and sustained either damage or loss, the UPS representative in your area must initiate the claim by inspecting the goods and assigning a freight claim number to the damaged equipment. The representative will attach a "Call Tag" to the outside of the equipment box which will be your authorization to return the merchandise to our factory for claim adjustment. Upon receipt of this damaged equipment, we will perform the necessary repairs, process the appropriate paperwork with UPS and return the equipment to you. Please allow time for processing of any type claim. Normal time for proper processing of a UPS claim is 15-30 working days. Remember, it is extremely important that you do not give the Transportation Company a clear receipt if damage or shortages are evident upon delivery. It is equally important that you call for an inspection if the loss or damage is discovered later. DO NOT, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, ORDER THE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY TO RETURN SHIPMENT TO OUR FACTORY OR REFUSE SHIPMENT UNLESS WE HAVE AUTHORIZED SUCH RETURN. ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION Detailed technical documentation (i.e. schematics) describing the operation of the SuperBrain Video Terminal and the electrical interconnection of its various modules is available at nominal cost directly from Intertec Data Systems Corporation. However, due to the confidentiality of this technical information, it will be necessary to sign and return the Documentation Non-Disclosure Agreement (appearing on the next page) denoting your concurrence with its terms and conditions. The handling and processing costs of SuperBrain technical documentation is $50. Due to the large amount of requests being processed and the relatively small handling costs involved, we must request that you enclose payment ($50) upon return of your Non-Disclosure Agreement. Normally the documents will be mailed to you within 15 to 30 days after receipt of your payment and a signed copy of the Agreement. (IMPORTANT: The technical documentation will be mailed to the address listed at the top of the Non-Disclosure Agreement.) For prompt processing of your documentation request, please forward your signed agreement and payment to: Customer Service Department I ntertec Data Systems Corporation 2300 Broad River Road Columbia, South Carolina 29210 NOTE: Formal technical documentation for the SuperBrain will be sent to you normally within 10-15 days of receipt of your payment and signed Non-Disclosure agreement. IMPORTANT: Payment must accompany your Non-Disclosure Agreement. Agreements sent to us without payment will be discarded without notice. • HARDWARE ADDENDUMS I d[ =i11~= INTEJLJ1Q.dul~:.=s,-,-._________________ PRODUCT .._...S.up.ex6cQ.i.R.....__ ......__.. __._DATE ___ JalJ.u~a.,,~_80 Eco#_J!l0004_ PAGE 1 OF 1 ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER_._._J~S!.Y.I?'parQLCPU Modul e BACKGROUND AND IMPLEMENTATION INFORMATION: Standard SuperBrain terminals are supplied with 32K dynamic RAM but can be expanded to 64K. The instructions below detail the proper installation of the optional 32K RAM expansion kit. INSTALLATION: 1) Remove cover and locate RAM bank at upper left corner of Keyboard/CPU Module. (See Figure 1) 2) Install all sixteen RAM chips in the two upper rows of eight sockets each being careful to notice that all the chips are inserted correctly. (NOTE: The notch on each chip should be pointing toward the top of the board.) 3) After all sixteen RAM chips have been installed, find the small bare wire jumper located between the two chips designated 174LS157 1 and 174LS155 1. (See Figure 1) 4) Cut the LEFT end of the jumper (end closest to the 174LS157 1) and reconnect it to the pad just to the RIGHT of the other end (the two pads are approximately 0.111 apart). Installation of the additional 32K is now complete. Figura 1 - Location of SuperBrain RAM Bank Install extra 32K of RAM into these 1 sockets (8 sockets each row) 16 RAM chips are required to enable the extra 32K memory. Remove and reconnect jumper located in' this area OPERATION: To operate the SuperBrain with 64K, insert a DOS diskette (configured for 64K) into drive A. The sign-on message must read as follows: 64K SUPERBRAIN DOS VER A IMPORTANT: Do not attempt to operate the unit with a DOS Diskette configured for 32K. It will not work properly in a 64K machine. The program which allows for configuration of the SuperBrain in 32 or 64K of RAM is entitled ICPM6420.COM 1 and is contained on your CP/M DOS Diskette. The CP/M program MOVCPM, which reconfigures the size of the Disk Operating System, is not supplied on the DOS diskette. Intertec offers only two RAM configurations - 32K and 64K - so there should be no need to reconfigure the operating system to any other size. See reverse side for additional information IDS-910A THIS ENGINEERING CHANGE ORDER AFFECTS: DMATERIAL(S) /COMPONENTS(S) USED DPACKAGING/SHIPPING DPRODUCTION PROCEDURES ~SERVICING/PROCEDURES THIS CHANGE DOTHE~---------------------------- PREVENTS:~~ CHANGE FROM: 32K SuperBrain Operation CHANGE TO: 64K SuperBrain Operation INITIATED BY: THIS ECO DISTRIBUTED TO: KIT AND ORDERING INFORMATION o ENGINEERING KIT AVAILABLE? o OPERATIONS KIT N UM B E R___9_r.9~r o QUALITY ASSURANCE o SHIPPING & RECEIVING ~ CUSTOMER SERVICE PRICING: ... 0 YES 0 NO ___by ._c1~~_GI:iptjQI1._.______ ._. 1~50.fQL3tclcljttQnQJ_JfIL8l:\~L __ .. ......._1.•.O.• B .•. .fa ctoJ'y,_CoJumbj 9,L.S, C. ~ MARKETING ~ FIELD SERVICE o CUSTOM E R LIST ~ CUSTOMER AS REQUESTED CONTACT THE CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT AT THE NUMBER AND ADDRESS ON REVERSE SIDE TO OBTAIN FURTHER INFORMATION AND/OR TO ORDER THIS KIT. SOFTWARE ADDENDUMS I SUPERBRAIN DOS 3.0 DESCRIPTION DOS 3.0 has two major differences from the previous versions of SUPERBRAIN DOS. First, DOS 3.0 incorporates CP/M 2.2 and secondly, the physical sector length of the diskette has been changed from 128 bytes/sector to 512 bytes/sector. An increased diskette capacity (40 kilobytes per diskette) is the result of these alterations. . The updated DOS requires the use of a VERSION 3.0 or higher PROM Bootloader. The version number can be easily verified by performing a system reset with no diskettes in the drives. The version number will be displayed in the sign-on message. Also included on this diskette are four different operating systems to facilitate the copying of 128 byte/sector diskettes to 512 byte/sector diskettes. They are the following: 32CPM5/5.COM - 32K DOS; Disk A is 512 bytes/sector; Disk B is 512 bytes/sector 32CPM5/1.COM - 32K DOS; Disk Disk 64CPM5/5.COM - 64K DOS; Disk Disk A is 512 bytes/sector; B is 128 bytes/sector A is 512 bytes/sector; B is 512 bytes/sector 64CPM5/1.COM - 64K DOS; Disk A is 512 bytes/sector; Disk B is 128 bytes/sector The distribution copy is initialized as a 64K system with both disk drives programmed to accept a 512 byte/sector diskette. This was done so a copy of the distribution diskette can be easily made before attempting to change operating systems. NOTE: THE STANDARD SUPERBRAIN IS SHIPPED WITH A 32K MEMORY. . . THEREFORE, A 32K DOS MUST BE GENERATED BEFORE PERFORMING ANY FILE MANIPULATIONS. RECOMMENDED OPERATING PROCEDURES To insure that the proper operating system for your SUPERBRAIN version is utilized, the following procedure should be performed. This procedure describes the generation of an operating system on a newlyformatted diskette. 1) Insert a blank diskette into Disk B. 2) Format the diskette using the FORMAT30.COM program. Type 'FORMAT30' (Return) NOTE: DRIVE B CAN ONLY BE FORMATTED IF IT IS NOT DESIGNATED AS A 128 BYTE/SECTOR DRIVE. 3) Select one of the two 512/512 operating systems and put it on Disk B. EXAMPLE: If you have a 32K system and you want to copy the distribution diskette, do the following: Type '32CPM5/5' (RETURN) System responds with 'SOURCE DRIVE NAME (OR RETURN TO SKIP) Type RETURN .System responds with DESTINATION DRIVE NAME (OR RETURN TO REBOOT) Type 'B' System responds with DESTINATION ON B, THEN TYPE RETURN Type RETURN When function is complete, type RETURN. 4) Remove the diskettes and interchange them in the drives. 5) Do a system reset. The system should sign-on with the generated DOS message. 6) Copy the programs from Disk B to Disk A using the PIP program. Now that a back-up copy has been generated, anyone of the four operating systems can be put on disk A by following the above procedures and using Disk A as the destination. To copy 128 byte/sector diskettes to a 512 byte/sector diskette, use either 64CPM5/1.COM or 32CPM5/1.COM. Put the 512 byte/sector diskette in Disk A and the 128 byte/sector diskette in Disk B. 32K BIOS PROGRAM The BIOS portion of the DOS is supplied as a source program (32BS5/5.ASM) to facilitate the modification of the software drivers for peripheral devices. This program can be edited, assembled, and integrated into the DOS. Any extra routines should only be added in the designated area of the BIOS program. SOFTWARE/HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY DOS 3.0 can only be operated on SUPERBRAIN units that have a REV-01 processor PC Board, and then only certain REV-01 boards quality. If your system does not have a REV-01 board, then DOS 3.0 cannot be used on that system. However, REV-01 boards that do not qualify can be factory retrofitted to support DOS 3.0. To determine if your machine can support DOS 3.0 software, it is necessary to visually inspect the Processor board. This is done in the following manner: 1) 2) 3) 4) Remove power from unit. Close door on disk drives. Remove cover by removing four screws. (2-front, 2-rear) To determine if the board is at the correct revision "level, the number 1532000-01 should be on the top right hand corner of the board and there should be two blue ribbon-cable connectors mounted on the board. If the board does not meet both conditions, it will not support DOS 3.0 5) If the board is REV-01, one more condition must be met. There should not be a 35391 or 35392 IC installed in the location shown in the diagram on the attached page. If an IC is present in that location and you would like to use DOS 3.0, contact the factory for pricing and scheduling. WHITE CONNECTOR ****. * * 5·POSITION QIP SWITCH (BLUE) * * *..* * * * * * * * * *..* 74LS245 ******* * 35391 OR 35392 ..***** Direct all inquiries to: CUSTOMER SERVICE INTERTEC DATA SYSTEMS 2300 BROAD RIVER ROAD COLUMBIA, SC 29210 TELEPHONE: 803/798-9100 NTHTEC' J ,/I,C IOI\TI\ ® ~~~H~adqUarters: TECHNICAL 8ULLETIN IDS - 912A 2300 Broad River Road, Columbia, South Carolina 29210.803/798-9100. TWX: 810-666-2115 ----;-J--. , ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER.__ DOSJ;ttSK~IIJ;____.__________.____ PRODUCT _SLLPer6.ra in REFERENCE Eco#_._.__~LA DISTRIBUTED TO________ APPROVE!!J-------- USING THE IIINP: II AND 1I0UT:1I FEATURES OF PIP TO FACILITATE FILE TRANSFERS TO AND FROM THE SUPERBRAIN The SuperBrain is presently equipped with one RS-232-C serial interface port (labeled IMain l on the rear panel). This interface is programmed for the following mode: 1 Ae-llla l1 y 'l'his A\Jx. Poco( Pro::.drlrt 5!)p-Prbr-c: ;r1 <; -GJ,o!;..f Asynchronous 1200 Baud 8 bits 1 Stop Bit No Parity This port is also wired so that the SuperBrain appears as a processor rather than as a terminal. If it is to be used as a terminal, pins 2 and 3 in the RS-232-C cable must be interchanged. Files can be transferred using the PIP program as described in Section 6.4 of the Operator1s Manual entitled IIAn Introduction to CP/M Features and Facilities. II When the SuperBrain transmits serial data, the destination is designated as a list (LST:) device; when receiving, the source device is considered a reader (RDR:). The serial port may also be considered as an input (INP:) or output (OUT:) port. When used in this mode, the operator has the option of communicating to the sending/receiving device via the SuperBrain console before actual files are transferred. Files transferred via the serial port must be in Intel hex format or ASCII. Binary files must be converted to hex files by utilizing the HEXGEN.ASM program before being sent to the SuperBrain. BASIC files must be saved in the ASCII format it they are to be trangferred to the serial interface. (NOTE: 'When ASCII files are transferred using the INP: or OUT: format, all data entered by the Operator on the console will also appear in the ASCII file. Undesired data must then be edited by using ED. COM). Sequence of Operation: 1. Connect SuperBrain MAIN port to console input of host computer. Be sure host computer is set to 1200 baud. 2. The largest program that can be transferred by PIP is 25K. If programs are larger than 25K, then programs most be broken down into smaller segments 25K or smaller. 3. All commands must be entered on the SuperBrain in the following sequence: Contact the Customer Service Department at the address above for additional information on this bulletin. ~F INTE~TEC ~ ~. ~t;:'!;!'dq"'rt'rt, 8,~d R~d. 2300 Co'"mb". S,"," C,,,Ii,, 2921 0 • 803/798-9100 • TWX, 810-666-2115 November', 1979 DATE OF THIS RELEASE .. PAGE 'DS - 91,. .2 ... oF6.BULLETIN #_...~U.~.O~~._.___._ ...._..... DOS DISKETTE ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER REFERENCE ECO# R ;'" TECHNICAL BULLETIN N/A DISTRIBUTED TO . A. To transfer ASCII file - ABC. ASM - from SuperBrain to host: A> PIP OUT: = ABC. ECHO (YIN) 'i ASM~ I?- + (Keyboard (Computer (Keyboard (Computer entry) responds) entry) responds) Now the SuperBrain will act like a dumb terminal for host computer. Any keyboard entry will be sent to host computer and displayed on screen. + PIP ABC.HST = CON:) (CTRL) (B) (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) (Keyboard entry - these two keys at the same time) NOTE: Underlined characters are typed by customer. I~ represents a carri age return. II Now the file is being transferred and should be displayed on the screen. When the file has been transferred the operating system will show the prompt symbol. A> PIP OUT: = EOF: ECHO (YIN) 'i ~ + (CTRL) (B) (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) (Keyboard entry - these two keys at the same time) Now the file transfer has been completed; both computers should return to the operating system. B. To transfer binary file - ABC.COM - from SuperBrain to host: A> PIP ABC.TST = ECHO (YIN) 'i INP:~ + (Keyboard (Computer (Keyboard (Computer entry) responds) entry) responds) Now the SuperBrain will act like a dumb terminal for the host computer. Any keyboard entry will be sent to the host computer and displayed on the screen. + PIP ABC.HEX = CON:) (Keyboard entry) Contact the Customer Service Department at the address above for additional information on this bulletin. JIIC ~~ INTE~TEC TECHNICAL BULLETIN DATA @ ~r~!~t~adqUartars: 2300 Br~ad IOS-912A River Road, Columbia, South Carolina 29210.803/798-9100. TWX: 810-666-2115 . November,J979 ... _.PAGE DATE OF THIS RELEASE ASSEMBL Y NAME/NUMBER __._.D.O~.PJSKEJI~ .... __ REFERENCE ECO#... -" NIp.. .. ...3... 0F ... P .... ...... ......_ ._ .. DISTRIBUTED TO ........ '" ... BULLETIN #.JH19004 ______. _ PRODUCT _._S1JR~.r.er.i:llr:L'· ____ ~;I·_' --.--..--.--.--.. _---.. -...-.--APPROVEoJ{.-.... , NOTE: The binary file on the SuperBrain will be transferred in INTEL HEX format. After the transfer use LOAD or DDT and SAVE to change. HEX file to a binary, COM file. (CTRL) (Z) End of file, Control Z? (CTRL) (Z) (Keyboard entry - these two keys at the same time) (Computer responds) (Keyboard entry - these two keys) Now the host computer is set up to input a file. The SuperBrain will return to the operating system with its prompt. (Keyboard entry) A> HEXDUMP ABC. COM) At this point the file will be transferred in HEX format and displayed on the screen. When the transfer is complete the SuperBrain will return to the operating system. C. To transfer ASCII file - ABC.PRN - to SuperBrain from host: A> PIP AB C. PRN ECHO (YIN) Y = IN P:.) ,. + (Keyboard (Computer (Keyboard (Computer entry) responds) entry) responds) Now the SuperBrain is ready for input from host. The keyboard entry will be sent to the host and displayed on the screen. Now set up commands to output from the host. + PIP CON: = ABC.PRN; (Keyboard entry) The file ABC.PRN on the host is now being input to the SuperBrain and displayed on the screen. After the file has been transferred, the SuperBrain should return to the operating system; if it does not, then type (CTRL) (Z) simultaneously. D. To transfer binary file - ABC. COM - to SuperBrain from host: (NOTE: Before transferring to SuperBrain, either HEXGEN.ASM or HEXDUMP.COM must be transferred to the host.) .~~.~ IIsXDI),o;t{:! t7tdW Pp·..."'=R: ~q:: A L\6TII~"I::-' FILE- jrd flSe-E: (t-&jo..qC ~ etivtvcdlii7t+ of ~) Nffn::: Pt:61&A).4 T E' PIP ABC.HEX = INP: [H] ECHO (YIN) Y .~ ,F'" + (Keyboard (Computer (Keyboard (Computer entry) responds) entry) responds) Now the SuperBrain ready to accept input. NOTE: Since a binary file is transferred in INTEL HEX format, the .HEX file on the SuperBrain can be changed using LOAD or DDT and SAVE, to a binary fi 1e. (Keyboard entry) + HEXDUMP ABC. COM; The file is now being transferred and also displayed on the screen. When the transfer is complete, the SuperBrain will return to the operating system. 2) Using HEXGEN. ASM Look at source listing: ORG 6000H LXI LXI LXI SP 6400H 0, 6000H H, 100H *ending address *beginning address The origin and the SP will need to be modified for your particular system. (For example: 32K system use ORG 5000H~ and SP, 5400H.) You may also change H,D to suit program size; register H is loaded with the end address of the program to be transferred and register o has the beginning address (most programs begin at 100H). Now run assembler to generate HEXGEN.HEX. You are ready to begin. A> PIP ABC.HEX = INP: ECHO (Y IN) Y + [H] -;. (Keyboard (Computer (Keyboard (Computer entry) responds) entry) responds) At this point the SuperBrain is ready for input and the host must be set up to output the HEX file. +.llilI P- Verslon 1.4 .,. (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) Contact the Customer Service Department at the address above for additional information on this bulletin. =;till? d . . INTE~ DATA ~ ® TECHNICAL BULLETIN IDS-912A ~~~H~adqUarters: 2300 Broad'RiverRo~d, Columbia, South Carolina 29210. B03/798-9100 • TWX: 810-666-2115 DATE OF THIS RELEASE ...-NoYE:In.ber,__ 1912 ______ PAGE_. §.__ OF __§'__ BULLETIN #~119004___.._. ____ ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER-..___.. RQ.?_ ..QlS_KUIl_____ .__.___._____ PRODuCT_ilu.perBr.§i n REFERENCE ECO#~..___ . _. ._tlLA.__._.. __ ..___ .. DISTRIBUTED ~~T-' TO..____ ......._____________ APPROVED.;jf-___ Now we have loaded DDT into the host system. - IABC. COM ;. -RJI.. NEXT PC DADO 0100 -IHEXGEN.HEX;. .:B..')' NEXT PC 60B8 0100 (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) (These two numbers are the end and starting address) (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) At this point the host computer has 2 programs loaded into memory, one above the other. One is the program to be transferred and the other to generate the INTEL HEX format. -G6000 ;. (Keyboard entry) (The number is the same as ORG in the source listing) Now the file is being transferred and will be displayed on the screen. After the program has been transferred, the SuperBrain will return to the operating system. 3) To change back to a bi nar,t fi 1e, follow this ~rocedure: A> LOAD ABC. HEX ~ (Keyboard entry) LAST ADDRESS XXXX FIRST ADDRESS XXXX BYTES READ XXXX RECORDS WRITTEN XX (Computer responds) A> Now there are two fil es: A> DDT ABC.HEX:tl Version 1.4 Next PC ABCD 0100 (CTRL) (C) one HEX and one binary. or (Keyboard entry) (Computer responds) (Keyboard entry - both keys at same time) Contact the Customer Service Department at the address above for additional information on this bulletin. •..~~i Jllc: ~~ INTE(TEC DATA (iO) Q~TE TECHNICAL BULLETIN ~~~H~adqUarters: IDS-912A 2300 Broad River Road, Columbia, South Carolina 29210.803/798-9100 • TWX: 810-666-2115 November. 1979 OF THIS REI EASE ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER DOS NOTE: xx XX 6 OF 6 BU LLET IN # ....B"-"1......1..... 90,.,,0......4'--_ __ DISKETTE~________ PRODUCT .... ..s.up.eArp~Bp.rR.aojv~ED / REFERENCE Eco#:_ _ N/A A> SAVE PAGE DISTRIBUTED TO VEr;jf-- (Keyboard entry) ABG.COM;. =A times 16 + B under NEXT Now there are two files: one .HEX and one binary. Contact the Customer Service Department at the addres:: above for additional infnrmMinn nn thi.~ hI/lip-tin. DATE OF THIS RELEASE __~nuar. LIQ...LJ980 ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER___ PAGE Main Power SUDD 1y REFERENCE ECo#_.___NL8 __. _____ DISTRIBUTED TO 1 OF __l_BULLETIN # PRODUCT B010008 _._ Su~erBrain & Inter~Q~ I'nterTube & . SuperBrain Resellers 10/ APPROVED-jJ~W,--_. I COMPATIBILITY INFORMATION FOR REVISION 3 AND 4 OF THE INTERTUBE AND SUPERBRAIN MAIN POWER SUPPLY MODULE/ASSEMBLY Revision 4 of the SuperBrain Main Power Supply Module is compatible £rrll with Revision 1 of the SuperBrain Keyboard/CPU Module and any revision level of the InterTube Processor Module. Revisions 1 - 3 of the SuperBrain Main Power Supply can be used .Q!!.!y with Revision the SuperBrain Keyboard/GPU Module and any revision level of the InterTube Processor Module. o of CAUTION: Attempts by the customer to connect incompatible Power Supply Modules with either Keyboard/CPU Modules or Processor Modules will cause severe, irreparable damage to all modules connected in this manner. Since compatibility must be observed when interchanging modules, it is necessary for all customers to specify the revision level of any module which is r~quested to be sent from our Service Department prior to return of a defective module. Revision levels of all modules/subassemblies are listed as a suffix number of the standard Intertec module part number. Example: Intertec number 1424002-04 would specify revision level "4" of the SuperBrain Main Power Supply. Cont;,ct the Customer Service DeD8rtment;" the Rrfrlre!l!t Rhnvp. fnr IIrl,,;,ionai information '''' th;.~ hlllle,in. • Jlllic•~'~rt.n' DATE OF THIS RELEASE 2300 . _ R'w, R.... Co'"mb". S~'" eo..,,"" 292,0. January 10, ).J80_PAGE 1 ASSEMBLY NAME/NUMBER OF Keyboard/CPU Module 1 B03~'OO. :'E~,::: BU~~~r,I~ BULLETIN #~B~0.:!:.:10~0,!.!,0~9___-I-- PRODUCT. SuoerBrain REFERENCE Eco#_-=N/c..:.A"--____ DISTRIBUTED TO Manual s and as / regueste~PPROvED-jj,WiI/~__ ~r SUPERBRAIN CPU MODULE REVISION 1 SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS DIPSWITCH SETTING PROTOCOL Starting with Revision 1 of the SuperBrain Keyboard/CPU Module (all factory produced units effective January 10, 1980) there exists a small 5 position dipswitch located in the upper right hand corner of this module. This switch is used to control various clock parameters to and from the MAIN USART. For normal use these switches should be set as follows: 1 - OFF, 2 - OFF, 3 - ON, 4 - ON, 5 - OFF Listed below is a brief description of the function of each of these switches: 1- External TX Clock to MAIN USART - Originates from Pin #15 on MAIN RS232 connector at rear of terminal. 2 - External RX Clock to MAIN USART - Originates from Pin #17 on MAIN RS232 connector at rear of terminal. 3 - Internal TX Clock to MAINUSART - When on this switch enables the built-in baud rate generator (Western Digital BR-1941). NOTE: When this switch is in the 10N position switch 1 MUST be in the 10FF I position. I 4- Internal RX Clock to MAIN USART - When this switch is in the 10N I position switch 2 MUST be in the 10FF I position. 5- Internal Baud Clock to MAIN Port - This switch enables the transmission of the internal baud rate clock (Western Digital BR-1941) to the main RS232 port - this signal will appear on Pin #24 of the main port when this switch is in the ION I position. If this switch is not used, it should be left in the 'OFF I position to avoid any possible conflict with external RS232 signals. Contact the Customer Service Department at the address aboVe for additional information on this bulletin. STATEMENT OF LIMITED WARRANTY For ninety (90) days from the date of shipment from our manufacturing plant at 2300 Broad River Road. Columbia. South Carolina. Intertec warrants. to the original purchaser only. that its products. excluding software products. will be free of defective parts or components and agrees to replace or repair any defective component which. in Intertec's judgment. shall disclose to have been originally defective. Intertec neither offers nor implies any warranty whatsoever on any software praducts. Furthermore. Intertec's obligations under this limited warranty are subject to the following conditions: LIMITED WARRANTY REPAIRS Unless authorized by written statement from Intertec. all repairs must be done by Intertec at our plant in Columbia. South Carolina. Return of any and all ports and/or equipment must be freight prepaid and accompanied by on Intertec Return Material Authorization number which must be clearly visible on the customer's shipping label. Return of ports or equipment contrary to this policy sholl result in the material being refused. and the customer being invoiced for any replacement ports. if any were previously issued. at Intertec's standard prices. When making repairs or replacing parts in accordance with this limited warranty. Intertec reserves the right to alter and/or modify specifications of this equipment. Upon completion of the repairs. Intertec will return the equipment. freight collect. directly to the customer from whom it was sent via UPS or equivalent ground transportation. Authorization to return equipment for repair can be obtained by writing Intertec at the address stated herein or by colling our Customer Service Deportment at 803/798-9100. In the event Intertec shall authorize repair of its equipment. in writing. by on authorized repair agent. then Customer sholl bear all shipping. pocking. inspection and insurance costs necessary to effectuate repairs under this warranty. EXCLUSIONS The Limited Warranty provided by Intertec Data Systems Corporation does not include: (0) Any damage or defect caused by injuries received in shipment or any damage caused by unauthorized repairs or adjustments. The risk of loss or damage to the equipment sholl pass to the Customer upon delivery by Intertec to the carrier at Intertec's premises. (b) Repair. damage or increase in service time caused by failure to continually provide a suitable installation environment including. but not limited to. the failure to provide. or the failure of. adequate electrical power. air-conditioning. or humidity control. (c) Repair; damage or increase in service time caused by occident or disaster. which shall include. but not be limited to. fire. flood. water. wind. lightning. transportation neglect. misuse and alterations. which shall include. but not be limited to. any deviation from the original physical. mechanical or electrical design of the product. (d) Any statements made about the equipment by salesman. dealers or agents unless such statements are in a written document signed by an officer of Intertilc Data Systems Corporation. Such statements do not constitute warranties. sholl not be relied on by the buyer. and are not port of the contract for sale. (e) Any damage ariSing out of any application for its products other than for normal commercial and industrial use. unless such application is. upon request. specifically approved in writing by Intertec. Intertec products are sophisticated data processing units and are not sold or distributed for personal. family or household purposes. (f) Software. including either source code. object code or any computer program used in connection with our equipment. whether purchased directly from Intertec or from an independent source. WAIVER OF ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES Our limited warranty to repair or replace defective parts or components for ninety (90) days after shipment from our Columbia plant is being offered in lieu of all express or implied warranties. INTERTEC MAKES NO EXPRESS WARRANTY OTHER THAN THE LIMITED WARRANTY SET FORTH ABOVE. CONCERNING THIS PRODUCT OR ITS COMPONENTS. NOR DO WE IMPLIEDLY WARRANT ITS MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. All statements. technical information and recommendations contained in this and related documents are based on tests we believe to be reliable. but the accuracy or completeness thereof is not guaranteed. THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTIES ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES. EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. EXCEPT AS TO CONSUMER GOODS IN WHICH CASE THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE APPLY ONLY FOR THE PERIOD OF THE LIMITED WARRANTY. PURCHASERS OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS SHOULD NOTE THAT SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW FOR THE EXCLUSION OF CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR THE LIMITATION OR THE DURATION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSION AND LIMITATION MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY GIVES THE PURCHASER SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS. AND THE PURCHASER MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH MAY VARY FROM STATE TO STATE. LIMITATION OF REMEDIES INTERTEC SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INJURY. LOSS OR DAMAGE. DIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL. TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY CAUSED EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE ITS PRODUCTS AND/OR DOCUMENTS. SUCH LIMITATION IN LIABILITY SHALL REMAIN IN FULL FORCE AND EFFECT EVEN WHEN INTERTEC MAY HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH INJURIES. LOSSES OR DAMAGES. Before purchaSing or using. the Customer shall determine the suitability of Intertec's products and documents for his intended use and assumes all risk and liability whatsoever in connection therewith. THE LIMITED WARRANTY TO REPLACE OR REPAIR PARTS OR COMPONENTS FOR NINETY(90) DAYS IS THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO THE CUSTOMER AND THE LIABILITY OF INTERTEC WITH RESPECT TO ANY OTHER CONTRACT. SALE OR ANYTHING DONE IN CONNECTION THEREWITH. WHETHER IN CONTRACT. IN TORT. UNDER ANY WARRANTY. OR OTHERWISE. SHALL NOT EXCEED THE PRICE OF THE PART OR COMPONENT ON WHICH SUCH LIABILITY IS BASED. Rights under this warranty are not assignable without the express prior consent. in writing. of Intertec Data Systems Corporation. and. regarding the terms of such consent in writing. the assignee shall have no greater rights than his aSSignor. In the event the Customer has any problem or complaints arising out of any breach of our limited warranty. including a failure to make repairs in accordance with the warranty. or unsuccessful repair attempts by an authorized repair facility. the Customer is encouraged to inform Intertec. in writing. of his or her problem or complaint. Any such writing should be addressed to Intertec Data Systems Corporation. 2300 Broad River Road. Columbia. South Carolina. 29210 and should be marked with the phrase "Warranty Claim." ." .\ r. () CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS. 2300 BROAD RIVER ROAD. COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 29210 • 803/798-9100 .... ~ CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS. 2300 BROAD RIVER ROAD. COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 29210 • 803/798-9100