The Hitchhikers Guide To Galaxy
User Manual:
Open the PDF directly: View PDF 
.
Page Count: 171 [warning: Documents this large are best viewed by clicking the View PDF Link!]
- Introduction: A GUIDE TO THE GUIDE
- THE HITCHHIKER'S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 23
- Chapter 24
- Chapter 25
- Chapter 26
- Chapter 27
- Chapter 28
- Chapter 29
- Chapter 30
- Chapter 31
- Chapter 32
- Chapter 33
- Chapter 34
- Chapter 35
!
!
DOUGLAS(ADAMS((
!
THE$ULTIMATE$
HITCHHIKER'S$GUIDE$$
!
Complete(&(Unabridged((
!
!
Contents:((
(
(
Introduction:(A(Guide(to(the(Guide((
The(Hitchhiker's(Guide(to(the(Galaxy((
The(Restaurant(at(the(End(of(the(Universe((
Life,(the(Universe(and(Everything((
So(Long,(and(Thanks(for(All(the(Fish((
Young(Zaphod(Plays(It(Safe((
Mostly(Harmless((
Footnotes((
!
! !
Introduction:(A(GUIDE(TO(
THE(GUIDE(
!
"#$%!&'(%)*+&)!,%$-,./!+,#$!0(%!-&0(#,!!
!
1(%!(2/0#,3!#+!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!2/!'#:!/#!
5#$*)25-0%8!0(-0!%;%,3!02$%!<!0%))!20!<!5#'0,-8250!$3/%)+=!-'8!:(%'%;%,!
<!8#!>%0!20!,2>(0!<6$!$2/?�%8@!"#!0(%!*&A)25-02#'!#+!0(2/!#$'2A&/!
%8202#'!/%%$%8!)2.%!-!>##8!#**#,0&'203!0#!/%0!0(%!,%5#,8!/0,-2>(0!ʹ!#,!
-0!)%-/0!+2,$)3!5,##.%8@!B'30(2'>!0(-0!2/!*&0!8#:'!:,#'>!(%,%!2/=!-/!+-,!
-/!<6$!5#'5%,'%8=!:,#'>!+#,!>##8@!!
1(%!28%-!+#,!0(%!020)%!+2,/0!5,#**%8!&*!:(2)%!<!:-/!)32'>!8,&'.!2'!-!
+2%)8!2'!<''/A,&5.=!B&/0,2-=!2'!CDEC@!F#0!*-,025&)-,)3!8,&'.=!G&/0!0(%!
/#,0!#+!8,&'.!3#&!>%0!:(%'!3#&!(-;%!-!5#&*)%!#+!/02++!7H//%,/!-+0%,!
'#0!(-;2'>!%-0%'!+#,!0:#!8-3/!/0,-2>(0=!#'!-55#&'0!#+!A%2'>!-!
*%''2)%//!(205((2.%,@!I%!-,%!0-).2'>!#+!-!$2)8!2'-A2)203!0#!/0-'8!&*@!!
<!:-/!0,-;%)2'>!:20(!-!5#*3!#+!0(%!4205(!42.%,!/!7&28%!0#!J&,#*%!A3!
K%'!I-)/(=!-!;%,3!A-00%,%8!5#*3!0(-0!<!(-8!A#,,#:%8!+,#$!/#$%#'%@!
<'!+-50=!/2'5%!0(2/!:-/!CDEC!-'8!<!/02))!(-;%!0(%!A##.=!20!$&/0!5#&'0!-/!
/0#)%'!A3!'#:@!<!828'60!(-;%!-!5#*3!#+!J&,#*%!#'!L2;%!M#))-,/!-!M-3!N-/!
20!0(%'!:-/O!A%5-&/%!<!:-/'60!2'!0(-0!+2'-'52-)!)%->&%@!!
F2>(0!:-/!A%>2''2'>!0#!+-))!#'!$3!+2%)8!-/!20!/*&'!)-P2)3!&'8%,'%-0(!
$%@!<!:-/!:#'8%,2'>!:(%,%!<!5#&)8!>#!0(-0!:-/!5(%-*%,!0(-'!
<''/A,&5.=!,%;#);%8!)%//!-'8!828'60!8#!0(%!/#,0!#+!0(2'>/!0#!$%!0(-0!
<''/A,&5.!(-8!8#'%!0#!$%!0(-0!-+0%,'##'@!I(-0!(-8!(-**%'%8!:-/!
0(2/@!<!(-8!A%%'!:-).2'>!0(,#&>(!0(%!0#:'!0,32'>!0#!+2'8!-!*-,025&)-,!
-88,%//=!-'8!A%2'>!0(#,#&>()3!)#/0!<!/0#**%8!0#!-/.!+#,!82,%502#'/!
+,#$!-!$-'!2'!0(%!/0,%%0@!<!.'%:!0(2/!$2>(0'60!A%!%-/3!A%5-&/%!<!8#'60!
/*%-.!7%,$-'=!A&0!<!:-/!/02))!/&,*,2/%8!0#!82/5#;%,!G&/0!(#:!$&5(!
82++25&)03!<!:-/!(-;2'>!5#$$&'25-02'>!:20(!0(2/!*-,025&)-,!$-'@!
7,-8&-))3!0(%!0,&0(!8-:'%8!#'!$%!-/!:%!/0,&>>)%8!2'!;-2'!0#!
&'8%,/0-'8!%-5(!#0(%,!0(-0!#+!-))!0(%!*%#*)%!2'!<''/A,&5.!<!5#&)8!(-;%!
/0#**%8!0#!-/.=!0(%!#'%!<!(-8!*25.%8!828!'#0!/*%-.!J'>)2/(=!828!'#0!
/*%-.!L,%'5(!-'8!:-/!-)/#!8%-+!-'8!8&$A@!I20(!-!/%,2%/!#+!/2'5%,%)3!
-*#)#>%025!(-'8!$#;%$%'0/=!<!82/%'0-'>)%8!$3/%)+=!-'8!-!+%:!
$2'&0%/!)-0%,=!#'!-'#0(%,!/0,%%0=!<!/0#**%8!-'8!-/.%8!-'#0(%,!$-'!
:(#!-)/#!0&,'%8!#&0!0#!A%!8%-+!-'8!8&$A=!:(25(!:-/!:(%'!<!A#&>(0!
0(%!A%%,/@!!
<!;%'0&,%8!A-5.!#'0#!0(%!/0,%%0@!<!0,2%8!->-2'@!!
I(%'!0(%!0(2,8!$-'!<!/*#.%!0#!0&,'%8!#&0!0#!A%!8%-+!-'8!8&$A!
-'8!-)/#!A)2'8!<!A%>-'!0#!+%%)!-!0%,,2A)%!:%2>(0!/%00)2'>!#'!$3!
/(#&)8%,/Q!:(%,%;%,!<!)##.%8!0(%!0,%%/!-'8!A&2)82'>/!0##.!#'!8-,.!-'8!
$%'-52'>!-/*%50/@!<!*&))%8!$3!5#-0!02>(0)3!-,#&'8!$%!-'8!(&,,2%8!
)&,5(2'>!8#:'!0(%!/0,%%0=!:(2**%8!A3!-!/&88%'!>&/02'>!:2'8@!<!
A&$*%8!2'0#!/#$%#'%!-'8!/0-$$%,%8!-'!-*#)#>3=!A&0!(%!:-/!8%-+!
-'8!8&$A!-'8!&'-A)%!0#!&'8%,/0-'8!$%@!1(%!/.3!)#&,%8@!1(%!
*-;%$%'0!/%%$%8!0#!02*!-'8!/*2'@!<+!<!(-8'60!(-**%'%8!0(%'!0#!8&5.!
8#:'!-!/28%!/0,%%0!-'8!*-//!-!(#0%)!:(%,%!-!5#';%'02#'!+#,!0(%!8%-+!
:-/!A%2'>!(%)8=!0(%,%!2/!%;%,3!5(-'5%!0(-0!$3!$2'8!:#&)8!(-;%!
5,-5.%8!5#$*)%0%)3!-'8!<!:#&)8!(-;%!/*%'0!0(%!,%/0!#+!$3!)2+%!:,202'>!
0(%!/#,0!#+!A##./!+#,!:(25(!K-+.-!A%5-$%!+-$#&/!-'8!8,2AA)2'>@!!
B/!20!2/!<!:%'0!0#!)2%!2'!-!+2%)8=!-)#'>!:20(!$3!4205(!42.%,6/!7&28%!0#!
J&,#*%=!-'8!:(%'!0(%!/0-,/!5-$%!#&0!20!#55&,,%8!0#!$%!0(-0!2+!#')3!
/#$%#'%!:#&)8!:,20%!-!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!-/!:%))=!0(%'!
<!+#,!#'%!:#&)8!A%!#++!)2.%!-!/(#0@!4-;2'>!(-8!0(2/!0(#&>(0!<!*,#$*0)3!
+%))!-/)%%*!-'8!+#,>#0!-A#&0!20!+#,!/29!3%-,/@!!
<!:%'0!0#!R-$A,28>%!S'2;%,/203@!<!0##.!-!'&$A%,!#+!A-0(/ʹ-'8!-!
8%>,%%!2'!J'>)2/(@!<!:#,,2%8!-!)#0!-A#&0!>2,)/!-'8!:(-0!(-8!(-**%'%8!
0#!$3!A2.%@!T-0%,!<!A%5-$%!-!:,20%,!-'8!:#,.%8!#'!-!)#0!#+!0(2'>/!0(-0!
:%,%!-)$#/0!2'5,%82A)3!/&55%//+&)!A&0!2'!+-50!G&/0!+-2)%8!0#!/%%!0(%!)2>(0!
#+!8-3@!U0(%,!:,20%,/!:2))!.'#:!:(-0!<!$%-'@!!
V3!*%0!*,#G%50!:-/!0#!:,20%!/#$%0(2'>!0(-0!:#&)8!5#$A2'%!
5#$%83!-'8!/52%'5%!+2502#'=!-'8!20!:-/!0(2/!#A/%//2#'!0(-0!8,#;%!$%!
2'0#!8%%*!8%A0!-'8!8%/*-2,@!F#!#'%!:-/!2'0%,%/0%8=!%95%*0!+2'-))3!#'%!
$-'!-!WWR!,-82#!*,#8&5%,!'-$%8!"2$#'!W,%00!:(#!(-8!(-8!0(%!/-$%!
28%-=!5#$%83!-'8!/52%'5%!+2502#'@!B)0(#&>(!"2$#'!#')3!*,#8&5%8!0(%!
+2,/0!%*2/#8%!A%+#,%!)%-;2'>!0(%!WWR!0#!5#'5%'0,-0%!#'!(2/!#:'!:,202'>!
N(%!2/!A%/0!.'#:'!2'!0(%!S'20%8!"0-,%/!+#,!(2/!%95%))%'0!R(-,)%/!X-,2/!
8%0%502;%!'#;%)/O=!<!#:%!(2$!-'!2$$%'/%!8%A0!#+!>,-020&8%!+#,!/2$*)3!
>%002'>!0(%!0(2'>!0#!(-**%'!2'!0(%!+2,/0!*)-5%@!4%!:-/!/&55%%8%8!A3!
0(%!)%>%'8-,3!7%#++,%3!X%,.2'/@!!
<'!20/!#,2>2'-)!+#,$!0(%!/(#:!:-/!>#2'>!0#!A%!,-0(%,!82++%,%'0@!<!:-/!
+%%)2'>!-!)200)%!82/>,&'0)%8!:20(!0(%!:#,)8!-0!0(%!02$%!-'8!(-8!*&0!
0#>%0(%,!-A#&0!/29!82++%,%'0!*)#0/=!%-5(!#+!:(25(!%'8%8!:20(!0(%!
8%/0,&502#'!#+!0(%!:#,)8!2'!-!82++%,%'0!:-3=!-'8!+#,!-!82++%,%'0!,%-/#'@!
<0!:-/!0#!A%!5-))%8!Y1(%!J'8/!#+!0(%!J-,0(!Y!!
I(2)%!<!:-/!+2))2'>!2'!0(%!8%0-2)/!#+!0(%!+2,/0!*)#0!ʹ!2'!:(25(!0(%!J-,0(!
:-/!8%$#)2/(%8!0#!$-.%!:-3!+#,!-!'%:!(3*%,/*-5%!%9*,%//!,#&0%!ʹ!<!
,%-)2P%8!0(-0!<!'%%8%8!0#!(-;%!/#$%#'%!+,#$!-'#0(%,!*)-'%0!-,#&'8!
0#!0%))!0(%!,%-8%,!:(-0!:-/!>#2'>!#'=!0#!>2;%!0(%!/0#,3!0(%!5#'0%90!20!
'%%8%8@!"#!<!(-8!0#!:#,.!#&0!:(#!(%!:-/!-'8!:(-0!(%!:-/!8#2'>!#'!
0(%!J-,0(@!!
<!8%528%8!0#!5-))!(2$!L#,8!X,%+%50@!N1(2/!:-/!-!G#.%!0(-0!$2//%8!
B$%,25-'!-&82%'5%/!%'02,%)3=!#+!5#&,/%=!/2'5%!0(%3!(-8!'%;%,!(%-,8!#+!
0(%!,-0(%,!#88)3!'-$%8!)200)%!5-,=!-'8!$-'3!0(#&>(0!20!:-/!-!03*2'>!
%,,#,!+#,!X%,+%50@O!<!%9*)-2'%8!2'!0(%!0%90!0(-0!0(%!$2'2$-)!,%/%-,5(!$3!
-)2%'!5(-,-50%,!(-8!8#'%!A%+#,%!-,,2;2'>!#'!0(2/!*)-'%0!(-8!)%8!(2$!0#!
0(2'.!0(-0!0(2/!'-$%!:#&)8!A%!Y'25%)3!2'5#'/*25&#&/@Y!4%!(-8!/2$*)3!
$2/0-.%'!0(%!8#$2'-'0!)2+%!+#,$@!!
"#!(#:!:#&)8!/&5(!-!$2/0-.%!-,2/%Z!<!,%$%$A%,%8!:(%'!<!&/%8!0#!
(205((2.%!0(,#&>(!J&,#*%!-'8!:#&)8!#+0%'!+2'8!0(-0!0(%!2'+#,$-02#'!
#,!-8;25%!0(-0!5-$%!$3!:-3!:-/!#&0!#+!8-0%!#,!$2/)%-82'>!2'!/#$%!
:-3@!V#/0!#+!20=!#+!5#&,/%=!G&/0!5-$%!+,#$!/0#,2%/!#+!#0(%,!*%#*)%6/!
0,-;%)!%9*%,2%'5%/@!!
B0!0(-0!*#2'0!0(%!020)%!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!
/&88%')3!*#**%8!A-5.!2'0#!$3!$2'8!+,#$!:(%,%;%,!20!(-8!A%%'!
(282'>!-))!0(2/!02$%@!L#,8=!<!8%528%8=!:#&)8!A%!-!,%/%-,5(%,!:(#!
5#))%50%8!8-0-!+#,!0(%!7&28%@!B/!/##'!-/!<!/0-,0%8!0#!8%;%)#*!0(2/!
*-,025&)-,!'#02#'=!20!$#;%8!2'%9#,-A)3!0#!0(%!5%'0%,!#+!0(%!/0#,3=!-'8!
0(%!,%/0=!-/!0(%!5,%-0#,!#+!0(%!#,2>2'-)!L#,8!X,%+%50!:#&)8!/-3=!2/!A&'.@!!
1(%!/0#,3!>,%:!2'!0(%!$#/0!5#';#)&0%8!:-3=!-/!$-'3!*%#*)%!:2))!A%!
/&,*,2/%8!0#!)%-,'@!I,202'>!%*2/#825-))3!$%-'0!0(-0!:(%'!<!+2'2/(%8!
#'%!%*2/#8%!<!(-8!'#!28%-!-A#&0!:(-0!0(%!'%90!#'%!:#&)8!5#'0-2'@!
I(%'=!2'!0(%!0:2/0/!-'8!0&,'/!#+!0(%!*)#0=!/#$%!%;%'0!/&88%')3!
/%%$%8!0#!2))&$2'-0%!0(2'>/!0(-0!(-8!>#'%!A%+#,%=!<!:-/!-/!/&,*,2/%8!
-/!-'3#'%!%)/%@!!
<!0(2'.!0(-0!0(%!WWR6/!-0020&8%!0#:-,8!0(%!/(#:!:(2)%!20!:-/!2'!
*,#8&502#'!:-/!;%,3!/2$2)-,!0#!0(-0!:(25(!V-5A%0(!(-8!0#:-,8!
$&,8%,2'>!*%#*)%!ʹ!2'202-)!8#&A0/=!+#))#:%8!A3!5-&02#&/!%'0(&/2-/$!
-'8!0(%'!>,%-0%,!-'8!>,%-0%,!-)-,$!-0!0(%!/(%%,!/5-)%!#+!0(%!
&'8%,0-.2'>!-'8!/02))!'#!%'8!2'!/2>(0@![%*#,0/!0(-0!7%#++,%3!-'8!<!-'8!
0(%!/#&'8!%'>2'%%,/!:%,%!A&,2%8!2'!-!/&A0%,,-'%-'!/0&82#!+#,!:%%./!
#'!%'8=!0-.2'>!-/!)#'>!0#!*,#8&5%!-!/2'>)%!/#&'8!%++%50!-/!#0(%,!
*%#*)%!0##.!0#!*,#8&5%!-'!%'02,%!/%,2%/!N-'8!/0%-)2'>!%;%,3A#83!%)/%6/!
/0&82#!02$%!2'!:(25(!0#!8#!/#O=!:%,%!-))!;2>#,#&/)3!8%'2%8!A&0!
-A/#)&0%)3!0,&%@!!
1(%!A&8>%0!#+!0(%!/%,2%/!%/5-)-0%8!0#!0(%!*#2'0!0(-0!20!5#&)8!(-;%!
*,-5025-))3!*-28!+#,!-!+%:!/%5#'8/!#+!M-))-/@!<+!0(%!/(#:!(-8'60!
:#,.%8@@@!!
1(%!+2,/0!%*2/#8%!:%'0!#&0!#'!WWR![-82#!\!-0!C]!^]!X@V@!#'!
I%8'%/8-3=!V-,5(!_=!CDE_=!2'!-!(&>%!A)-P%!#+!'#!*&A)25203!-0!-))@!W-0/!
(%-,8!20@!1(%!#88!8#>!A-,.%8@!!
B+0%,!-!5#&*)%!#+!:%%./!-!)%00%,!#,!0:#!0,25.)%8!2'@!"#!ʹ!/#$%#'%!
#&0!0(%,%!(-8!)2/0%'%8@!X%#*)%!<!W-).%8!0#!/%%$%8!0#!)2.%!V-,;2'!0(%!
X-,-'#28!B'8,#28=!:(#$!<!(-8!:,200%'!2'!-/!-!#'%!ʹ!/5%'%!G#.%!-'8!
(-8!#')3!8%;%)#*%8!+&,0(%,!-0!7%#++,%36/!2'/2/0%'5%@!!
1(%'!/#$%!*&A)2/(%,/!A%5-$%!2'0%,%/0%8=!-'8!<!:-/!5#$$2//2#'%8!
A3!X-'!W##./!2'!J'>)-'8!0#!:,20%!&*!0(%!/%,2%/!2'!A##.!+#,$@!B+0%,!-!
)#0!#+!*,#5,-/02'-02#'!-'8!(282'>!-'8!2';%'02'>!%95&/%/!-'8!(-;2'>!
A-0(/=!<!$-'->%8!0#!>%0!-A#&0!0:#`0(2,8/!#+!20!8#'%@!B0!0(2/!*#2'0!0(%3!
/-28=!;%,3!*)%-/-'0)3!-'8!*#)20%)3=!0(-0!<!(-8!-),%-83!*-//%8!0%'!
8%-8)2'%/=!/#!:#&)8!<!*)%-/%!G&/0!+2'2/(!0(%!*->%!<!:-/!#'!-'8!)%0!0(%$!
(-;%!0(%!8-$'!0(2'>@!!
V%-':(2)%=!<!:-/!A&/3!0,32'>!0#!:,20%!-'#0(%,!/%,2%/!-'8!:-/!-)/#!
:,202'>!-'8!/5,2*0!%8202'>!0(%!1a!/%,2%/!YM,@!I(#=Y!A%5-&/%!:(2)%!20!
:-/!-))!;%,3!*)%-/-'0!0#!(-;%!3#&,!#:'!,-82#!/%,2%/=!%/*%52-))3!#'%!
0(-0!/#$%A#83!(-8!:,200%'!2'!0#!/-3!0(%3!(-8!(%-,8=!20!828'60!%9-50)3!
A&3!3#&!)&'5(@!!
"#!0(-0!:-/!$#,%!#,!)%//!0(%!/20&-02#'!:(%'!0(%!A##.!1(%!
4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!:-/!*&A)2/(%8!2'!J'>)-'8!2'!
"%*0%$A%,!CDED!-'8!-**%-,%8!#'!0(%!"&'8-3!12$%/!$-//!$-,.%0!
A%/0`/%))%,!)2/0!-0!'&$A%,!#'%!-'8!G&/0!/0-3%8!0(%,%@!R)%-,)3=!
/#$%A#83!(-8!A%%'!)2/0%'2'>@!!
1(2/!2/!:(%,%!0(2'>/!/0-,0!>%002'>!5#$*)25-0%8=!-'8!0(2/!2/!:(-0!<!
:-/!-/.%8=!2'!:,202'>!0(2/!<'0,#8&502#'=!0#!%9*)-2'@!1(%!7&28%!(-/!
-**%-,%8!2'!/#!$-'3!+#,$/!ʹ!A##./=!,-82#=!-!0%)%;2/2#'!/%,2%/=!,%5#,8/!
-'8!/##'!0#!A%!-!$-G#,!$#02#'!*250&,%!ʹ!%-5(!02$%!:20(!-!82++%,%'0!
/0#,3!)2'%!0(-0!%;%'!20/!$#/0!-5&0%!+#))#:%,/!(-;%!A%5#$%!A-++)%8!-0!
02$%/@!!
4%,%!0(%'!2/!-!A,%-.8#:'!#+!0(%!82++%,%'0!;%,/2#'/!ʹ!'#0!2'5)&82'>!
0(%!;-,2#&/!/0->%!;%,/2#'/=!:(25(!(-;%'60!A%%'!/%%'!2'!0(%!"0-0%/!-'8!
#')3!5#$*)25-0%!0(%!$-00%,!+&,0(%,@!!
1(%!,-82#!/%,2%/!A%>-'!2'!J'>)-'8!2'!V-,5(!CDE_@!1(%!+2,/0!/%,2%/!
5#'/2/0%8!#+!/29!*,#>,-$/=!#,!Y+20/Y!-/!0(%3!:%,%!5-))%8@!L20/!C!0(,&!b@!
J-/3@!T-0%,!0(-0!3%-,=!#'%!$#,%!%*2/#8%!:-/!,%5#,8%8!-'8!A,#-85-/0=!
5#$$#')3!.'#:'!-/!0(%!R(,2/0$-/!%*2/#8%@!<0!5#'0-2'%8!'#!,%+%,%'5%!
#+!-'3!.2'8!0#!R(,2/0$-/@!<0!:-/!5-))%8!0(%!R(,2/0$-/!%*2/#8%!A%5-&/%!
20!:-/!+2,/0!A,#-85-/0!#'!M%5%$A%,!c\=!:(25(!2/!'#0!R(,2/0$-/!M-3@!
B+0%,!0(2/=!0(2'>/!A%>-'!0#!>%0!2'5,%-/2'>)3!5#$*)25-0%8@!!
<'!0(%!+-))!#+!CDED=!0(%!+2,/0!4205((2.%,!A##.!:-/!*&A)2/(%8!2'!
J'>)-'8=!5-))%8!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93@!<0!:-/!-!
/&A/0-'02-))3!%9*-'8%8!;%,/2#'!#+!0(%!+2,/0!+#&,!%*2/#8%/!#+!0(%!,-82#!
/%,2%/=!2'!:(25(!/#$%!#+!0(%!5(-,-50%,/!A%(-;%8!2'!%'02,%)3!82++%,%'0!
:-3/!-'8!#0(%,/!A%(-;%8!2'!%9-50)3!0(%!/-$%!:-3/!A&0!+#,!%'02,%)3!
82++%,%'0!,%-/#'/=!:(25(!-$#&'0/!0#!0(%!/-$%!0(2'>!A&0!/-;%/!
,%:,202'>!0(%!82-)#>&%@!!
B0!,#&>()3!0(%!/-$%!02$%!-!8#&A)%!,%5#,8!-)A&$!:-/!,%)%-/%8=!
:(25(!:-/=!A3!5#'0,-/0=!-!/)2>(0)3!5#'0,-50%8!;%,/2#'!#+!0(%!+2,/0!+#&,!
%*2/#8%/!#+!0(%!,-82#!/%,2%/@!1(%/%!:%,%!'#0!0(%!,%5#,82'>/!0(-0!:%,%!
#,2>2'-))3!A,#-85-/0!A&0!:(#))3!'%:!,%5#,82'>/!#+!/&A/0-'02-))3!0(%!
/-$%!/5,2*0/@!1(2/!:-/!8#'%!A%5-&/%!:%!(-8!&/%8!$&/25!#++!
>,-$#*(#'%!,%5#,8/!-/!2'528%'0-)!$&/25!+#,!0(%!/%,2%/=!:(25(!2/!+2'%!
#'!,-82#=!A&0!$-.%/!5#$$%,52-)!,%)%-/%!2$*#//2A)%@!!
<'!d-'&-,3!CD_]=!+2;%!'%:!%*2/#8%/!#+!Y1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!
0(%!7-)-93Y!:%,%!A,#-85-/0!#'!WWR![-82#=!-))!2'!#'%!:%%.=!A,2'>2'>!
0(%!0#0-)!'&$A%,!0#!0:%);%!%*2/#8%/@!!
<'!0(%!+-))!#+!CD_]=!0(%!/%5#'8!4205((2.%,!A##.!:-/!*&A)2/(%8!2'!
J'>)-'8=!-,#&'8!0(%!/-$%!02$%!0(-0!4-,$#'3!W##./!*&A)2/(%8!0(%!
+2,/0!A##.!2'!0(%!S'20%8!"0-0%/@!<0!:-/!-!;%,3!/&A/0-'02-))3!,%:#,.%8=!
,%%820%8!-'8!5#'0,-50%8!;%,/2#'!#+!%*2/#8%/!E=!_=!D=!C]=!CC=!Cc=!"!-'8!b!
N2'!0(-0!#,8%,O!#+!0(%!,-82#!/%,2%/!Y1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!
7-)-93@Y!<'!5-/%!0(-0!/%%$%8!0##!/0,-2>(0+#,:-,8=!0(%!A##.!:-/!5-))%8!
1(%![%/0-&,-'0!-0!0(%!J'8!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%=!A%5-&/%!20!2'5)&8%8!0(%!
$-0%,2-)!+,#$!,-82#!%*2/#8%/!#+!Y1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!
7-)-93=Y!:(25(!:-/!/%0!2'!-!,%/0-&,-'0!5-))%8!V2))2:-3/=!#0(%,:2/%!
.'#:'!-/!0(%![%/0-&,-'0!-0!0(%!J'8!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!!
B0!,#&>()3!0(%!/-$%!02$%=!-!/%5#'8!,%5#,8!-)A&$!:-/!$-8%!
+%-0&,2'>!-!(%-;2)3!,%:,200%'!-'8!%9*-'8%8!;%,/2#'!#+!%*2/#8%/!e!-'8!
b!#+!0(%!,-82#!/%,2%/@!1(2/!,%5#,8!-)A&$!:-/!-)/#!5-))%8!1(%![%/0-&,-'0!
-0!0(%!J'8!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!!
V%-':(2)%=!-!/%,2%/!#+!/29!0%)%;2/2#'!%*2/#8%/!#+!Y1(%!4205((2.%,6/!
7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93Y!:-/!$-8%!A3!0(%!WWR!-'8!A,#-85-/0!2'!d-'&-,3!
CD_C@!1(2/!:-/!A-/%8=!$#,%!#,!)%//=!#'!0(%!+2,/0!/29!%*2/#8%/!#+!0(%!
,-82#!/%,2%/@!<'!#0(%,!:#,8/=!20!2'5#,*#,-0%8!$#/0!#+!0(%!A##.!1(%!
4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!-'8!0(%!/%5#'8!(-)+!#+!0(%!A##.!1(%!
[%/0-&,-'0!-0!A%!J'8!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!1(%,%+#,%=!0(#&>(!20!+#))#:%8!
0(%!A-/25!/0,&50&,%!#+!0(%!,-82#!/%,2%/=!20!2'5#,*#,-0%8!,%;2/2#'/!+,#$!
0(%!A##./=!:(25(!828'60@!!
<'!d-'&-,3!CD_c!4-,$#'3!W##./!*&A)2/(%8!1(%![%/0-&,-'0!-0!0(%!
J'8!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%!2'!0(%!S'20%8!"0-0%/@!!
<'!0(%!/&$$%,!#+!CD_c=!-!0(2,8!4205((2.%,!A##.!:-/!*&A)2/(%8!
/2$&)0-'%#&/)3!2'!J'>)-'8!-'8!0(%!S'20%8!"0-0%/=!5-))%8!T2+%=!0(%!
S'2;%,/%!-'8!J;%,30(2'>@!1(2/!:-/!'#0!A-/%8!#'!-'30(2'>!0(-0!(-8!
-),%-83!A%%'!(%-,8!#,!/%%'!#'!,-82#!#,!0%)%;2/2#'@!<'!+-50!20!+)-0)3!
5#'0,-8250%8!%*2/#8%/!E=!_=!D=!C]=!<!C!-'8!Cc!#+!0(%!,-82#!/%,2%/@!1(%/%!
%*2/#8%/!#+!Y1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93=Y!3#&!:2))!
,%$%$A%,=!(-8!-),%-83!A%%'!2'5#,*#,-0%8!2'!,%;2/%8!+#,$!2'!0(%!A##.!
5-))%8!1(%![%/0-&,-'0!-0!0(%!J'8!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!!
B0!0(2/!*#2'0!<!:%'0!0#!B$%,25-!0#!:,20%!-!+2)$!/5,%%'*)-3!:(25(!:-/!
5#$*)%0%)3!2'5#'/2/0%'0!:20(!$#/0!#+!:(-0!(-/!>#'%!#'!/#!+-,=!-'8!
/2'5%!0(-0!+2)$!:-/!0(%'!8%)-3%8!2'!0(%!$-.2'>!N-!,&$#,!5&,,%'0)3!(-/!
20!0(-0!+2)$2'>!:2))!/0-,0!/(#,0)3!A%+#,%!0(%!T-/0!1,&$*O=!<!:,#0%!-!
+#&,0(!-'8!)-/0!A##.!2'!0(%!0,2)#>3=!"#!T#'>=!-'8!1(-'./!+#,!B))!0(%!L2/(@!
1(2/!:-/!*&A)2/(%8!2'!W,20-2'!-'8!0(%!S"B!2'!0(%!+-))!#+!CD_\!-'8!20!
%++%502;%)3!5#'0,-8250%8!%;%,30(2'>!0#!8-0%=!&*!0#!-'8!2'5)&82'>!20/%)+@!!
B/!2+!0(2/!-))!:%,%!'#0!%'#&>(!<!:,#0%!-!5#$*&0%,!>-$%!+#,!<'+#5#$!
5-))%8!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93=!:(25(!A#,%!#')3!+)%%02'>!
,%/%$A)-'5%/!0#!-'30(2'>!0(-0!(-8!*,%;2#&/)3!>#'%!&'8%,!0(-0!020)%=!
-'8!2'!5#))-A#,-02#'!:20(!7%#++,%3!X%,.2'/!-//%$A)%8!1(%!4205((2.%,!/!
7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93f!1(%!U,2>2'-)![-82#!"5,2*0/!N*&A)2/(%8!2'!J'>)-'8!
-'8!0(%!S"B!2'!CD_eO@!F#:!0(2/!:-/!-'!2'0%,%/02'>!;%'0&,%@!1(%!A##.!
2/=!-/!0(%!020)%!/&>>%/0/=!-!5#))%502#'!#+!-))!0(%!,-82#!/5,2*0/=!-/!
A,#-85-/0=!-'8!20!2/!0(%,%+#,%!0(%!#')3!%9-$*)%!#+!#'%!4205((2.%,!
*&A)25-02#'!-55&,-0%)3!-'8!5#'/2/0%'0)3!,%+)%502'>!-'#0(%,@!<!+%%)!-!
)200)%!&'5#$+#,0-A)%!:20(!0(2/!ʹ!:(25(!2/!:(3!0(%!2'0,#8&502#'!0#!0(-0!
A##.!:-/!:,200%'!-+0%,!0(%!+2'-)!-'8!8%+2'202;%!#'%!3#&!-,%!'#:!
,%-82'>!-'8=!#+!5#&,/%=!+)-0)3!5#'0,-8250/!20@!!
X%#*)%!#+0%'!-/.!$%!(#:!0(%3!5-'!)%-;%!0(%!*)-'%0=!/#!<!(-;%!
*,%*-,%8!/#$%!A,2%+!'#0%/@!!
!
4#:!0#!T%-;%!0(%!X)-'%0!!
<@!X(#'%!FB"B@!1(%2,!*(#'%!'&$A%,!2/!NEC^O!\_^`^CCC@!J9*)-2'!0(-0!
206/!;%,3!2$*#,0-'0!0(-0!3#&!>%0!-:-3!-/!/##'!-/!*#//2A)%@!!
c@!<+!0(%3!8#!'#0!5##*%,-0%=!*(#'%!-'3!+,2%'8!3#&!$-3!(-;%!2'!0(%!
I(20%!4#&/%`Nc]cO!\eb`C\C\`0#!(-;%!-!:#,8!#'!3#&,!A%(-)+!:20(!0(%!
>&3/!-0!FB"B@!!
^@!<+!3#&!8#'60!(-;%!-'3!+,2%'8/!2'!0(%!I(20%!4#&/%=!*(#'%!0(%!
K,%$)2'!N-/.!0(%!#;%,/%-/!#*%,-0#,!+#,!]C]E`]De`cDe`D]eCO@!1(%3!
8#'60!(-;%!-'3!+,2%'8/!0(%,%!%20(%,!N-0!)%-/0=!'#'%!0#!/*%-.!#+O=!A&0!
0(%3!8#!/%%$!0#!(-;%!-!)200)%!2'+)&%'5%=!/#!3#&!$-3!-/!:%))!0,3@!!
\@!<+!0(-0!-)/#!+-2)/=!*(#'%!0(%!X#*%!+#,!>&28-'5%@!42/!0%)%*(#'%!
'&$A%,!2/!]CC`^D`b`bD_c=!-'8!<!>-0(%,!(2/!/:205(A#-,8!2/!2'+-))2A)%@!!
e@!<+!-))!0(%/%!-00%$*0/!+-2)=!+)->!8#:'!-!*-//2'>!+)32'>!/-&5%,!-'8!
%9*)-2'!0(-0!8%6/!;20-))3!2$*#,0-'0!3#&!>%0!-:-3!A%+#,%!3#&,!*(#'%!A2))!
-,,2;%/@!!
!
M#&>)-/!B8-$/!!
T#/!B'>%)%/!CD_^!-'8!!
T#'8#'!CD_egCD_b!!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
MUS7TB"!BMBV"!!
!
THE(HITCHHIKER'S(GUIDE(TO(
THE(GALAXY((
!
!
L#,!d#''3!W,#5.!-'8!R)-,%!7#,/0!
-'8!-))!#0(%,!B,)2'>0#'2-'/!
+#,!0%-=!/3$*-0(3=!-'8!-!/#+-!!
!
!$
Preface$
!
L-,!#&0!2'!0(%!&'5(-,0%8!A-5.:-0%,/!#+!0(%!&'+-/(2#'-A)%!%'8!#+!
0(%!:%/0%,'!/*2,-)!-,$!#+!0(%!7-)-93!)2%/!-!/$-))!&',%>-,8%8!3%))#:!
/&'@!!
U,A202'>!0(2/!-0!-!82/0-'5%!#+!,#&>()3!'2'%03`0:#!$2))2#'!$2)%/!2/!-'!
&00%,)3!2'/2>'2+25-'0!)200)%!A)&%!>,%%'!*)-'%0!:(#/%!-*%`8%/5%'8%8!)2+%!
+#,$/!-,%!/#!-$-P2'>)3!*,2$202;%!0(-0!0(%3!/02))!0(2'.!82>20-)!:-05(%/!
-,%!-!*,%003!'%-0!28%-@!!
1(2/!*)-'%0!(-/!ʹ!#,!,-0(%,!(-8!ʹ!-!*,#A)%$=!:(25(!:-/!0(2/f!$#/0!
#+!0(%!*%#*)%!#'!20!:%,%!&'(-**3!+#,!*,%003!$&5(!#+!0(%!02$%@!V-'3!
/#)&02#'/!:%,%!/&>>%/0%8!+#,!0(2/!*,#A)%$=!A&0!$#/0!#+!0(%/%!:%,%!
)-,>%)3!5#'5%,'%8!:20(!0(%!$#;%$%'0/!#+!/$-))!>,%%'!*2%5%/!#+!*-*%,=!
:(25(!2/!#88!A%5-&/%!#'!0(%!:(#)%!20!:-/'60!0(%!/$-))!>,%%'!*2%5%/!#+!
*-*%,!0(-0!:%,%!&'(-**3@!!
B'8!/#!0(%!*,#A)%$!,%$-2'%8Q!)#0/!#+!0(%!*%#*)%!:%,%!$%-'=!-'8!
$#/0!#+!0(%$!:%,%!$2/%,-A)%=!%;%'!0(%!#'%/!:20(!82>20-)!:-05(%/@!!
V-'3!:%,%!2'5,%-/2'>)3!#+!0(%!#*2'2#'!0(-0!0(%368!-))!$-8%!-!A2>!
$2/0-.%!2'!5#$2'>!8#:'!+,#$!0(%!0,%%/!2'!0(%!+2,/0!*)-5%@!B'8!/#$%!
/-28!0(-0!%;%'!0(%!0,%%/!(-8!A%%'!-!A-8!$#;%=!-'8!0(-0!'#!#'%!/(#&)8!
%;%,!(-;%!)%+0!0(%!#5%-'/@!!
B'8!0(%'=!#'%!1(&,/8-3=!'%-,)3!0:#!0(#&/-'8!3%-,/!-+0%,!#'%!$-'!
(-8!A%%'!'-2)%8!0#!-!0,%%!+#,!/-32'>!(#:!>,%-0!20!:#&)8!A%!0#!A%!'25%!
0#!*%#*)%!+#,!-!5(-'>%=!#'%!>2,)!/2002'>!#'!(%,!#:'!2'!-!/$-))!5-+%!2'!
[25.$-'/:#,0(!/&88%')3!,%-)2P%8!:(-0!20!:-/!0(-0!(-8!A%%'!>#2'>!
:,#'>!-))!0(2/!02$%=!-'8!/(%!+2'-))3!.'%:!(#:!0(%!:#,)8!5#&)8!A%!
$-8%!-!>##8!-'8!(-**3!*)-5%@!1(2/!02$%!20!:-/!,2>(0=!20!:#&)8!:#,.=!
-'8!'#!#'%!:#&)8!(-;%!0#!>%0!'-2)%8!0#!-'30(2'>@!!
"-8)3=!(#:%;%,=!A%+#,%!/(%!5#&)8!>%0!0#!-!*(#'%!0#!0%))!-'3#'%!
-A#&0!20=!-!0%,,2A)3!/0&*28!5-0-/0,#*(%!#55&,,%8=!-'8!0(%!28%-!:-/!)#/0!
+#,%;%,@!!
1(2/!2/!'#0!(%,!/0#,3@!!
W&0!20!2/!0(%!/0#,3!#+!0(-0!0%,,2A)%!/0&*28!5-0-/0,#*(%!-'8!/#$%!#+!20/!
5#'/%?&%'5%/@!!
<0!2/!-)/#!0(%!/0#,3!#+!-!A##.=!-!A##.!5-))%8!1(%!4205(!42.%,6/!7&28%!
0#!0(%!7-)-93!ʹ!'#0!-'!J-,0(!A##.=!'%;%,!*&A)2/(%8!#'!J-,0(=!-'8!&'02)!
0(%!0%,,2A)%!5-0-/0,#*(%!#55&,,%8=!'%;%,!/%%'!#,!(%-,8!#+!A3!-'3!
J-,0($-'@!!
F%;%,0(%)%//=!-!:(#))3!,%$-,.-A)%!A##.@!!
<'!+-50!20!:-/!*,#A-A)3!0(%!$#/0!,%$-,.-A)%!A##.!%;%,!0#!5#$%!#&0!
#+!0(%!>,%-0!*&A)2/(2'>!(#&/%/!#+!S,/-!V2'#,!ʹ!#+!:(25(!'#!J-,0($-'!
(-8!%;%,!(%-,8!%20(%,@!!
F#0!#')3!2/!20!-!:(#))3!,%$-,.-A)%!A##.=!20!2/!-)/#!-!(2>()3!/&55%//+&)!
#'%!ʹ!$#,%!*#*&)-,!0(-'!0(%!R%)%/02-)!4#$%!R-,%!U$'2A&/=!A%00%,!
/%))2'>!0(-'!L2+03!V#,%!1(2'>/!0#!8#!2'!h%,#!7,-;203=!-'8!$#,%!
5#'0,#;%,/2-)!0(-'!U#)#'!R#))&*(286/!0,2)#>3!#+!*(2)#/#*(25-)!
A)#5.A&/0%,/!I(%,%!7#8!I%'0!I,#'>=!"#$%!V#,%!#+!7#86/!7,%-0%/0!
V2/0-.%/!-'8!I(#!2/!0(2/!7#8!X%,/#'!B'3:-3Z!!
<'!$-'3!#+!0(%!$#,%!,%)-9%8!52;2)2P-02#'/!#'!0(%!U&0%,!J-/0%,'![2$!
#+!0(%!7-)-93=!0(%!4205(!42.%,6/!7&28%!(-/!-),%-83!/&**)-'0%8!0(%!
>,%-0!J'535)#*%82-!7-)-5025-!-/!0(%!/0-'8-,8!,%*#/20#,3!#+!-))!
.'#:)%8>%!-'8!:2/8#$=!+#,!0(#&>(!20!(-/!$-'3!#$2//2#'/!-'8!
5#'0-2'/!$&5(!0(-0!2/!-*#5,3*(-)=!#,!-0!)%-/0!:2)8)3!2'-55&,-0%=!20!
/5#,%/!#;%,!0(%!#)8%,=!$#,%!*%8%/0,2-'!:#,.!2'!0:#!2$*#,0-'0!
,%/*%50/@!!
L2,/0=!20!2/!/)2>(0)3!5(%-*%,Q!-'8!/%5#'8)3!20!(-/!0(%!:#,8/!MUF61!
XBF<R!2'/5,2A%8!2'!)-,>%!+,2%'8)3!)%00%,/!#'!20/!5#;%,@!!
W&0!0(%!/0#,3!#+!0(2/!0%,,2A)%=!/0&*28!1(&,/8-3=!0(%!/0#,3!#+!20/!
%90,-#,82'-,3!5#'/%?&%'5%/=!-'8!0(%!/0#,3!#+!(#:!0(%/%!
5#'/%?&%'5%/!-,%!2'%90,25-A)3!2'0%,0:2'%8!:20(!0(2/!,%$-,.-A)%!A##.!
A%>2'/!;%,3!/2$*)3@!!
<0!A%>2'/!:20(!-!(#&/%@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$1$$
!
1(%!(#&/%!/0##8!#'!-!/)2>(0!,2/%!G&/0!#'!0(%!%8>%!#+!0(%!;2))->%@!<0!
/0##8!#'!20/!#:'!-'8!)##.%8!#;%,!-!A,#-8!/*,%-8!#+!I%/0!R#&'0,3!
+-,$)-'8@!F#0!-!,%$-,.-A)%!(#&/%!A3!-'3!$%-'/!ʹ!20!:-/!-A#&0!0(2,03!
3%-,/!#)8=!/?&-002/(=!/?&-,2/(=!$-8%!#+!A,25.=!-'8!(-8!+#&,!:2'8#:/!
/%0!2'!0(%!+,#'0!#+!-!/2P%!-'8!*,#*#,02#'!:(25(!$#,%!#,!)%//!%9-50)3!
+-2)%8!0#!*)%-/%!0(%!%3%@!!
1(%!#')3!*%,/#'!+#,!:(#$!0(%!(#&/%!:-/!2'!-'3!:-3!/*%52-)!:-/!
B,0(&,!M%'0=!-'8!0(-0!:-/!#')3!A%5-&/%!20!(-**%'%8!0#!A%!0(%!#'%!(%!
)2;%8!2'@!4%!(-8!)2;%8!2'!20!+#,!-A#&0!0(,%%!3%-,/=!%;%,!/2'5%!(%!(-8!
$#;%8!#&0!#+!T#'8#'!A%5-&/%!20!$-8%!(2$!'%,;#&/!-'8!2,,20-A)%@!4%!
:-/!-A#&0!0(2,03!-/!:%))=!8-,.!(-2,%8!-'8!'%;%,!?&20%!-0!%-/%!:20(!
(2$/%)+@!1(%!0(2'>!0(-0!&/%8!0#!:#,,3!(2$!$#/0!:-/!0(%!+-50!0(-0!
*%#*)%!-):-3/!&/%8!0#!-/.!(2$!:(-0!(%!:-/!)##.2'>!/#!:#,,2%8!-A#&0@!
4%!:#,.%8!2'!)#5-)!,-82#!:(25(!(%!-):-3/!&/%8!0#!0%))!(2/!+,2%'8/!:-/!-!
)#0!$#,%!2'0%,%/02'>!0(-'!0(%3!*,#A-A)3!0(#&>(0@!<0!:-/=!0##!ʹ!$#/0!#+!
(2/!+,2%'8/!:#,.%8!2'!-8;%,02/2'>@!!
<0!(-8'60!*,#*%,)3!,%>2/0%,%8!:20(!B,0(&,!0(-0!0(%!5#&'52)!:-'0%8!0#!
.'#5.!8#:'!(2/!(#&/%!-'8!A&2)8!-'!A3*-//!2'/0%-8@!!
B0!%2>(0!#65)#5.!#'!1(&,/8-3!$#,'2'>!B,0(&,!828'60!+%%)!;%,3!>##8@!
4%!:#.%!&*!A)%-,2)3=!>#0!&*=!:-'8%,%8!A)%-,2)3!,#&'8!(2/!,##$=!
#*%'%8!-!:2'8#:=!/-:!-!A&))8#P%,=!+#&'8!(2/!/)2**%,/=!-'8!/0#$*%8!
#++!0#!0(%!A-0(,##$!0#!:-/(@!!
1##0(*-/0%!#'!0(%!A,&/(!ʹ!/#@!"5,&A@!!
"(-;2'>!$2,,#,!ʹ!*#2'02'>!-0!0(%!5%2)2'>@!4%!-8G&/0%8!20@!L#,!-!
$#$%'0!20!,%+)%50%8!-!/%5#'8!A&))8#P%,!0(,#&>(!0(%!A-0(,##$!
:2'8#:@!X,#*%,)3!-8G&/0%8=!20!,%+)%50%8!B,0(&,!M%'06/!A,2/0)%/@!4%!
/(-;%8!0(%$!#++=!:-/(%8=!8,2%8=!-'8!/0#$*%8!#++!0#!0(%!.205(%'!0#!
+2'8!/#$%0(2'>!*)%-/-'0!0#!*&0!2'!(2/!$#&0(@!!
K%00)%=!*)&>=!+,28>%=!$2).=!5#++%%@!i-:'@!!
1(%!:#,8!A&))8#P%,!:-'8%,%8!0(,#&>(!(2/!$2'8!+#,!-!$#$%'0!2'!
/%-,5(!#+!/#$%0(2'>!0#!5#''%50!:20(@!!
1(%!A&))8#P%,!#&0/28%!0(%!.205(%'!:2'8#:!:-/!?&20%!-!A2>!#'%@!!
4%!/0-,%8!-0!20@!!
Yi%))#:=Y!(%!0(#&>(0!-'8!/0#$*%8!#++!A-5.!0#!(2/!A%8,##$!0#!>%0!
8,%//%8@!!
X-//2'>!0(%!A-0(,##$!(%!/0#**%8!0#!8,2'.!-!)-,>%!>)-//!#+!:-0%,=!
-'8!-'#0(%,@!4%!A%>-'!0#!/&/*%50!0(-0!(%!:-/!(&'>!#;%,@!I(3!:-/!(%!
(&'>!#;%,Z!4-8!(%!A%%'!8,2'.2'>!0(%!'2>(0!A%+#,%Z!4%!/&**#/%8!0(-0!
(%!$&/0!(-;%!A%%'@!4%!5-&>(0!-!>)2'0!2'!0(%!/(-;2'>!$2,,#,@!Yi%))#:=Y!
(%!0(#&>(0!-'8!/0#$*%8!#'!0#!0(%!A%8,##$@!!
4%!/0##8!-'8!0(#&>(0@!1(%!*&A=!(%!0(#&>(0@!U(!8%-,=!0(%!*&A@!4%!
;->&%)3!,%$%$A%,%8!A%2'>!-'>,3=!-'>,3!-A#&0!/#$%0(2'>!0(-0!
/%%$%8!2$*#,0-'0@!4%68!A%%'!0%))2'>!*%#*)%!-A#&0!20=!0%))2'>!*%#*)%!
-A#&0!20!-0!>,%-0!)%'>0(=!(%!,-0(%,!/&/*%50%8f!(2/!5)%-,%/0!;2/&-)!
,%5#))%502#'!:-/!#+!>)-P%8!)##./!#'!#0(%,!*%#*)%6/!+-5%/@!"#$%0(2'>!
-A#&0!-!'%:!A3*-//!(%!(-8!G&/0!+#&'8!#&0!-A#&0@!<0!(-8!A%%'!2'!0(%!
*2*%)2'%!+#,!$#'0(/!#')3!'#!#'%!/%%$%8!0#!(-;%!.'#:'!-A#&0!20@!
[2825&)#&/@!4%!0##.!-!/:2>!#+!:-0%,@!<0!:#&)8!/#,0!20/%)+!#&0=!(%68!
8%528%8=!'#!#'%!:-'0%8!-!A3*-//=!0(%!5#&'52)!828'60!(-;%!-!)%>!0#!
/0-'8!#'@!<0!:#&)8!/#,0!20/%)+!#&0@!!
7#8!:(-0!-!0%,,2A)%!(-'>#;%,!20!(-8!%-,'%8!(2$!0(#&>(@!4%!)##.%8!
-0!(2$/%)+!2'!0(%!:-,8,#A%!$2,,#,@!4%!/0&5.!#&0!(2/!0#'>&%@!Yi%))#:=Y!
(%!0(#&>(0@!1(%!:#,8!3%))#:!:-'8%,%8!0(,#&>(!(2/!$2'8!2'!/%-,5(!#+!
/#$%0(2'>!0#!5#''%50!:20(@!!
L2+0%%'!/%5#'8/!)-0%,!(%!:-/!#&0!#+!0(%!(#&/%!-'8!)32'>!2'!+,#'0!#+!-!
A2>!3%))#:!A&))8#P%,!0(-0!:-/!-8;-'52'>!&*!(2/!>-,8%'!*-0(@!!
!
V,@!T!X,#//%,!:-/=!-/!0(%3!/-3=!#')3!(&$-'@!<'!#0(%,!:#,8/!(%!:-/!
-!5-,A#'`A-/%8!)2+%!+#,$!8%/5%'8%8!+,#$!-'!-*%@!V#,%!/*%52+25-))3!(%!
:-/!+#,03=!+-0!-'8!/(-AA3!-'8!:#,.%8!+#,!0(%!)#5-)!5#&'52)@!R&,2#&/)3!
%'#&>(=!0(#&>(!(%!828'60!.'#:!20=!(%!:-/!-)/#!-!82,%50!$-)%`)2'%!
8%/5%'8-'0!#+!7%'>(2/!K(-'=!0(#&>(!2'0%,;%'2'>!>%'%,-02#'/!-'8!
,-52-)!$292'>!(-8!/#!G&>>)%8!(2/!>%'%/!0(-0!(%!(-8!'#!82/5%,'2A)%!
V#'>#)#28!5(-,-50%,2/025/=!-'8!0(%!#')3!;%/02>%/!)%+0!2'!V,@!T!X,#//%,!
#+!(2/!$2>(03!-'5%/0,3!:%,%!-!*,#'#&'5%8!/0#&0'%//!-A#&0!0(%!0&$!
-'8!-!*,%82)%502#'!+#,!)200)%!+&,!(-0/@!!
4%!:-/!A3!'#!$%-'/!-!>,%-0!:-,,2#,f!2'!+-50!(%!:-/!-!'%,;#&/!
:#,,2%8!$-'@!1#8-3!(%!:-/!*-,025&)-,)3!'%,;#&/!-'8!:#,,2%8!A%5-&/%!
/#$%0(2'>!(-8!>#'%!/%,2#&/)3!:,#'>!:20(!(2/!G#A!ʹ!:(25(!:-/!0#!/%%!
0(-0!B,0(&,!M%'06/!(#&/%!>#0!5)%-,%8!#&0!#+!0(%!:-3!A%+#,%!0(%!8-3!
:-/!#&0@!!
YR#$%!#++!20=!V,@!M%'0=Y=!(%!/-28=!Y3#&!5-'60!:2'!3#&!.'#:@!i#&!
5-'60!)2%!2'!+,#'0!#+!0(%!A&))8#P%,!2'8%+2'20%)3@Y!4%!0,2%8!0#!$-.%!(2/!
%3%/!A)-P%!+2%,5%)3!A&0!0(%3!G&/0!:#&)8'60!8#!20@!!
B,0(&,!)-3!2'!0(%!$&8!-'8!/?&%)5(%8!-0!(2$@!!
Y<6$!>-$%=Y!(%!/-28=!Y:%6))!/%%!:(#!,&/0/!+2,/0@Y!!
Y<6$!-+,-28!3#&6,%!>#2'>!0#!(-;%!0#!-55%*0!20=Y!/-28!V,@!X,#//%,!
>,2**2'>!(2/!+&,!(-0!-'8!,#))2'>!20!,#&'8!0(%!0#*!#+!(2/!(%-8=!Y0(2/!
A3*-//!(-/!>#0!0#!A%!A&2)0!-'8!206/!>#2'>!0#!A%!A&2)0jY!!
YL2,/0!<6;%!(%-,8!#+!20=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y:(36/!20!>#2'>!0#!A%!A&2)0ZY!!
V,@!X,#//%,!/(##.!(2/!+2'>%,!-0!(2$!+#,!-!A20=!0(%'!/0#**%8!-'8!*&0!
20!-:-3!->-2'@!!
YI(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'=!:(36/!20!>#0!0#!A%!A&2)0ZY!(%!/-28@!Y<06/!-!A3*-//@!
i#&6;%!>#0!0#!A&2)8!A3*-//%/@Y!!
W3*-//%/!-,%!8%;25%/!:(25(!-))#:!/#$%!*%#*)%!0#!8,2;%!+,#$!*#2'0!
B!0#!*#2'0!W!;%,3!+-/0!:(2)/0!#0(%,!*%#*)%!8-/(!+,#$!*#2'0!W!0#!*#2'0!B!
;%,3!+-/0@!X%#*)%!)2;2'>!-0!*#2'0!R=!A%2'>!-!*#2'0!82,%50)3!2'!A%0:%%'=!
-,%!#+0%'!>2;%'!0#!:#'8%,!:(-06/!/#!>,%-0!-A#&0!*#2'0!B!0(-0!/#!$-'3!
*%#*)%!#+!*#2'0!W!-,%!/#!.%%'!0#!>%0!0(%,%=!-'8!:(-06/!/#!>,%-0!-A#&0!
*#2'0!W!0(-0!/#!$-'3!*%#*)%!#+!*#2'0!B!-,%!/#!.%%'!0#!>%0!0(%,%@!1(%3!
#+0%'!:2/(!0(-0!*%#*)%!:#&)8!G&/0!#'5%!-'8!+#,!-))!:#,.!#&0!:(%,%!0(%!
(%))!0(%3!:-'0%8!0#!A%@!!
V,@!X,#//%,!:-'0%8!0#!A%!-0!*#2'0!M@!X#2'0!M!:-/'60!-'3:(%,%!2'!
*-,025&)-,=!20!:-/!G&/0!-'3!5#';%'2%'0!*#2'0!-!;%,3!)#'>!:-3!+,#$!
*#2'0/!B=!W!-'8!R@!4%!:#&)8!(-;%!-!'25%!)200)%!5#00->%!-0!*#2'0!M=!:20(!
-9%/!#;%,!0(%!8##,=!-'8!/*%'8!-!*)%-/-'0!-$#&'0!#+!02$%!-0!*#2'0!J=!
:(25(!:#&)8!A%!0(%!'%-,%/0!*&A!0#!*#2'0!M@!42/!:2+%!#+!5#&,/%!:-'0%8!
5)2$A2'>!,#/%/=!A&0!(%!:-'0%8!-9%/@!4%!828'60!.'#:!:(3!ʹ!(%!G&/0!
)2.%8!-9%/@!4%!+)&/(%8!(#0)3!&'8%,!0(%!8%,2/2;%!>,2'/!#+!0(%!A&))8#P%,!
8,2;%,/@!!
4%!/(2+0%8!(2/!:%2>(0!+,#$!+##0!0#!+##0=!A&0!20!:-/!%?&-))3!
&'5#$+#,0-A)%!#'!%-5(@!UA;2#&/)3!/#$%A#83!(-8!A%%'!-**-))2'>)3!
2'5#$*%0%'0!-'8!(%!(#*%8!0#!7#8!20!:-/'60!(2$@!!
V,@!X,#//%,!/-28f!Yi#&!:%,%!?&20%!%'020)%8!0#!$-.%!-'3!/&>>%/02#'/!
#,!*,#0%/0/!-0!0(%!-**,#*,2-0%!02$%!3#&!.'#:@Y!!
YB**,#*,2-0%!02$%ZY!(##0%8!B,0(&,@!YB**,#*,2-0%!02$%Z!1(%!+2,/0!<!
.'%:!-A#&0!20!:-/!:(%'!-!:#,.$-'!-,,2;%8!-0!$3!(#$%!3%/0%,8-3@!<!
-/.%8!(2$!2+!(%68!5#$%!0#!5)%-'!0(%!:2'8#:/!-'8!(%!/-28!'#!(%68!
5#$%!0#!8%$#)2/(!0(%!(#&/%@!4%!828'60!0%))!$%!/0,-2>(0!-:-3!#+!5#&,/%@!
U(!'#@!L2,/0!(%!:2*%8!-!5#&*)%!#+!:2'8#:/!-'8!5(-,>%8!$%!-!+2;%,@!
1(%'!(%!0#)8!$%@Y!!
YW&0!V,@!M%'0=!0(%!*)-'/!(-;%!A%%'!-;-2)-A)%!2'!0(%!)#5-)!*)-''2'>!
#++25%!+#,!0(%!)-/0!'2'%!$#'0(@Y!!
YU(!3%/=!:%))!-/!/##'!-/!<!(%-,8!<!:%'0!/0,-2>(0!,#&'8!0#!/%%!0(%$=!
3%/0%,8-3!-+0%,'##'@!i#&!(-8'60!%9-50)3!>#'%!#&0!#+!3#&,!:-3!0#!5-))!
-00%'02#'!0#!0(%$!(-8!3#&Z!<!$%-'!)2.%!-50&-))3!0%))2'>!-'3A#83!#,!
-'30(2'>@Y!!
YW&0!0(%!*)-'/!:%,%!#'!82/*)-3@@@Y!!
YU'!82/*)-3Z!<!%;%'0&-))3!(-8!0#!>#!8#:'!0#!0(%!5%))-,!0#!+2'8!
0(%$@Y!!
Y1(-06/!0(%!82/*)-3!8%*-,0$%'0@Y!!
YI20(!-!0#,5(@Y!!
YB(=!:%))!0(%!)2>(0/!(-8!*,#A-A)3!>#'%@Y!!
Y"#!(-8!0(%!/0-2,/@Y!!
YW&0!)##.=!3#&!+#&'8!0(%!'#025%!828'60!3#&ZY!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y3%/!<!828@!<0!:-/!#'!82/*)-3!2'!0(%!A#00#$!#+!-!
)#5.%8!+2)2'>!5-A2'%0!/0&5.!2'!-!82/&/%8!)-;-0#,3!:20(!-!/2>'!#'!0(%!
8##,!/-32'>!W%:-,%!#+!0(%!T%#*-,8@Y!!
B!5)#&8!*-//%8!#;%,(%-8@!<0!5-/0!-!/(-8#:!#;%,!B,0(&,!M%'0!-/!(%!
)-3!*,#**%8!&*!#'!(2/!%)A#:!2'!0(%!5#)8!$&8@!<0!5-/0!-!/(-8#:!#;%,!
B,0(&,!M%'06/!(#&/%@!V,@!X,#//%,!+,#:'%8!-0!20@!!
Y<06/!'#0!-/!2+!206/!-!*-,025&)-,)3!'25%!(#&/%=Y!(%!/-28@!!
Y<6$!/#,,3=!A&0!<!(-**%'!0#!)2.%!20@Y!!
Yi#&6))!)2.%!0(%!A3*-//@Y!!
YU(!/(&0!&*=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!M%'0@!Y"(&0!&*!-'8!>#!-:-3=!-'8!0-.%!
3#&,!A)##83!A3*-//!:20(!3#&@!i#&!(-;%'60!>#0!-!)%>!0#!/0-'8!#'!-'8!
3#&!.'#:!20@Y!!
V,@!X,#//%,6/!$#&0(!#*%'%8!-'8!5)#/%8!-!5#&*)%!#+!02$%/!:(2)%!(2/!
$2'8!:-/!+#,!-!$#$%'0!+2))%8!:20(!2'%9*)25-A)%!A&0!0%,,2A)3!-00,-502;%!
;2/2#'/!#+!B,0(&,!M%'06/!(#&/%!A%2'>!5#'/&$%8!:20(!+2,%!-'8!B,0(&,!
(2$/%)+!,&''2'>!/5,%-$2'>!+,#$!0(%!A)-P2'>!,&2'!:20(!-0!)%-/0!0(,%%!
(%+03!/*%-,/!*,#0,&82'>!+,#$!(2/!A-5.@!V,@!X,#//%,!:-/!#+0%'!
A#0(%,%8!:20(!;2/2#'/!)2.%!0(%/%!-'8!0(%3!$-8%!(2$!+%%)!;%,3!'%,;#&/@!
4%!/0&00%,%8!+#,!-!$#$%'0!-'8!0(%'!*&))%8!(2$/%)+!0#>%0(%,@!!
YV,@!M%'0=Y!(%!/-28@!!
Y4%))#Z!i%/ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
Y"#$%!+-50&-)!2'+#,$-02#'!+#,!3#&@!4-;%!3#&!-'3!28%-!(#:!$&5(!
8-$->%!0(-0!A&))8#P%,!:#&)8!/&++%,!2+!<!G&/0!)%0!20!,#))!/0,-2>(0!#;%,!
3#&ZY!!
Y4#:!$&5(ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YF#'%!-0!-))=Y!/-28!V,@!X,#//%,=!-'8!/0#,$%8!'%,;#&/)3!#++!
:#'8%,2'>!:(3!(2/!A,-2'!:-/!+2))%8!:20(!-!0(#&/-'8!(-2,3!(#,/%$%'!
-))!/(#&02'>!-0!(2$@!!
W3!-!5&,2#&/!5#2'528%'5%=!F#'%!-0!-))!2/!%9-50)3!(#:!$&5(!/&/*252#'!
0(%!-*%`8%/5%'8-'0!B,0(&,!M%'0!(-8!0(-0!#'%!#+!(2/!5)#/%/0!+,2%'8/!
:-/!'#0!8%/5%'8%8!+,#$!-'!-*%=!A&0!:-/!2'!+-50!+,#$!-!/$-))!*)-'%0!2'!
0(%!;252'203!#+!W%0%)>%&/%!-'8!'#0!+,#$!7&2)8+#,8!-/!(%!&/&-))3!
5)-2$%8@!!
B,0(&,!M%'0!(-8!'%;%,=!%;%,!/&/*%50%8!0(2/@!!
1(2/!+,2%'8!#+!(2/!(-8!+2,/0!-,,2;%8!#'!0(%!*)-'%0!/#$%!+2+0%%'!J-,0(!
3%-,/!*,%;2#&/)3=!-'8!(%!(-8!:#,.%8!(-,8!0#!A)%'8!(2$/%)+!2'0#!J-,0(!
/#52%03!ʹ!:20(=!20!$&/0!A%!/-28=!/#$%!/&55%//@!L#,!2'/0-'5%!(%!(-8!
/*%'0!0(#/%!+2+0%%'!3%-,/!*,%0%'82'>!0#!A%!-'!#&0!#+!:#,.!-50#,=!:(25(!
:-/!*)-&/2A)%!%'#&>(@!!
4%!(-8!$-8%!#'%!5-,%)%//!A)&'8%,!0(#&>(=!A%5-&/%!(%!(-8!
/.2$*%8!-!A20!#'!(2/!*,%*-,-0#,3!,%/%-,5(@!1(%!2'+#,$-02#'!(%!(-8!
>-0(%,%8!(-8!)%8!(2$!0#!5(##/%!0(%!'-$%!YL#,8!X,%+%50Y!-/!A%2'>!
'25%)3!2'5#'/*25&#&/@!!
4%!:-/!'#0!5#'/*25&#&/)3!0-))=!(2/!+%-0&,%/!:%,%!/0,2.2'>!A&0!'#0!
5#'/*25&#&/)3!(-'8/#$%@!42/!(-2,!:-/!:2,3!-'8!>2'>%,2/(!-'8!A,&/(%8!
A-5.:-,8/!+,#$!0(%!0%$*)%/@!42/!/.2'!/%%$%8!0#!A%!*&))%8!A-5.:-,8/!
+,#$!0(%!'#/%@!1(%,%!:-/!/#$%0(2'>!;%,3!/)2>(0)3!#88!-A#&0!(2$=!A&0!
20!:-/!82++25&)0!0#!/-3!:(-0!20!:-/@!X%,(-*/!20!:-/!0(-0!(2/!%3%/!828'60!
A)2'.!#+0%'!%'#&>(!-'8!:(%'!3#&!0-).%8!0#!(2$!+#,!-'3!)%'>0(!#+!02$%!
3#&,!%3%/!A%>-'!2';#)&'0-,2)3!0#!:-0%,!#'!(2/!A%(-)+@!X%,(-*/!20!:-/!
0(-0!(%!/$2)%8!/)2>(0)3!0##!A,#-8)3!-'8!>-;%!*%#*)%!0(%!&''%,;2'>!
2$*,%//2#'!0(-0!(%!:-/!-A#&0!0#!>#!+#,!0(%2,!'%5.@!!
4%!/0,&5.!$#/0!#+!0(%!+,2%'8/!(%!(-8!$-8%!#'!J-,0(!-/!-'!%55%'0,25=!
A&0!-!(-,$)%//!#'%!ʹ!-'!&',&)3!A##P%,!:20(!/#$%!#882/(!(-A20/@!L#,!
2'/0-'5%!(%!:#&)8!#+0%'!>-0%5,-/(!&'2;%,/203!*-,02%/=!>%0!A-8)3!8,&'.!
-'8!/0-,0!$-.2'>!+&'!#+!-'3!-/0,#*(3/252/0!(%!5#&)8!+2'8!02))!(%!>#0!
0(,#:'!#&0@!!
"#$%02$%/!(%!:#&)8!>%0!/%2P%8!:20(!#88)3!82/0,-50%8!$##8/!-'8!
/0-,%!2'0#!0(%!/.3!-/!2+!(3*'#02P%8!&'02)!/#$%#'%!-/.%8!(2$!:(-0!(%!
:-/!8#2'>@!1(%'!(%!:#&)8!/0-,0!>&2)02)3!+#,!-!$#$%'0=!,%)-9!-'8!>,2'@!!
YU(=!G&/0!)##.2'>!+#,!+)32'>!/-&5%,/=Y!(%!:#&)8!G#.%!-'8!%;%,3#'%!
:#&)8!)-&>(!-'8!-/.!(2$!:(-0!/#,0!#+!+)32'>!/-&5%,/!(%!:-/!)##.2'>!
+#,@!!
Y7,%%'!#'%/jY!(%!:#&)8!,%*)3!:20(!-!:25.%8!>,2'=!)-&>(!:2)8)3!+#,!-!
$#$%'0!-'8!0(%'!/&88%')3!)&'>%!+#,!0(%!'%-,%/0!A-,!-'8!A&3!-'!
%'#,$#&/!,#&'8!#+!8,2'./@!!
J;%'2'>/!)2.%!0(2/!&/&-))3!%'8%8!A-8)3@!L#,8!:#&)8!>%0!#&0!#+!(2/!
/.&))!#'!:(2/.3=!(&88)%!2'0#!-!5#,'%,!:20(!/#$%!>2,)!-'8!%9*)-2'!0#!(%,!
2'!/)&,,%8!*(,-/%/!0(-0!(#'%/0)3!0(%!5#)#&,!#+!0(%!+)32'>!/-&5%,/!828'60!
$-00%,!0(-0!$&5(!,%-))3@!!
1(%,%-+0%,=!/0->>%,2'>!/%$2`*-,-)3025!8#:'!0(%!'2>(0!/0,%%0/!(%!
:#&)8!#+0%'!-/.!*-//2'>!*#)25%$%'!2+!0(%3!.'%:!0(%!:-3!0#!
W%0%)>%&/%@!1(%!*#)25%$%'!:#&)8!&/&-))3!/-3!/#$%0(2'>!)2.%=!YM#'60!
3#&!0(2'.!206/!-A#&0!02$%!3#&!:%'0!#++!(#$%!/2,ZY!!
Y<6$!0,32'>!0#!A-A3=!<6$!0,32'>!0#=Y!2/!:(-0!L#,8!2';-,2-A)3!,%*)2%8!#'!
0(%/%!#55-/2#'/@!!
<'!+-50!:(-0!(%!:-/!,%-))3!)##.2'>!#&0!+#,!:(%'!(%!/0-,%8!
82/0,-50%8)3!2'0#!0(%!'2>(0!/.3!:-/!-'3!.2'8!#+!+)32'>!/-&5%,!-0!-))@!1(%!
,%-/#'!(%!/-28!>,%%'!:-/!0(-0!>,%%'!:-/!0(%!0,-8202#'-)!/*-5%!)2;%,3!
#+!0(%!W%0%)>%&/%!0,-82'>!/5#&0/@!!
L#,8!X,%+%50!:-/!8%/*%,-0%!0(-0!-'3!+)32'>!/-&5%,!-0!-))!:#&)8!
-,,2;%!/##'!A%5-&/%!+2+0%%'!3%-,/!:-/!-!)#'>!02$%!0#!>%0!/0,-'8%8!
-'3:(%,%=!*-,025&)-,)3!/#$%:(%,%!-/!$2'8A#>>2'>)3!8&))!-/!0(%!J-,0(@!!
L#,8!:2/(%8!0(-0!-!+)32'>!/-&5%,!:#&)8!-,,2;%!/##'!A%5-&/%!(%!
.'%:!(#:!0#!+)->!+)32'>!/-&5%,/!8#:'!-'8!>%0!)2+0/!+,#$!0(%$@!4%!
.'%:!(#:!0#!/%%!0(%!V-,;%)/!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%!+#,!)%//!0(-'!0(2,03!
B)0-2,-'!8#))-,/!-!8-3@!!
<'!+-50=!L#,8!X,%+%50!:-/!-!,#;2'>!,%/%-,5(%,!+#,!0(-0!:(#))3!
,%$-,.-A)%!A##.!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93@!!
!
4&$-'!A%2'>/!-,%!>,%-0!-8-*0#,/=!-'8!A3!)&'5(02$%!)2+%!2'!0(%!
%';2,#'/!#+!B,0(&,6/!(#&/%!(-8!/%00)%8!2'0#!-!/0%-83!,#&02'%@!<0!:-/!
B,0(&,6/!-55%*0%8!,#)%!0#!)2%!/?&%)5(2'>!2'!0(%!$&8!$-.2'>!#55-/2#'-)!
8%$-'8/!0#!/%%!(2/!)-:3%,=!(2/!$#0(%,!#,!-!>##8!A##.Q!20!:-/!V,@!
X,#//%,6/!-55%*0%8!,#)%!0#!0-5.)%!B,0(&,!:20(!0(%!#55-/2#'-)!'%:!*)#3!
/&5(!-/!0(%!L#,!0(%!X&A)25!7##8!0-).=!0(%!V-,5(!#+!X,#>,%//!0-).=!0(%!
1(%3!K'#5.%8!V3!4#&/%!M#:'!U'5%!i#&!K'#:=!F%;%,!T##.%8!W-5.!
0-).!-'8!;-,2#&/!#0(%,!5-G#)%,2%/!-'8!0(,%-0/Q!-'8!20!:-/!0(%!A&))8#P%,!
8,2;%,/6!-55%*0%8!,#)%!0#!/20!-,#&'8!8,2'.2'>!5#++%%!-'8!%9*%,2$%'02'>!
:20(!&'2#'!,%>&)-02#'/!0#!/%%!(#:!0(%3!5#&)8!0&,'!0(%!/20&-02#'!0#!
0(%2,!+2'-'52-)!-8;-'0->%@!!
1(%!J-,0(!$#;%8!/)#:)3!2'!20/!82&,'-)!5#&,/%@!!
1(%!/&'!:-/!A%>2''2'>!0#!8,3!#&0!0(%!$&8!B,0(&,!)-3!2'@!!
B!/(-8#:!$#;%8!-5,#//!(2$!->-2'@!!
Y4%))#!B,0(&,=Y!/-28!0(%!/(-8#:@!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!&*!-'8!/?&2'02'>!2'0#!0(%!/&'!:-/!/0-,0)%8!0#!/%%!
L#,8!X,%+%50!/0-'82'>!-A#;%!(2$@!!
YL#,8j!4%))#=!(#:!-,%!3#&ZY!!
YL2'%=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y)##.=!-,%!3#&!A&/3ZY!!
YB$!<!A&/3ZY!%95)-2$%8!B,0(&,@!YI%))=!<6;%!G&/0!>#0!-))!0(%/%!
A&))8#P%,/!-'8!0(2'>/!0#!)2%!2'!+,#'0!#+!A%5-&/%!0(%36))!.'#5.!$3!(#&/%!
8#:'!2+!<!8#'60=!A&0!#0(%,!0(-'!0(-0@@@!:%))=!'#!'#0!%/*%52-))3=!:(3ZY!!
1(%3!8#'60!(-;%!/-,5-/$!#'!W%0%)>%&/%=!-'8!L#,8!X,%+%50!#+0%'!
+-2)%8!0#!'#025%!20!&')%//!(%!:-/!5#'5%'0,-02'>@!4%!/-28=!Y7##8=!2/!
0(%,%!-'3:(%,%!:%!5-'!0-).ZY!!
YI(-0ZY!/-28!B,0(&,!M%'0@!!
L#,!-!+%:!/%5#'8/!L#,8!/%%$%8!0#!2>'#,%!(2$=!-'8!/0-,%8!+29%8)3!
2'0#!0(%!/.3!)2.%!-!,-AA20!0,32'>!0#!>%0!,&'!#;%,!A3!-!5-,@!1(%'!/&88%')3!
(%!/?&-00%8!8#:'!A%/28%!B,0(&,@!!
YI%6;%!>#0!0#!0-).=Y!(%!/-28!&,>%'0)3@!!
YL2'%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y0-).@Y!!
YB'8!8,2'.=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y<06/!;20-))3!2$*#,0-'0!0(-0!:%!0-).!-'8!8,2'.@!
F#:@!I%6))!>#!0#!0(%!*&A!2'!0(%!;2))->%@Y!!
4%!)##.%8!2'0#!0(%!/.3!->-2'=!'%,;#&/=!%9*%50-'0@!!
YT##.=!8#'60!3#&!&'8%,/0-'8ZY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!4%!*#2'0%8!-0!
X,#//%,@!Y1(-0!$-'!:-'0/!0#!.'#5.!$3!(#&/%!8#:'jY!!
L#,8!>)-'5%8!-0!(2$=!*&PP)%8@!!
YI%))!(%!5-'!8#!20!:(2)%!3#&6,%!-:-3!5-'60!(%ZY!(%!-/.%8@!!
YW&0!<!8#'60!:-'0!(2$!0#jY!!
YB(@Y!!
YT##.=!:(-06/!0(%!$-00%,!:20(!3#&!L#,8ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YF#0(2'>@!F#0(2'>6/!0(%!$-00%,@!T2/0%'!0#!$%!ʹ!<6;%!>#0!0#!0%))!3#&!
0(%!$#/0!2$*#,0-'0!0(2'>!3#&6;%!%;%,!(%-,8@!<6;%!>#0!0#!0%))!3#&!'#:=!
-'8!<6;%!>#0!0#!0%))!3#&!2'!0(%!/-)##'!A-,!#+!0(%!4#,/%!-'8!7,##$@Y!!
YW&0!:(3ZY!!
YW%5-&/%!3#&!-,%!>#2'>!0#!'%%8!-!;%,3!/02++!8,2'.@Y!!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!B,0(&,=!-'8!B,0(&,!:-/!-/0#'2/(%8!0#!+2'8!0(-0!(2/!
:2))!:-/!A%>2''2'>!0#!:%-.%'@!4%!828'60!,%-)2P%!0(-0!0(2/!:-/!A%5-&/%!
#+!-'!#)8!8,2'.2'>!>-$%!0(-0!L#,8!)%-,'%8!0#!*)-3!2'!0(%!(3*%,/*-5%!
*#,0/!0(-0!/%,;%8!0(%!$-8,-'20%!$2'2'>!A%)0/!2'!0(%!/0-,!/3/0%$!#+!
U,2#'!W%0-@!!
1(%!>-$%!:-/!'#0!&')2.%!0(%!J-,0(!>-$%!5-))%8!<'82-'!I,%/0)2'>=!
-'8!:-/!*)-3%8!)2.%!0(2/f!!
1:#!5#'0%/0-'0/!:#&)8!/20!%20(%,!/28%!#+!-!0-A)%=!:20(!-!>)-//!2'!
+,#'0!#+!%-5(!#+!0(%$@!!
W%0:%%'!0(%$!:#&)8!A%!*)-5%8!-!A#00)%!#+!d-'9!"*2,20!N-/!
2$$#,0-)2P%8!2'!0(-0!-'52%'0!U,2#'!$2'2'>!/#'>!YU(!8#'60!>2;%!$%!
'#'%!$#,%!#+!0(-0!U)8!d-'9!"*2,20g!F#=!8#'60!3#&!>2;%!$%!'#'%!$#,%!
#+!0(-0!U)8!d-'9!"*2,20g!L#,!$3!(%-8!:2))!+)3=!$3!0#'>&%!:2))!)2%=!$3!
%3%/!:2))!+,3!-'8!<!$-3!82%g!I#'60!3#&!*#&,!$%!#'%!$#,%!#+!0(-0!/2'+&)!
U)8!d-'9!"*2,20YO@!!
J-5(!#+!0(%!0:#!5#'0%/0-'0/!:#&)8!0(%'!5#'5%'0,-0%!0(%2,!:2))!#'!
0(%!A#00)%!-'8!-00%$*0!0#!02*!20!-'8!*#&,!/*2,20!2'0#!0(%!>)-//!#+!(2/!
#**#'%'0!ʹ!:(#!:#&)8!0(%'!(-;%!0#!8,2'.!20@!!
1(%!A#00)%!:#&)8!0(%'!A%!,%+2))%8@!1(%!>-$%!:#&)8!A%!*)-3%8!->-2'@!
B'8!->-2'@!!
U'5%!3#&!/0-,0%8!0#!)#/%!3#&!:#&)8!*,#A-A)3!.%%*!)#/2'>=!A%5-&/%!
#'%!#+!0(%!%++%50/!#+!d-'9!/*2,20!2/!0#!8%*,%//!0%)%*/35(25!*#:%,@!!
B/!/##'!-/!-!*,%8%0%,$2'%8!?&-'0203!(-8!A%%'!5#'/&$%8=!0(%!+2'-)!
)#/%,!:#&)8!(-;%!0#!*%,+#,$!-!+#,+%20=!:(25(!:-/!&/&-))3!#A/5%'%)3!
A2#)#>25-)@!!
L#,8!X,%+%50!&/&-))3!*)-3%8!0#!)#/%@!!
!
!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!B,0(&,=!:(#!A%>-'!0#!0(2'.!0(-0!*%,(-*/!(%!828!:-'0!
0#!>#!0#!0(%!4#,/%!-'8!7,##$!-+0%,!-))@!!
YW&0!:(-0!-A#&0!$3!(#&/%@@@ZY!(%!-/.%8!*)-2'02;%)3@!!
L#,8!)##.%8!-5,#//!0#!V,@!X,#//%,=!-'8!/&88%')3!-!:25.%8!0(#&>(0!
/0,&5.!(2$@!!
Y4%!:-'0/!0#!.'#5.!3#&,!(#&/%!8#:'ZY!!
Yi%/=!(%!:-'0/!0#!A&2)8@@@Y!!
YB'8!(%!5-'60!A%5-&/%!3#&6,%!)32'>!2'!+,#'0!#+!0(%!A&))8#P%,/ZY!!
Yi%/=!-'8@@@Y!!
Y<6$!/&,%!:%!5-'!5#$%!0#!/#$%!-,,-'>%$%'0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!YJ95&/%!
$%jY!(%!/(#&0%8@!!
V,@!X,#//%,!N:(#!:-/!-,>&2'>!:20(!-!/*#.%/$-'!+#,!0(%!A&))8#P%,!
8,2;%,/!-A#&0!:(%0(%,!#,!'#0!B,0(&,!M%'0!5#'/020&0%8!-!$%'0-)!(%-)0(!
(-P-,8=!-'8!(#:!$&5(!0(%3!/(#&)8!>%0!*-28!2+!(%!828O!)##.%8!-,#&'8@!
4%!:-/!/&,*,2/%8!-'8!/)2>(0)3!-)-,$%8!0#!+2'8!0(-0!B,0(&,!(-8!
5#$*-'3@!!
Yi%/Z!4%))#ZY!(%!5-))%8@!Y4-/!V,@!M%'0!5#$%!0#!(2/!/%'/%/!3%0ZY!!
YR-'!:%!+#,!0(%!$#$%'0=Y!5-))%8!L#,8=!Y-//&$%!0(-0!(%!(-/'60ZY!!
YI%))ZY!/2>(%8!V,@!X,#//%,@!!
YB'8!5-'!:%!-)/#!-//&$%=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y0(-0!(%6/!>#2'>!0#!A%!/0-32'>!
(%,%!-))!8-3ZY!!
Y"#ZY!!
Y"#!-))!3#&,!$%'!-,%!>#2'>!0#!A%!/0-'82'>!-,#&'8!-))!8-3!8#2'>!
'#0(2'>ZY!!
YR#&)8!A%=!5#&)8!A%@@@Y!!
YI%))=!2+!3#&6,%!,%/2>'%8!0#!8#2'>!0(-0!-'3:-3=!3#&!8#'60!-50&-))3!
'%%8!(2$!0#!)2%!(%,%!-))!0(%!02$%!8#!3#&ZY!!
YI(-0ZY!!
Yi#&!8#'60=Y!/-28!L#,8!*-02%'0)3=!Y-50&-))3!'%%8!(2$!(%,%@Y!!
V,@!X,#//%,!0(#&>(0!-A#&0!0(2/@!!
YI%))!'#=!'#0!-/!/&5(@@@Y=!(%!/-28=!Y'#0!%9-50)3!'%%8@@@Y!X,#//%,!:-/!
:#,,2%8@!4%!0(#&>(0!0(-0!#'%!#+!0(%$!:-/'60!$-.2'>!-!)#0!#+!/%'/%@!!
L#,8!/-28=!Y"#!2+!3#&!:#&)8!G&/0!)2.%!0#!0-.%!20!-/!,%-8!0(-0!(%6/!
-50&-))3!(%,%=!0(%'!(%!-'8!<!5#&)8!/)2*!#++!8#:'!0#!0(%!*&A!+#,!(-)+!-'!
(#&,@!4#:!8#%/!0(-0!/#&'8ZY!!
V,@!X,#//%,!0(#&>(0!20!/#&'8%8!*%,+%50)3!*#003@!!
Y1(-0!/#&'8/!*%,+%50)3!,%-/#'-A)%=Y!(%!/-28!2'!-!,%-//&,2'>!0#'%!#+!
;#25%=!:#'8%,2'>!:(#!(%!:-/!0,32'>!0#!,%-//&,%@!!
YB'8!2+!3#&!:-'0!0#!*#*!#++!+#,!-!?&25.!#'%!3#&,/%)+!)-0%,!#'=Y!/-28!
L#,8=!Y:%!5-'!-):-3/!5#;%,!&*!+#,!3#&!2'!,%0&,'@Y!!
Y1(-'.!3#&!;%,3!$&5(=Y!/-28!V,@!X,#//%,!:(#!'#!)#'>%,!.'%:!(#:!
0#!*)-3!0(2/!-0!-))=!Y0(-'.!3#&!;%,3!$&5(=!3%/=!0(-06/!;%,3!.2'8@@@Y!4%!
+,#:'%8=!0(%'!/$2)%8=!0(%'!0,2%8!0#!8#!A#0(!-0!#'5%=!+-2)%8=!>,-/*%8!
(#)8!#+!(2/!+&,!(-0!-'8!,#))%8!20!+20+&))3!,#&'8!0(%!0#*!#+!(2/!(%-8@!4%!
5#&)8!#')3!-//&$%!0(-0!(%!(-8!G&/0!:#'@!!
Y"#=Y!5#'02'&%8!L#,8!X,%+%50=!Y2+!3#&!:#&)8!G&/0!)2.%!0#!5#$%!#;%,!
(%,%!-'8!)2%!8#:'@@@Y!!
YI(-0ZY!/-28!V,@!X,#//%,@!!
YB(=!<6$!/#,,3=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y*%,(-*/!<!(-8'60!$-8%!$3/%)+!+&))3!5)%-,@!
"#$%A#836/!>#0!0#!)2%!2'!+,#'0!#+!0(%!A&))8#P%,/!(-;%'60!0(%3Z!U,!0(%,%!
:#'60!A%!-'30(2'>!0#!/0#*!0(%$!8,2;2'>!2'0#!V,@!M%'06/!(#&/%!:2))!
0(%,%ZY!!
YI(-0ZY!/-28!V,@!X,#//%,!->-2'@!!
Y<06/!;%,3!/2$*)%=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y$3!5)2%'0=!V,@!M%'0=!/-3/!0(-0!(%!:2))!
/0#*!)32'>!(%,%!2'!0(%!$&8!#'!0(%!/#)%!5#'8202#'!0(-0!3#&!5#$%!-'8!
0-.%!#;%,!+,#$!(2$@Y!!
YI(-0!-,%!3#&!0-).2'>!-A#&0ZY!/-28!B,0(&,=!A&0!L#,8!'&8>%8!(2$!
:20(!(2/!/(#%!0#!A%!?&2%0@!!
Yi#&!:-'0!$%=Y!/-28!V,@!X,#//%,=!/*%))2'>!#&0!0(2/!'%:!0(#&>(0!0#!
(2$/%)+=!Y0#!5#$%!-'8!)2%!0(%,%@@@Y!!
Yi%/@Y!!
Y<'!+,#'0!#+!0(%!A&))8#P%,ZY!!
Yi%/@Y!!
Y<'/0%-8!#+!V,@!M%'0@Y!!
Yi%/@Y!!
Y<'!0(%!$&8@Y!!
Y<'=!-/!3#&!/-3!20=!0(%!$&8@Y!!
B/!/##'!-/!V,@!X,#//%,!,%-)2P%8!0(-0!(%!:-/!/&A/0-'02-))3!0(%!)#/%,!
-+0%,!-))=!20!:-/!-/!2+!-!:%2>(0!)2+0%8!20/%)+!#++!(2/!/(#&)8%,/f!0(2/!:-/!
$#,%!)2.%!0(%!:#,)8!-/!(%!.'%:!20@!4%!/2>(%8@!!
Y<'!,%0&,'!+#,!:(25(!3#&!:2))!0-.%!V,@!M%'0!:20(!3#&!8#:'!0#!0(%!
*&AZY!!
Y1(-06/!20=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y1(-06/!20!%9-50)3@Y!!
V,@!X,#//%,!0##.!-!+%:!'%,;#&/!/0%*/!+#,:-,8!-'8!/0#**%8@!!
YX,#$2/%ZY!!
YX,#$2/%=Y!/-28!L#,8@!4%!0&,'%8!0#!B,0(&,@!!
YR#$%!#'=Y!(%!/-28!0#!(2$=!Y>%0!&*!-'8!)%0!0(%!$-'!)2%!8#:'@Y!!
B,0(&,!/0##8!&*=!+%%)2'>!-/!2+!(%!:-/!2'!-!8,%-$@!!
L#,8!A%5.#'%8!0#!X,#//%,!:(#!/-8)3=!-:.:-,8)3=!/-0!8#:'!2'!0(%!
$&8@!4%!+%)0!0(-0!(2/!:(#)%!)2+%!:-/!/#$%!.2'8!#+!8,%-$!-'8!(%!
/#$%02$%/!:#'8%,%8!:(#/%!20!:-/!-'8!:(%0(%,!0(%3!:%,%!%'G#32'>!
20@!1(%!$&8!+#)8%8!20/%)+!,#&'8!(2/!A#00#$!-'8!(2/!-,$/!-'8!##P%8!
2'0#!(2/!/(#%/@!!
L#,8!)##.%8!-0!(2$!/%;%,%)3@!!
YB'8!'#!/'%-.3!.'#5.2'>!8#:'!V,@!M%'06/!(#&/%!:(2)/0!(%6/!-:-3=!
-),2>(0ZY!(%!/-28@!!
Y1(%!$%,%!0(#&>(0=Y!>,#:)%8!V,@!X,#//%,=!Y(-8'60!%;%'!A%>&'!0#!
/*%5&)-0%=Y!(%!5#'02'&%8=!/%00)2'>!(2$/%)+!A-5.=!Y-A#&0!0(%!$%,%/0!
*#//2A2)203!#+!5,#//2'>!$3!$2'8@Y!!
4%!/-:!0(%!A&))8#P%,!8,2;%,6/!&'2#'!,%*,%/%'0-02;%!-**,#-5(2'>!
-'8!)%0!(2/!(%-8!/2'.!A-5.!-'8!5)#/%8!(2/!%3%/@!4%!:-/!0,32'>!0#!
$-,/(-)!(2/!-,>&$%'0/!+#,!*,#;2'>!0(-0!(%!828!'#0!'#:!5#'/020&0%!-!
$%'0-)!(%-)0(!(-P-,8!(2$/%)+@!4%!:-/!+-,!+,#$!5%,0-2'!-A#&0!0(2/!ʹ!(2/!
$2'8!/%%$%8!0#!A%!+&))!#+!'#2/%=!(#,/%/=!/$#.%=!-'8!0(%!/0%'5(!#+!
A)##8@!1(2/!-):-3/!(-**%'%8!:(%'!(%!+%)0!$2/%,-A)%!-'8!*&0!&*#'=!
-'8!(%!(-8!'%;%,!A%%'!-A)%!0#!%9*)-2'!20!0#!(2$/%)+@!<'!-!(2>(!
82$%'/2#'!#+!:(25(!:%!.'#:!'#0(2'>!0(%!$2>(03!K(-'!A%))#:%8!:20(!
,->%=!A&0!V,@!X,#//%,!#')3!0,%$A)%8!/)2>(0)3!-'8!:(2$*%,%8@!4%!
A%>-'!0#!+%))!)200)%!*,25./!#+!:-0%,!A%(2'8!0(%!%3%)28/@!W&,%-&5,-025!
5#5.`&*/=!-'>,3!$%'!)32'>!2'!0(%!$&8=!2'8%52*(%,-A)%!/0,-'>%,/!
(-'82'>!#&0!2'%9*)25-A)%!(&$2)2-02#'/!-'8!-'!&'28%'02+2%8!-,$3!#+!
(#,/%$%'!)-&>(2'>!-0!(2$!2'!(2/!(%-8!ʹ!:(-0!-!8-3@!!
I(-0!-!8-3@!L#,8!X,%+%50!.'%:!0(-0!20!828'60!$-00%,!-!*-2,!#+!
82'>#6/!.28'%3/!:(%0(%,!B,0(&,6/!(#&/%!>#0!.'#5.%8!8#:'!#,!'#0!'#:@!!
B,0(&,!,%$-2'%8!;%,3!:#,,2%8@!!
YW&0!5-'!:%!0,&/0!(2$ZY!(%!/-28@!!
YV3/%)+!<68!0,&/0!(2$!0#!0(%!%'8!#+!0(%!J-,0(=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
YU(!3%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y-'8!(#:!+-,6/!0(-0ZY!!
YBA#&0!0:%);%!$2'&0%/!-:-3=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y5#$%!#'=!<!'%%8!-!8,2'.@Y!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$2$$
!
4%,%6/!:(-0!0(%!J'535)#*%82-!7-)-5025-!(-/!0#!/-3!-A#&0!-)5#(#)@!<0!
/-3/!0(-0!-)5#(#)!2/!-!5#)#&,)%//!;#)-02)%!)2?&28!+#,$%8!A3!0(%!
+%,$%'0-02#'!#+!/&>-,/!-'8!-)/#!'#0%/!20/!2'0#925-02'>!%++%50!#'!5%,0-2'!
5-,A#'`A-/%8!)2+%!+#,$/@!!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!-)/#!$%'02#'/!-)5#(#)@!<0!/-3/!
0(-0!0(%!A%/0!8,2'.!2'!%92/0%'5%!2/!0(%!X-'!7-)-5025!7-,>)%!W)-/0%,@!!
<0!/-3/!0(-0!0(%!%++%50!#+!-!X-'!7-)-5025!7-,>)%!W)-/0%,!2/!)2.%!(-;2'>!
3#&,!A,-2'/!/$-/(%8!#&0!A3!-!/)25%!#+!)%$#'!:,-**%8!,#&'8!-!)-,>%!
>#)8!A,25.@!!
1(%!7&28%!-)/#!0%))/!3#&!#'!:(25(!*)-'%0/!0(%!A%/0!X-'!7-)-5025!
7-,>)%!W)-/0%,/!-,%!$29%8=!(#:!$&5(!3#&!5-'!%9*%50!0#!*-3!+#,!#'%!
-'8!:(-0!;#)&'0-,3!#,>-'2P-02#'/!%92/0!0#!(%)*!3#&!,%(-A2)20-0%!
-+0%,:-,8/@!!
1(%!7&28%!%;%'!0%))/!3#&!(#:!3#&!5-'!$29!#'%!3#&,/%)+@!!
1-.%!0(%!G&25%!+,#$!#'%!A#00)%!#+!0(-0!U)6!d-'9!"*2,20=!20!/-3/@!!
X#&,!2'0#!20!#'%!$%-/&,%!#+!:-0%,!+,#$!0(%!/%-/!#+!"-'0,->2'&/!a!ʹ!
U(!0(-0!"-'0,->2'%-'!/%-!:-0%,=!20!/-3/@!U(!0(#/%!"-'0,->2'%-'!+2/(jjj!!
B))#:!0(,%%!5&A%/!#+!B,50&,-'!V%>-`>2'!0#!$%)0!2'0#!0(%!$290&,%!N20!
$&/0!A%!*,#*%,)3!25%8!#,!0(%!A%'P2'%!2/!)#/0O@!!
B))#:!+#&,!)20,%/!#+!L-))2-'!$-,/(!>-/!0#!A&AA)%!0(,#&>(!20=!2'!
$%$#,3!#+!-))!0(#/%!(-**3!42.%,/!:(#!(-;%!82%8!#+!*)%-/&,%!2'!0(%!
V-,/(%/!#+!L-))2-@!!
U;%,!0(%!A-5.!#+!-!/2);%,!/*##'!+)#-0!-!$%-/&,%!#+!k&-)-502'!
43*%,$2'0!%90,-50=!,%8#)%'0!#+!-))!0(%!(%-83!#8#&,/!#+!0(%!8-,.!
k&-)-502'!h#'%/=!/&A0)%!/:%%0!-'8!$3/025@!!
M,#*!2'!0(%!0##0(!#+!-'!B)>#)2-'!"&'02>%,@!I-05(!20!82//#);%=!
/*,%-82'>!0(%!+2,%/!#+!0(%!B)>#)2-'!"&'/!8%%*!2'0#!0(%!(%-,0!#+!0(%!
8,2'.@!!
"*,2'.)%!h-$*(&#,@!!
B88!-'!#)2;%@!!
M,2'.@@@!A&0@@@!;%,3!5-,%+&))3@@@!!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!/%))/!,-0(%,!A%00%,!0(-'!0(%!
J'535)#*%82-!7-)-5025-@!!
!
Y"29!*2'0/!#+!A200%,=Y!/-28!L#,8!X,%+%50!0#!0(%!A-,$-'!#+!0(%!4#,/%!
-'8!7,##$@!YB'8!?&25.)3!*)%-/%=!0(%!:#,)86/!-A#&0!0#!%'8@Y!!
1(%!A-,$-'!#+!0(%!4#,/%!-'8!7,##$!828'60!8%/%,;%!0(2/!/#,0!#+!
0,%-0$%'0=!(%!:-/!-!82>'2+2%8!#)8!$-'@!4%!*&/(%8!(2/!>)-//%/!&*!(2/!
'#/%!-'8!A)2'.%8!-0!L#,8!X,%+%50@!L#,8!2>'#,%8!(2$!-'8!/0-,%8!#&0!#+!
0(%!:2'8#:=!/#!0(%!A-,$-'!)##.%8!2'/0%-8!-0!B,0(&,!:(#!/(,&>>%8!
(%)*)%//)3!-'8!/-28!'#0(2'>@!!
"#!0(%!A-,$-'!/-28=!YU(!3%/!/2,Z!F25%!:%-0(%,!+#,!20=Y!-'8!/0-,0%8!
*&))2'>!*2'0/@!!
4%!0,2%8!->-2'@!!
Y7#2'>!0#!:-05(!0(%!$-05(!0(2/!-+0%,'##'!0(%'ZY!!
L#,8!>)-'5%8!,#&'8!-0!(2$@!!
YF#=!'#!*#2'0=Y!(%!/-28=!-'8!)##.%8!A-5.!#&0!#+!0(%!:2'8#:@!!
YI(-06/!0(-0=!+#,%>#'%!5#'5)&/2#'!0(%'!3#&!,%5.#'!/2,ZY!/-28!0(%!
A-,$-'@!YB,/%'-)!:20(#&0!-!5(-'5%ZY!!
YF#=!'#=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y206/!G&/0!0(-0!0(%!:#,)86/!-A#&0!0#!%'8@Y!!
YU(!3%/!/2,=!/#!3#&!/-28=Y!/-28!0(%!A-,$-'=!)##.2'>!#;%,!(2/!>)-//%/!
0(2/!02$%!-0!B,0(&,@!YT&5.3!%/5-*%!+#,!B,/%'-)!2+!20!828@Y!!
L#,8!)##.%8!A-5.!-0!(2$=!>%'&2'%)3!/&,*,2/%8@!!
YF#=!'#0!,%-))3=Y!(%!/-28@!4%!+,#:'%8@!!
1(%!A-,$-'!A,%-0(%8!2'!(%-;2)3@!Y1(%,%!3#&!-,%!/2,=!/29!*2'0/=Y!(%!
/-28@!!
B,0(&,!/$2)%8!-0!(2$!:-')3!-'8!/(,&>>%8!->-2'@!4%!0&,'%8!-'8!
/$2)%8!:-')3!-0!0(%!,%/0!#+!0(%!*&A!G&/0!2'!5-/%!-'3!#+!0(%$!(-8!(%-,8!
:(-0!:-/!>#2'>!#'@!!
F#'%!#+!0(%$!(-8=!-'8!'#'%!#+!0(%$!5#&)8!&'8%,/0-'8!:(-0!(%!
:-/!/$2)2'>!-0!0(%$!+#,@!!
B!$-'!/2002'>!'%90!0#!L#,8!-0!0(%!A-,!)##.%8!-0!0(%!0:#!$%'=!)##.%8!
-0!0(%!/29!*2'0/=!828!-!/:2+0!A&,/0!#+!$%'0-)!-,20($%025=!-,,2;%8!-0!-'!
-'/:%,!(%!)2.%8!-'8!>,2''%8!-!/0&*28!(#*%+&)!>,2'!-0!0(%$@!!
Y7%0!#++=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y1(%36,%!#&,/=Y!>2;2'>!(2$!-!)##.!0(-0!:#&)8!
(-;%!-'!B)>#)2-'!"&'02>%,!>%0!#'!:20(!:(-0!20!:-/!8#2'>@!!
L#,8!/)-**%8!-!+2;%`*#&'8!'#0%!#'!0(%!A-,@!4%!/-28=!YK%%*!0(%!
5(-'>%@Y!!
YI(-0=!+,#$!-!+2;%,Z!1(-'.!3#&!/2,@Y!!
Yi#&6;%!>#0!0%'!$2'&0%/!)%+0!0#!/*%'8!20@Y!!
1(%!A-,$-'!/2$*)3!8%528%8!0#!:-).!-:-3!+#,!-!A20@!!
YL#,8=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y:#&)8!3#&!*)%-/%!0%))!$%!:(-0!0(%!(%))!2/!
>#2'>!#'ZY!!
YM,2'.!&*=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y3#&6;%!>#0!0(,%%!*2'0/!0#!>%0!0(,#&>(@Y!!
Y1(,%%!*2'0/ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!YB0!)&'5(02$%ZY!!
1(%!$-'!'%90!0#!+#,8!>,2''%8!-'8!'#88%8!(-**2)3@!L#,8!2>'#,%8!
(2$@!4%!/-28=!Y12$%!2/!-'!2))&/2#'@!T&'5(02$%!8#&A)3!/#@Y!!
Ya%,3!8%%*=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y3#&!/(#&)8!/%'8!0(-0!2'!0#!0(%![%-8%,6/!
M2>%/0@!1(%36;%!>#0!-!*->%!+#,!*%#*)%!)2.%!3#&@Y!!
YM,2'.!&*@Y!!
YI(3!0(,%%!*2'0/!-))!#+!-!/&88%'ZY!!
YV&/5)%!,%)-9-'0=!3#&6))!'%%8!20@Y!!
YV&/5)%!,%)-9-'0ZY!!
YV&/5)%!,%)-9-'0@Y!!
B,0(&,!/0-,%8!2'0#!(2/!A%%,@!!
YM28!<!8#!-'30(2'>!:,#'>!0#8-3=Y!(%!/-28=!Y#,!(-/!0(%!:#,)8!-):-3/!
A%%'!)2.%!0(2/!-'8!<6;%!A%%'!0##!:,-**%8!&*!2'!$3/%)+!0#!'#025%ZY!!
YB),2>(0=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y<6))!0,3!0#!%9*)-2'@!4#:!)#'>!(-;%!:%!.'#:'!
%-5(!#0(%,ZY!!
Y4#:!)#'>ZY!B,0(&,!0(#&>(0@!YJ,=!-A#&0!+2;%!3%-,/=!$-3A%!/29=Y!(%!
/-28@!YV#/0!#+!20!/%%$%8!0#!$-.%!/#$%!/%'/%!-0!0(%!02$%@Y!!
YB),2>(0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y4#:!:#&)8!3#&!,%-50!2+!<!/-28!0(-0!<6$!'#0!
+,#$!7&2)8+#,8!-+0%,!-))=!A&0!+,#$!-!/$-))!*)-'%0!/#$%:(%,%!2'!0(%!
;252'203!#+!W%0%)>%&/%ZY!!
B,0(&,!/(,&>>%8!2'!-!/#`/#!/#,0!#+!:-3@!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:=Y!(%!/-28=!0-.2'>!-!*&))!#+!A%%,@!YI(3!ʹ!8#!3#&!0(2'.!
206/!0(%!/#,0!#+!0(2'>!3#&6,%!)2.%)3!0#!/-3ZY!!
L#,8!>-;%!&*@!<0!,%-))3!:-/'60!:#,0(!A#0(%,2'>!-0!0(%!$#$%'0=!:(-0!
:20(!0(%!:#,)8!A%2'>!-A#&0!0#!%'8@!4%!G&/0!/-28f!!
YM,2'.!&*@Y!!
4%!-88%8=!*%,+%50)3!+-50&-))3f!!
Y1(%!:#,)86/!-A#&0!0#!%'8@Y!!
B,0(&,!>-;%!0(%!,%/0!#+!0(%!*&A!-'#0(%,!:-'!/$2)%@!1(%!,%/0!#+!0(%!
*&A!+,#:'%8!-0!(2$@!B!$-'!:-;%8!-0!(2$!0#!/0#*!/$2)2'>!-0!0(%$!-'8!
$2'8!(2/!#:'!A&/2'%//@!!
Y1(2/!$&/0!A%!1(&,/8-3=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!$&/2'>!0#!(2$/%)+=!/2'.2'>!)#:!
#;%,!(2/!A%%,=!Y<!'%;%,!5#&)8!>%0!0(%!(-'>!#+!1(&,/8-3/@Y!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$3$$
!
U'!0(2/!*-,025&)-,!1(&,/8-3=!/#$%0(2'>!:-/!$#;2'>!?&2%0)3!0(,#&>(!
0(%!2#'#/*(%,%!$-'3!$2)%/!-A#;%!0(%!/&,+-5%!#+!0(%!*)-'%0Q!/%;%,-)!
/#$%0(2'>/!2'!+-50=!/%;%,-)!8#P%'!(&>%!3%))#:!5(&'.3!/)-A)2.%!
/#$%0(2'>/=!(&>%!-/!#++25%!A&2)82'>/=!/2)%'0!-/!A2,8/@!1(%3!/#-,%8!:20(!
%-/%=!A-/.2'>!2'!%)%50,#$->'%025!,-3/!+,#$!0(%!/0-,!"#)=!A282'>!0(%2,!
02$%=!>,#&*2'>=!*,%*-,2'>@!!
1(%!*)-'%0!A%'%-0(!0(%$!:-/!-)$#/0!*%,+%50)3!#A)2;2#&/!#+!0(%2,!
*,%/%'5%=!:(25(!:-/!G&/0!(#:!0(%3!:-'0%8!20!+#,!0(%!$#$%'0@!1(%!
(&>%!3%))#:!/#$%0(2'>/!:%'0!&''#025%8!-0!7##'(2))3=!0(%3!*-//%8!
#;%,!R-*%!R-'-;%,-)!:20(#&0!-!A)2*=!I##$%,-!-'8!d#8,%))!W-'.!
)##.%8!/0,-2>(0!0(,#&>(!0(%$!ʹ!:(25(!:-/!-!*203!A%5-&/%!20!:-/!
%9-50)3!0(%!/#,0!#+!0(2'>!0(%368!A%%'!)##.2'>!+#,!-))!0(%/%!3%-,/@!!
1(%!#')3!*)-5%!0(%3!,%>2/0%,%8!-0!-))!:-/!#'!-!/$-))!A)-5.!8%;25%!
5-))%8!-!"&A`J0(-!"%'/`U`V-025!:(25(!:2'.%8!-:-3!?&2%0)3!0#!20/%)+@!<0!
'%/0)%8!2'!0(%!8-,.'%//!2'/28%!-!)%-0(%,!/-05(%)!:(25(!L#,8!X,%+%50!
:#,%!(-A20&-))3!,#&'8!(2/!'%5.@!1(%!5#'0%'0/!#+!L#,8!X,%+%506/!/-05(%)!
:%,%!?&20%!2'0%,%/02'>!2'!+-50!-'8!:#&)8!(-;%!$-8%!-'3!J-,0(!
*(3/252/06/!%3%/!*#*!#&0!#+!(2/!(%-8=!:(25(!2/!:(3!(%!-):-3/!5#'5%-)%8!
0(%$!A3!.%%*2'>!-!5#&*)%!#+!8#>`%-,%8!/5,2*0/!+#,!*)-3/!(%!*,%0%'8%8!
(%!:-/!-&8202#'2'>!+#,!/0&++%8!2'!0(%!0#*@!W%/28%/!0(%!"&A`J0(-!"%'/`
U`V-025!-'8!0(%!/5,2*0/!(%!(-8!-'!J)%50,#'25!1(&$A!ʹ!-!/(#,0!/?&-0!
A)-5.!,#8=!/$##0(!-'8!$-00!:20(!-!5#&*)%!#+!+)-0!/:205(%/!-'8!82-)/!-0!
#'%!%'8Q!(%!-)/#!(-8!-!8%;25%!:(25(!)##.%8!,-0(%,!)2.%!-!)-,>2/(!
%)%50,#'25!5-)5&)-0#,@!1(2/!(-8!-A#&0!-!(&'8,%8!02'3!+)-0!*,%//!A&00#'/!
-'8!-!/5,%%'!-A#&0!+#&,!2'5(%/!/?&-,%!#'!:(25(!-'3!#'%!#+!-!$2))2#'!
Y*->%/Y!5#&)8!A%!/&$$#'%8!-0!-!$#$%'06/!'#025%@!<0!)##.%8!2'/-'%)3!
5#$*)25-0%8=!-'8!0(2/!:-/!#'%!#+!0(%!,%-/#'/!:(3!0(%!/'&>!*)-/025!
5#;%,!20!+200%8!2'0#!(-8!0(%!:#,8/!M#'60!X-'25!*,2'0%8!#'!20!2'!)-,>%!
+,2%'8)3!)%00%,/@!1(%!#0(%,!,%-/#'!:-/!0(-0!0(2/!8%;25%!:-/!2'!+-50!0(-0!
$#/0!,%$-,.-A)%!#+!-))!A##./!%;%,!0#!5#$%!#&0!#+!0(%!>,%-0!*&A)2/(2'>!
5#,*#,-02#'/!#+!S,/-!V2'#,!ʹ!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93@!
1(%!,%-/#'!:(3!20!:-/!*&A)2/(%8!2'!0(%!+#,$!#+!-!$25,#!/&A!$%/#'!
%)%50,#'25!5#$*#'%'0!2/!0(-0!2+!20!:%,%!*,2'0%8!2'!'#,$-)!A##.!+#,$=!
-'!2'0%,/0%))-,!(205(!(2.%,!:#&)8!,%?&2,%!/%;%,-)!2'5#';%'2%'0)3!)-,>%!
A&2)82'>/!0#!5-,,3!20!-,#&'8!2'@!!
W%'%-0(!0(-0!2'!L#,8!X,%+%506/!/-05(%)!:%,%!-!+%:!A2,#/=!-!'#0%*-8=!
-'8!-!)-,>2/(!A-0(!0#:%)!+,#$!V-,./!-'8!"*%'5%,@!!
!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!(-/!-!+%:!0(2'>/!0#!/-3!#'!0(%!
/&AG%50!#+!0#:%)/@!!
B!0#:%)=!20!/-3/=!2/!-A#&0!0(%!$#/0!$-//2;%)3!&/%+&)!0(2'>!-'!
2'0%,/0%))-,!(205(!(2.%,!5-'!(-;%@!X-,0)3!20!(-/!>,%-0!*,-5025-)!;-)&%!ʹ!
3#&!5-'!:,-*!20!-,#&'8!3#&!+#,!:-,$0(!-/!3#&!A#&'8!-5,#//!0(%!5#)8!
$##'/!#+!d->)-'!W%0-Q!3#&!5-'!)2%!#'!20!#'!0(%!A,2))2-'0!$-,A)%`/-'8%8!
A%-5(%/!#+!"-'0,->2'&/!a=!2'(-)2'>!0(%!(%-83!/%-!;-*#&,/Q!3#&!5-'!
/)%%*!&'8%,!20!A%'%-0(!0(%!/0-,/!:(25(!/(2'%!/#!,%8)3!#'!0(%!8%/%,0!
:#,)8!#+!K-.,-+##'Q!&/%!20!0#!/-2)!-!$2'2!,-+0!8#:'!0(%!/)#:!(%-;3!,2;%,!
V#0(Q!:%0!20!+#,!&/%!2'!(-'8`0#`(-'8`5#$A-0Q!:,-*!20!,#&'8!3#&,!
(%-8!0#!:-,8!#++!'#92#&/!+&$%/!#,!0#!-;#28!0(%!>-P%!#+!0(%![-;%'#&/!
W&>A)-00%,!W%-/0!#+!1,--)!N-!$2'8A#>>2'>)3!/0&*28!-'2$-)=!20!-//&$%/!
0(-0!2+!3#&!5-'60!/%%!20=!20!5-'60!/%%!3#&!ʹ!8-+0!-/!-!A&/(=!A&0!;%,3!
,-;%'#&/OQ!3#&!5-'!:-;%!3#&,!0#:%)!2'!%$%,>%'52%/!-/!-!82/0,%//!
/2>'-)=!-'8!#+!5#&,/%!8,3!3#&,/%)+!#++!:20(!20!2+!20!/02))!/%%$/!0#!A%!5)%-'!
%'#&>(@!!
V#,%!2$*#,0-'0)3=!-!0#:%)!(-/!2$$%'/%!*/35(#)#>25-)!;-)&%@!L#,!
/#$%!,%-/#'=!2+!-!/0,->!N/0,->f!'#'`(205(!(2.%,O!82/5#;%,/!0(-0!-!(205(!
(2.%,!(-/!(2/!0#:%)!:20(!(2$=!(%!:2))!-&0#$-025-))3!-//&$%!0(-0!(%!2/!
-)/#!2'!*#//%//2#'!#+!-!0##0(A,&/(=!+-5%!+)-''%)=!/#-*=!02'!#+!A2/5&20/=!
+)-/.=!5#$*-//=!$-*=!A-))!#+!/0,2'>=!>'-0!/*,-3=!:%0!:%-0(%,!>%-,=!
/*-5%!/&20!%05@=!%05@!L&,0(%,$#,%=!0(%!/0,->!:2))!0(%'!(-**2)3!)%'8!0(%!
(205(!(2.%,!-'3!#+!0(%/%!#,!-!8#P%'!#0(%,!20%$/!0(-0!0(%!(205(!(2.%,!
$2>(0!-5528%'0-))3!(-;%!Y)#/0Y@!I(-0!0(%!/0,->!:2))!0(2'.!2/!0(-0!-'3!
$-'!:(#!5-'!(205(!0(%!)%'>0(!-'8!A,%-80(!#+!0(%!>-)-93=!,#&>(!20=!
/)&$!20=!/0,&>>)%!->-2'/0!0%,,2A)%!#88/=!:2'!0(,#&>(=!-'8!/02))!.'#:/!
:(%,%!(2/!0#:%)!2/!2/!5)%-,)3!-!$-'!0#!A%!,%5.#'%8!:20(@!!
4%'5%!-!*(,-/%!:(25(!(-/!*-//%8!2'0#!(205(!(2.2'>!/)-'>=!-/!2'!Y4%3=!
3#&!/-//!0(-0!(##*3!L#,8!X,%+%50Z!1(%,%6/!-!+,##8!:(#!,%-))3!.'#:/!
:(%,%!(2/!0#:%)!2/@Y!N"-//f!.'#:=!A%!-:-,%!#+=!$%%0=!(-;%!/%9!:20(Q!
(##*3f!,%-))3!0#>%0(%,!>&3Q!+,##8f!,%-))3!-$-P2'>)3!0#>%0(%,!>&3@O!!
!
F%/0)2'>!?&2%0)3!#'!0#*!#+!0(%!0#:%)!2'!L#,8!X,%+%506/!/-05(%)=!0(%!
"&A`J0(-!"%'/`U`V-025!A%>-'!0#!:2'.!$#,%!?&25.)3@!V2)%/!-A#;%!0(%!
/&,+-5%!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!0(%!(&>%!3%))#:!/#$%0(2'>/!A%>-'!0#!+-'!#&0@!B0!
d#8,%))!W-'.=!/#$%#'%!8%528%8!20!:-/!02$%!+#,!-!'25%!,%)-92'>!5&*!#+!
0%-@!!
!
Yi#&!>#0!-!0#:%)!:20(!3#&ZY!/-28!L#,8!X,%+%50!/&88%')3!0#!B,0(&,@!!
B,0(&,=!/0,&>>)2'>!0(,#&>(!(2/!0(2,8!*2'0=!)##.%8!,#&'8!-0!(2$@!!
YI(3Z!I(-0=!'#@@@!/(#&)8!<!(-;%ZY!4%!(-8!>2;%'!&*!A%2'>!/&,*,2/%8=!
0(%,%!828'60!/%%$!0#!A%!-'3!*#2'0!-'3!)#'>%,@!!
L#,8!5)25.%8!(2/!0#'>&%!2'!2,,20-02#'@!!
YM,2'.!&*=Y!(%!&,>%8@!!
B0!0(-0!$#$%'0!0(%!8&))!/#&'8!#+!-!,&$A)2'>!5,-/(!+,#$!#&0/28%!
+2)0%,%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!)#:!$&,$&,!#+!0(%!*&A=!0(,#&>(!0(%!/#&'8!#+!0(%!
G&.%A#9=!0(,#&>(!0(%!/#&'8!#+!0(%!$-'!'%90!0#!L#,8!(255&**2'>!#;%,!
0(%!:(2/.3!L#,8!(-8!%;%'0&-))3!A#&>(0!(2$@!!
B,0(&,!5(#.%8!#'!(2/!A%%,=!)%-*0!0#!(2/!+%%0@!!
YI(-06/!0(-0ZY!(%!3%)*%8@!!
YM#'60!:#,,3=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y0(%3!(-;%'60!/0-,0%8!3%0@Y!!
Y1(-'.!7#8!+#,!0(-0=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!-'8!,%)-9%8@!!
Y<06/!*,#A-A)3!G&/0!3#&,!(#&/%!A%2'>!.'#5.%8!8#:'=Y!/-28!L#,8=!
8,#:'2'>!(2/!)-/0!*2'0@!!
YI(-0ZY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!"&88%')3!L#,86/!/*%))!:-/!A,#.%'@!B,0(&,!
)##.%8!:2)8)3!-,#&'8!(2$!-'8!,-'!0#!0(%!:2'8#:@!!
YV3!7#8!0(%3!-,%j!1(%36,%!.'#5.2'>!$3!(#&/%!8#:'@!I(-0!0(%!(%))!
-$!<!8#2'>!2'!0(%!*&A=!L#,8ZY!!
Y<0!(-,8)3!$-.%/!-'3!82++%,%'5%!-0!0(2/!/0->%=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y)%0!0(%$!
(-;%!0(%2,!+&'@Y!!
YL&'ZY!3%)*%8!B,0(&,@!YL&'jY!4%!?&25.)3!5(%5.%8!#&0!#+!0(%!:2'8#:!
->-2'!0(-0!0(%3!:%,%!0-).2'>!-A#&0!0(%!/-$%!0(2'>@!!
YM-$'!0(%2,!+&'jY!(%!(##0%8!-'8!,-'!#&0!#+!0(%!*&A!+&,2#&/)3!
:-;2'>!-!'%-,)3!%$*03!A%%,!>)-//@!4%!$-8%!'#!+,2%'8/!-0!-))!2'!0(%!*&A!
0(-0!)&'5(02$%@!!
Y"0#*=!3#&!;-'8-)/j!i#&!(#$%!:,%5.%,/jY!A-:)%8!B,0(&,@!Yi#&!(-)+!
5,-P%8!a2/2>#0(/=!/0#*!:2))!3#&jY!!
L#,8!:#&)8!(-;%!0#!>#!-+0%,!(2$@!1&,'2'>!?&25.)3!0#!0(%!A-,$-'!(%!
-/.%8!+#,!+#&,!*-5.%0/!#+!*%-'&0/@!!
Y1(%,%!3#&!-,%!/2,=Y!/-28!0(%!A-,$-'=!/)-**2'>!0(%!*-5.%0/!#'!0(%!
A-,=!Y0:%'03`%2>(0!*%'5%!2+!3#&68!A%!/#!.2'8@Y!!
L#,8!:-/!;%,3!.2'8!ʹ!(%!>-;%!0(%!A-,$-'!-'#0(%,!+2;%`*#&'8!'#0%!
-'8!0#)8!(2$!0#!.%%*!0(%!5(-'>%@!1(%!A-,$-'!)##.%8!-0!20!-'8!0(%'!
)##.%8!-0!L#,8@!4%!/&88%')3!/(2;%,%8f!(%!%9*%,2%'5%8!-!$#$%'0-,3!
/%'/-02#'!0(-0!(%!828'60!&'8%,/0-'8!A%5-&/%!'#!#'%!#'!J-,0(!(-8!
%;%,!%9*%,2%'5%8!20!A%+#,%@!<'!$#$%'0/!#+!>,%-0!/0,%//=!%;%,3!)2+%!+#,$!
0(-0!%92/0/!>2;%/!#&0!-!02'3!/&A)2$-)!/2>'-)@!1(2/!/2>'-)!/2$*)3!
5#$$&'25-0%/!-'!%9-50!-'8!-)$#/0!*-0(%025!/%'/%!#+!(#:!+-,!0(-0!
A%2'>!2/!+,#$!0(%!*)-5%!#+!(2/!A2,0(@!U'!J-,0(!20!2/!'%;%,!*#//2A)%!0#!A%!
+&,0(%,!0(-'!/290%%'!0(#&/-'8!$2)%/!+,#$!3#&,!A2,0(*)-5%=!:(25(!,%-))3!
2/'60!;%,3!+-,=!/#!/&5(!/2>'-)/!-,%!0##!$2'&0%!0#!A%!'#025%8@!L#,8!
X,%+%50!:-/!-0!0(2/!$#$%'0!&'8%,!>,%-0!/0,%//=!-'8!(%!:-/!A#,'!b]]!
)2>(0!3%-,/!-:-3!2'!0(%!'%-,!;252'203!#+!W%0%)>%&/%@!!
1(%!A-,$-'!,%%)%8!+#,!-!$#$%'0=!(20!A3!-!/(#5.2'>=!
2'5#$*,%(%'/2A)%!/%'/%!#+!82/0-'5%@!4%!828'60!.'#:!:(-0!20!$%-'0=!
A&0!(%!)##.%8!-0!L#,8!X,%+%50!:20(!-!'%:!/%'/%!#+!,%/*%50=!-)$#/0!
-:%@!!
YB,%!3#&!/%,2#&/=!/2,ZY!(%!/-28!2'!-!/$-))!:(2/*%,!:(25(!(-8!0(%!
%++%50!#+!/2)%'52'>!0(%!*&A@!Yi#&!0(2'.!0(%!:#,)86/!>#2'>!0#!%'8ZY!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
YW&0=!0(2/!-+0%,'##'ZY!!
L#,8!(-8!,%5#;%,%8!(2$/%)+@!4%!:-/!-0!(2/!+)2**%/0@!!
Yi%/=Y!(%!/-28!>-2)3=!Y2'!)%//!0(-'!0:#!$2'&0%/!<!:#&)8!%/02$-0%@Y!!
1(%!A-,$-'!5#&)8'60!A%)2%;%!0(%!5#';%,/-02#'!(%!:-/!(-;2'>=!A&0!
(%!5#&)8'60!A%)2%;%!0(%!/%'/-02#'!(%!(-8!G&/0!(-8!%20(%,@!!
Y</'60!0(%,%!-'30(2'>!:%!5-'!8#!-A#&0!20!0(%'ZY!(%!/-28@!!
YF#=!'#0(2'>=Y!/-28!L#,8=!/0&++2'>!0(%!*%-'&0/!2'0#!(2/!*#5.%0/@!!
"#$%#'%!2'!0(%!(&/(%8!A-,!/&88%')3!)-&>(%8!,-&5#&/)3!-0!(#:!
/0&*28!%;%,3#'%!(-8!A%5#$%@!!
1(%!$-'!/2002'>!'%90!0#!L#,8!:-/!-!A20!/#PP)%8!A3!'#:@!42/!%3%/!
:-;%8!0(%2,!:-3!&*!0#!L#,8@!!
Y<!0(#&>(0=Y!(%!/-28=!Y0(-0!2+!0(%!:#,)8!:-/!>#2'>!0#!%'8!:%!:%,%!
$%-'0!0#!)2%!8#:'!#,!*&0!-!*-*%,!A->!#;%,!#&,!(%-8!#,!/#$%0(2'>@Y!!
Y<+!3#&!)2.%=!3%/=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
Y1(-06/!:(-0!0(%3!0#)8!&/!2'!0(%!-,$3=Y!/-28!0(%!$-'=!-'8!(2/!%3%/!
A%>-'!0(%!)#'>!0,%.!A-5.!8#:'!0#!(2/!:(2/.3@!!
YI2))!0(-0!(%)*ZY!-/.%8!0(%!A-,$-'@!!
YF#=Y!/-28!L#,8!-'8!>-;%!(2$!-!+,2%'8)3!/$2)%@!YJ95&/%!$%=Y!(%!/-28=!
Y<6;%!>#0!0#!>#@Y!I20(!-!:-;%=!(%!)%+0@!!
1(%!*&A!:-/!/2)%'0!+#,!-!$#$%'0!)#'>%,=!-'8!0(%'=!%$A-,,-//2'>)3!
%'#&>(=!0(%!$-'!:20(!0(%!,-&5#&/!)-&>(!828!20!->-2'@!1(%!>2,)!(%!(-8!
8,->>%8!-)#'>!0#!0(%!*&A!:20(!(2$!(-8!>,#:'!0#!)#-0(%!(2$!8%-,)3!
#;%,!0(%!)-/0!(#&,!#,!/#=!-'8!20!:#&)8!*,#A-A)3!(-;%!A%%'!-!>,%-0!
/-02/+-502#'!0#!(%,!0#!.'#:!0(-0!2'!-!$2'&0%!-'8!-!(-)+!#,!/#!(%!:#&)8!
/&88%')3!%;-*#,-0%!2'0#!-!:(2++!#+!(38,#>%'=!#P#'%!-'8!5-,A#'!
$#'#928%@!4#:%;%,=!:(%'!0(%!$#$%'0!5-$%!/(%!:#&)8!A%!0##!A&/3!
%;-*#,-02'>!(%,/%)+!0#!'#025%!20@!!
1(%!A-,$-'!5)%-,%8!(2/!0(,#-0@!4%!(%-,8!(2$/%)+!/-3f!!
YT-/0!#,8%,/=!*)%-/%@Y!!
!
1(%!(&>%!3%))#:!$-5(2'%/!A%>-'!0#!/2'.!8#:':-,8!-'8!0#!$#;%!
+-/0%,@!!
L#,8!.'%:!0(%3!:%,%!0(%,%@!1(2/!:-/'60!0(%!:-3!(%!(-8!:-'0%8!20@!!
!
[&''2'>!&*!0(%!)-'%=!B,0(&,!(-8!'%-,)3!,%-5(%8!(2/!(#&/%@!4%!
828'60!'#025%!(#:!5#)8!20!(-8!/&88%')3!A%5#$%=!(%!828'60!'#025%!0(%!
:2'8=!(%!828'60!'#025%!0(%!/&88%'!2,,-02#'-)!/?&-))!#+!,-2'@!4%!828'60!
'#025%!-'30(2'>!A&0!0(%!5-0%,*2))-,!A&))8#P%,/!5,-:)2'>!#;%,!0(%!,&AA)%!
0(-0!(-8!A%%'!(2/!(#$%@!!
Yi#&!A-,A-,2-'/jY!(%!3%))%8@!Y<6))!/&%!0(%!5#&'52)!+#,!%;%,3!*%''3!206/!
>#0j!<6))!(-;%!3#&!(&'>=!8,-:'!-'8!?&-,0%,%8j!B'8!:(2**%8j!B'8!
A#2)%8@@@!&'02)@@@!&'02)@@@!&'02)!3#&6;%!(-8!%'#&>(@Y!!
L#,8!:-/!,&''2'>!-+0%,!(2$!;%,3!+-/0@!a%,3!;%,3!+-/0@!!
YB'8!0(%'!<6))!8#!20!->-2'jY!3%))%8!B,0(&,@!YB'8!:(%'!<6;%!+2'2/(%8!<!
:2))!0-.%!-))!0(%!)200)%!A20/=!-'8!<!:2))!G&$*!#'!0(%$jY!!
B,0(&,!828'60!'#025%!0(-0!0(%!$%'!:%,%!,&''2'>!+,#$!0(%!A&))8#P%,/Q!
(%!828'60!'#025%!0(-0!V,@!X,#//%,!:-/!/0-,2'>!(%5025-))3!2'0#!0(%!/.3@!
I(-0!V,@!X,#//%,!(-8!'#025%8!:-/!0(-0!(&>%!3%))#:!/#$%0(2'>/!:%,%!
/5,%-$2'>!0(,#&>(!0(%!5)#&8/@!<$*#//2A)3!(&>%!3%))#:!/#$%0(2'>/@!!
YB'8!<!:2))!5-,,3!#'!G&$*2'>!#'!0(%$=Y!3%))%8!B,0(&,=!/02))!,&''2'>=!
Y&'02)!<!>%0!A)2/0%,/=!#,!<!5-'!0(2'.!#+!-'30(2'>!%;%'!$#,%!&'*)%-/-'0!0#!
8#=!-'8!0(%'@@@Y!!
B,0(&,!0,2**%8=!-'8!+%))!(%-8)#'>=!,#))%8!-'8!)-'8%8!+)-0!#'!(2/!A-5.@!
B0!)-/0!(%!'#025%8!0(-0!/#$%0(2'>!:-/!>#2'>!#'@!42/!+2'>%,!/(#0!
&*:-,8/@!!
YI(-0!0(%!(%))6/!0(-0ZY!(%!/(,2%.%8@!!
I(-0%;%,!20!:-/!,-5%8!-5,#//!0(%!/.3!2'!$#'/0,#&/!3%))#:'%//=!0#,%!
0(%!/.3!-*-,0!:20(!$2'8`A&>>%,2'>!'#2/%!-'8!)%-*0!#++!2'0#!0(%!
82/0-'5%!)%-;2'>!0(%!>-*2'>!-2,!0#!/(&0!A%(2'8!20!:20(!-!A-'>!0(-0!
8,#;%!3#&,!%-,/!/29!+%%0!2'0#!3#&,!/.&))@!!
B'#0(%,!#'%!+#))#:%8!-'8!828!0(%!/-$%!0(2'>!#')3!)#&8%,@!!
<06/!82++25&)0!0#!/-3!%9-50)3!:(-0!0(%!*%#*)%!#'!0(%!/&,+-5%!#+!0(%!
*)-'%0!:%,%!8#2'>!'#:=!A%5-&/%!0(%3!828'60!,%-))3!.'#:!:(-0!0(%3!
:%,%!8#2'>!0(%$/%);%/@!F#'%!#+!20!$-8%!-!)#0!#+!/%'/%!ʹ!,&''2'>!2'0#!
(#&/%/=!,&''2'>!#&0!#+!(#&/%/=!(#:)2'>!'#2/%)%//)3!-0!0(%!'#2/%@!B))!
-,#&'8!0(%!:#,)8!5203!/0,%%0/!%9*)#8%8!:20(!*%#*)%=!5-,/!/)%:%8!2'0#!
%-5(!#0(%,!-/!0(%!'#2/%!+%))!#'!0(%$!-'8!0(%'!,#))%8!#++!)2.%!-!028-)!
:-;%!#;%,!(2))/!-'8!;-))%3/=!8%/%,0/!-'8!#5%-'/=!/%%$2'>!0#!+)-00%'!
%;%,30(2'>!20!(20@!!
U')3!#'%!$-'!/0##8!-'8!:-05(%8!0(%!/.3=!/0##8!:20(!0%,,2A)%!
/-8'%//!2'!(2/!%3%/!-'8!,&AA%,!A&'>/!2'!(2/!%-,/@!4%!.'%:!%9-50)3!
:(-0!:-/!(-**%'2'>!-'8!(-8!.'#:'!%;%,!/2'5%!(2/!"&A`J0(-!"%'/`U`
V-025!(-8!/0-,0%8!:2'.2'>!2'!0(%!8%-8!#+!'2>(0!A%/28%!(2/!*2))-,!-'8!
:#.%'!(2$!:20(!-!/0-,0@!<0!:-/!:(-0!(%!(-8!:-20%8!+#,!-))!0(%/%!3%-,/=!
A&0!:(%'!(%!(-8!8%52*(%,%8!0(%!/2>'-)!*-00%,'!/2002'>!-)#'%!2'!(2/!
/$-))!8-,.!,##$!-!5#)8'%//!(-8!>,2**%8!(2$!-'8!/?&%%P%8!(2/!(%-,0@!
U+!-))!0(%!,-5%/!2'!-))!#+!0(%!7-)-93!:(#!5#&)8!(-;%!5#$%!-'8!/-28!-!
A2>!(%))#!0#!*)-'%0!J-,0(=!(%!0(#&>(0=!828'60!20!G&/0!(-;%!0#!A%!0(%!
a#>#'/@!!
"02))!(%!.'%:!:(-0!(%!(-8!0#!8#@!B/!0(%!a#>#'!5,-+0!/5,%-$%8!
0(,#&>(!0(%!-2,!(2>(!-A#;%!(2$!(%!#*%'%8!(2/!/-05(%)@!4%!0(,%:!-:-3!
-!5#*3!#+!d#/%*(!-'8!0(%!B$-P2'>!1%5('25#)#,!M,%-$5#-0=!(%!0(,%:!
-:-3!-!5#*3!#+!7#8/*%))f!4%!:#&)8'60!'%%8!0(%$!:(%,%!(%!:-/!>#2'>@!
J;%,30(2'>!:-/!,%-83=!%;%,30(2'>!:-/!*,%*-,%8@!!
4%!.'%:!:(%,%!(2/!0#:%)!:-/@!!
!
B!/&88%'!/2)%'5%!(20!0(%!J-,0(@!<+!-'30(2'>!20!:-/!:#,/%!0(-'!0(%!
'#2/%@!L#,!-!:(2)%!'#0(2'>!(-**%'%8@!!
1(%!>,%-0!/(2*/!(&'>!$#02#')%//!2'!0(%!-2,=!#;%,!%;%,3!'-02#'!#'!
J-,0(@!V#02#')%//!0(%3!(&'>=!(&>%=!(%-;3=!/0%-83!2'!0(%!/.3=!-!
A)-/*(%$3!->-2'/0!'-0&,%@!V-'3!*%#*)%!:%'0!/0,-2>(0!2'0#!/(#5.!-/!
0(%2,!$2'8/!0,2%8!0#!%'5#$*-//!:(-0!0(%3!:%,%!)##.2'>!-0@!1(%!/(2*/!
(&'>!2'!0(%!/.3!2'!$&5(!0(%!/-$%!:-3!0(-0!A,25./!8#'60@!!
B'8!/02))!'#0(2'>!(-**%'%8@!!
1(%'!0(%,%!:-/!-!/)2>(0!:(2/*%,=!-!/&88%'!/*-52#&/!:(2/*%,!#+!
#*%'!-$A2%'0!/#&'8@!J;%,3!(2`+2!/%0!2'!0(%!:#,)8=!%;%,3!,-82#=!%;%,3!
0%)%;2/2#'=!%;%,3!5-//%00%!,%5#,8%,=!%;%,3!:##+%,=!%;%,3!0:%%0%,=!
%;%,3!$28`,-'>%!8,2;%,!2'!0(%!:#,)8!?&2%0)3!0&,'%8!20/%)+!#'@!!
J;%,3!02'!5-'=!%;%,3!8&/0!A2'=!%;%,3!:2'8#:=!%;%,3!5-,=!%;%,3!:2'%!
>)-//=!%;%,3!/(%%0!#+!,&/03!$%0-)!A%5-$%!-502;-0%8!-/!-'!-5#&/025-))3!
*%,+%50!/#&'82'>!A#-,8@!!
W%+#,%!0(%!J-,0(!*-//%8!-:-3!20!:-/!>#2'>!0#!A%!0,%-0%8!0#!0(%!;%,3!
&)02$-0%!2'!/#&'8!,%*,#8&502#'=!0(%!>,%-0%/0!*&A)25!-88,%//!/3/0%$!
%;%,!A&2)0@!W&0!0(%,%!:-/!'#!5#'5%,0=!'#!$&/25=!'#!+-'+-,%=!G&/0!-!
/2$*)%!$%//->%@!!
YX%#*)%!#+!J-,0(=!3#&,!-00%'02#'!*)%-/%=Y!-!;#25%!/-28=!-'8!20!:-/!
:#'8%,+&)@!I#'8%,+&)!*%,+%50!?&-8,#*(#'25!/#&'8!:20(!82/0#,02#'!
)%;%)/!/#!)#:!-/!0#!$-.%!-!A,-;%!$-'!:%%*@!!
Y1(2/!2/!X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P!#+!0(%!7-)-5025!43*%,/*-5%!X)-''2'>!
R#&'52)=Y!0(%!;#25%!5#'02'&%8@!YB/!3#&!:2))!'#!8#&A0!A%!-:-,%=!0(%!
*)-'/!+#,!8%;%)#*$%'0!#+!0(%!#&0)32'>!,%>2#'/!#+!0(%!7-)-93!,%?&2,%!
0(%!A&2)82'>!#+!-!(3*%,/*-02-)!%9*,%//!,#&0%!0(,#&>(!3#&,!/0-,!/3/0%$=!
-'8!,%>,%00-A)3!3#&,!*)-'%0!2/!#'%!#+!0(#/%!/5(%8&)%8!+#,!8%$#)202#'@!
1(%!*,#5%//!:2))!0-.%!/)2>(0)3!)%//!0(-0!0:#!#+!3#&,!J-,0(!$2'&0%/@!
1(-'.!3#&@Y!!
1(%!XB!82%8!-:-3@!!
S'5#$*,%(%'82'>!0%,,#,!/%00)%8!#'!0(%!:-05(2'>!*%#*)%!#+!J-,0(@!
1(%!0%,,#,!$#;%8!/)#:)3!0(,#&>(!0(%!>-0(%,%8!5,#:8/!-/!2+!0(%3!:%,%!
2,#'!+2))2'>/!#'!-!/(%%0!#+!A#-,8!-'8!-!$->'%0!:-/!$#;2'>!A%'%-0(!
0(%$@!X-'25!/*,#&0%8!->-2'=!8%/*%,-0%!+)%%2'>!*-'25=!A&0!0(%,%!:-/!
'#:(%,%!0#!+)%%!0#@!!
UA/%,;2'>!0(2/=!0(%!a#>#'/!0&,'%8!#'!0(%2,!XB!->-2'@!<0!/-28f!!
Y1(%,%6/!'#!*#2'0!2'!-502'>!-))!/&,*,2/%8!-A#&0!20@!B))!0(%!*)-''2'>!
5(-,0/!-'8!8%$#)202#'!#,8%,/!(-;%!A%%'!#'!82/*)-3!2'!3#&,!)#5-)!
*)-''2'>!8%*-,0$%'0!#'!B)*(-!R%'0-&,2!+#,!+2+03!#+!3#&,!J-,0(!3%-,/=!
/#!3#&6;%!(-8!*)%'03!#+!02$%!0#!)#8>%!-'3!+#,$-)!5#$*)-2'0!-'8!206/!+-,!
0##!)-0%!0#!/0-,0!$-.2'>!-!+&//!-A#&0!20!'#:@Y!!
1(%!XB!+%))!/2)%'0!->-2'!-'8!20/!%5(#!8,2+0%8!#++!-5,#//!0(%!)-'8@!1(%!
(&>%!/(2*/!0&,'%8!/)#:)3!2'!0(%!/.3!:20(!%-/3!*#:%,@!U'!0(%!
&'8%,/28%!#+!%-5(!-!(-05(:-3!#*%'%8=!-'!%$*03!A)-5.!/*-5%@!!
W3!0(2/!02$%!/#$%A#83!/#$%:(%,%!$&/0!(-;%!$-''%8!-!,-82#!
0,-'/$200%,=!)#5-0%8!-!:-;%)%'>0(!-'8!A,#-85-/0%8!-!$%//->%!A-5.!0#!
0(%!a#>#'!/(2*/=!0#!*)%-8!#'!A%(-)+!#+!0(%!*)-'%0@!F#A#83!%;%,!(%-,8!
:(-0!0(%3!/-28=!0(%3!#')3!(%-,8!0(%!,%*)3@!1(%!XB!/)-$$%8!A-5.!2'0#!
)2+%!->-2'@!1(%!;#25%!:-/!-''#3%8@!<0!/-28f!!
YI(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'!3#&6;%!'%;%,!A%%'!0#!B)*(-!R%'0-&,2Z!L#,!
(%-;%'6/!/-.%!$-'.2'8=!206/!#')3!+#&,!)2>(0!3%-,/!-:-3!3#&!.'#:@!<6$!
/#,,3=!A&0!2+!3#&!5-'60!A%!A#0(%,%8!0#!0-.%!-'!2'0%,%/0!2'!)#5-)!-++-2,/!
0(-06/!3#&,!#:'!)##.#&0@!!
YJ'%,>2P%!0(%!8%$#)202#'!A%-$/@Y!!
T2>(0!*#&,%8!#&0!2'0#!0(%!(-05(:-3/@!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:=Y!/-28!0(%!;#25%!#'!0(%!XB=!Y-*-0(%025!A)##83!*)-'%0=!
<6;%!'#!/3$*-0(3!-0!-))@Y!<0!5&0!#++@!!
1(%,%!:-/!-!0%,,2A)%!>(-/0)3!/2)%'5%@!!
1(%,%!:-/!-!0%,,2A)%!>(-/0)3!'#2/%@!!
1(%,%!:-/!-!0%,,2A)%!>(-/0)3!/2)%'5%@!!
1(%!a#>#'!R#'/0,&50#,!+)%%0!5#-/0%8!-:-3!2'0#!0(%!2'.3!/0-,,3!;#28@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$4$$
!
L-,!-:-3!#'!0(%!#**#/20%!/*2,-)!-,$!#+!0(%!7-)-93=!+2;%!(&'8,%8!
0(#&/-'8!)2>(0!3%-,/!+,#$!0(%!/0-,!"#)=!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9=!X,%/28%'0!
#+!0(%!<$*%,2-)!7-)-5025!7#;%,'$%'0=!/*%8!-5,#//!0(%!/%-/!#+!
M-$#>,-'=!(2/!2#'!8,2;%!8%)0-!A#-0!:2'.2'>!-'8!+)-/(2'>!2'!0(%!
M-$#>,-'!/&'@!!
M-$#>,-'!0(%!(#0Q!M-$#>,-'!0(%!,%$#0%Q!M-$#>,-'!0(%!-)$#/0!
0#0-))3!&'(%-,8!#+@!!
M-$#>,-'=!/%5,%0!(#$%!#+!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8@!1(%!A#-0!/*%8!#'!
-5,#//!0(%!:-0%,@!<0!:#&)8!A%!/#$%!02$%!A%+#,%!20!,%-5(%8!20/!
8%/02'-02#'!A%5-&/%!M-$#>,-'!2/!/&5(!-'!2'5#';%'2%'0)3!-,,-'>%8!
*)-'%0@!<0!5#'/2/0/!#+!'#0(2'>!A&0!$288)2'>!0#!)-,>%!8%/%,0!2/)-'8/!
/%*-,-0%8!A3!;%,3!*,%003!A&0!-''#32'>)3!:28%!/0,%05(%/!#+!#5%-'@!!
1(%!A#-0!/*%8!#'@!!
W%5-&/%!#+!0(2/!0#*#)#>25-)!-:.:-,8'%//!M-$#>,-'!(-/!-):-3/!
,%$-2'%8!-!8%/%,0%8!*)-'%0@!1(2/!2/!:(3!0(%!<$*%,2-)!7-)-5025!
7#;%,'$%'0!5(#/%!M-$#>,-'!+#,!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!*,#G%50=!A%5-&/%!
20!:-/!/#!8%/%,0%8!-'8!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!:-/!/#!/%5,%0@!!
1(%!A#-0!P2**%8!-'8!/.2**%8!-5,#//!0(%!/%-=!0(%!/%-!0(-0!)-3!
A%0:%%'!0(%!$-2'!2/)-'8/!#+!0(%!#')3!-,5(2*%)->#!#+!-'3!&/%+&)!/2P%!#'!
0(%!:(#)%!*)-'%0@!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!:-/!#'!(2/!:-3!+,#$!0(%!02'3!
/*-5%*#,0!#'!J-/0%,!</)-'8!N0(%!'-$%!:-/!-'!%'02,%)3!$%-'2'>)%//!
5#2'528%'5%!ʹ!2'!7-)-5025/*%.%=!%-/0%,!$%-'/!/$-))!+)-0!-'8!)2>(0!
A,#:'O!0#!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!2/)-'8=!:(25(!A3!-'#0(%,!$%-'2'>)%//!
5#2'528%'5%!:-/!5-))%8!L,-'5%@!!
U'%!#+!0(%!/28%!%++%50/!#+!:#,.!#'!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!:-/!-!:(#)%!
/0,2'>!#+!*,%003!$%-'2'>)%//!5#2'528%'5%/@!!
W&0!20!:-/!'#0!2'!-'3!:-3!-!5#2'528%'5%!0(-0!0#8-3=!0(%!8-3!#+!
5&)$2'-02#'!#+!0(%!*,#G%50=!0(%!>,%-0!8-3!#+!&';%2)2'>=!0(%!8-3!0(-0!0(%!
4%-,0!#+!7#)8!:-/!+2'-))3!0#!A%!2'0,#8&5%8!0#!-!$-,;%))2'>!7-)-93=!:-/!
-)/#!-!>,%-0!8-3!#+!5&)$2'-02#'!+#,!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9@!<0!:-/!+#,!0(%!
/-.%!#+!0(2/!8-3!0(-0!(%!(-8!+2,/0!8%528%8!0#!,&'!+#,!0(%!X,%/28%'53=!-!
8%52/2#'!:(25(!(-8!/%'0!:-;%/!#+!-/0#'2/($%'0!0(,#&>(#&0!0(%!
<$*%,2-)!7-)-93@!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9Z!X,%/28%'0Z!F#0!0(%!h-*(#8!
W%%A)%A,#9Z!F#0!0(%!X,%/28%'0Z!V-'3!(-8!/%%'!20!-/!-!5)2'5(2'>!*,##+!
0(-0!0(%!:(#)%!#+!.'#:'!5,%-02#'!(-8!+2'-))3!>#'%!A-'-'-/@!!
h-*(#8!>,2''%8!-'8!>-;%!0(%!A#-0!-'!%90,-!.25.!#+!/*%%8@!!
h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9=!-8;%'0&,%,=!%9`(2**3=!>##8!02$%,=!N5,##.Z!
?&20%!*#//2A)3O=!$-'25!/%)+`*&A)252/0=!0%,,2A)3!A-8!-0!*%,/#'-)!
,%)-02#'/(2*/=!#+0%'!0(#&>(0!0#!A%!5#$*)%0%)3!#&0!0#!)&'5(@!!
X,%/28%'0Z!!
F#!#'%!(-8!>#'%!A-'-'-/=!'#0!2'!0(-0!:-3!-0!)%-/0@!!
U')3!/29!*%#*)%!2'!0(%!%'02,%!7-)-93!&'8%,/0##8!0(%!*,2'52*)%!#'!
:(25(!0(%!7-)-93!:-/!>#;%,'%8=!-'8!0(%3!.'%:!0(-0!#'5%!h-*(#8!
W%%A)%A,#9!(-8!-''#&'5%8!(2/!2'0%'02#'!0#!,&'!-/!X,%/28%'0!20!:-/!
$#,%!#,!)%//!-!+-20!-55#$*)2f!(%!:-/!0(%!28%-)!X,%/28%'53!+#88%,C@!!
I(-0!0(%3!5#$*)%0%)3!+-2)%8!0#!&'8%,/0-'8!:-/!:(3!h-*(#8!:-/!
8#2'>!20@!!
4%!A-'.%8!/(-,*)3=!/(##02'>!-!:2)8!:-))!#+!:-0%,!-0!0(%!/&'@!!
1#8-3!:-/!0(%!8-3Q!0#8-3!:-/!0(%!8-3!:(%'!0(%3!:#&)8!,%-)2P%!
:(-0!h-*(#8!(-8!A%%'!&*!0#@!1#8-3!:-/!:(-0!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#96/!
X,%/28%'53!:-/!-))!-A#&0@!1#8-3!:-/!-)/#!(2/!0:#!(&'8,%80(!A2,0(8-3=!
A&0!0(-0!:-/!G&/0!-'#0(%,!$%-'2'>)%//!5#2'528%'5%@!!
B/!(%!/.2**%8!(2/!A#-0!-5,#//!0(%!/%-/!#+!M-$#>,-'!(%!/$2)%8!
?&2%0)3!0#!(2$/%)+!-A#&0!:(-0!-!:#'8%,+&)!%95202'>!8-3!20!:-/!>#2'>!0#!
A%@!4%!,%)-9%8!-'8!/*,%-8!(2/!0:#!-,$/!)-P2)3!-5,#//!0(%!/%-0!A-5.@!4%!
/0%%,%8!:20(!-'!%90,-!-,$!(%68!,%5%'0)3!+200%8!G&/0!A%'%-0(!(2/!,2>(0!
#'%!0#!(%)*!2$*,#;%!(2/!/.2`A#92'>@!!
Y4%3=Y!(%!5##%8!0#!(2$/%)+=!Y3#&6,%!-!,%-)!5##)!A#3!3#&@Y!W&0!(2/!
'%,;%/!/-'>!-!/#'>!/(,2))%,!0(-'!-!8#>!:(2/0)%@!!
1(%!2/)-'8!#+!L,-'5%!:-/!-A#&0!0:%'03!$2)%/!)#'>=!+2;%!$2)%/!-5,#//!
0(%!$288)%=!/-'83!-'8!5,%/5%'0!/(-*%8@!<'!+-50!20!/%%$%8!0#!%92/0!'#0!
/#!$&5(!-/!-'!2/)-'8!2'!20/!#:'!,2>(0!-/!/2$*)3!-!$%-'/!#+!8%+2'2'>!0(%!
/:%%*!-'8!5&,;%!#+!-!(&>%!A-3@!1(2/!2$*,%//2#'!:-/!(%2>(0%'%8!A3!
0(%!+-50!0(-0!0(%!2''%,!5#-/0)2'%!#+!0(%!5,%/5%'0!5#'/2/0%8!-)$#/0!
%'02,%)3!#+!/0%%*!5)2++/@!L,#$!0(%!0#*!#+!0(%!5)2++!0(%!)-'8!/)#*%8!/)#:)3!
8#:'!+2;%!$2)%/!0#!0(%!#**#/20%!/(#,%@!!
U'!0#*!#+!0(%!5)2++/!/0##8!-!,%5%*02#'!5#$$200%%@!!
<0!5#'/2/0%8!2'!)-,>%!*-,0!#+!0(%!%'>2'%%,/!-'8!,%/%-,5(%,/!:(#!(-8!
A&2)0!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!ʹ!$#/0)3!(&$-'#28=!A&0!(%,%!-'8!0(%,%!:%,%!-!
+%:!,%*02)#28!-0#$2'%%,/=!0:#!#,!0(,%%!>,%%'!/)3*(`)2.%!
$-92$%>-)-5025-'/=!-'!#50#*#28!*(3/&50&,-)2/0!#,!0:#!-'8!-!
4##)##;##!N-!4##)##;##!2/!-!/&*%,`2'0%))2>%'0!/(-8%!#+!0(%!5#)#,!A)&%O@!
B))!%95%*0!0(%!4##)##;##!:%,%!,%/*)%'8%'0!2'!0(%2,!$&)02`5#)#,%8!
5%,%$#'2-)!)-A!5#-0/Q!0(%!4##)##;##!(-8!A%%'!0%$*#,-,2)3!,%+,-50%8!
2'0#!-!+,%%!/0-'82'>!*,2/$!+#,!0(%!#55-/2#'@!!
1(%,%!:-/!-!$##8!#+!2$$%'/%!%9520%$%'0!0(,2))2'>!0(,#&>(!-))!#+!
0(%$@!1#>%0(%,!-'8!A%0:%%'!0(%$!0(%3!(-8!>#'%!0#!-'8!A%3#'8!0(%!
+&,0(%/0!)2$20/!#+!*(3/25-)!)-:/=!,%/0,&50&,%8!0(%!+&'8-$%'0-)!+-A,25!#+!
$-00%,=!/0,-2'%8=!0:2/0%8!-'8!A,#.%'!0(%!)-:/!#+!*#//2A2)203!-'8!
2$*#//2A2)203=!A&0!/02))!0(%!>,%-0%/0!%9520%$%'0!#+!-))!/%%$%8!0#!A%!0#!
$%%0!-!$-'!:20(!-'!#,-'>%!/-/(!,#&'8!(2/!'%5.@!NB'!#,-'>%!/-/(!:-/!
:(-0!0(%!X,%/28%'0!#+!0(%!7-)-93!0,-8202#'-))3!:#,%@O!<0!$2>(0!'#0!%;%'!
(-;%!$-8%!$&5(!82++%,%'5%!0#!0(%$!2+!0(%368!.'#:'!%9-50)3!(#:!
$&5(!*#:%,!0(%!X,%/28%'0!#+!0(%!7-)-93!-50&-))3!:2%)8%8f!'#'%!-0!-))@!
U')3!/29!*%#*)%!2'!0(%!7-)-93!.'%:!0(-0!0(%!G#A!#+!0(%!7-)-5025!
X,%/28%'0!:-/!'#0!0#!:2%)8!*#:%,!A&0!0#!-00,-50!-00%'02#'!-:-3!+,#$!
20@!!
h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!:-/!-$-P2'>)3!>##8!-0!(2/!G#A@!!
1(%!5,#:8!>-/*%8=!8-PP)%8!A3!/&'!-'8!/%%$-'/(2*=!-/!0(%!
X,%/28%'02-)!/*%%8A#-0!P2**%8!,#&'8!0(%!(%-8)-'8!2'0#!0(%!A-3@!<0!
+)-/(%8!-'8!/(#'%!-/!20!5-$%!/.-02'>!#;%,!0(%!/%-!2'!:28%!/.2882'>!
0&,'/@!!
<'!+-50!20!828'60!'%%8!0#!0#&5(!0(%!:-0%,!-0!-))=!A%5-&/%!20!:-/!
/&**#,0%8!#'!-!(-P3!5&/(2#'!#+!2#'2P%8!-0#$/!ʹ!A&0!G&/0!+#,!%++%50!20!
:-/!+200%8!:20(!0(2'!+2'A)-8%/!:(25(!5#&)8!A%!)#:%,%8!2'0#!0(%!:-0%,@!
1(%3!/)-/(%8!/(%%0/!#+!:-0%,!(2//2'>!2'0#!0(%!-2,=!5-,;%8!8%%*!>-/(%/!
2'0#!0(%!/%-!:(25(!/:-3%8!5,-P2)3!-'8!/-'.!A-5.!+#-$2'>!2'0#!0(%!
A#-06/!:-.%!-/!20!5-,%%,%8!-5,#//!0(%!A-3@!!
h-*(#8!)#;%8!%++%50f!20!:-/!:(-0!(%!:-/!A%/0!-0@!!
4%!0:2/0%8!0(%!:(%%)!/(-,*)3=!0(%!A#-0!/)%:%8!,#&'8!2'!-!:2)8!
/530(2'>!/.28!A%'%-0(!0(%!5)2++!+-5%!-'8!8,#**%8!0#!,%/0!)2>(0)3!#'!0(%!
,#5.2'>!:-;%/@!!
I20(2'!/%5#'8/!(%!,-'!#&0!#'0#!0(%!8%5.!-'8!:-;%8!-'8!>,2''%8!-0!
#;%,!0(,%%!A2))2#'!*%#*)%@!1(%!0(,%%!A2))2#'!*%#*)%!:%,%'60!-50&-))3!
0(%,%=!A&0!0(%3!:-05(%8!(2/!%;%,3!>%/0&,%!0(,#&>(!0(%!%3%/!#+!-!/$-))!
,#A#0!0,2`M!5-$%,-!:(25(!(#;%,%8!#A/%?&2#&/)3!2'!0(%!-2,!'%-,A3@!1(%!
-'025/!#+!0(%!X,%/28%'0!-):-3/!$-8%!-$-P2'>)3!*#*&)-,!0,2`MQ!0(-06/!
:(-0!0(%3!:%,%!+#,@!!
4%!>,2''%8!->-2'@!1(,%%!A2))2#'!-'8!/29!*%#*)%!828'60!.'#:!20=!A&0!
0#8-3!:#&)8!A%!-!A2>>%,!-'025!0(-'!-'3#'%!(-8!A-,>-2'%8!+#,@!!
1(%!,#A#0!5-$%,-!(#$%8!2'!+#,!-!5)#/%!&*!#'!0(%!$#,%!*#*&)-,!#+!
(2/!0:#!(%-8/!-'8!(%!:-;%8!->-2'@!4%!:-/!,#&>()3!(&$-'#28!2'!
-**%-,-'5%!%95%*0!+#,!0(%!%90,-!(%-8!-'8!0(2,8!-,$@!42/!+-2,!0#&/)%8!
(-2,!/0&5.!#&0!2'!,-'8#$!82,%502#'/=!(2/!A)&%!%3%/!>)2'0%8!:20(!
/#$%0(2'>!5#$*)%0%)3!&'28%'02+2-A)%=!-'8!(2/!5(2'/!:%,%!-)$#/0!
-):-3/!&'/(-;%'@!!
B!0:%'03`+##0`(2>(!0,-'/*-,%'0!>)#A%!+)#-0%8!'%90!0#!(2/!A#-0=!
,#))2'>!-'8!A#AA2'>=!>)2/0%'2'>!2'!0(%!A,2))2-'0!/&'@!<'/28%!20!+)#-0%8!-!
:28%!/%$2`52,5&)-,!/#+-!&*(#)/0%,%8!2'!>)#,2#&/!,%8!)%-0(%,f!0(%!$#,%!
0(%!>)#A%!A#AA%8!-'8!,#))%8=!0(%!$#,%!0(%!/#+-!/0-3%8!*%,+%50)3!/02))=!
/0%-83!-/!-'!&*(#)/0%,%8!,#5.@!B>-2'=!-))!8#'%!+#,!%++%50!-/!$&5(!-/!
-'30(2'>@!!
h-*(#8!/0%**%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!:-))!#+!0(%!>)#A%!-'8!,%)-9%8!#'!0(%!
/#+-@!4%!/*,%-8!(2/!0:#!-,$/!)-P2)3!-)#'>!0(%!A-5.!-'8!:20(!0(%!0(2,8!
A,&/(%8!/#$%!8&/0!#++!(2/!.'%%@!42/!(%-8/!)##.%8!-A#&0=!/$2)2'>Q!(%!
*&0!(2/!+%%0!&*@!B0!-'3!$#$%'0=!(%!0(#&>(0=!(%!$2>(0!/5,%-$@!!
I-0%,!A#2)%8!&*!A%'%-0(!0(%!A&AA)%=!20!/%%0(%8!-'8!/*#&0%8@!1(%!
A&AA)%!/&,>%8!2'0#!0(%!-2,=!A#AA2'>!-'8!,#))2'>!#'!0(%!:-0%,!/*#&0@!S*=!
&*!20!5)2$A%8=!0(,#:2'>!/02)0/!#+!)2>(0!-0!0(%!5)2++@!S*!20!/&,>%8!#'!0(%!
G%0=!0(%!:-0%,!+-))2'>!+,#$!A%'%-0(!20=!5,-/(2'>!A-5.!2'0#!0(%!/%-!
(&'8,%8/!#+!+%%0!A%)#:@!!
h-*(#8!/$2)%8=!*250&,2'>!(2$/%)+@!!
B!0(#,#&>()3!,2825&)#&/!+#,$!#+!0,-'/*#,0=!A&0!-!0(#,#&>()3!
A%-&02+&)!#'%@!!
B0!0(%!0#*!#+!0(%!5)2++!0(%!>)#A%!:-;%,%8!+#,!-!$#$%'0=!02**%8!#'!
0#!-!,-2)%8!,-$*=!,#))%8!8#:'!20!0#!-!/$-))!5#'5-;%!*)-0+#,$!-'8!
,288)%8!0#!-!(-)0@!!
1#!0,%$%'8#&/!-**)-&/%!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!/0%**%8!#&0!#+!0(%!
A&AA)%=!(2/!#,-'>%!/-/(!A)-P2'>!2'!0(%!)2>(0@!!
1(%!X,%/28%'0!#+!0(%!7-)-93!(-8!-,,2;%8@!!
4%!:-20%8!+#,!0(%!-**)-&/%!0#!82%!8#:'=!0(%'!,-2/%8!(2/!(-'8/!2'!
>,%%02'>@!!
Y42=Y!(%!/-28@!!
B!>#;%,'$%'0!/*28%,!/28)%8!&*!0#!(2$!-'8!-00%$*0%8!0#!*,%//!-!
5#*3!#+!(2/!*,%*-,%8!/*%%5(!2'0#!(2/!(-'8/@!X->%/!0(,%%!0#!/%;%'!#+!
0(%!#,2>2'-)!;%,/2#'!:%,%!-0!0(%!$#$%'0!+)#-02'>!/#>>2)3!#'!0(%!
M-$#>,-'!/%-!/#$%!+2;%!$2)%/!#&0!+,#$!0(%!A-3@!X->%/!#'%!-'8!0:#!
(-8!A%%'!/-);->%8!A3!-!M-$#>,-'!L,#'8!R,%/0%8!J->)%!-'8!(-8!
-),%-83!A%5#$%!2'5#,*#,-0%8!2'0#!-'!%90,-#,82'-,3!'%:!+#,$!#+!'%/0!
:(25(!0(%!%->)%!(-8!2';%'0%8@!<0!:-/!5#'/0,&50%8!)-,>%)3!#+!*-*%,!-'8!
20!:-/!;2,0&-))3!2$*#//2A)%!+#,!-!'%:)3!(-05(%8!A-A3!%->)%!0#!A,%-.!
#&0!#+!20@!1(%!M-$#>,-'!L,#'8!R,%/0%8!J->)%!(-8!(%-,8!#+!0(%!'#02#'!
#+!/&,;2;-)!#+!0(%!/*%52%/!A&0!:-'0%8!'#!0,&5.!:20(!20@!!
h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!:#&)8!'#0!A%!'%%82'>!(2/!/%0!/*%%5(!-'8!(%!
>%'0)3!8%+)%50%8!0(%!#'%!A%2'>!#++%,%8!(2$!A3!0(%!/*28%,@!!
Y42=Y!(%!/-28!->-2'@!!
J;%,3#'%!A%-$%8!-0!(2$=!#,=!-0!)%-/0=!'%-,)3!%;%,3#'%@!4%!/2'>)%8!
#&0!1,2))2-'!+,#$!0(%!5,#:8@!1,2))2-'!:-/!-!>2,)!0(-0!h-*(#8!(-8!*25.%8!
&*!,%5%'0)3!:(2)/0!;2/202'>!-!*)-'%0=!G&/0!+#,!+&'=!2'5#>'20#@!"(%!:-/!
/)2$=!8-,.2/(=!(&$-'#28=!:20(!)#'>!:-;%/!#+!A)-5.!(-2,=!-!+&))!$#&0(=!
-'!#88!)200)%!'#A!#+!-!'#/%!-'8!,2825&)#&/)3!A,#:'!%3%/@!I20(!(%,!,%8!
(%-8!/5-,+!.'#00%8!2'!0(-0!*-,025&)-,!:-3!-'8!(%,!)#'>!+)#:2'>!/2).3!
A,#:'!8,%//!/(%!)##.%8!;->&%)3!B,-A25@!F#0!0(-0!-'3#'%!0(%,%!(-8!
%;%,!(%-,8!#+!-'!B,-A!#+!5#&,/%@!1(%!B,-A/!(-8!;%,3!,%5%'0)3!5%-/%8!
0#!%92/0=!-'8!%;%'!:(%'!0(%3!(-8!%92/0%8!0(%3!:%,%!+2;%!(&'8,%8!
0(#&/-'8!)2>(0!3%-,/!+,#$!M-$#>,-'@!1,2))2-'!:-/'60!-'3A#83!2'!
*-,025&)-,=!#,!/#!h-*(#8!5)-2$%8@!"(%!G&/0!:%'0!-,#&'8!:20(!(2$!
,-0(%,!-!)#0!-'8!0#)8!(2$!:(-0!/(%!0(#&>(0!#+!(2$@!!
Y42!(#'%3=Y!(%!/-28!0#!(%,@!!
"(%!+)-/(%8!(2$!-!?&25.!02>(0!/$2)%!-'8!)##.%8!-:-3@!1(%'!/(%!
)##.%8!A-5.!+#,!-!$#$%'0!-'8!/$2)%8!$#,%!:-,$)3!ʹ!A&0!A3!0(2/!02$%!
(%!:-/!)##.2'>!-0!/#$%0(2'>!%)/%@!!
Y42=Y!(%!/-28!0#!-!/$-))!.'#0!#+!5,%-0&,%/!+,#$!0(%!*,%//!:(#!:%,%!
/0-'82'>!'%-,A3!:2/(2'>!0(-0!(%!:#&)8!/0#*!/-32'>!42!-'8!>%0!#'!:20(!
0(%!?�%/@!4%!>,2''%8!-0!0(%$!*-,025&)-,)3!A%5-&/%!(%!.'%:!0(-0!2'!-!
+%:!$#$%'0/!(%!:#&)8!A%!>2;2'>!0(%$!#'%!(%))!#+!-!?�%@!!
1(%!'%90!0(2'>!(%!/-28!0(#&>(!:-/!'#0!-!)#0!#+!&/%!0#!0(%$@!U'%!#+!
0(%!#++252-)/!#+!0(%!*-,03!(-8!2,,20-A)3!8%528%8!0(-0!0(%!X,%/28%'0!:-/!
5)%-,)3!'#0!2'!-!$##8!0#!,%-8!0(%!8%)252#&/)3!0&,'%8!/*%%5(!0(-0!(-8!
A%%'!:,200%'!+#,!(2$=!-'8!(-8!+)2**%8!0(%!/:205(!#'!0(%!,%$#0%!
5#'0,#)!8%;25%!2'!(2/!*#5.%0@!B:-3!2'!+,#'0!#+!0(%$!-!(&>%!:(20%!8#$%!
0(-0!A&)>%8!->-2'/0!0(%!/.3!5,-5.%8!8#:'!2'!0(%!$288)%=!/*)20=!-'8!
/)#:)3!+#)8%8!20/%)+!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!>,#&'8@!J;%,3#'%!>-/*%8!-)0(#&>(!
0(%3!(-8!.'#:'!*%,+%50)3!:%))!20!:-/!>#2'>!0#!8#!0(-0!A%5-&/%!0(%3!
(-8!A&2)0!20!0(-0!:-3@!!
W%'%-0(!20!)-3!&'5#;%,%8!-!(&>%!/0-,/(2*=!#'%!(&'8,%8!-'8!+2+03!
$%0,%/!)#'>=!/(-*%8!)2.%!-!/)%%.!,&''2'>!/(#%=!*%,+%50)3!:(20%!-'8!
$2'8A#>>2'>)3!A%-&02+&)@!B0!0(%!(%-,0!#+!20=!&'/%%'=!)-3!-!/$-))!>#)8!
A#9!:(25(!5-,,2%8!:20(2'!20!0(%!$#/0!A,-2'`:,%05(2'>!8%;25%!%;%,!
5#'5%2;%8=!-!8%;25%!:(25(!$-8%!0(2/!/0-,/(2*!&'2?&%!2'!0(%!(2/0#,3!#+!
0(%!>-)-93=!-!8%;25%!-+0%,!:(25(!0(%!/(2*!(-8!A%%'!'-$%8!ʹ!1(%!4%-,0!
#+!7#)8@!!
YI#:Y=!/-28!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!0#!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8@!1(%,%!:-/'60!
$&5(!%)/%!(%!5#&)8!/-3@!!
4%!/-28!20!->-2'!A%5-&/%!(%!.'%:!20!:#&)8!-''#3!0(%!*,%//@!!
YI#:@Y!!
1(%!5,#:8!0&,'%8!0(%2,!+-5%/!A-5.!0#:-,8/!(2$!%9*%50-'0)3@!4%!
:2'.%8!-0!1,2))2-'!:(#!,-2/%8!(%,!%3%A,#:/!-'8!:28%'%8!(%,!%3%/!-0!
(2$@!"(%!.'%:!:(-0!(%!:-/!-A#&0!0#!/-3!-'8!0(#&>(0!(2$!-!0%,,2A)%!
/(#:#++@!!
Y1(-0!2/!,%-))3!-$-P2'>=Y!(%!/-28@!Y1(-0!,%-))3!2/!0,&)3!-$-P2'>@!1(-0!
2/!/#!-$-P2'>)3!-$-P2'>!<!0(2'.!<68!)2.%!0#!/0%-)!20@Y!!
B!$-,;%))#&/!X,%/28%'02-)!?�%=!-A/#)&0%)3!0,&%!0#!+#,$@!1(%!
5,#:8!)-&>(%8!-**,%52-02;%)3=!0(%!'%:/$%'!>)%%+&))3!*&'5(%8!
A&00#'/!#'!0(%2,!"&A`J0(-!F%:/`V-025/!-'8!0(%!X,%/28%'0!>,2''%8@!!
B/!(%!>,2''%8!(2/!(%-,0!/5,%-$%8!&'A%-,-A)3!-'8!(%!+2'>%,%8!0(%!
/$-))!X-,-)3/#`V-025!A#$A!0(-0!'%/0)%8!?&2%0)3!2'!(2/!*#5.%0@!!
L2'-))3!(%!5#&)8!A%-,!20!'#!$#,%@!4%!)2+0%8!(2/!(%-8/!&*!0#!0(%!/.3=!
)%0!#&0!-!:2)8!:(##*!2'!$-G#,!0(2,8/=!0(,%:!0(%!A#$A!0#!0(%!>,#&'8!
-'8!,-'!+#,:-,8!0(,#&>(!0(%!/%-!#+!/&88%')3!+,#P%'!/$2)%/@!!
!
!
Chapter$5$$
!
X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P!:-/!'#0!-!*)%-/-'0!/2>(0=!%;%'!+#,!#0(%,!
a#>#'/@!42/!(2>()3!8#$%8!'#/%!,#/%!(2>(!-A#;%!-!/$-))!*2>>3!
+#,%(%-8@!42/!8-,.!>,%%'!,&AA%,3!/.2'!:-/!0(25.!%'#&>(!+#,!(2$!0#!
*)-3!0(%!>-$%!#+!a#>#'!R2;2)!"%,;25%!*#)2025/=!-'8!*)-3!20!:%))=!-'8!
:-0%,*,##+!%'#&>(!+#,!(2$!0#!/&,;2;%!2'8%+2'20%)3!-0!/%-!8%*0(/!#+!&*!
0#!-!0(#&/-'8!+%%0!:20(!'#!2))!%++%50/@!!
F#0!0(-0!(%!%;%,!:%'0!/:2$$2'>!#+!5#&,/%@!42/!A&/3!/5(%8&)%!
:#&)8!'#0!-))#:!20@!4%!:-/!0(%!:-3!(%!:-/!A%5-&/%!A2))2#'/!#+!3%-,/!
->#!:(%'!0(%!a#>#'/!(-8!+2,/0!5,-:)%8!#&0!#+!0(%!/)&>>2/(!*,2$%;-)!
/%-/!#+!a#>/*(%,%=!-'8!(-8!)-2'!*-'02'>!-'8!(%-;2'>!#'!0(%!*)-'%06/!
;2,>2'!/(#,%/@@@!:(%'!0(%!+2,/0!,-3/!#+!0(%!A,2>(0!3#&'>!a#>/#)!/&'!(-8!
/(#'%!-5,#//!0(%$!0(-0!$#,'2'>=!20!:-/!-/!2+!0(%!+#,5%/!#+!%;#)&02#'!
(-8!/2$*)3!>2;%'!&*!#'!0(%$!0(%,%!-'8!0(%'=!(-8!0&,'%8!-/28%!2'!
82/>&/0!-'8!:,200%'!0(%$!#++!-/!-'!&>)3!-'8!&'+#,0&'-0%!$2/0-.%@!
1(%3!'%;%,!%;#);%8!->-2'Q!0(%3!/(#&)8!'%;%,!(-;%!/&,;2;%8@!!
1(%!+-50!0(-0!0(%3!828!2/!/#$%!.2'8!#+!0,2A&0%!0#!0(%!0(25.`:2))%8!
/)&>`A,-2'%8!/0&AA#,''%//!#+!0(%/%!5,%-0&,%/@!J;#)&02#'Z!0(%3!/-28!0#!
0(%$/%);%/=!I(#!'%%8/!20Z=!-'8!:(-0!'-0&,%!,%+&/%8!0#!8#!+#,!0(%$!
0(%3!/2$*)3!828!:20(#&0!&'02)!/&5(!02$%!-/!0(%3!:%,%!-A)%!0#!,%502+3!
0(%!>,#//%,!-'-0#$25-)!2'5#';%'2%'5%/!:20(!/&,>%,3@!!
V%-':(2)%=!0(%!'-0&,-)!+#,5%/!#'!0(%!*)-'%0!a#>/*(%,%!(-8!A%%'!
:#,.2'>!#;%,02$%!0#!$-.%!&*!+#,!0(%2,!%-,)2%,!A)&'8%,@!1(%3!A,#&>(0!
+#,0(!/52'02))-02'>!G%:%))%8!/5&00)2'>!5,-A/=!:(25(!0(%!a#>#'/!-0%=!
/$-/(2'>!0(%2,!/(%))/!:20(!2,#'!$-))%0/Q!0-))!-/*2,2'>!0,%%/!:20(!
A,%-0(0-.2'>!/)%'8%,'%//!-'8!5#)#&,!:(25(!0(%!a#>#'/!5&0!8#:'!-'8!
A&,'%8!0(%!5,-A!$%-0!:20(Q!%)%>-'0!>-P%))%`)2.%!5,%-0&,%/!:20(!/2).%'!
5#-0/!-'8!8%:3!%3%/!:(25(!0(%!a#>#'/!:#&)8!5-05(!-'8!/20!#'@!1(%3!
:%,%!'#!&/%!-/!0,-'/*#,0!A%5-&/%!0(%2,!A-5./!:#&)8!/'-*!2'/0-'0)3=!
A&0!0(%!a#>#'/!/-0!#'!0(%$!-'3:-3@!!
1(&/!0(%!*)-'%0!a#>/*(%,%!:(2)%8!-:-3!0(%!&'(-**3!$2))%''2-!
&'02)!0(%!a#>#'/!/&88%')3!82/5#;%,%8!0(%!*,2'52*)%/!#+!2'0%,/0%))-,!
0,-;%)@!I20(2'!-!+%:!/(#,0!a#>!3%-,/!%;%,3!)-/0!a#>#'!(-8!$2>,-0%8!0#!
0(%!V%>-A,-'02/!5)&/0%,=!0(%!*#)2025-)!(&A!#+!0(%!7-)-93!-'8!'#:!
+#,$%8!0(%!2$$%'/%)3!*#:%,+&)!A-5.A#'%!#+!0(%!7-)-5025!R2;2)!"%,;25%@!
1(%3!(-;%!-00%$*0%8!0#!-5?&2,%!)%-,'2'>=!0(%3!(-;%!-00%$*0%8!0#!
-5?&2,%!/03)%!-'8!/#52-)!>,-5%=!A&0!2'!$#/0!,%/*%50/!0(%!$#8%,'!a#>#'!
2/!)200)%!82++%,%'0!+,#$!(2/!*,2$202;%!+#,%A%-,/@!J;%,3!3%-,!0(%3!2$*#,0!
0:%'03`/%;%'!0(#&/-'8!/52'02))-02'>!G%:%))%8!/5&00)2'>!5,-A/!+,#$!0(%2,!
'-02;%!*)-'%0!-'8!:(2)%!-:-3!-!(-**3!8,&'.%'!'2>(0!/$-/(2'>!0(%$!
0#!A20/!:20(!2,#'!$-))%0/@!!
X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P!:-/!-!+-2,)3!03*25-)!a#>#'!2'!0(-0!(%!:-/!
0(#,#&>()3!;2)%@!B)/#=!(%!828!'#0!)2.%!(205((2.%,/@!!
!
"#$%:(%,%!2'!-!/$-))!8-,.!5-A2'!A&,2%8!8%%*!2'!0(%!2'0%/02'%/!#+!
X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P6/!+)->/(2*=!-!/$-))!$-05(!+)-,%8!'%,;#&/)3@!1(%!
#:'%,!#+!0(%!$-05(!:-/!'#0!-!a#>#'=!A&0!(%!.'%:!-))!-A#&0!0(%$!-'8!
:-/!,2>(0!0#!A%!'%,;#&/@!42/!'-$%!:-/!L#,8!X,%+%50c@!!
4%!)##.%8!-A#&0!0(%!5-A2'!A&0!5#&)8!/%%!;%,3!)200)%Q!/0,-'>%!
$#'/0,#&/!/(-8#:/!)##$%8!-'8!)%-*%8!:20(!0(%!02'3!+)25.%,2'>!+)-$%=!
A&0!-))!:-/!?&2%0@!4%!A,%-0(%8!-!/2)%'0!0(-'.!3#&!0#!0(%!M%'0,-//2/@!
1(%!M%'0,-//2/!-,%!-'!&',&)3!0,2A%!#+!>#&,$-'8/=!-!:2)8!A&0!*)%-/-'0!
A&'5(!:(#$!0(%!a#>#'/!(-8!,%5%'0)3!0-.%'!0#!%$*)#32'>!-/!5-0%,2'>!
/0-++!#'!0(%2,!)#'>!(-&)!+)%%0/=!#'!0(%!/0,250!&'8%,/0-'82'>!0(-0!0(%3!
.%%*!0(%$/%);%/!;%,3!$&5(!0#!0(%$/%);%/@!!
1(2/!/&20%8!0(%!M%'0,-//2/!+2'%=!A%5-&/%!0(%3!)#;%8!a#>#'!$#'%3=!
:(25(!2/!#'%!#+!0(%!(-,8%/0!5&,,%'52%/!2'!/*-5%=!A&0!)#-0(%8!0(%!
a#>#'/!0(%$/%);%/@!1(%!#')3!/#,0!#+!a#>#'!-!M%'0,-//2!)2.%8!0#!/%%!
:-/!-'!-''#3%8!a#>#'@!!
<0!:-/!A%5-&/%!#+!0(2/!02'3!*2%5%!#+!2'+#,$-02#'!0(-0!L#,8!X,%+%50!
:-/!'#0!'#:!-!:(2++!#+!(38,#>%'=!#P#'%!-'8!5-,A#'!$#'#928%@!!
4%!(%-,8!-!/)2>(0!>,#-'@!W3!0(%!)2>(0!#+!0(%!$-05(!(%!/-:!-!(%-;3!
/(-*%!$#;2'>!/)2>(0)3!#'!0(%!+)##,@!k&25.)3!(%!/(##.!0(%!$-05(!#&0=!
,%-5(%8!2'!(2/!*#5.%0=!+#&'8!:(-0!(%!:-/!)##.2'>!+#,!-'8!0##.!20!#&0@!
4%!5,#&5(%8!#'!0(%!+)##,@!1(%!/(-*%!$#;%8!->-2'@!!
L#,8!X,%+%50!/-28f!Y<!A#&>(0!/#$%!*%-'&0/@Y!!
B,0(&,!M%'0!$#;%8=!-'8!>,#-'%8!->-2'=!$&00%,2'>!2'5#(%,%'0)3@!!
Y4%,%=!(-;%!/#$%=Y!&,>%8!L#,8=!/(-.2'>!0(%!*-5.%0!->-2'=!Y2+!3#&6;%!
'%;%,!A%%'!0(,#&>(!-!$-00%,!0,-'/+%,%'5%!A%-$!A%+#,%!3#&6;%!
*,#A-A)3!)#/0!/#$%!/-)0!-'8!*,#0%2'@!1(%!A%%,!3#&!(-8!/(#&)8!(-;%!
5&/(2#'%8!3#&,!/3/0%$!-!A20@Y!!
YI(((,,,,@@@Y!/-28!B,0(&,!M%'0@!4%!#*%'%8!(2/!%3%/@!!
Y<06/!8-,.=Y!(%!/-28@!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!L#,8!X,%+%50=!Y206/!8-,.@Y!!
YF#!)2>(0=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!M%'0@!YM-,.=!'#!)2>(0@Y!!
U'%!#+!0(%!0(2'>/!L#,8!X,%+%50!(-8!-):-3/!+#&'8!(-,8%/0!0#!
&'8%,/0-'8!-A#&0!(&$-'!A%2'>/!:-/!0(%2,!(-A20!#+!5#'02'&-))3!/0-02'>!
-'8!,%*%-02'>!0(%!#A;2#&/=!-/!2'!<06/!-!'25%!8-3=!#,!i#&6,%!;%,3!0-))=!#,!
U(!8%-,!3#&!/%%$!0#!(-;%!+-))%'!8#:'!-!0(2,03`+##0!:%))=!-,%!3#&!
-),2>(0Z!B0!+2,/0!L#,8!(-8!+#,$%8!-!0(%#,3!0#!-55#&'0!+#,!0(2/!/0,-'>%!
A%(-;2#&,@!<+!(&$-'!A%2'>/!8#'60!.%%*!%9%,52/2'>!0(%2,!)2*/=!(%!
0(#&>(0=!0(%2,!$#&0(/!*,#A-A)3!/%2P%!&*@!B+0%,!-!+%:!$#'0(/6!
5#'/28%,-02#'!-'8!#A/%,;-02#'!(%!-A-'8#'%8!0(2/!0(%#,3!2'!+-;#&,!#+!
-!'%:!#'%@!<+!0(%3!8#'60!.%%*!#'!%9%,52/2'>!0(%2,!)2*/=!(%!0(#&>(0=!0(%2,!
A,-2'/!/0-,0!:#,.2'>@!B+0%,!-!:(2)%!(%!-A-'8#'%8!0(2/!#'%!-/!:%))!-/!
A%2'>!#A/0,&502;%)3!53'25-)!-'8!8%528%8!(%!?&20%!)2.%8!(&$-'!A%2'>/!
-+0%,!-))=!A&0!(%!-):-3/!,%$-2'%8!8%/*%,-0%)3!:#,,2%8!-A#&0!0(%!
0%,,2A)%!'&$A%,!#+!0(2'>/!0(%3!828'60!.'#:!-A#&0@!!
Yi%/=Y!(%!->,%%8!:20(!B,0(&,=!Y'#!)2>(0@Y!4%!(%)*%8!B,0(&,!0#!/#$%!
*%-'&0/@!Y4#:!8#!3#&!+%%)ZY!(%!-/.%8@!!
YT2.%!-!$2)20-,3!-5-8%$3=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!YA20/!#+!$%!.%%*!#'!*-//2'>!
#&0@Y!!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!(2$!A)-'.)3!2'!0(%!8-,.'%//@!!
Y<+!<!-/.%8!3#&!:(%,%!0(%!(%))!:%!:%,%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!:%-.)3=!Y:#&)8!
<!,%>,%0!20ZY!!
L#,8!/0##8!&*@!YI%6,%!/-+%=Y!(%!/-28@!!
YU(!>##8=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YI%6,%!2'!-!/$-))!>-))%3!5-A2'=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y2'!#'%!#+!0(%!/*-5%/(2*/!
#+!0(%!a#>#'!R#'/0,&50#,!L)%%0@Y!!
YB(=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y0(2/!2/!#A;2#&/)3!/#$%!/0,-'>%!&/->%!#+!0(%!:#,8!
/-+%!0(-0!<!:-/'60!*,%;2#&/)3!-:-,%!#+@Y!!
L#,8!/0,&5.!-'#0(%,!$-05(!0#!(%)*!(2$!/%-,5(!+#,!-!)2>(0!/:205(@!
V#'/0,#&/!/(-8#:/!)%-*%8!-'8!)##$%8!->-2'@!B,0(&,!/0,&>>)%8!0#!(2/!
+%%0!-'8!(&>>%8!(2$/%)+!-**,%(%'/2;%)3@!428%#&/!-)2%'!/(-*%/!
/%%$%8!0#!0(,#'>!-A#&0!(2$=!0(%!-2,!:-/!0(25.!:20(!$&/03!/$%))/!
:(25(!/28)%8!2'0#!(2/!)&'>/!:20(#&0!28%'02+32'>!0(%$/%);%/=!-'8!-!)#:!
2,,20-02'>!(&$!.%*0!(2/!A,-2'!+,#$!+#5&/2'>@!!
Y4#:!828!:%!>%0!(%,%ZY!(%!-/.%8=!/(2;%,2'>!/)2>(0)3@!!
YI%!(205(%8!-!)2+0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
YJ95&/%!$%ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!YB,%!3#&!0,32'>!0#!0%))!$%!0(-0!:%!G&/0!
/0&5.!#&0!#&,!0(&$A/!-'8!/#$%!>,%%'!A&>`%3%8!$#'/0%,!/0&5.!(2/!
(%-8!#&0!-'8!/-28=!42!+%))-/=!(#*!,2>(0!2'@!<!5-'!0-.%!3#&!-/!+-,!-/!0(%!
W-/2'>/0#.%!,#&'8-A#&0ZY!!
YI%))=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y0(%!1(&$A6/!-'!%)%50,#'25!/&A`%0(-!/2>'-))2'>!
8%;25%=!0(%!,#&'8-A#&06/!-0!W-,'-,86/!"0-,!/29!)2>(0!3%-,/!-:-3=!A&0!
#0(%,:2/%=!0(-06/!$#,%!#,!)%//!,2>(0@Y!!
YB'8!0(%!A&>`%3%8!$#'/0%,ZY!!
Y</!>,%%'=!3%/@Y!!
YL2'%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y:(%'!5-'!<!>%0!(#$%ZY!!
Yi#&!5-'60=Y!/-28!L#,8!X,%+%50=!-'8!+#&'8!0(%!)2>(0!/:205(@!!
Y"(-8%!3#&,!%3%/@@@Y!(%!/-28=!-'8!0&,'%8!20!#'@!!
J;%'!L#,8!:-/!/&,*,2/%8@!!
Y7##8!>,2%+=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y2/!0(2/!,%-))3!0(%!2'0%,2#,!#+!-!+)32'>!
/-&5%,ZY!!
!
X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P!(%-;%8!(2/!&'*)%-/-'0!>,%%'!A#83!,#&'8!0(%!
5#'0,#)!A,28>%@!4%!-):-3/!+%)0!;->&%)3!2,,20-A)%!-+0%,!8%$#)2/(2'>!
*#*&)-0%8!*)-'%0/@!4%!:2/(%8!0(-0!/#$%#'%!:#&)8!5#$%!-'8!0%))!(2$!
0(-0!20!:-/!-))!:,#'>!/#!0(-0!(%!5#&)8!/(#&0!-0!0(%$!-'8!+%%)!A%00%,@!
4%!+)#**%8!-/!(%-;2)3!-/!(%!5#&)8!#'!0#!(2/!5#'0,#)!/%-0!2'!0(%!(#*%!
0(-0!20!:#&)8!A,%-.!-'8!>2;%!(2$!/#$%0(2'>!0#!A%!>%'&2'%)3!-'>,3!
-A#&0=!A&0!20!#')3!>-;%!-!5#$*)-2'2'>!/#,0!#+!5,%-.@!!
Y7#!-:-3jY!(%!/(#&0%8!-0!-!3#&'>!a#>#'!>&-,8!:(#!%'0%,%8!0(%!
A,28>%!-0!0(-0!$#$%'0@!1(%!>&-,8!;-'2/(%8!2$$%82-0%)3=!+%%)2'>!
,-0(%,!,%)2%;%8@!4%!:-/!>)-8!20!:#&)8'60!'#:!A%!(2$!:(#!8%)2;%,%8!
0(%!,%*#,0!0(%368!G&/0!,%5%2;%8@!1(%!,%*#,0!:-/!-'!#++252-)!,%)%-/%!
:(25(!/-28!0(-0!-!:#'8%,+&)!'%:!+#,$!#+!/*-5%/(2*!8,2;%!:-/!-0!0(2/!
$#$%'0!A%2'>!&';%2)%8!-0!-!>#;%,'$%'0!,%/%-,5(!A-/%!#'!M-$#>,-'!
:(25(!:#&)8!(%'5%+#,0(!$-.%!-))!(3*%,/*-02-)!%9*,%//!,#&0%/!
&''%5%//-,3@!!
B'#0(%,!8##,!/)28!#*%'=!A&0!0(2/!02$%!0(%!a#>#'!5-*0-2'!828'60!
/(#&0!A%5-&/%!20!:-/!0(%!8##,!+,#$!0(%!>-))%3!?&-,0%,/!:(%,%!0(%!
M%'0,-//2/!*,%*-,%8!(2/!$%-)/@!B!$%-)!:#&)8!A%!$#/0!:%)5#$%@!!
B!(&>%!+&,,3!5,%-0&,%!A#&'8%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!8##,!:20(!(2/!)&'5(!
0,-3@!<0!:-/!>,2''2'>!)2.%!-!$-'2-5@!!
X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P!:-/!8%)2>(0%8@!4%!.'%:!0(-0!:(%'!-!
M%'0,-//2!)##.%8!0(-0!*)%-/%8!:20(!20/%)+!0(%,%!:-/!/#$%0(2'>!>#2'>!
#'!/#$%:(%,%!#'!0(%!/(2*!0(-0!(%!5#&)8!>%0!;%,3!-'>,3!2'8%%8!-A#&0@!!
!
L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!/0-,%8!-A#&0!0(%$@!!
YI%))=!:(-0!8#!3#&!0(2'.ZY!/-28!L#,8@!!
Y<06/!-!A20!/?&-)28=!2/'60!20ZY!!
L#,8!+,#:'%8!-0!0(%!>,&AA3!$-00,%//=!&':-/(%8!5&*/!-'8!
&'28%'02+2-A)%!A20/!#+!/$%))3!-)2%'!&'8%,:%-,!0(-0!)-3!-,#&'8!0(%!
5,-$*%8!5-A2'@!!
YI%))=!0(2/!2/!-!:#,.2'>!/(2*=!3#&!/%%=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y1(%/%!-,%!0(%!
M%'0,-//2!/)%%*2'>!?&-,0%,/@Y!!
Y<!0(#&>(0!3#&!/-28!0(%3!:%,%!5-))%8!a#>#'/!#,!/#$%0(2'>@Y!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y0(%!a#>#'/!,&'!0(%!/(2*=!0(%!M%'0,-//2/!-,%!0(%!
5##./=!0(%3!)%0!&/!#'!A#-,8@Y!!
Y<6$!5#'+&/%8=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
Y4%,%=!(-;%!-!)##.!-0!0(2/=Y!/-28!L#,8@!4%!/-0!8#:'!#'!#'%!#+!0(%!
$-00,%//%/!-'8!,&$$->%8!-A#&0!2'!(2/!/-05(%)@!B,0(&,!*,#88%8!0(%!
$-00,%//!'%,;#&/)3!-'8!0(%'!/-0!#'!20!(2$/%)+f!2'!+-50!(%!(-8!;%,3!)200)%!
0#!A%!'%,;#&/!-A#&0=!A%5-&/%!-))!$-00,%//%/!>,#:'!2'!0(%!/:-$*/!#+!
"?&#,'/(%))#&/!h%0-!-,%!;%,3!0(#,#&>()3!.2))%8!-'8!8,2%8!A%+#,%!A%2'>!
*&0!0#!/%,;25%@!a%,3!+%:!(-;%!%;%,!5#$%!0#!)2+%!->-2'@!!
L#,8!(-'8%8!0(%!A##.!0#!B,0(&,@!!
YI(-0!2/!20ZY!-/.%8!B,0(&,@!!
Y1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93@!<06/!-!/#,0!#+!%)%50,#'25!A##.@!
<0!0%))/!3#&!%;%,30(2'>!3#&!'%%8!0#!.'#:!-A#&0!-'30(2'>@!1(-06/!20/!
G#A@Y!!
B,0(&,!0&,'%8!20!#;%,!'%,;#&/)3!2'!(2/!(-'8/@!!
Y<!)2.%!0(%!5#;%,=Y!(%!/-28@!YM#'60!X-'25@!<06/!0(%!+2,/0!(%)*+&)!#,!
2'0%))2>2A)%!0(2'>!-'3A#836/!/-28!0#!$%!-))!8-3@Y!!
Y<6))!/(#:!3#&!(#:!20!:#,./=Y!/-28!L#,8@!4%!/'-05(%8!20!+,#$!B,0(&,!
:(#!:-/!/02))!(#)82'>!20!-/!2+!20!:-/!-!0:#`:%%.`8%-8!)-,.!-'8!*&))%8!20!
#&0!#+!20/!5#;%,@!!
Yi#&!*,%//!0(2/!A&00#'!(%,%!3#&!/%%!-'8!0(%!/5,%%'!)2>(0/!&*!>2;2'>!
3#&!0(%!2'8%9@Y!!
B!/5,%%'=!-A#&0!0(,%%!2'5(%/!A3!+#&,=!)20!&*!-'8!5(-,-50%,/!A%>-'!0#!
+)25.%,!-5,#//!0(%!/&,+-5%@!!
Yi#&!:-'0!0#!.'#:!-A#&0!a#>#'/=!/#!<!%'0%,!0(-0!'-$%!/#@Y!42/!
+2'>%,/!0-**%8!/#$%!$#,%!.%3/@!YB'8!0(%,%!:%!-,%@Y!!
1(%!:#,8/!a#>#'!R#'/0,&50#,!L)%%0/!+)-,%8!2'!>,%%'!-5,#//!0(%!
/5,%%'@!!
L#,8!*,%//%8!-!)-,>%!,%8!A&00#'!-0!0(%!A#00#$!#+!0(%!/5,%%'!-'8!
:#,8/!A%>-'!0#!&'8&)-0%!-5,#//!20@!B0!0(%!/-$%!02$%=!0(%!A##.!A%>-'!
0#!/*%-.!0(%!%'0,3!-/!:%))!2'!-!/02))!?&2%0!$%-/&,%8!;#25%@!1(2/!2/!:(-0!
0(%!A##.!/-28@!!
Ya#>#'!R#'/0,&50#,!L)%%0/@!4%,%!2/!:(-0!0#!8#!2+!3#&!:-'0!0#!>%0!-!
)2+0!+,#$!-!a#>#'f!+#,>%0!20@!1(%3!-,%!#'%!#+!0(%!$#/0!&'*)%-/-'0!,-5%/!
2'!0(%!7-)-93!ʹ!'#0!-50&-))3!%;2)=!A&0!A-8!0%$*%,%8=!A&,%-&5,-025=!
#++252#&/!-'8!5-))#&/@!1(%3!:#&)8'60!%;%'!)2+0!-!+2'>%,!0#!/-;%!0(%2,!
#:'!>,-'8$#0(%,/!+,#$!0(%![-;%'#&/!W&>A)-00%,!W%-/0!#+!1,--)!
:20(#&0!#,8%,/!/2>'%8!2'!0,2*)25-0%=!/%'0!2'=!/%'0!A-5.=!?&%,2%8=!)#/0=!
+#&'8=!/&AG%50%8!0#!*&A)25!2'?&2,3=!)#/0!->-2'=!-'8!+2'-))3!A&,2%8!2'!/#+0!
*%-0!-'8!,%535)%8!-/!+2,%)2>(0%,/@Y!!
Y1(%!A%/0!:-3!0#!>%0!-!8,2'.!#&0!#+!-!a#>#'!2/!0#!/025.!3#&,!+2'>%,!
8#:'!(2/!0(,#-0=!-'8!0(%!A%/0!:-3!0#!2,,20-0%!(2$!2/!0#!+%%8!(2/!
>,-'8$#0(%,!0#!0(%![-;%'#&/!W&>A)-00%,!W%-/0!#+!1,--)@Y!!
YU'!'#!-55#&'0!-))#:!-!a#>#'!0#!,%-8!*#%0,3!-0!3#&@Y!!
B,0(&,!A)2'.%8!-0!20@!!
YI(-0!-!/0,-'>%!A##.@!4#:!828!:%!>%0!-!)2+0!0(%'ZY!!
Y1(-06/!0(%!*#2'0=!206/!#&0!#+!8-0%!'#:=Y!/-28!L#,8=!/)282'>!0(%!A##.!
A-5.!2'0#!20/!5#;%,@!Y<6$!8#2'>!0(%!+2%)8!,%/%-,5(!+#,!0(%!F%:![%;2/%8!
J8202#'=!-'8!#'%!#+!0(%!0(2'>/!<6))!(-;%!0#!2'5)&8%!2/!-!A20!-A#&0!(#:!
0(%!a#>#'/!'#:!%$*)#3!M%'0,-//2!5##./!:(25(!>2;%/!&/!-!,-0(%,!
&/%+&)!)200)%!)##*(#)%@Y!!
B!*-2'%8!%9*,%//2#'!5,#//%8!B,0(&,6/!+-5%@!YW&0!:(#!-,%!0(%!
M%'0,-//2ZY!(%!/-28@!!
Y7,%-0!>&3/=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y1(%36,%!0(%!A%/0!5##./!-'8!0(%!A%/0!8,2'.!
$29%,/!-'8!0(%3!8#'60!>2;%!-!:%0!/)-*!-A#&0!-'30(2'>!%)/%@!B'8!0(%36))!
-):-3/!(%)*!(205((2.%,/!-A#-,8=!*-,0)3!A%5-&/%!0(%3!)2.%!0(%!5#$*-'3=!
A&0!$#/0)3!A%5-&/%!20!-''#3/!0(%!a#>#'/@!I(25(!2/!%9-50)3!0(%!/#,0!#+!
0(2'>!3#&!'%%8!0#!.'#:!2+!3#&6,%!-'!2$*#;%,2/(%8!(205(!(2.%,!0,32'>!0#!
/%%!0(%!$-,;%)/!#+!0(%!S'2;%,/%!+#,!)%//!0(-'!0(2,03!B)0-2,-'!M#))-,/!-!
8-3@!B'8!0(-06/!$3!G#A@!L&'=!2/'60!20ZY!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!)#/0@!!
Y<06/!-$-P2'>=Y!(%!/-28!-'8!+,#:'%8!-0!#'%!#+!0(%!#0(%,!$-00,%//%/@!!
YS'+#,0&'-0%)3!<!>#0!/0&5.!#'!0(%!J-,0(!+#,!,-0(%,!)#'>%,!0(-'!<!
2'0%'8%8=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y<!5-$%!+#,!-!:%%.!-'8!>#0!/0&5.!+#,!+2+0%%'!
3%-,/@Y!!
YW&0!(#:!828!3#&!>%0!0(%,%!2'!0(%!+2,/0!*)-5%!0(%'ZY!!
YJ-/3=!<!>#0!-!)2+0!:20(!-!0%-/%,@Y!!
YB!0%-/%,ZY!!
Yi%-(@Y!!
YJ,=!:(-0!2/@@@Y!!
YB!0%-/%,Z!1%-/%,/!-,%!&/&-))3!,25(!.28/!:20(!'#0(2'>!0#!8#@!1(%3!
5,&2/%!-,#&'8!)##.2'>!+#,!*)-'%0/!:(25(!(-;%'60!$-8%!2'0%,/0%))-,!
5#'0-50!3%0!-'8!A&PP!0(%$@Y!!
YW&PP!0(%$ZY!B,0(&,!A%>-'!0#!+%%)!0(-0!L#,8!:-/!%'G#32'>!$-.2'>!
)2+%!82++25&)0!+#,!(2$@!!
Yi%-(Y=!/-28!L#,8=!Y0(%3!A&PP!0(%$@!1(%3!+2'8!/#$%!2/#)-0%8!/*#0!
:20(!;%,3!+%:!*%#*)%!-,#&'8=!0(%'!)-'8!,2>(0!A3!/#$%!*##,!/#&)!
:(#$!'#!#'%6/!%;%,!>#2'>!0#!A%)2%;%!-'8!0(%'!/0,&0!&*!-'8!8#:'!2'!
+,#'0!#+!(2$!:%-,2'>!/2))3!-'0%''-%!#'!0(%2,!(%-8/!-'8!$-.2'>!A%%*!
A%%*!'#2/%/@![-0(%,!5(2)82/(!,%-))3@Y!L#,8!)%-'0!A-5.!#'!0(%!$-00,%//!
:20(!(2/!(-'8/!A%(2'8!(2/!(%-8!-'8!)##.%8!2'+&,2-02'>)3!*)%-/%8!:20(!
(2$/%)+@!!
YL#,8=Y!2'/2/0%8!B,0(&,=!Y<!8#'60!.'#:!2+!0(2/!/#&'8/!)2.%!-!/2))3!
?&%/02#'=!A&0!:(-0!-$!<!8#2'>!(%,%ZY!!
YI%))!3#&!.'#:!0(-0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y<!,%/5&%8!3#&!+,#$!0(%!J-,0(@Y!!
YB'8!:(-06/!(-**%'%8!0#!0(%!J-,0(ZY!!
YB(@!<06/!A%%'!8%$#)2/(%8@Y!!
Y4-/!20=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!)%;%))3@!!
Yi%/@!<0!G&/0!A#2)%8!-:-3!2'0#!/*-5%@Y!!
YT##.=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y<6$!-!A20!&*/%0!-A#&0!0(-0@Y!!
L#,8!+,#:'%8!0#!(2$/%)+!-'8!/%%$%8!0#!,#))!0(%!0(#&>(0!-,#&'8!(2/!
$2'8@!!
Yi%/=!<!5-'!&'8%,/0-'8!0(-0=Y!(%!/-28!-0!)-/0@!!
YS'8%,/0-'8!0(-0jY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!YS'8%,/0-'8!0(-0jY!!
L#,8!/*,-'>!&*@!!
YK%%*!)##.2'>!-0!0(%!A##.jY!(%!(2//%8!&,>%'0)3@!!
YI(-0ZY!!
YM#'60!X-'25@Y!!
Y<6$!'#0!*-'25.2'>jY!!
Yi%/!3#&!-,%@Y!!
YB),2>(0!/#!<6$!*-'25.2'>=!:(-0!%)/%!2/!0(%,%!0#!8#ZY!!
Yi#&!G&/0!5#$%!-)#'>!:20(!$%!-'8!(-;%!-!>##8!02$%@!1(%!7-)-936/!-!
+&'!*)-5%@!i#&6))!'%%8!0#!(-;%!0(2/!+2/(!2'!3#&,!%-,@Y!!
Y<!A%>!3#&,!*-,8#'ZY!-/.%8!B,0(&,=!,-0(%,!*#)20%)3!(%!0(#&>(0@!!
L#,8!:-/!(#)82'>!&*!-!/$-))!>)-//!G-,!:(25(!?&20%!5)%-,)3!(-8!-!/$-))!
3%))#:!+2/(!:,2>>)2'>!-,#&'8!2'!20@!B,0(&,!A)2'.%8!-0!(2$@!4%!:2/(%8!
0(%,%!:-/!/#$%0(2'>!/2$*)%!-'8!,%5#>'2P-A)%!(%!5#&)8!>,-/*!(#)8!#+@!
4%!:#&)8!(-;%!+%)0!/-+%!2+!-)#'>/28%!0(%!M%'0,-//2!&'8%,:%-,=!0(%!
*2)%/!#+!"?&#,'/(%))#&/!$-00,%//%/!-'8!0(%!$-'!+,#$!W%0%)>%&/%!
(#)82'>!&*!-!/$-))!3%))#:!+2/(!-'8!#++%,2'>!0#!*&0!20!2'!(2/!%-,!(%!(-8!
A%%'!-A)%!0#!/%%!G&/0!-!/$-))!*-5.%0!#+!5#,'!+)-.%/@!4%!5#&)8'60=!-'8!(%!
828'60!+%%)!/-+%@!!
"&88%')3!-!;2#)%'0!'#2/%!)%-*0!-0!0(%$!+,#$!'#!/#&,5%!0(-0!(%!
5#&)8!28%'02+3@!4%!>-/*%8!2'!0%,,#,!-0!:(-0!/#&'8%8!)2.%!-!$-'!0,32'>!
0#!>-,>)%!:(2)/0!+2>(02'>!#++!-!*-5.!#+!:#);%/@!!
Y"(&/(jY!/-28!L#,8@!YT2/0%'=!20!$2>(0!A%!2$*#,0-'0@Y!!
Y<$@@@!2$*#,0-'0ZY!!
Y<06/!0(%!a#>#'!5-*0-2'!$-.2'>!-'!-''#&'5%$%'0!#'!0(%!16-''#3@Y!!
Yi#&!$%-'!0(-06/!(#:!0(%!a#>#'/!0-).ZY!!
YT2/0%'jY!!
YW&0!<!5-'60!/*%-.!a#>#'jY!!
Yi#&!8#'60!'%%8!0#@!d&/0!*&0!0(-0!+2/(!2'!3#&,!%-,@Y!!
L#,8=!:20(!-!)2>(0'2'>!$#;%$%'0=!5)-**%8!(2/!(-'8!0#!B,0(&,6/!%-,=!
-'8!(%!(-8!0(%!/&88%'!/25.%'2'>!/%'/-02#'!#+!0(%!+2/(!/)20(%,2'>!8%%*!
2'0#!(2/!-&,-)!0,-50@!7-/*2'>!:20(!(#,,#,!(%!/5,-AA)%8!-0!(2/!%-,!+#,!-!
/%5#'8!#,!/#=!A&0!0(%'!/)#:)3!0&,'%8!>#>>)%`%3%8!:20(!:#'8%,@!4%!
:-/!%9*%,2%'52'>!0(%!-&,-)!%?&2;-)%'0!#+!)##.2'>!-0!-!*250&,%!#+!0:#!
A)-5.!/2)(#&%00%8!+-5%/!-'8!/&88%')3!/%%2'>!20!-/!-!*250&,%!#+!-!:(20%!
5-'8)%/025.@!U,!#+!)##.2'>!-0!-!)#0!#+!5#)#&,%8!8#0/!#'!-!*2%5%!#+!*-*%,!
:(25(!/&88%')3!,%/#);%!0(%$/%);%/!2'0#!0(%!+2>&,%!/29!-'8!$%-'!0(-0!
3#&,!#*0252-'!2/!>#2'>!0#!5(-,>%!3#&!-!)#0!#+!$#'%3!+#,!-!'%:!*-2,!#+!
>)-//%/@!!
4%!:-/!/02))!)2/0%'2'>!0#!0(%!(#:)2'>!>-,>)%/=!(%!.'%:!0(-0=!#')3!
'#:!20!(-8!0-.%'!#'!0(%!/%$A)-'5%!#+!*%,+%50)3!/0,-2>(0+#,:-,8!
J'>)2/(@!!
1(2/!2/!:(-0!(%!(%-,8@@@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$6$$
!
Y4#:)!(#:)!>-,>)%!(#:)!>-,>)%!(#:)!(#:)!(#:)!>-,>)%!(#:)!>-,>)%!
(#:)!(#:)!>-,>)%!>-,>)%!(#:)!>-,>)%!>-,>)%!>-,>)%!(#:)!/)&,,*!&&&&,>(!
/(#&)8!(-;%!-!>##8!02$%@!V%//->%!,%*%-0/@!1(2/!2/!3#&,!5-*0-2'!
/*%-.2'>=!/#!/0#*!:(-0%;%,!3#&6,%!8#2'>!-'8!*-3!-00%'02#'@!L2,/0!#+!-))!
<!/%%!+,#$!#&,!2'/0,&$%'0/!0(-0!:%!(-;%!-!5#&*)%!#+!(205((2.%,/!
-A#-,8@!4%))#!:(%,%;%,!3#&!-,%@!<!G&/0!:-'0!0#!$-.%!20!0#0-))3!5)%-,!
0(-0!3#&!-,%!'#0!-0!-))!:%)5#$%@!<!:#,.%8!(-,8!0#!>%0!:(%,%!<!-$!
0#8-3=!-'8!<!828'60!A%5#$%!5-*0-2'!#+!-!a#>#'!5#'/0,&50#,!/(2*!/2$*)3!
/#!<!5#&)8!0&,'!20!2'0#!-!0-92!/%,;25%!+#,!-!)#-8!#+!8%>%'%,-0%!
+,%%)#-8%,/@!<!(-;%!/%'0!#&0!-!/%-,5(!*-,03=!-'8!-/!/##'!0(-0!0(%3!+2'8!
3#&!<!:2))!*&0!3#&!#++!0(%!/(2*@!<+!3#&6,%!;%,3!)&5.3!<!$2>(0!,%-8!3#&!
/#$%!#+!$3!*#%0,3!+2,/0@Y!!
Y"%5#'8)3=!:%!-,%!-A#&0!0#!G&$*!2'0#!(3*%,/*-5%!+#,!0(%!G#&,'%3!0#!
W-,'-,86/!"0-,@!U'!-,,2;-)!:%!:2))!/0-3!2'!8#5.!+#,!-!/%;%'03`0:#!(#&,!
,%+20=!-'8!'#!#'%6/!0#!)%-;%!0(%!/(2*!8&,2'>!0(-0!02$%@!<!,%*%-0=!-))!
*)-'%0!)%-;%!2/!5-'5%))%8@!<6;%!G&/0!(-8!-'!&'(-**3!)#;%!-++-2,=!/#!<!
8#'60!/%%!:(3!-'3A#83!%)/%!/(#&)8!(-;%!-!>##8!02$%@!V%//->%!%'8/@Y!!
1(%!'#2/%!/0#**%8@!!
B,0(&,!82/5#;%,%8!0#!(2/!%$A-,,-//$%'0!0(-0!(%!:-/!)32'>!5&,)%8!
&*!2'!-!/$-))!A-))!#'!0(%!+)##,!:20(!(2/!-,$/!:,-**%8!,#&'8!(2/!(%-8@!
4%!/$2)%8!:%-.)3@!!
YR(-,$2'>!$-'=Y!(%!/-28@!Y<!:2/(!<!(-8!-!8-&>(0%,!/#!<!5#&)8!+#,A28!
(%,!0#!$-,,3!#'%@@@Y!!
Yi#&!:#&)8'60!'%%8!0#=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y1(%36;%!>#0!-/!$&5(!/%9!-**%-)!
-/!-!,#-8!-5528%'0@!F#=!8#'60!$#;%=Y!(%!-88%8!-/!B,0(&,!A%>-'!0#!
&'5&,)!(2$/%)+=!Y3#&68!A%00%,!A%!*,%*-,%8!+#,!0(%!G&$*!2'0#!
(3*%,/*-5%@!<06/!&'*)%-/-'0)3!)2.%!A%2'>!8,&'.@Y!!
YI(-06/!/#!&'*)%-/-'0!-A#&0!A%2'>!8,&'.ZY!!
Yi#&!-/.!-!>)-//!#+!:-0%,@Y!!
B,0(&,!0(#&>(0!-A#&0!0(2/@!!
YL#,8=Y!(%!/-28@!!
Yi%-(ZY!!
YI(-06/!0(2/!+2/(!8#2'>!2'!$3!%-,ZY!!
Y<06/!0,-'/)-02'>!+#,!3#&@!<06/!-!W-A%)!+2/(@!T##.!20!&*!2'!0(%!A##.!2+!
3#&!)2.%@Y!!
4%!0#//%8!#;%,!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!-'8!0(%'!
5&,)%8!(2$/%)+!&*!2'0#!-!+#%0-)!A-))!0#!*,%*-,%!(2$/%)+!+#,!0(%!G&$*@!!
B0!0(-0!$#$%'0!0(%!A#00#$!+%))!#&0!#+!B,0(&,6/!$2'8@!!
42/!%3%/!0&,'%8!2'/28%!#&0@!42/!+%%0!A%>-'!0#!)%-.!#&0!#+!0(%!0#*!#+!
(2/!(%-8@!!
1(%!,##$!+#)8%8!+)-0!-A#&0!(2$=!/*&'!-,#&'8=!/(2+0%8!#&0!#+!
%92/0%'5%!-'8!)%+0!(2$!/)282'>!2'0#!(2/!#:'!'-;%)@!!
1(%3!:%,%!*-//2'>!0(,#&>(!(3*%,/*-5%@!!
Y1(%!W-A%)!+2/(=Y!/-28!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!?&2%0)3=!
Y2/!/$-))=!3%))#:!-'8!)%%5(`)2.%=!-'8!*,#A-A)3!0(%!#88%/0!0(2'>!2'!0(%!
S'2;%,/%@!<0!+%%8/!#'!A,-2':-;%!%'%,>3!'#0!+,#$!20/!5-,,2%,!A&0!+,#$!
0(#/%!-,#&'8!20@!<0!-A/#,A/!-))!&'5#'/52#&/!$%'0-)!+,%?&%'52%/!+,#$!
0(2/!A,-2':-;%!%'%,>3!0#!'#&,2/(!20/%)+!:20(@!<0!0(%'!%95,%0%/!2'0#!0(%!
$2'8!#+!20/!5-,,2%,!-!0%)%*-0(25!$-0,29!+#,$%8!A3!5#$A2'2'>!0(%!
5#'/52#&/!0(#&>(0!+,%?&%'52%/!:20(!'%,;%!/2>'-)/!*25.%8!&*!+,#$!0(%!
/*%%5(!5%'0,%/!#+!0(%!A,-2'!:(25(!(-/!/&**)2%8!0(%$@!1(%!*,-5025-)!
&*/(#0!#+!-))!0(2/!2/!0(-0!2+!3#&!/025.!-!W-A%)!+2/(!2'!3#&,!%-,!3#&!5-'!
2'/0-'0)3!&'8%,/0-'8!-'30(2'>!/-28!0#!3#&!2'!-'3!+#,$!#+!)-'>&->%@!
1(%!/*%%5(!*-00%,'/!3#&!-50&-))3!(%-,!8%5#8%!0(%!A,-2':-;%!$-0,29!
:(25(!(-/!A%%'!+%8!2'0#!3#&,!$2'8!A3!3#&,!W-A%)!+2/(@Y!!
YF#:!20!2/!/&5(!-!A2P-,,%)3!2$*,#A-A)%!5#2'528%'5%!0(-0!-'30(2'>!/#!
$2'8A#>>2'>)3!&/%+&)!5#&)8!(-;%!%;#);%8!*&,%)3!A3!5(-'5%!0(-0!/#$%!
0(2'.%,/!(-;%!5(#/%'!0#!/%%!20!-/!0(%!+2'-)!-'8!5)2'5(2'>!*,##+!#+!0(%!
'#'`%92/0%'5%!#+!7#8@Y!!
Y1(%!-,>&$%'0!>#%/!/#$%0(2'>!)2.%!0(2/f!6<!,%+&/%!0#!*,#;%!0(-0!<!
%92/0=6!/-3/!7#8=!6+#,!*,##+!8%'2%/!+-20(=!-'8!:20(#&0!+-20(!<!-$!
'#0(2'>@6Y!!
Y6W&0=6!/-3/!V-'=!61(%!W-A%)!+2/(!2/!-!8%-8!>2;%-:-3=!2/'60!20Z!<0!5#&)8!
'#0!(-;%!%;#);%8!A3!5(-'5%@!<0!*,#;%/!3#&!%92/0=!-'8!/#!0(%,%+#,%=!A3!
3#&,!#:'!-,>&$%'0/=!3#&!8#'60@!kJM@6Y!!
Y6U(!8%-,=6!/-3/!7#8=!6<!(-8'60!0(#&>(0!#+!0(-0=6!-'8!*,#$*0)3!
;-'2/(%8!2'!-!*&++!#+!)#>25@Y!!
Y6U(=!0(-0!:-/!%-/3=6!/-3/!V-'=!-'8!+#,!-'!%'5#,%!>#%/!#'!0#!*,#;%!
0(-0!A)-5.!2/!:(20%!-'8!>%0/!(2$/%)+!.2))%8!#'!0(%!'%90!P%A,-!5,#//2'>@Y!!
YV#/0!)%-82'>!0(%#)#>2-'/!5)-2$!0(-0!0(2/!-,>&$%'0!2/!-!)#-8!#+!
82'>#6/!.28'%3/=!A&0!0(-0!828'60!/0#*!U#)#'!R#))&*(28!$-.2'>!-!/$-))!
+#,0&'%!:(%'!(%!&/%8!20!-/!0(%!5%'0,-)!0(%$%!#+!(2/!A%/0`/%))2'>!A##.!
I%))!1(-0!BA#&0!I,-*/!<0!S*!L#,!7#8@Y!!
YV%-':(2)%=!0(%!*##,!W-A%)!+2/(=!A3!%++%502;%)3!,%$#;2'>!-))!
A-,,2%,/!0#!5#$$&'25-02#'!A%0:%%'!82++%,%'0!,-5%/!-'8!5&)0&,%/=!(-/!
5-&/%8!$#,%!-'8!A)#882%,!:-,/!0(-'!-'30(2'>!%)/%!2'!0(%!(2/0#,3!#+!
5,%-02#'@Y!!
B,0(&,!)%0!#&0!-!)#:!>,#-'@!4%!:-/!(#,,2+2%8!0#!82/5#;%,!0(-0!0(%!
.25.!0(,#&>(!(3*%,/*-5%!(-8'60!.2))%8!(2$@!4%!:-/!'#:!/29!)2>(0!3%-,/!
+,#$!0(%!*)-5%!0(-0!0(%!J-,0(!:#&)8!(-;%!A%%'!2+!20!/02))!%92/0%8@!!
1(%!J-,0(@!!
a2/2#'/!#+!20!/:-$!/25.%'2'>)3!0(,#&>(!(2/!'-&/%-0%8!$2'8@!1(%,%!
:-/!'#!:-3!(2/!2$->2'-02#'!5#&)8!+%%)!0(%!2$*-50!#+!0(%!:(#)%!J-,0(!
(-;2'>!>#'%=!20!:-/!0##!A2>@!4%!*,#88%8!(2/!+%%)2'>/!A3!0(2'.2'>!0(-0!
(2/!*-,%'0/!-'8!(2/!/2/0%,!(-8!>#'%@!F#!,%-502#'@!4%!0(#&>(0!#+!-))!0(%!
*%#*)%!(%!(-8!A%%'!5)#/%!0#@!F#!,%-502#'@!1(%'!(%!0(#&>(0!#+!-!
5#$*)%0%!/0,-'>%,!(%!(-8!A%%'!/0-'82'>!A%(2'8!2'!0(%!?&%&%!-0!0(%!
/&*%,$-,.%0!A%+#,%!-'8!+%)0!-!/&88%'!/0-A!ʹ!0(%!/&*%,$-,.%0!:-/!
>#'%=!%;%,30(2'>!2'!20!:-/!>#'%@!F%)/#'6/!R#)&$'!(-8!>#'%j!F%)/#'6/!
R#)&$'!(-8!>#'%!-'8!0(%,%!:#&)8!A%!'#!#&05,3=!A%5-&/%!0(%,%!:-/!
'#!#'%!)%+0!0#!$-.%!-'!#&05,3@!L,#$!'#:!#'!F%)/#'6/!R#)&$'!#')3!
%92/0%8!2'!(2/!$2'8@!J'>)-'8!#')3!%92/0%8!2'!(2/!$2'8!ʹ!(2/!$2'8=!/0&5.!
(%,%!2'!0(2/!8-'.!/$%))3!/0%%)`)2'%8!/*-5%/(2*@!B!:-;%!#+!
5)-&/0,#*(#A2-!5)#/%8!2'!#'!(2$@!!
J'>)-'8!'#!)#'>%,!%92/0%8@!4%68!>#0!0(-0!ʹ!/#$%(#:!(%68!>#0!20@!4%!
0,2%8!->-2'@!B$%,25-=!(%!0(#&>(0=!(-/!>#'%@!4%!5#&)8'60!>,-/*!20@!4%!
8%528%8!0#!/0-,0!/$-))%,!->-2'@!F%:!i#,.!(-/!>#'%@!F#!,%-502#'@!4%68!
'%;%,!/%,2#&/)3!A%)2%;%8!20!%92/0%8!-'3:-3@!1(%!8#))-,=!(%!0(#&>(0=!
(-8!/&'.!+#,!%;%,@!")2>(0!0,%$#,!0(%,%@!J;%,3!W#>-,0!$#;2%!(-/!A%%'!
:2*%8=!(%!/-28!0#!(2$/%)+=!-'8!0(-0!>-;%!(2$!-!'-/03!.'#5.@!
V5M#'-)8/=!(%!0(#&>(0@!1(%,%!2/!'#!)#'>%,!-'3!/&5(!0(2'>!-/!-!
V5M#'-)86/!(-$A&,>%,@!!
4%!*-//%8!#&0@!I(%'!(%!5-$%!,#&'8!-!/%5#'8!)-0%,!(%!+#&'8!(%!
:-/!/#AA2'>!+#,!(2/!$#0(%,@!!
4%!G%,.%8!(2$/%)+!;2#)%'0)3!0#!(2/!+%%0@!!
YL#,8jY!!
L#,8!)##.%8!&*!+,#$!:(%,%!(%!:-/!/2002'>!2'!-!5#,'%,!(&$$2'>!0#!
(2$/%)+@!4%!-):-3/!+#&'8!0(%!-50&-)!0,-;%))2'>`0(,#&>(`/*-5%!*-,0!#+!
/*-5%!0,-;%)!,-0(%,!0,32'>@!!
Yi%-(ZY!(%!/-28@!!
Y<+!3#&6,%!-!,%/%-,5(%,!#'!0(2/!A##.!0(2'>!-'8!3#&!:%,%!#'!J-,0(=!
3#&!$&/0!(-;%!A%%'!>-0(%,2'>!$-0%,2-)!#'!20@Y!!
YI%))=!<!:-/!-A)%!0#!%90%'8!0(%!#,2>2'-)!%'0,3!-!A20=!3%/@Y!!
YT%0!$%!/%%!:(-0!20!/-3/!2'!0(2/!%8202#'!0(%'=!<6;%!>#0!0#!/%%!20@Y!!
Yi%-(!UK@Y!4%!*-//%8!20!#;%,!->-2'@!!
B,0(&,!>,-AA%8!(#)8!#+!20!-'8!0,2%8!0#!/0#*!(2/!(-'8/!/(-.2'>@!4%!
*,%//%8!0(%!%'0,3!+#,!0(%!,%)%;-'0!*->%@!1(%!/5,%%'!+)-/(%8!-'8!
/:2,)%8!-'8!,%/#);%8!2'0#!-!*->%!#+!*,2'0@!B,0(&,!/0-,%8!-0!20@!!
Y<0!8#%/'60!(-;%!-'!%'0,3jY!(%!A&,/0!#&0@!!
L#,8!)##.%8!#;%,!(2/!/(#&)8%,@!!
Yi%/!20!8#%/=Y!(%!/-28=!Y8#:'!0(%,%=!/%%!-0!0(%!A#00#$!#+!0(%!/5,%%'=!
G&/0!&'8%,!J55%'0,25-!7-))&$A20/=!0(%!0,2*)%`A,%-/0%8!:(#,%!#+!
J,#025#'!b@Y!!
B,0(&,!+#))#:%8!L#,86/!+2'>%,=!-'8!/-:!:(%,%!20!:-/!*#2'02'>@!L#,!-!
$#$%'0!20!/02))!828'60!,%>2/0%,=!0(%'!(2/!$2'8!'%-,)3!A)%:!&*@!!
YI(-0Z!4-,$)%//Z!</!0(-0!-))!206/!>#0!0#!/-3Z!4-,$)%//j!U'%!:#,8jY!!
L#,8!/(,&>>%8@!!
YI%))=!0(%,%!-,%!-!(&'8,%8!A2))2#'!/0-,/!2'!0(%!7-)-93=!-'8!#')3!-!
)2$20%8!-$#&'0!#+!/*-5%!2'!0(%!A##.6/!$25,#*,#5%//#,/=Y!(%!/-28=!Y-'8!
'#!#'%!.'%:!$&5(!-A#&0!0(%!J-,0(!#+!5#&,/%@Y!!
YI%))!+#,!7#86/!/-.%!<!(#*%!3#&!$-'->%8!0#!,%502+3!0(-0!-!A20@Y!!
YU(!3%/=!:%))!<!$-'->%8!0#!0,-'/$20!-!'%:!%'0,3!#++!0#!0(%!%820#,@!
4%!(-8!0#!0,2$!20!-!A20=!A&0!206/!/02))!-'!2$*,#;%$%'0@Y!!
YB'8!:(-0!8#%/!20!/-3!'#:ZY!-/.%8!B,0(&,@!!
YV#/0)3!(-,$)%//=Y!-8$200%8!L#,8!:20(!-!/)2>(0)3!%$A-,,-//%8!
5#&>(@!!
YV#/0)3!(-,$)%//jY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!!
YI(-0!:-/!0(-0!'#2/%ZY!(2//%8!L#,8@!!
Y<0!:-/!$%!/(#&02'>=Y!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!!
YF#j!"(&0!&*jY!/-28!L#,8@!<!0(2'.!:%6,%!2'!0,#&A)%@Y!!
Yi#&!0(2'.!:%6,%!2'!0,#&A)%jY!!
U&0/28%!0(%!8##,!:%,%!0(%!/#&'8/!#+!$-,5(2'>!+%%0@!!
Y1(%!M%'0,-//2ZY!:(2/*%,%8!B,0(&,@!!
YF#=!0(#/%!-,%!/0%%)!02**%8!A##0/=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
1(%,%!:-/!-!/(-,*!,2'>2'>!,-*!#'!0(%!8##,@!!
Y1(%'!:(#!2/!20ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YI%))=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y2+!:%6,%!)&5.3!206/!G&/0!0(%!a#>#'/!5#$%!0#!0(,#:!
&/!2'!0#!/*-5%@Y!!
YB'8!2+!:%6,%!&')&5.3ZY!!
Y<+!:%6,%!&')&5.3=Y!/-28!L#,8!>,2$)3=!Y0(%!5-*0-2'!$2>(0!A%!/%,2#&/!
2'!(2/!0(,%-0!0(-0!(%6/!>#2'>!0#!,%-8!&/!/#$%!#+!(2/!*#%0,3!+2,/0@@@Y!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$7$$
!
a#>#'!*#%0,3!2/!#+!5#&,/%!0(%!0(2,8!:#,/0!2'!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!!
1(%!/%5#'8!:#,/0!2/!0(-0!#+!0(%!BP->#0(/!#+!K,2-@!M&,2'>!-!,%520-02#'!
A3!0(%2,!X#%0!V-/0%,!7,&'0(#/!0(%!L)-0&)%'0!#+!(2/!*#%$!YU8%!1#!B!
"$-))!T&$*!#+!7,%%'!X&003!<!L#&'8!<'!V3!B,$*20!U'%!V28/&$$%,!
V#,'2'>Y!+#&,!#+!(2/!-&82%'5%!82%8!#+!2'0%,'-)!(-%$#,,(->2'>=!-'8!
0(%!X,%/28%'0!#+!0(%!V28`7-)-5025!B,0/!F#AA)2'>!R#&'52)!/&,;2;%8!A3!
>'-:2'>!#'%!#+!(2/!#:'!)%>/!#++@!7,&'0(#/!2/!,%*#,0%8!0#!(-;%!A%%'!
Y82/-**#2'0%8Y!A3!0(%!*#%$6/!,%5%*02#'=!-'8!:-/!-A#&0!0#!%$A-,.!#'!
-!,%-82'>!#+!(2/!0:%);%`A##.!%*25!%'020)%8!V3!L-;#&,20%!W-0(02$%!
7&,>)%/!:(%'!(2/!#:'!$-G#,!2'0%/02'%=!2'!-!8%/*%,-0%!-00%$*0!0#!/-;%!
)2+%!-'8!52;2)2P-02#'=!)%-*0!/0,-2>(0!&*!0(,#&>(!(2/!'%5.!-'8!0(,#00)%8!
(2/!A,-2'@!!
1(%!;%,3!:#,/0!*#%0,3!#+!-))!*%,2/(%8!-)#'>!:20(!20/!5,%-0#,!X-&)-!
F-'53!V2))/0#'%!d%''2'>/!#+!7,%%'A,28>%=!J//%9=!J'>)-'8!2'!0(%!
8%/0,&502#'!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!J-,0(@!!
!
X,#/0%0'25!a#>#'!d%)0P!/$2)%8!;%,3!/)#:)3@!1(2/!:-/!8#'%!'#0!/#!
$&5(!+#,!%++%50!-/!A%5-&/%!(%!:-/!0,32'>!0#!,%$%$A%,!0(%!/%?&%'5%!
#+!$&/5)%!$#;%$%'0/@!4%!(-8!(-8!-!0%,,2A)3!0(%,-*%&025!3%))!-0!(2/!
*,2/#'%,/!-'8!:-/!'#:!+%%)2'>!?&20%!,%)-9%8!-'8!,%-83!+#,!-!)200)%!
5-))#&/'%//@!!
1(%!*,2/#'%,/!/-0!2'!X#%0,3!B**,%52-02#'!R(-2,/!ʹ!/0,-**%8!2'@!
a#>#'/!/&++%,%8!'#!2))&/2#'/!-/!0#!0(%!,%>-,8!0(%2,!:#,./!:%,%!
>%'%,-))3!(%)8!2'@!1(%2,!%-,)3!-00%$*0/!-0!5#$*#/202#'!(-8!A%%'!*-,0!
#+!A)&8>%#'2'>!2'/2/0%'5%!0(-0!0(%3!A%!-55%*0%8!-/!-!*,#*%,)3!%;#);%8!
-'8!5&)0&,%8!,-5%=!A&0!'#:!0(%!#')3!0(2'>!0(-0!.%*0!0(%$!>#2'>!:-/!
/(%%,!A)##83$2'8%8'%//@!!
1(%!/:%-0!/0##8!#&0!5#)8!#'!L#,8!X,%+%506/!A,#:=!-'8!/)28!,#&'8!
0(%!%)%50,#8%/!/0,-**%8!0#!(2/!0%$*)%/@!1(%/%!:%,%!-00-5(%8!0#!-!
A-00%,3!#+!%)%50,#'25!%?&2*$%'0!ʹ!2$->%,3!2'0%'/2+2%,/=!,(30($25!
$#8&)-0#,/=!-))20%,-02;%!,%/28&)-0#,/!-'8!/2$2)%!8&$*%,/!ʹ!-))!8%/2>'%8!
0#!(%2>(0%'!0(%!%9*%,2%'5%!#+!0(%!*#%$!-'8!$-.%!/&,%!0(-0!'#0!-!
/2'>)%!'&-'5%!#+!0(%!*#%06/!0(#&>(0!:-/!)#/0@!!
B,0(&,!M%'0!/-0!-'8!?&2;%,%8@!4%!(-8!'#!28%-!:(-0!(%!:-/!2'!+#,=!
A&0!(%!.'%:!0(-0!(%!(-8'60!)2.%8!-'30(2'>!0(-0!(-8!(-**%'%8!/#!+-,!
-'8!828'60!0(2'.!0(2'>/!:%,%!)2.%)3!0#!5(-'>%@!!
1(%!a#>#'!A%>-'!0#!,%-8!ʹ!-!+%028!)200)%!*-//->%!#+!(2/!#:'!8%;2/2'>@!!
YU(!+,%00)%8!>,&'0A&>>)3@@@Y!(%!A%>-'@!"*-/$/!:,-5.%8!L#,86/!A#83!
ʹ!0(2/!:-/!:#,/%!0(-'!%;%,!(%68!A%%'!*,%*-,%8!+#,@!!
YZ@@@!0(3!$250&,-02#'/!-,%!0#!$%!l!B/!*)&,8)%8!>-AA)%A)#05(20/!#'!-!
)&,>28!A%%@Y!!
YB------,>>>>>((((((jY!:%'0!L#,8!X,%+%50=!:,%'5(2'>!(2/!(%-8!
A-5.!-/!)&$*/!#+!*-2'!0(&$*%8!0(,#&>(!20@!4%!5#&)8!82$)3!/%%!A%/28%!
(2$!B,0(&,!)#))2'>!-'8!,#))2'>!2'!(2/!/%-0@!4%!5)%'5(%8!(2/!0%%0(@!!
Y7,##*!<!2$*)#,%!0(%%=Y!5#'02'&%8!0(%!$%,52)%//!a#>#'=!Y$3!
+##'02'>!0&,)2'>8,#$%/@Y!!
42/!;#25%!:-/!,2/2'>!0#!-!(#,,2A)%!*205(!#+!2$*-//2#'%8!/0,28%'53@!
YB'8!(##*02#&/)3!8,-'>)%!$%!:20(!5,2'.)3!A2'8)%:&,8)%/=l!U,!<!:2))!
,%'8!0(%%!2'!0(%!>#AA%,:-,0/!:20(!$3!A)&,>)%5,&'5(%#'=!/%%!2+!<!
8#'60jY!!
YF'''''''''3333333&&&&&&&,,,,,,,>>>>>>>(((((jY!5,2%8!L#,8!
X,%+%50!-'8!0(,%:!#'%!+2'-)!/*-/$!-/!0(%!%)%50,#'25!%'(-'5%$%'0!#+!
0(%!)-/0!)2'%!5-&>(0!(2$!+&))!A)-/0!-5,#//!0(%!0%$*)%/@!4%!:%'0!)2$*@!!
B,0(&,!)#))%8@!!
YF#:!J-,0()2'>/@@@Y!:(2,,%8!0(%!a#>#'!N(%!828'60!.'#:!0(-0!L#,8!
X,%+%50!:-/!2'!+-50!+,#$!-!/$-))!*)-'%0!2'!0(%!;252'203!#+!W%0%)>%&/%=!
-'8!:#&)8'60!(-;%!5-,%8!2+!(%!(-8O!Y<!*,%/%'0!3#&!:20(!-!/2$*)%!5(#25%j!
J20(%,!82%!2'!0(%!;-5&&$!#+!/*-5%=!#,@@@Y!(%!*-&/%8!+#,!$%)#8,-$-025!
%++%50=!Y0%))!$%!(#:!>##8!3#&!0(#&>(0!$3!*#%$!:-/jY!!
4%!0(,%:!(2$/%)+!A-5.:-,8/!2'0#!-!(&>%!)%-0(%,3!A-0`/(-*%8!/%-0!
-'8!:-05(%8!0(%$@!4%!828!0(%!/$2)%!->-2'@!!
L#,8!:-/!,-/*2'>!+#,!A,%-0(@!4%!,#))%8!(2/!8&/03!0#'>&%!,#&'8!(2/!
*-,5(%8!$#&0(!-'8!$#-'%8@!!
B,0(&,!/-28!A,2>(0)3f!YB50&-))3!<!?&20%!)2.%8!20@Y!!
L#,8!0&,'%8!-'8!>-*%8@!4%,%!:-/!-'!-**,#-5(!0(-0!(-8!?&20%!
/2$*)3!'#0!#55&,,%8!0#!(2$@!!
1(%!a#>#'!,-2/%8!-!/&,*,2/%8!%3%A,#:!0(-0!%++%502;%)3!#A/5&,%8!(2/!
'#/%!-'8!:-/!0(%,%+#,%!'#!A-8!0(2'>@!!
YU(!>##8@@@Y!(%!:(2,,%8=!2'!5#'/28%,-A)%!-/0#'2/($%'0@!!
YU(!3%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y<!0(#&>(0!0(-0!/#$%!#+!0(%!$%0-*(3/25-)!
2$->%,3!:-/!,%-))3!*-,025&)-,)3!%++%502;%@Y!!
L#,8!5#'02'&%8!0#!/0-,%!-0!(2$=!/)#:)3!#,>-'2P2'>!(2/!0(#&>(0/!
-,#&'8!0(2/!0#0-))3!'%:!5#'5%*0@!I%,%!0(%3!,%-))3!>#2'>!0#!A%!-A)%!0#!
A-,%+-5%!0(%2,!:-3!#&0!#+!0(2/Z!!
Yi%/=!8#!5#'02'&%@@@Y!2';20%8!0(%!a#>#'@!!
YU(@@@!-'8!%,@@@!2'0%,%/02'>!,(30($25!8%;25%/!0##=Y!5#'02'&%8!B,0(&,=!
Y:(25(!/%%$%8!0#!5#&'0%,*#2'0!0(%@@@!%,@@@!%,@@@Y!4%!+)#&'8%,%8@!!
L#,8!)%-*%8!0#!(2/!,%/5&%=!(-P-,82'>!Y5#&'0%,*#2'0!0(%!/&,,%-)2/$!
#+!0(%!&'8%,)32'>!$%0-*(#,!#+!0(%@@@!%,@@@Y!4%!+)#&'8%,%8!0##=!A&0!
B,0(&,!:-/!,%-83!->-2'@!!
Y@@@!(&$-'203!#+!0(%@@@Y!!
Ya#>#'203=Y!L#,8!(2//%8!-0!(2$@!!
YB(!3%/=!a#>#'203!N/#,,3O!#+!0(%!*#%06/!5#$*-//2#'-0%!/#&)=Y!B,0(&,!
+%)0!(%!:-/!#'!-!(#$%!/0,%05(!'#:=!Y:(25(!5#'0,2;%/!0(,#&>(!0(%!
$%82&$!#+!0(%!;%,/%!/0,&50&,%!0#!/&A)2$-0%!0(2/=!0,-'/5%'8!0(-0=!-'8!
5#$%!0#!0%,$/!:20(!0(%!+&'8-$%'0-)!825(#0#$2%/!#+!0(%!#0(%,=Y!N(%!
:-/!,%-5(2'>!-!0,2&$*(-'0!5,%/5%'8#@@@O!Y-'8!#'%!2/!)%+0!:20(!-!
*,#+#&'8!-'8!;2;28!2'/2>(0!2'0#@@@!2'0#@@@!%,@@@Y!N@@@!:(25(!/&88%')3!>-;%!
#&0!#'!(2$@O!L#,8!)%-*%8!2'!:20(!0(%!5#&*!8%!>,-5%f!!
Y<'0#!:(-0%;%,!20!:-/!0(%!*#%$!:-/!-A#&0jY!(%!3%))%8@!U&0!#+!0(%!
5#,'%,!#+!(2/!$#&0(f!YI%))!8#'%=!B,0(&,=!0(-0!:-/!;%,3!>##8@Y!!
1(%!a#>#'!*%,&/%8!0(%$@!L#,!-!$#$%'0!(2/!%$A200%,%8!,-52-)!/#&)!
(-8!A%%'!0#&5(%8=!A&0!(%!0(#&>(0!'#!ʹ!0##!)200)%!0##!)-0%@!42/!;#25%!
0##.!#'!0(%!?&-)203!#+!-!5-0!/'->>2'>!A,&/(%8!'3)#'@!!
Y"#!:(-0!3#&6,%!/-32'>!2/!0(-0!<!:,20%!*#%0,3!A%5-&/%!&'8%,'%-0(!
$3!$%-'!5-))#&/!(%-,0)%//!%90%,2#,!<!,%-))3!G&/0!:-'0!0#!A%!)#;%8=Y!(%!
/-28@!4%!*-&/%8@!Y</!0(-0!,2>(0ZY!!
L#,8!)-&>(%8!-!'%,;#&/!)-&>(@!YI%))!<!$%-'!3%/=Y!(%!/-28=!Y8#'60!
:%!-))=!8%%*!8#:'=!3#&!.'#:@@@!%,@@@Y!!
1(%!a#>#'!/0##8!&*@!!
YF#=!:%))!3#&6,%!5#$*)%0%)3!:,#'>=Y!(%!/-28=!Y<!G&/0!:,20%!*#%0,3!0#!
0(,#:!$3!$%-'!5-))#&/!(%-,0)%//!%90%,2#,!2'0#!/(-,*!,%)2%+@!<6$!>#2'>!
0#!0(,#:!3#&!#++!0(%!/(2*!-'3:-3@!7&-,8j!1-.%!0(%!*,2/#'%,/!0#!
'&$A%,!0(,%%!-2,)#5.!-'8!0(,#:!0(%$!#&0jY!!
YI(-0ZY!/(#&0%8!L#,8@!!
B!(&>%!3#&'>!a#>#'!>&-,8!/0%**%8!+#,:-,8!-'8!3-'.%8!0(%$!#&0!
#+!0(%2,!/0,-*/!:20(!(2/!(&>%!A)&AA%,3!-,$/@!!
Yi#&!5-'60!0(,#:!&/!2'0#!/*-5%=Y!3%))%8!L#,8=!Y:%6,%!0,32'>!0#!:,20%!
-!A##.@Y!!
Y[%/2/0-'5%!2/!&/%)%//jY!/(#&0%8!0(%!a#>#'!>&-,8!A-5.!-0!(2$@!<0!
:-/!0(%!+2,/0!*(,-/%!(%68!)%-,'0!:(%'!(%!G#2'%8!0(%!a#>#'!7&-,8!
R#,*/@!!
1(%!5-*0-2'!:-05(%8!:20(!8%0-5(%8!-$&/%$%'0!-'8!0(%'!0&,'%8!
-:-3@!!
B,0(&,!/0-,%8!,#&'8!(2$!:2)8)3@!!
Y<!8#'60!:-'0!0#!82%!'#:jY!(%!3%))%8@!Y<6;%!/02))!>#0!-!(%-8-5(%j!<!
8#'60!:-'0!0#!>#!0#!(%-;%'!:20(!-!(%-8-5(%=!<68!A%!-))!5,#//!-'8!
:#&)8'60!%'G#3!20jY!!
1(%!>&-,8!>,-/*%8!0(%$!A#0(!+2,$)3!,#&'8!0(%!'%5.=!-'8!A#:2'>!
8%+%,%'02-))3!0#:-,8/!(2/!5-*0-2'6/!A-5.=!(#2.%8!0(%$!A#0(!*,#0%/02'>!
#&0!#+!0(%!A,28>%@!B!/0%%)!8##,!5)#/%8!-'8!0(%!5-*0-2'!:-/!#'!(2/!#:'!
->-2'@!4%!(&$$%8!?&2%0)3!-'8!$&/%8!0#!(2$/%)+=!)2>(0)3!+2'>%,2'>!(2/!
'#0%A##.!#+!;%,/%/@!!
Y4$$$$=Y!(%!/-28=!Y5#&'0%,*#2'0!0(%!/&,,%-)2/$!#+!0(%!&'8%,)32'>!
$%0-*(#,@@@Y!4%!5#'/28%,%8!0(2/!+#,!-!$#$%'0=!-'8!0(%'!5)#/%8!0(%!
A##.!:20(!-!>,2$!/$2)%@!!
YM%-0(6/!0##!>##8!+#,!0(%$=Y!(%!/-28@!!
!
1(%!)#'>!/0%%)`)2'%8!5#,,28#,!%5(#%8!0#!0(%!+%%A)%!/0,&>>)%/!#+!0(%!
0:#!(&$-'#28/!5)-$*%8!+2,$)3!&'8%,!,&AA%,3!a#>#'!-,$*20/@!!
Y1(2/!2/!>,%-0=Y!/*)&00%,%8!B,0(&,=!Y0(2/!2/!,%-))3!0%,,2+25@!T%0!>#!#+!$%!
3#&!A,&0%jY!!
1(%!a#>#'!>&-,8!8,->>%8!0(%$!#'@!!
YM#'60!3#&!:#,,3=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y<6))!0(2'.!#+!/#$%0(2'>@Y!4%!828'60!
/#&'8!(#*%+&)@!!
Y[%/2/0-'5%!2/!&/%)%//jY!A%))#:%8!0(%!>&-,8@!!
Yd&/0!8#'60!/-3!0(2'>/!)2.%!0(-0=Y!/0-$$%,%8!L#,8@!Y4#:!5-'!-'3#'%!
$-2'0-2'!-!*#/202;%!$%'0-)!-0020&8%!2+!3#&6,%!/-32'>!0(2'>/!)2.%!0(-0ZY!!
YV3!7#8=Y!5#$*)-2'%8!B,0(&,=!Y3#&6,%!0-).2'>!-A#&0!-!*#/202;%!
$%'0-)!-0020&8%!-'8!3#&!(-;%'60!%;%'!(-8!3#&,!*)-'%0!8%$#)2/(%8!
0#8-3@!<!:#.%!&*!0(2/!$#,'2'>!-'8!0(#&>(0!<68!(-;%!-!'25%!,%)-9%8!8-3=!
8#!-!A20!#+!,%-82'>=!A,&/(!0(%!8#>@@@!<06/!'#:!G&/0!-+0%,!+#&,!2'!0(%!
-+0%,'##'!-'8!<6$!-),%-83!0(,#:'!#&0!#+!-'!-)2%'!/*-5%/(2*!/29!)2>(0!
3%-,/!+,#$!0(%!/$#.2'>!,%$-2'/!#+!0(%!J-,0(jY!4%!/*)&00%,%8!-'8!
>&,>)%8!-/!0(%!a#>#'!02>(0%'%8!(2/!>,2*@!!
YB),2>(0=Y!/-28!L#,8=!YG&/0!/0#*!*-'25.2'>@Y!!
YI(#!/-28!-'30(2'>!-A#&0!*-'25.2'>ZY!/'-**%8!B,0(&,@!Y1(2/!2/!/02))!
G&/0!0(%!5&)0&,%!/(#5.@!i#&!:-20!02))!<6;%!/%00)%8!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!/20&-02#'!
-'8!+#&'8!$3!A%-,2'>/@!1(%'!<6))!/0-,0!*-'25.2'>@Y!!
YB,0(&,!3#&6,%!>%002'>!(3/0%,25-)@!"(&0!&*jY!L#,8!0,2%8!8%/*%,-0%)3!
0#!0(2'.=!A&0!:-/!2'0%,,&*0%8!A3!0(%!>&-,8!/(#&02'>!->-2'@!!
Y[%/2/0-'5%!2/!&/%)%//jY!!
YB'8!3#&!5-'!/(&0!&*!-/!:%))jY!/'-**%8!L#,8@!!
Y[%/2/0-'5%!2/!&/%)%//jY!!
YU(!>2;%!20!-!,%/0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!4%!0:2/0%8!(2/!(%-8!02))!(%!:-/!)##.2'>!
/0,-2>(0!&*!2'0#!(2/!5-*0#,6/!+-5%@!B!0(#&>(0!/0,&5.!(2$@!!
YM#!3#&!,%-))3!%'G#3!0(2/!/#,0!#+!0(2'>ZY!(%!-/.%8!/&88%')3@!!
1(%!a#>#'!/0#**%8!8%-8!-'8!-!)##.!#+!2$$%'/%!/0&*28203!/%%*%8!
/)#:)3!#;%,!(2/!+-5%@!!
YJ'G#3ZY!(%!A##$%8@!YI(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'ZY!!
YI(-0!<!$%-'=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y2/!8#%/!20!>2;%!3#&!-!+&))!/-02/+32'>!)2+%Z!
"0#$*2'>!-,#&'8=!/(#&02'>=!*&/(2'>!*%#*)%!#&0!#+!/*-5%/(2*/@@@Y!!
1(%!a#>#'!/0-,%8!&*!-0!0(%!)#:!/0%%)!5%2)2'>!-'8!(2/!%3%A,#:/!
-)$#/0!,#))%8!#;%,!%-5(!#0(%,@!42/!$#&0(!/)-5.%8@!L2'-))3!(%!/-28=!
YI%))!0(%!(#&,/!-,%!>##8@@@Y!!
Y1(%368!(-;%!0#!A%=Y!->,%%8!L#,8@!!
B,0(&,!0:2/0%8!(2/!(%-8!0#!)##.!-0!L#,8@!!
YL#,8=!:(-0!-,%!3#&!8#2'>ZY!(%!-/.%8!2'!-'!-$-P%8!:(2/*%,@!!
YU(=!G&/0!0,32'>!0#!0-.%!-'!2'0%,%/0!2'!0(%!:#,)8!-,#&'8!$%=!UKZY!(%!
/-28@!Y"#!0(%!(#&,/!-,%!*,%003!>##8!0(%'ZY!(%!,%/&$%8@!!
1(%!a#>#'!/0-,%8!8#:'!-0!(2$!-/!/)&>>2/(!0(#&>(0/!$#2)%8!-,#&'8!
2'!0(%!$&,.3!8%*0(/@!!
Yi%-(=Y!(%!/-28=!YA&0!'#:!3#&!5#$%!0#!$%'02#'!20=!$#/0!#+!0(%!
-50&-)!$2'&0%/!-,%!*,%003!)#&/3@!J95%*0@@@Y!(%!0(#&>(0!->-2'=!:(25(!
,%?&2,%8!)##.2'>!-0!0(%!5%2)2'>!ʹ!Y%95%*0!/#$%!#+!0(%!/(#&02'>!<!?&20%!
)2.%@Y!4%!+2))%8!(2/!)&'>/!-'8!A%))#:%8=!Y[%/2/0-'5%!2/@@@Y!!
Y"&,%=!3%/=Y!2'0%,,&*0%8!L#,8!(&,,2%8)3=!Y3#&6,%!>##8!-0!0(-0=!<!5-'!
0%))@!W&0!2+!206/!$#/0)3!)#&/3=Y!(%!/-28=!/)#:)3!>2;2'>!0(%!:#,8/!02$%!0#!
,%-5(!0(%2,!$-,.=!Y0(%'!:(3!8#!3#&!8#!20Z!I(-0!2/!20Z!1(%!>2,)/Z!1(%!
)%-0(%,Z!1(%!$-5(2/$#Z!U,!8#!3#&!G&/0!+2'8!0(-0!5#$2'>!0#!0%,$/!
:20(!0(%!$2'8)%//!0%82&$!#+!20!-))!*,%/%'0/!-'!2'0%,%/02'>!5(-))%'>%ZY!!
YJ,@@@Y!/-28!0(%!>&-,8=!Y%,@@@!%,@@@!<!8&''#@!<!0(2'.!<!G&/0!/#,0!#+@@@!8#!20!
,%-))3@!V3!-&'0!/-28!0(-0!/*-5%/(2*!>&-,8!:-/!-!>##8!5-,%%,!+#,!-!
3#&'>!a#>#'!ʹ!3#&!.'#:=!0(%!&'2+#,$=!0(%!)#:`/)&'>!/0&'!,-3!(#)/0%,=!
0(%!$2'8)%//!0%82&$@@@Y!!
Y1(%,%!3#&!-,%!B,0(&,=Y!/-28!L#,8!:20(!0(%!-2,!#+!/#$%#'%!,%-5(2'>!
0(%!5#'5)&/2#'!#+!(2/!-,>&$%'0=!Y3#&!0(2'.!3#&6;%!>#0!*,#A)%$/@Y!!
B,0(&,!,-0(%,!0(#&>(0!(%!(-8@!B*-,0!+,#$!0(%!&'*)%-/-'0!A&/2'%//!
:20(!(2/!(#$%!*)-'%0!0(%!a#>#'!>&-,8!(-8!(-)+`0(,#00)%8!(2$!-),%-83!
-'8!(%!828'60!)2.%!0(%!/#&'8!#+!A%2'>!0(,#:'!2'0#!/*-5%!;%,3!$&5(@!!
Y1,3!-'8!&'8%,/0-'8!(2/!*,#A)%$=Y!2'/2/0%8!L#,8@!Y4%,%!(%!2/!*##,!
)-8=!(2/!%'02,%!)2+%6/!:#,.!2/!/0-$*2'>!-,#&'8=!0(,#:2'>!*%#*)%!#++!
/*-5%/(2*/@@@Y!!
YB'8!/(#&02'>=Y!-88%8!0(%!>&-,8@!!
YB'8!/(#&02'>=!/&,%=Y!/-28!L#,8!*-002'>!0(%!A)&AA%,3!-,$!5)-$*%8!
,#&'8!(2/!'%5.!2'!+,2%'8)3!5#'8%/5%'/2#'=!Y@@@!-'8!(%!8#%/'60!%;%'!
.'#:!:(3!(%6/!8#2'>!20jY!!
B,0(&,!->,%%8!0(2/!:-/!;%,3!/-8@!4%!828!0(2/!:20(!-!/$-))!+%%A)%!
>%/0&,%=!A%5-&/%!(%!:-/!0##!-/*(3925-0%8!0#!/*%-.@!!
M%%*!,&$A)2'>/!#+!A%$&/%$%'0!5-$%!+,#$!0(%!>&-,8@!!
YI%))@!F#:!3#&!*&0!20!)2.%!0(-0!<!/&**#/%@@@Y!!
Y7##8!)-8jY!%'5#&,->%8!L#,8@!!
YW&0!-),2>(0=Y!:%'0!#'!0(%!,&$A)2'>/=!Y/#!:(-06/!0(%!-)0%,'-02;%ZY!!
YI%))=Y!/-28!L#,8=!A,2>(0)3!A&0!/)#:)3=!Y/0#*!8#2'>!20!#+!5#&,/%j!1%))!
0(%$=Y!(%!:%'0!#'=!Y3#&6,%!'#0!>#2'>!0#!8#!20!-'3$#,%@Y!4%!+%)0!(%!
(-8!0#!-88!/#$%0(2'>!0#!0(-0=!A&0!+#,!0(%!$#$%'0!0(%!>&-,8!/%%$%8!
0#!(-;%!(2/!$2'8!#55&*2%8!*#'8%,2'>!0(-0!$&5(@!!
YJ%,,,,,,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$@@@Y!/-28!0(%!>&-,8=!
Y%,$=!:%))!0(-0!8#%/'60!/#&'8!0(-0!>,%-0!0#!$%@Y!!
L#,8!/&88%')3!+%)0!0(%!$#$%'0!/)2**2'>!-:-3@!!
YF#:!:-20!-!$2'&0%=Y!(%!/-28=!Y0(-06/!G&/0!0(%!/0-,0!3#&!/%%=!0(%,%6/!
$#,%!0#!20!0(-'!0(-0!3#&!/%%@@@Y!!
W&0!-0!0(-0!$#$%'0!0(%!>&-,8!,%'%:%8!(2/!>,2*!-'8!5#'02'&%8!(2/!
#,2>2'-)!*&,*#/%!#+!)&>>2'>!(2/!*,2/#'%,/!0#!0(%!-2,)#5.@!4%!:-/!
#A;2#&/)3!?&20%!0#&5(%8@!!
YF#=!<!0(2'.!2+!206/!-))!0(%!/-$%!0#!3#&=Y!(%!/-28=!Y<68!A%00%,!>%0!3#&!
A#0(!/(#;%8!2'0#!0(2/!-2,)#5.!-'8!0(%'!>#!-'8!>%0!#'!:20(!/#$%!#0(%,!
A20/!#+!/(#&02'>!<6;%!>#0!0#!8#@Y!!
<0!:-/'60!-))!0(%!/-$%!0#!L#,8!X,%+%50!-+0%,!-))@!!
YR#$%!#'!'#:@@@!A&0!)##.jY!(%!/-28=!)%//!/)#:)3=!)%//!A,2>(0)3@!!
Y4&((((>>>>>>>'''''''@@@Y!/-28!B,0(&,!:20(#&0!-'3!5)%-,!
2'+)%502#'@!!
YW&0!(-'>!#'=Y!*&,/&%8!L#,8=!Y0(%,%6/!$&/25!-'8!-,0!-'8!0(2'>/!0#!
0%))!3#&!-A#&0!3%0j!B,,,>>>(((jY!!
Y[%/2/0-'5%!2/!&/%)%//=Y!A%))#:%8!0(%!>&-,8=!-'8!0(%'!-88%8=!Yi#&!
/%%!2+!<!.%%*!20!&*!<!5-'!%;%'0&-))3!>%0!*,#$#0%8!0#!"%'2#,!"(#&02'>!
U++25%,=!-'8!0(%,%!-,%'60!&/&-))3!$-'3!;-5-'52%/!+#,!'#'`/(#&02'>!-'8!
'#'`*&/(2'>`*%#*)%`-A#&0!#++25%,/=!/#!<!0(2'.!<68!A%00%,!/025.!0#!:(-0!<!
.'#:@Y!!
1(%3!(-8!'#:!,%-5(%8!0(%!-2,)#5.!ʹ!-!)-,>%!52,5&)-,!/0%%)!(-05(:-3!
#+!$-//2;%!/0,%'>0(!-'8!:%2>(0!)%0!2'0#!0(%!2''%,!/.2'!#+!0(%!5,-+0@!1(%!
>&-,8!#*%,-0%8!-!5#'0,#)!-'8!0(%!(-05(:-3!/:&'>!/$##0()3!#*%'@!!
YW&0!0(-'./!+#,!0-.2'>!-'!2'0%,%/0=Y!/-28!0(%!a#>#'!>&-,8@!YW3%!
'#:@Y!4%!+)&'>!L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!0(,#&>(!0(%!(-05(:-3!2'0#!0(%!/$-))!
5(-$A%,!:20(2'@!B,0(&,!)-3!*-'02'>!+#,!A,%-0(@!L#,8!/5,-$A)%8!,#&'8!
-'8!+)&'>!(2/!/(#&)8%,!&/%)%//)3!->-2'/0!0(%!,%5)#/2'>!(-05(:-3@!!
YW&0!)2/0%'=Y!(%!/(#&0%8!0#!0(%!>&-,8=!Y0(%,%6/!-!:(#)%!:#,)8!3#&!
8#'60!.'#:!-'30(2'>!-A#&0@@@!(%,%!(#:!-A#&0!0(2/ZY!M%/*%,-0%)3!(%!
>,-AA%8!+#,!0(%!#')3!A20!#+!5&)0&,%!(%!.'%:!#++(-'8!ʹ!(%!(&$$%8!0(%!
+2,/0!A-,!#+!W%%0(#;%'6/!L2+0(@!!
YM-!8-!8-!8&$j!M#%/'60!0(-0!/02,!-'30(2'>!2'!3#&ZY!!
YF#=Y!/-28!0(%!>&-,8=!Y'#0!,%-))3@!W&0!<6))!$%'02#'!20!0#!$3!-&'0@Y!!
<+!(%!/-28!-'30(2'>!+&,0(%,!-+0%,!0(-0!20!:-/!)#/0@!1(%!(-05(:-3!
/%-)%8!20/%)+!02>(0=!-'8!-))!/#&'8!:-/!)#/0!A&0!0(%!+-2'0!82/0-'0!(&$!#+!
0(%!/(2*6/!%'>2'%/@!!
1(%3!:%,%!2'!-!A,2>(0)3!*#)2/(%8!53)2'8,25-)!5(-$A%,!-A#&0!/29!+%%0!
2'!82-$%0%,!-'8!0%'!+%%0!)#'>@!!
YX#0%'02-))3!A,2>(0!)-8!<!0(#&>(0=Y!(%!/-28!-'8!/)&$*%8!->-2'/0!0(%!
5&,;%8!:-))@!!
B,0(&,!:-/!/02))!)32'>!2'!0(%!5&,;%!#+!0(%!+)##,!:(%,%!(%!(-8!+-))%'@!
4%!828'60!)##.!&*@!4%!G&/0!)-3!*-'02'>@!!
YI%6,%!0,-**%8!'#:!-,%'60!:%ZY!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y:%6,%!0,-**%8@Y!!
YI%))!828'60!3#&!0(2'.!#+!-'30(2'>Z!<!0(#&>(0!3#&!/-28!3#&!:%,%!
>#2'>!0#!0(2'.!#+!/#$%0(2'>@!X%,(-*/!3#&!0(#&>(0!#+!/#$%0(2'>!-'8!
828'60!'#025%@Y!!
YU(!3%/=!<!0(#&>(0!#+!/#$%0(2'>=Y!*-'0%8!L#,8@!B,0(&,!)##.%8!&*!
%9*%50-'0)3@!!
YW&0!&'+#,0&'-0%)3=Y!5#'02'&%8!L#,8=!Y20!,-0(%,!2';#);%8!A%2'>!#'!
0(%!#0(%,!/28%!#+!0(2/!-2,02>(0!(-05(:-3@Y!4%!.25.%8!0(%!(-05(!0(%368!
G&/0!A%%'!0(,#&>(@!!
YW&0!20!:-/!-!>##8!28%-!:-/!20ZY!!
YU(!3%/=!;%,3!'%-0@Y!!
YI(-0!:-/!20ZY!!
YI%))!<!(-8'60!:#,.%8!#&0!0(%!8%0-2)/!3%0@!F#0!$&5(!*#2'0!'#:!2/!
0(%,%ZY!!
Y"#@@@!%,=!:(-0!(-**%'/!'%90ZY!!
YU(=!%,=!:%))!0(%!(-05(:-3!2'!+,#'0!#+!&/!:2))!#*%'!-&0#$-025-))3!2'!
-!+%:!$#$%'0/!-'8!:%!:2))!/(##0!#&0!2'0#!8%%*!/*-5%!<!%9*%50!-'8!
-/*(3925-0%@!<+!3#&!0-.%!-!)&'>+&)!#+!-2,!:20(!3#&!3#&!5-'!)-/0!+#,!&*!0#!
0(2,03!/%5#'8/!#+!5#&,/%@@@Y!/-28!L#,8@!4%!/0&5.!(2/!(-'8/!A%(2'8!(2/!
A-5.=!,-2/%8!(2/!%3%A,#:/!-'8!/0-,0%8!0#!(&$!-'!#)8!W%0%)>%&/2-'!
A-00)%!(3$'@!1#!B,0(&,6/!%3%/!(%!/&88%')3!)##.%8!;%,3!-)2%'@!!
Y"#!0(2/!2/!20=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y:%6,%!>#2'>!0#!82%@Y!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y%95%*0@@@!'#j!I-20!-!$2'&0%jY!(%!/&88%')3!)&'>%8!
-5,#//!0(%!5(-$A%,!-0!/#$%0(2'>!A%(2'8!B,0(&,6/!)2'%!#+!;2/2#'@!
YI(-06/!0(2/!/:205(ZY!(%!5,2%8@!!
YI(-0Z!I(%,%ZY!5,2%8!B,0(&,!0:2/02'>!,#&'8@!!
YF#=!<!:-/!#')3!+##)2'>=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y:%!-,%!>#2'>!0#!82%!-+0%,!-))@Y!!
4%!/)&$*%8!->-2'/0!0(%!:-))!->-2'!-'8!5-,,2%8!#'!0(%!0&'%!+,#$!
:(%,%!(%!)%+0!#++@!!
Yi#&!.'#:=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y206/!-0!02$%/!)2.%!0(2/=!:(%'!<6$!0,-**%8!2'!
-!a#>#'!-2,)#5.!:20(!-!$-'!+,#$!W%0%)>%&/%=!-'8!-A#&0!0#!82%!#+!
-/*(3925-02#'!2'!8%%*!/*-5%!0(-0!<!,%-))3!:2/(!<68!)2/0%'%8!0#!:(-0!$3!
$#0(%,!0#)8!$%!:(%'!<!:-/!3#&'>@Y!!
YI(3=!:(-0!828!/(%!0%))!3#&ZY!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:=!<!828'60!)2/0%'@Y!!
YU(@Y!L#,8!5-,,2%8!#'!(&$$2'>@!!
Y1(2/!2/!0%,,2+25=Y!B,0(&,!0(#&>(0!0#!(2$/%)+=!YF%)/#'6/!R#)&$'!(-/!
>#'%=!V5M#'-)86/!(-;%!>#'%=!-))!0(-06/!)%+0!2/!$%!-'8!0(%!:#,8/!
V#/0)3!4-,$)%//@!B'3!/%5#'8!'#:!-))!0(-0!:2))!A%!)%+0!2/!V#/0)3!
4-,$)%//@!B'8!3%/0%,8-3!0(%!*)-'%0!/%%$%8!0#!A%!>#2'>!/#!:%))@Y!!
B!$#0#,!:(2,,%8@!!
B!/)2>(0!(2//!A&2)0!2'0#!-!8%-+%'2'>!,#-,!#+!,&/(2'>!-2,!-/!0(%!#&0%,!
(-05(:-3!#*%'%8!#'!0#!-'!%$*03!A)-5.'%//!/0&88%8!:20(!02'3!
2$*#//2A)3!A,2>(0!*#2'0/!#+!)2>(0@!L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!*#**%8!2'0#!#&0%,!
/*-5%!)2.%!5#,./!+,#$!-!0#3!>&'@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$8$$
!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!2/!-!:(#))3!,%$-,.-A)%!A##.@!<0!
(-/!A%%'!5#$*2)%8!-'8!,%5#$*2)%8!$-'3!02$%/!#;%,!$-'3!3%-,/!-'8!
&'8%,!$-'3!82++%,%'0!%820#,/(2*/@!<0!5#'0-2'/!5#'0,2A&02#'/!+,#$!
5#&'0)%//!'&$A%,/!#+!0,-;%))%,/!-'8!,%/%-,5(%,/@!!
1(%!2'0,#8&502#'!A%>2'/!)2.%!0(2/f!!
Y"*-5%=Y!20!/-3/=!Y2/!A2>@![%-))3!A2>@!i#&!G&/0!:#'60!A%)2%;%!(#:!;-/0)3!
(&>%)3!$2'8A#>>2'>)3!A2>!20!2/@!<!$%-'!3#&!$-3!0(2'.!206/!-!)#'>!:-3!
8#:'!0(%!,#-8!0#!0(%!5(%$2/0=!A&0!0(-06/!G&/0!*%-'&0/!0#!/*-5%@!
T2/0%'@@@Y!-'8!/#!#'@!!
NB+0%,!-!:(2)%!0(%!/03)%!/%00)%/!8#:'!-!A20!-'8!20!A%>2'/!0#!0%))!3#&!
0(2'>/!3#&!,%-))3!'%%8!0#!.'#:=!)2.%!0(%!+-50!0(-0!0(%!+-A&)#&/)3!
A%-&02+&)!*)-'%0!W%0(/%)-$2'!2/!'#:!/#!:#,,2%8!-A#&0!0(%!5&$&)-02;%!
%,#/2#'!A3!0%'!A2))2#'!;2/202'>!0#&,2/0/!-!3%-,!0(-0!-'3!'%0!2$A-)-'5%!
A%0:%%'!0(%!-$#&'0!3#&!%-0!-'8!0(%!-$#&'0!3#&!%95,%0%!:(2)/0!#'!
0(%!*)-'%0!2/!/&,>25-))3!,%$#;%8!+,#$!3#&,!A#83:%2>(0!:(%'!3#&!
)%-;%f!/#!%;%,3!02$%!3#&!>#!0#!0(%!)-;-0#,3!20!2/!;20-))3!2$*#,0-'0!0#!>%0!
-!,%5%2*0@O!!
1#!A%!+-2,!0(#&>(=!:(%'!5#'+,#'0%8!A3!0(%!/(%%,!%'#,$203!#+!
82/0-'5%/!A%0:%%'!0(%!/0-,/=!A%00%,!$2'8/!0(-'!0(%!#'%!,%/*#'/2A)%!
+#,!0(%!7&28%6/!2'0,#8&502#'!(-;%!+-)0%,%8@!"#$%!2';20%!3#&!0#!
5#'/28%,!+#,!-!$#$%'0!-!*%-'&0!2'!,%-82'>!-'8!-!/$-))!:-)'&0!2'!
d#(-''%/A&,>=!-'8!#0(%,!/&5(!82PP32'>!5#'5%*0/@!!
1(%!/2$*)%!0,&0(!2/!0(-0!2'0%,/0%))-,!82/0-'5%/!:2))!'#0!+20!2'0#!0(%!
(&$-'!2$->2'-02#'@!!
J;%'!)2>(0=!:(25(!0,-;%)/!/#!+-/0!0(-0!20!0-.%/!$#/0!,-5%/!0(#&/-'8/!
#+!3%-,/!0#!,%-)2P%!0(-0!20!0,-;%)/!-0!-))=!0-.%/!02$%!0#!G#&,'%3!A%0:%%'!
0(%!/0-,/@!<0!0-.%/!%2>(0!$2'&0%/!+,#$!0(%!/0-,!"#)!0#!0(%!*)-5%!:(%,%!
0(%!J-,0(!&/%8!0#!A%=!-'8!+#&,!3%-,/!$#,%!0#!-,,2;%!-0!"#)6/!'%-,%/0!
/0%))-,!'%2>(A#&,=!B)*(-!X,#92$-@!!
L#,!)2>(0!0#!,%-5(!0(%!#0(%,!/28%!#+!0(%!7-)-93=!+#,!20!0#!,%-5(!
M-$#>,-'!+#,!2'/0-'5%=!0-.%/!,-0(%,!)#'>%,f!+2;%!(&'8,%8!0(#&/-'8!
3%-,/@!!
1(%!,%5#,8!+#,!(205(!(2.2'>!0(2/!82/0-'5%!2/!G&/0!&'8%,!+2;%!3%-,/=!A&0!
3#&!8#'60!>%0!0#!/%%!$&5(!#'!0(%!:-3@!!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!/-3/!0(-0!2+!3#&!(#)8!-!)&'>+&)!
#+!-2,!3#&!5-'!/&,;2;%!2'!0(%!0#0-)!;-5&&$!#+!/*-5%!+#,!-A#&0!0(2,03!
/%5#'8/@!4#:%;%,!20!>#%/!#'!0#!/-3!0(-0!:(-0!:20(!/*-5%!A%2'>!0(%!
$2'8!A#>>)2'>!/2P%!20!2/!0(%!5(-'5%/!#+!>%002'>!*25.%8!&*!A3!-'#0(%,!
/(2*!:20(2'!0(#/%!0(2,03!/%5#'8/!-,%!0:#!0#!0(%!*#:%,!#+!0:#!(&'8,%8!
-'8!/2903`/%;%'!0(#&/-'8!/%;%'!(&'8,%8!-'8!'2'%!0#!#'%!->-2'/0@!!
W3!-!0#0-))3!/0->>%,2'>!5#2'528%'5%!0(-0!2/!-)/#!0(%!0%)%*(#'%!
'&$A%,!#+!-'!</)2'>0#'!+)-0!:(%,%!B,0(&,!#'5%!:%'0!0#!-!;%,3!>##8!
*-,03!-'8!$%0!-!;%,3!'25%!>2,)!:(#$!(%!0#0-))3!+-2)%8!0#!>%0!#++!:20(!ʹ!
/(%!:%'0!#++!:20(!-!>-0%5,-/(%,@!!
1(#&>(!0(%!*)-'%0!J-,0(=!0(%!</)2'>0#'!+)-0!-'8!0(%!0%)%*(#'%!(-;%!
-))!'#:!A%%'!8%$#)2/(%8=!20!2/!5#$+#,02'>!0#!,%+)%50!0(-0!0(%3!-,%!-))!2'!
/#$%!/$-))!:-3!5#$$%$#,-0%8!A3!0(%!+-50!0(-0!0:%'03`'2'%!/%5#'8/!
)-0%,!L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!:%,%!,%/5&%8@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$9$$
!
B!5#$*&0%,!5(-00%8!0#!20/%)+!2'!-)-,$!-/!20!'#025%8!-'!-2,)#5.!#*%'!
-'8!5)#/%!20/%)+!+#,!'#!-**-,%'0!,%-/#'@!!
1(2/!:-/!A%5-&/%![%-/#'!:-/!2'!+-50!#&0!0#!)&'5(@!!
B!(#)%!(-8!G&/0!-**%-,%8!2'!0(%!7-)-93@!<0!:-/!%9-50)3!-!'#0(2'>0(!
#+!-!/%5#'8!)#'>=!-!'#0(2'>0(!#+!-'!2'5(!:28%=!-'8!?&20%!-!)#0!#+!
$2))2#'!)2>(0!3%-,/!+,#$!%'8!0#!%'8@!!
B/!20!5)#/%8!&*!)#0/!#+!*-*%,!(-0/!-'8!*-,03!A-))##'/!+%))!#&0!#+!20!
-'8!8,2+0%8!#++!0(,#&>(!0(%!&'2;%,/%@!B!0%-$!#+!/%;%'!0(,%%`+##0`(2>(!
$-,.%0!-'-)3/0/!+%))!#&0!#+!20!-'8!82%8=!*-,0)3!#+!-/*(3925-02#'=!*-,0)3!
#+!/&,*,2/%@!!
1:#!(&'8,%8!-'8!0(2,03`'2'%!0(#&/-'8!)2>(0)3!+,2%8!%>>/!+%))!#&0!#+!
20!0##=!$-0%,2-)2P2'>!2'!-!)-,>%!:##A)3!(%-*!#'!0(%!+-$2'%!ʹ!/0,&5.!
)-'8!#+!X#>(,2)!2'!0(%!X-'/%)!/3/0%$@!!
1(%!:(#)%!X#>(,2)!0,2A%!(-8!82%8!#&0!+,#$!+-$2'%!%95%*0!+#,!#'%!
)-/0!$-'!:(#!82%8!#+!5(#)%/0%,#)!*#2/#'2'>!/#$%!:%%./!)-0%,@!!
1(%!'#0(2'>0(!#+!-!/%5#'8!+#,!:(25(!0(%!(#)%!%92/0%8!,%;%,A%,-0%8!
A-5.:-,8/!-'8!+#,:-,8/!0(,#&>(!02$%!2'!-!$#/0!2$*,#A-A)%!+-/(2#'@!
"#$%:(%,%!2'!0(%!8%%*)3!,%$#0%!*-/0!20!/%,2#&/)3!0,-&$-02P%8!-!/$-))!
,-'8#$!>,#&*!#+!-0#$/!8,2+02'>!0(,#&>(!0(%!%$*03!/0%,2)203!#+!/*-5%!
-'8!$-8%!0(%$!5)2'>!0#>%0(%,!2'!0(%!$#/0!%90,-#,82'-,2)3!&')2.%)3!
*-00%,'/@!1(%/%!*-00%,'/!?&25.)3!)%-,'0!0#!5#*3!0(%$/%);%/!N0(2/!:-/!
*-,0!#+!:(-0!:-/!/#!%90,-#,82'-,3!#+!0(%!*-00%,'/O!-'8!:%'0!#'!0#!
5-&/%!$-//2;%!0,#&A)%!#'!%;%,3!*)-'%0!0(%3!8,2+0%8!#'!0#@!1(-0!:-/!
(#:!)2+%!A%>-'!2'!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!!
L2;%!:2)8!J;%'0!V-%)/0,#$/!/:2,)%8!2'!;252#&/!/0#,$/!#+!&',%-/#'!
-'8!/*%:%8!&*!-!*-;%$%'0@!!
U'!0(%!*-;%$%'0!)-3!L#,8!X,%+%50!-'8!B,0(&,!M%'0!>&)*2'>!)2.%!
(-)+`/*%'0!+2/(@!!
Y1(%,%!3#&!-,%=Y!>-/*%8!L#,8=!/5,-AA)2'>!+#,!-!+2'>%,(#)8!#'!0(%!
*-;%$%'0!-/!20!,-5%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!1(2,8![%-5(!#+!0(%!S'.'#:'=!Y<!0#)8!
3#&!<68!0(2'.!#+!/#$%0(2'>@Y!!
YU(!/&,%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y/&,%@Y!!
YW,2>(0!28%-!#+!$2'%=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y0#!+2'8!-!*-//2'>!/*-5%/(2*!-'8!
>%0!,%/5&%8!A3!20@Y!!
1(%!,%-)!&'2;%,/%!-,5(%8!/25.%'2'>)3!-:-3!A%'%-0(!0(%$@!a-,2#&/!
*,%0%'8!#'%/!+)200%8!/2)%'0)3!A3=!)2.%!$#&'0-2'!>#-0/@!X,2$-)!)2>(0!
%9*)#8%8=!/*)-00%,2'>!/*-5%`02$%!-/!:20(!>#AA%0/!#+!G&'.%0@!12$%!
A)#//#$%8=!$-00%,!/(,-'.!-:-3@!1(%!(2>(%/0!*,2$%!'&$A%,!5#-)%/5%8!
?&2%0)3!2'!-!5#,'%,!-'8!(28!20/%)+!-:-3!+#,!%;%,@!!
YU(!5#$%!#++!20=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y0(%!5(-'5%/!->-2'/0!20!:%,%!
-/0,#'#$25-)@Y!!
YM#'60!.'#5.!20=!20!:#,.%8=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
YI(-0!/#,0!#+!/(2*!-,%!:%!2'ZY!-/.%8!B,0(&,!-/!0(%!*20!#+!%0%,'203!
3-:'%8!A%'%-0(!0(%$@!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y<!(-;%'60!#*%'%8!$3!%3%/!3%0@Y!!
YF#=!'#,!(-;%!<=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
1(%!S'2;%,/%!G&$*%8=!+,#P%=!?&2;%,%8!-'8!/*)-3%8!#&0!2'!/%;%,-)!
&'%9*%50%8!82,%502#'/@!!
B,0(&,!-'8!L#,8!#*%'%8!0(%2,!%3%/!-'8!)##.%8!-A#&0!2'!
5#'/28%,-A)%!/&,*,2/%@!!
Y7##8!>#8=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y20!)##./!G&/0!)2.%!0(%!/%-!+,#'0!-0!
"#&0(%'8@Y!!
Y4%))=!<6$!,%)2%;%8!0#!(%-,!3#&!/-3!0(-0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
YI(3ZY!!
YW%5-&/%!<!0(#&>(0!<!$&/0!A%!>#2'>!$-8@Y!!
YX%,(-*/!3#&!-,%@!X%,(-*/!3#&!#')3!0(#&>(0!<!/-28!20@Y!!
L#,8!0(#&>(0!-A#&0!0(2/@!!
YI%))=!828!3#&!/-3!20!#,!828'60!3#&ZY!(%!-/.%8@!!
Y<!0(2'.!/#=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YI%))=!*%,(-*/!:%6,%!A#0(!>#2'>!$-8@Y!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y:%68!A%!$-8=!-))!0(2'>/!5#'/28%,%8=!0#!0(2'.!0(2/!
:-/!"#&0(%'8@Y!!
YI%))=!8#!3#&!0(2'.!0(2/!2/!"#&0(%'8ZY!!
YU(!3%/@Y!!
Y"#!8#!<@Y!!
Y1(%,%+#,%!:%!$&/0!A%!$-8@Y!!
YF25%!8-3!+#,!20@Y!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!-!*-//2'>!$-'2-5@!!
YI(#!:-/!0(-0ZY!-/.%8!B,0(&,!!
YI(#!ʹ!0(%!$-'!:20(!0(%!+2;%!(%-8/!-'8!0(%!%)8%,A%,,3!A&/(!+&))!#+!
.2**%,/ZY!!
Yi%/@Y!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:@!d&/0!/#$%#'%@Y!!
YB(@Y!!
1(%3!A#0(!/-0!#'!0(%!*-;%$%'0!-'8!:-05(%8!:20(!-!5%,0-2'!&'%-/%!
-/!(&>%!5(2)8,%'!A#&'5%8!(%-;2)3!-)#'>!0(%!/-'8!-'8!:2)8!(#,/%/!
0(&'8%,%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!/.3!0-.2'>!+,%/(!/&**)2%/!#+!,%2'+#,5%8!,-2)2'>/!
0#!0(%!S'5%,0-2'!B,%-/@!!
Yi#&!.'#:=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!:20(!-!/)2>(0!5#&>(=!Y2+!0(2/!2/!"#&0(%'8=!
0(%,%6/!/#$%0(2'>!;%,3!#88!-A#&0!20@@@Y!!
Yi#&!$%-'!0(%!:-3!0(%!/%-!/0-3/!/0%-83!-'8!0(%!A&2)82'>/!.%%*!
:-/(2'>!&*!-'8!8#:'ZY!/-28!L#,8@!Yi%/!<!0(#&>(0!0(-0!:-/!#88!0##@!<'!
+-50=Y!(%!5#'02'&%8!-/!:20(!-!(&>%!A-'>!"#&0(%'8!/*)20!20/%)+!2'0#!/29!
%?&-)!/%>$%'0/!:(25(!8-'5%8!-'8!/*-'!>2882)3!,#&'8!%-5(!#0(%,!2'!
)%:8!-'8!)25%'02#&/!+#,$-02#'=!Y0(%,%!2/!/#$%0(2'>!-)0#>%0(%,!;%,3!
/0,-'>%!>#2'>!#'@Y!!
I2)8!3#:)2'>!'#2/%/!#+!*2*%/!-'8!/0,2'>/!/%-,%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!:2'8=!
(#0!8#&>('&0/!*#**%8!#&0!#+!0(%!,#-8!+#,!0%'!*%'5%!%-5(=!(#,,28!+2/(!
/0#,$%8!#&0!#+!0(%!/.3!-'8!B,0(&,!-'8!L#,8!8%528%8!0#!$-.%!-!,&'!+#,!
20@!!
1(%3!*)&'>%8!0(,#&>(!(%-;3!:-))/!#+!/#&'8=!$#&'0-2'/!#+!-,5(-25!
0(#&>(0=!;-))%3/!#+!$##8!$&/25=!A-8!/(#%!/%//2#'/!-'8!+##0)2'>!A-0/!
-'8!/&88%')3!(%-,8!-!>2,)6/!;#25%@!!
<0!/#&'8%8!?&20%!-!/%'/2A)%!;#25%=!A&0!20!G&/0!/-28=!Y1:#!0#!0(%!
*#:%,!#+!#'%!(&'8,%8!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!-'8!+-))2'>=Y!-'8!0(-0!
:-/!-))@!!
L#,8!/.288%8!8#:'!-!A%-$!#+!)2>(0!-'8!/*-'!,#&'8!0,32'>!0#!+2'8!-!
/#&,5%!+#,!0(%!;#25%!A&0!5#&)8!/%%!'#0(2'>!(%!5#&)8!/%,2#&/)3!A%)2%;%!
2'@!!
YI(-0!:-/!0(-0!;#25%ZY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:=Y!3%))%8!L#,8=!Y<!8#'60!.'#:@!<0!/#&'8%8!)2.%!-!
$%-/&,%$%'0!#+!*,#A-A2)203@Y!!
YX,#A-A2)203Z!I(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'ZY!!
YX,#A-A2)203@!i#&!.'#:=!)2.%!0:#!0#!#'%=!0(,%%!0#!#'%=!+2;%!0#!+#&,!
->-2'/0@!<0!/-28!0:#!0#!0(%!*#:%,!#+!#'%!(&'8,%8!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!
->-2'/0@!1(-06/!*,%003!2$*,#A-A)%!3#&!.'#:@Y!!
B!$2))2#'`>-))#'!;-0!#+!5&/0-,8!&*%'8%8!20/%)+!#;%,!0(%$!:20(#&0!
:-,'2'>@!!
YW&0!:(-0!8#%/!20!$%-'ZY!5,2%8!B,0(&,@!!
YI(-0=!0(%!5&/0-,8ZY!!
YF#=!0(%!$%-/&,%$%'0!#+!*,#A-A2)203jY!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:@!<!8#'60!.'#:!-0!-))@!<!0(2'.!:%6,%!#'!/#$%!.2'8!#+!
/*-5%/(2*@Y!!
Y<!5-'!#')3!-//&$%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y0(-0!0(2/!2/!'#0!0(%!+2,/0`5)-//!
5#$*-,0$%'0@Y!!
W&)>%/!-**%-,%8!2'!0(%!+-A,25!#+!/*-5%`02$%@!7,%-0!&>)3!A&)>%/@!!
Y4----&&&,,>>(((@@@Y!/-28!B,0(&,!-/!(%!+%)0!(2/!A#83!/#+0%'2'>!-'8!
A%'82'>!2'!&'&/&-)!82,%502#'/@!Y"#&0(%'8!/%%$/!0#!A%!$%)02'>!-:-3@@@!
0(%!/0-,/!-,%!/:2,)2'>@@@!-!8&/0A#:)@@@!$3!)%>/!-,%!8,2+02'>!#++!2'0#!0(%!
/&'/%0@@@!$3!)%+0!-,$6/!5#$%!#++!0##@Y!B!+,2>(0%'2'>!0(#&>(0!/0,&5.!(2$f!
Y4%))=Y!(%!/-28=!Y(#:!-$!<!>#2'>!0#!#*%,-0%!$3!82>20-)!:-05(!'#:ZY!4%!
:#&'8!(2/!%3%/!8%/*%,-0%)3!-,#&'8!2'!L#,86/!82,%502#'@!!
YL#,8=Y!(%!/-28=!Y3#&6,%!0&,'2'>!2'0#!-!*%'>&2'@!"0#*!20@Y!!
B>-2'!5-$%!0(%!;#25%@!!
Y1:#!0#!0(%!*#:%,!#+!/%;%'03`+2;%!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!-'8!
+-))2'>@Y!!
L#,8!:-88)%8!-,#&'8!(2/!*#'8!2'!-!+&,2#&/!52,5)%@!!
Y4%3=!:(#!-,%!3#&=Y!(%!?&-5.%8@!YI(%,%!-,%!3#&Z!I(-06/!>#2'>!#'!
-'8!2/!0(%,%!-'3!:-3!#+!/0#**2'>!20ZY!!
YX)%-/%!,%)-9=Y!/-28!0(%!;#25%!*)%-/-'0)3=!)2.%!-!/0%:-,8%//!2'!-'!
-2,)2'%,!:20(!#')3!#'%!:2'>!-'8!0:#!%'>2'%/!#'%!#+!:(25(!2/!#'!+2,%=!
Y3#&!-,%!*%,+%50)3!/-+%@Y!!
YW&0!0(-06/!'#0!0(%!*#2'0jY!,->%8!L#,8@!Y1(%!*#2'0!2/!0(-0!<!-$!'#:!-!
*%,+%50)3!/-;%!*%'>&2'=!-'8!$3!5#))%->&%!(%,%!2/!,-*28)3!,&''2'>!#&0!
#+!)2$A/jY!!
Y<06/!-),2>(0=!<6;%!>#0!0(%$!A-5.!'#:=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
Y1:#!0#!0(%!*#:%,!#+!+2+03!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!-'8!+-))2'>=Y!
/-28!0(%!;#25%@!!
YB8$200%8)3=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y0(%36,%!)#'>%,!0(-'!<!&/&-))3!)2.%!0(%$=!
A&0@@@Y!!
Y</'60!0(%,%!-'30(2'>=Y!/?&-:.%8!L#,8!2'!-;2-'!+&,3=!Y3#&!+%%)!3#&!
#&>(0!0#!A%!0%))2'>!&/ZY!!
1(%!;#25%!5)%-,%8!20/!0(,#-0@!B!>2-'0!*%020!+#&,!)#))#*%8!#++!2'0#!0(%!
82/0-'5%@!!
YI%)5#$%=Y!0(%!;#25%!/-28=!Y0#!0(%!"0-,/(2*!4%-,0!#+!7#)8@Y!!
1(%!;#25%!5#'02'&%8@!!
YX)%-/%!8#!'#0!A%!-)-,$%8=Y!20!/-28=!YA3!-'30(2'>!3#&!/%%!#,!(%-,!
-,#&'8!3#&@!i#&!-,%!A#&'8!0#!+%%)!/#$%!2'202-)!2))!%++%50/!-/!3#&!(-;%!
A%%'!,%/5&%8!+,#$!5%,0-2'!8%-0(!-0!-'!2$*,#A-A2)203!)%;%)!#+!0:#!0#!
0(%!*#:%,!#+!0:#!(&'8,%8!-'8!/%;%'03`/29!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!ʹ!
*#//2A)3!$&5(!(2>(%,@!I%!-,%!'#:!5,&2/2'>!-0!-!)%;%)!#+!0:#!0#!0(%!
*#:%,!#+!0:%'03`+2;%!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!-'8!+-))2'>=!-'8!:%!:2))!
A%!,%/0#,2'>!'#,$-)203!G&/0!-/!/##'!-/!:%!-,%!/&,%!:(-0!2/!'#,$-)!
-'3:-3@!1(-'.!3#&@!1:#!0#!0(%!*#:%,!#+!0:%'03!0(#&/-'8!0#!#'%!
->-2'/0!-'8!+-))2'>@Y!!
1(%!;#25%!5&0!#&0@!!
L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!:%,%!2'!-!/$-))!)&$2'#&/!*2'.!5&A25)%@!!
L#,8!:-/!:2)8)3!%9520%8@!!
YB,0(&,jY!(%!/-28=!Y0(2/!2/!+-'0-/025j!I%6;%!A%%'!*25.%8!&*!A3!-!/(2*!
*#:%,%8!A3!0(%!<'+2'20%!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%j!1(2/!2/!2'5,%82A)%j!<!(%-,8!
,&$#,/!-A#&0!20!A%+#,%j!1(%3!:%,%!-))!#++252-))3!8%'2%8=!A&0!0(%3!$&/0!
(-;%!8#'%!20j!1(%36;%!A&2)0!0(%!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%j!B,0(&,=!0(2/!2/@@@!
B,0(&,Z!I(-06/!(-**%'2'>ZY!!
B,0(&,!(-8!G-$$%8!(2$/%)+!->-2'/0!0(%!8##,!0#!0(%!5&A25)%=!0,32'>!
0#!(#)8!20!5)#/%8=!A&0!20!:-/!2))!+2002'>@!12'3!+&,,3!)200)%!(-'8/!:%,%!
/?&%%P2'>!0(%$/%);%/!0(,#&>(!0(%!5,-5./=!0(%2,!+2'>%,/!:%,%!
2'./0-2'%8Q!02'3!;#25%/!5(-00%,%8!2'/-'%)3@!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!&*@!!
YL#,8jY!(%!/-28=!Y0(%,%6/!-'!2'+2'20%!'&$A%,!#+!$#'.%3/!#&0/28%!
:(#!:-'0!0#!0-).!0#!&/!-A#&0!0(2/!/5,2*0!+#,!4-$)%0!0(%36;%!:#,.%8!
#&0@Y!!
!
!
Chapter$10$$
!
1(%!<'+2'20%!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%!2/!-!:#'8%,+&)!'%:!$%0(#8!#+!
5,#//2'>!;-/0!2'0%,/0%))-,!82/0-'5%/!2'!-!$%,%!'#0(2'>0(!#+!-!/%5#'8=!
:20(#&0!-))!0(-0!0%82#&/!$&5.2'>!-A#&0!2'!(3*%,/*-5%@!!
<0!:-/!82/5#;%,%8!A3!-!)&5.3!5(-'5%=!-'8!0(%'!8%;%)#*%8!2'0#!-!
>#;%,'-A)%!+#,$!#+!*,#*&)/2#'!A3!0(%!7-)-5025!7#;%,'$%'06/!,%/%-,5(!
0%-$!#'!M-$#>,-'@!!
1(2/=!A,2%+)3=!2/!0(%!/0#,3!#+!20/!82/5#;%,3@!!
1(%!*,2'52*)%!#+!>%'%,-02'>!/$-))!-$#&'0/!#+!+2'20%!2$*,#A-A2)203!A3!
/2$*)3!(##.2'>!0(%!)#>25!52,5&20/!#+!-!W-$A)%:%%'3!eE!"&A`V%/#'!
W,-2'!0#!-'!-0#$25!;%50#,!*)#00%,!/&/*%'8%8!2'!-!/0,#'>!W,#:'2-'!
V#02#'!*,#8&5%,!N/-3!-!'25%!(#0!5&*!#+!0%-O!:%,%!#+!5#&,/%!:%))!
&'8%,/0##8!ʹ!-'8!/&5(!>%'%,-0#,/!:%,%!#+0%'!&/%8!0#!A,%-.!0(%!25%!-0!
*-,02%/!A3!$-.2'>!-))!0(%!$#)%5&)%/!2'!0(%!(#/0%//6/!&'8%,>-,$%'0/!
)%-*!/2$&)0-'%#&/)3!#'%!+##0!0#!0(%!)%+0=!2'!-55#,8-'5%!:20(!0(%!
1(%#,3!#+!<'8%0%,$2'-53@!!
V-'3!,%/*%50-A)%!*(3/252/0/!/-28!0(-0!0(%3!:%,%'60!>#2'>!0#!/0-'8!
+#,!0(2/!ʹ!*-,0)3!A%5-&/%!20!:-/!-!8%A-/%$%'0!#+!/52%'5%=!A&0!$#/0)3!
A%5-&/%!0(%3!828'60!>%0!2';20%8!0#!0(#/%!/#,0!#+!*-,02%/@!!
B'#0(%,!0(2'>!0(%3!5#&)8'60!/0-'8!:-/!0(%!*%,*%0&-)!+-2)&,%!0(%3!
%'5#&'0%,%8!2'!0,32'>!0#!5#'/0,&50!-!$-5(2'%!:(25(!5#&)8!>%'%,-0%!
0(%!2'+2'20%!2$*,#A-A2)203!+2%)8!'%%8%8!0#!+)2*!-!/*-5%/(2*!-5,#//!0(%!
$2'8`*-,-)3/2'>!82/0-'5%/!A%0:%%'!0(%!+&,0(%/0!/0-,/=!-'8!2'!0(%!%'8!
0(%3!>,&$*2)3!-''#&'5%8!0(-0!/&5(!-!$-5(2'%!:-/!;2,0&-))3!
2$*#//2A)%@!!
1(%'=!#'%!8-3=!-!/0&8%'0!:(#!(-8!A%%'!)%+0!0#!/:%%*!&*!0(%!)-A!
-+0%,!-!*-,025&)-,)3!&'/&55%//+&)!*-,03!+#&'8!(2$/%)+!,%-/#'2'>!0(2/!
:-3f!!
<+=!(%!0(#&>(0!0#!(2$/%)+=!/&5(!-!$-5(2'%!2/!-!;2,0&-)!2$*#//2A2)203=!
0(%'!20!$&/0!)#>25-))3!A%!-!+2'20%!2$*,#A-A2)203@!"#!-))!<!(-;%!0#!8#!2'!
#,8%,!0#!$-.%!#'%!2/!0#!:#,.!#&0!%9-50)3!(#:!2$*,#A-A)%!20!2/=!+%%8!
0(-0!+2>&,%!2'0#!0(%!+2'20%!2$*,#A-A2)203!>%'%,-0#,=!>2;%!20!-!+,%/(!5&*!
#+!,%-))3!(#0!0%-@@@!-'8!0&,'!20!#'j!!
4%!828!0(2/=!-'8!:-/!,-0(%,!/0-,0)%8!0#!82/5#;%,!0(-0!(%!(-8!
$-'->%8!0#!5,%-0%!0(%!)#'>!/#&>(0!-+0%,!>#)8%'!<'+2'20%!<$*,#A-A2)203!
>%'%,-0#,!#&0!#+!0(2'!-2,@!!
<0!/0-,0)%8!(2$!%;%'!$#,%!:(%'!G&/0!-+0%,!(%!:-/!-:-,8%8!0(%!
7-)-5025!<'/020&0%6/!X,2P%!+#,!J90,%$%!R)%;%,'%//!(%!>#0!)3'5(%8!A3!-!
,-$*->2'>!$#A!#+!,%/*%50-A)%!*(3/252/0/!:(#!(-8!+2'-))3!,%-)2P%8!0(-0!
0(%!#'%!0(2'>!0(%3!,%-))3!5#&)8'60!/0-'8!:-/!-!/$-,0-//@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$11$$
!
1(%!<$*,#A-A2)203`*,##+!5#'0,#)!5-A2'!#+!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!)##.%8!
)2.%!-!*%,+%50)3!5#';%'02#'-)!/*-5%/(2*!%95%*0!0(-0!20!:-/!*%,+%50)3!
5)%-'!A%5-&/%!20!:-/!/#!'%:@!"#$%!#+!0(%!5#'0,#)!/%-0/!(-8'60!(-8!0(%!
*)-/025!:,-**2'>!0-.%'!#++!3%0@!1(%!5-A2'!:-/!$#/0)3!:(20%=!#A)#'>=!
-'8!-A#&0!0(%!/2P%!#+!-!/$-))2/(!,%/0-&,-'0@!<'!+-50!20!:-/'60!*%,+%50)3!
#A)#'>f!0(%!0:#!)#'>!:-))/!:%,%!,-.%8!,#&'8!2'!-!/)2>(0!*-,-))%)!5&,;%=!
-'8!-))!0(%!-'>)%/!-'8!5#,'%,/!:%,%!5#'0#&,%8!2'!%95202'>)3!5(&'.3!
/(-*%/@!1(%!0,&0(!#+!0(%!$-00%,!2/!0(-0!20!:#&)8!(-;%!A%%'!-!>,%-0!8%-)!
/2$*)%,!-'8!$#,%!*,-5025-)!0#!A&2)8!0(%!5-A2'!-/!-'!#,82'-,3!0(,%%`
82$%'/2#'-)!#A)#'>!,#$=!A&0!0(%'!0(%!8%/2>'%,/!:#&)8!(-;%!>#0!
$2/%,-A)%@!B/!20!:-/!0(%!5-A2'!)##.%8!%95202'>)3!*&,*#/%+&)=!:20(!)-,>%!
;28%#!/5,%%'/!,-'>%8!#;%,!0(%!5#'0,#)!-'8!>&28-'5%!/3/0%$!*-'%)/!#'!
0(%!5#'5-;%!:-))=!-'8!)#'>!A-'./!#+!5#$*&0%,/!/%0!2'0#!0(%!5#';%9!
:-))@!<'!#'%!5#,'%,!-!,#A#0!/-0!(&$*%8=!20/!>)%-$2'>!A,&/(%8!/0%%)!
(%-8!(-'>2'>!)##/%)3!A%0:%%'!20/!>)%-$2'>!A,&/(%8!/0%%)!.'%%/@!<0!0##!
:-/!+-2,)3!'%:=!A&0!0(#&>(!20!:-/!A%-&02+&))3!5#'/0,&50%8!-'8!*#)2/(%8!
20!/#$%(#:!)##.%8!-/!2+!0(%!;-,2#&/!*-,0/!#+!20/!$#,%!#,!)%//!(&$-'#28!
A#83!828'60!?&20%!+20!*,#*%,)3@!<'!+-50!0(%3!+200%8!*%,+%50)3!:%))=!A&0!
/#$%0(2'>!2'!20/!A%-,2'>!/&>>%/0%8!0(-0!0(%3!$2>(0!(-;%!+200%8!A%00%,@!!
h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!*-5%8!'%,;#&/)3!&*!-'8!8#:'!0(%!5-A2'=!
A,&/(2'>!(2/!(-'8/!#;%,!*2%5%/!#+!>)%-$2'>!%?&2*$%'0!-'8!>2>>)2'>!
:20(!%9520%$%'0@!!
1,2))2-'!/-0!(&'5(%8!#;%,!-!5)&$*!#+!2'/0,&$%'0/!,%-82'>!#++!+2>&,%/@!
4%,!;#25%!:-/!5-,,2%8!,#&'8!0(%!1-''#3!/3/0%$!#+!0(%!:(#)%!/(2*@!!
YL2;%!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!-'8!+-))2'>@@@Y!/(%!/-28=!Y+#&,!0#!#'%!->-2'/0!-'8!
+-))2'>@@@!0(,%%!0#!#'%@@@!0:#@@@!#'%@@@!*,#A-A2)203!+-50#,!#+!#'%!0#!#'%@@@!
:%!(-;%!'#,$-)203=!<!,%*%-0!:%!(-;%!'#,$-)203@Y!"(%!0&,'%8!(%,!
$25,#*(#'%!#++!ʹ!0(%'!0&,'%8!20!A-5.!#'=!:20(!-!/)2>(0!/$2)%!-'8!
5#'02'&%8f!YB'30(2'>!3#&!/02))!5-'60!5#*%!:20(!2/!0(%,%+#,%!3#&,!#:'!
*,#A)%$@!X)%-/%!,%)-9@!i#&!:2))!A%!/%'0!+#,!/##'@Y!!
h-*(#8!A&,/0!#&0!2'!-''#3-'5%f!YI(#!-,%!0(%3!1,2))2-'ZY!!
1,2))2-'!/*-'!(%,!/%-0!,#&'8!0#!+-5%!(2$!-'8!/(,&>>%8@!!
Yd&/0!-!5#&*)%!#+!>&3/!:%!/%%$!0#!(-;%!*25.%8!&*!2'!#*%'!/*-5%=Y!
/(%!/-28@!Y"%502#'!hhD!X)&,-)!h!B)*(-@Y!!
Yi%-(=!:%))!0(-06/!-!;%,3!/:%%0!0(#&>(0!1,2))2-'=Y!5#$*)-2'%8!
h-*(#8=!YA&0!8#!3#&!,%-))3!0(2'.!206/!:2/%!&'8%,!0(%!52,5&$/0-'5%/Z!<!
$%-'=!(%,%!:%!-,%!#'!0(%!,&'!-'8!%;%,30(2'>=!:%!$&/0!(-;%!0(%!
*#)25%!#+!(-)+!0(%!7-)-93!-+0%,!&/!A3!'#:=!-'8!:%!/0#*!0#!*25.!&*!
(205((2.%,/@!UK=!/#!0%'!#&0!#+!0%'!+#,!/03)%=!A&0!$2'&/!/%;%,-)!$2))2#'!
+#,!>##8!0(2'.2'>=!3%-(ZY!!
4%!0-**%8!2,,20-A)3!-0!-!5#'0,#)!*-'%)@!1,2))2-'!?&2%0)3!$#;%8!(2/!
(-'8!A%+#,%!(%!0-**%8!-'30(2'>!2$*#,0-'0@!I(-0%;%,!h-*(#86/!
?&-)202%/!#+!$2'8!$2>(0!2'5)&8%!ʹ!8-/(=!A,-;-8#=!5#'5%20!ʹ!(%!:-/!
$%5(-'25-))3!2'%*0!-'8!5#&)8!%-/2)3!A)#:!0(%!/(2*!&*!:20(!-'!
%90,-;->-'0!>%/0&,%@!1,2))2-'!(-8!5#$%!0#!/&/*%50!0(-0!0(%!$-2'!
,%-/#'!:(3!(%!(-8!(-8!/&5(!-!:2)8!-'8!/&55%//+&)!)2+%!0(-0!(%!'%;%,!
,%-))3!&'8%,/0##8!0(%!/2>'2+25-'5%!#+!-'30(2'>!(%!828@!!
Yh-*(#8=Y!/(%!/-28!*-02%'0)3=!Y0(%3!:%,%!+)#-02'>!&'*,#0%50%8!2'!
#*%'!/*-5%@@@!3#&!:#&)8'60!:-'0!0(%$!0#!(-;%!82%8!:#&)8!3#&ZY!!
YI%))=!3#&!.'#:@@@!'#@!F#0!-/!/&5(=!A&0@@@Y!!
YF#0!-/!/&5(Z!F#0!82%!-/!/&5(Z!W&0ZY!1,2))2-'!5#5.%8!(%,!(%-8!#'!
#'%!/28%@!!
YI%))=!$-3A%!/#$%#'%!%)/%!$2>(0!(-;%!*25.%8!0(%$!&*!)-0%,@Y!!
YB!/%5#'8!)-0%,!-'8!0(%3!:#&)8!(-;%!A%%'!8%-8@Y!!
Yi%-(=!/#!2+!3#&68!0-.%'!0(%!0,#&A)%!0#!0(2'.!-A#&0!0(%!*,#A)%$!-!
A20!)#'>%,!20!:#&)8!(-;%!>#'%!-:-3@Y!!
Yi#&68!A%%'!(-**3!0#!)%0!0(%$!82%ZY!!
YI%))=!3#&!.'#:=!'#0!(-**3!-/!/&5(=!A&0@@@Y!!
YB'3:-3=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'=!0&,'2'>!A-5.!0#!0(%!5#'0,#)/=!Y<!828'60!*25.!
0(%$!&*@Y!!
YI(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'Z!I(#!*25.%8!0(%$!&*!0(%'ZY!!
Y1(%!/(2*!828@Y!!
Y4&(ZY!!
Y1(%!/(2*!828@!B))!A3!20/%)+@Y!!
Y4&(ZY!!
YI(2)/0!:%!:%,%!2'!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%@Y!!
YW&0!0(-06/!2'5,%82A)%@Y!!
YF#!h-*(#8@!d&/0!;%,3!;%,3!2$*,#A-A)%@Y!!
YJ,=!3%-(@Y!!
YT##.!h-*(#8=Y!/(%!/-28=!*-002'>!(2/!-,$=!Y8#'60!:#,,3!-A#&0!0(%!
-)2%'/@!1(%36,%!G&/0!-!5#&*)%!#+!>&3/!<!%9*%50@!<6))!/%'8!0(%!,#A#0!8#:'!
0#!>%0!0(%$!-'8!A,2'>!0(%$!&*!(%,%@!4%3!V-,;2'jY!!
<'!0(%!5#,'%,=!0(%!,#A#06/!(%-8!/:&'>!&*!/(-,*)3=!A&0!0(%'!
:#AA)%8!-A#&0!2$*%,5%*02A)3@!<0!*&))%8!20/%)+!&*!0#!20/!+%%0!-/!2+!20!:-/!
-A#&0!+2;%!*#&'8/!(%-;2%,!0(-0!20!-50&-))3!:-/=!-'8!$-8%!:(-0!-'!
#&0/28%!#A/%,;%,!:#&)8!(-;%!0(#&>(0!:-/!-!(%,#25!%++#,0!0#!5,#//!0(%!
,##$@!<0!/0#**%8!2'!+,#'0!#+!1,2))2-'!-'8!/%%$%8!0#!/0-,%!0(,#&>(!(%,!
)%+0!/(#&)8%,@!!
Y<!0(2'.!3#&!#&>(0!0#!.'#:!<6$!+%%)2'>!;%,3!8%*,%//%8=Y!20!/-28@!<0/!
;#25%!:-/!)#:!-'8!(#*%)%//@!!
YU(!7#8=Y!$&00%,%8!h-*(#8!-'8!/)&$*%8!2'0#!-!/%-0@!!
YI%))=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'!2'!-!A,2>(0!5#$*-//2#'-0%!0#'%=!Y(%,%6/!
/#$%0(2'>!0#!#55&*3!3#&!-'8!.%%*!3#&,!$2'8!#++!0(2'>/@Y!!
Y<0!:#'60!:#,.=Y!8,#'%8!V-,;2'=!Y<!(-;%!-'!%95%*02#'-))3!)-,>%!
$2'8@Y!!
YV-,;2'jY!:-,'%8!1,2))2-'@!!
YB),2>(0=Y!/-28!V-,;2'=!Y:(-0!8#!3#&!:-'0!$%!0#!8#ZY!!
Y7#!8#:'!0#!'&$A%,!0:#!%'0,3!A-3!-'8!A,2'>!0(%!0:#!-)2%'/!&*!
(%,%!&'8%,!/&,;%2))-'5%@Y!!
I20(!-!$25,#/%5#'8!*-&/%=!-'8!-!+2'%)3!5-)5&)-0%8!
$25,#$#8&)-02#'!#+!*205(!-'8!02$A,%!ʹ!'#0(2'>!3#&!5#&)8!-50&-))3!
0-.%!#++%'5%!-0!ʹ!V-,;2'!$-'->%8!0#!5#';%3!(2/!&00%,!5#'0%$*0!-'8!
(#,,#,!#+!-))!0(2'>/!(&$-'@!!
Yd&/0!0(-0ZY!(%!/-28@!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'!+2,$)3@!!
Y<!:#'60!%'G#3!20=Y!/-28!V-,;2'@!!
h-*(#8!)%-*%8!#&0!#+!(2/!/%-0@!!
Y"(%6/!'#0!-/.2'>!3#&!0#!%'G#3!20=Y!(%!/(#&0%8=!YG&/0!8#!20!:2))!3#&ZY!!
YB),2>(0=Y!/-28!V-,;2'!)2.%!0(%!0#))2'>!#+!-!>,%-0!5,-5.%8!A%))=!Y<6))!8#!
20@Y!!
Y7##8@@@Y!/'-**%8!h-*(#8=!Y>,%-0@@@!0(-'.!3#&@@@Y!!
V-,;2'!0&,'%8!-'8!)2+0%8!(2/!+)-0`0#**%8!0,2-'>&)-,!,%8!%3%/!&*!
0#:-,8/!(2$@!!
Y<6$!'#0!>%002'>!3#&!8#:'!-0!-))!-$!<ZY!(%!/-28!*-0(%025-))3@!!
YF#!'#!V-,;2'=Y!)2)0%8!1,2))2-'=!Y0(-06/!G&/0!+2'%=!,%-))3@@@Y!!
Y<!:#&)8'60!)2.%!0#!0(2'.!0(-0!<!:-/!>%002'>!3#&!8#:'@Y!!
YF#=!8#'60!:#,,3!-A#&0!0(-0=Y!0(%!)2)0!5#'02'&%8=!Y3#&!G&/0!-50!-/!
5#$%/!'-0&,-))3!-'8!%;%,30(2'>!:2))!A%!G&/0!+2'%@Y!!
Yi#&6,%!/&,%!3#&!8#'60!$2'8ZY!*,#A%8!V-,;2'@!!
YF#!'#!V-,;2'=Y!)2)0%8!1,2))2-'=!Y0(-06/!G&/0!+2'%=!,%-))3@@@!G&/0!*-,0!#+!
)2+%@Y!!
YV-,;2'!+)-/(%8!(2$!-'!%)%50,#'25!)##.@!!
YT2+%=Y!/-28!V-,;2'=!Y8#'60!0-).!0#!$%!-A#&0!)2+%@Y!!
4%!0&,'%8!(#*%)%//)3!#'!(2/!(%%)!-'8!)&>>%8!(2$/%)+!#&0!#+!0(%!
5-A2'@!I20(!-!/-02/+2%8!(&$!-'8!-!5)25.!0(%!8##,!5)#/%8!A%(2'8!(2$!!
Y<!8#'60!0(2'.!<!5-'!/0-'8!0(-0!,#A#0!$&5(!)#'>%,!h-*(#8=Y!>,#:)%8!
1,2))2-'@!!
!
1(%!J'535)#*-%82-!7-)-5025-!8%+2'%/!-!,#A#0!-/!-!$%5(-'25-)!
-**-,-0&/!8%/2>'%8!0#!8#!0(%!:#,.!#+!-!$-'@!1(%!$-,.%02'>!82;2/2#'!
#+!0(%!"2,2&/!R3A%,'%025/!R#,*#,-02#'!8%+2'%/!-!,#A#0!-/!Yi#&,!X)-/025!
X-)!I(#6/!L&'!1#!W%!I20(@Y!!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!8%+2'%/!0(%!$-,.%02'>!82;2/2#'!
#+!0(%!"2,2&/!R3A%,'%025/!R#,*#,-02#'!-/!Y-!A&'5(!#+!$2'8)%//!G%,./!
:(#6))!A%!0(%!+2,/0!->-2'/0!0(%!:-))!:(%'!0(%!,%;#)&02#'!5#$%/=Y!:20(!-!
+##0'#0%!0#!0(%!%++%50!0(-0!0(%!%820#,/!:#&)8!:%)5#$%!-**)25-02#'/!
+,#$!-'3#'%!2'0%,%/0%8!2'!0-.2'>!#;%,!0(%!*#/0!#+!,#A#025/!
5#,,%/*#'8%'0@!!
R&,2#&/)3!%'#&>(=!-'!%8202#'!#+!0(%!J'535)#*-%82-!7-)-5025-!0(-0!
(-8!0(%!>##8!+#,0&'%!0#!+-))!0(,#&>(!-!02$%!:-,*!+,#$!-!0(#&/-'8!
3%-,/!2'!0(%!+&0&,%!8%+2'%8!0(%!$-,.%02'>!82;2/2#'!#+!0(%!"2,2&/!
R3A%,'%025/!R#,*#,-02#'!-/!Y-!A&'5(!#+!$2'8)%//!G%,./!:(#!:%,%!0(%!
+2,/0!->-2'/0!0(%!:-))!:(%'!0(%!,%;#)&02#'!5-$%@Y!!
!
1(%!*2'.!5&A25)%!(-8!:2'.%8!#&0!#+!%92/0%'5%=!0(%!$#'.%3/!(-8!
/&'.!-:-3!0#!-!A%00%,!82$%'/2#'@!L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!+#&'8!0(%$/%);%/!
2'!0(%!%$A-,.-02#'!-,%-!#+!0(%!/(2*@!<0!:-/!,-0(%,!/$-,0@!!
Y<!0(2'.!0(%!/(2*6/!A,-'8!'%:=Y!/-28!L#,8@!!
Y4#:!5-'!3#&!0%))ZY!-/.%8!B,0(&,@!Y4-;%!3#&!>#0!/#$%!%9#025!
8%;25%!+#,!$%-/&,2'>!0(%!->%!#+!$%0-)ZY!!
YF#=!<!G&/0!+#&'8!0(2/!/-)%/!A,#5(&,%!)32'>!#'!0(%!+)##,@!<06/!-!)#0!#+!
60(%!S'2;%,/%!5-'!A%!3#&,/6!/0&++@!B(j!T##.=!<!:-/!,2>(0@Y!!
L#,8!G-AA%8!-0!#'%!#+!0(%!*->%/!-'8!/(#:%8!20!0#!B,0(&,@!!
Y<0!/-3/f!6"%'/-02#'-)!'%:!A,%-.0(,#&>(!2'!<$*,#A-A2)203!X(3/25/@!B/!
/##'!-/!0(%!/(2*6/!8,2;%!,%-5(%/!<'+2'20%!<$*,#A-A2)203!20!*-//%/!
0(,#&>(!%;%,3!*#2'0!2'!0(%!S'2;%,/%@!W%!0(%!%';3!#+!#0(%,!$-G#,!
>#;%,'$%'0/@6!I#:=!0(2/!2/!A2>!)%->&%!/0&++@Y!!
L#,8!(&'0%8!%9520%8)3!0(,#&>(!0(%!0%5('25-)!/*%5/!#+!0(%!/(2*=!
#55-/2#'-))3!>-/*2'>!:20(!-/0#'2/($%'0!-0!:(-0!(%!,%-8!ʹ!5)%-,)3!
7-)-5025!-/0,#0%5('#)#>3!(-8!$#;%8!-(%-8!8&,2'>!0(%!3%-,/!#+!(2/!
%92)%@!!
B,0(&,!)2/0%'%8!+#,!-!/(#,0!:(2)%=!A&0!A%2'>!&'-A)%!0#!&'8%,/0-'8!
0(%!;-/0!$-G#,203!#+!:(-0!L#,8!:-/!/-32'>!(%!A%>-'!0#!)%0!(2/!$2'8!
:-'8%,=!0,-2)2'>!(2/!+2'>%,/!-)#'>!0(%!%8>%!#+!-'!2'5#$*,%(%'/2A)%!
5#$*&0%,!A-'.=!(%!,%-5(%8!#&0!-'8!*,%//%8!-'!2';202'>)3!)-,>%!,%8!
A&00#'!#'!-!'%-,A3!*-'%)@!1(%!*-'%)!)20!&*!:20(!0(%!:#,8/!X)%-/%!8#!
'#0!*,%//!0(2/!A&00#'!->-2'@!4%!/(##.!(2$/%)+@!!
YT2/0%'=Y!/-28!L#,8=!:(#!:-/!/02))!%'>,#//%8!2'!0(%!/-)%/!A,#5(&,%=!
Y0(%3!$-.%!-!A2>!0(2'>!#+!0(%!/(2*6/!53A%,'%025/@!6B!'%:!>%'%,-02#'!#+!
"2,2&/!R3A%,'%025/!R#,*#,-02#'!,#A#0/!-'8!5#$*&0%,/=!:20(!0(%!'%:!
7XX!+%-0&,%@6Y!!
Y7XX!+%-0&,%ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!YI(-06/!0(-0ZY!!
YU(=!20!/-3/!7%'&2'%!X%#*)%!X%,/#'-)202%/@Y!!
YU(=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y/#&'8/!>(-/0)3@Y!!
B!;#25%!A%(2'8!0(%$!/-28=!Y<0!2/@Y!1(%!;#25%!:-/!)#:!-'8!(#*%)%//!
-'8!-55#$*-'2%8!A3!-!/)2>(0!5)-'.2'>!/#&'8@!1(%3!/*-'!,#&'8!-'8!
/-:!-'!-AG%50!/0%%)!$-'!/0-'82'>!(&'5(%8!2'!0(%!8##,:-3@!!
YI(-0ZY!0(%3!/-28@!!
Y7(-/0)3=Y!5#'02'&%8!V-,;2'=!Y20!-))!2/@!BA/#)&0%)3!>(-/0)3@!d&/0!8#'60!
%;%'!0-).!-A#&0!20@!T##.!-0!0(2/!8##,=Y!(%!/-28=!/0%**2'>!0(,#&>(!20@!1(%!
2,#'3!52,5&20/!5&0!2'0#!(2/!;#25%!$#8&)-0#,!-/!(%!$2$25.%8!0(%!/03)%!#+!
0(%!/-)%/!A,#5(&,%@!YB))!0(%!8##,/!2'!0(2/!/*-5%/(2*!(-;%!-!5(%%,+&)!
-'8!/&''3!82/*#/202#'@!<0!2/!0(%2,!*)%-/&,%!0#!#*%'!+#,!3#&=!-'8!0(%2,!
/-02/+-502#'!0#!5)#/%!->-2'!:20(!0(%!.'#:)%8>%!#+!-!G#A!:%))!8#'%@Y!!
B/!0(%!8##,!5)#/%8!A%(2'8!0(%$!20!A%5-$%!-**-,%'0!0(-0!20!828!
2'8%%8!(-;%!-!/-02/+2%8!/2>(`)2.%!?&-)203!0#!20@!
Y4&$$$$$$$3&$$$$$$$!-(jY!20!/-28@!!
V-,;2'!,%>-,8%8!20!:20(!5#)8!)#-0(2'>!:(2)/0!(2/!)#>25!52,5&20/!
5(-00%,%8!:20(!82/>&/0!-'8!02'.%,%8!:20(!0(%!5#'5%*0!#+!82,%502'>!
*(3/25-)!;2#)%'5%!->-2'/0!20!L&,0(%,!52,5&20/!5&0!2'!/-32'>=!I(3!A#0(%,Z!
I(-06/!0(%!*#2'0Z!F#0(2'>!2/!:#,0(!>%002'>!2';#);%8!2'@!L&,0(%,!
52,5&20/!-$&/%8!0(%$/%);%/!A3!-'-)3/2'>!0(%!$#)%5&)-,!5#$*#'%'0/!
#+!0(%!8##,=!-'8!#+!0(%!(&$-'#28/6!A,-2'!5%))/@!L#,!-!?&25.!%'5#,%!0(%3!
$%-/&,%8!0(%!)%;%)!#+!(38,#>%'!%$2//2#'/!2'!0(%!/&,,#&'82'>!5&A25!
*-,/%5!#+!/*-5%!-'8!0(%'!/(&0!8#:'!->-2'!2'!A#,%8#$@!B!/*-/$!#+!
8%/*-2,!/(##.!0(%!,#A#06/!A#83!-/!(%!0&,'%8@!!
YR#$%!#'=Y!(%!8,#'%8=!Y<6;%!A%%'!#,8%,%8!0#!0-.%!3#&!8#:'!0#!0(%!
A,28>%@!4%,%!<!-$=!A,-2'!0(%!/2P%!#+!-!*)-'%0!-'8!0(%3!-/.!$%!0#!0-.%!
3#&!8#:'!0#!0(%!A,28>%@!R-))!0(-0!G#A!/-02/+-502#'Z!6R#/!<!8#'60@Y!!
4%!0&,'%8!-'8!:-).%8!A-5.!0#!0(%!(-0%8!8##,@!!
YJ,=!%95&/%!$%=Y!/-28!L#,8!+#))#:2'>!-+0%,!(2$=!Y:(25(!>#;%,'$%'0!
#:'/!0(2/!/(2*ZY!!
V-,;2'!2>'#,%8!(2$@!!
Yi#&!:-05(!0(2/!8##,=Y!(%!$&00%,%8=!Y206/!-A#&0!0#!#*%'!->-2'@!<!5-'!
0%))!A3!0(%!2'0#)%,-A)%!-2,!#+!/$&>'%//!20!/&88%')3!>%'%,-0%/@Y!!
I20(!-'!2'>,-02-02'>!)200)%!:(2'%!0(%!8##,!/)20!#*%'!->-2'!-'8!
V-,;2'!/0#$*%8!0(,#&>(@!!
YR#$%!#'=Y!(%!/-28@!!
1(%!#0(%,/!+#))#:%8!?&25.)3!-'8!0(%!8##,!/)20!A-5.!2'0#!*)-5%!:20(!
*)%-/%8!)200)%!5)25./!-'8!:(2,,/@!!
Y1(-'.!3#&!0(%!$-,.%02'>!82;2/2#'!#+!0(%!"2,2&/!R3A%,'%025/!
R#,*#,-02#'=Y!/-28!V-,;2'!-'8!0,&8>%8!8%/#)-0%)3!&*!0(%!>)%-$2'>!
5&,;%8!5#,,28#,!0(-0!/0,%05(%8!#&0!A%+#,%!0(%$@!YT%06/!A&2)8!,#A#0/!
:20(!7%'&2'%!X%#*)%!X%,/#'-)202%/=Y!0(%3!/-28@!"#!0(%3!0,2%8!20!#&0!:20(!
$%@!<6$!-!*%,/#'-)203!*,#0#03*%@!i#&!5-'!0%))!5-'60!3#&ZY!!
L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!$&00%,%8!%$A-,,-//%8!)200)%!82/5)-2$%,/@!!
Y<!(-0%!0(-0!8##,=Y!5#'02'&%8!V-,;2'@!Y<6$!'#0!>%002'>!3#&!8#:'!-0!
-))!-$!<ZY!!
YI(25(!>#;%,'$%'0@@@Y!/0-,0%8!L#,8!->-2'@!!
YF#!>#;%,'$%'0!#:'/!20=Y!/'-**%8!0(%!,#A#0=!Y206/!A%%'!/0#)%'@Y!!
Y"0#)%'ZY!!
Y"0#)%'ZY!$2$25.%8!V-,;2'@!!
YI(#!A3ZY!-/.%8!L#,8@!!
Yh-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9@Y!!
"#$%0(2'>!%90,-#,82'-,3!(-**%'%8!0#!L#,86/!+-5%@!B0!)%-/0!+2;%!
%'02,%)3!/%*-,-0%!-'8!82/02'50!%9*,%//2#'/!#+!/(#5.!-'8!-$-P%$%'0!
*2)%8!&*!#'!20!2'!-!G&$A)%8!$%//@!42/!)%+0!)%>=!:(25(!:-/!2'!$28!/0,28%=!
/%%$%8!0#!(-;%!82++25&)03!2'!+2'82'>!0(%!+)##,!->-2'@!4%!/0-,%8!-0!0(%!
,#A#0!-'8!0,2%8!0#!%'0-'>)%!/#$%!8-,0#28!$&/5)%/@!!
Yh-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9@@@ZY!(%!/-28!:%-.)3@!!
Y"#,,3=!828!<!/-3!/#$%0(2'>!:,#'>ZY!/-28!V-,;2'=!8,->>2'>!(2$/%)+!
#'!,%>-,8)%//@!YX-,8#'!$%!+#,!A,%-0(2'>=!:(25(!<!'%;%,!8#!-'3:-3!/#!<!
8#'60!.'#:!:(3!<!A#0(%,!0#!/-3!20=!#(!7#8!<6$!/#!8%*,%//%8@!4%,%6/!
-'#0(%,!#+!0(#/%!/%)+`/-02/+2%8!8##,@!T2+%j!M#'60!0-).!0#!$%!-A#&0!)2+%@Y!!
YF#!#'%!%;%,!$%'02#'%8!20=Y!$&00%,%8!B,0(&,!2,,20-A)3@!YL#,8=!-,%!
3#&!-),2>(0ZY!!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!(2$@!YM28!0(-0!,#A#0!/-3!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9ZY!(%!
/-28@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$12$$
!
B!)#&8!5)-00%,!#+!>&'.!$&/25!+)##8%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!
5-A2'!-/!h-*(#8!/%-,5(%8!0(%!/&A`%0(-!,-82#!:-;%A-'8/!+#,!'%:/!#+!
(2$/%)+@!1(%!$-5(2'%!:-/!,-0(%,!82++25&)0!0#!#*%,-0%@!L#,!3%-,/!,-82#/!
(-8!A%%'!#*%,-0%8!A3!$%-'/!#+!*,%//2'>!A&00#'/!-'8!0&,'2'>!82-)/Q!
0(%'!-/!0(%!0%5('#)#>3!A%5-$%!$#,%!/#*(2/025-0%8!0(%!5#'0,#)/!:%,%!
$-8%!0#&5(`/%'/202;%`3#&!$%,%)3!(-8!0#!A,&/(!0(%!*-'%)/!:20(!3#&,!
+2'>%,/Q!'#:!-))!3#&!(-8!0#!8#!:-/!:-;%!3#&,!(-'8!2'!0(%!>%'%,-)!
82,%502#'!#+!0(%!5#$*#'%'0/!-'8!(#*%@!<0!/-;%8!-!)#0!#+!$&/5&)-,!
%9*%'820&,%!#+!5#&,/%=!A&0!$%-'0!0(-0!3#&!(-8!0#!/20!2'+&,2-02'>)3!/02))!
2+!3#&!:-'0%8!0#!.%%*!)2/0%'2'>!0#!0(%!/-$%!*,#>,-$$%@!!
h-*(#8!:-;%8!-!(-'8!-'8!0(%!5(-''%)!/:205(%8!->-2'@!V#,%!>&'.!
$&/25=!A&0!0(2/!02$%!20!:-/!-!A-5.>,#&'8!0#!-!'%:/!-''#&'5%$%'0@!
1(%!'%:/!:-/!-):-3/!(%-;2)3!%820%8!0#!+20!0(%!,(30($/!#+!0(%!$&/25@!!
Y@@@!-'8!'%:/!A,#&>(0!0#!3#&!(%,%!#'!0(%!/&A`%0(-!:-;%!A-'8=!
A,#-85-/02'>!-,#&'8!0(%!>-)-93!-,#&'8!0(%!5)#5.=Y!/?&-:.%8!-!;#25%=!
Y-'8!:%6))!A%!/-32'>!-!A2>!(%))#!0#!-))!2'0%))2>%'0!)2+%!+#,$/!
%;%,3:(%,%@@@!-'8!0#!%;%,3#'%!%)/%!#&0!0(%,%=!0(%!/%5,%0!2/!0#!A-'>!
0(%!,#5./!0#>%0(%,=!>&3/@!B'8!#+!5#&,/%=!0(%!A2>!'%:/!/0#,3!0#'2>(0!2/!
0(%!/%'/-02#'-)!0(%+0!#+!0(%!'%:!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%!*,#0#03*%!/(2*!A3!
'#'%!#0(%,!0(-'!7-)-5025!X,%/28%'0!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9@!B'8!0(%!
?&%/02#'!%;%,3#'%6/!-/.2'>!2/@@@!(-/!0(%!A2>!h!+2'-))3!+)2**%8Z!
W%%A)%A,#9=!0(%!$-'!:(#!2';%'0%8!0(%!X-'!7-)-5025!7-,>)%!W)-/0%,=!
%9`5#'+28%'5%!0,25./0%,=!#'5%!8%/5,2A%8!A3!J55%'0,25-!7-))&$A20/!-/!
0(%!W%/0!W-'>!/2'5%!0(%!W2>!U'%=!-'8!,%5%'0)3!;#0%8!0(%!I#,/0!
M,%//%8!"%'02'%'0!W%2'>!2'!0(%!K'#:'!S'2;%,/%!+#,!0(%!/%;%'0(!02$%@@@!
(-/!(%!>#0!-'!-'/:%,!0(2/!02$%Z!I%!-/.%8!(2/!*,2;-0%!A,-2'!5-,%!
/*%52-)2/0!7->!4-)+,&'0@@@Y!!
1(%!$&/25!/:2,)%8!-'8!82;%8!+#,!-!$#$%'0@!B'#0(%,!;#25%!A,#.%!2'=!
*,%/&$-A)3!4-)+,&'0@!4%!/-28f!YI%))=!h-*(#86/!G2/0!P2/!>&3!3#&!.'#:ZY!
A&0!>#0!'#!+&,0(%,!A%5-&/%!-'!%)%50,25!*%'52)!+)%:!-5,#//!0(%!5-A2'!-'8!
0(,#&>(!0(%!,-82#6/!#'g#++!/%'/202;%!-2,/*-5%@!h-*(#8!0&,'%8!-'8!
>)-,%8!-0!1,2))2-'!ʹ!/(%!(-8!0(,#:'!0(%!*%'52)@!!
Y4%3=Y!(%!/-28=!:(-0!8#!3#&!8#!0(-0!+#,ZY!!
1,2))2-'!:-/!0-**2'>!(%,!+2'>%,/!#'!-!/5,%%'+&)!#+!+2>&,%/@!!
Y<6;%!G&/0!0(#&>(0!#+!/#$%0(2'>=Y!/(%!/-28@!!
Yi%-(Z!I#,0(!2'0%,,&*02'>!-!'%:/!A&))%02'!-A#&0!$%!+#,ZY!!
Yi#&!(%-,!%'#&>(!-A#&0!3#&,/%)+!-/!20!2/@Y!!
Y<6$!;%,3!2'/%5&,%@!I%!.'#:!0(-0@Y!!
YR-'!:%!8,#*!3#&,!%>#!+#,!-!$#$%'0Z!1(2/!2/!2$*#,0-'0@Y!!
Y<+!0(%,%6/!-'30(2'>!$#,%!2$*#,0-'0!0(-'!$3!%>#!-,#&'8=!<!:-'0!20!
5-&>(0!-'8!/(#0!'#:@Y!h-*(#8!>)-,%8!-0!(%,!->-2'=!0(%'!)-&>(%8@!!
YT2/0%'=Y!/(%!/-28=!Y:%!*25.%8!&*!0(#/%!5#&*)%!#+!>&3/@@@Y!!
YI(-0!5#&*)%!#+!>&3/ZY!!
Y1(%!5#&*)%!#+!>&3/!:%!*25.%8!&*@Y!!
YU(=!3%-(=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y0(#/%!5#&*)%!#+!>&3/@Y!!
YI%!*25.%8!0(%$!&*!2'!/%50#,!hhD!X)&,-)!h!B)*(-@Y!!
Yi%-(ZY!/-28!h-*(#8!-'8!A)2'.%8@!!
1,2))2-'!/-28!?&2%0)3=!YM#%/!0(-0!$%-'!-'30(2'>!0#!3#&ZY!!
YV$$$$=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!YhhD!X)&,-)!h!B)*(-@!hhD!X)&,-)!h!B)*(-ZY!!
YI%))ZY!/-28!1,2))2-'@!!
YJ,@@@!:(-0!8#%/!0(%!h!$%-'ZY!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YI(25(!#'%ZY!!
YB'3!#'%@Y!!
U'%!#+!0(%!$-G#,!82++25&)02%/!1,2))2-'!%9*%,2%'5%8!2'!(%,!,%)-02#'/(2*!
:20(!h-*(#8!:-/!)%-,'2'>!0#!82/02'>&2/(!A%0:%%'!(2$!*,%0%'82'>!0#!
A%!/0&*28!G&/0!0#!>%0!*%#*)%!#++!0(%2,!>&-,8=!*,%0%'82'>!0#!A%!/0&*28!
A%5-&/%!(%!5#&)8'60!A%!A#0(%,%8!0#!0(2'.!-'8!:-'0%8!/#$%#'%!%)/%!
0#!8#!20!+#,!(2$=!*,%0%'82'>!0#!A%!#&0,->%#&/)3!/0&*28!0#!(28%!0(%!+-50!
0(-0!(%!-50&-))3!828'60!&'8%,/0-'8!:(-0!:-/!>#2'>!#'=!-'8!,%-))3!A%2'>!
>%'&2'%)3!/0&*28@!4%!:-/!,%'#:'%8!+#,!A%2'>!-$-P2'>)3!5)%;%,!-'8!
?&20%!5)%-,)3!:-/!/#!ʹ!A&0!'#0!-))!0(%!02$%=!:(25(!#A;2#&/)3!:#,,2%8!
(2$=!(%'5%!0(%!-50@!4%!*,#++%,%8!*%#*)%!0#!A%!*&PP)%8!,-0(%,!0(-'!
5#'0%$*0&#&/@!1(2/!-A#;%!-))!-**%-,%8!0#!1,2))2-'!0#!A%!>%'&2'%)3!
/0&*28=!A&0!/(%!5#&)8!'#!)#'>%,!A%!A#0(%,%8!0#!-,>&%!-A#&0!20@!!
"(%!/2>(%8!-'8!*&'5(%8!&*!-!/0-,!$-*!#'!0(%!;2/2/5,%%'!/#!/(%!
5#&)8!$-.%!20!/2$*)%!+#,!(2$=!:(-0%;%,!(2/!,%-/#'/!+#,!:-'02'>!20!0#!
A%!0(-0!:-3@!!
Y1(%,%=Y!/(%!*#2'0%8=!Y,2>(0!0(%,%@Y!!
Y4%3@@@!i%-(jY!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YI%))ZY!/(%!/-28@!!
YI%))!:(-0ZY!!
X-,0/!#+!0(%!2'/28%!#+!(%,!(%-8!/5,%-$%8!-0!#0(%,!*-,0/!#+!0(%!
2'/28%!#+!(%,!(%-8@!"(%!/-28=!;%,3!5-)$)3=!Y<06/!0(%!/-$%!/%50#,!3#&!
#,2>2'-))3!*25.%8!$%!&*!2'@Y!!
4%!)##.%8!-0!(%,!-'8!0(%'!)##.%8!A-5.!-0!0(%!/5,%%'@!!
Y4%3=!3%-(=Y!(%!/-28=!Y'#:!0(-0!2/!:2)8@!I%!/(#&)8!(-;%!P-**%8!
/0,-2>(0!2'0#!0(%!$288)%!#+!0(%!4#,/%(%-8!F%A&)-@!4#:!828!:%!5#$%!
0#!A%!0(%,%Z!<!$%-'!0(-06/!'#:(%,%@Y!!
"(%!2>'#,%8!0(2/@!!
Y<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%=Y!/(%!/-28!*-02%'0)3@!Yi#&!%9*)-2'%8!20!0#!$%!
3#&,/%)+@!I%!*-//!0(,#&>(!%;%,3!*#2'0!2'!0(%!S'2;%,/%=!3#&!.'#:!
0(-0@Y!!
Yi%-(=!A&0!0(-06/!#'%!:2)8!5#2'528%'5%!2/'60!20ZY!!
Yi%/@Y!!
YX25.2'>!/#$%#'%!&*!-0!0(-0!*#2'0Z!U&0!#+!0(%!:(#)%!#+!0(%!
S'2;%,/%!0#!5(##/%!+,#$Z!1(-06/!G&/0!0##@@@!<!:-'0!0#!:#,.!0(2/!#&0@!
R#$*&0%,jY!!
1(%!"2,2&/!R3A%,'%025/!R#,*#,-02#'!"(2*A#-,8!R#$*&0%,!:(25(!
5#'0,#))%8!-'8!*%,$%-0%8!%;%,3!*-,025)%!#+!0(%!/(2*!/:205(%8!2'0#!
5#$$&'25-02#'!$#8%@!!
Y42!0(%,%jY!20!/-28!A,2>(0)3!-'8!/2$&)0-'%#&/)3!/*%:%8!#&0!-!02'3!
,2AA#'!#+!025.%,!0-*%!G&/0!+#,!0(%!,%5#,8@!1(%!025.%,!0-*%!/-28=!42!0(%,%j!!
YU(!7#8=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!4%!(-8'60!:#,.%8!:20(!0(2/!5#$*&0%,!+#,!
)#'>!A&0!(-8!-),%-83!)%-,'%8!0#!)#-0(%!20@!!
1(%!5#$*&0%,!5#'02'&%8=!A,-/(!-'8!5(%%,3!-/!2+!20!:-/!/%))2'>!
8%0%,>%'0@!!
Y<!:-'0!3#&!0#!.'#:!0(-0!:(-0%;%,!3#&,!*,#A)%$=!<!-$!(%,%!0#!(%)*!
3#&!/#);%!20@Y!!
Yi%-(!3%-(=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!YT##.=!<!0(2'.!<6))!G&/0!&/%!-!*2%5%!#+!
*-*%,@Y!!
Y"&,%!0(2'>=Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,=!/*2))2'>!#&0!20/!$%//->%!2'0#!-!
:-/0%!A2'!-0!0(%!/-$%!02$%=!Y<!&'8%,/0-'8@!<+!3#&!%;%,!:-'0@@@Y!!
Y"(&0!&*jY!/-28!h-*(#8=!-'8!/'-05(2'>!&*!-!*%'52)!/-0!8#:'!'%90!0#!
1,2))2-'!-0!0(%!5#'/#)%@!!
YUK=!UK@@@Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,!2'!-!(&,0!0#'%!#+!;#25%!-'8!5)#/%8!
8#:'!20/!/*%%5(!5(-''%)!->-2'@!!
h-*(#8!-'8!1,2))2-'!*#,%8!#;%,!0(%!+2>&,%/!0(-0!0(%!<$*,#A-A2)203!
+)2>(0!*-0(!/5-''%,!+)-/(%8!/2)%'0)3!&*!2'!+,#'0!#+!0(%$@!!
YR-'!:%!:#,.!#&0=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y+,#$!0(%2,!*#2'0!#+!;2%:!:(-0!0(%!
<$*,#A-A2)203!#+!0(%2,!,%/5&%!:-/ZY!!
Yi%/=!0(-06/!-!5#'/0-'0Y=!/-28!1,2))2-'=!Y0:#!0#!0(%!*#:%,!#+!0:#!
(&'8,%8!-'8!/%;%'03`/29!0(#&/-'8!/%;%'!(&'8,%8!-'8!'2'%!0#!#'%!
->-2'/0@Y!!
Y1(-06/!(2>(@!1(%36,%!0:#!)&5.3!)&5.3!>&3/@Y!!
Yi%/@Y!!
YW&0!,%)-02;%!0#!:(-0!:%!:%,%!8#2'>!:(%'!0(%!/(2*!*25.%8!0(%$!
&*@@@Y!!
1,2))2-'!*&'5(%8!&*!0(%!+2>&,%/@!1(%3!/(#:%8!0:#`0#`0(%!*#:%,`#+`
<'+2'203`$2'&/`#'%!N-'!2,,-02#'-)!'&$A%,!0(-0!#')3!(-/!-!5#';%'02#'-)!
$%-'2'>!2'!<$*,#A-A2)203!*(3/25/O@!!
Y@@@!206/!*,%003!)#:=Y!5#'02'&%8!h-*(#8!:20(!-!/)2>(0!:(2/0)%@!!
Yi%/=Y!->,%%8!1,2))2-'=!-'8!)##.%8!-0!(2$!?&2PP25-))3@!!
Y1(-06/!#'%!A2>!:(-5.!#+!<$*,#A-A2)203!0#!A%!-55#&'0%8!+#,@!
"#$%0(2'>!*,%003!2$*,#A-A)%!(-/!>#0!0#!/(#:!&*!#'!0(%!A-)-'5%!
/(%%0!2+!206/!-))!>#2'>!0#!-88!&*!2'0#!-!*,%003!/&$@Y!!
h-*(#8!/5,2AA)%8!-!+%:!/&$/=!5,#//%8!0(%$!#&0!-'8!0(,%:!0(%!
*%'52)!-:-3@!!
YW-06/!8#0/=!<!5-'60!:#,.!20!#&0@Y!!
YI%))ZY!!
h-*(#8!.'#5.%8!(2/!0:#!(%-8/!0#>%0(%,!2'!2,,20-02#'!-'8!>,200%8!(2/!
0%%0(@!!
YUK=Y!(%!/-28@!YR#$*&0%,jY!!
1(%!;#25%!52,5&20/!/*,-'>!0#!)2+%!->-2'@!!
YI(3!(%))#!0(%,%jY!0(%3!/-28!N025.%,!0-*%=!025.%,!0-*%O@!YB))!<!:-'0!0#!
8#!2/!$-.%!3#&,!8-3!'25%,!-'8!'25%,!-'8!'25%,@@@Y!!
Yi%-(!:%))!/(&0!&*!-'8!:#,.!/#$%0(2'>!#&0!+#,!$%@Y!!
Y"&,%!0(2'>=Y!5(-00%,%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,=!Y3#&!:-'0!-!*,#A-A2)203!
+#,%5-/0!A-/%8!#'@@@Y!!
Y<$*,#A-A2)203!8-0-=!3%-(@Y!!
YUK=Y!0(%!5#$*&0%,!5#'02'&%8@!Y4%,%6/!-'!2'0%,%/02'>!)200)%!'#02#'@!
M28!3#&!,%-)2P%!0(-0!$#/0!*%#*)%6/!)2;%/!-,%!>#;%,'%8!A3!0%)%*(#'%!
'&$A%,/ZY!!
B!*-2'%8!)##.!5,-:)%8!-5,#//!#'%!#+!h-*(#86/!+-5%/!-'8!#'!0#!0(%!
#0(%,!#'%@!!
Y4-;%!3#&!+)2**%8ZY!(%!/-28@!!
YF#=!A&0!3#&!:2))!:(%'!<!0%))!3#&!0(-0@@@Y!!
1,2))2-'!>-/*%8@!"(%!/5,-AA)%8!-0!0(%!A&00#'/!#'!0(%!<$*,#A-A2)203!
+)2>(0!*-0(!/5,%%'@!!
Y1%)%*(#'%!'&$A%,ZY!/(%!/-28@!YM28!0(-0!0(2'>!/-3!0%)%*(#'%!
'&$A%,ZY!!
F&$A%,/!+)-/(%8!&*!#'!0(%!/5,%%'@!!
1(%!5#$*&0%,!(-8!*-&/%8!*#)20%)3=!A&0!'#:!20!5#'02'&%8@!!
YI(-0!<!:-/!-A#&0!0#!/-3!:-/!0(-0@@@Y!!
YM#'60!A#0(%,!*)%-/%=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'@!!
YT##.=!:(-0!2/!0(2/ZY!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'=!YA&0!0(#/%!-)2%'/!ʹ!0(%36,%!#'!0(%!:-3!
&*!0#!0(%!A,28>%!:20(!0(-0!:,%05(%8!,#A#0@!R-'!:%!*25.!0(%$!&*!#'!
-'3!$#'20#,!5-$%,-/ZY!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$13$$
!
V-,;2'!0,&8>%8!#'!8#:'!0(%!5#,,28#,=!/02))!$#-'2'>@!!
Y@@@!-'8!0(%'!#+!5#&,/%!<6;%!>#0!0(2/!0%,,2A)%!*-2'!2'!-))!0(%!82#8%/!
8#:'!$3!)%+0!(-'8!/28%@@@Y!!
YF#ZY!/-28!B,0(&,!>,2$)3!-/!(%!:-).%8!-)#'>!A%/28%!(2$@!Y[%-))3ZY!!
YU(!3%/=Y!/-28!V-,;2'=!Y<!$%-'!<6;%!-/.%8!+#,!0(%$!0#!A%!,%*)-5%8!
A&0!'#!#'%!%;%,!)2/0%'/@Y!!
Y<!5-'!2$->2'%@Y!!
a->&%!:(2/0)2'>!-'8!(&$$2'>!'#2/%/!:%,%!5#$2'>!+,#$!L#,8@!
YI%))!:%))!:%))=Y!(%!.%*0!/-32'>!0#!(2$/%)+=!Yh-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9@@@Y!!
"&88%')3!V-,;2'!/0#**%8=!-'8!(%)8!&*!-!(-'8@!!
Yi#&!.'#:!:(-06/!(-**%'%8!'#:!#+!5#&,/%ZY!!
YF#=!:(-0ZY!/-28!B,0(&,=!:(#!828'60!:(-0!0#!.'#:@!!
YI%6;%!-,,2;%8!-0!-'#0(%,!#+!0(#/%!8##,/@Y!!
1(%,%!:-/!-!/)282'>!8##,!)%0!2'0#!0(%!/28%!#+!0(%!5#,,28#,@!V-,;2'!
%3%8!20!/&/*252#&/)3@!!
YI%))ZY!/-28!L#,8!2$*-02%'0)3@!YM#!:%!>#!0(,#&>(ZY!!
YM#!:%!>#!0(,#&>(ZY!$2$25.%8!V-,;2'@!Yi%/@!1(2/!2/!0(%!%'0,-'5%!
0#!0(%!A,28>%@!<!:-/!0#)8!0#!0-.%!3#&!0#!0(%!A,28>%@!X,#A-A)3!0(%!
(2>(%/0!8%$-'8!0(-0!:2))!A%!$-8%!#'!$3!2'0%))%50&-)!5-*-5202%/!0#8-3!
<!/(#&)8'60!:#'8%,@Y!!
")#:)3=!:20(!>,%-0!)#-0(2'>=!(%!/0%**%8!0#:-,8/!0(%!8##,=!)2.%!-!
(&'0%,!/0-).2'>!(2/!*,%3@!"&88%')3!20!/)28!#*%'@!!
Y1(-'.!3#&=Y!20!/-28=!Y+#,!$-.2'>!-!/2$*)%!8##,!;%,3!(-**3@Y!!
M%%*!2'!V-,;2'6/!0(#,-9!>%-,/!>,#&'8@!!
YL&''3=Y!(%!2'0#'%8!+&'%,-))3=!Y(#:!G&/0!:(%'!3#&!0(2'.!)2+%!5-'60!
*#//2A)3!>%0!-'3!:#,/%!20!/&88%')3!8#%/@Y!!
4%!(%-;%8!(2$/%)+!0(,#&>(!0(%!8##,!-'8!)%+0!L#,8!-'8!B,0(&,!
/0-,2'>!-0!%-5(!#0(%,!-'8!/(,&>>2'>!0(%2,!/(#&)8%,/@!L,#$!2'/28%!0(%3!
(%-,8!V-,;2'6/!;#25%!->-2'@!!
Y<!/&**#/%!3#&!:-'0!0#!/%%!0(%!-)2%'/!'#:=Y!(%!/-28@!YM#!3#&!:-'0!
$%!0#!/20!2'!-!5#,'%,!-'8!,&/0=!#,!G&/0!+-))!-*-,0!:(%,%!<6$!/0-'82'>ZY!!
Yi%-(=!G&/0!/(#:!0(%$!2'!:#&)8!3#&!V-,;2'ZY!5-$%!-'#0(%,!;#25%@!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!-0!L#,8!-'8!:-/!-/0#'2/(%8!0#!/%%!(2$!)-&>(2'>@!!
YI(-06/@@@ZY!!
Y"(((=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y5#$%!2'@Y!!
4%!/0%**%8!0(,#&>(!2'0#!0(%!A,28>%@!!
B,0(&,!+#))#:%8!(2$!2'!'%,;#&/)3!-'8!:-/!-/0#'2/(%8!0#!/%%!-!$-'!
)#))2'>!A-5.!2'!-!5(-2,!:20(!(2/!+%%0!#'!-!5#'0,#)!5#'/#)%!*25.2'>!0(%!
0%%0(!2'!(2/!,2>(0`(-'8!(%-8!:20(!(2/!)%+0!(-'8@!1(%!,2>(0`(-'8!(%-8!
/%%$%8!0#!A%!0(#,#&>()3!*,%#55&*2%8!:20(!0(2/!0-/.=!A&0!0(%!)%+0`(-'8!
#'%!:-/!>,2''2'>!-!A,#-8=!,%)-9%8=!'#'5(-)-'0!>,2'@!1(%!'&$A%,!#+!
0(2'>/!0(-0!B,0(&,!5#&)8'60!A%)2%;%!(%!:-/!/%%2'>!:-/!+-2,)3!)-,>%@!42/!
G-:!+)-**%8!-A#&0!-0!-!)##/%!%'8!+#,!-!:(2)%@!!
1(%!*%5&)2-,!$-'!:-;%8!-!)-P3!:-;%!-0!L#,8!-'8!:20(!-'!-**-))2'>!
-++%50-02#'!#+!'#'5(-)-'5%!/-28=!YL#,8=!(2=!(#:!-,%!3#&Z!7)-8!3#&!
5#&)8!8,#*!2'@Y!!
L#,8!:-/!'#0!>#2'>!0#!A%!#&05##)%8@!!
Yh-*(#8=Y!(%!8,-:)%8=!Y>,%-0!0#!/%%!3#&=!3#&6,%!)##.2'>!:%))=!0(%!
%90,-!-,$!/&20/!3#&@!F25%!/(2*!3#&6;%!/0#)%'@Y!!
B,0(&,!>#>>)%8!-0!(2$@!!
Yi#&!$%-'!3#&!.'#:!0(2/!>&3ZY!(%!/-28=!:-;2'>!-!:2)8!+2'>%,!-0!
h-*(#8@!!
YK'#:!(2$jY!%95)-2$%8!L#,8=!Y(%6/@@@Y!(%!*-&/%8=!-'8!8%528%8!0#!
8#!0(%!2'0,#8&502#'/!0(%!#0(%,!:-3!,#&'8@!!
YU(=!h-*(#8=!0(2/!2/!-!+,2%'8!#+!$2'%=!B,0(&,!M%'0=Y!(%!/-28=!Y<!/-;%8!
(2$!:(%'!(2/!*)-'%0!A)%:!&*@Y!!
YU(!/&,%=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y(2!B,0(&,=!>)-8!3#&!5#&)8!$-.%!20@Y!42/!
,2>(0`(-'8!(%-8!)##.%8!,#&'8!5-/&-))3=!/-28!Y(2Y!-'8!:%'0!A-5.!0#!
(-;2'>!(2/!0%%0(!*25.%8@!!
L#,8!5-,,2%8!#'@!YB'8!B,0(&,=Y!(%!/-28=!Y0(2/!2/!$3!/%$2`5#&/2'!
h-*(#8!W%%A@@@Y!!
YI%6;%!$%0=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!/(-,*)3@!!
I(%'!3#&6,%!5,&2/2'>!8#:'!0(%!,#-8!2'!0(%!+-/0!)-'%!-'8!3#&!)-P2)3!
/-2)!*-/0!-!+%:!(-,8!8,2;2'>!5-,/!-'8!-,%!+%%)2'>!*,%003!*)%-/%8!:20(!
3#&,/%)+!-'8!0(%'!-5528%'0-))3!5(-'>%!8#:'!+,#$!+#&,0(!0#!+2,/0!
2'/0%-8!#+!0(2,8!0(&/!$-.2'>!3#&,!%'>2'%!)%-*!#&0!#+!3#&,!A#''%0!2'!-!
,-0(%,!&>)3!$%//=!20!0%'8/!0#!0(,#:!3#&!#++!3#&,!/0,28%!2'!$&5(!0(%!
/-$%!:-3!0(-0!0(2/!,%$-,.!0(,%:!L#,8!X,%+%50!#++!(2/@!!
YJ,,@@@!:(-0ZY!!
Y<!/-28!:%6;%!$%0@Y!!
h-*(#8!>-;%!-'!-:.:-,8!/0-,0!#+!/&,*,2/%!-'8!G-AA%8!-!>&$!
/(-,*)3@!!
Y4%3@@@!%,=!(-;%!:%Z!4%3@@@!%,@@@Y!!
L#,8!,#&'8%8!#'!B,0(&,!:20(!-'!-'>,3!+)-/(!2'!(2/!%3%/@!F#:!(%!+%)0!
(%!:-/!A-5.!#'!(#$%!>,#&'8!(%!/&88%')3!A%>-'!0#!,%/%'0!(-;2'>!
)&$A%,%8!(2$/%)+!:20(!0(2/!2>'#,-'0!*,2$202;%!:(#!.'%:!-/!$&5(!
-A#&0!0(%!-++-2,/!#+!0(%!7-)-93!-/!-'!<)+#,8`A-/%8!>'-0!.'%:!-A#&0!)2+%!
2'!X%.2'>@!!
YI(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'!3#&6;%!$%0ZY!(%!8%$-'8%8@!Y1(2/!2/!h-*(#8!
W%%A)%A,#9!+,#$!W%0%)>%&/%!L2;%!3#&!.'#:=!'#0!A)##83!V-,02'!"$20(!
+,#$!R,#38#'@Y!!
Y<!8#'60!5-,%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!5#)8)3@!I%6;%!$%0=!(-;%'60!:%!h-*(#8!
W%%A)%A,#9!ʹ!#,!/(#&)8!<!/-3@@@!X(2)ZY!!
YI(-0jY!/(#&0%8!L#,8@!!
Yi#&6))!(-;%!0#!,%$2'8!$%=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!Y<6;%!-!0%,,2A)%!$%$#,3!
+#,!/*%52%/@Y!!
Y<0!:-/!-0!-!*-,03=Y!*&,/&%8!B,0(&,@!!
Yi%-(=!:%))!<!8#&A0!0(-0=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YR##)!20!:2))!3#&!B,0(&,jY!8%$-'8%8!L#,8@!!
B,0(&,!:#&)8!'#0!A%!8%0%,,%8@!YB!*-,03!/29!$#'0(/!->#@!U'!J-,0(@@@!
J'>)-'8@@@Y!!
h-*(#8!/(##.!(2/!(%-8!:20(!-!02>(0`)2**%8!/$2)%@!!
YT#'8#'=Y!2'/2/0%8!B,0(&,=!Y</)2'>0#'@Y!!
YU(=Y!/-28!h-*(#8!:20(!-!>&2)03!/0-,0=!Y0(-0!*-,03@Y!!
1(2/!:-/'60!+-2,!#'!L#,8!-0!-))@!4%!)##.%8!A-5.:-,8/!-'8!+#,:-,8/!
A%0:%%'!B,0(&,!-'8!h-*(#8@!YI(-0ZY!(%!/-28!0#!h-*(#8@!Yi#&!8#'60!
$%-'!0#!/-3!3#&6;%!A%%'!#'!0(-0!$2/%,-A)%!*)-'%0!-/!:%))!8#!3#&ZY!!
YF#=!#+!5#&,/%!'#0=Y!/-28!h-*(#8!A,%%P2)3@!YI%))=!<!$-3!(-;%!G&/0!
8,#**%8!2'!A,2%+)3=!3#&!.'#:=!#'!$3!:-3!/#$%:(%,%@@@Y!!
YW&0!<!:-/!/0&5.!0(%,%!+#,!+2+0%%'!3%-,/jY!!
YI%))!<!828'60!.'#:!0(-0!828!<ZY!!
YW&0!:(-0!:%,%!3#&!8#2'>!0(%,%ZY!!
YT##.2'>!-A#&0=!3#&!.'#:@Y!!
Y4%!>-0%5,-/(%8!-!*-,03=Y!*%,/2/0%8!B,0(&,=!0,%$A)2'>!:20(!-'>%,=!
Y-!+-'53!8,%//!*-,03@@@Y!!
Y<0!:#&)8!(-;%!0#!A%=!:#&)8'60!20ZY!/-28!L#,8@!!
YB0!0(2/!*-,03=Y!*%,/2/0%8!B,0(&,=!Y:-/!-!>2,)@@@!#(!:%))=!)##.!20!
8#%/'60!$-00%,!'#:@!1(%!:(#)%!*)-5%!(-/!>#'%!&*!2'!/$#.%!
-'3:-3@@@Y!!
Y<!:2/(!3#&68!/0#*!/&).2'>!-A#&0!0(-0!A)##83!*)-'%0=Y!/-28!L#,8@!
YI(#!:-/!0(%!)-83ZY!!
YU(!G&/0!/#$%A#83@!I%))!-),2>(0=!<!:-/'60!8#2'>!;%,3!:%))!:20(!(%,@!
<68!A%%'!0,32'>!-))!%;%'2'>@!4%))=!/(%!:-/!/#$%0(2'>!0(#&>(@!W%-&02+&)=!
5(-,$2'>=!8%;-/0-02'>)3!2'0%))2>%'0=!-0!)-/0!<68!>#0!(%,!0#!$3/%)+!+#,!-!
A20!-'8!:-/!*)32'>!(%,!:20(!-!A20!#+!0-).!:(%'!0(2/!+,2%'8!#+!3#&,/!
A-,>%/!&*!-'8!/-3/!4%3!8#))=!2/!0(2/!>&3!A#,2'>!3#&Z!I(3!8#'60!3#&!
0-).!0#!$%!2'/0%-8Z!<6$!+,#$!-!82++%,%'0!*)-'%0@Y!<!'%;%,!/-:!(%,!
->-2'@Y!!
Yh-*(#8ZY!%95)-2$%8!L#,8@!!
Yi%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!>)-,2'>!-0!(2$!-'8!0,32'>!'#0!0#!+%%)!+##)2/(@!Y4%!
#')3!(-8!0(%!0:#!-,$/!-'8!0(%!#'%!(%-8!-'8!(%!5-))%8!(2$/%)+!X(2)=!
A&0@@@Y!!
YW&0!3#&!$&/0!-8$20!(%!828!0&,'!#&0!0#!A%!+,#$!-'#0(%,!*)-'%0=Y!
/-28!1,2))2-'!:-'8%,2'>!2'0#!/2>(0!-0!0(%!#0(%,!%'8!#+!0(%!A,28>%@!"(%!
>-;%!B,0(&,!-!*)%-/-'0!/$2)%!:(25(!/%00)%8!#'!(2$!)2.%!-!0#'!#+!A,25./!
-'8!0(%'!0&,'%8!(%,!-00%'02#'!0#!0(%!/(2*6/!5#'0,#)/!->-2'@!!
1(%,%!:-/!/2)%'5%!+#,!-!+%:!/%5#'8/=!-'8!0(%'!#&0!#+!0(%!/5,-$A)%8!
$%//!#+!B,0(&,6/!A,-2'!5,-:)%8!/#$%!:#,8/@!!
Y1,252-!V5V2))2-'ZY!(%!/-28@!YI(-0!-,%!3#&!8#2'>!(%,%ZY!!
Y"-$%!-/!3#&=Y!/(%!/-28=!Y<!(205(%8!-!)2+0@!B+0%,!-))!:20(!-!8%>,%%!2'!
V-0(/!-'8!-'#0(%,!2'!-/0,#*(3/25/!:(-0!%)/%!:-/!0(%,%!0#!8#Z!<0!:-/!
%20(%,!0(-0!#,!0(%!8#)%!?&%&%!->-2'!#'!V#'8-3@Y!!
Y<'+2'203!$2'&/!#'%=Y!5(-00%,%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,=!Y<$*,#A-A2)203!/&$!
'#:!5#$*)%0%@Y!!
h-*(#8!)##.%8!-A#&0!(2$=!-0!L#,8=!-0!B,0(&,=!-'8!0(%'!-0!1,2))2-'@!!
Y1,2))2-'=Y!(%!/-28=!Y2/!0(2/!/#,0!#+!0(2'>!>#2'>!0#!(-**%'!%;%,3!02$%!
:%!&/%!0(%!<$*,#A-A2)203!8,2;%ZY!!
Ya%,3!*,#A-A)3=!<6$!-+,-28=Y!/(%!/-28@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$14$$
!
1(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!+)%8!#'!/2)%'0)3!0(,#&>(!0(%!'2>(0!#+!/*-5%=!'#:!
#'!5#';%'02#'-)!*(#0#'!8,2;%@!<0/!5,%:!#+!+#&,!:%,%!2))!-0!%-/%!
.'#:2'>!0(-0!0(%3!(-8!A%%'!A,#&>(0!0#>%0(%,!'#0!#+!0(%2,!#:'!
;#)202#'!#,!A3!/2$*)%!5#2'528%'5%=!A&0!A3!/#$%!5&,2#&/!*,2'52*)%!#+!
*(3/25/!ʹ!-/!2+!,%)-02#'/(2*/!A%0:%%'!*%#*)%!:%,%!/&/5%*02A)%!0#!0(%!
/-$%!)-:/!0(-0!>#;%,'%8!0(%!,%)-02#'/(2*/!A%0:%%'!-0#$/!-'8!
$#)%5&)%/@!!
B/!0(%!/(2*6/!-,02+252-)!'2>(0!5)#/%8!2'!0(%3!:%,%!%-5(!>,-0%+&)!0#!
,%02,%!0#!/%*-,-0%!5-A2'/!-'8!0,3!0#!,-02#'-)2P%!0(%2,!0(#&>(0/@!!
1,2))2-'!5#&)8'60!/)%%*@!"(%!/-0!#'!-!5#&5(!-'8!/0-,%8!-0!-!/$-))!5->%!
:(25(!5#'0-2'%8!(%,!)-/0!-'8!#')3!)2'./!:20(!J-,0(!ʹ!0:#!:(20%!$25%!
0(-0!/(%!(-8!2'/2/0%8!h-*(#8!)%0!(%,!A,2'>@!"(%!(-8!%9*%50%8!'#0!0#!
/%%!0(%!*)-'%0!->-2'=!A&0!/(%!:-/!82/0&,A%8!A3!(%,!'%>-02;%!,%-502#'!
0#!0(%!*)-'%06/!8%/0,&502#'@!<0!/%%$%8!,%$#0%!-'8!&',%-)!-'8!/(%!
5#&)8!+2'8!'#!0(#&>(0/!0#!0(2'.!-A#&0!20@!"(%!:-05(%8!0(%!$25%!
/5&,,32'>!,#&'8!0(%!5->%!-'8!,&''2'>!+&,2#&/)3!2'!0(%2,!)200)%!*)-/025!
0,%-8:(%%)/!02))!0(%3!#55&*2%8!(%,!:(#)%!-00%'02#'@!"&88%')3!/(%!
/(##.!(%,/%)+!-'8!:%'0!A-5.!0#!0(%!A,28>%!0#!:-05(!#;%,!0(%!02'3!
+)-/(2'>!)2>(0/!-'8!+2>&,%/!0(-0!5(-,0%8!0(%!/(2*6/!*,#>,%//!0(,#&>(!0(%!
;#28@!"(%!:2/(%8!/(%!.'%:!:(-0!20!:-/!/(%!:-/!0,32'>!'#0!0#!0(2'.!
-A#&0@!!
h-*(#8!5#&)8'60!/)%%*@!4%!-)/#!:2/(%8!(%!.'%:!:(-0!20!:-/!0(-0!(%!
:#&)8'60!)%0!(2$/%)+!0(2'.!-A#&0@!L#,!-/!)#'>!-/!(%!5#&)8!,%$%$A%,!
(%68!/&++%,%8!+,#$!-!;->&%!'->>2'>!+%%)2'>!#+!A%2'>!'#0!-))!0(%,%@!
V#/0!#+!0(%!02$%!(%!:-/!-A)%!0#!*&0!0(2/!0(#&>(0!-/28%!-'8!'#0!:#,,3!
-A#&0!20=!A&0!20!(-8!A%%'!,%`-:-.%'%8!A3!0(%!/&88%'!2'%9*)25-A)%!
-,,2;-)!#+!L#,8!X,%+%50!-'8!B,0(&,!M%'0@!"#$%(#:!20!/%%$%8!0#!
5#'+#,$!0#!-!*-00%,'!0(-0!(%!5#&)8'60!/%%@!!
L#,8!5#&)8'60!/)%%*@!4%!:-/!0##!%9520%8!-A#&0!A%2'>!A-5.!#'!0(%!
,#-8!->-2'@!L2+0%%'!3%-,/!#+!;2,0&-)!2$*,2/#'$%'0!:%,%!#;%,=!G&/0!-/!(%!
:-/!+2'-))3!A%>2''2'>!0#!>2;%!&*!(#*%@!K'#5.2'>!-A#&0!:20(!h-*(#8!+#,!
-!A20!*,#$2/%8!0#!A%!-!)#0!#+!+&'=!0(#&>(!0(%,%!/%%$%8!0#!A%!
/#$%0(2'>!+-2'0)3!#88!-A#&0!(2/!/%$2`5#&/2'!0(-0!(%!5#&)8'60!*&0!(2/!
+2'>%,!#'@!1(%!+-50!0(-0!(%!(-8!A%5#$%!X,%/28%'0!#+!0(%!7-)-93!:-/!
+,-'.)3!-/0#'2/(2'>=!-/!:-/!0(%!$-''%,!#+!(2/!)%-;2'>!0(%!*#/0@!I-/!
0(%,%!-!,%-/#'!A%(2'8!20Z!1(%,%!:#&)8!A%!'#!*#2'0!2'!-/.2'>!h-*(#8=!
(%!'%;%,!-**%-,%8!0#!(-;%!-!,%-/#'!+#,!-'30(2'>!(%!828!-0!-))f!(%!(-8!
0&,'%8!&'+-0(#$-A)3!2'0#!-'!-,0!+#,$@!4%!-00-5.%8!%;%,30(2'>!2'!)2+%!
:20(!-!$290&,%!#+!%90,-#,82'-,3!>%'2&/!-'8!'-2;%!2'5#$*%0%'5%!-'8!20!
:-/!#+0%'!82++25&)0!0#!0%))!:(25(!:-/!:(25(@!!
B,0(&,!/)%*0f!(%!:-/!0%,,2A)3!02,%8@!!
!
1(%,%!:-/!-!0-*!-0!h-*(#86/!8##,@!<0!/)28!#*%'@!!
Yh-*(#8@@@ZY!!
Yi%-(ZY!!
Y<!0(2'.!:%!G&/0!+#&'8!:(-0!3#&!5-$%!0#!)##.!+#,@Y!!
Y4%3=!3%-(ZY!!
!
L#,8!>-;%!&*!0(%!-00%$*0!0#!/)%%*@!<'!0(%!5#,'%,!#+!(2/!5-A2'!:-/!-!
/$-))!5#$*&0%,!/5,%%'!-'8!.%3A#-,8@!4%!/-0!-0!20!+#,!-!:(2)%!-'8!0,2%8!
0#!5#$*#/%!-!'%:!%'0,3!+#,!0(%!7&28%!#'!0(%!/&AG%50!#+!a#>#'/!A&0!
5#&)8'60!0(2'.!#+!-'30(2'>!;20,2#)25!%'#&>(!/#!(%!>-;%!0(-0!&*!0##=!
:,-**%8!-!,#A%!,#&'8!(2$/%)+!-'8!:%'0!+#,!-!:-).!0#!0(%!A,28>%@!!
B/!(%!%'0%,%8!(%!:-/!/&,*,2/%8!0#!/%%!0:#!+2>&,%/!(&'5(%8!
%9520%8)3!#;%,!0(%!2'/0,&$%'0/@!!
Y"%%Z!1(%!/(2*6/!-A#&0!0#!$#;%!2'0#!#,A20=Y!1,2))2-'!:-/!/-32'>@!
Y1(%,%6/!-!*)-'%0!#&0!0(%,%@!<06/!-0!0(%!%9-50!5##,82'-0%/!3#&!
*,%8250%8@Y!!
h-*(#8!(%-,8!-!'#2/%!-'8!)##.%8!&*@!!
YL#,8jY!(%!(2//%8@!Y4%3=!5#$%!-'8!0-.%!-!)##.!-0!0(2/@Y!!
L#,8!:%'0!-'8!(-8!-!)##.!-0!20@!<0!:-/!-!/%,2%/!#+!+2>&,%/!+)-/(2'>!
#;%,!-!/5,%%'@!!
Yi#&!,%5#>'2P%!0(#/%!7-)-5025!5##,82'-0%/ZY!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YF#@Y!!
Y<6))!>2;%!3#&!-!5)&%@!R#$*&0%,jY!!
Y42!>-'>jY!%'0(&/%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,@!Y1(2/!2/!>%002'>!,%-)!/#52-A)%!
2/'60!20ZY!!
Y"(&0!&*=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y-'8!/(#:!&*!0(%!/5,%%'/@Y!!
T2>(0!#'!0(%!A,28>%!/-'.@!X2'*#2'0/!#+!)2>(0!*)-3%8!-5,#//!0(%!
5#'/#)%/!-'8!,%+)%50%8!2'!+#&,!*-2,/!#+!%3%/!0(-0!/0-,%8!&*!-0!0(%!
%90%,'-)!$#'20#,!/5,%%'/@!!
1(%,%!:-/!-A/#)&0%)3!'#0(2'>!#'!0(%$@!!
Y[%5#>'2P%!0(-0ZY!:(2/*%,%8!h-*(#8@!!
L#,8!+,#:'%8@!!
YJ,=!'#=Y!(%!/-28@!!
YI(-0!8#!3#&!/%%ZY!!
YF#0(2'>@Y!!
Y[%5#>'2P%!20ZY!!
YI(-0!-,%!3#&!0-).2'>!-A#&0ZY!!
YI%6,%!2'!0(%!4#,/%(%-8!F%A&)-@!U'%!:(#)%!;-/0!8-,.!5)#&8@Y!!
YB'8!<!:-/!$%-'0!0#!,%5#>'2P%!0(-0!+,#$!-!A)-'.!/5,%%'ZY!!
Y<'/28%!-!8-,.!'%A&)-!2/!0(%!#')3!*)-5%!2'!0(%!7-)-93!3#&68!/%%!-!
8-,.!/5,%%'@Y!!
Ya%,3!>##8@Y!!
h-*(#8!)-&>(%8@!4%!:-/!5)%-,)3!;%,3!%9520%8!-A#&0!/#$%0(2'>=!
-)$#/0!5(2)82/()3!/#@!!
Y4%3=!0(2/!2/!,%-))3!0%,,2+25=!0(2/!2/!G&/0!+-,!0##!$&5(jY!!
YI(-06/!/#!>,%-0!-A#&0!A%2'>!/0&5.!2'!-!8&/0!5)#&8ZY!/-28!L#,8@!!
YI(-0!:#&)8!3#&!,%5.#'!0#!+2'8!(%,%ZY!&,>%8!h-*(#8@!!
YF#0(2'>@Y!!
YF#!/0-,/Z!F#!*)-'%0/ZY!!
YF#@Y!!
YR#$*&0%,jY!/(#&0%8!h-*(#8=!Y,#0-0%!-'>)%!#+!;2/2#'!0(,#&>(!#'%`
%2>(03!8%>,%%/!-'8!8#'60!0-).!-A#&0!20jY!!
L#,!-!$#$%'0!20!/%%$%8!0(-0!'#0(2'>!:-/!(-**%'2'>=!0(%'!-!
A,2>(0'%//!>)#:%8!-0!0(%!%8>%!#+!0(%!(&>%!/5,%%'@!B!,%8!/0-,!0(%!/2P%!
#+!-!/$-))!*)-0%!5,%*0!-5,#//!20!+#))#:%8!?&25.)3!A3!-'#0(%,!#'%!ʹ!-!
A2'-,3!/3/0%$@!1(%'!-!;-/0!5,%/5%'0!/)25%8!2'0#!0(%!5#,'%,!#+!0(%!
*250&,%!ʹ!-!,%8!>)-,%!/(-82'>!-:-3!2'0#!0(%!8%%*!A)-5.=!0(%!'2>(0!/28%!
#+!0(%!*)-'%0@!!
Y<6;%!+#&'8!20jY!5,2%8!h-*(#8=!0(&$*2'>!0(%!5#'/#)%@!Y<6;%!+#&'8!20jY!!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!20!2'!-/0#'2/($%'0@!!
YI(-0!2/!20ZY!(%!/-28@!!
Y1(-0@@@Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y2/!0(%!$#/0!2$*,#A-A)%!*)-'%0!0(-0!%;%,!
%92/0%8@Y!!
!
!$
Chapter$15$
NJ95%,*0!+,#$!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93=!X->%!b^\E_\=!
"%502#'!e-=!J'0,3f!V->,-0(%-O!!
!
L-,!A-5.!2'!0(%!$2/0/!#+!-'52%'0!02$%=!2'!0(%!>,%-0!-'8!>)#,2#&/!8-3/!
#+!0(%!+#,$%,!7-)-5025!J$*2,%=!)2+%!:-/!:2)8=!,25(!-'8!)-,>%)3!0-9!+,%%@!!
V2>(03!/0-,/(2*/!*)2%8!0(%2,!:-3!A%0:%%'!%9#025!/&'/=!/%%.2'>!
-8;%'0&,%!-'8!,%:-,8!-$#'>/0!0(%!+&,0(%/0!,%-5(%/!#+!7-)-5025!/*-5%@!
<'!0(#/%!8-3/!/*2,20/!:%,%!A,-;%=!0(%!/0-.%/!:%,%!(2>(=!$%'!:%,%!,%-)!
$%'=!:#$%'!:%,%!,%-)!:#$%'=!-'8!/$-))!+&,,3!5,%-0&,%/!+,#$!B)*(-!
R%'0-&,2!:%,%!,%-)!/$-))!+&,,3!5,%-0&,%/!+,#$!B)*(-!R%'0-&,2@!B'8!-))!
8-,%8!0#!A,-;%!&'.'#:'!0%,,#,/=!0#!8#!$2>(03!8%%8/=!0#!A#)8)3!/*)20!
2'+2'202;%/!0(-0!'#!$-'!(-8!/*)20!A%+#,%!ʹ!-'8!0(&/!:-/!0(%!J$*2,%!
+#,>%8@!!
V-'3!$%'!#+!5#&,/%!A%5-$%!%90,%$%)3!,25(=!A&0!0(2/!:-/!*%,+%50)3!
'-0&,-)!-'8!'#0(2'>!0#!A%!-/(-$%8!#+!A%5-&/%!'#!#'%!:-/!,%-))3!*##,!
ʹ!-0!)%-/0!'#!#'%!:#,0(!/*%-.2'>!#+@!B'8!+#,!-))!0(%!,25(%/0!-'8!$#/0!
/&55%//+&)!$%,5(-'0/!)2+%!2'%;20-A)3!A%5-$%!,-0(%,!8&))!-'8!'2>>)3=!
-'8!0(%3!A%>-'!0#!2$->2'%!0(-0!0(2/!:-/!0(%,%+#,%!0(%!+-&)0!#+!0(%!
:#,)8/!0(%368!/%00)%8!#'!ʹ!'#'%!#+!0(%$!:-/!%'02,%)3!/-02/+-50#,3f!
%20(%,!0(%!5)2$-0%!:-/'60!?&20%!,2>(0!2'!0(%!)-0%,!*-,0!#+!0(%!-+0%,'##'=!
#,!0(%!8-3!:-/!(-)+!-'!(#&,!0##!)#'>=!#,!0(%!/%-!:-/!%9-50)3!0(%!:,#'>!
/(-8%!#+!*2'.@!!
B'8!0(&/!:%,%!5,%-0%8!0(%!5#'8202#'/!+#,!-!/0->>%,2'>!'%:!+#,$!#+!
/*%52-)2/0!2'8&/0,3f!5&/0#$`$-8%!)&9&,3!*)-'%0!A&2)82'>@!1(%!(#$%!#+!
0(2/!2'8&/0,3!:-/!0(%!*)-'%0!V->,-0(%-=!:(%,%!(3*%,/*-02-)!%'>2'%%,/!
/&5.%8!$-00%,!0(,#&>(!:(20%!(#)%/!2'!/*-5%!0#!+#,$!20!2'0#!8,%-$!
*)-'%0/!ʹ!>#)8!*)-'%0/=!*)-02'&$!*)-'%0/=!/#+0!,&AA%,!*)-'%0/!:20(!)#0/!
#+!%-,0(?&-.%/!ʹ!-))!)#;2'>)3!$-8%!0#!$%%0!0(%!%9-502'>!/0-'8-,8/!
0(-0!0(%!7-)-936/!,25(%/0!$%'!'-0&,-))3!5-$%!0#!%9*%50@!!
W&0!/#!/&55%//+&)!:-/!0(2/!;%'0&,%!0(-0!V->,-0(%-!20/%)+!/##'!
A%5-$%!0(%!,25(%/0!*)-'%0!#+!-))!02$%!-'8!0(%!,%/0!#+!0(%!7-)-93!:-/!
,%8&5%8!0#!-AG%50!*#;%,03@!B'8!/#!0(%!/3/0%$!A,#.%!8#:'=!0(%!J$*2,%!
5#))-*/%8=!-'8!-!)#'>!/&))%'!/2)%'5%!/%00)%8!#;%,!-!A2))2#'!:#,)8/=!
82/0&,A%8!#')3!A3!0(%!*%'!/5,-05(2'>/!#+!/5(#)-,/!-/!0(%3!)-A#&,%8!
2'0#!0(%!'2>(0!#;%,!/$&>!)200)%!0,%-02%/!#'!0(%!;-)&%!#+!-!*)-''%8!
*#)2025-)!%5#'#$3@!!
V->,-0(%-!20/%)+!82/-**%-,%8!-'8!20/!$%$#,3!/##'!*-//%8!2'0#!0(%!
#A/5&,203!#+!)%>%'8@!!
<'!0(%/%!%')2>(0%'%8!8-3/!#+!5#&,/%=!'#!#'%!A%)2%;%/!-!:#,8!#+!20@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$16$$
!
B,0(&,!-:#.%!0#!0(%!/#&'8!#+!-,>&$%'0!-'8!:%'0!0#!0(%!A,28>%@!
L#,8!:-/!:-;2'>!(2/!-,$/!-A#&0@!!
Yi#&6,%!5,-P3=!h-*(#8=Y!(%!:-/!/-32'>=!YV->,-0(%-!2/!-!$30(=!-!
+-2,3!/0#,3=!206/!:(-0!*-,%'0/!0%))!0(%2,!.28/!-A#&0!-0!'2>(0!2+!0(%3!:-'0!
0(%$!0#!>,#:!&*!0#!A%5#$%!%5#'#$2/0/=!206/@@@Y!!
YB'8!0(-06/!:(-0!:%!-,%!5&,,%'0)3!2'!#,A20!-,#&'8=Y!2'/2/0%8!h-*(#8@!!
YT##.=!<!5-'60!(%)*!:(-0!3#&!$-3!*%,/#'-))3!A%!2'!#,A20!-,#&'8=Y!
/-28!L#,8=!YA&0!0(2/!/(2*@@@Y!!
YR#$*&0%,jY!/(#&0%8!h-*(#8@!!
YU(!'#@@@Y!!
Y42!0(%,%j!1(2/!2/!J882%!3#&,!/(2*A#-,8!5#$*&0%,=!-'8!<6$!+%%)2'>!
G&/0!>,%-0!>&3/=!-'8!<!.'#:!<6$!G&/0!>#2'>!0#!>%0!-!A&'8)%!#+!.25./!#&0!
#+!-'3!*,#>,-$$%!3#&!5-,%!0#!,&'!0(,#&>(!$%@Y!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!2'?&2,2'>)3!-0!1,2))2-'@!"(%!$#02#'%8!(2$!0#!5#$%!#'!
2'!A&0!.%%*!?&2%0@!!
YR#$*&0%,=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y0%))!&/!->-2'!:(-0!#&,!*,%/%'0!0,-G%50#,3!
2/@Y!!
YB!,%-)!*)%-/&,%!+%))%,=Y!20!A&,A)%8=!Y:%!-,%!5&,,%'0)3!2'!#,A20!-0!-'!
-)020&8%!#+!0(,%%!(&'8,%8!$2)%/!-,#&'8!0(%!)%>%'8-,3!*)-'%0!#+!
V->,-0(%-@Y!!
YX,#;2'>!'#0(2'>=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y<!:#&)8'60!0,&/0!0(-0!5#$*&0%,!0#!
/*%-.!$3!:%2>(0@Y!!
Y<!5-'!8#!0(-0!+#,!3#&=!/&,%=Y!%'0(&/%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,=!*&'5(2'>!#&0!
$#,%!025.%,0-*%@!Y<!5-'!%;%'!:#,.!#&0!3#&!*%,/#'-)203!*,#A)%$/!0#!
0%'!8%52$-)!*)-5%/!2+!20!:2))!(%)*@Y!!
1,2))2-'!2'0%,,&*0%8@!!
Yh-*(#8=Y!/(%!/-28=!Y-'3!$2'&0%!'#:!:%!:2))!A%!/:2'>2'>!,#&'8!0#!
0(%!8-3)2>(0!/28%!#+!0(2/!*)-'%0=Y!-882'>=!Y:(-0%;%,!20!0&,'/!#&0!0#!A%@Y!!
Y4%3=!:(-0!8#!3#&!$%-'!A3!0(-0Z!1(%!*)-'%06/!:(%,%!<!*,%8250%8!20!
:#&)8!A%!2/'60!20ZY!!
Yi%/=!<!.'#:!0(%,%6/!-!*)-'%0!0(%,%@!<6$!'#0!-,>&2'>!:20(!-'3#'%=!
206/!G&/0!0(-0!<!:#&)8'60!.'#:!V->,-0(%-!+,#$!-'3!#0(%,!)&$*!#+!5#)8!
,#5.@!M-:'6/!5#$2'>!&*!2+!3#&!:-'0!20@Y!!
YUK=!UK=Y!$&00%,%8!h-*(#8=!Y)%06/!-0!)%-/0!>2;%!#&,!%3%/!-!>##8!
02$%@!R#$*&0%,jY!!
Y42!0(%,%j!I(-0!5-'!<@@@Y!!
Yd&/0!/(&0!&*!-'8!>2;%!&/!-!;2%:!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!->-2'@Y!!
B!8-,.!+%-0&,%)%//!$-//!#'5%!$#,%!+2))%8!0(%!/5,%%'/!ʹ!0(%!*)-'%0!
,#))2'>!-:-3!A%'%-0(!0(%$@!!
1(%3!:-05(%8!+#,!-!$#$%'0!2'!/2)%'5%=!A&0!h-*(#8!:-/!+28>%03!
:20(!%9520%$%'0@!!
YI%!-,%!'#:!0,-;%,/2'>!0(%!'2>(0!/28%@@@Y!(%!/-28!2'!-!(&/(%8!;#25%@!
1(%!*)-'%0!,#))%8!#'@!!
Y1(%!/&,+-5%!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!2/!'#:!0(,%%!(&'8,%8!$2)%/!A%'%-0(!
&/@@@Y!(%!5#'02'&%8@!4%!:-/!0,32'>!0#!,%/0#,%!-!/%'/%!#+!#55-/2#'!0#!
:(-0!(%!+%)0!/(#&)8!(-;%!A%%'!-!>,%-0!$#$%'0@!V->,-0(%-j!4%!:-/!
*2?&%8!A3!L#,86/!/5%*025-)!,%-502#'@!V->,-0(%-j!!
Y<'!-!+%:!/%5#'8/=Y!(%!5#'02'&%8=!Y:%!/(#&)8!/%%@@@!0(%,%jY!!
1(%!$#$%'0!5-,,2%8!20/%)+@!J;%'!0(%!$#/0!/%-/#'%8!/0-,!0,-$*!
5-'60!(%)*!A&0!/(2;%,!-0!0(%!/*%50-5&)-,!8,-$-!#+!-!/&',2/%!/%%'!+,#$!
/*-5%=!A&0!-!A2'-,3!/&',2/%!2/!#'%!#+!0(%!$-,;%)/!#+!0(%!7-)-93@!!
U&0!#+!0(%!&00%,!A)-5.'%//!/0-AA%8!-!/&88%'!*#2'0!#+!A)2'82'>!)2>(0@!
<0!5,%*0!&*!A3!/)2>(0!8%>,%%/!-'8!/*,%-8!/28%:-3/!2'!-!0(2'!5,%/5%'0!
A)-8%=!-'8!:20(2'!/%5#'8/!0:#!/&'/!:%,%!;2/2A)%=!+&,'-5%/!#+!)2>(0=!
/%-,2'>!0(%!A)-5.!%8>%!#+!0(%!(#,2P#'!:20(!:(20%!+2,%@!L2%,5%!/(-+0/!#+!
5#)#&,!/0,%-.%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!0(2'!-0$#/*(%,%!A%'%-0(!0(%$@!!
Y1(%!+2,%/!#+!8-:'@@@jY!A,%-0(%8!h-*(#8@!Y1(%!0:2'!/&'/!#+!
"#&)2-'2/!-'8![-($@@@jY!!
YU,!:(-0%;%,=Y!/-28!L#,8!?&2%0)3@!!
Y"#&)2-'2/!-'8![-($jY!2'/2/0%8!h-*(#8@!!
1(%!/&'/!A)-P%8!2'0#!0(%!*205(!#+!/*-5%!-'8!-!)#:!>(#/0)3!$&/25!
+)#-0%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!A,28>%f!V-,;2'!:-/!(&$$2'>!2,#'25-))3!A%5-&/%!
(%!(-0%8!(&$-'/!/#!$&5(@!!
B/!L#,8!>-P%8!-0!0(%!/*%50-5)%!#+!)2>(0!A%+#,%!0(%$!%9520%$%'0!
A&,'0!2'/28%!(2$=!A&0!#')3!0(%!%9520%$%'0!#+!/%%2'>!-!/0,-'>%!'%:!
*)-'%0=!20!:-/!%'#&>(!+#,!(2$!0#!/%%!20!-/!20!:-/@!<0!+-2'0)3!2,,20-0%8!(2$!
0(-0!h-*(#8!(-8!0#!2$*#/%!/#$%!)&825,#&/!+-'0-/3!#'!0#!0(%!/5%'%!0#!
$-.%!20!:#,.!+#,!(2$@!B))!0(2/!V->,-0(%-!'#'/%'/%!/%%$%8!G&;%'2)%@!
</'60!20!%'#&>(!0#!/%%!0(-0!-!>-,8%'!2/!A%-&02+&)!:20(#&0!(-;2'>!0#!
A%)2%;%!0(-0!0(%,%!-,%!+-2,2%/!-0!0(%!A#00#$!#+!20!0##Z!!
B))!0(2/!V->,-0(%-!A&/2'%//!/%%$%8!0#0-))3!2'5#$*,%(%'/2A)%!0#!
B,0(&,@!4%!%8>%8!&*!0#!1,2))2-'!-'8!-/.%8!(%,!:(-0!:-/!>#2'>!#'@!!
Y<!#')3!.'#:!:(-0!h-*(#86/!0#)8!$%=Y!/(%!:(2/*%,%8@!YB**-,%'0)3!
V->,-0(%-!2/!/#$%!.2'8!#+!)%>%'8!+,#$!:-3!A-5.!:(25(!'#!#'%!
/%,2#&/)3!A%)2%;%/!2'@!W20!)2.%!B0)-'02/!#'!J-,0(=!%95%*0!0(-0!0(%!)%>%'8/!
/-3!0(%!V->,-0(%-'/!&/%8!0#!$-'&+-50&,%!*)-'%0/@Y!!
B,0(&,!A)2'.%8!-0!0(%!/5,%%'/!-'8!+%)0!(%!:-/!$2//2'>!/#$%0(2'>!
2$*#,0-'0@!"&88%')3!(%!,%-)2P%8!:(-0!20!:-/@!!
Y</!0(%,%!-'3!0%-!#'!0(2/!/*-5%/(2*ZY!(%!-/.%8@!!
V#,%!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!:-/!&'+#)82'>!A%'%-0(!0(%$!-/!0(%!4%-,0!#+!
7#)8!/0,%-.%8!-)#'>!20/!#,A20-)!*-0(@!1(%!/&'/!'#:!/0##8!(2>(!2'!0(%!
A)-5.!/.3=!0(%!*3,#0%5('25/!#+!8-:'!:%,%!#;%,=!-'8!0(%!/&,+-5%!#+!0(%!
*)-'%0!-**%-,%8!A)%-.!-'8!+#,A2882'>!2'!0(%!5#$$#'!)2>(0!#+!8-3!ʹ!
>,%3=!8&/03!-'8!#')3!82$)3!5#'0#&,%8@!<0!)##.%8!8%-8!-'8!5#)8!-/!-!
5,3*0@!L,#$!02$%!0#!02$%!*,#$2/2'>!+%-0&,%/!:#&)8!-**%-,!#'!0(%!
82/0-'0!(#,2P#'!ʹ!,-;2'%/=!$-3A%!$#&'0-2'/=!$-3A%!%;%'!5202%/!ʹ!A&0!
-/!0(%3!-**,#-5(%8!0(%!)2'%/!:#&)8!/#+0%'!-'8!A)&,!2'0#!-'#'3$203!
-'8!'#0(2'>!:#&)8!0,-'/*2,%@!1(%!*)-'%06/!/&,+-5%!:-/!A)&,,%8!A3!02$%=!
A3!0(%!/)#:!$#;%$%'0!#+!0(%!0(2'!/0->'-'0!-2,!0(-0!(-8!5,%*0!-5,#//!20!
+#,!5%'0&,3!&*#'!5%'0&,3@!!
R)%-,)3=!20!:-/!;%,3!;%,3!#)8@!!
B!$#$%'0!#+!8#&A0!5-$%!0#!L#,8!-/!(%!:-05(%8!0(%!>,%3!
)-'8/5-*%!$#;%!A%'%-0(!0(%$@!1(%!2$$%'/203!#+!02$%!:#,,2%8!(2$=!
(%!5#&)8!+%%)!20!-/!-!*,%/%'5%@!4%!5)%-,%8!(2/!0(,#-0@!!
YI%))=!%;%'!/&**#/2'>!20!2/@@@Y!!
Y<0!2/=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YI(25(!20!2/'60=Y!5#'02'&%8!L#,8@!YI(-0!8#!3#&!:-'0!:20(!20!-'3:-3Z!
1(%,%6/!'#0(2'>!0(%,%@Y!!
YF#0!#'!0(%!/&,+-5%=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YB),2>(0=!G&/0!/&**#/2'>!0(%,%6/!/#$%0(2'>@!<!0-.%!20!3#&6,%!'#0!(%,%!
+#,!0(%!/(%%,!2'8&/0,2-)!-,5(-%#)#>3!#+!20!-))@!I(-0!-,%!3#&!-+0%,ZY!!
U'%!#+!h-*(#86/!(%-8/!)##.%8!-:-3@!1(%!#0(%,!#'%!)##.%8!,#&'8!
0#!/%%!:(-0!0(%!+2,/0!:-/!)##.2'>!-0=!A&0!20!:-/'60!)##.2'>!-0!-'30(2'>!
;%,3!$&5(@!!
YI%))=Y!/-28!h-*(#8!-2,2)3=!Y206/!*-,0)3!0(%!5&,2#/203=!*-,0)3!-!/%'/%!#+!
-8;%'0&,%=!A&0!$#/0)3!<!0(2'.!206/!0(%!+-$%!-'8!0(%!$#'%3@@@Y!!
L#,8!>)-'5%8!-0!(2$!/(-,*)3@!4%!>#0!-!;%,3!/0,#'>!2$*,%//2#'!0(-0!
h-*(#8!(-8'60!0(%!+-2'0%/0!28%-!:(3!(%!:-/!0(%,%!-0!-))@!!
Yi#&!.'#:!<!8#'60!)2.%!0(%!)##.!#+!0(-0!*)-'%0!-0!-))=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'!
/(2;%,2'>@!!
YB(=!0-.%!'#!'#025%=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y:20(!(-)+!0(%!:%-)0(!#+!0(%!
+#,$%,!7-)-5025!J$*2,%!/0#,%8!#'!20!/#$%:(%,%!20!5-'!-++#,8!0#!)##.!
+,&$*3@Y!!
W&))/(20=!0(#&>(0!L#,8@!J;%'!/&**#/2'>!0(2/!:-/!0(%!(#$%!#+!/#$%!
-'52%'0!52;2)2P-02#'!'#:!>#'%!0#!8&/0=!%;%'!/&**#/2'>!-!'&$A%,!#+!
%95%%82'>)3!&')2.%)3!0(2'>/=!0(%,%!:-/!'#!:-3!0(-0!;-/0!0,%-/&,%/!#+!
:%-)0(!:%,%!>#2'>!0#!A%!/0#,%8!0(%,%!2'!-'3!+#,$!0(-0!:#&)8!/02))!(-;%!
$%-'2'>!'#:@!4%!/(,&>>%8@!!
Y<!0(2'.!206/!G&/0!-!8%-8!*)-'%0=Y!(%!/-28@!!
Y1(%!/&/*%'/%!2/!.2))2'>!$%=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!0%/02)3@!!
!
"0,%//!-'8!'%,;#&/!0%'/2#'!-,%!'#:!/%,2#&/!/#52-)!*,#A)%$/!2'!-))!
*-,0/!#+!0(%!7-)-93=!-'8!20!2/!2'!#,8%,!0(-0!0(2/!/20&-02#'!/(#&)8!'#0!2'!
-'3!:-3!A%!%9-5%,A-0%8!0(-0!0(%!+#))#:2'>!+-50/!:2))!'#:!A%!,%;%-)%8!
2'!-8;-'5%@!!
1(%!*)-'%0!2'!?&%/02#'!2/!2'!+-50!0(%!)%>%'8-,3!V->,-0(%-@!!
1(%!8%-8)3!$2//2)%!-00-5.!/(#,0)3!0#!A%!)-&'5(%8!A3!-'!-'52%'0!
-&0#$-025!8%+%'5%!/3/0%$!:2))!,%/&)0!$%,%)3!2'!0(%!A,%-.->%!#+!0(,%%!
5#++%%!5&*/!-'8!-!$25%5->%=!0(%!A,&2/2'>!#+!/#$%A#836/!&**%,!-,$=!
-'8!0(%!&'02$%)3!5,%-02#'!-'8!/&88%'!8%$2/%!#+!-!A#:)!#+!*%0&'2-/!
-'8!-'!2''#5%'0!/*%,$!:(-)%@!!
<'!#,8%,!0(-0!/#$%!/%'/%!#+!$3/0%,3!/(#&)8!/02))!A%!*,%/%,;%8=!'#!
,%;%)-02#'!:2))!3%0!A%!$-8%!5#'5%,'2'>!:(#/%!&**%,!-,$!/&/0-2'%8!
0(%!A,&2/%@!1(2/!+-50!$-3!/-+%)3!A%!$-8%!0(%!/&AG%50!#+!/&/*%'/%!/2'5%!
20!2/!#+!'#!/2>'2+25-'5%!:(-0/#%;%,@!!
!
!
Chapter$17$$
!
B+0%,!-!+-2,)3!/(-.3!/0-,0!0#!0(%!8-3=!B,0(&,6/!$2'8!:-/!A%>2''2'>!0#!
,%-//%$A)%!20/%)+!+,#$!0(%!/(%))/(#5.%8!+,->$%'0/!0(%!*,%;2#&/!8-3!
(-8!)%+0!(2$!:20(@!4%!(-8!+#&'8!-!F&0,2`V-025!$-5(2'%!:(25(!(-8!
*,#;28%8!(2$!:20(!-!*)-/025!5&*!+2))%8!:20(!-!)2?&28!0(-0!:-/!-)$#/0=!
A&0!'#0!?&20%=!%'02,%)3!&')2.%!0%-@!1(%!:-3!20!+&'502#'%8!:-/!;%,3!
2'0%,%/02'>@!I(%'!0(%!M,2'.!A&00#'!:-/!*,%//%8!20!$-8%!-'!2'/0-'0!
A&0!(2>()3!8%0-2)%8!%9-$2'-02#'!#+!0(%!/&AG%506/!0-/0%!A&8/=!-!
/*%50,#/5#*25!-'-)3/2/!#+!0(%!/&AG%506/!$%0-A#)2/$!-'8!0(%'!/%'0!02'3!
%9*%,2$%'0-)!/2>'-)/!8#:'!0(%!'%&,-)!*-0(:-3/!0#!0(%!0-/0%!5%'0,%/!
#+!0(%!/&AG%506/!A,-2'!0#!/%%!:(-0!:-/!)2.%)3!0#!>#!8#:'!:%))@!4#:%;%,=!
'#!#'%!.'%:!?&20%!:(3!20!828!0(2/!A%5-&/%!20!2';-,2-A)3!8%)2;%,%8!-!
5&*+&)!#+!)2?&28!0(-0!:-/!-)$#/0=!A&0!'#0!?&20%=!%'02,%)3!&')2.%!0%-@!1(%!
F&0,2`V-025!:-/!8%/2>'%8!-'8!$-'&+-50&,%8!A3!0(%!"2,2&/!R3A%,'%025/!
R#,*#,-02#'!:(#/%!5#$*)-2'0/!8%*-,0$%'0!'#:!5#;%,/!-))!0(%!$-G#,!
)-'8!$-//%/!#+!0(%!+2,/0!0(,%%!*)-'%0/!2'!0(%!"2,2&/!1-&!"0-,!/3/0%$@!!
B,0(&,!8,-'.!0(%!)2?&28!-'8!+#&'8!20!,%;2;2'>@!4%!>)-'5%8!&*!-0!0(%!
/5,%%'/!->-2'!-'8!:-05(%8!-!+%:!$#,%!(&'8,%8!$2)%/!#+!A-,,%'!
>,%3'%//!/)28%!*-/0@!<0!/&88%')3!#55&,,%8!0#!(2$!0#!-/.!-!?&%/02#'!
:(25(!(-8!A%%'!A#0(%,2'>!(2$@!!
Y</!20!/-+%ZY!(%!/-28@!!
YV->,-0(%-6/!A%%'!8%-8!+#,!+2;%!$2))2#'!3%-,/=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y#+!
5#&,/%!206/!/-+%@!J;%'!0(%!>(#/0/!:2))!(-;%!/%00)%8!8#:'!-'8!,-2/%8!
+-$2)2%/!A3!'#:@Y!B0!:(25(!*#2'0!-!/0,-'>%!-'8!2'%9*)25-A)%!/#&'8!
0(,2))%8!/&88%')3!0(,#&>(!0(%!A,28>%!ʹ!-!'#2/%!-/!#+!-!82/0-'0!+-'+-,%Q!
-!(#))#:=!,%%83=!2'/&A/0-'02-)!/#&'8@!<0!*,%5%8%8!-!;#25%!0(-0!:-/!
%?&-))3!(#))#:=!,%%83!-'8!2'/&A/0-'02-)@!1(%!;#25%!/-28!Y7,%%02'>/!0#!
3#&@@@Y!!
"#$%#'%!+,#$!0(%!8%-8!*)-'%0!:-/!0-).2'>!0#!0(%$@!!
YR#$*&0%,jY!/(#&0%8!h-*(#8@!!
Y42!0(%,%jY!!
YI(-0!0(%!*(#0#'!2/!20ZY!!
YU(=!G&/0!/#$%!+2;%`$2))2#'`3%-,`#)8!0-*%!0(-06/!A%2'>!A,#-85-/0!-0!
&/@Y!!
YB!:(-0Z!B!,%5#,82'>ZY!!
Y"(&/(jY!/-28!L#,8@!Y<06/!5-,,32'>!#'@Y!!
1(%!;#25%!:-/!#)8=!5#&,0%#&/=!-)$#/0!5(-,$2'>=!A&0!:-/!
&'8%,/5#,%8!:20(!?&20%!&'$2/0-.-A)%!$%'-5%@!!
Y1(2/!2/!-!,%5#,8%8!-''#&'5%$%'0=Y!20!/-28=!Y-/!<6$!-+,-28!:%6,%!-))!
#&0!-0!0(%!$#$%'0@!1(%!5#$$%,52-)!5#&'52)!#+!V->,-0(%-!0(-'./!3#&!
+#,!3#&,!%/0%%$%8!;2/20@@@Y!!
NYB!;#25%!+,#$!-'52%'0!V->,-0(%-jY!/(#&0%8!h-*(#8@!YUK=!UK=Y!
/-28!L#,8@O!!
Y@@@!A&0!,%>,%0/=Y!5#'02'&%8!0(%!;#25%=!Y0(-0!0(%!%'02,%!*)-'%0!2/!
0%$*#,-,2)3!5)#/%8!+#,!A&/2'%//@!1(-'.!3#&@!<+!3#&!:#&)8!5-,%!0#!)%-;%!
3#&,!'-$%!-'8!0(%!-88,%//!#+!-!*)-'%0!:(%,%!3#&!5-'!A%!5#'0-50%8=!
.2'8)3!/*%-.!:(%'!3#&!(%-,!0(%!0#'%@Y!!
B!/(#,0!A&PP!+#))#:%8=!0(%'!/2)%'5%@!!
Y1(%3!:-'0!0#!>%0!,28!#+!&/=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'!'%,;#&/)3@!YI(-0!8#!:%!
8#ZY!!
Y<06/!G&/0!-!,%5#,82'>=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!YI%!.%%*!>#2'>@!7#0!0(-0=!
5#$*&0%,ZY!!
Y<!>#0!20=Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,!-'8!>-;%!0(%!/(2*!-'!%90,-!.25.!#+!
/*%%8@!!
1(%3!:-20%8@!!
B+0%,!-!/%5#'8!#,!/#!5-$%!0(%!+-'+-,%!#'5%!->-2'=!-'8!0(%'!0(%!
;#25%@!!
YI%!:#&)8!)2.%!0#!-//&,%!3#&!0(-0!-/!/##'!-/!#&,!A&/2'%//!2/!
,%/&$%8!-''#&'5%$%'0/!:2))!A%!$-8%!2'!-))!+-/(2#'-A)%!$->-P2'%/!
-'8!5#)#&,!/&**)%$%'0/=!:(%'!#&,!5)2%'0/!:2))!#'5%!->-2'!A%!-A)%!0#!
/%)%50!+,#$!-))!0(-06/!A%/0!2'!5#'0%$*#,-,3!>%#>,-*(3@Y!1(%!$%'-5%!
2'!0(%!;#25%!0##.!#'!-!/(-,*%,!%8>%@!YV%-':(2)%!:%!0(-'.!#&,!5)2%'0/!
+#,!0(%2,!.2'8!2'0%,%/0!-'8!:#&)8!-/.!0(%$!0#!)%-;%@!F#:@Y!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!,#&'8!0(%!'%,;#&/!+-5%/!#+!(2/!5#$*-'2#'/@!!
YI%))=!<!/&**#/%!:%68!A%00%,!A%!>#2'>!0(%'=!(-8'60!:%ZY!(%!
/&>>%/0%8@!!
Y"(((jY!/-28!h-*(#8@!Y1(%,%6/!-A/#)&0%)3!'#0(2'>!0#!A%!:#,,2%8!
-A#&0@Y!!
Y1(%'!:(36/!%;%,3#'%!/#!0%'/%ZY!!
Y1(%36,%!G&/0!2'0%,%/0%8jY!/(#&0%8!h-*(#8@!YR#$*&0%,=!/0-,0!-!
8%/5%'0!2'0#!0(%!-0$#/*(%,%!-'8!*,%*-,%!+#,!)-'82'>@Y!!
1(2/!02$%!0(%!+-'+-,%!:-/!?&20%!*%,+&'50#,3=!0(%!;#25%!82/02'50)3!
5#)8@!!
Y<0!2/!$#/0!>,-02+32'>=Y!20!/-28=!Y0(-0!3#&,!%'0(&/2-/$!+#,!#&,!*)-'%0!
5#'02'&%/!&'-A-0%8=!-'8!/#!:%!:#&)8!)2.%!0#!-//&,%!3#&!0(-0!0(%!
>&28%8!$2//2)%/!5&,,%'0)3!5#';%,>2'>!:20(!3#&,!/(2*!-,%!*-,0!#+!-!
/*%52-)!/%,;25%!:%!%90%'8!0#!-))!#+!#&,!$#/0!%'0(&/2-/025!5)2%'0/=!-'8!
0(%!+&))3!-,$%8!'&5)%-,!:-,(%-8/!-,%!#+!5#&,/%!$%,%)3!-!5#&,0%/3!
8%0-2)@!I%!)##.!+#,:-,8!0#!3#&,!5&/0#$!2'!+&0&,%!)2;%/@@@!0(-'.!3#&@Y!!
1(%!;#25%!/'-**%8!#++@!!
YU(=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'@!!
YJ,@@@Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YI%))ZY!/-28!L#,8@!!
YT##.=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y:2))!3#&!>%0!20!2'0#!3#&,!(%-8/Z!1(-06/!G&/0!-!
,%5#,8%8!$%//->%@!<06/!$2))2#'/!#+!3%-,/!#)8@!<0!8#%/'60!-**)3!0#!&/=!>%0!
20ZY!!
YI(-0=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'!?&2%0)3=!Y-A#&0!0(%!$2//2)%/ZY!!
YV2//2)%/Z!M#'60!$-.%!$%!)-&>(@Y!!
L#,8!0-**%8!h-*(#8!#'!0(%!/(#&)8%,!-'8!*#2'0%8!-0!0(%!,%-,!
/5,%%'@!R)%-,!2'!0(%!82/0-'5%!A%(2'8!0(%$!0:#!/2);%,!8-,0/!:%,%!
5)2$A2'>!0(,#&>(!0(%!-0$#/*(%,%!0#:-,8/!0(%!/(2*@!B!?&25.!5(-'>%!#+!
$->'2+25-02#'!A,#&>(0!0(%$!2'0#!5)#/%!+#5&/!ʹ!0:#!$-//2;%)3!,%-)!
,#5.%0/!0(&'8%,2'>!0(,#&>(!0(%!/.3@!1(%!/&88%''%//!#+!20!:-/!
/(#5.2'>@!!
Y<!0(2'.!0(%36,%!>#2'>!0#!(-;%!-!;%,3!>##8!0,3!-0!-**)32'>!0#!&/=Y!
/-28!L#,8@!!
h-*(#8!/0-,%8!-0!0(%$!2'!-/0#'2/($%'0@!!
Y4%3!0(2/!2/!0%,,2+25jY!(%!/-28@!Y"#$%#'%!8#:'!0(%,%!2/!0,32'>!0#!.2))!
&/jY!!
Y1%,,2+25=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YW&0!8#'60!3#&!/%%!:(-0!0(2/!$%-'/ZY!!
Yi%/@!I%6,%!>#2'>!0#!82%@Y!!
Yi%/=!A&0!-*-,0!+,#$!0(-0@Y!!
YB*-,0!+,#$!0(-0ZY!!
Y<0!$%-'/!:%!$&/0!A%!#'!0#!/#$%0(2'>jY!!
Y4#:!/##'!5-'!:%!>%0!#++!20ZY!!
"%5#'8!A3!/%5#'8!0(%!2$->%!#+!0(%!$2//2)%/!#'!0(%!/5,%%'!A%5-$%!
)-,>%,@!1(%3!(-8!/:&'>!,#&'8!'#:!#'!0#!-!82,%50!(#$2'>!5#&,/%!/#!
0(-0!-))!0(-0!5#&)8!A%!/%%'!#+!0(%$!'#:!:-/!0(%!:-,(%-8/=!(%-8!#'@!!
YB/!-!$-00%,!#+!2'0%,%/0=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'=!Y:(-0!-,%!:%!>#2'>!0#!8#ZY!!
Yd&/0!.%%*!5##)=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
Y</!0(-0!-))ZY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!!
YF#=!:%6,%!-)/#!>#2'>!0#@@@!%,@@@!0-.%!%;-/2;%!-502#'jY!/-28!h-*(#8!
:20(!-!/&88%'!-55%//!#+!*-'25@!YR#$*&0%,=!:(-0!%;-/2;%!-502#'!5-'!
:%!0-.%ZY!!
YJ,=!'#'%!<6$!-+,-28=!>&3/=Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,@!!
Y@@@!#,!/#$%0(2'>=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y@@@!%,@@@Y!(%!/-28@!!
Y1(%,%!/%%$/!0#!A%!/#$%0(2'>!G-$$2'>!$3!>&28-'5%!/3/0%$=Y!
%9*)-2'%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,!A,2>(0)3=!Y2$*-50!$2'&/!+#,03`+2;%!/%5#'8/@!
X)%-/%!5-))!$%!J882%!2+!20!:2))!(%)*!3#&!0#!,%)-9@Y!!
h-*(#8!0,2%8!0#!,&'!2'!/%;%,-)!%?&-))3!8%52/2;%!82,%502#'/!
/2$&)0-'%#&/)3@!Y[2>(0jY!(%!/-28@!YJ,@@@!:%6;%!>#0!0#!>%0!$-'&-)!
5#'0,#)!#+!0(2/!/(2*@Y!!
YR-'!3#&!+)3!(%,ZY!-/.%8!L#,8!*)%-/-'0)3@!!
YF#=!5-'!3#&ZY!!
YF#@Y!!
Y1,2))2-'=!5-'!3#&ZY!!
YF#@Y!!
YL2'%=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!,%)-92'>@!YI%6))!8#!20!0#>%0(%,@Y!!
Y<!5-'60!%20(%,=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!:(#!+%)0!20!:-/!02$%!(%!A%>-'!0#!-//%,0!
(2$/%)+@!!
Y<68!>&%//%8!0(-0=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!YUK!5#$*&0%,=!<!:-'0!+&))!$-'&-)!
5#'0,#)!'#:@Y!!
Yi#&!>#0!20=Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,@!!
"%;%,-)!)-,>%!8%/.!*-'%)/!/)28!#*%'!-'8!A-'./!#+!5#'0,#)!5#'/#)%/!
/*,-'>!&*!#&0!#+!0(%$=!/(#:%,2'>!0(%!5,%:!:20(!A20/!#+!%9*-'8%8!
*#)3/03,%'%!*-5.->2'>!-'8!A-))/!#+!,#))%8`&*!5%))#*(-'%f!0(%/%!
5#'0,#)/!(-8!'%;%,!A%%'!&/%8!A%+#,%@!!
h-*(#8!/0-,%8!-0!0(%$!:2)8)3@!!
YUK=!L#,8=Y!(%!/-28=!Y+&))!,%0,#!0(,&/0!-'8!0%'!8%>,%%/!/0-,A#-,8@!U,!
/#$%0(2'>@@@Y!!
Y7##8!)&5.!>&3/=Y!5(2,*%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,=!Y2$*-50!$2'&/!0(2,03!
/%5#'8/@@@Y!!
L#,8!)%-*0!0#!0(%!5#'0,#)/!ʹ!#')3!-!+%:!#+!0(%$!$-8%!-'3!
2$$%82-0%!/%'/%!0#!(2$!/#!(%!*&))%8!0(#/%@!1(%!/(2*!/(##.!-'8!
/5,%-$%8!-/!20/!>&28-'5%!,#5.%8!G%0/!0,2%8!0#!*&/(!20!%;%,3!:(25(!:-3!
/2$&)0-'%#&/)3@!4%!,%)%-/%8!(-)+!#+!0(%$!-'8!0(%!/(2*!/*-'!,#&'8!2'!-!
02>(0!-,5!-'8!(%-8%8!A-5.!0(%!:-3!20!(-8!5#$%=!/0,-2>(0!0#:-,8/!0(%!
#'5#$2'>!$2//2)%/@!!
B2,!5&/(2#'/!A-))##'%8!#&0!#+!0(%!:-))/!2'!-'!2'/0-'0!-/!%;%,3#'%!
:-/!0(,#:'!->-2'/0!0(%$@!L#,!-!+%:!/%5#'8/!0(%!2'%,02-)!+#,5%/!(%)8!
0(%$!+)-00%'%8!-'8!/?&2,$2'>!+#,!A,%-0(=!&'-A)%!0#!$#;%@!h-*(#8!
/0,&>>)%8!-'8!*&/(%8!2'!$-'25!8%/*%,-02#'!-'8!+2'-))3!$-'->%8!-!
/-;->%!.25.!-0!-!/$-))!)%;%,!0(-0!+#,$%8!*-,0!#+!0(%!>&28-'5%!/3/0%$@!!
1(%!)%;%,!/'-**%8!#++@!1(%!/(2*!0:2/0%8!/(-,*)3!-'8!,#5.%0%8!
&*:-,8/@!1(%!5,%:!:%,%!(&,)%8!;2#)%'0)3!A-5.!-5,#//!0(%!5-A2'@!L#,86/!
5#*3!#+!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!/$-/(%8!2'0#!-'#0(%,!
/%502#'!#+!0(%!5#'0,#)!5#'/#)%!:20(!0(%!5#$A2'%8!,%/&)0!0(-0!0(%!
7&28%!/0-,0%8!0#!%9*)-2'!0#!-'3#'%!:(#!5-,%8!0#!)2/0%'!-A#&0!0(%!A%/0!
:-3/!#+!/$&>>)2'>!B'0-,%-'!*-,-.%%0!>)-'8/!#&0!#+!B'0-,%/!N-'!
B'0-,%-'!*-,-.%%0!>)-'8!/0&5.!#'!-!/$-))!/025.!2/!-!,%;#)02'>!A&0!$&5(!
/#&>(0!-+0%,!5#5.0-2)!8%)25-53!-'8!;%,3!)-,>%!/&$/!#+!$#'%3!-,%!#+0%'!
*-28!+#,!0(%$!A3!;%,3!,25(!282#0/!:(#!:-'0!0#!2$*,%//!#0(%,!;%,3!,25(!
282#0/O=!-'8!0(%!/(2*!/&88%')3!8,#**%8!#&0!#+!0(%!/.3!)2.%!-!/0#'%@!!
!
<0!:-/!#+!5#&,/%!$#,%!#,!)%//!-0!0(2/!$#$%'0!0(-0!#'%!#+!0(%!5,%:!
/&/0-2'%8!-!'-/03!A,&2/%!0#!0(%!&**%,!-,$@!1(2/!/(#&)8!A%!%$*(-/2P%8!
A%5-&/%=!-/!(-8!-),%-83!A%%'!,%;%-)%8=!0(%3!%/5-*%!#0(%,:2/%!
5#$*)%0%)3!&'(-,$%8!-'8!0(%!8%-8)3!'&5)%-,!$2//2)%/!8#!'#0!
%;%'0&-))3!(20!0(%!/(2*@!1(%!/-+%03!#+!0(%!5,%:!2/!-A/#)&0%)3!-//&,%8@!!
Y<$*-50!$2'&/!0:%'03!/%5#'8/=!>&3/@@@Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,@!!
Y1(%'!0&,'!0(%!A)##83!%'>2'%/!A-5.!#'jY!A-:)%8!h-*(#8@!!
YUK=!/&,%!0(2'>=!>&3/=Y!/-28!0(%!5#$*&0%,@!I20(!-!/&A0)%!,#-,!0(%!
%'>2'%/!5&0!A-5.!2'=!0(%!/(2*!/$##0()3!+)-00%'%8!#&0!#+!20/!82;%!-'8!
(%-8%8!A-5.!0#:-,8/!0(%!$2//2)%/!->-2'@!!
1(%!5#$*&0%,!/0-,0%8!0#!/2'>@!!
YI(%'!3#&!:-).!0(,#&>(!0(%!/0#,$@@@Y!20!:(2'%8!'-/-))3=!Y(#)8!3#&,!
(%-8!&*!(2>(@@@Y!!
h-*(#8!/5,%-$%8!-0!20!0#!/(&0!&*=!A&0!(2/!;#25%!:-/!)#/0!2'!0(%!82'!
#+!:(-0!0(%3!?&20%!'-0&,-))3!-//&$%8!:-/!-**,#-5(2'>!8%/0,&502#'@!!
YB'8!8#'60@@@!A%!-+,-28@@@!#+!0(%!8-,.jY!J882%!:-2)%8@!!
1(%!/(2*=!2'!+)-00%'2'>!#&0!(-8!2'!+-50!+)-00%'%8!#&0!&*/28%!8#:'!
-'8!)32'>!#'!0(%!5%2)2'>!-/!0(%3!:%,%!20!:-/!'#:!0#0-))3!2$*#//2A)%!+#,!
-'3!#+!0(%!5,%:!0#!,%-5(!0(%!>&28-'5%!/3/0%$/@!!
YB0!0(%!%'8!#+!0(%!/0#,$@@@Y!5,##'%8!J882%@!!
1(%!0:#!$2//2)%/!)##$%8!$-//2;%)3!#'!0(%!/5,%%'/!-/!0(%3!
0(&'8%,%8!0#:-,8/!0(%!/(2*@!!
Y@@@!2/!-!>#)8%'!/.3@@@Y!!
W&0!A3!-'!%90,-#,82'-,2)3!)&5.3!5(-'5%!0(%3!(-8!'#0!3%0!+&))3!
5#,,%50%8!0(%2,!+)2>(0!*-0(/!0#!0(-0!#+!0(%!%,,-025-))3!:%-;2'>!/(2*=!-'8!
0(%3!*-//%8!,2>(0!&'8%,!20@!!
YB'8!0(%!/:%%0!/2);%,!/#'>/!#+!0(%!)-,.@@@![%;2/%8!2$*-50!02$%!
+2+0%%'!/%5#'8/!+%))-/@@@!I-).!#'!0(,#&>(!0(%!:2'8@@@Y!!
1(%!$2//2)%/!A-'.%8!,#&'8!2'!-!/5,%%5(2'>!-,5!-'8!*)&'>%8!A-5.!
2'0#!*&,/&20@!!
Y1(2/!2/!20=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!:-05(2'>!0(%$@!YI%!-,%!'#:!?&20%!
8%+2'20%)3!>#2'>!0#!82%!-,%'60!:%ZY!!
Y<!:2/(!3#&68!/0#*!/-32'>!0(-0=Y!/(#&0%8!L#,8@!!
YI%))!:%!-,%!-,%'60!:%ZY!!
Yi%/@Y!!
YI-).!#'!0(,#&>(!0(%!,-2'@@@Y!/-'>!J882%@!!
B!0(#&>(0!/0,&5.!B,0(&,@!4%!/0,&>>)%8!0#!(2/!+%%0@!!
YI(3!8#%/'60!-'3#'%!0&,'!#'!0(2/!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%!0(2'>ZY!(%!
/-28@!YI%!5#&)8!*,#A-A)3!,%-5(!0(-0@Y!!
YI(-0!-,%!3#&!5,-P3ZY!/-28!h-*(#8@!YI20(#&0!*,#*%,!*,#>,-$$2'>!
-'30(2'>!5#&)8!(-**%'@Y!!
YM#%/!0(-0!$-00%,!-0!0(2/!/0->%ZY!/(#&0%8!B,0(&,@!!
Y1(#&>(!3#&,!8,%-$/!A%!0#//%8!-'8!A)#:'@@@Y!/-'8!J882%@!!
B,0(&,!/5,-$A)%8!&*!#'!0#!#'%!%'8!#+!0(%!%95202'>)3!5(&'.3!*2%5%/!
#+!$#&)8%8!5#'0#&,2'>!:(%,%!0(%!5&,;%!#+!0(%!:-))!$%0!0(%!5%2)2'>@!!
YI-).!#'=!:-).!#'=!:20(!(#*%!2'!3#&,!(%-,0@@@Y!!
YM#%/!-'3#'%!.'#:!:(3!B,0(&,!5-'60!0&,'!#'!0(%!<$*,#A-A2)203!
M,2;%ZY!/(#&0%8!1,2))2-'@!!
YB'8!3#&6))!'%;%,!:-).!-)#'%@@@!<$*-50!$2'&/!+2;%!/%5#'8/=!206/!A%%'!
>,%-0!.'#:2'>!3#&!>&3/=!7#8!A)%//@@@!i#&6))!'%@@@!;%,@@@!:-).@@@!-)#'%jY!!
Y<!/-28=Y!3%))%8!1,2))2-'=!Y8#%/!-'3#'%!.'#:@@@Y!!
1(%!'%90!0(2'>!0(-0!(-**%'%8!:-/!-!$28`$-'>)2'>!%9*)#/2#'!#+!
'#2/%!-'8!)2>(0@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$18$$
!
B'8!0(%!'%90!0(2'>!0(-0!(-**%'%8!-+0%,!0(-0!:-/!0(-0!0(%!4%-,0!#+!
7#)8!5#'02'&%8!#'!20/!:-3!*%,+%50)3!'#,$-))3!:20(!-!,-0(%,!+%05(2'>)3!
,%8%/2>'%8!2'0%,2#,@!<0!:-/!/#$%:(-0!)-,>%,=!-'8!8#'%!#&0!2'!8%)25-0%!
*-/0%)!/(-8%/!#+!>,%%'!-'8!A)&%@!<'!0(%!5%'0,%!-!/*2,-)!/0-2,5-/%=!
)%-82'>!'#:(%,%!2'!*-,025&)-,=!/0##8!2'!-!/*,-3!#+!+%,'/!-'8!3%))#:!
+)#:%,/!-'8!'%90!0#!20!-!/0#'%!/&'82-)!*%8%/0-)!(#&/%8!0(%!$-2'!
5#$*&0%,!0%,$2'-)@!R&''2'>)3!8%*)#3%8!)2>(02'>!-'8!$2,,#,/!5,%-0%8!
0(%!2))&/2#'!#+!/0-'82'>!2'!-!5#'/%,;-0#,3!#;%,)##.2'>!-!:28%!/0,%05(!#+!
%9?&2/20%)3!$-'25&,%8!>-,8%'@!B,#&'8!0(%!*%,2*(%,3!#+!0(%!
5#'/%,;-0#,3!-,%-!/0##8!$-,A)%`0#**%8!0-A)%/!#'!2'0,25-0%)3!A%-&02+&)!
:,#&>(0`2,#'!)%>/@!B/!3#&!>-P%8!2'0#!0(%!*#)2/(%8!/&,+-5%!#+!0(%!
$-,A)%!0(%!;->&%!+#,$/!#+!2'/0,&$%'0/!A%5-$%!;2/2A)%=!-'8!-/!3#&!
0#&5(%8!0(%$!0(%!2'/0,&$%'0/!$-0%,2-)2P%8!2'/0-'0)3!&'8%,!3#&,!
(-'8/@!T##.%8!-0!+,#$!0(%!5#,,%50!-'>)%/!0(%!$2,,#,/!-**%-,%8!0#!
,%+)%50!-))!0(%!,%?&2,%8!8-0-!,%-8#&0/=!0(#&>(!20!:-/!+-,!+,#$!5)%-,!
:(%,%!0(%3!:%,%!,%+)%50%8!+,#$@!<0!:-/!2'!+-50!/%'/-02#'-))3!A%-&02+&)@!!
[%)-92'>!2'!-!:25.%,:#,.!/&'!5(-2,=!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9!/-28=!YI(-0!
0(%!(%))!(-**%'%8ZY!!
YI%))!<!:-/!G&/0!/-32'>=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!)#&'>2'>!A3!-!/$-))!+2/(!*##)=!
Y0(%,%6/!0(2/!<$*,#A-A2)203!M,2;%!/:205(!#;%,!(%,%@@@Y!(%!:-;%8!-0!
:(%,%!20!(-8!A%%'@!1(%,%!:-/!-!*#00%8!*)-'0!0(%,%!'#:@!!
YW&0!:(%,%!-,%!:%ZY!/-28!L#,8!:(#!:-/!/2002'>!#'!0(%!/*2,-)!
/0-2,5-/%=!-!'25%)3!5(2))%8!X-'!7-)-5025!7-,>)%!W)-/0%,!2'!(2/!(-'8@!!
YJ9-50)3!:(%,%!:%!:%,%=!<!0(2'.@@@Y!/-28!1,2))2-'=!-/!-))!-A#&0!0(%$!
0(%!$2,,#,/!/(#:%8!0(%$!-'!2$->%!#+!0(%!A)2>(0%8!)-'8/5-*%!#+!
V->,-0(%-!:(25(!/02))!/5##0%8!-)#'>!A%'%-0(!0(%$@!!
h-*(#8!)%-*0!#&0!#+!(2/!/%-0@!!
Y1(%'!:(-06/!(-**%'%8!0#!0(%!$2//2)%/ZY!(%!/-28@!!
B!'%:!-'8!-/0#&'82'>!2$->%!-**%-,%8!2'!0(%!$2,,#,/@!!
Y1(%3!:#&)8!-**%-,=Y!/-28!L#,8!8#&A0+&))3=!Y0#!(-;%!0&,'%8!2'0#!-!
A#:)!#+!*%0&'2-/!-'8!-!;%,3!/&,*,2/%8!)##.2'>!:(-)%@@@Y!!
YB0!-'!<$*,#A-A2)203!L-50#,=Y!5&0!2'!J882%=!:(#!(-8'60!5(-'>%8!-!A20=!
Y#+!%2>(0!$2))2#'!/%;%'!(&'8,%8!-'8!/2903`/%;%'!0(#&/-'8!#'%!
(&'8,%8!-'8!0:%'03`%2>(0!0#!#'%!->-2'/0@Y!!
h-*(#8!/0-,%8!-0!B,0(&,@!!
YM28!3#&!0(2'.!#+!0(-0=!J-,0($-'ZY!(%!8%$-'8%8@!!
YI%))=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y-))!<!828!:-/@@@Y!!
Y1(-06/!;%,3!>##8!0(2'.2'>!3#&!.'#:@!1&,'!#'!0(%!<$*,#A-A2)203!
M,2;%!+#,!-!/%5#'8!:20(#&0!+2,/0!-502;-02'>!0(%!*,##+2'>!/5,%%'/@!4%3!
.28!3#&!G&/0!/-;%8!#&,!)2;%/=!3#&!.'#:!0(-0ZY!!
YU(=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y:%))=!20!:-/!'#0(2'>!,%-))3@@@Y!!
YI-/!20ZY!/-28!h-*(#8@!YU(!:%))=!+#,>%0!20!0(%'@!UK=!5#$*&0%,=!0-.%!
&/!2'!0#!)-'8@Y!!
YW&0@@@Y!!
Y<!/-28!+#,>%0!20@Y!!
!
B'#0(%,!0(2'>!0(-0!>#0!+#,>#00%'!:-/!0(%!+-50!0(-0!->-2'/0!-))!
*,#A-A2)203!-!/*%,$!:(-)%!(-8!/&88%')3!A%%'!5-))%8!2'0#!%92/0%'5%!
/%;%,-)!$2)%/!-A#;%!0(%!/&,+-5%!#+!-'!-)2%'!*)-'%0@!!
B'8!/2'5%!0(2/!2/!'#0!-!'-0&,-))3!0%'-A)%!*#/202#'!+#,!-!:(-)%=!0(2/!
*##,!2''#5%'0!5,%-0&,%!(-8!;%,3!)200)%!02$%!0#!5#$%!0#!0%,$/!:20(!20/!
28%'0203!-/!-!:(-)%!A%+#,%!20!0(%'!(-8!0#!5#$%!0#!0%,$/!:20(!'#0!A%2'>!
-!:(-)%!-'3!$#,%@!!
1(2/!2/!-!5#$*)%0%!,%5#,8!#+!20/!0(#&>(0/!+,#$!0(%!$#$%'0!20!A%>-'!
20/!)2+%!02))!0(%!$#$%'0!20!%'8%8!20@!!
B(@@@j!I(-06/!(-**%'2'>Z!20!0(#&>(0@!!
J,=!%95&/%!$%=!:(#!-$!<Z!!
4%))#Z!!
I(3!-$!<!(%,%Z!I(-06/!$3!*&,*#/%!2'!)2+%Z!!
I(-0!8#!<!$%-'!A3!:(#!-$!<Z!!
R-)$!8#:'=!>%0!-!>,2*!'#:@@@!#(j!0(2/!2/!-'!2'0%,%/02'>!/%'/-02#'=!
:(-0!2/!20Z!<06/!-!/#,0!#+@@@!3-:'2'>=!02'>)2'>!/%'/-02#'!2'!$3@@@!$3@@@!:%))!
<!/&**#/%!<68!A%00%,!/0-,0!+2'82'>!'-$%/!+#,!0(2'>/!2+!<!:-'0!0#!$-.%!
-'3!(%-8:-3!2'!:(-0!+#,!0(%!/-.%!#+!:(-0!<!/(-))!5-))!-'!-,>&$%'0!<!
/(-))!5-))!0(%!:#,)8=!/#!)%06/!5-))!20!$3!/0#$-5(@!!
7##8@!U###(=!206/!>%002'>!?&20%!/0,#'>@!B'8!(%3=!:(-06/!-A#&0!0(2/!
:(2/0)2'>!,#-,2'>!/#&'8!>#2'>!*-/0!:(-0!<6$!/&88%')3!>#2'>!0#!5-))!$3!
(%-8Z!X%,(-*/!<!5-'!5-))!0(-0@@@!:2'8j!</!0(-0!-!>##8!'-$%Z!<06))!8#@@@!
*%,(-*/!<!5-'!+2'8!-!A%00%,!'-$%!+#,!20!)-0%,!:(%'!<6;%!+#&'8!#&0!:(-0!
206/!+#,@!<0!$&/0!A%!/#$%0(2'>!;%,3!2$*#,0-'0!A%5-&/%!0(%,%!5%,0-2')3!
/%%$/!0#!A%!-!(%))!#+!-!)#0!#+!20@!4%3j!I(-06/!0(2/!0(2'>Z!1(2/@@@!)%06/!5-))!
20!-!0-2)!ʹ!3%-(=!0-2)@!4%3j!<!5-'!,%-))3!0(,-/(!20!-A#&0!*,%003!>##8!5-'60!<Z!
I#:j!I#:j!1(-0!+%%)/!>,%-0j!M#%/'60!/%%$!0#!-5(2%;%!;%,3!$&5(!A&0!
<6))!*,#A-A)3!+2'8!#&0!:(-0!206/!+#,!)-0%,!#'@!F#:!ʹ!(-;%!<!A&2)0!&*!-'3!
5#(%,%'0!*250&,%!#+!0(2'>/!3%0Z!!
F#@!!
F%;%,!$2'8=!(%3=!0(2/!2/!,%-))3!%95202'>=!/#!$&5(!0#!+2'8!#&0!-A#&0=!
/#!$&5(!0#!)##.!+#,:-,8!0#=!<6$!?&20%!82PP3!:20(!-'0252*-02#'@@@!!
U,!2/!20!0(%!:2'8Z!!
1(%,%!,%-))3!2/!-!)#0!#+!0(-0!'#:!2/'60!20Z!!
B'8!:#:j!4%3j!I(-06/!0(2/!0(2'>!/&88%')3!5#$2'>!0#:-,8/!$%!
;%,3!+-/0Z!a%,3!;%,3!+-/0@!"#!A2>!-'8!+)-0!-'8!,#&'8=!20!'%%8/!-!A2>!:28%!
/#&'82'>!'-$%!)2.%@@@!#:@@@!#&'8@@@!,#&'8@@@!>,#&'8j!1(-06/!20j!1(-06/!-!
>##8!'-$%!ʹ!>,#&'8j!!
<!:#'8%,!2+!20!:2))!A%!+,2%'8/!:20(!$%Z!!
!
B'8!0(%!,%/0=!-+0%,!-!/&88%'!:%0!0(&8=!:-/!/2)%'5%@!!
!
R&,2#&/)3!%'#&>(=!0(%!#')3!0(2'>!0(-0!:%'0!0(,#&>(!0(%!$2'8!#+!0(%!
A#:)!#+!*%0&'2-/!-/!20!+%))!:-/!U(!'#=!'#0!->-2'@!V-'3!*%#*)%!(-;%!
/*%5&)-0%8!0(-0!2+!:%!.'%:!%9-50)3!:(3!0(%!A#:)!#+!*%0&'2-/!(-8!
0(#&>(0!0(-0!:%!:#&)8!.'#:!-!)#0!$#,%!-A#&0!0(%!'-0&,%!#+!0(%!
&'2;%,/%!0(-'!:%!8#!'#:@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$19$$
!
YB,%!:%!0-.2'>!0(2/!,#A#0!:20(!&/ZY!/-28!L#,8=!)##.2'>!:20(!82/0-/0%!
-0!V-,;2'!:(#!:-/!/0-'82'>!2'!-'!-:.:-,8!(&'5(%8!*#/0&,%!2'!0(%!
5#,'%,!&'8%,!-!/$-))!*-)$!0,%%@!!
h-*(#8!>)-'5%8!-:-3!+,#$!0(%!$2,,#,!/5,%%'/!:(25(!*,%/%'0%8!-!
*-'#,-$25!;2%:!#+!0(%!A)2>(0%8!)-'8/5-*%!#'!:(25(!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!
(-8!'#:!)-'8%8@!!
YU(=!0(%!X-,-'#28!B'8,#28=Y!(%!/-28@!Yi%-(=!:%6))!0-.%!(2$@Y!!
YW&0!:(-0!-,%!/&**#/%8!0#!8#!:20(!-!$-'25-))3!8%*,%//%8!,#A#0ZY!!
Yi#&!0(2'.!3#&6;%!>#0!*,#A)%$/=Y!/-28!V-,;2'!-/!2+!(%!:-/!
-88,%//2'>!-!'%:)3!#55&*2%8!5#++2'=!Y:(-0!-,%!3#&!/&**#/%8!0#!8#!2+!
3#&!-,%!-!$-'25-))3!8%*,%//%8!,#A#0Z!F#=!8#'60!A#0(%,!0#!-'/:%,!0(-0=!
<6$!+2+03!0(#&/-'8!02$%/!$#,%!2'0%))2>%'0!0(-'!3#&!-'8!%;%'!<!8#'60!
.'#:!0(%!-'/:%,@!<0!>2;%/!$%!-!(%-8-5(%!G&/0!0,32'>!0#!0(2'.!8#:'!0#!
3#&,!)%;%)@Y!!
1,2))2-'!A&,/0!2'!0(,#&>(!0(%!8##,!+,#$!(%,!5-A2'@!!
YV3!:(20%!$25%!(-;%!%/5-*%8jY!/(%!/-28@!!
B'!%9*,%//2#'!#+!8%%*!:#,,3!-'8!5#'5%,'!+-2)%8!0#!5,#//!%20(%,!#+!
h-*(#86/!+-5%/@!!
YF&0/!0#!3#&,!:(20%!$25%=Y!(%!/-28@!!
1,2))2-'!>)-,%8!-'!&*/%0!>)-,%!-0!(2$=!-'8!82/-**%-,%8!->-2'@!!
<0!2/!*#//2A)%!0(-0!(%,!,%$-,.!:#&)8!(-;%!5#$$-'8%8!>,%-0%,!
-00%'02#'!(-8!20!A%%'!>%'%,-))3!,%-)2P%8!0(-0!(&$-'!A%2'>/!:%,%!#')3!
0(%!0(2,8!$#/0!2'0%))2>%'0!)2+%!+#,$!*,%/%'0!#'!0(%!*)-'%0!J-,0(=!
2'/0%-8!#+!N-/!:-/!>%'%,-))3!0(#&>(0!A3!$#/0!2'8%*%'8%'0!#A/%,;%,/O!
0(%!/%5#'8@!!
!
Y7##8!-+0%,'##'!A#3/@Y!!
1(%!;#25%!:-/!#88)3!+-$2)2-,=!A&0!#88)3!82++%,%'0@!<0!(-8!-!
$-0,2-,5(-)!0:-'>@!<0!-''#&'5%8!20/%)+!0#!0(%!5,%:!-/!0(%3!-,,2;%8!-0!
0(%!-2,)#5.!(-05(:-3!0(-0!:#&)8!)%0!0(%$!#&0!#'!0(%!*)-'%0!/&,+-5%@!!
1(%3!)##.%8!-0!%-5(!#0(%,!2'!*&PP)%$%'0@!!
Y<06/!0(%!5#$*&0%,=Y!%9*)-2'%8!h-*(#8@!Y<!82/5#;%,%8!20!(-8!-'!
%$%,>%'53!A-5.`&*!*%,/#'-)203!0(-0!<!0(#&>(0!$2>(0!:#,.!#&0!A%00%,@Y!!
YF#:!0(2/!2/!>#2'>!0#!A%!3#&,!+2,/0!8-3!#&0!#'!-!/0,-'>%!'%:!
*)-'%0=Y!5#'02'&%8!J882%6/!'%:!;#25%=!Y/#!<!:-'0!3#&!-))!:,-**%8!&*!
/'&>!-'8!:-,$=!-'8!'#!*)-32'>!:20(!-'3!'-&>(03!A&>`%3%8!
$#'/0%,/@Y!!
h-*(#8!0-**%8!2$*-02%'0)3!#'!0(%!(-05(@!!
Y<6$!/#,,3=Y!(%!/-28=!Y<!0(2'.!:%!$2>(0!A%!A%00%,!#++!:20(!-!/)28%!
,&)%@Y!!
Y[2>(0jY!/'-**%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,@!YI(#!/-28!0(-0ZY!!
YI2))!3#&!#*%'!0(%!%920!(-05(!*)%-/%=!5#$*&0%,ZY!/-28!h-*(#8!
0,32'>!'#0!0#!>%0!-'>,3@!!
YF#0!&'02)!:(#%;%,!/-28!0(-0!#:'/!&*=Y!&,>%8!0(%!5#$*&0%,=!
/0-$*2'>!-!+%:!/3'-*/%/!5)#/%8@!!
YU(!7#8=Y!$&00%,%8!L#,8=!/)&$*%8!->-2'/0!-!A&).(%-8!-'8!/0-,0%8!
0#!5#&'0!0#!0%'@!4%!:-/!8%/*%,-0%)3!:#,,2%8!0(-0!#'%!8-3!/%'02'%'0!
)2+%!+#,$/!:#&)8!+#,>%0!(#:!0#!8#!0(2/@!U')3!A3!5#&'02'>!5#&)8!
(&$-'/!8%$#'/0,-0%!0(%2,!2'8%*%'8%'5%!#+!5#$*&0%,/@!!
YR#$%!#'=Y!/-28!J882%!/0%,')3@!!
YR#$*&0%,@@@Y!A%>-'!h-*(#8@@@!!
Y<6$!:-202'>=Y!2'0%,,&*0%8!J882%@!Y<!5-'!:-20!-))!8-3!2+!'%5%//-,3@@@Y!!
YR#$*&0%,@@@Y!/-28!h-*(#8!->-2'=!:(#!(-8!A%%'!0,32'>!0#!0(2'.!#+!
/#$%!/&A0)%!*2%5%!#+!,%-/#'2'>!0#!*&0!0(%!5#$*&0%,!8#:'!:20(=!-'8!
(-8!8%528%8!'#0!0#!A#0(%,!5#$*%02'>!:20(!20!#'!20/!#:'!>,#&'8=!Y2+!
3#&!8#'60!#*%'!0(-0!%920!(-05(!0(2/!$#$%'0!<!/(-))!P-*!/0,-2>(0!#++!0#!
3#&,!$-G#,!8-0-!A-'./!-'8!,%*,#>,-$!3#&!:20(!-!;%,3!)-,>%!-9%=!>#0!
0(-0ZY!!
J882%=!/(#5.%8=!*-&/%8!-'8!5#'/28%,%8!0(2/@!!
L#,8!5-,,2%8!#'!5#&'02'>!?&2%0)3@!1(2/!2/!-A#&0!0(%!$#/0!->>,%//2;%!
0(2'>!3#&!5-'!8#!0#!-!5#$*&0%,=!0(%!%?&2;-)%'0!#+!>#2'>!&*!0#!-!
(&$-'!A%2'>!-'8!/-32'>!W)##8@@@!A)##8@@@!A)##8@@@!A)##8@@@!!
L2'-))3!J882%!/-28!?&2%0)3=!Y<!5-'!/%%!0(2/!,%)-02#'/(2*!2/!/#$%0(2'>!
:%6,%!-))!>#2'>!0#!(-;%!0#!:#,.!-0=Y!-'8!0(%!(-05(:-3!#*%'%8@!!
B'!253!:2'8!,2**%8!2'0#!0(%$=!0(%3!(&>>%8!0(%$/%);%/!:-,$)3!-'8!
/0%**%8!8#:'!0(%!,-$*!#'!0#!0(%!A-,,%'!8&/0!#+!V->,-0(%-@!!
Y<06))!-))!%'8!2'!0%-,/=!<!.'#:!20=Y!/(#&0%8!J882%!-+0%,!0(%$!-'8!
5)#/%8!0(%!(-05(:-3!->-2'@!!
B!+%:!$2'&0%/!)-0%,!(%!#*%'%8!-'8!5)#/%8!0(%!(-05(:-3!->-2'!2'!
,%/*#'/%!0#!-!5#$$-'8!0(-0!5-&>(0!(2$!%'02,%)3!A3!/&,*,2/%@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$20$$
!
L2;%!+2>&,%/!:-'8%,%8!/)#:)3!#;%,!0(%!A)2>(0%8!)-'8@!W20/!#+!20!:%,%!
8&))2/(!>,%3=!A20/!#+!20!8&))2/(!A,#:'=!0(%!,%/0!#+!20!,-0(%,!)%//!
2'0%,%/02'>!0#!)##.!-0@!<0!:-/!)2.%!-!8,2%8`#&0!$-,/(=!'#:!A-,,%'!#+!-))!
;%>%0-02#'!-'8!5#;%,%8!:20(!-!)-3%,!#+!8&/0!-A#&0!-'!2'5(!0(25.@!<0!:-/!
;%,3!5#)8@!!
h-*(#8!:-/!5)%-,)3!,-0(%,!8%*,%//%8!-A#&0!20@!4%!/0-).%8!#++!A3!
(2$/%)+!-'8!:-/!/##'!)#/0!0#!/2>(0!A%(2'8!-!/)2>(0!,2/%!2'!0(%!>,#&'8@!!
1(%!:2'8!/0&'>!B,0(&,6/!%3%/!-'8!%-,/=!-'8!0(%!/0-)%!0(2'!-2,!
5)-/*%8!(2/!0(,#-0@!4#:%;%,=!0(%!0(2'>!/0&'>!$#/0!:-/!(2/!$2'8@!!
Y<06/!+-'0-/025@@@Y!(%!/-28=!-'8!(2/!#:'!;#25%!,-00)%8!(2/!%-,/@!"#&'8!
5-,,2%8!A-8)3!2'!0(2/!0(2'!-0$#/*(%,%@!!
YM%/#)-0%!(#)%!2+!3#&!-/.!$%=Y!/-28!L#,8@!Y<!5#&)8!(-;%!$#,%!+&'!2'!
-!5-0!)200%,@Y!4%!+%)0!-!$#&'02'>!2,,20-02#'@!U+!-))!0(%!*)-'%0/!2'!-))!0(%!
/0-,!/3/0%$/!#+!-))!0(%!7-)-93!ʹ!828'60!(%!G&/0!(-;%!0#!0&,'!&*!-0!-!
8&$*!)2.%!0(2/!-+0%,!+2+0%%'!3%-,/!#+!A%2'>!-!5-/0-:-3Z!F#0!%;%'!-!(#0!
8#>!/0-'8!2'!%;28%'5%@!4%!/0##*%8!8#:'!-'8!*25.%8!&*!-!5#)8!5)#0!#+!
%-,0(=!A&0!0(%,%!:-/!'#0(2'>!&'8%,'%-0(!20!:#,0(!5,#//2'>!0(#&/-'8/!
#+!)2>(0!3%-,/!0#!)##.!-0@!!
YF#=Y!2'/2/0%8!B,0(&,=!Y8#'60!3#&!&'8%,/0-'8=!0(2/!2/!0(%!+2,/0!02$%!
<6;%!-50&-))3!/0##8!#'!0(%!/&,+-5%!#+!-'#0(%,!*)-'%0@@@!-!:(#)%!-)2%'!
:#,)8@@@j!X203!206/!/&5(!-!8&$*!0(#&>(@Y!!
1,2))2-'!(&>>%8!(%,/%)+=!/(2;%,%8!-'8!+,#:'%8@!"(%!5#&)8!(-;%!
/:#,'!/(%!/-:!-!/)2>(0!-'8!&'%9*%50%8!$#;%$%'0!#&0!#+!0(%!5#,'%,!
#+!(%,!%3%=!A&0!:(%'!/(%!>)-'5%8!2'!0(-0!82,%502#'!-))!/(%!5#&)8!/%%!
:-/!0(%!/(2*=!/02))!-'8!/2)%'0=!-!(&'8,%8!3-,8/!#,!/#!A%(2'8!0(%$@!!
"(%!:-/!,%)2%;%8!:(%'!-!/%5#'8!#,!/#!)-0%,!0(%3!5-&>(0!/2>(0!#+!
h-*(#8!/0-'82'>!#'!0#*!#+!0(%!,28>%!#+!>,#&'8!-'8!:-;2'>!0#!0(%$!0#!
5#$%!-'8!G#2'!(2$@!!
4%!/%%$%8!0#!A%!%9520%8=!A&0!0(%3!5#&)8'60!5)%-,)3!(%-,!:(-0!(%!
:-/!/-32'>!A%5-&/%!#+!0(%!0(2''2/(!-0$#/*(%,%!-'8!0(%!:2'8@!!
B/!0(%3!-**,#-5(%8!0(%!,28>%!#+!(2>(%,!>,#&'8!0(%3!A%5-$%!-:-,%!
0(-0!20!/%%$%8!0#!A%!52,5&)-,!ʹ!-!5,-0%,!-A#&0!-!(&'8,%8!-'8!+2+03!
3-,8/!:28%@![#&'8!0(%!#&0/28%!#+!0(%!5,-0%,!0(%!/)#*2'>!>,#&'8!:-/!
/*-00%,%8!:20(!A)-5.!-'8!,%8!)&$*/@!1(%3!/0#**%8!-'8!)##.%8!-0!-!
*2%5%@!<0!:-/!:%0@!<0!:-/!,&AA%,3@!!
I20(!(#,,#,!0(%3!/&88%')3!,%-)2P%8!0(-0!20!:-/!+,%/(!:(-)%$%-0@!!
B0!0(%!0#*!#+!0(%!5,-0%,6/!)2*!0(%3!$%0!h-*(#8@!!
YT##.=Y!(%!/-28=!*#2'02'>!2'0#!0(%!5,-0%,@!!
<'!0(%!5%'0,%!)-3!0(%!%9*)#8%8!5-,5-//!#+!-!)#'%)3!/*%,$!:(-)%!0(-0!
(-8'60!)2;%8!)#'>!%'#&>(!0#!A%!82/-**#2'0%8!:20(!20/!)#0@!1(%!/2)%'5%!
:-/!#')3!82/0&,A%8!A3!0(%!/)2>(0!2';#)&'0-,3!/*-/$/!#+!1,2))2-'6/!0(,#-0@!!
Y<!/&**#/%!0(%,%6/!'#!*#2'0!2'!0,32'>!0#!A&,3!20ZY!$&,$&,%8!B,0(&,=!
-'8!0(%'!:2/(%8!(%!(-8'60@!!
YR#$%=Y!/-28!h-*(#8!-'8!/0-,0%8!A-5.!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!5,-0%,@!!
YI(-0=!8#:'!0(%,%ZY!/-28!1,2))2-'!:20(!/%;%,%!82/0-/0%@!!
Yi%-(=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y5#$%!#'=!<6;%!>#0!/#$%0(2'>!0#!/(#:!3#&@Y!!
YI%!5-'!/%%!20=Y!/-28!1,2))2-'@!!
YF#0!0(-0=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y/#$%0(2'>!%)/%@!R#$%!#'@Y!!
1(%3!-))!(%/20-0%8@!!
YR#$%!#'=Y!2'/2/0%8!h-*(#8=!Y<6;%!+#&'8!-!:-3!2'@Y!!
Y<'ZY!/-28!B,0(&,!2'!(#,,#,@!!
Y<'0#!0(%!2'0%,2#,!#+!0(%!*)-'%0j!B'!&'8%,>,#&'8!*-//->%@!1(%!+#,5%!
#+!0(%!:(-)%6/!2$*-50!5,-5.%8!20!#*%'=!-'8!0(-06/!:(%,%!:%!(-;%!0#!>#@!
I(%,%!'#!$-'!(-/!0,#8!0(%/%!+2;%!$2))2#'!3%-,/=!2'0#!0(%!;%,3!8%*0(/!
#+!02$%!20/%)+@@@Y!!
V-,;2'!/0-,0%8!(2/!2,#'25-)!(&$$2'>!->-2'@!!
h-*(#8!(20!(2$!-'8!(%!/(&0!&*@!!
I20(!)200)%!/(&88%,/!#+!82/>&/0!0(%3!-))!+#))#:%8!h-*(#8!8#:'!0(%!
2'5)2'%!2'0#!0(%!5,-0%,=!0,32'>!;%,3!(-,8!'#0!0#!)##.!-0!20/!&'+#,0&'-0%!
5,%-0#,@!!
YT2+%=Y!/-28!V-,;2'!8#)%+&))3=!Y)#-0(%!20!#,!2>'#,%!20=!3#&!5-'60!)2.%!20@Y!!
1(%!>,#&'8!(-8!5-;%8!2'!:(%,%!0(%!:(-)%!(-8!(20!20!,%;%-)2'>!-!
'%0:#,.!#+!>-))%,2%/!-'8!*-//->%/=!'#:!)-,>%)3!#A/0,&50%8!A3!
5#))-*/%8!,&AA)%!-'8!%'0,-2)/@!h-*(#8!(-8!$-8%!-!/0-,0!5)%-,2'>!-!:-3!
2'0#!#'%!#+!0(%$=!A&0!V-,;2'!:-/!-A)%!0#!8#!20!,-0(%,!+-/0%,@!M-'.!-2,!
:-+0%8!#&0!#+!20/!8-,.!,%5%//%/=!-'8!-/!h-*(#8!/(#'%!-!0#,5(!2'0#!20=!
)200)%!:-/!;2/2A)%!2'!0(%!8&/03!>)##$@!!
YB55#,82'>!0#!0(%!)%>%'8/=Y!(%!/-28=!Y0(%!V->,-0(%-'/!)2;%8!$#/0!
#+!0(%2,!)2;%/!&'8%,>,#&'8@Y!!
YI(36/!0(-0ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!YM28!0(%!/&,+-5%!A%5#$%!0##!*#))&0%8!#,!
#;%,*#*&)-0%8ZY!!
YF#=!<!8#'60!0(2'.!/#=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!Y<!0(2'.!0(%3!G&/0!828'60!)2.%!20!
;%,3!$&5(@Y!!
YB,%!3#&!/&,%!3#&!.'#:!:(-0!3#&6,%!8#2'>ZY!/-28!1,2))2-'!*%%,2'>!
'%,;#&/)3!2'0#!0(%!8-,.'%//@!YI%6;%!A%%'!-00-5.%8!#'5%!-),%-83!3#&!
.'#:@Y!!
YT##.!.28=!<!*,#$2/%!3#&!0(%!)2;%!*#*&)-02#'!#+!0(2/!*)-'%0!2/!'2)!*)&/!
0(%!+#&,!#+!&/=!/#!5#$%!#'=!)%06/!>%0!#'!2'!0(%,%@!J,=!(%3!J-,0($-'@@@Y!!
YB,0(&,=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
Yi%-(!5#&)8!3#&!G&/0!/#,0!#+!.%%*!0(2/!,#A#0!:20(!3#&!-'8!>&-,8!0(2/!
%'8!#+!0(%!*-//->%:-3@!UKZY!!
Y7&-,8ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!YI(-0!+,#$Z!i#&!G&/0!/-28!0(%,%6/!'#!#'%!
(%,%@Y!!
Yi%-(=!:%))=!G&/0!+#,!/-+%03=!UKZY!/-28!h-*(#8@!!
YI(#/%Z!i#&,/!#,!$2'%ZY!!
Y7##8!)-8@!UK=!(%,%!:%!>#@Y!!
h-*(#8!/5,-$A)%8!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!*-//->%=!+#))#:%8!A3!1,2))2-'!-'8!
L#,8@!!
YI%))!<!(#*%!3#&!-))!(-;%!-!,%-))3!$2/%,-A)%!02$%=Y!5#$*)-2'%8!
B,0(&,@!!
YM#'60!:#,,3=Y!V-,;2'!-//&,%8!(2$=!Y0(%3!:2))@Y!!
<'!-!+%:!/%5#'8/!0(%3!(-8!82/-**%-,%8!+,#$!;2%:@!!
B,0(&,!/0-$*%8!-,#&'8!2'!-!(&++=!-'8!0(%'!8%528%8!0(-0!-!:(-)%6/!
>,-;%3-,8!2/!'#0!#'!0(%!:(#)%!-!>##8!*)-5%!0#!/0-$*!-,#&'8!2'@!!
V-,;2'!%3%8!(2$!A-)%+&))3!+#,!-!$#$%'0=!-'8!0(%'!0&,'%8!(2$/%)+!
#++@!!
!
h-*(#8!$-,5(%8!?&25.)3!8#:'!0(%!*-//->%:-3=!'%,;#&/!-/!(%))=!
A&0!0,32'>!0#!(28%!20!A3!/0,282'>!*&,*#/%+&))3@!4%!+)&'>!0(%!0#,5(!A%-$!
-,#&'8@!1(%!:-))/!:%,%!5#;%,%8!2'!8-,.!02)%/!-'8!:%,%!5#)8!0#!0(%!
0#&5(=!0(%!-2,!0(25.!:20(!8%5-3@!!
Y1(%,%=!:(-0!828!<!0%))!3#&ZY!(%!/-28@!YB'!2'(-A20%8!*)-'%0@!
V->,-0(%-=Y!-'8!(%!/0,#8%!#'!0(,#&>(!0(%!82,0!-'8!8%A,2/!0(-0!
)200%,%8!0(%!02)%!+)##,@!!
1,2))2-'!:-/!,%$2'8%8!&'-;#28-A)3!#+!0(%!T#'8#'!S'8%,>,#&'8=!
0(#&>(!20!:-/!)%//!0(#,#&>()3!/?&-)28@!!
B0!2'0%,;-)/!-)#'>!0(%!:-))/!0(%!02)%/!>-;%!:-3!0#!)-,>%!$#/-25/!ʹ!
/2$*)%!-'>&)-,!*-00%,'/!2'!A,2>(0!5#)#&,/@!1,2))2-'!/0#**%8!-'8!/0&82%8!
#'%!#+!0(%$!A&0!5#&)8!'#0!2'0%,*,%0!-'3!/%'/%!2'!0(%$@!"(%!5-))%8!0#!
h-*(#8@!!
Y4%3=!(-;%!3#&!-'3!28%-!:(-0!0(%/%!/0,-'>%!/3$A#)/!-,%ZY!!
Y<!0(2'.!0(%36,%!G&/0!/0,-'>%!/3$A#)/!#+!/#$%!.2'8=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!
(-,8)3!>)-'52'>!A-5.@!!
1,2))2-'!/(,&>>%8!-'8!(&,,2%8!-+0%,!(2$@!!
L,#$!02$%!0#!02$%!-!8##,:-3!)%8!%20(%,!0#!0(%!)%+0!#,!,2>(0!2'0#!
/$-))2/(!5(-$A%,/!:(25(!L#,8!82/5#;%,%8!0#!A%!+&))!#+!8%,%)250!
5#$*&0%,!%?&2*$%'0@!4%!8,->>%8!h-*(#8!2'0#!#'%!0#!(-;%!-!)##.@!
1,2))2-'!+#))#:%8@!!
YT##.=Y!/-28!L#,8=!Y3#&!,%5.#'!0(2/!2/!V->,-0(%-@@@Y!!
Yi%-(=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y-'8!:%!(%-,8!0(%!;#25%=!,2>(0ZY!!
YUK=!/#!<6;%!A#&>(0!0(%!+-50!0(-0!206/!V->,-0(%-!ʹ!+#,!0(%!$#$%'0@!
I(-0!3#&!(-;%!/#!+-,!/-28!'#0(2'>!-A#&0!2/!(#:!2'!0(%!7-)-93!3#&!
+#&'8!20@!i#&!828'60!G&/0!)##.!20!&*!2'!-!/0-,!-0)-/=!0(-06/!+#,!/&,%@Y!!
Y[%/%-,5(@!7#;%,'$%'0!-,5(2;%/@!M%0%502;%!:#,.@!L%:!)&5.3!
>&%//%/@!J-/3@Y!!
YB'8!0(%'!3#&!/0#)%!0(%!4%-,0!#+!7#)8!0#!5#$%!-'8!)##.!+#,!20!
:20(ZY!!
Y<!/0#)%!20!0#!)##.!+#,!-!)#0!#+!0(2'>/@Y!!
YB!)#0!#+!0(2'>/ZY!/-28!L#,8!2'!/&,*,2/%@!YT2.%!:(-0ZY!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:@Y!!
YI(-0ZY!!
Y<!8#'60!.'#:!:(-0!<6$!)##.2'>!+#,@Y!!
YI(3!'#0ZY!!
YW%5-&/%@@@!A%5-&/%@@@!<!0(2'.!20!$2>(0!A%!A%5-&/%!2+!<!.'%:!<!
:#&)8'60!A%!-A)%!0#!)##.!+#,!0(%$@Y!!
YI(-0=!-,%!3#&!5,-P3ZY!!
Y<06/!-!*#//2A2)203!<!(-;%'60!,&)%8!#&0!3%0=Y!/-28!h-*(#8!?&2%0)3@!Y<!
#')3!.'#:!-/!$&5(!-A#&0!$3/%)+!-/!$3!$2'8!5-'!:#,.!#&0!&'8%,!20/!
5&,,%'0!5#'8202#'/@!B'8!20/!5&,,%'0!5#'8202#'/!-,%!'#0!>##8@Y!!
L#,!-!)#'>!02$%!'#A#83!/-28!-'30(2'>!-/!L#,8!>-P%8!-0!h-*(#8!:20(!
-!$2'8!/&88%')3!+&))!#+!:#,,3@!!
YT2/0%'!#)8!+,2%'8=!2+!3#&!:-'0!0#@@@Y!/0-,0%8!L#,8!%;%'0&-))3@!!
YF#=!:-20@@@!<6))!0%))!3#&!/#$%0(2'>=Y!/-28!h-*(#8@!Y<!+,%%:(%%)!-!)#0@!
<!>%0!-'!28%-!0#!8#!/#$%0(2'>=!-'8=!(%3=!:(3!'#0=!<!8#!20@!<!,%5.#'!<6))!
A%5#$%!X,%/28%'0!#+!0(%!7-)-93=!-'8!20!G&/0!(-**%'/=!206/!%-/3@!<!8%528%!
0#!/0%-)!0(2/!/(2*@!<!8%528%!0#!)##.!+#,!V->,-0(%-=!-'8!20!-))!G&/0!
(-**%'/@!i%-(=!<!:#,.!#&0!(#:!20!5-'!A%/0!A%!8#'%=!,2>(0=!A&0!20!-):-3/!
:#,./!#&0@!<06/!)2.%!(-;2'>!-!7-)-5025,%820!5-,8!:(25(!.%%*/!#'!:#,.2'>!
0(#&>(!3#&!'%;%,!/%'8!#++!0(%!5(%?&%/@!B'8!0(%'!:(%'%;%,!<!/0#*!
-'8!0(2'.!ʹ!:(3!828!<!:-'0!0#!8#!/#$%0(2'>Z!ʹ!(#:!828!<!:#,.!#&0!
(#:!0#!8#!20Z!ʹ!<!>%0!-!;%,3!/0,#'>!8%/2,%!G&/0!0#!/0#*!0(2'.2'>!-A#&0!20@!
T2.%!<!(-;%!'#:@!<06/!-!A2>!%++#,0!0#!0-).!-A#&0!20@Y!!
h-*(#8!*-&/%8!+#,!-!:(2)%@!L#,!-!:(2)%!0(%,%!:-/!/2)%'5%@!1(%'!(%!
+,#:'%8!-'8!/-28=!YT-/0!'2>(0!<!:-/!:#,,32'>!-A#&0!0(2/!->-2'@!BA#&0!
0(%!+-50!0(-0!*-,0!#+!$3!$2'8!G&/0!828'60!/%%$!0#!:#,.!*,#*%,)3@!1(%'!
20!#55&,,%8!0#!$%!0(-0!0(%!:-3!20!/%%$%8!:-/!0(-0!/#$%#'%!%)/%!:-/!
&/2'>!$3!$2'8!0#!(-;%!>##8!28%-/!:20(=!:20(#&0!0%))2'>!$%!-A#&0!20@!<!
*&0!0(%!0:#!28%-/!0#>%0(%,!-'8!8%528%8!0(-0!$-3A%!0(-0!/#$%A#83!
(-8!)#5.%8!#++!*-,0!#+!$3!$2'8!+#,!0(-0!*&,*#/%=!:(25(!:-/!:(3!<!
5#&)8'60!&/%!20@!<!:#'8%,%8!2+!0(%,%!:-/!-!:-3!<!5#&)8!5(%5.@!!
Y<!:%'0!0#!0(%!/(2*6/!$%825-)!A-3!-'8!*)&>>%8!$3/%)+!2'0#!0(%!
%'5%*(%)#>,-*(25!/5,%%'@!<!:%'0!0(,#&>(!%;%,3!$-G#,!/5,%%'2'>!0%/0!
#'!A#0(!$3!(%-8/!ʹ!-))!0(%!0%/0/!<!(-8!0#!>#!0(,#&>(!&'8%,!
>#;%,'$%'0!$%825-)!#++25%,/!A%+#,%!$3!'#$2'-02#'!+#,!X,%/28%'53!
5#&)8!A%!*,#*%,)3!,-02+2%8@!1(%3!/(#:%8!&*!'#0(2'>@!F#0(2'>!
&'%9*%50%8!-0!)%-/0@!1(%3!/(#:%8!0(-0!<!:-/!5)%;%,=!2$->2'-02;%=!
2,,%/*#'/2A)%=!&'0,&/0:#,0(3=!%90,#;%,0=!'#0(2'>!3#&!5#&)8'60!(-;%!
>&%//%8@!B'8!'#!#0(%,!-'#$-)2%/@!"#!<!/0-,0%8!2';%'02'>!+&,0(%,!0%/0/=!
5#$*)%0%)3!-0!,-'8#$@!F#0(2'>@!1(%'!<!0,2%8!/&*%,2$*#/2'>!0(%!
,%/&)0/!+,#$!#'%!(%-8!#'!0#*!#+!0(%!,%/&)0/!+,#$!0(%!#0(%,!(%-8@!"02))!
'#0(2'>@!L2'-))3!<!>#0!/2))3=!A%5-&/%!<68!>2;%'!20!-))!&*!-/!'#0(2'>!$#,%!
0(-'!-'!-00-5.!#+!*-,-'#2-@!T-/0!0(2'>!<!828!A%+#,%!<!*-5.%8!20!2'!:-/!
0-.%!0(%!/&*%,2$*#/%8!*250&,%!-'8!)##.!-0!20!0(,#&>(!-!>,%%'!+2)0%,@!
i#&!,%$%$A%,!<!:-/!-):-3/!/&*%,/0202#&/!-A#&0!0(%!5#)#,!>,%%'!:(%'!
<!:-/!-!.28Z!<!-):-3/!:-'0%8!0#!A%!-!*2)#0!#'!#'%!#+!0(%!0,-82'>!
/5#&0/ZY!!
L#,8!'#88%8@!!
YB'8!0(%,%!20!:-/=Y!/-28!h-*(#8=!Y5)%-,!-/!8-3@!B!:(#)%!/%502#'!2'!
0(%!$288)%!#+!A#0(!A,-2'/!0(-0!,%)-0%8!#')3!0#!%-5(!#0(%,!-'8!'#0!0#!
-'30(2'>!%)/%!-,#&'8!0(%$@!"#$%!A-/0-,8!(-8!5-&0%,2P%8!-))!0(%!
/3'-*/%/!-'8!%)%50,#'25-))3!0,-&$-02/%8!0(#/%!0:#!)&$*/!#+!
5%,%A%))&$@Y!!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!(2$=!->(-/0@!1,2))2-'!(-8!0&,'%8!:(20%@!!
Y"#$%A#83!828!0(-0!0#!3#&ZY!:(2/*%,%8!L#,8@!!
Yi%-(@Y!!
YW&0!(-;%!3#&!-'3!28%-!:(#Z!U,!:(3ZY!!
YI(3Z!<!5-'!#')3!>&%//@!W&0!<!8#!.'#:!:(#!0(%!A-/0-,8!:-/@Y!!
Yi#&!.'#:Z!4#:!8#!3#&!.'#:ZY!!
YW%5-&/%!0(%3!)%+0!0(%2,!2'202-)/!A&,'0!2'0#!0(%!5-&0%,2P%8!/3'-*/%/@!
1(%3!)%+0!0(%$!0(%,%!+#,!$%!0#!/%%@Y!!
L#,8!/0-,%8!-0!(2$!2'!(#,,#,!-'8!+%)0!(2/!/.2'!A%>2'!0#!5,-:)@!!
Y<'202-)/Z!W&,'0!2'0#!3#&,!A,-2'ZY!!
Yi%-(@Y!!
YI%))=!:(-0!:%,%!0(%3=!+#,!7#86/!/-.%ZY!!
h-*(#8!)##.%8!-0!(2$!2'!/2)%'5%!->-2'!+#,!-!$#$%'0@!1(%'!(%!
)##.%8!-:-3@!!
Yh@W@=Y!(%!/-28@!!
B0!0(-0!$#$%'0!-!/0%%)!/(&00%,!/)-$$%8!8#:'!A%(2'8!0(%$!-'8!
>-/!/0-,0%8!0#!*#&,!2'0#!0(%!5(-$A%,@!!
Y<6))!0%))!3#&!-A#&0!20!)-0%,=Y!5(#.%8!h-*(#8!-/!-))!0(,%%!*-//%8!#&0@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$21$$
!
U'!0(%!/&,+-5%!#+!V->,-0(%-!B,0(&,!:-'8%,%8!-A#&0!$##82)3@!!
L#,8!(-8!0(#&>(0+&))3!)%+0!(2$!(2/!5#*3!#+!1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!
0(%!7-)-93!0#!:(2)%!-:-3!0(%!02$%!:20(@!4%!*&/(%8!-!+%:!A&00#'/!-0!
,-'8#$@!!
1(%!4205((2.%,6/!7&28%!0#!0(%!7-)-93!2/!-!;%,3!&'%;%')3!%820%8!A##.!
-'8!5#'0-2'/!$-'3!*-//->%/!0(-0!/2$*)3!/%%$%8!0#!20/!%820#,/!)2.%!-!
>##8!28%-!-0!0(%!02$%@!!
U'%!#+!0(%/%!N0(%!#'%!B,0(&,!'#:!5-$%!-5,#//O!/&**#/%8)3!,%)-0%/!
0(%!%9*%,2%'5%/!#+!#'%!a%%0!a##G->2>=!-!?&2%0!3#&'>!/0&8%'0!-0!0(%!
S'2;%,/203!#+!V-92$%>-)#'=!:(#!*&,/&%8!-!A,2))2-'0!-5-8%$25!5-,%%,!
/0&832'>!-'52%'0!*(2)#)#>3=!0,-'/+#,$-02#'-)!%0(25/!-'8!0(%!:-;%!
(-,$#'25!0(%#,3!#+!(2/0#,25-)!*%,5%*02#'=!-'8!0(%'=!-+0%,!-!'2>(0!#+!
8,2'.2'>!X-'!7-)-5025!7-,>)%!W)-/0%,/!:20(!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#9=!
A%5-$%!2'5,%-/2'>)3!#A/%//%8!:20(!0(%!*,#A)%$!#+!:(-0!(-8!
(-**%'%8!0#!-))!0(%!A2,#/!(%68!A#&>(0!#;%,!0(%!*-/0!+%:!3%-,/@!!
1(%,%!+#))#:%8!-!)#'>!*%,2#8!#+!*-2'/0-.2'>!,%/%-,5(!8&,2'>!:(25(!
(%!;2/20%8!-))!0(%!$-G#,!5%'0,%/!#+!A2,#!)#//!0(,#&>(#&0!0(%!>-)-93!-'8!
%;%'0&-))3!5-$%!&*!:20(!-!?&-2'0!)200)%!0(%#,3!:(25(!?&20%!5-&>(0!0(%!
*&A)25!2$->2'-02#'!-0!0(%!02$%@!"#$%:(%,%!2'!0(%!5#/$#/=!(%!/-28=!
-)#'>!:20(!-))!0(%!*)-'%0/!2'(-A20%8!A3!(&$-'#28/=!,%*02)#28/=!+2/(#28/=!
:-).2'>!0,%%#28/!-'8!/&*%,2'0%))2>%'0!/(-8%/!#+!0(%!5#)#&,!A)&%=!0(%,%!
:-/!-)/#!-!*)-'%0!%'02,%)3!>2;%'!#;%,!0#!A2,#!)2+%!+#,$/@!B'8!20!:-/!0#!
0(2/!*)-'%0!0(-0!&'-00%'8%8!A2,#/!:#&)8!$-.%!0(%2,!:-3=!/)2**2'>!
-:-3!?&2%0)3!0(,#&>(!:#,$(#)%/!2'!/*-5%!0#!-!:#,)8!:(%,%!0(%3!
.'%:!0(%3!5#&)8!%'G#3!-!&'2?&%)3!A2,#28!)2+%/03)%=!,%/*#'82'>!0#!(2>()3!
A2,#`#,2%'0%8!/02$&)2=!-'8!>%'%,-))3!)%-82'>!0(%!A2,#!%?&2;-)%'0!#+!0(%!
>##8!)2+%@!!
B'8!-/!0(%#,2%/!>#!0(2/!:-/!-))!;%,3!+2'%!-'8!*)%-/-'0!&'02)!a%%0!
a##G->2>!/&88%')3!5)-2$%8!0#!(-;%!+#&'8!0(2/!*)-'%0=!-'8!0#!(-;%!
:#,.%8!0(%,%!+#,!-!:(2)%!8,2;2'>!-!)2$#&/2'%!+#,!-!+-$2)3!#+!5(%-*!
>,%%'!,%0,-50-A)%/=!:(%,%&*#'!(%!:-/!0-.%'!-:-3=!)#5.%8!&*=!:,#0%!
-!A##.=!-'8!:-/!+2'-))3!/%'0!2'0#!0-9!%92)%=!:(25(!2/!0(%!&/&-)!+-0%!
,%/%,;%8!+#,!0(#/%!:(#!-,%!8%0%,$2'%8!0#!$-.%!-!+##)!#+!0(%$/%);%/!
2'!*&A)25@!!
I(%'!#'%!8-3!-'!%9*%8202#'!:-/!/%'0!0#!0(%!/*-02-)!5##,82'-0%/!
0(-0!a##G->2>!(-8!5)-2$%8!+#,!0(2/!*)-'%0!0(%3!82/5#;%,%8!#')3!-!/$-))!
-/0%,#28!2'(-A20%8!A3!-!/#)20-,3!#)8!$-'!:(#!5)-2$%8!,%*%-0%8)3!0(-0!
'#0(2'>!:-/!0,&%=!0(#&>(!(%!:-/!)-0%,!82/5#;%,%8!0#!A%!)32'>@!!
1(%,%!828=!(#:%;%,=!,%$-2'!0(%!?&%/02#'!#+!A#0(!0(%!$3/0%,2#&/!
b]=]]]!B)0-2,-'!8#))-,/!*-28!3%-,)3!2'0#!(2/!W,-'02/;#>-'!A-'.!-55#&'0=!
-'8!#+!5#&,/%!h-*(#8!W%%A)%A,#96/!(2>()3!*,#+20-A)%!/%5#'8`(-'8!A2,#!
A&/2'%//@!!
!
B,0(&,!,%-8!0(2/=!-'8!*&0!0(%!A##.!8#:'@!!
1(%!,#A#0!/02))!/-0!0(%,%=!5#$*)%0%)3!2'%,0@!!
B,0(&,!>#0!&*!-'8!:-).%8!0#!0(%!0#*!#+!0(%!5,-0%,@!4%!:-).%8!
-,#&'8!0(%!5,-0%,@!4%!:-05(%8!0:#!/&'/!/%0!$->'2+25%'0)3!#;%,!
V->,-0(%-@!!
4%!:%'0!A-5.!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!5,-0%,@!4%!:#.%!0(%!,#A#0!&*!A%5-&/%!
%;%'!-!$-'25-))3!8%*,%//%8!,#A#0!2/!A%00%,!0#!0-).!0#!0(-'!'#A#83@!!
YF2>(06/!+-))2'>=Y!(%!/-28@!YT##.!,#A#0=!0(%!/0-,/!-,%!5#$2'>!#&0@Y!!
L,#$!0(%!(%-,0!#+!-!8-,.!'%A&)-!20!2/!*#//2A)%!0#!/%%!;%,3!+%:!/0-,/=!
-'8!#')3!;%,3!+-2'0)3=!A&0!0(%3!:%,%!0(%,%!0#!A%!/%%'@!!
1(%!,#A#0!#A%82%'0)3!)##.%8!-0!0(%$=!0(%'!)##.%8!A-5.@!!
Y<!.'#:=Y!(%!/-28@!YI,%05(%8!2/'60!20ZY!!
YW&0!0(-0!/&'/%0j!<6;%!'%;%,!/%%'!-'30(2'>!)2.%!20!2'!$3!:2)8%/0!
8,%-$/@@@!0(%!0:#!/&'/j!<0!:-/!)2.%!$#&'0-2'/!#+!+2,%!A#2)2'>!2'0#!
/*-5%@Y!!
Y<6;%!/%%'!20=Y!/-28!V-,;2'@!Y<06/!,&AA2/(@Y!!
YI%!#')3!%;%,!(-8!0(%!#'%!/&'!-0!(#$%=Y!*%,/%;%,%8!B,0(&,=!Y<!
5-$%!+,#$!-!*)-'%0!5-))%8!J-,0(!3#&!.'#:@Y!!
Y<!.'#:=Y!/-28!V-,;2'=!Y3#&!.%%*!>#2'>!#'!-A#&0!20@!<0!/#&'8/!
-:+&)@Y!!
YB(!'#=!20!:-/!-!A%-&02+&)!*)-5%@Y!!
YM28!20!(-;%!#5%-'/ZY!!
YU(!3%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!:20(!-!/2>(=!Y>,%-0!:28%!,#))2'>!A)&%!#5%-'/@@@Y!!
YR-'60!A%-,!#5%-'/=Y!/-28!V-,;2'@!!
Y1%))!$%=Y!2'?&2,%8!B,0(&,=!Y8#!3#&!>%0!#'!:%))!:20(!#0(%,!,#A#0/ZY!!
Y4-0%!0(%$=Y!/-28!V-,;2'@!YI(%,%!-,%!3#&!>#2'>ZY!!
B,0(&,!5#&)8'60!A%-,!-'3!$#,%@!4%!(-8!>#0!&*!->-2'@!!
Y<!0(2'.!<6))!G&/0!0-.%!-'#0(%,!:-).=Y!(%!/-28@!!
YM#'60!A)-$%!3#&=Y!/-28!V-,;2'!-'8!5#&'0%8!+2;%!(&'8,%8!-'8!
'2'%03`/%;%'!0(#&/-'8!$2))2#'!/(%%*!A%+#,%!+-))2'>!-/)%%*!->-2'!-!
/%5#'8!)-0%,@!!
B,0(&,!/)-**%8!(2/!-,$/!-A#&0!(2$/%)+!0#!0,3!-'8!>%0!(2/!52,5&)-02#'!
-!)200)%!$#,%!%'0(&/2-/025!-A#&0!20/!G#A@!4%!0,&8>%8!A-5.!&*!0(%!:-))!#+!
0(%!5,-0%,@!!
W%5-&/%!0(%!-0$#/*(%,%!:-/!/#!0(2'!-'8!A%5-&/%!0(%,%!:-/!'#!
$##'=!'2>(0+-))!:-/!;%,3!,-*28!-'8!20!:-/!A3!'#:!;%,3!8-,.@!W%5-&/%!
#+!0(2/=!B,0(&,!*,-5025-))3!:-).%8!2'0#!0(%!#)8!$-'!A%+#,%!(%!'#025%8!
(2$@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$22$$
!
4%!:-/!/0-'82'>!:20(!(2/!A-5.!0#!B,0(&,!:-05(2'>!0(%!;%,3!)-/0!
>)2$$%,/!#+!)2>(0!/2'.!2'0#!A)-5.'%//!A%(2'8!0(%!(#,2P#'@!4%!:-/!
0-))2/(=!%)8%,)3!-'8!8,%//%8!2'!-!/2'>)%!)#'>!>,%3!,#A%@!I(%'!(%!0&,'%8!
(2/!+-5%!:-/!0(2'!-'8!82/02'>&2/(%8=!5-,%:#,'!A&0!'#0!&'.2'8=!0(%!/#,0!
#+!+-5%!3#&!:#&)8!(-**2)3!A-'.!:20(@!W&0!(%!828'60!0&,'!3%0=!'#0!%;%'!
0#!,%-50!0#!B,0(&,6/!3%)*!#+!/&,*,2/%@!!
J;%'0&-))3!0(%!)-/0!,-3/!#+!0(%!/&'!(-8!;-'2/(%8!5#$*)%0%)3=!-'8!(%!
0&,'%8@!42/!+-5%!:-/!/02))!2))&$2'-0%8!+,#$!/#$%:(%,%=!-'8!:(%'!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!+#,!0(%!/#&,5%!#+!0(%!)2>(0!(%!/-:!0(-0!-!+%:!3-,8/!-:-3!
/0##8!-!/$-))!5,-+0!#+!/#$%!.2'8!ʹ!-!/$-))!(#;%,5,-+0=!B,0(&,!>&%//%8@!
<0!/(%8!-!82$!*##)!#+!)2>(0!-,#&'8!20@!!
1(%!$-'!)##.%8!-0!B,0(&,=!/-8)3!20!/%%$%8@!!
Yi#&!5(##/%!-!5#)8!'2>(0!0#!;2/20!#&,!8%-8!*)-'%0=Y!(%!/-28@!!
YI(#@@@!:(#!-,%!3#&ZY!/0-$$%,%8!B,0(&,@!!
1(%!$-'!)##.%8!-:-3@!B>-2'!-!.2'8!#+!/-8'%//!/%%$%8!0#!5,#//!(2/!
+-5%@!!
YV3!'-$%!2/!'#0!2$*#,0-'0=Y!(%!/-28@!!
4%!/%%$%8!0#!(-;%!/#$%0(2'>!#'!(2/!$2'8@!R#';%,/-02#'!:-/!
5)%-,)3!/#$%0(2'>!(%!+%)0!(%!828'60!(-;%!0#!,&/(!-0@!B,0(&,!+%)0!
-:.:-,8@!!
Y<@@@!%,@@@!3#&!/0-,0)%8!$%@@@Y!(%!/-28=!)-$%)3@!!
1(%!$-'!)##.%8!,#&'8!0#!(2$!->-2'!-'8!/)2>(0)3!,-2/%8!(2/!
%3%A,#:/@!!
Y4$$$$ZY!(%!/-28@!!
Y<!/-28!3#&!/0-,0)%8!$%@Y!!
YM#!'#0!A%!-)-,$%8=!<!:2))!'#0!(-,$!3#&@Y!!
B,0(&,!+,#:'%8!-0!(2$@!YW&0!3#&!/(#0!-0!&/j!1(%,%!:%,%!$2//2)%/@@@Y!
(%!/-28@!!
1(%!$-'!5(&5.)%8!/)2>(0)3@!!
YB'!-&0#$-025!/3/0%$=Y!(%!/-28!-'8!>-;%!-!/$-))!/2>(@!YB'52%'0!
5#$*&0%,/!,-'>%8!2'!0(%!A#:%)/!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!025.!-:-3!0(%!8-,.!
$2))%''2-=!-'8!0(%!->%/!(-'>!(%-;3!#'!0(%2,!8&/03!8-0-!A-'./@!<!0(2'.!
0(%3!0-.%!0(%!#55-/2#'-)!*#0!/(#0!0#!,%)2%;%!0(%!$#'#0#'3@Y!!
4%!)##.%8!>,-;%)3!-0!B,0(&,!-'8!/-28=!Y<6$!-!>,%-0!+-'!#+!/52%'5%!
3#&!.'#:@Y!!
YU(@@@!%,=!,%-))3ZY!/-28!B,0(&,=!:(#!:-/!A%>2''2'>!0#!+2'8!0(%!$-'6/!
5&,2#&/=!.2'8)3!$-''%,!82/5#'5%,02'>@!!
YU(=!3%/=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'=!-'8!/2$*)3!/0#**%8!0-).2'>!->-2'@!!
YB(=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y%,@@@Y!4%!(-8!-'!#88!+%))2'>!#+!A%2'>!)2.%!-!$-'!
2'!0(%!-50!#+!-8&)0%,3!:(#!2/!/&,*,2/%8!:(%'!0(%!:#$-'6/!(&/A-'8!
:-'8%,/!2'0#!0(%!,##$=!5(-'>%/!(2/!0,#&/%,/=!*-//%/!-!+%:!28)%!
,%$-,./!-A#&0!0(%!:%-0(%,!-'8!)%-;%/!->-2'@!!
Yi#&!/%%$!2))!-0!%-/%=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'!:20(!*#)20%!5#'5%,'@!!
YJ,=!'#@@@!:%))=!3%/@!B50&-))3!3#&!/%%=!:%!:%,%'60!,%-))3!%9*%502'>!0#!
+2'8!-'3A#83!-A#&0!2'!+-50@!<!/#,0!#+!>-0(%,%8!0(-0!3#&!:%,%!-))!8%-8!
#,!/#$%0(2'>@@@Y!!
YM%-8ZY!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'@!Y7##8!>,-52#&/!'#=!:%!(-;%!A&0!/)%*0@Y!!
Y")%*0ZY!/-28!B,0(&,!2'5,%8&)#&/)3@!!
Yi%/=!0(,#&>(!0(%!%5#'#$25!,%5%//2#'!3#&!/%%=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'=!
-**-,%'0)3!&'5#'5%,'%8!-A#&0!:(%0(%,!B,0(&,!&'8%,/0##8!-!:#,8!(%!
:-/!0-).2'>!-A#&0!#,!'#0@!!
YJ,=!%5#'#$25!,%5%//2#'ZY!!
YI%))!3#&!/%%=!+2;%!$2))2#'!3%-,/!->#!0(%!7-)-5025!%5#'#$3!
5#))-*/%8=!-'8!/%%2'>!0(-0!5&/0#$`$-8%!*)-'%0/!-,%!/#$%0(2'>!#+!-!
)&9&,3!5#$$#8203!3#&!/%%@@@Y!!
4%!*-&/%8!-'8!)##.%8!-0!B,0(&,@!!
Yi#&!.'#:!:%!A&2)0!*)-'%0/!8#!3#&ZY!(%!-/.%8!/#)%$')3@!!
YI%))!3%/=Y!/-28!B,0(&,=!Y<68!/#,0!#+!>-0(%,%8@@@Y!!
YL-/52'-02'>!0,-8%=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'=!-'8!-!:2/0+&)!)##.!5-$%!2'0#!
(2/!%3%/=!Y8#2'>!0(%!5#-/0)2'%/!:-/!-):-3/!$3!+-;#&,20%@!S/%8!0#!(-;%!
%'8)%//!+&'!8#2'>!0(%!)200)%!A20/!2'!+G#,8/@@@!/#!-'3:-3=Y!(%!/-28!0,32'>!
0#!+2'8!(2/!0(,%-8!->-2'=!Y0(%!,%5%//2#'!5-$%!-'8!:%!8%528%8!20!:#&)8!
/-;%!&/!-!)#0!#+!A#0(%,!2+!:%!G&/0!/)%*0!0(,#&>(!20@!"#!:%!*,#>,-$$%8!
0(%!5#$*&0%,/!0#!,%;2;%!&/!:(%'!20!:-/!-))!#;%,@Y!!
1(%!$-'!/02+)%8!-!;%,3!/)2>(0!3-:'!-'8!5#'02'&%8@!!
Y1(%!5#$*&0%,/!:%,%!2'8%9!)2'.%8!0#!0(%!7-)-5025!/0#5.!$-,.%0!
*,25%/!3#&!/%%=!/#!0(-0!:%68!-))!A%!,%;2;%8!:(%'!%;%,3A#83!%)/%!(-8!
,%A&2)0!0(%!%5#'#$3!%'#&>(!0#!-++#,8!#&,!,-0(%,!%9*%'/2;%!/%,;25%/@Y!!
B,0(&,=!-!,%>&)-,!7&-,82-'!,%-8%,=!:-/!8%%*)3!/(#5.%8!-0!0(2/@!!
Y1(-06/!-!*,%003!&'*)%-/-'0!:-3!0#!A%(-;%!2/'60!20ZY!!
Y</!20ZY!-/.%8!0(%!#)8!$-'!$2)8)3@!Y<6$!/#,,3=!<6$!-!A20!#&0!#+!0#&5(@Y!!
4%!*#2'0%8!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!5,-0%,@!!
Y</!0(-0!,#A#0!3#&,/ZY!(%!/-28@!!
YF#=Y!5-$%!-!0(2'!$%0-))25!;#25%!+,#$!0(%!5,-0%,=!Y<6$!$2'%@Y!!
Y<+!3#&68!5-))!20!-!,#A#0=Y!$&00%,%8!B,0(&,@!Y<06/!$#,%!-!/#,0!#+!
%)%50,#'25!/&).2'>!$-5(2'%@Y!!
YW,2'>!20=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'@!B,0(&,!:-/!?&20%!/&,*,2/%8!0#!(%-,!-!
'#0%!#+!8%52/2#'!/&88%')3!*,%/%'0!2'!0(%!#)8!$-'6/!;#25%@!4%!5-))%8!0#!
V-,;2'!:(#!5,-:)%8!&*!0(%!/)#*%!$-.2'>!-!A2>!/(#:!#+!A%2'>!)-$%=!
:(25(!(%!:-/'60@!!
YU'!/%5#'8!0(#&>(0/=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'=!Y)%-;%!20!(%,%@!i#&!$&/0!
5#$%!:20(!$%@!7,%-0!0(2'>/!-,%!-+##0@Y!4%!0&,'%8!0#:-,8/!(2/!5,-+0!
:(25(=!0(#&>(!'#!-**-,%'0!/2>'-)!(-8!A%%'!>2;%'=!'#:!8,2+0%8!?&2%0)3!
0#:-,8/!0(%$!0(,#&>(!0(%!8-,.@!!
B,0(&,!)##.%8!8#:'!-0!V-,;2'=!:(#!'#:!$-8%!-'!%?&-))3!A2>!/(#:!
#+!0&,'2'>!,#&'8!)-A#,2#&/)3!-'8!0,&8>2'>!#++!8#:'!2'0#!0(%!5,-0%,!
->-2'!$&00%,2'>!/#&,!'#0(2'>/!0#!(2$/%)+@!!
YR#$%=Y!5-))%8!0(%!#)8!$-'=!Y5#$%!'#:!#,!3#&!:2))!A%!)-0%@Y!!
YT-0%ZY!/-28!B,0(&,@!YI(-0!+#,ZY!!
YI(-0!2/!3#&,!'-$%=!(&$-'ZY!!
YM%'0@!B,0(&,!M%'0=Y!/-28!B,0(&,@!!
YT-0%=!-/!2'!0(%!)-0%!M%'0-,0(&,8%'0=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'=!/0%,')3@!Y<06/!
-!/#,0!#+!0(,%-0!3#&!/%%@Y!B'#0(%,!:2/0+&)!)##.!5-$%!2'0#!(2/!02,%8!#)8!
%3%/@!Y<6;%!'%;%,!A%%'!;%,3!>##8!-0!0(%$!$3/%)+=!A&0!<6$!0#)8!0(%3!5-'!
A%!;%,3!%++%502;%@Y!!
B,0(&,!A)2'.%8!-0!(2$@!!
YI(-0!-'!%90,-#,82'-,3!*%,/#'=Y!(%!$&00%,%8!0#!(2$/%)+@!!
Y<!A%>!3#&,!*-,8#'ZY!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'@!!
YU(!'#0(2'>=!<6$!/#,,3=Y!/-28!B,0(&,!2'!%$A-,,-//$%'0@!YB),2>(0=!
:(%,%!8#!:%!>#ZY!!
Y<'!$3!-2,5-,=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'!$#02#'2'>!B,0(&,!0#!>%0!2'0#!0(%!
5,-+0!:(25(!(-8!/%00)%8!/2)%'0)3!'%90!0#!0(%$@!YI%!-,%!>#2'>!8%%*!2'0#!
0(%!A#:%)/!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!:(%,%!%;%'!'#:!#&,!,-5%!2/!A%2'>!,%;2;%8!
+,#$!20/!+2;%`$2))2#'`3%-,!/)&$A%,@!V->,-0(%-!-:-.%/@Y!!
B,0(&,!/(2;%,%8!2';#)&'0-,2)3!-/!(%!/%-0%8!(2$/%)+!'%90!0#!0(%!#)8!
$-'@!1(%!/0,-'>%'%//!#+!20=!0(%!/2)%'0!A#AA2'>!$#;%$%'0!#+!0(%!5,-+0!
-/!20!/#-,%8!2'0#!0(%!'2>(0!/.3!?&20%!&'/%00)%8!(2$@!!
4%!)##.%8!-0!0(%!#)8!$-'=!(2/!+-5%!2))&$2'-0%8!A3!0(%!8&))!>)#:!#+!
02'3!)2>(0/!#'!0(%!2'/0,&$%'0!*-'%)@!!
YJ95&/%!$%=Y!(%!/-28!0#!(2$=!Y:(-0!2/!3#&,!'-$%!A3!0(%!:-3ZY!!
YV3!'-$%ZY!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'=!-'8!0(%!/-$%!82/0-'0!/-8'%//!5-$%!
2'0#!(2/!+-5%!->-2'@!4%!*-&/%8@!YV3!'-$%=Y!(%!/-28=!Y@@@!2/!
")-,02A-,0+-/0@Y!!
B,0(&,!*,-5025-))3!5(#.%8@!!
Y<!A%>!3#&,!*-,8#'ZY!(%!/*)&00%,%8@!!
Y")-,02A-,0+-/0=Y!,%*%-0%8!0(%!#)8!$-'!?&2%0)3@!!
Y")-,02A-,0+-/0ZY!!
1(%!#)8!$-'!)##.%8!-0!(2$!>,-;%)3@!!
Y<!/-28!20!:-/'60!2$*#,0-'0=Y!(%!/-28@!!
1(%!-2,5-,!/-2)%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!'2>(0@!!
!
!
!$
Chapter$23$$
!
<0!2/!-'!2$*#,0-'0!-'8!*#*&)-,!+-50!0(-0!0(2'>/!-,%!'#0!-):-3/!:(-0!
0(%3!/%%$@!L#,!2'/0-'5%=!#'!0(%!*)-'%0!J-,0(=!$-'!(-8!-):-3/!
-//&$%8!0(-0!(%!:-/!$#,%!2'0%))2>%'0!0(-'!8#)*(2'/!A%5-&/%!(%!(-8!
-5(2%;%8!/#!$&5(!ʹ!0(%!:(%%)=!F%:!i#,.=!:-,/!-'8!/#!#'!ʹ!:(2)/0!-))!
0(%!8#)*(2'/!(-8!%;%,!8#'%!:-/!$&5.!-A#&0!2'!0(%!:-0%,!(-;2'>!-!
>##8!02$%@!W&0!5#';%,/%)3=!0(%!8#)*(2'/!(-8!-):-3/!A%)2%;%8!0(-0!0(%3!
:%,%!+-,!$#,%!2'0%))2>%'0!0(-'!$-'!ʹ!+#,!*,%52/%)3!0(%!/-$%!,%-/#'/@!!
R&,2#&/)3!%'#&>(=!0(%!8#)*(2'/!(-8!)#'>!.'#:'!#+!0(%!2$*%'82'>!
8%/0,&502#'!#+!0(%!*)-'%0!J-,0(!-'8!(-8!$-8%!$-'3!-00%$*0/!0#!-)%,0!
$-'.2'8!#+!0(%!8-'>%,Q!A&0!$#/0!#+!0(%2,!5#$$&'25-02#'/!:%,%!
$2/2'0%,*,%0%8!-/!-$&/2'>!-00%$*0/!0#!*&'5(!+##0A-))/!#,!:(2/0)%!+#,!
028A20/=!/#!0(%3!%;%'0&-))3!>-;%!&*!-'8!)%+0!0(%!J-,0(!A3!0(%2,!#:'!
$%-'/!/(#,0)3!A%+#,%!0(%!a#>#'/!-,,2;%8@!!
1(%!)-/0!%;%,!8#)*(2'!$%//->%!:-/!$2/2'0%,*,%0%8!-/!-!/&,*,2/2'>)3!
/#*(2/025-0%8!-00%$*0!0#!8#!-!8#&A)%`A-5.:-,8/`/#$%,/-&)0!0(,#&>(!
-!(##*!:(2)/0!:(2/0)2'>!0(%!Y"0-,!"*,-'>)%8!W-''%,Y=!A&0!2'!+-50!0(%!
$%//->%!:-/!0(2/f!"#!)#'>!-'8!0(-'./!+#,!-))!0(%!+2/(@!!
<'!+-50!0(%,%!:-/!#')3!#'%!/*%52%/!#'!0(%!*)-'%0!$#,%!2'0%))2>%'0!
0(-'!8#)*(2'/=!-'8!0(%3!/*%'0!-!)#0!#+!0(%2,!02$%!2'!A%(-;2#&,-)!
,%/%-,5(!)-A#,-0#,2%/!,&''2'>!,#&'8!2'/28%!:(%%)/!-'8!5#'8&502'>!
+,2>(0%'2'>)3!%)%>-'0!-'8!/&A0)%!%9*%,2$%'0/!#'!$-'@!1(%!+-50!0(-0!
#'5%!->-2'!$-'!5#$*)%0%)3!$2/2'0%,*,%0%8!0(2/!,%)-02#'/(2*!:-/!
%'02,%)3!-55#,82'>!0#!0(%/%!5,%-0&,%/6!*)-'/@!!
!
!
Chapter$24$$
!
"2)%'0)3!0(%!-2,5-,!5#-/0%8!0(,#&>(!0(%!5#)8!8-,.'%//=!-!/2'>)%!/#+0!
>)#:!#+!)2>(0!0(-0!:-/!&00%,)3!-)#'%!2'!0(%!8%%*!V->,-0(%-'!'2>(0@!<0!
/*%8!/:2+0)3@!B,0(&,6/!5#$*-'2#'!/%%$%8!/&'.!2'!(2/!#:'!0(#&>(0/=!
-'8!:(%'!B,0(&,!0,2%8!#'!-!5#&*)%!#+!#55-/2#'/!0#!%'>->%!(2$!2'!
5#';%,/-02#'!->-2'!(%!:#&)8!/2$*)3!,%*)3!A3!-/.2'>!2+!(%!:-/!
5#$+#,0-A)%!%'#&>(=!-'8!0(%'!)%+0!20!-0!0(-0@!!
B,0(&,!0,2%8!0#!>-&>%!0(%!/*%%8!-0!:(25(!0(%3!:%,%!0,-;%))2'>=!A&0!
0(%!A)-5.'%//!#&0/28%!:-/!-A/#)&0%!-'8!(%!:-/!8%'2%8!-'3!,%+%,%'5%!
*#2'0/@!1(%!/%'/%!#+!$#02#'!:-/!/#!/#+0!-'8!/)2>(0!(%!5#&)8!-)$#/0!
A%)2%;%!0(%3!:%,%!(-,8)3!$#;2'>!-0!-))@!!
1(%'!-!02'3!>)#:!#+!)2>(0!-**%-,%8!2'!0(%!+-,!82/0-'5%!-'8!:20(2'!
/%5#'8/!(-8!>,#:'!/#!$&5(!2'!/2P%!0(-0!B,0(&,!,%-)2P%8!20!:-/!
0,-;%))2'>!0#:-,8/!0(%$!-0!-!5#)#//-)!/*%%8=!-'8!(%!0,2%8!0#!$-.%!#&0!
:(-0!/#,0!#+!5,-+0!20!$2>(0!A%@!4%!*%%,%8!-0!20=!A&0!:-/!&'-A)%!0#!
82/5%,'!-'3!5)%-,!/(-*%=!-'8!/&88%')3!>-/*%8!2'!-)-,$!-/!0(%!-2,5,-+0!
82**%8!/(-,*)3!-'8!(%-8%8!8#:':-,8/!2'!:(-0!/%%$%8!5%,0-2'!0#!A%!
-!5#))2/2#'!5#&,/%@!1(%2,!,%)-02;%!;%)#5203!/%%$%8!&'A%)2%;-A)%=!-'8!
B,0(&,!(-8!(-,8)3!02$%!0#!8,-:!A,%-0(!A%+#,%!20!:-/!-))!#;%,@!1(%!'%90!
0(2'>!(%!:-/!-:-,%!#+!:-/!-'!2'/-'%!/2);%,!A)&,!0(-0!/%%$%8!0#!
/&,,#&'8!(2$@!4%!0:2/0%8!(2/!(%-8!/(-,*)3!,#&'8!-'8!/-:!-!/$-))!
A)-5.!*#2'0!8:2'8)2'>!,-*28)3!2'!0(%!82/0-'5%!A%(2'8!0(%$=!-'8!20!0##.!
(2$!/%;%,-)!/%5#'8/!0#!,%-)2P%!:(-0!(-8!(-**%'%8@!!
1(%3!(-8!*)&'>%8!2'0#!-!0&''%)!2'!0(%!>,#&'8@!1(%!5#)#//-)!/*%%8!
(-8!A%%'!0(%2,!#:'!,%)-02;%!0#!0(%!>)#:!#+!)2>(0!:(25(!:-/!-!
/0-02#'-,3!(#)%!2'!0(%!>,#&'8=!0(%!$#&0(!#+!0(%!0&''%)@!1(%!2'/-'%!
A)&,!#+!/2);%,!:-/!0(%!52,5&)-,!:-))!#+!0(%!0&''%)!8#:'!:(25(!0(%3!
:%,%!/(##02'>=!-**-,%'0)3!-0!/%;%,-)!(&'8,%8!$2)%/!-'!(#&,@!!
4%!5)#/%8!(2/!%3%/!2'!0%,,#,@!!
B+0%,!-!)%'>0(!#+!02$%!:(25(!(%!$-8%!'#!-00%$*0!0#!G&8>%=!(%!
/%'/%8!-!/)2>(0!/&A/28%'5%!2'!0(%2,!/*%%8!-'8!/#$%!:(2)%!)-0%,!
A%5-$%!-:-,%!0(-0!0(%3!:%,%!>,-8&-))3!>)282'>!0#!-!>%'0)%!(-)0@!!
4%!#*%'%8!(2/!%3%/!->-2'@!1(%3!:%,%!/02))!2'!0(%!/2);%,!0&''%)=!
0(,%-82'>!-'8!:%-;2'>!0(%2,!:-3!0(,#&>(!:(-0!-**%-,%8!0#!A%!-!
5,2//5,#//!:-,,%'!#+!5#';%,>2'>!0&''%)/@!I(%'!0(%3!+2'-))3!/0#**%8!20!
:-/!2'!-!/$-))!5(-$A%,!#+!5&,;%8!/0%%)@!"%;%,-)!0&''%)/!-)/#!(-8!0(%2,!
0%,$2'&/!(%,%=!-'8!-0!0(%!+-,0(%,!%'8!#+!0(%!5(-$A%,!B,0(&,!5#&)8!
/%%!-!)-,>%!52,5)%!#+!82$!2,,20-02'>!)2>(0@!<0!:-/!2,,20-02'>!A%5-&/%!20!
*)-3%8!0,25./!:20(!0(%!%3%/=!20!:-/!2$*#//2A)%!0#!+#5&/!#'!20!*,#*%,)3!#,!
0%))!(#:!'%-,!#,!+-,!20!:-/@!B,0(&,!>&%//%8!N?&20%!:,#'>)3O!0(-0!20!
$2>(0!A%!&)0,-!;2#)%0@!!
")-,02A-,0+-/0!0&,'%8!-'8!,%>-,8%8!B,0(&,!:20(!(2/!/#)%$'!#)8!%3%/@!!
YJ-,0($-'=Y!(%!/-28=!Y:%!-,%!'#:!8%%*!2'!0(%!(%-,0!#+!V->,-0(%-@Y!!
Y4#:!828!3#&!.'#:!<!:-/!-'!J-,0($-'ZY!8%$-'8%8!B,0(&,@!!
Y1(%/%!0(2'>/!:2))!A%5#$%!5)%-,!0#!3#&=Y!/-28!0(%!#)8!$-'!>%'0)3=!
Y-0!)%-/0=Y!(%!-88%8!:20(!/)2>(0!8#&A0!2'!(2/!;#25%=!Y5)%-,%,!0(-'!0(%3!
-,%!-0!0(%!$#$%'0@Y!!
4%!5#'02'&%8f!Y<!/(#&)8!:-,'!3#&!0(-0!0(%!5(-$A%,!:%!-,%!-A#&0!
0#!*-//!2'0#!8#%/!'#0!)20%,-))3!%92/0!:20(2'!#&,!*)-'%0@!<0!2/!-!)200)%!0##@@@!
)-,>%@!I%!-,%!-A#&0!0#!*-//!0(,#&>(!-!>-0%:-3!2'0#!-!;-/0!0,-50!#+!
(3*%,/*-5%@!<0!$-3!82/0&,A!3#&@Y!!
B,0(&,!$-8%!'%,;#&/!'#2/%/@!!
")-,02A-,0+-/0!0#&5(%8!-!A&00#'!-'8!-88%8=!'#0!%'02,%)3!,%-//&,2'>)3@!
Y<0!/5-,%/!0(%!:2))2%/!#&0!#+!$%@!4#)8!02>(0@Y!!
1(%!5-,!/(#0!+#,:-,8!/0,-2>(0!2'0#!0(%!52,5)%!#+!)2>(0=!-'8!/&88%')3!
B,0(&,!(-8!-!+-2,)3!5)%-,!28%-!#+!:(-0!2'+2'203!)##.%8!)2.%@!!
!
<0!:-/'60!2'+2'203!2'!+-50@!<'+2'203!20/%)+!)##./!+)-0!-'8!&'2'0%,%/02'>@!
T##.2'>!&*!2'0#!0(%!'2>(0!/.3!2/!)##.2'>!2'0#!2'+2'203!ʹ!82/0-'5%!2/!
2'5#$*,%(%'/2A)%!-'8!0(%,%+#,%!$%-'2'>)%//@!1(%!5(-$A%,!2'0#!
:(25(!0(%!-2,5-,!%$%,>%8!:-/!-'30(2'>!A&0!2'+2'20%=!20!:-/!G&/0!;%,3!
;%,3!A2>=!/#!0(-0!20!>-;%!0(%!2$*,%//2#'!#+!2'+2'203!+-,!A%00%,!0(-'!
2'+2'203!20/%)+@!!
B,0(&,6/!/%'/%/!A#AA%8!-'8!/*-'=!-/=!0,-;%))2'>!-0!0(%!2$$%'/%!
/*%%8!(%!.'%:!0(%!-2,5-,!-00-2'%8=!0(%3!5)2$A%8!/)#:)3!0(,#&>(!0(%!
#*%'!-2,!)%-;2'>!0(%!>-0%:-3!0(,#&>(!:(25(!0(%3!(-8!*-//%8!-'!
2';2/2A)%!*2'*,25.!2'!0(%!/(2$$%,2'>!:-))!A%(2'8!0(%$@!!
1(%!:-))@!!
1(%!:-))!8%+2%8!0(%!2$->2'-02#'!ʹ!/%8&5%8!20!-'8!8%+%-0%8!20@!1(%!
:-))!:-/!/#!*-,-)3/2'>)3!;-/0!-'8!/(%%,!0(-0!20/!0#*=!A#00#$!-'8!/28%/!
*-//%8!-:-3!A%3#'8!0(%!,%-5(!#+!/2>(0@!1(%!$%,%!/(#5.!#+!;%,02>#!
5#&)8!.2))!-!$-'@!!
1(%!:-))!-**%-,%8!*%,+%50)3!+)-0@!<0!:#&)8!0-.%!0(%!+2'%/0!)-/%,!
$%-/&,2'>!%?&2*$%'0!0#!8%0%50!0(-0!-/!20!5)2$A%8=!-**-,%'0)3!0#!
2'+2'203=!-/!20!8,#**%8!82PP2)3!-:-3=!-/!20!*)-'%8!#&0!0#!%20(%,!/28%=!20!
-)/#!5&,;%8@!<0!$%0!20/%)+!->-2'!0(2,0%%'!)2>(0!/%5#'8/!-:-3@!<'!#0(%,!
:#,8/!0(%!:-))!+#,$%8!0(%!2'/28%!#+!-!(#))#:!/*(%,%=!-!/*(%,%!#;%,!
0(,%%!$2))2#'!$2)%/!-5,#//!-'8!+)##8%8!:20(!&'2$->2'-A)%!)2>(0@!!
YI%)5#$%=Y!/-28!")-,02A-,0+-/0!-/!0(%!02'3!/*%5.!0(-0!:-/!0(%!-2,5-,=!
0,-;%))2'>!'#:!-0!0(,%%!02$%/!0(%!/*%%8!#+!/#&'8=!5,%*0!2$*%,5%*02A)3!
+#,:-,8!2'0#!0(%!$2'8A#>>)2'>!/*-5%=!Y:%)5#$%=Y!(%!/-28=!Y0#!#&,!
+-50#,3!+)##,@Y!!
B,0(&,!/0-,%8!-A#&0!(2$!2'!-!.2'8!#+!:#'8%,+&)!(#,,#,@