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Learning German Second Edition by Alice Müller and Stephan Müller Revisions by Lisa Graham A Pearson Education Company 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 This book is dedicated, passionately, to L.M. and Wendy. Copyright © 2000 by Amaranth All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of information contained herein. For information, address Alpha Books, 201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, IN 46290. THE COMPLETE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO and Design are registered trademarks of Pearson Education, Inc. International Standard Book Number: 0-02-863925-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: Available upon request. 02 01 00 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Interpretation of the printing code: The rightmost number of the first series of numbers is the year of the book’s printing; the rightmost number of the second series of numbers is the number of the book’s printing. For example, a printing code of 00-1 shows that the first printing occurred in 2000. Printed in the United States of America Note: This publication contains the opinions and ideas of its authors. It is intended to provide helpful and informative material on the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the author, book producer, and publisher are not engaged in rendering professional services in the book. If the reader requires personal assistance or advice, a competent professional should be consulted. The authors, book producer, and publisher specifically disclaim any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book. Publisher Marie Butler-Knight Product Manager Phil Kitchel Associate Managing Editor Cari Luna Acquisitions Editor Susan Zingraf Book Producer Lee Ann Chearney/Amaranth Development Editor Tom Stevens Production Editor JoAnna Kremer Copy Editor June Waldman Cartoonist Jody P. Schaeffer Cover Designers Mike Freeland Kevin Spear Book Designers Scott Cook and Amy Adams of DesignLab Indexer Lisa Wilson Layout/Proofreading John Etchison Ayanna Lacey Heather Hiatt Miller Stacey Richwine-DeRome Contents at a Glance Part 1: The Very Basics 1 1 Why You Should Study German Learn plenty of reasons to study the German language. 3 2 Hitting the Books See how German is particularly useful for scholars. 9 3 Pronounce It Properly: Vowels Learn to make the vowel sounds you will need to pronounce German words properly. 17 4 Pronounce It Properly: Consonants Learn to make the right consonant sounds in German. 29 5 You Know More Than You Think Believe it or not, you already speak more German than you think, thanks to cognates. 41 Part 2: Ready, Set, Go! 53 6 Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? A basic knowledge of common idioms will help you to express yourself effectively. 55 7 The Joy of Gender All German nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. 69 8 Fitting Form with Function The German language has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. 83 9 Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Conjugating weak and strong verbs is relatively simple. Part 3: Up, Up, and Away 95 111 10 Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends Strike up conversations with the right introductory phrases. 113 11 I’d Like to Get to Know You Make introductions, express possession, and describe yourself and your family members with adjectives. 125 12 Finally, You’re at the Airport A few key phrases will help you give and receive simple directions and get around the airport. 143 13 Heading for the Hotel Learn to use the transportation system and to tell time. 159 14 Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! Do you want a room with a garden view? This chapter introduces the vocabulary you’ll need to make requests in a hotel. 173 15 What’s Your Number? From money to phone numbers and addresses, learn to use numbers in German. 185 Part 4: Fun and Games 195 16 A Date with the Weather Talk about the weather in German and learn the days of the week, the months of the year, and the four seasons. 197 17 Let’s Sightsee Learn to read maps and ask questions first—then go sightseeing. 211 18 Shop Till You Drop Learn to talk about clothes—and to ask specifically for the color, size, fabric, and design you’re looking for. 223 19 The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal When you go out shopping for ingredients, you’ll know where to go and how to ask for what you want. 239 20 Restaurant Hopping You can order a delicious meal in German and express your pleasure when you’re finished eating. 253 21 Monkey Business Learn how to ask your new German friends to participate in sports and other fun activities. Adverbs will help you brag about your many abilities. 267 Part 5: Angst 22 Dealing with a Bad Hair Day, an Empty Camera, a Broken Watch, and Blisters When you need something—including a boost—refer to this chapter for problem-specific expressions. 283 285 23 What Does the Doctor Recommend? Describe your symptoms to the doctor, understand the diagnosis, get the items you need at the drugstore, and tell your friends what you’ve got. 301 24 I Think I Forgot Something Learn to express yourself in the past tense. 315 Part 6: When in Germany, Do As the Germans Do! 323 25 Getting Your Message Across Everything you ever wanted to know about German and phones, using the right phrases when you talk, and handling the problems that commonly arise during local and long-distance calls. 325 26 Where’s the Nearest Post Office? This chapter contains the phrases you need to know when you want to send anything from a love letter to a telegram. 335 27 I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please How to get the castle, house, or apartment you want and how to use the future and the conditional tenses. 345 28 Living the Expat Life Vocabulary and information you need if you’d like to spend an extended time in Germany, and tips on using the subjunctive case. 355 Appendixes A Answer Key 363 B Glossary: Linguistic Terms and Definitions 387 Index 391 Contents Part 1: The Very Basics 1 Why You Should Study German 1 3 Should You or Shouldn’t You? ............................................3 Get Serious ............................................................................4 Immerse Yourself ..................................................................6 There’s Nothing to Fear ........................................................7 2 Hitting the Books 9 What Are All These German Words Doing Here?................9 When Only German Will Do ..............................................10 Lost in the Translation ........................................................10 How Much German Is Enough? ..........................................11 You Could Look It Up ........................................................12 Learning Parts of Speech, Inside Out....................................13 Now It’s Your Turn..............................................................13 Compounding Your German Vocabulary ..........................14 The Genetic Relationship Between German and English ........................................................14 3 Pronounce It Properly: Vowels 17 Vowels Must Dress Appropriately ......................................18 Are You Stressed? ................................................................18 Your Own Personal Accent ................................................18 A Few Peculiarities of the German Language ....................19 The Famous Umlaut ..........................................................19 Capitalizing on Nouns ........................................................20 Where Did All These Vowel Sounds Come From? ............20 Say A as in Modern ............................................................21 Say E as in Bed ..................................................................22 Say I as in Winter ..............................................................23 Say O as in Lord ................................................................23 Say U as in Shook ..............................................................24 Modified Vowels: The Long and the Short of Them ........24 Say Ä as in Fair ..................................................................25 Say Ö as in Fur ..................................................................25 Say Ü as in the French Word Sûr ........................................26 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition Diphthongs ........................................................................26 The Diphthongs el and al....................................................27 The Diphthong au ..............................................................27 The Diphthongs eu and äu ..................................................28 4 Pronounce It Properly: Consonants 29 Conquering Consonants ....................................................30 The Very Same Letters You Know and Love..........................30 Ex-plosives: B, D, and G ....................................................30 Freakin’ Fricatives and Fricative’s Relatives..........................32 Got a Frog in Your Throat? CH, CHS, H, J ..........................32 Aw, Nuts: Z and Sometimes C ............................................34 Double or Nothing: KN, PS, QU ..........................................35 VeRRy Vibrant: The German R ............................................35 Old Smoothies: S, β, SCH, ST, TSCH ..................................36 Herbie the Love Bug: The Classic VW ................................37 Pronunciation Guide ..........................................................38 Practice Makes Perfect ........................................................40 5 You Know More Than You Think 41 Cognates: What You Already Know Can Help You ..........41 Perfect Cognates: Identical Twins ........................................42 How Much Do You Understand Already? ............................44 Close, but No Cigar ............................................................45 What Do You Think?..........................................................47 Where the Action Is: Verb Cognates ....................................48 This Is Easy..........................................................................49 False Friends........................................................................50 Part 2: Ready, Set, Go 6 Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? 53 55 What Are Idiomatic Expressions, Anyway? ......................56 More Idiomatic Expressions in German ............................57 Off You Go..........................................................................58 Putting Your Expressions to Use I (or How to Get There from Here) ........................................................59 viii Contents It’s Time To … ..................................................................59 Putting Your Expressions to Use II (or What Time Is It?)......60 Go Left, Right, Straight, and Then Left Again ......................61 Putting Your Expressions to Use III (or Just Getting There in One Piece) ..........................................................61 So, What Do You Think? ....................................................62 Putting Your Expressions to Use IV (or What’s Your Opinion?)..................................................................63 How Do You Feel? ..............................................................64 Putting Your Expressions to Use V (or How Are You?) ..........65 Saying the Right Thing ......................................................66 7 Joy of Gender 69 Determining Gender: Is It a Girl or a Boy— or Is It Neuter? ..................................................................69 Absolutely, Definitely Definite Articles ................................70 Singular Nouns ..................................................................71 Compound Nouns ..............................................................75 When There’s More Than One Noun ................................76 Pluralities ..........................................................................76 Practice Those Plurals ........................................................79 What Have You Learned About Gender? ..........................81 8 Fitting Form with Function 83 The Four Cases in German ................................................84 Starting with the Nominative Case ......................................84 What Gets the Action: The Accusative Case ........................85 Indirectly: The Dative Case ................................................85 It’s All Mine: The Genitive Case ..........................................86 Marking Who’s Doing What to Whom ............................86 The Case of the Definite Article ........................................87 Masculine Nouns ................................................................87 Feminine Nouns..................................................................88 Neuter Nouns......................................................................88 Plurals ................................................................................88 The Case of the Indefinite Article ......................................89 Subject Pronouns ................................................................90 Du Versus Sie—Informal Versus Formal ............................91 Er, Sie, Es? ............................................................................92 ix The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition 9 Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland 95 What’s the Subject? ............................................................95 Verb Basics ..........................................................................97 Verbs in Motion ..................................................................97 Weak Verbs: Followers ........................................................98 The Endings of Weak Verbs ................................................99 Conjugation 101 ................................................................99 Strong Verbs ......................................................................101 Ch-ch-ch-Changes: My, What Strong Verbs Have to Go Through! ......................................................102 Conjugation 102 ..............................................................103 Ask Me Anything ..............................................................106 Intonation ........................................................................106 Nicht Wahr? ....................................................................106 Inversion ..........................................................................107 Ask Me If You Can............................................................107 And the Answer Is … ........................................................108 Part 3: Up, Up, and Away 10 Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends 111 113 Conversation Openers: Greetings and Salutations ..........114 Formal Greetings and Salutations ......................................114 Informal Greetings and Salutations ..................................115 What Planet Are You From? ............................................115 To Be or Not to Be? ..........................................................117 Get Nosy ..........................................................................120 Getting Information the Easy Way ..................................121 Ask Away ..........................................................................122 11 I’d Like to Get to Know You 125 It’s a Family Affair ............................................................126 Are You Possessed?............................................................127 The Genitive Case: Showing Possession ............................127 Mine, All Mine..................................................................128 Using Possessive Adjectives to Show Your Preference ..........130 Let Me Introduce You ......................................................131 x Contents Breaking the Ice ................................................................133 Getting Involved in Conversation ..................................133 Express Yourself with Haben..............................................134 Using Idioms with Haben ..................................................135 What’s He/She Like? ........................................................135 Figuring Out Adjective Endings..........................................136 Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary ..............................................139 Complete the Descriptions ................................................141 12 Finally, You’re at the Airport 143 Inside the Plane ................................................................143 Mainly on the Plane..........................................................144 Airline Advice ..................................................................144 On the Inside ....................................................................145 Finding the Right Words....................................................145 Signs Everywhere ..............................................................146 Going Places......................................................................147 Contractions with Gehen ..................................................148 How Do You Get To …? ....................................................149 Take a Left, Climb Across the Bridge … ..........................150 Verbs with Separable Prefixes ............................................150 Giving Commands ............................................................151 Take Command ................................................................152 Prepositions: Little Words Can Make a Big Difference ........152 Prepositions Are Particular! ..............................................153 Are You Out of Your Mind? ..............................................156 13 Heading for the Hotel 159 Ticket to Ride ....................................................................160 Buses, Trains, and Automobiles ........................................160 A Means to an End ..........................................................160 Which (or What) Do You Prefer? ....................................161 Welcher with Singular and Plural Nouns ..........................162 The Third Degree ..............................................................163 Using What and Which ....................................................163 On the Road......................................................................164 Outside the Car ................................................................164 Inside the Car ..................................................................165 Your Number’s Up ............................................................166 Count Me In ....................................................................166 What Time Is It? ..............................................................169 xi The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition 14 Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! 173 What a Hotel! Does It Have …? ......................................173 Calling Housekeeping ......................................................176 Going Straight to the Top ................................................177 The Declension of Ordinal Numbers ..................................178 My Seventh? No, No—This Is My Eighth Husband ............180 More Action with Verbs....................................................180 Wissen and Other Ways of Expressing Knowledge..............180 Verbs with Prefixes ............................................................182 Coming Apart: Verbs with Separable Prefixes ....................182 Sticking It Out Together: Verbs with Inseparable Prefixes....183 15 What’s Your Number? 185 Send Me a Card … Drop Me a Line! ................................186 Identifying International Abbreviations ............................186 Call Me … ........................................................................186 European Countries, According to Germans ..................188 Clams or Cabbage? It’s All the Same in Money ..............189 Deutsche Mark oder Eurodollar? ........................................190 Approximations and Oddities ............................................191 Let’s Go Fly a Kite … ......................................................191 Part 4: Fun and Games 16 A Date with the Weather 195 197 It’s 20 Degrees, but They’re Wearing Shorts! ..................197 How’s the Weather? ..........................................................199 What’s the Temperature? ..................................................199 But It Says in the Paper … ................................................200 If It’s Tuesday, March 21, It Must Be Spring! ..................201 What Day Is It?................................................................202 A Mouthful of Months ......................................................203 The Four Seasons ..............................................................205 You Have a Date for What Date? ....................................206 Making a Date ..................................................................206 Time Expressions ..............................................................208 xii Contents 17 Let’s Sightsee 211 What Do You Want to See? ..............................................212 May, Must, Can—What Kind of Mode Are You In? ........213 The Power of Suggestion ....................................................216 Making Suggestions ..........................................................218 Responding to Suggestions ..............................................218 Just Say Yes, No, Absolutely Not........................................219 What Do You Think?........................................................220 More Suggestions ..............................................................221 18 Shop Till You Drop 223 Store-Bought Pleasures......................................................223 The Clothes Make the Mann ............................................225 Wear It Well ....................................................................226 Colors ..............................................................................227 Material Preferences ..........................................................229 What’s the Object? ..........................................................230 Position of Object Pronouns ..............................................233 Us, You, and Them: Using Direct Object Pronouns ............234 To Us, to You, to Them: Using Indirect Object Pronouns ....234 Asking for Something ......................................................235 I’ll Take This, That, One of These, and Some of Those ........................................................235 Expressing Opinions ........................................................236 What’s Your Preference? ..................................................237 19 The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal 239 Shopping Around ............................................................239 Where Are You Going? ....................................................240 Prost! ................................................................................246 It’s the Quantity That Counts ..........................................248 A Trip to the Market ........................................................249 Getting What You Want ..................................................250 xiii The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition 20 Restaurant Hopping 253 Where Can I Get Something to Eat Around Here? (Wo kann ich denn hier etwas zu essen bekommen?) ....................................................................254 I Could Eat a Horse (Ich habe einen Mordshunger) ............254 Dining Out ......................................................................255 Gimme What I Need ........................................................257 You Need What? ..............................................................258 Waiter, Do You Have Any Recommendations?................258 That’s the Way I Like It ....................................................260 Spice It Up ........................................................................261 Special Diets ......................................................................261 Send It Back, Please ..........................................................262 How About Some Strudel, Sweetie?..................................263 Are You Thirsty? (Hast du Durst?) ....................................264 Can I Have a Doggy Bag? ................................................264 Good Morning, Say Cheese ..............................................265 It Was Delicious ................................................................265 21 Monkey Business 267 Are You a Sports Fan? ......................................................267 What’s Your Game? ..........................................................267 Where to Play Your Game ................................................269 Express Your Desire with Mögen......................................270 Extending an Invitation ....................................................271 Accepting an Invitation ....................................................271 Refusing an Invitation—Making Excuses ..........................272 Showing Indecision and Indifference ..................................272 Do You Accept or Refuse? ..................................................273 Let’s Do Something Else ..................................................273 Entertaining Options ........................................................275 At the Movies and on TV ..................................................275 At a Concert ....................................................................276 Expressing Your Opinion....................................................276 Adverbs: Modifying Verbs ................................................277 Adverbs That Are What They Are......................................279 Position of Adverbs ..........................................................280 How Well Do You Do Things? ..........................................280 Just How Good Are You at Adverbs? ..................................281 xiv Contents Part 5: Angst 22 Dealing with a Bad Hair Day, an Empty Camera, a Broken Watch, and Blisters 283 285 My Hair Needs Help, Now! ..............................................285 Beautify Yourself ..............................................................286 Expressing Your Preferences ..............................................287 I Need Help ......................................................................289 Help! ................................................................................289 At the Dry Cleaner—in der Wäscherei ..............................289 At the Laundromat—im Waschsalon ................................290 At the Shoemaker—beim Schuster......................................291 I Need These Shoes............................................................292 At the Optometrist—beim Optiker ....................................292 At the Jeweler—beim Juwelier ............................................293 At the Camera Shop—beim das Fotogeschäft ....................294 Help, I Lost My Passport!..................................................295 Comparison Shopping......................................................296 Adverbs and Adjectives Compared ....................................296 Irregular Comparisons ......................................................298 Make a Comparison..........................................................299 23 What Does the Doctor Recommend? 301 Where Does It Hurt? ........................................................301 You Give Me a Pain in the … ..........................................303 What Seems to Be the Problem? ........................................303 More Symptoms ................................................................305 What’s Wrong? ................................................................306 Doctor, Doctor ..................................................................307 How Long Have You Felt This Way? ................................307 From Finding Drugs to Finding Toothpaste ....................308 Special Needs ....................................................................309 Have It on Hand ..............................................................310 What Are You Doing to Yourself? ....................................310 Flex Your Reflexive Verbs ..................................................311 Reflexive or Not? ..............................................................312 Reflexive Verbs in Action ..................................................312 Commanding Reflexively ..................................................313 Be Bossy ..........................................................................314 xv The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition 24 I Think I Forgot Something 315 Are You Living in the Past? ..............................................315 Strong Verbs ......................................................................316 Forming the Past Participle with Weak Verbs ....................317 Forming the Past Participle with Mixed Verbs ....................318 Using Sein in the Perfekt....................................................319 Don’t Put Off Till Tomorrow What You Didn’t Do Yesterday ........................................................320 Did You or Didn’t You? ....................................................321 Forming a Question in the Past ......................................321 Answering a Question Negatively in the Past ....................322 Ask Questions ..................................................................322 Part 6: When in Germany, Do As the Germans Do! 25 Getting Your Message Across 323 325 How the @!#%*! Do I Use This Thing? ............................326 Your Basic German Telephone ..........................................326 You Need to Know to Make a Call ....................................327 Phone Home ....................................................................328 Who Is This? ....................................................................329 Operator, I’m Having a Serious Problem ............................329 What Did You Do to Yourself? Reflexive Verbs in the Past ......................................................................330 Excuses, Excuses................................................................331 Hey, It’s the Twenty-First Century! ..................................331 26 Where’s the Nearest Post Office? 335 Will My Letter Get There? ................................................335 Getting Service ..................................................................337 At the Post Office ..............................................................338 I Want to Send a Telegram ................................................339 Readin’ and Writin’ ..........................................................339 Can You Read This?..........................................................340 Getting It Right ................................................................341 Would You Please … ........................................................341 xvi Contents 27 I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please 345 I Want to Rent a Castle ....................................................345 Buying or Renting..............................................................347 All the Comforts of Home ................................................348 Let’s Buy Furniture ............................................................349 There’s Hope for the Future..............................................349 Expressing the Future ........................................................350 Tomorrow’s Plans..............................................................351 What Would You Do? ......................................................351 I’m in a Subjunctive Mood ................................................352 Abracadabra, You Have Three Wishes ..............................352 28 Living the Expat Life 355 Get Me to the Bank, Quick!..............................................356 Learning Banking Lingo ....................................................356 Transactions You Need to Make ......................................358 So You Want to Live in Germany? ..................................360 I Need My Wheels! ..........................................................360 Appendixes A Answer Key 363 B Glossary: Linguistic Terms and Definitions 387 Index 391 xvii Foreword One of the most fascinating dictionaries published in recent years is the historical dictionary of German Loanwords in English (Pfeffer and Cannon: Cambridge University Press, 1994). It describes the more than 5,000 German loanwords that have entered English over the centuries, which English speakers currently have at their disposal— enabling them to discuss topics ranging from angora to silicone, not to mention apple strudel and Wagnerian opera. This linguistic exchange is, of course, a two-way street, with German speakers wearing Jeans (note that all German nouns are capitalized!), while logging on to their Computer and looking into RAM-chips and Userports. In spite of Mark Twain’s notorious reference to The Awful German Language, speakers of English and German are indeed linguistic relatives, with a long common history of shared ideas and shared words. They are relatives who have been engaged in constant linguistic negotiation and exchange. Purists may lament linguistic contamination, but let us instead celebrate human ties. What better reason to learn German than to cement these ties and to become part of what has been and continues to be an extremely fruitful and exciting dialogue. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition also points out that you know more than you think—the title of Chapter 5. This is not to claim that you already know all there is to know. Establishing any degree of intimacy always requires effort, commitment, and desire, and these are the three prerequisites you will have to bring to your attempt to “get to know” German. What knowledge of the already existing relationship should do is eliminate some of the fear of the unknown. After many years of teaching German, not to mention my own attempts to learn some Russian and some French, I have come to believe that it is fear of the unknown, fear of failure, and fear of embarrassing oneself by being less than perfect that play the biggest role in students’ difficulties with learning a language. Language anxiety is as real as math anxiety. The charm of The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition is that it does all it can to welcome you, introduce you, make you feel comfortable and at home and encourage you to take risks. It could just as aptly be titled German Without Fear. Americans have often heard that it’s not necessary to learn another language because everyone speaks English anyway. This claim is, of course, patently false, especially if you plan to diverge from well-trodden tourist paths or should you confront recent immigrants to Germany who, while transporting you in their cab or taking your dinner order, are in the midst of their own efforts to learn German. The claim also ignores the access that knowing another language gives you to its culture, as well as the efforts made by non-native speakers of English to get closer to us. They, however, will not have forgotten and will truly appreciate your interest in them and your willingness to meet them at least halfway. And don’t forget the tremendous sense of pride you will have in mastering a new skill, and discovering a new talent. —Dr. Evelyn M. Jacobson Professor of German and Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, University of Lincoln-Nebraska Introduction In the last hundred years, parts of the world that we would have had to travel months by boat to reach are now just a few hours away. There are, however, many other ways of traveling. We travel in books, movies, and on the Internet, and we travel in our imaginations. Some people believe that the soul of a culture resides in the grammatical patterns, in the linguistic intricacies, in the phonetics of its language. The authors of this book share this view. If bank robberies aren’t your thing, learning German may be the next most satisfying and effective way of enriching yourself fast. The German language reveals German books, people, and customs in ways that are lost in translation. If you plan a trip to a German-speaking country, even before you get on a plane you should have the basic tools with which to decipher the code of the culture you’re about to enter. What are these tools? Traveler’s checks, an elementary knowledge of the German language, and an open mind. You’re going to have to get the traveler’s checks and the open mind on your own; we’ll help you with the German language. Many chapters in this book are held together thematically as if you were off on an imaginary journey to a German-speaking land. In Chapter 12, “Finally, You’re at the Airport,” you’ll learn vocabulary related to air travel and airports. In Chapter 13, “Heading for the Hotel,” you’ll learn how to tell your bus or taxi driver where you’re going. By the end of Chapter 14, “Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel!” you’ll be able to ask the desk clerk for the kind of room you want. Each chapter builds on the one that preceded it, expanding on what you have learned. Learning a new language is, after all, a bit like evolving rapidly from infant to adult. First you learn to crawl through the new sounds of the language, and then you learn to walk proudly through basic grammar and vocabulary. When you can keep your balance with everything you’ve learned, you’re well on your way to jogging through conversations with patient Berliners, the Viennese, and the good folk of Düsseldorf. The Sum of Its Parts Part 1, “The Very Basics,” starts off by outlining why German is a tremendously important language and how it will be of use to you as a student, businessperson, or tourist. Not only will you learn all about the advantages of reading German texts in the original, you’ll also find out how much you already know (before you’ve even started learning anything). You’ll also learn German consonant and vowel sounds. Part 2, “Ready, Set, Go!” introduces you to a selection of common German idioms (expressions in which the meaning is not predictable from the usual meaning of the words that make it up) and slang. You’ll get your first taste of German grammar, and you’ll be able to use what you know of German through cognates. By the end of this section, you’ll be engaging in and understanding simple conversations. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition Part 3, “Up, Up, and Away,” introduces you to the vocabulary and grammar you’ll need to plan and take a trip to a German-speaking country. You’ll use the real greetings Germans use with each other; you’ll introduce yourself and give elementary descriptions. You’ll ask basic questions. A chapter at a time, you’ll arrive at an airport, catch a taxi or a bus, and make your way to the hotel of your choice. Most important, you’ll be able to get the room you want furnished with all those indispensable things (cable television, extra blankets, blow dryers, and so on) many of us cannot do without when we travel. Then, you’ll be able to go out and search for addresses, address a postcard, decipher a phone number, or exchange your dollars for Marks or Eurodollars. Part 4, “Fun and Games,” furnishes you with the vocabulary you’ll need to do practically anything fun, from playing tennis to going to the opera to night clubbing. You’ll also learn how to make sense out of the weather report, whether it’s in the newspaper, on TV, or revealed to you via the aches and pains in the bones of the local baker. The chapter on food will help you understand where to buy all kinds of food in Germany and how to interpret a German menu. Finally, you’ll be introduced to the phrases and vocabulary words you’ll need to go on a shopping spree for chocolates, silk shirts, and Rolexes while the exchange rate is still high. Part 5, “Angst,” prepares you for the inevitable difficulties that crop up when you travel. You’ll learn how to make local and long-distance phone calls from a German phone and how to explain yourself to the operator if you have problems getting through. Is your watch broken? Do you need film for your camera? Did some food stain your new shirt? You’ll be ready to take care of anything, to ask for help, and to explain what happened to your German friends or colleagues when your angst-ridden moments are (hopefully) distant memories. Part 6, “When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do!” instructs you in the terminology you’ll need to spend, exchange, invest, borrow, and save money for an extended stay in Deutschland. By the end of this section, you should be able to buy or rent a house, an apartment, or even a castle (if extravagance appeals to you). You’ll also be able to express your needs in the future tense. In the appendixes, the “Answer Key” gives you the answers to the exercises you perform in this book. The “Glossary” summarizes the words defined throughout the book. The “Lexicon: English to German, German to English” translates essential vocabulary and lists the pronunciation of each. By the time you finish this book, you will have the basic German language skills to embark on real journeys—in books, on planes, and in conversations. Be persistent, be patient, be creative, and your rewards will speak (in German) for themselves. xx Introduction Extras to Help You Along Besides the idiomatic expressions, helpful phrases, lists of vocabulary words, and down-to-earth grammar, this book has useful information that is provided in sidebars throughout the text. These elements are distinguished by the following icons: Culture Shock Achtung Culture shock elements provide facts about interesting facets of life in Germany and other German-speaking cultures. They offer you quick glimpses into the German culture. Achtung boxes warn you of mistakes that are commonly made by those who are learning the German language and offer you advice about how to avoid these mistakes yourself. What’s What? We Are Family This box gives you definitions of grammatical terms. This box tells you all about the linguistic connections between German and our own language, English. xxi The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition As a Rule As a Rule sidebars highlight or expand on some aspect of German grammar that has been touched on in the text, usually summing it up in a rule so that it’s easier to remember. Many foreign words have been adopted by the German language and still retain their foreign pronunciation. These words do not follow the German pronunciation guide included in this book. Acknowledgments The authors and reviser would like to acknowledge the support of the following people in the creation of this book: Angelika Müller, Francisca Muñoz, Margit Böckenkruger, Pat Muñoz, Manuel Muñoz, Maria Cabezas, Cristina Lopez, Jean Maurice Lacant, Elsie Jones, and Jennifer Charles. Also thanks to Lee Ann Chearney, creative director at Amaranth; editorial assistant Alice Bartlett Lane; and the team at Alpha: publisher Marie Butler-Knight, acquisitions editors Susan Zingraf and Mike Sanders, development editor Tom Stevens, and production editor JoAnna Kremer. Special Thanks from the Publisher to the Reviser The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and updated by German language instructor and linguistics expert Lisa Graham. Lisa currently teaches at Washington College and has held teaching positions at Boston Language Institute and Pennsylvania State University. She is a frequent presenter at foreign language and linguistic conferences and has published several papers on the topic of German and English linguistics. Ms. Graham is a member of the Society for German Philology, the Modern Language Association, and the American Association of Teachers of German. xxii Introduction Special Thanks to the Technical Reviewer The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition was reviewed by an expert who double-checked the accuracy of what you’ll learn here. Special thanks are extended to Christina Hassemer, a native of Germany and currently a teaching assistant at Washington College in Maryland. Christina’s invaluable contributions of information about the typical experience of life in Germany are greatly appreciated and help us ensure that this book gives you everything you need to know about German. Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be or are suspected of being trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Alpha Books and Pearson Education cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. xxiii Part 1 The Very Basics Most people can think of a million reasons why they can’t do something. In the first section of this book, you’ll discover—if not a million—certainly a great many reasons why you can learn the German language. Whether you’re a scholar interested in expanding your understanding of philosophy, art history, or literature or simply someone who wants to have a working knowledge of Deutsch before embarking on your dream skiing holiday, this section will help you take the plunge. Chapter 1 Why You Should Study German In This Chapter ➤ The many virtues of the German language ➤ Where you can use German ➤ Developing a learning strategy ➤ Why you shouldn’t be intimidated You are looking for a copy of Goethe’s collected poems in a bookstore, but the aisles are not clearly marked and you find yourself in the middle of an aisle with Germanlanguage books rising up on either side of you. The fact is, you’ve always wanted to learn German. You are a great fan of Goethe and of many other German writers and philosophers, Dichter und Denker, as you recall having heard one of your German friends refer to them. But it seems like every time you’ve been about to buy a language book and start to study German on your own, the person standing next to you in the bookstore has said something like, “German? Why don’t you try something a little easier, like Swahili?” Should You or Shouldn’t You? The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition catches your eye as you stand in the middle of the aisle. You take it off the shelf and ask yourself three questions: Do I have the time to learn German now? Will I stick with it? What will be the Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics immediate benefits of learning the basics of German? Only you can answer the first two questions. (You will make the time! You will stick to it!) Here is a list of answers for the third: ➤ You will be able to communicate with your Mercedes Benz in its mother tongue. ➤ A rich relative has given you a $2,000 programmable German watch. After you acquire some basic German language skills, reading the owner’s manual will be a piece of cake. ➤ You want to figure out once and for all whether that thing so many people call you when you sneeze is an insult or a compliment. You’ll be able to, once you know German. ➤ When you do finally visit the Bundesrepublik, you won’t have to order sauerkraut for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. ➤ When you go to the Oktoberfest in Munich, you will be able to ask one of the locals where the restroom is without having to resort to your pocket GermanEnglish/English-German dictionary. And you’ll be able to understand the answer. ➤ You will finally have the language skills to tell your German shepherd to play dead. ➤ You’re nuts about Wiener Schnitzel. After reading this book, you’ll be able to travel around Germany and convince the greatest German chefs to reveal their Wiener Schnitzel secrets. ➤ You’ll be able to make your tennis fantasies realities. The next time you play Boris Becker and bicker over the match point, he’ll understand every word you say. And now it’s time to get serious. Why, honestly, should you learn German? Get Serious The following are some (more) serious reasons why you might want to study German: ➤ Germans aren’t the only people who speak German. German is the native language of more than 100 million people. German is also spoken as the native language in Austria; Liechtenstein; much of Switzerland; South Tirol (northern Italy); and in small areas of Belgium, France (Alsace), and Luxembourg along the German border. The German minorities in Poland, Romania, and the countries of the former Soviet Union have partly retained the German language as well. 4 Chapter 1 ➤ Why You Should Study German ➤ In the academic world, familiarity with German is a great advantage. As a student in the liberal arts, you should be familiar with Kafka, Hesse, Rilke, and Nietzsche. And what was Mac the Knife really up to? Did Wilhelm Tell really shoot the apple from his son’s head? About one in 10 books published throughout the world has been written in German. In regard to translations into foreign languages, German is third after English and French, and more works have been translated into German than into any other language. ➤ You’re a businessperson. The Federal Republic of Germany is one of the major industrial countries in the world. In terms of overall economic performance, it is the third largest, and with regard to world trade, it holds second place. Many German industrial enterprises are known throughout the world and have branches or research facilities overseas, including the carmakers Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler-Benz; the chemical corporations Hoechst, Bayer, and BASF; the electrical equipment manufacturer Siemens; the energy groups VEBA and RWE; and the Bosch Group. Germany’s importance as a location for international fairs stems from the early Middle Ages. Today, about two thirds of the 150 leading international specialized fairs are held in Germany, including the world’s two largest fairs held in Hanover. ➤ International trade is crucial to the German economy, and its external trade is booming. One in five jobs depends on exports, with Germany’s main exports being motor vehicles, machinery, chemical products, and electrical engineering products. The United States is one of Germany’s most important trading partners and is the third largest market for German products. As one of the largest industrial and trading nations, the Federal Republic of Germany maintains diplomatic relations with nearly every country in the world and is an attractive region for investment. By international standards, the new federal states are now an attractive industrial location for foreign investors, represented by some 1,700 foreign firms from about 50 countries. Major U.S. companies with holdings in Germany include General Motors (automobile industry), Dow Chemical (chemical industry), and Advanced Micro Devices (computer industry). ➤ You are interested in the arts. Germany is home to more than 3,000 museums: state, municipal, society, and private museums; museums of local history and culture; museums of church and cathedral treasures; and residential, castle, palace, and open-air museums. German architecture set trends in the first 30 years of the twentieth century, with the strongest influence coming from Weimar and Dessau, where the Bauhaus school was founded in the 1920s and the style that bears its name evolved. From Beethoven to Anne-Sophie Mutter, from folk songs to The Magic Flute, music performed by 141 professional orchestras can be enjoyed at Germany’s 121 state-subsidized opera houses and at more 5 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics than 100 regularly held regional and supraregional music festivals—for example, the International Beethoven Festival in Bonn, Richard Wagner’s Festival in Bayreuth, and Augsburg’s German Mozart Festival featuring concerts in a rococo ambience. ➤ You’re torn between the psychoanalytic tenets of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. You’ve read all of their books in English, and you’re already familiar with many of the untranslatable terms. But being familiar with a few German phrases isn’t enough—you want to be able read these works in the original language. Of course, it will take hours of study and dedication before you’ll be able to undertake this project, but you have to start somewhere. Immerse Yourself Everybody knows that the best way to learn a new language is to totally immerse yourself in it. When you buy books of German poetry, buy the ones where the German translation is given alongside the English so that your eyes can move back and forth between the two. Buy German newspapers. Sit near German tourists in restaurants and cafés and imitate the sounds they make when they speak—you should imitate these sounds to yourself, of course. You may not end up authoring faultless German grammar books, but with patience and persistence, you’ll certainly learn enough German to express yourself and to increase your appreciation of the German culture. Here are a few more suggestions for immersing yourself in German: ➤ Make time—optimally, small chunks of time—throughout the day or week to devote to the study of German. Four intense and concentrated 30-minute study sessions are much more effective than a four-hour language-learning marathon. Constant repetition of previously studied material involving as many senses as possible (speaking, listening, seeing) will help you get German into your longterm memory. ➤ Invest in or borrow a good bilingual dictionary. A Langenscheidt standard dictionary costs approximately $19. ➤ Rent German movies. You can understand more than you think just by listening to and watching the actors. You can learn the meaning of German phrases by scanning subtitles. ➤ Tune your radio station to public service programs in German. Watch German shows on your TV. Go to public libraries and listen to language tapes. Listening will help you master German pronunciation. 6 Chapter 1 ➤ Why You Should Study German ➤ Make German friends. ➤ Read everything you can get your hands on. Children’s books are a good place to start (Janosh, for example, is an author of simple and entertaining German children’s books). Read the brothers Grimm (die Gebrüder Grimm) side by side with the translation. Whenever you buy a new product, look for and read the German instructions on the side of the packet or in the instruction booklet. Bedeck (bedecken in German, meaning “to cover”) your coffee table with German newspapers: Frankfurter Allgemeine and WAZ (Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung) and German magazines: Focus, Die Bunte, and Der Stern, to name a few. Don’t forget all the German Web sites on the Internet! There’s Nothing to Fear Many people are afraid of studying a foreign language. Some people are downright terrified. They think it will be too much work—too many new sounds, too many new words—and that the grammar will be too difficult. Well, the only thing we can say to that is, nothing is too difficult—not if you’re willing to apply yourself. We’re not going to lie to you. You can’t learn a new language overnight. You have to make an effort. Learning a language takes time and a certain amount of determination. One thing we can assure you of is that if you take it slowly—at your own pace—without allowing yourself to get discouraged, you can only get better. Here are a few tips to help you maintain a positive attitude: ➤ Don’t let yourself feel bullied by the grammar. Research shows that the best language learners are willing to take risks and make mistakes. There are a lot of things to learn in any new language, but that doesn’t mean you have to learn them all at once. Stick to simple grammatical constructions. ➤ Don’t worry about mistakes. In fact, try not to think of them as out-and-out “mistakes.” Instead, think of them as stepping stones to really smart mistakes that will get you closer to speaking the language correctly. ➤ Don’t let new sounds silence you. Practice vowel sound combinations. Make rumbling sounds in the back of your throat whenever you get the chance—in cabs, subways, buses, in the shower, or at night before falling asleep. When you aren’t speaking German, speak English with a German accent. And remember, many regional accents are heard in Germany—your accent will fit in somewhere! ➤ Don’t be intimidated by Germans. They are a hospitable people and are impressed by anyone who tries to speak their language. After all, when you encounter someone who speaks English as a second language, don’t you generally 7 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics discount the small errors and marvel instead that this person speaks as well as he or she does? Germans will feel that way about you when you miss an ending or use an incorrect verb tense. ➤ Don’t be put off by the reputation the German language has for being difficult. It actually has a great deal in common with English. If you apply yourself, you will soon discover that German is easier than you thought and that it also is fun to learn. Viel Glück! (Good luck!) Laβ uns an die Arbeit gehen! (Let’s get to work!) The Least You Need to Know ➤ Everyone can find a reason to study German. ➤ German is a very useful language to learn. ➤ You can communicate even if your pronunciation and grammar are less than perfect. ➤ You have absolutely nothing to fear. Believe it or not, German and English stem from the same ancestral language family. Remember: The more effort you put into this project, the more your German will improve. 8 Chapter 2 Hitting the Books In This Chapter ➤ German words in English books ➤ What gets lost in translation ➤ Using a bilingual dictionary ➤ Why German and English are similar Seems you can’t pick up a textbook or even a courtroom thriller these days without bumping into German words and phrases. Say you’re reading up on art history to dazzle your friends at the local brewpub and you bump into die Wanderlust, die Weltanschauung, and der Zeitgeist. What’s an inquisitive scholar to do? Learn the basic structural differences between German and English, that’s what. This chapter gives you an idea of what it takes to master frequently encountered German phrases and words. What Are All These German Words Doing Here? German culture has shaped certain disciplines to such a degree that, in many schools and universities, you can’t get away with not taking a basic German language course if you’re studying art history, psychology, chemistry, or philosophy. When you think about it, studying German makes sense. You’ll have a much better understanding of these disciplines after you’ve studied the language and culture out of which many of the most important German, Austrian, and Swiss thinkers and creators came. Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics When Only German Will Do In addition, many businesses, industries, and specialties such as medicine and science use German terms, particularly those with international markets or affiliations. So drop the golf club, the computer mouse, and the VCR remote control. Get way ahead of your colleagues: Learn German. Not only will you find it interesting and enriching—it’ll probably lead you to a greater appreciation of a foreign culture and enhance your global understanding. Lost in the Translation You’ve heard over and over again how impossible it is to get the true sense of a literary work, particularly of a poem, in translation. Take a look at a stanza from the poem “Hypochonder” by Goethe to see how much of a poem can be lost in translation. Hypochonder Der Teufel hol das Menschengeschlecht! Man möchte rasend werden! Da nehm ich mir so eifrig vor: Will niemand weiter sehen, Will all das Volk Gott und sich selbst Und dem Teufel Überlassen! Und kaum seh ich ein Menschengesicht, So hab ichs wieder lieb. Here’s the translation: Hypochondriac Devil take the human race! It’s enough to drive you insane! I continually make firm resolutions to stop seeing people and to consign the whole nation to God and to itself and to the devil! And then I have only to see a human face and I love it again. The English version works about as well as using a sledgehammer to slice bread. If you read the German version out loud, even if you don’t understand a word of it, you’ll probably feel the meter, or rhythm, of the poem. This feature is either entirely lost in translation or else recreated at the expense of much of the poem’s fluidity— and sometimes even the poem’s meaning. 10 Chapter 2 ➤ Hitting the Books The same goes for rhyme: the weak end rhyme of the last syllable of the words werden (veR-duhn) “to become”, sehen (zey-uhn) “to see”, and überlassen (ü-buhR-lA-suhn) “to leave it up” can’t be re-created in English. Double meanings, which can add spice to everything from limericks to e-mail, are nearly impossible to maintain in translation: The word das Menschengeschlecht (dAs men-shuhn-guh-shleHt), for example, means “mankind” when it is taken as a whole; Geschlecht, however, when taken on its own, can mean “genitals.” Just think of all you’re missing from not reading this little gem in the original! How Much German Is Enough? Having a clear sense of why you’re learning German can help save time. Take a moment to consider your motives: Culture Shock Many medical and scientific words are easy to understand in German and hard to understand in English. The word der Blutdruckmesser (deyR blewt-dRookme-suhR) literally translated means “blood pressure monitor.” The word for this same term in English is—ready?—sphygmomanometer. Try saying that three times fast! ➤ If you’re learning German to pass your philosophy exam, you may not need to spend a lot of time on cases and grammatical paradigms. Your knowledge of grammar will remain somewhat passive, outshined by your expansive knowledge German vocabulary expressing abstractions.(If these terms are unfamiliar to you, don’t fret. You’ll learn about them in Chapter 8, “Fitting Form with Function.”) ➤ If music is your thing, you’ll have a head start with German musical terms such as die Lieder and das Leitmotif that pop up in music from Mozart to Madonna. And you’ll be able to fine-tune your pronunciation so that even the last row will be able to understand your rendering of die Walküren. ➤ If you’re learning German primarily to be able to read German, you may want to focus on the cognate section of this book, that is the noun and verb sections. Figuring out how German structures its sentences will help you develop the patience to wait for the verb. If you understand what you need from the German language, you easily can tailor this book to your needs and use it to your advantage. 11 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics You Could Look It Up Whatever your particular needs are, a bilingual dictionary is as essential to your learning as doublespeak is to a lawyer. What do you need to know to use a bilingual dictionary? Be forewarned: Using a bilingual dictionary is a little tougher than using an English dictionary. For starters, don’t forget to look English words up in the English section and German words up in the German section. After finding the German translation for an English word, go ahead and take a moment to look up that new German word. It may not have the meaning you were intending—in English we can “spend time and money,” but German has two different words for “to spend”: verbringen (feR-bRin-guhn), with time; ausgeben (ous-gey-buhn), with money. The next thing you should do is figure out what the abbreviations used in the definitions mean. Here are a few of them: 12 adj. Adjective adv. Adverb f. Feminine noun m. Masculine noun n. Neuter noun pl. Plural noun prep. Prepositions. Prepositions are words such as above, along, beyond, before, through, in, to, and for that are placed before nouns to indicate a relationship to other words in a sentence. Or think of them in terms of “anywhere a cat can go.” We discuss prepositions further in Chapter 12, “Finally, You’re at the Airport.” ref. Reflexive verb. The subject of a reflexive verb acts on itself, as in “I brush my teeth.” v.i. Intransitive verb. An intransitive verb can stand alone, without a direct object, as sing does in the sentence “I sing.” v.t. Transitive verb. A transitive verb must be followed by a direct object, as in “I took off my glasses.” Unlike intransitive verbs, transitive verbs cannot stand on their own. Transitive verbs can be used passively, however, when the subject acts on itself, as in “I was interrupted.” Chapter 2 ➤ Hitting the Books Learning Parts of Speech, Inside Out Learning how to use a bilingual dictionary takes a little grammatical know how. For example, you should know how to use the basic parts of speech. Take the word inside. Do you see how the meaning of the word changes in the following sentences when it is used as various parts of speech? I’ll meet you inside of an hour. (adverb) They threw the marbles inside the circle. (preposition) Do you like the inside of the building? (noun) We have the inside story on the murder. (adjective) Change inside to the plural, and its meaning changes. He could feel it in his insides. (colloquial, noun) If you look up the word in an English/German dictionary, you will see something like this: inside [insaid] 1. adj. inner, inwendig, Innen; (coll.) -information, direkte Informationen 2. adv. im Innern, drinnen, ins Innere; -of, innerhalb von, in weniger als. 3. prep. Innerhalb, im Innern (von or Gen.) 4. n. -s (coll.) der Magen. Now It’s Your Turn Using the German definition of inside just given, figure out the part of speech for inside in each of the following sentences; then complete the translated sentences in German. 1. We will be home inside of two hours. Wir sind __________ zwei Stunden zu Hause. 2. He had inside information on the horse race. Er hatte _________ Informationen über das Pferderennen. 3. We go inside the cave. Wir gehen ins _________ der Höhle. 4. He hides the key inside the box. Er versteckt den Schlüssel im _____ der Schachtel. 5. The man’s insides hurt. Der ______ des Mannes schmerzt. 13 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Compounding Your German Vocabulary You’re likely to come across German compound words in everything you read from popular fiction to political essays to letters to the editor in Sports Illustrated. Because the possible combinations of nouns are practically unlimited, you can actually create your own compound words pretty much as you please by linking nouns together. The ability to create words at will in German is one reason that this language has been so instrumental to many great thinkers. They have been able to express new concepts and ideas by coining, or making up, new words. The flip side to this flexibility is that these compound words are not easily translatable. To express the meaning of the single word Zeitgeist in English, for example, you have to use the cumbersome and rather spiritless phrase “spirit of the times.” And this morphological process is not limited to combining two nouns to form a compound word. As in English, it’s possible to combine adjectives such as bittersweet or verbs such as sleepwalk to form new words. There’s even some mixing of the two languages, coupling the German preposition über- (üh-buhR), meaning “above,” “beyond,” and “super,” with an English noun, as in Übermodel or Überstar. As a Rule Many German words in academic texts are compound words, and some of these compound words are not in the dictionary. A knowledge of basic German vocabulary will enable you to take apart those big, cumbersome compound words and look up their components one by one in a bilingual dictionary. The more you rely on and trust your powers of deduction, the easier learning a foreign language becomes! The Genetic Relationship Between German and English Even the casual student soon becomes aware of many similarities between German and English. Although vocabulary correspondences are perhaps the most obvious, the two languages also share structural secrets—consider the way they form the 14 Chapter 2 ➤ Hitting the Books comparative and superlative, blond, blonder, blondst, or the striking parallels in the verbal systems, sing, sang, gesungen. Although these similarities seem fortuitous to the English-speaking learner of German (you!), English and German belong to the so-called Germanic family of languages, a relationship also shared by Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Frisian, Flemish, and Dutch. Once upon a time, in fact, the Germanic languages were closely related to the following linguistic groups: Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Greek, Hittite, Indic, Iranian, Italic, Slavic, and Tocharian—all members of the Indo-European language family. Indo-European, spoken more than 6,000 years ago, was the predecessor language of English and most European languages, minus Finnish and Hungarian. But it took a German, Jacob Grimm, to figure out the sound correspondences between various branches of Indo-European and Germanic languages. The Germanic languages can be subdivided according to geographical location: north, east, and west. North Germanic languages are Scandinavian, including Icelandic, Norwegian, Faroese, Gothlandic, Swedish, and Danish; East Germanic is represented chiefly by Gothic, an extinct language preserved in a fourth-century Bible translation. The geographical grouping of West Germanic includes German, Dutch, Frisian, and English. So what happened to cause the rift between English and German? An actual shift. No, not of earth, but of consonants, which occurred in the southernmost reaches of the German-speaking lands sometime around the fifth century. “Aha!” you exclaim triumphantly. That explains why it’s child and Kind, ship and Schiff, salt and Salz (zalts). What’s What? Linguistic Relates to language, and linguistics is the study of the nature and structure of human speech. What’s What? Grimm’s law Named after the discoverer of the consonant shifts in Indo-European and Germanic, Jacob Grimm. The first shift (circa 500 B.C.E.) helped separate Germanic from its Indo-European siblings (Greek: dêka, Germanic: zehan, ten); the second shift around 500 C.E. differentiated German from English. 15 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics The Least You Need to Know ➤ Whether you’re a student, a businessperson, a musician, or an art dealer, learning the German language will give you a head start in understanding and assimilating German terms and phrases. ➤ The particular meter of a piece of writing, the peculiarities of rhyme, and double meanings are all aspects of writing that can be partially if not totally lost in translation. ➤ A bilingual dictionary can help you tremendously in your study of German! 16 Chapter 3 Pronounce It Properly: Vowels In This Chapter ➤ Oh, the stress of it all ➤ Peculiarities of the German language ➤ Untie your tongue You think you have it bad with German pronunciation? Consider the baffled Italian, Spaniard, or Rumanian learning English. What is this poor learner of English to do with threw and through? And if these words aren’t difficult enough, what about rain, reign, and rein—three words with different spellings and meanings but with identical pronunciations. You’re going to have a much easier time learning German pronunciation because what you see is what you hear. German is what is called a phonetic language; German words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled. You don’t ever have to wonder whether the e at the end of a word is silent, which it sometimes is and sometimes isn’t in English. In German it is always pronounced. This rule makes it easy to spell, as well. You need simply to learn what sounds are represented by the letters in German. Before you can pronounce German words correctly, however, you’ll have to learn how to say the vowels because the sounds of vowels in German are significantly different from the sounds of the same letters in English. Also, you should get comfortable enunciating every letter in a word. This chapter helps you figure out how to pronounce German vowels. Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Vowels Must Dress Appropriately What’s What? Vowel a, e, i, o, and u are vowels. Umlaut The term for the two dots that can be placed over the vowels a, o, and u. Modified or mutated vowel A vowel that takes an umlaut is referred to as a modified vowel, incurring a mutation of sound. Three German vowels—a, o, and u— can do a little cross-dressing. They are sometimes written with two dots above them. These two dots are called an umlaut and signal a change in the sound and meaning of a word. The sounds represented by ö and o are just as different as the English a versus u. Schon means “already”; schön means “beautiful” or “nice.” Ich trage means “I carry” or “I wear”; du trägst means “you carry” or “you wear.” This difference in sound is important. If you forget the umlaut over schwül, the German word for “humid,” and try to tell someone you find a city humid, you could end up making a judgement about an entire city’s sexual orientation (schwul means gay, or homosexual). When a vowel takes an umlaut, it becomes a modified or mutated vowel. The vowel tables in this chapter provide hints, English examples, and the letters used as symbols to represent the sounds of vowels in German words. Are You Stressed? What’s What? Stress The emphasis placed on one or more syllables of a word when you pronounce it. No, stress in German isn’t what happens to you when your Mercedes breaks down on the Autobahn. Stress is the emphasis placed on one or more syllables of a word when you pronounce it. If you say eether and I say eyether, and you say tomato and I say tomahto, it doesn’t necessarily mean we’ll have to call the whole thing off. A general rule for determining the stressed syllable in German is: With words of more than one syllable, the emphasis is usually placed on the first syllable, as in the words Bleistift, Schönheit, and Frag, thanks to the accenting established in early Germanic. Foreign words such as Hotel, Musik, and Philosophie that have been assimilated into the German language do not follow German rules of stress or pronunciation, although they do acquire German pronunciation of vowels. Your Own Personal Accent Some people have no problem pronouncing new sounds in a foreign language. They were born rolling their Rs, courtesy of genetics, and producing throaty gutturals. Some people spend their adolescence serving as conduits at seances for famous dead Germans, Russians, Spaniards, and Italians. Not all of us have been so lucky. 18 Chapter 3 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Vowels To pronounce words correctly in a new language, you must retrain your tongue. After all, hasn’t your tongue—the muscle that’s been making the same sounds since you first opened your mouth as a baby to utter “mama”—been wrapping itself around the particular language known as English for as long as you can remember? Those intuitive skills you used to acquire your first language will enable you to learn a foreign language. Heightening your linguistic awareness, you can teach your tongue to make new sounds the same way you would teach your muscles to make new movements if you suddenly decided to change your hobby from long-distance running to synchronized swimming. Don’t worry if you can’t make the exact German sound. As an adult language learner, you are able to monitor your speech—comparing your utterances with your conscious knowledge and correcting yourself accordingly. Strive for approximate perfection— chances are, what you’re trying to communicate will be understood. A Few Peculiarities of the German Language Believe it or not, the relationship between German pronunciation and spelling is much closer than the relationship between English pronunciation and spelling—no Great Vowel Shift or Norman Invasion to affect symbol/sound correspondences in German. After you learn how to pronounce German words correctly, reading them will be a breeze. You’ll also be glad to hear that the German alphabet consists of the same 26 letters as the English alphabet, so you won’t have to learn an entirely new alphabet as you would if you were studying Russian or Greek. Additionally, this same alphabet represents consistent sounds in German. There are, however, a few distinctly German language phenomena that you just can’t do without. The Famous Umlaut Remember those versatile two dots we spoke about earlier? In German those two dots are known as an umlaut: literally, um (“around”) + Laut (“sound”). The umlaut, really just a writing device to indicate another vowel sound, alters the sound of a vowel Achtung and makes a meaning change. Sometimes the change is grammatical, as in a plural form and in An umlaut can be added only to the comparison of an adjective, but most of the a, o, or u. It can never be added time the change is lexical—that is, it produces an to e or i. entirely different word. Around the year 750, resulting from a change in word endings, the vowel a, formed in the back part of the oral cavity, slid forward, approximating the front vowel i. This phenomenon of partial assimilation is visible in the Germanization of Attila to Etzel. By the eleventh century, the umlaut had, in general, spread to include other back vowels, such as o and u, and to diphthongs. English has vestiges of the 19 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics umlaut, observable in irregular forms such as old/elder and foot/feet. When you say foot/feet, you should be able to feel your tongue slide forward; that slide is vowel mutation! Capitalizing on Nouns When you see half a dozen capital letters in the middle of a German sentence, they’re not typos. One of the differences between written English and written German is that German nouns are always capitalized. This convention goes back to the Reformation when Martin Luther opted to capitalize those nouns he deemed significant, such as Glaube (glou-buh), “faith” or “belief,” and Gott (got), “God”—perhaps the e.e. cummings of his time! Compare this English sentence with the translated German sentence. Don’t be scared by the strange looking S in the German text. It’s known as an es-tset (you’ll read all about it in the next chapter). Note the capital letters in the following sentences: Which famous German writer and philosopher said that pleasure is simply the absence of pain? Welcher berühmte deutsche Schriftsteller und Philosoph sagte, dass das Vergnügen schlicht die Abwesenheit von Kummer sei? The answer is Arthur Schopenhauer. Where Did All These Vowel Sounds Come From? When it comes to the pronunciation of vowels, keep in mind that vowel sounds are organized into three principal types. These three types of vowel sounds are referred to throughout this book as vowels, modified vowels, and diphthongs. We’ve already discussed vowels and modified vowels. In German both of these groups can have long vowel sounds, which, as their name suggests, have a drawn out vowel sound (like the o sound in snow) or shorter vowel sounds, which have a shorter sound (like the o sound in lot). Diphthongs are combinations of vowels that are treated in German as a sinWhat’s What? gle vowel. They begin with one vowel sound and end Diphthongs Combinations with a different vowel sound in the same syllable, as of vowels that begin with one in the words wine and bowel (keep in mind that the vowel sound and end with a difsound of a diphthong in English can often be proferent vowel sound in the same duced by a single vowel, as in the word rose). Diphsyllable. thongs do not have long vowel sounds but rather represent a sliding together of two vowels. 20 Chapter 3 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Vowels As a Rule Generally, a vowel is long when it is followed by an h as in Mahl (mahl), an orthographic device thought up by fifteenth century spelling reformers. A vowel is also long when it is doubled, as in Meer (meyR) and Aal (ahl), or when it is followed by a single consonant, as in Wagen (vah-guhn). The vowel i is made into a long vowel when it is followed by an e, think Bier (beeR). In general, vowels are short when followed by two or more consonants just as in English. In the following pronunciation guide, each vowel appears in its own section. We try to give you an idea of how vowel sounds are pronounced by providing an English equivalent. Obviously, we cannot account for regional differences in either the German or English pronunciations of vowels and words. As you read this guide, remember that in English we have a tendency to glide or “dipthongize” vowels, whereas in German vowels are pure,” that is, they have a single sound. It may help to read the English pronunciation example first and then to repeat each German word out loud for practice. Say A as in Modern For the short a, assume a British accent and make the sound of the vowel in the back of your throat. Say: cast, fast. Now read the following German words out loud: Mann mAn man, husband Stadt shtAt city Rand rAnt frame lachen lA-CHuhn to laugh Matsch mAtsh mush The long a is a prolongation of the short a. Pretend you’re at the dentist’s office and say: ahhhhhhh. Wagen vah-guhn car haben hah-buhn to have Staat shtaht state Mahl mahl meal lahm lahm lame 21 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics German Letter a (short) a, aa, ah (long) Symbol Pronunciation Guide A ah Close to o in modern Say a as in father Say E as in Bed Smile while making the sound of the short stressed e, and your pronunciation will improve. This shorty is always flanked by consonants. Bett bet bed Dreck dRek dirt Fleck flek spot nett net nice When the e is unstressed, as it will be at the end of a word, it is pronounced like the e in mother. Bitte bi-tuh request alle A-luh all bekommen buh-ko-muhn to receive Dame dah-muh lady Hose hoh-zuh trousers There is no exact equivalent of the German long e sound in English, but you can approximate it by trying to make the sound of the stressed e and ay at the same time (be careful not to produce a diphthong). Try saying these words: Weg veyk way 22 Meer meyR see Beet beyt beet Mehl meyl flour mehr meyR more German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide e (short, stressed) e (short, unstressed) e, ee, eh (long) e uh ey Say e as in bed Say uh as in ago Close to the ey in hey Chapter 3 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Vowels Say I as in Winter The short i is easy. It sounds like the i in the English words wind or winter. Try saying the following words: Wind vint wind Kind kint child schlimm shlim bad Himmel hi-muhl heaven hinter hin-tuhR behind For the long i, try saying cheeeeeeeese and widening your mouth! Liter lee-tuhR liter Tiger tee-guhR tiger ihr eeR her; you Fliege flee-guh fly schieben shee-buhn to push German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide i (short) i, ie, ih (long) i ee Say i as in winter Say ee as in beet Say O as in Lord In German the sound of the short o should resonate slightly farther back in your mouth than the o sound in English. Mord moRt murder Loch loCH hole kochen ko-CHuhn to cook Ort oRt town English does not have an exact equivalent of the German long o, but if you drop the woo sound at the end of snow and hold your jaw in place as the vibrations of the o sound come up your throat from your vocal chords, you’ll be pretty darn close. hoch hohCH high Boot boht boat Ohr ohR ear loben loh-buhn to praise German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide o (short) o, oo, oh (long) o oh Say o as in lord Close to o in snow (without the w glide) 23 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Say U as in Shook The sound of the short u has just a touch of the sound of the long u in it. If you can add a little moon to the sound of the short o, you’ll be on the right track. Mutter moo-tuhR mother Luft looft air Schuld shoolt guild bunt boont bright Geduld guh-doolt patience Imitate your favorite cow (Kuh) for this long u sound: mooo. zu tsew to tun tewn to do Schuh shew shoe Uhr ewR clock Fuβ fews foot German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide u (short) u, uh (long) oo ew Close to oo in shook Say ew as in stew Achtung Remember, the German i sounds like the English e. Usually, the German e is soft, like the e in effort or the a in ago. Be careful not to run the two us together when pronouncing uu in words like Vakuum (va-koo-oom) and Individuum (in-dee-vee-doo-oom). In most cases the two letters are read as short us and are given equal stress. They should be treated as separate syllables, as they are in the English word residuum. Don’t treat other vowels this way, however; this rule applies only to side-by-side us, not to the a, e, or o. Modified Vowels: The Long and the Short of Them In German an umlaut changes the way a vowel is pronounced. Many German words are consistently spelled with umlauts, but other words take an umlaut when they undergo some change in pronunciation and meaning. This guide treats each modified vowel separately, giving you hints to help you make the correct sounds. Focus on getting the sounds right one sound at a time. 24 Chapter 3 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Vowels Say Ä as in Fair The short ä is pronounced like the short e in German. Stärke shtäR-kuh strength Männer mä-nuhR men hängen hän-guhn to hang ständig shtän-diH constantly The long ä is the same sound as the short ä, only with the sound prolonged—a quantitative rather than qualitative alteration. ähnlich ähn-liH similar Mähne mäh-nuh mane Bär bähR bear prägen pRäh-guhn to coin German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide ä (short) ä, äh (long) ä äh Say ai as in fair Say a as in fate Say Ö as in Fur This sound does not have an exact English equivalent. Round your lips and say ew sound while tightening the muscles at the back of your throat. Öffnung öf-noong opening möchten möH-tuhn would like to Hölle hö-luh hell Löffel lö-fuhl spoon Keep the long ö sound going for twice as long, just as you did the short ö sound. hören höh-Ruhn to hear schön shöhn pretty fröhlich fRöh-liH happy Störung shtöh-Roong disturbance German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide ö (short) ö, öh (long) ö öh Close to u in fur Close to u in hurt 25 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Say Ü as in the French Word Sûr This ü sound does not have an English equivalent. If you speak French, though, you’re in luck: The ü is very close to the u sound in the French word sûr. If, on the other hand, you’ve never spoken a word of French in your life, say ee, hold your jaw and tongue in this position, and then round your lips as if you were pronouncing u. Glück glük luck Mücke mük-uh mosquito Rücken Rü-kuhn back Rhytmus Rüt-moos rhythm The long ü or y is the same sound, just held for a longer interval of time. rühren Rüh-Ruhn to stir führen füh-Ruhn to lead Lüge lüh-guh lie Pseudonym psoy-doh-nühm German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide ü, y (short) ü, üh, y (long) ü üh Close to oo in food Close to oo in food As a Rule If you’ve read through this pronunciation guide thoroughly, you may have already noticed a certain correlation between the spellings of words and their pronunciation. For example, a vowel or modified vowel is short when followed by two consonants. When either a vowel or modified vowel is followed by an h and another consonant, however, or even by a single consonant, the vowel is long. Diphthongs Diphthongs are not a provocative new style of bikini. In English we tend to dipthogize vowels in words like sky, where the y is pronounced ah-ee, and go, where the o is pronounced oh-oo. Following the pattern of German diphthong formation, the o and 26 Chapter 3 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Vowels u in the English word about come together to create the diphthong ah-oo. You’ve seen diphthongs in vowels positioned back to back, as the o and the e are in the word Noel or the a and the e in the word daemon. Whatever form they take, diphthongs are always made up of two different vowel sounds that change in the same syllable. How do you recognize a diphthong? Listen. The first vowel sound glides or “dips” into the next vowel sound. In German they are vowels that travel in pairs. Here are the diphthongs most frequently used in German. For other diphthongs, each vowel should be pronounced the same way it would be if pronounced separately: Kollision (ko-lee-zeeohn), Familie (fah-mee-leeuh). Achtung Don’t confuse ie, which is pronounced like ee in feet, with the diphthong ei, which is pronounced like the English word eye. Think Bier (beeR) versus Wein (vayn). The Diphthongs el and al To make the sound of these diphthongs, start with your mouth halfway open, end with your mouth almost—but not quite—closed. Practice with these words: Bleistift blay-shtift pencil Mai may May vielleicht fee-layHt maybe klein klayn small fein fayn fine German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide ei, ai ay Say y as in cry The Diphthong au Let’s suppose that you’ve been trying so hard to pronounce these new sounds correctly that you bite your own tongue by mistake. You knit your eyebrows together and cry out in pain: Ow! That’s precisely the sound of this next diphthong. Try making this ow sound as you say these words: Haut hout skin Braut bRout bride schauen shou-uhn to look verdauen feR-dou-uhn to digest Sauerkraut sou-eR-kRout sauerkraut 27 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide au ou Say ou as in couch, mouse The Diphthongs eu and äu Try saying this: “Boy oh boy oh boy oh boy oh boy.” If you managed that without too much trouble, chances are you have the sound of this diphthong down. heute hoy-tuh today Reue Roy-uh regret neu noy new Schläuche shloy-Huh hoses Häute hoy-tuh skins German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide eu, äu oy Say oy as in toy All right, you can breathe a sigh of relief now. We’re through with vowels. If you had a little trouble getting your mouth to do what you wanted it to, don’t worry. You’ll need a little time to get used to making sounds you’ve never made before. German friends (or, in the absence of live, German-speaking human beings, German tapes from your local library) would come in handy now. You should try to listen to native German speakers, particularly because many of the modified vowel sounds do not have English equivalents. At this point, concentrate on getting the sounds right. If worse comes to worse, try calling the German consulate and playing the caller instructions in German over and over again (just don’t say we told you to)! The Least You Need to Know ➤ Untie your tongue. Hiss, growl, coo. Start making vowel sounds way back in your throat. Before you know it, you’ll be pronouncing words like Bratwurst and Fahrvergnügen correctly. ➤ After you learn the basic pronunciation of German vowels, you will be able to read some German without too much difficulty. ➤ Umlauted vowels are only slightly different from pure vowels, but this difference significantly alters the meanings of words. Practice making the umlauted vowel sounds, just as you would any new sound. 28 Chapter 4 Pronounce It Properly: Consonants In This Chapter ➤ Consonants that sound the same ➤ Consonants to clear your throat ➤ Worthwhile combos ➤ Hissing and Grrrring in German By now you should be able to make the correct sounds of vowels in German. But what good are all the vowel sounds you learned in Chapter 3, “Pronounce It Properly: Vowels,” without consonants? What good is Astaire without Rogers; Penn without Teller; hamburgers without catsup, lettuce, a tomato slice, and a pickle? The bottom line is, say oo or ee as often as you like: It won’t get you a Big Mac at a Berlin McDonald’s or a seat at the Vienna Opera without the help of a few consonants. The good news is, the sounds of German consonants are not going to be as unfamiliar as many of the sounds you tried in the previous chapter. German consonants are either pronounced like their English counterparts or are pronounced like other consonants in English. The only German consonant sounds you won’t encounter in English are the two sounds represented in this book by the symbol H (the ch in ich) and the symbol CH (the ch in Loch (loCH). In written German, you’ll also come across a new letter: the consonant β (pronounced es-tset). It’s a combination of the letters s and z and is considered a single consonant. When people can’t find the es-tset key on their word processor, they often write the es-tset as a double s (ss). In either case, it should be pronounced like an s. And it gets Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics What’s What? Consonants All the letters in the alphabet other than a, e, i, o, and u. Consonants are best described as involving some obstruction of the air stream, whereas vowels do not have any sort of obstruction. simpler! In August 1998, Germany decided to implement a spelling reform. Regarding when to spell with the es-tset and when to use a double s, the es-tset is used after long vowels (a concept introduced in the last chapter). Until August 2005 some latitude will exist with the acceptance of both spellings the former daβ (“that”) must then appear written with two s’s— dass—as the a in this word (followed by a double consonant) is short. Conquering Consonants Before you start stuttering out consonants, we should probably tell you a little about how this section works. The consonants in the following tables are not given in alphabetical order. They are grouped according to pronunciation type. You should read the pronunciation guide carefully from beginning to end so that you’ll know where to look later if you need to locate a specific consonant. For each letter, we provide English examples of how German consonants are pronounced along with the symbols used throughout this book to represent the sounds. Keep in mind that the symbols (consonants or combinations of consonants, lowercase or uppercase) are not the standard ones used in the dictionary. We’ve tried to choose symbols that correspond closely to the sounds they represent and are easy for English speakers to recognize at a glance. Reading through these tables may seem like crossing a muddy field—progress is slow, each step requires effort, and at times it doesn’t feel as if you’re getting anywhere— but it’s worth the effort: You want to speak German, don’t you? The Very Same Letters You Know and Love Many consonants are pronounced the same way in German and in English. When you see these letters, just go ahead and pronounce them the way you do in English words. German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide f, h, k, l, m, n, p, t, x The same as English letters Pronounced the same as in English Ex-plosives: B, D, and G Let’s take a look at the letters b, d, and g. They are called plosives because of they way their sounds are articulated: with small explosions of air. At the beginning of a word 30 Chapter 4 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Consonants (word initial) or when followed by a vowel, these sounds involving a stoppage of air utilize the vocal cords. Utter a b sound with a hand on your throat (where your vocal box is). You should feel vibrations. Its counter sound articulated at exactly the same place in the mouth, in exactly the same way, but not involving the vocal cords is a p. Whisper, and you will not feel the vibrations in your vocal cords. This sound is heard in German at the end of a word yet is orthographically (spelling-wise) represented with a b. For example, at the beginning of a syllable, b is pronounced the same way as it is in English: Bleistift (blay-shtift) “pencil,” braun (bRoun) “brown,” and aber (ahbuhR) “but.” When b occurs at the end of a syllable, however, it is pronounced like a p (without use of the vocal cords): Laub (loup) “foliage” or Korb (koRp) “basket.” Achtung The German L is not articulated in precisely the same place in the mouth as the English L. The English L is dark, formed with the tongue more relaxed. The German L—light, nearly as vibrant as the German R—is formed with the tip of the tongue just behind the upper front teeth. German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide b b at the end of a syllable b p Say b as in big Say p as in pipe At the beginning of a syllable, the d is pronounced like an English d: Dach (dACH) “stream,” denken (den-kuhn) “to think,” or like the first d in Deutschland (doytsh-lAnt) “Germany.” At the end of a syllable, the d, like its friend the b, looses its vocalization and is pronounced like a t: Leid (layt) “sorrow” or like the last d in Deutschland (doytsh-lAnt). German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide d d at the end of a syllable d t Say d as in dog Say t as in tail At the beginning of a syllable, g is pronounced the same as it is in English: Gott (got) God. At the end of a syllable, g is pronounced like k: Weg (veyk) “way.” But you already deduced that, didn’t you?!? The consonant g has yet another pronunciation, thanks to foreign infiltration. In certain words, usually ones that have been assimilated into the German language from other languages—namely, French, pronounce the g as in Massage (mA-sah-juh). 31 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide g g at the end of a syllable g in foreign language words g k j Say g as in God Say k as in kitchen Say j as in jeans As a Rule When the letters -ig occur at the end of a word, they are pronounced the way ich is pronounced in the German word ich: traurig (tRou-RiH). But check it out! We have the same word-building suffix in English, derived from Old English into Middle English -lic, meaning like, as in childlike. Eventually, this same suffix doubled its purpose and became the standard way to form an adverb as in the Present Day English friendly or homely. Freakin’ Fricatives and Fricative’s Relatives Fricatives are consonants articulated when the air stream coming up the throat and out of the mouth meets an obstacle, causing—you guessed it—friction. Got a Frog in Your Throat? CH, CHS, H, J There’s no exact English equivalent to the ch sound in German, but when you say words like hubris and human, the sound you make when you pronounce the h at the very beginning of the word is very close to the correct pronunciation of the German ch in ich (this ch sound being one of the most difficult sounds, we might add, for English speakers learning to speak German). If you can draw out this h sound longer than you do in these two English words, you should have very little trouble pronouncing the following words accurately: ich (iH) “I,” manchmal (mAnH-mahl) “sometimes,” vielleicht (fee-layHt) “maybe.” The second ch sound is articulated at the same place in the back of the throat as k, but the tongue is lowered to allow air to come through. To approximate this sound (represented in this book by the symbol CH), make the altered h sound you just 32 Chapter 4 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Consonants learned farther back in your throat—a little like gargling. Can you pronounce Johann Sebastian Bach’s name correctly? Give this a shot: Yoh-hAn zey-bAs-tee-ahn bahhhh (gargle and hiss like a cat simultaneously at the end). Once you can do this, you have nothing to worry about: You’ve mastered this second ch sound. Practice by reading the following words aloud: Buch (bewCH) “book,” hoch (hohCH) “high,” Rache (RACHuh) “revenge.” Take heart, however, as you don’t have to be conscious of the variation between H and CH; you will automatically produce the one prompted by the preceding vowel. That is to say, if the vowel coming before the ch sound is produced in the front part of the oral cavity (linguistic term for “mouth”) as in ich, the ch will come out less guttural than the ch after a back vowel, as the a in Bach. In general, when ch occurs at the beginning of a word, it is pronounced like a k: Chaos (kA-os), Charisma (kah-ris-mah). Exceptions occur, however, as in China, where the ch may be pronounced the same way it is in ich. The ch has a fourth pronunciation: sh. This pronunciation is usually used only for foreign words that have been assimilated into the German language: Chef (shef) “boss,” Chance (shahn-suh). German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide ch H CH k sh Close to h in human No English equivalent Say k as in character Say sh as in shape You won’t have any trouble at all with the chs sound. Say: Fuchs (foox) “fox,” Büchse (büxe) “box.” German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide chs x Say x as in fox The h is silent when it follows a vowel to indicate that the vowel is long: Stahl (shtahl) “steel”—remember those spelling reformers of the fifteenth century? In some cases, h is silent when it follows a t, as in Theater (tey-ah-tuhR). Otherwise, the h is pronounced very much like the English h—just a little breathier. Think of an obscene phone caller breathing heavily on the other end of the line and try the following: hallo (hA-loh). German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide h h Say h as in house 33 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics As a Rule The English th sound does not exist in German. Either the h is silent, or both t and h are pronounced separately, as in the compound words Stadthalle (shtAt-hA-luh) “town hall” and Misthaufen (mist-hou-fuhn) “dung heap,” both of which are “divided” by a glottal stop between the syllables. You produce glottal stops all the time, believe it or not, whenever you disagree, shake your head, and utter: uh-uh. That tiny pause between the syllables is referred to as a glottal stop! Whenever you see a j in German, pronounce it like an English y: Ja (yah) “yes,” Jaguar (yah-gew-ahR). German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide j y Say y as in yes Aw, Nuts: Z and Sometimes C The z sound is made by combining the consonant sounds t and s into one sound: zu (tsew) “to,” Zeug (tsoyk) “thing,” Kreuz (kRoyts) “cross.” Although this sound may seem new to you, English has the exact same sound—merely in a different position—word final, as in cats. German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide z ts Say ts as in nuts In German you will rarely run into a c that isn’t followed by an h, but when you do, that c should be pronounced ts whenever it occurs before ä, e, i, or ö: CäsaR (tsähzahR), or like the first c in circa (tseeR-kah). Otherwise, it should be pronounced like a k: Creme (kReym) “cream,” Computer (kom-pew-tuhR), or the last c in circa (tseeR-kah). 34 German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide c ts k Say ts as in nuts Say k as in killer Chapter 4 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Consonants Double or Nothing: KN, PS, QU The combinations of consonants in this section are pronounced together—that is, one after another. In English, the k is silent in words like knight and knot. In German, however, both k and n are pronounced: Kneipe (knay-puh) “pub,” Knie (knee) “knee.” German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide kn kn Say k as in kitchen and n as in now As in English, the consonants ph are pronounced f: Photograph (foh-toh-gRahf), Physik (füh-sik). In the other consonant combinations in this chart, both letters are pronounced: Pfeife (pfay-fuh) “whistle,” Pferd (pfeRt) “horse,” Pseudonym (psoy-doh-nühm), Schlinge (shlinguh) “snare.” German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide pf ph ps pf f ps No English equivalent Say ph as in photo Say ps as in psst The qu sound in German is a combination of the consonant sounds k and v: Quantität (kvAn-tee-täht), Qual (kvahl) “torment,” Quatsch (kvAtsh) “nonsense.” German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide qu kv No English equivalent VeRRy Vibrant: The German R If you thought you were tongue tied the first time you asked a girl (or guy) for a kiss, wait till you try the German R. Think of it as a fun challenge for any tongue. The sooner you master it, the sooner you’ll be talking (practically) like a native. Position your lips as if you are about to make the r sound but then make the gargling sound you made for the German sound represented in this book by the symbol CH. The sound should come from somewhere in the back of your throat. The r sound can be soft, as in the words Vater (fah-tuhR) “father” and Wasser (vA-suhR) “water,” or harder, as in the word reich (ReyH) “kingdom.” The distinction between these sounds is a subtle one. This book uses the same symbol (R) for both sounds. 35 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide r R No English equivalent In southern Germany (München and Stuttgart), the R is rolled on the tip of the tongue, whereas in the north (Hamburg and Bremen), the R is pronounced deep at the back of the throat. This “uvular” pronunciation of the R is the most frequently used, but if you can’t master it, try rolling your Rs (if someone asks about your accent, say you studied German in Stuttgart). Speaking of Hamburg, that accent is remarkably recognizable by its “sharp” s—instead of Spitze (shpit-suh) “point,” you’ll hear spit-suh. Old Smoothies: S, β, SCH, ST, TSCH The s is similar to the English z when followed by a vowel or surrounded by vowels: Sohn (zohn) “son,” Seife (zay-fuh) “soap,” Rose (Roh-zuh). At the end of a word, however, s is pronounced like the English s: Maus (mous), Glas (glahs)—note: no vowel following these ess’s! German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide s z s Say z as in zero Say s as in house The letter β (es-tset) and the letters ss are both pronounced like an unvoiced (no vocal cords in use) s: nass (nAs) “wet,” dass β (dAs) “that,” Maβe (mah-suh) “measure,” Rasse (RA-suh) “race,” Klasse (klA-suh) “class,” müssen (müs-uhn) “to have to.” According to the recently instated spelling reforms in German, the double s is used instead of β after or between two short vowels. German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide β, ss s Say s as in salt The consonants sch are pronounced sh: Scheibe (shay-buh) “slice,” Schatten (shA-tuhn) “shadow,” schieβen (shee-suhn) “to shoot.” German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide sch sh Say sh as in shape In German sp is a combination of the sh sound in shake and the p sound in pat. Try saying “ship” without the i. Now practice with these words: Spiel (shpeel) “game,” Spanien (shpah-nee-uhn) “Spain.” 36 Chapter 4 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Consonants The word-initial st sound is a combination of the sh sound in shake and the t sound in take. Try saying “shot” without the o sound. Practice by saying the following words out loud: steigen (shtay-guhn) “to climb,” Straβe (shtRah-suh) “street,” Stuhl (shtewl) “chair.” The st sound is pronounced the same way as it is in English when it occurs within a word or word-final in German: Meister (may-stuhR) “master,” Nest (nest). German Letter(s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide sp st shp sht st No English equivalent Say shot without the o Say st as in state Four consonants in a row! Don’t panic. It’s easier to read than it appears. Tsch is pronounced tch, as in the word witch. See? A breeze, right?: Matsch (mAtch) “sludge,” lutschen (loo-tchuhn) “to suckle,” deutsch (doytch) “German.” German Letter (s) Symbol Pronunciation Guide tsch tch Say tch as in switch Herbie the Love Bug: The Classic VW In most cases the v is pronounced like an f: Vater (fah-tuhR) “father,” Verkehr (feR-keyR) “traffic,” viel (feel) “many,” but in some cases, particularly with words that have been assimilated into the German language from other languages such as French, the v is pronounced v: Vampir (vAm-peeR), Vase (vah-zuh). You will readily recognize these, as English has borrowed them from French, as well! German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide v f v Pronounced as the f in father Sometimes as the v in voice The w is pronounced like a v: wichtig (viH-tiH) “important,” Wasser (vA-suhR) “water,” Wurst (vuRst) “sausage.” German Letter Symbol Pronunciation Guide w v Say v as in vast 37 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Pronunciation Guide When you are further along in this book, you may not have time to flip through page after page looking for the letter or the symbol you want to pronounce. The following table is an abbreviated pronunciation guide of vowels, modified vowels, diphthongs, and consonants that differ in pronunciation from English consonants. Abbreviated Pronunciation Guide Letter(s) Symbol English Example German Example A ah e uh ey i ee o oh oo ew Close to modern father bed ago Close to hey wind see lord Close to snow shook stew Mann Lage Bett Bitte Weg Wind wir Ort Verbot Mutter Versuch ä äh ö öh ü üh fair Close Close Close Close Close Stärke Bär Löffel schön Glück lügen ay ou oy I couch toy Bleistift Frau heute big pipe Bleistift obwohl Vowels a (short) a (long) e (short, stressed) e (short, unstressed) e (long) i (short) i (long) o (short) o (long) u (short) u (long) Modified Vowels ä (short) ä (long) ö (short) ö (long) ü (short) ü (long) to to to to to fate fur hurt food food Diphthongs ai, ei au äu, eu Consonants That Differ from English b 38 b p Chapter 4 ➤ Pronounce It Properly: Consonants Letter(s) Symbol English Example German Example bats killer Close to human No equivalent character shape fox dog time good kitten jeans house yes No equivalent No equivalent photo psst! sling No equivalent No equivalent zero mouse salt shape No equivalent No equivalent state snitch father voice vast cats Cäsar Computer ich suchen Character Chef Fuchs Dach Wand groβ Weg Massage Heimat ja Kneipe Pfeife Photo Pseudonym Schlinge Quatsch reich Suppe Glas Straβe, Masse Schatten spielen Sturm Last deutsch Vater Vase wichtig Zeug Consonants That Differ from English c ch chs d g h j kn pf ph ps ng qu s β, ss sch sp st tsch v w z ts k H CH k sh x d t g k j h y kn pf f ps ng kv z s s sh shp sht st tch f v v ts 39 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Practice Makes Perfect Have you practiced all these new sounds? If you have, we are willing to bet that you have succeeded in making most if not all of the sounds you will need to pronounce German words correctly. Now, practice some more by reading the following sentences out loud. German English Guten Tag, mein Name ist … Ich komme aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Ich spreche Englisch. Ich habe gerade begonnen Deutsch zu lernen. Die Aussprache ist nicht so schwer. Deutsch ist eine schöne Sprache. Good day, my name is … I’m from the United States. I speak English. I just started to learn German. The pronunciation isn’t so difficult. German is a beautiful language. The Least You Need to Know ➤ With some exceptions, German consonants are pronounced like their English equivalents. ➤ German is a phonetic language, in that every letter represented in orthography will be heard in its pronunciation. So, once you link a letter with a sound, you can pronounce a word 18 syllables long! ➤ Read whatever you can get your hands on that has been written in German; remember that the Internet is an invaluable resource for this! What seems peculiar in written German will soon become familiar to you, and soon— particularly if you listen to the German being spoken on a tape or by a native speaker—you will begin to associate letters with their corresponding sounds. ➤ Speaking of the Internet, there exist numerous Web sites that offer pronunciation guides using breakthrough software. Just click on a sound or word and hear it produced. 40 Chapter 5 You Know More Than You Think In This Chapter ➤ Cognates will help you understand German ➤ German words in the English language ➤ Beware of false friends Chances are, you’ve been speaking German for years without even knowing it! Kitsch, Wind, Mensch, Angst, Arm, blond, irrational—the list of German words you already know is longer than you think. The reason you know so much German is because many words in German are similar to or exactly like their English counterparts. These words are called cognates. In addition, many German words have been used so much by English speakers that they have been swallowed whole, so to speak, into the English language to become a part of our vocabulary. Many other German words are so similar to English words that you can master their meanings and pronunciations with little effort. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to put together simple but meaningful sentences in German. Cognates: What You Already Know Can Help You You’ve been invited to an art opening by an artist-friend you haven’t seen in years. She has been living and teaching in Berlin for as long as you can remember, and so you are surprised when you find the invitation in your mailbox. You have a thousand questions you want to ask her. What has it been like living in Berlin? Has she learned to speak German yet? Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics What’s What? Cognates Words in German that are similar to (near cognates) or exactly like (perfect cognates) their English counterparts—similar in form and in meaning. When the day of the show arrives, you go to the address on the invitation. Shortly after you push the door open and step into a noisy, crowded room, you conclude that something must be wrong. Everyone around you is speaking in tongues. Just as you are about to turn and leave, your friend pushes through the crowd and grabs you by the arm. You have not, she assures you, been kidnapped, drugged, and carried in someone’s luggage to Berlin. You are in the right place. Almost all of her admirers are Berliners, she explains, and what you are hearing is German. You stay close to your friend all night. You listen to the conversations she carries on with other people— auf Deutsch (ouf doytsh). What surprises you most is not how well your friend speaks the language—it’s how well you, having as little knowledge of it as you do, understand what is being said. You are able to pick up on certain words: interessantes Object, gute Freundin, phantastische Party, modern, blau, braun. Clearly, a new language—a hybrid, perhaps, of German and English—is being spoken, possibly even invented by this sophisticated crowd. How else would you be able to make sense of so many words? The fact is, German and English are not just kissing cousins—they’re sisters. Both languages like to borrow words from the same places—namely, Greek, Latin, and other Romance languages. Because both English and German are members of the Germanic family of languages, they share a lot of “genetic material”—cognates, for one thing. Another readily visible similarity is their word-building strategies—that is to say, add a little something to a noun or verb to make it an adjective: child + ish = childish in English; likewise, Kind + isch = kindisch auf Deutsch! But back to words that have the same meaning and similar form—the really great part about cognates is that they have the same meanings in German and in English. Pronunciation does vary, of course, but most of the time, these words are familiar to us. And don’t forget the American influence on Germany. Since the late ’40s, thanks to postwar reconstruction and increasing globalization, the German language has taken many words from English without changing them at all, for example, team, fitness center, aerobics, style, and camping. Perfect Cognates: Identical Twins The following table lists by article perfect cognates—words that are exactly the same in English and German. If you really want to get ahead of the game, use the pronunciation guide in Chapter 2, “Hitting the Books,” to pronounce these words the way a German would. 42 Chapter 5 ➤ You Know More Than You Think As a Rule In English, we have only one definite article, indicating specificity—a certain something is familiar and recognized in the referred to situation: the. German has three definite articles: ➤ der is for masculine singular nouns ➤ die is for feminine singular nouns ➤ das is for neuter singular nouns We call this grammatical gender, as opposed to biological gender, because the noun following the article doesn’t have to represent something male, female, or sexless. Mädchen (mäht-Huhn), for example, which means girl, takes the neuter article das. Grammatical gender is arbitrary—unpredictable, in fact! Remember: In German all nouns are capitalized. (Nouns and their definite articles are explained in greater detail in Chapter 7, “Joy of Gender.”) Perfect Cognates Adjectives Nouns Der Die Das ambulant Am-boo-lAnt Alligator A-li-gah-toR Auto ou-to blond blont elegant e-le-gAnt formal foR-mahl Arm ARm Bandit bAn-deet Bus boos Adaptation A-dAp-tA-tsion Chaos kah-os Bank bAnk Basis bah-zis Hand hAnt Element eh-leh-ment Folk folk Hotel hoh-tel continues 43 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Perfect Cognates (continued) Adjectives Nouns Der Die Das international in-teR-nA-tsio-nahl Café kA-fe Museum mew-zey-oom irrational ee-RA-tsio-nahl Chef shef Film film Hamburger hAm-boor-guhr Jaguar yah-gooahr Moment moh-ment Inspiration een-spee-RAtsion Isolation ee-zo-lA-tsion Negation ney-gA-tsion Olive ohlee-vuh Pause pou-suh Optimum op-tee-moom Organ oR-gahn Panorama pA-no-Rah- Religion rey-lee-geeohn Situation zee-too-Atseeohn Tiger ee-guhr Taxi ta-xee Photo foh-to Pseudonym psoy-doh-ühm irrelevant ee-Re-le-vAnt modern moh-deRn nonstop non-shtop mA parallel pA-rA-lehl permanent peR-mA-nent total toh-tahl warm vahRm wild vilt Motor moh-tohr Name nah-muh President pRey-zee-dent Wind vint Tennis ten-is Nest nest System süs-teym How Much Do You Understand Already? Now you could probably go back to your friend’s art opening, or to some other gathering of Germans, and carry on a simple conversation in German (with a very patient German). Let’s imagine that you are walking arm in arm with an attractive German beau or belle and making comments about the subject matter of the paintings. How do we recommend that you practice pronouncing these new words? If you haven’t already developed the habit of talking to yourself, start talking now. (Note: Ist expresses is in German.) Example: You might say of a painting of a tiger in a jungle … Tiger/wild: Der Tiger ist wild. 44 Chapter 5 ➤ You Know More Than You Think 1. You might say of a painting of a cowboy in the Wild West … Bandit/blond 2. You might say of a painting of the inside of a futuristic bank … Bank/modern 3. You might say of a painting of George Washington … President/elegant 4. You might say of the breeze coming in through the open window of the art gallery … Wind/warm 5. You might say of an abstract-expressionistic piece of art hung upside down … Chaos/irrational *Did you remember to lead your noun with the grammatically correct form of the? (der, die, das!) Close, but No Cigar The following table lists near cognates, words that are spelled almost—but not quite— the same in English and German. Although their spellings differ, their meanings are the same. Now would be a good time to recall the consonant shift that led to the separation and distinction of English from German. Consider, for example, the correspondence between the German t and English d. There’s taub for “deaf,” tief for “deep,” die Flut for “flood,” Bett for “bed,” hart for “hard.” If you vocalize both sounds, you will realize that both t and d are made in the same location in the mouth, in the same manner—the only difference is the utilization of the vocal cords. Practice pronouncing the German words correctly. Don’t forget to gargle those CHs and Rs! Near Cognates Adjectives akademisch AkA-dey-mish akustisch Akoos-tish amerikanisch Amey-Ree-kah-nish äquivalent eh-kvee-vah-lent Nouns Der Die Das Aspekt As-pekt Autor ou-tohR Bruder bRew-duhR Charakter kA-Rak-tuhR Adresse A-dRe-suh Realität Rey-ah-lee-tät Bluse blew-zuh Energie eh-neR-gee Adjektiv Ad-yek-teef Ballett bA-let Blut blewt Buch bewH continues 45 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics Near Cognates (continued) Adjectives attraktiv AtRAk-teev blau blou direkt dee-Rekt dumm doom durstig door-stiH frei fRay freundlich froynt-liH gut gewt interessant in-tuh-Re-sAnt jung yoong kalt kAlt kompetent koom-puh-tent lang lAng mystisch mühs-tish nervös neR-vöhs 46 Nouns Der Die Das Detektiv de-tek-teef Disput dis-pewt Doktor dook-tohr Elefant ele-fAnt Fuβ fews Kaffee kA-fey Markt mARkt Muskel moos-kuhl Nudel Noo-dulh Onkel on-kuhl Organismus oR-gah-nis -moos Ozean ohtse-ahn Pfennig pfe-nik Preis pRays Existenz ex-is-tents Familie fA-mee-lee-uh Gitarre gee-tA-Ruh Haare hah-Ruh Jacke yA-kuh Kassette kA-se-tuh Lampe lAm-puh Liste lis-tuh Ding ding Ende en-duh Glas glahs Gras gRahs Haus hous Herz heRts Licht liHt Medikament meh-dee-kah-ment Logik loh-gik Medizin meh-dee-tseen op-yekt Ding ding Objekt op-yekt Methode me-toh-duh Musik moo-zeek Nationalität nA-tseeo-nälee-tät Natur nA-tewR Papier pah-peeR Paradies pA-RA-deez Parfüm pAR-füm Optik op-tik Oper O-puh Prinzip pRin-tseep Salat zA-laht Nummer Noo-muh Schock shok Schuh Schew Phänomen fäh-noh-men Chapter 5 ➤ You Know More Than You Think Adjectives Nouns Der Die Das passiv pA-seef Skrupel skRew-puhl Produkt pRoh-dookt perfekt peR-fekt platonisch plah-toh-nish populär poh-pew-lähr Stamm shtAm Strom shtRom Supermarkt zew-peRmaRkt Wein vayn Wille vi-luh Qualität kvah-leetät Rhetorik Reh-toh-Rik Skulptur skoolp-tewr Theorie te-oh-Ree Tomate toh-mah-tuh Universität Ew-nee-veRzee-tät Schiff shif Skelett skeh-let Walnuβ wAl-noos Telefon teh-luh-fohn Warnung VaR-noong Zentrum tsen-tRoom primitiv pRee-mee-teef sozial zoh-tsee-ahl sportlich shpoRt-liH tropisch tRo-pish typisch tüp-ish weis veis Zickzack tsik-tsAk Programm pRo-gRAm Resultat Reh-zool-taht Salz zAlts What Do You Think? You have just boarded a sleeper train from Köln to München. Only one other person is sharing your compartment, a very attractive traveler, you are pleased to see—who alternates between reading a book and staring dreamily out of the window. You were tired when you boarded the train, but now sleeping is the farthest thing from your mind. Use the adjective and noun cognates and near cognates you have learned to engage your neighbor in conversation. 1. The weather is good. 2. Is the book interesting? 3. The author is popular. 4. The perfume is attractive. 5. The wind is warm. 47 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics 6. The character is primitive. 7. The heart is wild. 8. *The salt is white. *You think to yourself, “Did I really mean to say that?” Where the Action Is: Verb Cognates It’s time now to take a look at verb cognates in their infinitive forms. The infinitive form of a verb does not refer to a grammatical ghost that floats around in German sentences for all eternity. They end, and when they do, it is usually with an -en, as in the words helfen (hel-fuhn) “to help,” lernen (leR-nuhn) “to learn,” and machen (mACHuhn) “to do,” although sometimes an infinitive ends in a simple -n, as in sammeln (zam-muhln) “to collect.” (In English, to be is an infinitive.) The following table is a list of verbs that are near cognates in their infinitive form. Verb Cognates 48 German Pronunciation English backen baden beginnen binden brechen bringen finden fühlen haben halten helfen kochen kommen können kosten machen müssen öffnen packen bA-kuhn bah-duhn buh-gi-nuhn bin-duhn bRe-Huhn bRin-guhn fin-duhn füh-luhn hah-buhn hAhl-tuhn hel-fuhn kO-Huhn ko-muhn kö-nuhn kos-tuhn mA-Huhn mü-suhn öf-nuhn pA-kuhn to bake to bathe to begin to bind to break to bring to find to feel to have to hold to help to cook to come can to cost to make must to open to pack Chapter 5 ➤ You Know More Than You Think German Pronunciation English parken planen reservieren rollen sagen schwimmen senden singen sinken stinken sitzen spinnen telefonieren trinken paR-kuhn plah-nuhn Rey-zeR-vee-Ruhn Ro-luhn zah-guhn shvi-muhn zen-duhn zin-guhn zin-kuhn shtin-kuhn zi-tsuhn shpi-nuhn tey-ley-foh-nee-Ruhn tRin-kuhn to to to to to to to to to to to to to to park plan reserve roll say swim send sing sink stink sit spin telephone drink This Is Easy This isn’t so bad, is it? You can probably already read and understand the following fun and fanciful German sentences: 1. Der Präsident und der Bandit backen Tomaten. deyR pRä-zee-dent oont deyr bAn-deet bAk-uhn toh-mah-tuhn 2. Der Onkel trinkt Wein. deyR on-kuhl tRinkt vayn 3. Der Tiger und der Elefant schwimmen in dem Ozean. deyR tee-guhR oont deyr ey-ley-fahnt shvi-muhn in deym oh-tsey-ahn 4. Der Film beginnt in einem Supermarkt. deyR film buh-gint in ay-nuhm zu-peR-mArkt 5. “Religion oder Chaos? Ein modernes Problem,” sagt der junge, intelligente Autor. Rey-lee-geeohn o-duhr kah-os? Ayn moh-deR-nuhs pRo-bleym, zAkt deyR yoon-guh, in-tey-lee-gentuh ou-toh What’s What? Infinitive form The unconjugated form of a verb. In German the infinitive form of verbs end in -en or, in some cases, simply -n. Verbs are listed in the dictionary in the infinitive form. The English equivalent is to + verb. We utilize this infinitive form when using helping verbs such as had. 49 Part 1 ➤ The Very Basics 6. Das Baby liegt in den Armen der Mutter. dAs bä-bee leegt in deyn AR-muhn deyR moo-tuhR 7. Mein Bruder hat eine Guitarre. mayn bRew-duhR hAt ay-nuh gee-tA-Ruh 8. Der Aligator kostet $10,000. deyr ah-lee-gah-toR kos-tet $10,000 Achtung When you look up a verb in a dictionary, it’s important that you look it up under its infinitive form—that is, under its unconjugated form—just as you would if you were looking up a verb in English. Otherwise, you’ll have trouble finding the verb, because many German verbs change significantly (as do many English verbs) after they are conjugated, changed to reflect logical (grammatical) agreement with the subject, as in I like; she likes. False Friends No shortcut is without its pitfalls. Now that you’ve mastered the art of using words you already know to figure out words in German you didn’t know you knew, we must warn you about false friends, or falsche Freunde (fAl-shuh fRoyn-duh). In language as in life, false friends are misleading. What are false friends in language? They are words spelled the same or almost the same in German and in English that have different meanings. If you drink Bier (beeR) for two weeks straight at the Oktoberfest in München, for example, you may end up destroying your liver and lying on a bier shortly after your return to the United States. As you can see, these two words, which are spelled exactly the same, have totally different meanings. A word of caution: Cognates can be of help to you in learning German, but false friends can trip you up. Don’t assume you already know the meaning of every German word that looks like an English word. It’s not always that simple. The following table lists some common false friends. False Friends 50 English Part of Speech after adverb also adverb bald adjective blaze, blase noun brief adjective German der* After Af-tuhR also Al-zoh bald bAlt die* Blase blah-zuh der Brief bReef Part of Speech Meaning noun anus conjunction so, therefore adverb soon noun bladder, blister, or bubble letter, official document noun Chapter 5 ➤ You Know More Than You Think English Part of Speech chef noun closet noun gift noun sympathetic adjective kind adjective knack noun lusty adjective most adjective note verb see verb sin noun German der Chef shef das* Klosett kloh-zet der Gift gift sympathisch zŸm-pah-tish das Kind kint der Knacker knA-kuhR lustig loos-tik der Most most die Note noh-tuh der See zey der Sinn zin Part of Speech Meaning noun boss noun toilet bowl noun poison adjective nice noun child noun old fogy adjective funny noun young wine noun grade noun lake noun sense *der is pronounced deyR, die is pronounced dee, and das is pronounced dAs The Least You Need to Know ➤ By using cognates, you can express yourself in German with very little effort. ➤ Many German words and expressions are in use every day in English. ➤ Beware of false friends. Don’t let them trick you into saying things you don’t mean. 51 Part 2 Ready, Set, Go! Now that you can pronounce German, it’s time for some more vocabulary and a little structure. Even if you’re not a glutton for grammar, a little reintroduction to some grammatical principles will take you a long way in sounding like a German. In this section of the book, you’ll acquire not only the basics—nouns, verbs, sentence structure—but you’ll also learn how to express yourself more colorfully. Chapter 6 Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? In This Chapter ➤ Idiomatic expressions ➤ Expressions of time, location, direction, and weather ➤ Expressions you can use to get your opinion across ➤ Saying it right with German sayings It’s raining cats and dogs, and you’re bored to tears so you sit down to hit the books and study a little German. Today you’re going to focus on common expressions in German, many of which are idioms. What are idioms? They are the peculiarities of a given language, and a lot can happen if you don’t learn them. Let’s say you fall in love with a German politician and have a hasty wedding. He’s anxious for you to meet his mother, and the two of you fly to Köln after your honeymoon. Unfortunately, he’s called away suddenly on a top-secret mission. He arranges for you to have breakfast at the hotel with his mother the following morning. That night you’re so worried about your Mann (mAnn) that you are unable to sleep. You read a few children’s stories to yourself, something that has always soothed and relaxed you, and soon you fall asleep. The following morning at breakfast your motherin-law asks you how you managed to get through the night without her son. You have a working knowledge of German, and you know that Bett (bet) means “bed” and that Geschichte (guh-shiH-tuh) means “story,” so you say, “Mit einer Bettgeschichte.” Your mother-in-law goes pale, rises from her chair and stumbles from the room. Without realizing it, you have used the German idiom for having a one-night stand. Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! What Are Idiomatic Expressions, Anyway? The German expression for being lucky is Schwein haben (shvayn hah-buhn), which, literally translated, means “to have pig.” Don’t be too quick to take offense at something that sounds like an insult; it may be an idiomatic expression. Idiomatic expressions are speech forms or expressions that cannot be understood by literal translation—they must be learned and memorized along with their meanings. Most differ greatly from their English counterparts in meaning as well as in construction, but perhaps an even greater number differ only slightly. In English you say, “I’m going home.” In German you say, “Ich gehe nach Hause,” or “I’m going to home.” Because prepositions in general are idiomatic, it helps to learn them with certain expressions. Idioms make a language colorful. Idiomatic expressions tend to be culturally specific because the lexical items a certain language relies on to express nonliteral meanings generally have significance in that culture. For example, the German expression seinen Senf dazugeben (zain-uhn zenft dA-tsU-gay-buhn) literally means “to give his mustard to something.” Huh? Well, mustard does play a rather prominent culinary role in German, so take a guess. Exactly—it means to give one’s opinion—adding one’s two cents. After all, would you rather have some mustard to go along with your Wurst, or two pennies? To help you get a clearer idea of what idiomatic expressions are, here are a few in English: sell down the river haul over the coals let one’s hair down put one’s foot in one’s mouth snap out of it bite your tongue hit it off eat your heart out The following table lists some German idiomatic expressions that correspond, more or less, with their English equivalents. Related German Idiomatic Expressions 56 Idiom Pronunciation Meaning nicht in Frage kommen niHt in frah-guh ko-muhn groβe Augen machen vor die Hunde gehen Ende gut, alles gut gRo-suh ou-guhn mA-Chuhn foR dee hun-duh gE-uhn en-duh gut A-luhs gut to be out of the question to be wide-eyed to go to the dogs all’s well that ends well Chapter 6 ➤ Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? More Idiomatic Expressions in German You probably won’t be using too much German slang at hotels and restaurants, but you will certainly find it useful to learn and memorize idiomatic expressions, which are expressions that cannot be literally translated without forfeiting some or all of their true meaning. As they tend to be frozen in form, they tend not to change, and hence are very much worth learning. You’ll sound rather native and express yourself clearly by employing German idioms. The following table lists a few commonly used German idiomatic expressions, their corresponding English meanings, and their origins—the premise here being that knowing the source of these idioms will help you remember them. What’s What? Idioms Fixed phrases whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the individual words. They tend to be frozen in form and thus do not readily enter into other combinations or allow the word order to change. Common German Idiomatic Expressions Idiom Pronunciation Meaning reinen Tisch machen Ray-nuhn tiH mA-CHuhn mit der Tür ins Haus fallen mit deyR tüR inz hous fA-luhn jemandem auf den Zahn fühlen yey-mand-uhm ouf deyn tsahn füh-luhn nach Strich und Faden naH striH unt fah-duhn in die Binsen gehen in dee bin-zuhn gey-uhn to clear the air (Origin: The picture is of a table having been cleared of dishes—a “fresh start.”) to come straight to the point (Origin: The picture is of someone in such a hurry to get into a house that he pushes the door off its hinges and then falls on top of it.) to give someone a grilling (Origin: By feeling a horse’s teeth, an expert can establish its age and value.) good and proper (Origin: from weaving, referring to the two directions of the thread—warp and woof.) to go up in smoke (Origin: a hunting term—a wild duck took refuge from the hunter by hiding in the rushes (Binsen) of a pond or lake.) continues 57 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Common German Idiomatic Expressions (continued) Idiom Pronunciation Meaning wie am Schnürchen laufen vee am schnüRHen lou-fuhn den Bock zum Gärtner machen deyn bok tsum gäRt-nuh mA-CHuhn to go like clockwork (Origin: Die Schnur is the string from which a puppet is suspended and manipulated. Hence this idiom implies “perfect control.” to be asking for trouble (Origin: The picture is of a goat given freedom to roam in a well-tended garden. The goat’s owner is obviously asking for trouble, since goats will eat garden plants and trample on flower beds.) Off You Go Let’s say you live in Wisconsin and you’re going away for the weekend to your parents’ farm in Vancouver, Canada. One of your new German friends (who doesn’t speak any English) asks you how you’re getting there. You are at a loss for words. The truth is that you’ll be traveling by plane to Vancouver, then by car from the airport to the lake on the other side of your parents’ house, and then you’ll be traveling by boat across the lake to the dock where a horse will be waiting for you, which you will then ride to the house—but how in the world are you going to start explaining this? What you need are some expressions for travel and transportation. Look at the following table for some suggestions. Expressions for Travel and Transportation 58 Expression Pronunciation Meaning mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit mit by by by by by by by by by by dem Bus dem Fahrrad dem Flugzeug dem Motorrad dem Schiff der Straβenbahn dem Zug den Rollerblades der U-Bahn einem Auto deym boos deym fah-RAt deym flewk-tsoyk deym moh-toh-RAt deym shif deyr shtraH-suhn-bahn deym tsewk deyn Rol-luhR-blaydz deyR ew-bahn ay-nuhm ou-toh bus bicycle plane motorcycle boat streetcar train rollerblades subway car Chapter 6 ➤ Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? Expression Pronunciation Meaning mit einem Pferd/zu Pferd zu Fuβ mit ay-nuhm pfeRt/tsew pfeRt tsew fews on a horse by foot Putting Your Expressions to Use I (or How to Get There from Here) Now it’s time to practice what you’ve learned. Use the preceding table to fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct German expressions. 1. Ich fahre _______ von Wisconsin nach Vancouver. (I travel ______ from Wisconsin to Vancouver.) 2. Ich fahre ________ vom Flughafen zum See. (I travel ________ from the airport to the lake.) Ich fahre _________ über den See. (I go ____ over the lake.) 4. Ich reite __________ zum Hause meiner Eltern. (I ride _____ to my parents’ house.) 5. Ich gehe _________ an die Universität. (I walk to the university.) Culture Shock Literally translated, the German slang expression Das ist mir Wurst (dAs ist meeR vooRst) means “That’s sausage to me.” Although a great many Germans appear to love their sausage, this expression is used to show indifference. The idiomatic equivalent is Das ist mir egal (das ist meeR ey-gahl), which means “It’s the same to me.” It’s Time To … We’ve all benefited from—and suffered from—the vagaries of time expressions. What do people mean when they say, “I’ll see you soon,” or “I’ll see you later”? It’s hard to say. Sometimes it means tomorrow, sometimes in 10 years. Many time expressions have a wide range of interpretations, whereas others are more grounded and specific. The following table has a few time expressions you should know. Time Expressions Expression Pronunciation Meaning am Ende von auf Wiedersehen m en-duh fon ouf vee-deR-zey-huhn at the end of goodbye continues 59 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Time Expressions (continued) Expression Pronunciation Meaning bis bald bis heute Abend bis Morgen bis später (zu) früh früher (zu) spät später gleichzeitig guten Tag/Abend hallo heute in einer Weile jeden Tag jetzt monatlich plötzlich pünktlich regelmäβig sofort täglich von morgens bis abends von Tag zu Tag von Zeit zu Zeit wöchentlich zur gleichen Zeit bis bAlt bis hoy-tuh ah-buhnt bis moR-guhn bis shpäh-tuhR (tsew) fRüh fRüh-uhR (tsew) shpäht shpäh-tuhR glayH-tsay-tiH gew-tuhn tahk/ah-buhnt hA-loh hoy-tuh in ay-nuhR vay-luh yay-duhn tAk yetst moh-nAt-liH plöts-liH pünkt-liH rey-guhl-mäh-siH zoh-foRt tähk-liH fon moR-guhns bis ah-buhnts fon tahk tsew tahk fon tsayt tsew tsayt vö-Hent-liH tsewR glay-Huhn tsayt see you soon see you this evening see you tomorrow see you later (too) early earlier (too) late later simultaneously good day/evening hello today in a while every day now monthly suddenly punctually regularly immediately daily from morning till night from day to day from time to time weekly at the same time Putting Your Expressions to Use II (or What Time Is It?) What German idioms of time would you use in the following situations? 1. When your partner leaves on a business trip for the weekend, you say: 2. When you say goodbye to a friend you will be seeing later that evening, you say: 3. If the movie begins at 5 P.M. and you arrive at 5 P.M., you arrive: 60 Chapter 6 ➤ Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? 4. If the movie begins at 5 P.M. and you arrive at 7 P.M., you arrive: 5. If the movie begins at 5 P.M. and you arrive at 4 P.M., you arrive: 6. If you watch TV every now and then, you watch it: 7. You should brush your teeth: 8. If you follow a ritual every Friday: Go Left, Right, Straight, and Then Left Again Some of the most useful vocabulary you can learn, particularly if you plan to travel through Germany, are the words for expressing location and direction. To use many of these expressions, you need to know about cases in German (see Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland”). The following table focuses on simple terms to help you get to wherever you’re going. Expressions Showing Location and Direction Expression Pronunciation Meaning Drauβen entlang gegenüber geradeaus hinter (nach) links (nach) rechts neben seitlich über unter vor dRou-suhn ent-lAng ge-geyn-ü-buhR gey-Rah-duh-ous hin-tuhR (nACH) links (nACH) ReHts ney-buhn zayt-liH üh-buhR oon-tuhR fohr outdoors along opposite, facing straight ahead behind (to the) left (to the) right beside at the side over, across beneath, below, under in front of Putting Your Expressions to Use III (or Just Getting There in One Piece) Now you can get anywhere, right? Here’s a simplified map of a street. See if you can fill in the blanks correctly by following directions in German. 61 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Getting around on a German street. der Spielplatz die Post das Café die Bäckerei der Parkplatz der Bahnhof das Hotel das Museum Example: Rechts neben dem Café ist die Bäckerei. 1. Gegenüber der Post ist _____________. 2. Vor dem Museum ist _______________. 3. Links neben dem Hotel ist ______________. 4. Hinter dem Café ist _______________. 5. Die Bäckerei ist gegenüber _______________. So, What Do You Think? Opinions—who doesn’t have them? Some of us seem to have more of them than most people. Why? We express them. We tell you how the food tastes. We tell you whether we liked the movie. We tell you what we think of the government in our country and of the governments in other countries and of governments that don’t even exist yet but should. Now it’s your turn: Express yourself—auf Deutsch, bitte (ouf doytch, bi-tuh). (See the following table.) 62 Chapter 6 ➤ Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? Expressing Your Opinions Expression Pronunciation Meaning Mir geht es ähnlich. bestimmt Das ist mir egal. Das macht nichts. genau Ich habe keine Ahnung. Meer geyt es ähn-liH. buh-shtimt dAs ist meeR ey-gahl dAs maHt niHts guh-nou iH hA-buh kay-nuh ah-noong iH vays niHt nah-tüR-liH of-en-siHt-liH/klAR/ ayn-loyH-tend oh-nuh tsvay-fuhl/ tsvay-fuhl-lohs Dew/zee hAst/ hah-buhn ReHt. selbst-feR-shtänt-liH dAs ist fAlsh dAs ist feel be-suhR dAs ist f ö-liH riH-giH dAs fin-duh iH gewt/shleHt dAs ist ay-nuh to-luh/shleH-tuh ee-dey dAn-kuh kay-nuh ooR-zah-CHuh I feel similarly. certainly That’s all the same to me. It doesn’t matter. exactly I have no idea. Ich weiβ nicht. natürlich offensichtlich/klar/ einleuchtend ohne Zweifel/zweifellos Du/Sie hast/haben recht. Selbstverständlich Das ist falsch. Das ist viel besser. Das ist völlig richtig. Das finde ich gut/schlecht. Das ist eine tolle/ schlechte Idee. danke keine Ursache I don’t know. of course obviously without a doubt; doubtless You are right. self-evident That is wrong. That’s much better. That’s entirely right. That’s good/bad. That’s a good/bad idea. Thanks. No need. (no problem) Putting Your Expressions to Use IV (or What’s Your Opinion?) Imagine this: You’re spending the weekend with a friend. She (or he) suggests ways for the two of you to spend the afternoon. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate German suggestions and the English meanings. Your friend: Heute scheint ein schöner Tag zu sein. Denkst du dass es regnen wird? (Today looks like a beautiful day. Do you think it will rain?) 63 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! You: ______________. Ich habe den Wetterbericht nicht gelesen. (_________________. I haven’t read the weather report today.) Your friend: Hast du Lust heute Nachmittag schwimmen zu gehen? (Do you feel like going swimming this afternoon?) You: __________________________. Ich schwimme gern! (___________________. I love swimming!) Your friend: Vielleicht sollten wir zunächst den Wetterbericht lesen. Das Wetter könnte sich ändern. (Maybe we should read the weather forecast first. The weather may change.) You: _________________________. Das ist mir schon oft passiert. (__________________. It’s happened to me before.) Your friend: Welche Zeitung sollen wir kaufen? (Which newspaper should we buy?) You: ______________________. Ich glaube in jeder Zeitung finden wir einen Wetterbericht. (________________________. I think that we can find a weather report in any newspaper.) Your friend: Gehen wir ins Kino? (Should we go to a movie?) You: _______________________. Ich will den neusten Arnold Schwarzenegger Film sehen! How Do You Feel? Many physical and emotional conditions in German can be expressed with the verb sein (zayn), which means “to be,” just as they would be in English: I am sad, I am happy, and so on. To express many other conditions, however, you must use the verb haben (hA-buhn) “to have.” For example, in German you would say Ich habe Angst (iH hah-buh Angst); literally, “I have fear.” To express certain physical conditions, you can use both sein and haben. It’s important to memorize the German expressions that clearly deviate from the English ones, as you might create an embarrassing misunderstanding otherwise. Feelings that are expressed with the verb haben are followed by a noun. Feelings that are expressed with the verb sein are followed by an adjective. Chapter 9 discusses these verbs and how their form changes to agree with the subject. For now, concentrate on expressing how you feel: ich bin (iH bin) for expressions with sein; ich habe (iH hah-buh) for expressions with haben. (See the following table.) 64 Chapter 6 ➤ Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? Physical Conditions Expression Pronunciation Meaning … Jahre alt sein Angst haben (vor) ärgerlich sein beleidigt sein beschämt sein besorgt sein/Sorgen haben to be … years old to be afraid (of) to be angry to be offended to be ashamed (of) to be worried/to have worries to be thirsty Mir ist kalt. Mir ist heiβ. müde sein schlapp sein Schmerzen haben … yah-Ruh Alt zayn Ankst hah-buhn (foR) äR-guhR-liH zayn buh-lay-diHt zayn buh-shämt zayn buh-zoRkt zayn/zoR-guhn hah-buhn dooR-stiH zayn/dooRst hah-buhn feeR-tiH zayn fit zayn glük-liH zayn häs-liH zayn hun-gRiH zayn/hun-guhR hA-buhn meeR ist kAlt meeR ist hays müh-duh zayn schlAp zayn shmeR-tsuhn hah-buhn schön sein traurig sein verliebt sein shöhn zayn tRou-RiH zayn feR-leept zayn durstig sein/Durst haben fertig sein fit sein glücklich sein häβlich sein hungrig sein/Hunger haben to to to to to be be be be be finished in shape happy ugly hungry I am cold. I am hot. to be tired to be worn out to have an ache, to be in pain to be beautiful to be sad to be in love Putting Your Expressions to Use V (or How Are You?) Express how you feel, using the expressions in the preceding table. 1. Ich bin ________. (I am tired.) 2. Mir ist _________. (I am cold.) 3. Sie weint. Sie ist ________. (She cries. She is sad.) 4. Ich bin ________, daβ das Wetter gut ist. (I’m happy that the weather is good.) 65 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! 5. Mein Magen knurrt. Ich bin ________. (My stomach is growling. I’m hungry.) 6. Ich bin _________. (I’m in love.) 7. Ich kann nicht mehr! Ich bin________(I just can’t do anymore! I’m finished.) Achtung If you say, “I am hot” in German, you are certain to be misunderstood. Ich bin heiβ (iH bin hays) expresses the speaker’s level of sexual arousal. To express that you are hot physically, you would say, “Mir ist heiβ” (meeR ist hays)—literally, “It’s hot to me.” 8. Ich trainiere jeden Tag und mache Bodybuilding. Ich ___________. (I train every day and do bodybuilding. I am in shape.) Saying the Right Thing You know the saying “The early bird gets the worm.” Do you know what it means? Neither do I. Still, sayings are everywhere in language, embodying familiar truths and generally accepted beliefs in colorful, expressive language. Here are a few German sayings and their English counterparts. Sayings 66 German Saying Pronunciation English Equivalent Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst. Was ich nicht weis, macht mich nicht heiβ. Wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am Besten. The early bird gets the worm. What I don’t know can’t hurt me. He who laughs last, laughs best. Wer lügt, der stiehlt. Iss, was gar ist, trink, was klar ist, sprich was wahr ist. Ein Unglück kommt selten allein. Wer wagt, gewinnt. veyR tsew-eRst komt, mahlt tsew-eRst vas iH niHt vays, mAHt miH niHt hays veyR tsew-letst lAHt, lAHt Am bes-tuhn veyR lühkt, deyR shteelt is, vAs gahR ist, tRink, vAs klahR ist, shpriH vAs vahR ist ain un-glük kOmt zel-tuhn uh-layn VeR vAkt, guh-vint Kommt Zeit, kommt Rat. komt tsait, komt Rat He who lies, steals. Eat what is cooked, drink what is clear, speak what is true. It never rains, but it pours. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. Time will tell. Chapter 6 ➤ Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots? The Least You Need to Know ➤ Every language has idiomatic expressions that are specific to it. Such colorful expressions help personalize and individualize a language—rendering it culturespecific. ➤ Certain terms, phrases, and expressions in German will be useful when you want to express location or direction. ➤ The verbs with the highest frequency in both English and German are “to have” and “to be.” Start learning them and express your opinions and feelings. ➤ When you use popular sayings, don’t translate from English to German. Although the sense may be the same in both languages, they use different words. Your best bet is to learn these sayings and be proud to sound like a real German! 67 Chapter 7 Joy of Gender In This Chapter ➤ How to determine the sex of words ➤ Sex changes ➤ Pluralities Think a girl is female (das Mädchen)? Think your female baby-sitter is female (der Babysitter)? Think your infant girl is female (der Säugling)? Not to a German. In this chapter you’ll learn everything you need to know about the sex of German nouns. Determining Gender: Is It a Girl or a Boy— or Is It Neuter? If you have taken any French or Spanish, you have already dealt with nouns that have two genders. In German it’s more complex: German nouns have three distinct genders. Believe it or not, the English language used to share this fixation on gender with its German cousin. But very early on, even before Chaucer was writing his bawdy Canterbury Tales, English speakers were quite politically correct. We began referring to everything as a genderless the. If you’ve been reading this book carefully, you’ve probably already noticed that German nouns are preceded by three distinct definite articles: the Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! masculine article der (deyR), the feminine article die (dee), or the neuter article das (dAs). All plural nouns are preceded by the plural article die (dee). What’s What? Definite article The masculine (der), feminine (die), or neuter (das) article that precedes German nouns and corresponds with “the” in English. Unlike the English the, these articles show the gender and number of a noun, but both English and German definite articles indicate specificity. Although the natural, or biological, gender of the noun and the grammatical gender of the definite article may work the way you’d expect them to—Herr (heR), for example, the noun for “man,” takes the masculine article der (deyR)—determining gender can be tricky. Grammatical gender is arbitrary, unpredictable— basically, a matter of rote memorization. Don’t expect to get the article for a noun just by looking at it. Walk on the noun, shake it, turn it upside down, throw it against the wall and still you will be no closer to uncovering its gender. (It would, of course, be quicker and more effective to look up the noun in a dictionary; masculine nouns are followed by m., feminine nouns by f., and neuter nouns by n.) Scholars have come up with many theories about why some nouns take certain definite articles, but the truth is that in German there are no simple rules or explanations for determining gender. Why is the meat you eat at dinner neuter (das Fleisch), the potato feminine (die Kartoffel), and the cauliflower masculine (der Rosenkohl)? Your guess is as good as ours. The only fail-safe way of ensuring that you are about to use the correct gender of a German noun is to learn the gender and plural of a noun along with the noun itself. The gender of a noun affects its relationship to other words in a sentence, and if you learn the definite articles along with the nouns, it will be easier for you to form sentences correctly later. Nevertheless, a few tricks can help you determine the gender of certain nouns as well as alter the gender of certain other nouns, as in English when you change the word waiter to waitress. We’ll share them with you later in this chapter. Keep reading! Absolutely, Definitely Definite Articles Before you get into German nouns, you must take into account one little diversion: the noun marker that precedes most singular nouns. We use the term noun marker to refer to an article or adjective—something that indicates the gender of the noun— whether it is masculine (m.), feminine (f.), neuter (n.), singular (s.), or plural (p.) The most common noun markers, shown in the following table, are definite articles expressing “the” and indefinite articles expressing “a,” “an,” or “one.” 70 Chapter 7 ➤ Joy of Gender Singular Noun Markers the one, a, an Masculine Feminine Neuter der ein die eine das ein As a Rule The noun marker for plural nouns (die) should not to be confused with the feminine singular definite article (die). Although on the surface they share the same form (as you’ll find with several grammatical forms in German), their function is different. Because of this homophony in form, only the singular noun markers (der, die, das) clearly indicate the grammatical gender of a noun. Singular Nouns The nouns in the following table are easy to remember. An obvious correspondence exists between the grammatical gender of the noun marker and the natural, biological gender of the noun. Even the different types of mothers remain predictably feminine, while the different types of fathers are masculine in gender. Later in this chapter, you’ll learn how to predict the gender of compound nouns. But for now, become acquainted with family terms. Gender-Obvious Nouns Masculine Noun Feminine Pronunciation English Noun Pronunciation English der Bruder deyR bRew-duhR the brother die Schwester dee shves-tuhR the sister der Kousin deyR koo-zin the cousin die Kousine dee koo-zee-nuh the cousin der Freund deyR fRoynt the friend die Freundin dee froyn-din the friend der Onkel deyR on-kuhl the uncle die Tante dee tAn-tuh the aunt continues 71 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Gender-Obvious Nouns (continued) Masculine Feminine Noun Pronunciation English Noun Pronunciation English der Opa deyR oh-pah the grand father die Oma dee oh-mah the grandmother der Vater deyR fah-tuhR the father die Mutter dee moo-tuhR the mother der Stiefvater deyR shteeffah-tuhR the stepfather die Stiefmutter dee shteefmoo-tuhR the stepmother der Schwiegermutter deyR shvee-guhRmoo-tuhR mother-inlaw die Schwieger- dee shvee-guhRvater vater fatherin-law ein Mann ayn mAn the man eine Frau ay-nuh fRou the woman ein Sohn ayn zohn the son eine Tochter ay-nuh toCHtuhR the daughter As a Rule Nouns referring to male persons, their professions, and their nationalities—der Deutsche (deyR doy-tschuh)—are clearly masculine. Most nouns ending in -en are also masculine— der Garten (deYr gahR-tuhn)—as are the names of all seasons, months, days of the week, and most times of the day—der Montag (deyR mohn-tahk), der Januar (deyR yah-newahR), der Sommer (deyR zo-muhR), and so on. Even in a world where hardly anything is what it seems, you can still determine the gender of certain kinds of nouns even if you haven’t memorized their definite articles. For example, nouns referring to male persons (der Mann, der Sohn), nouns of professions ending in -er, -or, -ler, or -ner (der Pastor, der Bäcker), and most nouns referring to male animals of a species (der Fuchs, der Löwe) take the article der. But don’t worry about gender equality, as you’ll soon learn a sure-fire way to effeminate masculine persons and animals! The following tables group endings that will help you to identify the gender of nouns. 72 Chapter 7 ➤ Joy of Gender Masculine Nouns Masculine Endings Example Pronunciation English Meaning -ich -ig -ing -ling der der der der deyR deyR deyR deyR the the the the Strich Honig Ring Sträfling shtRiH hoh-niH Ring shtRähf-ling line honey ring prisoner Exception: das Ding (dAs ding), the thing Even if you aren’t a botanist, it may be helpful to keep in mind that most trees and flowers take the feminine article: die Tulpe (dee tool-puh), die Rose (dee Roh-suh), die Eiche (dee ay-Huh). Generally, two-syllable nouns ending in -e, such as Sonne (zo-nuh) and Blume (blew-muh), take the feminine article die. Feminine Nouns Feminine Endings Example Pronunciation English Meaning -ei -heit -keit -schaft -ung die die die die die dee dee dee dee dee the the the the the Malerei Gesundheit Leichtigkeit Gesellschaft Wanderung mah-ley-Ray gey-soont-hayt layH-tiH-kayt gey-zel-shAft vAn-dey-Rung painting health lightness company walking tour Das Berlin, das Deutschland, das Paris—countries, towns, and cities all take the neuter article das. So do the letters of the alphabet: das A, das B, das C, das D, and so on. So will most “borrowed” words: das Hotel, das Poster, and so on. Neuter Nouns Neuter Endings Example Pronunciation English Meaning -lein -chen -nis -tel -tum das das das das das dAs dAs dAs dAs dAs the the the the the Büchlein Kätzchen Ergebnis Drittel Eigentum büCH-layn käts-Huhn eR-gep-nis dRi-tuhl ay-guhn-tewm little book kitty result third property 73 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Exceptions: der Irrtum (deyR iR-tewm) “the error,” der Reichtum (deyR RayH-tewm) “the wealth,” die Erlaubnis (dee eR-loup-nis) “the permission,” and die Erkenntnis (dee eRkent-nis) “the knowledge.” Certain German nouns never change gender, regardless of whether they refer to a male or a female person or animal. Here are a few of them. German Pronunciation English das Kind das Model das Individuum der Flüchtling das Opfer das Genie die Person dAs kint dAs moh-del dAs in-dee-vee-doo-oom deyR flüHt-ling dAs op-feR dAs jey-nee dee peR-zohn the the the the the the the child model individual refugee victim genius person In most cases making nouns feminine is as easy as dropping the vowel (if the noun ends in a vowel), adding -in to the masculine noun, and, if the noun contains an a, an o, or a u, modifying this vowel: der Koch (deyR koCH), for example, becomes die Köchin (dee kö-Hin). This convention makes sense if you just think back to what an umlaut is all about: When the –in suffix is added to the noun, the i sound, produced in the front of the mouth, coaxes the back vowels of a, o, or u to slide a little forward, as well—hence, sound change! The following table lists some common nouns that can undergo sex changes. Sex Changes 74 Masculine Ending Pronunciation Feminine Ending Pronunciation Meaning der Lehrer deyR ley-Ruhr die Lehrerin dee ley-Ruh-Rin the teacher der Schüler deyR shüh-luhr die Schülerin dee shüh-luh-Rin the schoolboy/girl der Arzt deyR aRtst die ärztin dee äRts-tin the doctor der Bauer deyR bou-uhr die Bäuerin dee boy-eyR-in the farmer der Löwe deyR löh-wuh die Löwin dee löh-vin the lion der Anwalt deyR An-vAlt die Anwältin dee An-väl-tin the attorney Chapter 7 ➤ Joy of Gender Compound Nouns Meeresgrundforschungslaborauswertungsbericht— pronounced mey-Ruhs-gRoont-foR-shoonks-lah-bohRous-veR-toonks-buh-RiHt—what in the world, you may ask, is that? Believe it or not, that is a word— a compound noun, to be exact. It means “sea-floor What’s What? research lab evaluation report.” Some English words, such as nightgown, have also been formed Noun marker Any of a variety out of more than one noun, but compound nouns of articles, such as der, die, das, of the cargo-train variety are a German phenomeor die (the equivalent of “the” non. Don’t let these words frighten you. If you can for plural nouns), ein the equivrecognize the individual nouns, adjectives, or verbs alent of “a” for masculine or within the longer word, you should have no trouneuter nouns, or eine, the equivble figuring out the meaning. In the first table of alent of “a” for feminine nouns. this section, you learned that die Mutter means “the mother” and der Vater means “the father.” It didn’t take you long to figure out that the particle Stief adds a layer of meaning—“step”—and that Schwieger adds “in-law.” You also noticed that ALL forms of mothers were feminine, that is to say, they took the feminine marker, die. Hmmm … is a pattern is emerging here? Why, yes! German looks to the right end of a noun to determine its gender. Another way to think of it is that the (directional) right end governs the entire noun. And, after all, government likes to tell us how to do things, and nouns must abide by these very same rules! See whether you can put the following words together to form compound nouns: Example: die Zeit (“time”) + der Geist (“spirit”) = der Zeitgeist 1. das Hotel (“hotel”) + die Kette (“chain”) = 2. die Musik (“music”) + das Geschäft (“store”) = 3. das Geschenk (“gift”) + das Papier (“paper”) = 4. die Telefon (“telephone”) + die Nummer (“number”) = 5. der Brief (“letter”) + der Kasten (“box”) = 6. Schwer (“heavy”) + die Kraft (“power”) = 7. Treff (“to meet”) + der Punkt (“point”) = An n or an s is sometimes used between nouns to connect them: die Tomate (“tomato”) + der Saft (“juice”) = der Tomatensaft die Liebe (“love”) + die Erklärung (“declarations”) = die Liebeserklärung 75 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! When There’s More Than One Noun In English, talking about more than one thing is relatively easy—usually, you just add an s to a word. But there are plurals that stump learners of our language. How many childs do you have, or rather children? Are they silly little gooses, uh, geese? And what about those fishes in the deep blue sea—aren’t they fish? German plurals seem to be confusing, too, but there is a method to the madness. The German language has rules about forming plurals, stemming from the time when every German noun fit into a “class” of nouns and took many different endings. As this system of inflecting nouns declined in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, some of the features of these classes were retained as plural endings! This historical curiosity is what makes forming plurals in German such a challenging experience. Nonetheless, when a noun becomes plural in German, the noun marker becomes plural with it and the articles der, die, and das all become die in their plural forms. Pluralities Everybody knows that if you have more than one cat, you have cats (and a year’s supply of kitty litter); if you buy more than one red Corvette, you have Corvettes (and a serious midlife crisis). In German, however, it’s a little trickier. When nouns become plural in German, the noun may remain unchanged (Mädchen, for example, remains Mädchen in the plural); may take an ending such as -e, -er, -n, -en, or -s; or may undergo a vowel modification. Altering the vowel this way reflects such a noun’s history; we can deduce that many hundreds of years ago, an -i or -ja ending coerced the vowel to shift to the front. Rest assured, there are rules for forming plurals in German, and with enough attention and devotion, you will develop a feel for them, a type of Sprachgefühl. For now, the best way to be sure that you are forming the plural of a noun correctly is to memorize it along with the noun and the article. The following tables give you some basic rules on how to form plurals. What’s What? Inflection In German and in English, a suffix that signals a grammatical relationship—for example, case and tense, as in girl’s and walked. 76 When the nouns in the following two tables become plural, they take either -n or -en. A majority of German nouns fall into this group, including most feminine nouns. The nouns in this group never take an umlaut in the plural; but if they already have one in the singular, it is retained. When the nouns ending in -e, -el, and -er in the following table become plural, they take -n. Chapter 7 ➤ Joy of Gender Plural Nouns: Group I German Noun German Noun English Singular Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation Meaning das Auge dAs ou-guh die Augen dee ou-guhn eye(s) der Bauer deyR bou-uhR die Bauern dee bou-uhRn farmer(s) der Junge deyR yoon-guh die Jungen dee yoon-guhn boy(s) der Name dyeR nah-muh die Namen dee nah-muhn name(s) die Gruppe dee gRoo-puh die Gruppen dee gRoo-puhn group(s) die Kartoffel dee kAR-to-fuhl die Kartoffeln dee kAR-to-fuhln potato(es) die Schüssel dee shü-suhl die Schüsseln dee shü-suhln bowl(s) die Steuer dee shtoy-uhR die Steuern dee shtoy-uhRn tax(es) Most of the nouns in the following table that take the ending -en in the plural are feminine nouns ending in -ung, -ion, -keit, -heit, -schaft, and -tät. All nouns referring to female persons or animals ending in -in double the n in the plural form before adding the plural -en. This convention keeps the i sound short—no mutation here, my friend! Plural Nouns: Group II German Noun Singular German Noun Pronunciation Plural English Pronunciation Meaning das Herz dAs heRts die Herzen dee heR-tsuhn heart(s) das Ohr dAs ohR die Ohren dee oh-Ruhn ear(s) der Mensch deyR mensh die Menschen dee men-shuhn human being(s) die Freiheit dee fRay-hayt die Freiheiten deef Ray-hay-tuhn liberty(ies) die Königin dee köh-nee-gin die Königinnen dee köh-nee-ginuhn the queen(s) die Löwin dee löh vin die Löwinnen dee löh-vi-nuhn the lioness(es) die Mannschaft dee mAn-shAft die Mannschaften dee mAn-shAftuhn crew(s), team(s) die Möglichkeit dee mö-kliHkayt die Möglichkeiten dee mö-kliHkay-tuhn possibilities die Qualität dee kvah-leetäht die Qualitäten dee kvahlee-täh-ten quality(ies) continues 77 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Plural Nouns: Group II German Noun (continued) German Noun English Singular Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation Meaning die Religion dee Rey-leegee-ohn die Religionen dee Rey-leegee-oh-nuhn religion(s) die Zeit dee tsayt die Zeiten dee tsay-tuhn time(s) die Zeitung dee tsay-toong die Zeitungen dee tsay-toon-guhn newspaper(s) The nouns in the following table take no ending in their plural form. Some of the masculine nouns in the group undergo a vowel modification (as they have since lost their ending), as do the only two feminine nouns in this group. The neuter nouns don’t change. Plural Nouns: Group III German Noun Singular German Noun Pronunciation Plural English Pronunciation Meaning das Mittel dAs mi-tuhl die Mittel dee mi-tuhl the mean(s) das Zimmer dAs tsi-muhR die Zimmer dee tsi-muhR the room(s) das Fenster dAs fen-stuhR die Fenster dee fen-stuhR the window(s) der Garten deyR gAR-tuhn die Gärten dee gäR-tuhn the garden(s) der Lehrer deyR ley-RuhR die Lehrer dee ley-RuhR the teacher(s) der Vater deyR fah-tuhR die Väter dee fäh-tuhR the father(s) die Mutter dee moo-tuhR die Mütter dee mü-tuhR the mother(s) die Tochter dee toCH-tuhR die Töchter dee töH-tuhR the daughter(s) When the nouns in the following table become plural, they take the ending -e. All neuter and feminine nouns that end in -nis double the s in the plural form before adding -e, again, ensuring that the i sound remains short. Plural Nouns: Group IV German 78 German English Singular Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation Meaning das Ereignis dAs eR-ayk-nis die Ereignisse dee eR-ayk-ni-suh the event(s) das Gedicht dAs gey-diHt die Gedichte dee gey-diH-tuh the poem(s) das Jahr dAs yahR die Jahre dee yah-Ruh the year(s) Chapter 7 ➤ Joy of Gender German German English Singular Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation Meaning das Pferd dAs pfeRt die Pferde dee pfeR-duh the horse(s) der Baum deyR boum die Bäume dee boy-muh the tree(s) der Brief deyR bReef die Briefe dee bRee-fuh the letter(s) der Zusammenhang deyR tsew-sAmen-hAng die Zusammenhänge dee tsew-sAmen-hän-guh the connection(s) die Kenntnis dee kent-nis die Kenntnisse dee kent-ni-suh the knowledge die Kunst dee koonst die Künste dee küns-tuh the art(s) die Wand dee vAnt die Wände dee vän-duh the wall(s) The plurals of the nouns in the following table end in -er. Wherever possible, vowels are modified. When they cannot be modified, as in the noun das Bild (the vowels e and i never take an umlaut in German—they’re already “front” vowels!), the word takes the -er ending. Note that all the words that follow have only one syllable. Plural Nouns: Group V German German English Singular Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation Meaning das Bild dAs bilt die Bilder dee bil-duhR the painting(s) das Buch dAs bewCH die Bücher dee bü-HuhR the book(s) das Land dAs lAnt die Länder dee län-duhR the country(ies) der Geist deyR gayst die Geister dee gay-stuhr the ghost(s) der Mann dyeR mAn die Männer dee mä-nuhR the man (men) Practice Those Plurals You are spending your first day in Berlin. Practice telling people what you’re looking for in the plural. Example: You need some peace and quiet. You are looking for parks. Ich suche die Parks. 1. You need to have your wisdom tooth removed. You ask someone where you can find dentists in Berlin. Tell this person that you need the names of a few dentists. Wo finde ich _____________? Ich brauche die ________einiger Zahnärzte. 79 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! 2. You want to relax somewhere and drink a cup of coffee. Ask someone where some nice cafés are in Berlin. Wo finde ich einige schöne_____________in Berlin? 3. You’re looking for the brothers of a friend in a café. You’ve never met them before. Ask two men sitting at a table if they’re your friend’s brothers. Sind Sie die ____________von Marc? 4. You’re curious to find out what the weather will be like tomorrow. Stop at a kiosk and ask the man at the counter if all German newspapers have weather forecasts. Haben alle Deutschen______________einen Wetterbericht? 5. You’ve heard that Berlin has many gardens. Ask where you can find them. Wo finde ich die ______________ in Berlin? 6. You enter the lobby of a hotel. Ask the receptionist for the room rates. Wie teuer sind Ihre ____________? As a Rule Compound nouns combine two or more nouns into one. They are written as one word in German and take the gender of the last noun in the compound. Likewise, compound nouns, being governed by the right end of things, take the plural form of the last noun. Der Zahnarzt (deyR tsahn-ARtst), for example, is made up of the two words der Zahn and der Arzt (deyR ARtst). Because Arzt comes last, it is the only part of the compound noun that becomes plural. 80 German Singular German Plural English Meaning der Zahnarzt deyR tsahn-ARtst die Zahnärzte dee tsahn-äRts-tuh the dentist(s) der Weisheitszahn deyR vays-hayts-tsahn die Weisheitszähne dee vays-hayts-tsäh-nuh the wisdom tooth (teeth) Chapter 7 ➤ Joy of Gender What Have You Learned About Gender? In the following ads, which employers are seeking male employees? Which are seeking female employees? Which ads are open to applicants of both sexes? 1. Deutsche Rockband sucht englischsprachige Sängerin. Unsere Musikrichtung ist völlig gemischt und reicht von Billie Holiday bis Janis Joplin. Alle Bewerberinnen sollten Gitarre spielen können. 2. Das Knappschaftskrankenhaus sucht dringend Pfleger und Pflegerinnen, welche ab sofort mit ihrer Tätigkeit beginnen können. Eine Ausbildung in diesem Bereich ist erforderlich. Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns für weitere Informationen. 3. Wir suchen zu baldmöglichem Antritt eine freundliche Apothekerin (Vollzeit). Wir bieten eine eigenständinge und verantwortungsvolle Arbeit in einem kleinen, freundlichen Team. Achtung Some nouns in German are used only in their plural forms. These are worth noting, particularly because you don’t have to worry about whether the articles preceding them are masculine, feminine, or neuter. They always take the plural article die. German English 4. Sekretär/in gesucht! Deutsche Muttersprache/ gute Englischkentnisse/PC-Erfahrung (Internet)/bis 40 Jahre/Gehalt nach Vereinbahrung. die Ferien vacation die Geschwister brothers and sisters 5. Restaurant sucht Koch zur Aushilfe. Wir betreiben ein Apfelweinlokal in Frankfurt und suchen umgehend einen Aushilfskoch. Gehalt nach Absprache. die Leute people die Eltern parents 81 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! As a Rule A few nouns in German (usually words ending in a, i, or o) take an -s to form the plural, as in das Lotto (die Lottos). In addition, add “s” in the plural for nouns of foreign origin, such as die Kamera (die Kameras), das Café (die Cafés), das Büro (die Büros). German abbreviated nouns also add an s in the plural: der/die Azubi (die Azubis), being an abbreviation for der/die Auszubildende, a type of student undertaking further education. The Least You Need to Know ➤ The only sure-fire way to know a noun’s gender is to memorize the definite article with the noun. ➤ Most nouns referring to male persons and animals become feminine nouns when -in is added. ➤ Compound nouns in German are easy to formulate and instantly increase your vocabulary power. Figuring out their gender or their plural form won’t be a problem, since gender and plural forms of even the longest compound words are always determined by the rightmost constituents. ➤ There are many exceptions to rules about forming plurals. Plural forms of nouns should be learned along with the noun and the definite article. If you think of nouns in terms of a triangle—one point being the noun; one, its gender; and the third, its plural form—you’ll be learning three parcels of information for the price of one! 82 Chapter 8 Fitting Form with Function In This Chapter ➤ Cases in German ➤ Definite articles ➤ An introduction to subject pronouns ➤ Formality issues Before we start, we should probably warn you that this chapter introduces some new grammatical concepts and that it just might take some time before you fully understand them. More understanding will come with time and exposure to the language. We all know that learning grammar can be about as exciting as watching grass grow, but lots of people have done it and are now happy, German-speaking individuals. Now that you have familiarized yourself with nouns, it’s time to start forming sentences. In English, once you have the subject, the verb, and the direct object, forming a sentence is easy enough; you put the words in the right order and start talking. It doesn’t work this way in German, however. Word order—the position of words in a sentence—isn’t as crucial in German as it is in English because German has retained many of the inflections that English dropped along the way. German nouns, pronouns, articles, adjectives, and prepositions are inflected; that is to say, they have overt markings showing grammatical relations. Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! The Four Cases in German You don’t have to be Sherlock Holmes to figure out cases in German. Cases are the form articles, adjectives, pronouns, and a few nouns take in a sentence depending on their function. When we speak of cases and nouns, we are speaking of their articles, since the article that precedes a noun is the primary indicator of its gender, number, and—you guessed it—case. German uses four cases to express grammatical relations between sentence parts: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. By altering the form of the, you can figure out what’s happening to whom no matter where the nouns are in the sentence. So don’t be put off. Although at first you might scowl at such grammatical-sounding terms, you figured all this out intuitively when you acquired English—you just didn’t have to label grammatical relations as you do when you learn a foreign language. In a nutshell, the nominative case indicates the subject of a sentence, the accusative case indicates the direct object of a sentence, and the dative case indicates the indirect object of a sentence. The genitive case shows possession, as in the phrase the fish’s tail. Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object The girl eats the tail of the fish In German, cases enable you to vary the order of nouns and pronouns without changing the overall meaning of the sentence, allowing you to place focus on whatever element of the sentence you like! Das Mädchen isst den Fisch. What’s What? Case The form articles, adjectives, pronouns, and a few nouns in German take depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. Den Fisch isst das Mädchen. Although the second sentence might make you think that the fish is eating the girl, it isn’t, thanks to the cases taken by the nouns das Mädchen (nom.) and den Fisch (acc.). Despite the position of the nouns, the noun markers remain the same in both sentences, clearly indicating that the fish is being eaten by the girl, and not that the girl is being eaten by the fish. Starting with the Nominative Case Nominative is the case of the subject of the sentences—that is, of the noun or pronoun performing the action (or undergoing the state of being) of the verb. Think of the nominative case as “naming” who or what is performing the action in the sentence. 84 Chapter 8 ➤ Fitting Form with Function Nominative (Subject) Verb Ich (I) trinke (drink) What Gets the Action: The Accusative Case The accusative case is used with the direct object. The direct object tells you to whom or what the action of the verb is being directed. You also use the accusative case with time and measuring data that specifies how short, how soon, how often, how much, how old, and so on. Some varieties in English still express the accusative case (in English it’s called the objective case) by using the alternative form of who: whom. Think of the accusative case as expressing whom or what is being “accused” by the verb. Nominative (Subject) Verb Accusative (Direct Object) Er (he) schickt (sends) ein Paket (a package) Indirectly: The Dative Case The dative case can be used instead of a possessive adjective with parts of the body and after certain verbs, prepositions, and adjectives. It is used primarily to indicate the indirect object, however. The indirect object is the object for whose benefit or in whose interest the action of the verb is being performed. Think of giving, helping, pleasing, and such—an animate object is receiving the action, and usually something else (the direct object), to boot! As English lost most of its inflectional endings reflecting this case, it relies on word order and prepositions, such as to and for to express the dative function. Nominative (Subject) Dative Verb Er (he) schickt (sends) What’s What? Word order The position of words in a sentence contributing to the meaning or sense of a sentence. Accusative (Indirect Object) (Direct Object) seinem Bruder (his brother) ein Paket (a package) 85 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! It’s All Mine: The Genitive Case What’s What? Declension The pattern of changes occurring in articles, adjectives, pronouns, and a few nouns in each of the four cases. The genitive case indicates possession. Whereas English uses an ’s—the neighbor’s yard—or the preposition of—the yard of the neighbor—to express possession, German can use either an -s after a person’s name or the German prepositional equivalent, von. Most of the time, however, German marks possession on both the noun marker (the article or adjective preceding the noun) and, with neuter and masculine nouns, after the noun with -(e)s. Although this construction might seem confusing at first, think of it in terms of the word possessive; look at all of those -s’s. Why not latch on to that idea in German?!? Nominative (Subject) Dative (Verb) Genitive (Indirect Object) Er (he) schickt (sends) der Frau (the wife) Accusative (Possessive) Direct Object seines Bruders (of his brother) ein Paket (a package) Marking Who’s Doing What to Whom If you’ve been exposed to Latin or a Slavic language such as Polish or Russian, you might have heard about declension, the term used to talk about the changes occurring in a word to indicate different cases. What’s What? Paradigm A grammatical chart, organized in a regular way so that new information may be plugged in and easily assimilated. 86 Declension refers to the patterns of change followed by different groups of words in each case. Declension in German is pretty much limited to articles and a few instances of nouns. True, adjectives take an ending, but it is readily and simply determinable from the word preceding the noun (if there is one). In addition, pronouns change form according to their function, but this change is very similar to English: he versus him, and such. Be sure that when you are looking up a noun, you look for it under its base form— not its plural or possessive form. The nominative singular is the form under which nouns appear in the dictionary. Chapter 8 ➤ Fitting Form with Function The Case of the Definite Article German has four possible declensions for each definite article (remember, definite articles are used when you are speaking about a particular person or thing). In addition, the plurals of der, die, and das have separate declensions. Commit this chart to memory, rewrite it on a card, use a different color for each case, do anything and everything to help yourself conceptualize the case system. This system is your springboard, and you won’t be able to dive in if you don’t learn this paradigm. In addition, you will be able to plug in new information as you go along. Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nom. der deyR den deyn dem deym des des die dee die dee der deyR der deyR das dAs das dAs dem deym des des die dee die dee den deyn der deyR Acc. Dat. Gen. Masculine Nouns Using the same paradigm—the same setup of cases in descending order of nominative, accusative, dative, followed by genitive—we can plug in actual masculine nouns. Notice the noun endings in the genitive case and with the monosyllabic noun in the dative case. Although we discussed the issue of the -e in the dative case with monosyllabic masculine nouns, you’ll observe that the same monosyllabic noun gets an -e before its genitive -s. Nothing like a little consistency, eh? Case Noun Pronunciation Noun Pronunciation Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. der Fall den Fall dem Falle des Falles deyR fAl deyn fAl deym fA-luh des fA-luhs der Vater den Vater dem Vater des Vaters deyR fah-tuhR deyn fah-tuhR deym fah-tuhR des fah-tuhRs Remember those antiquated noun classes that tried really hard to die out? Well, another leftover occurs with a few masculine nouns that take an -(e)n ending in all cases except the nominative. These are usually referred to as weak nouns because they’re too weak to stand on their own. Because they get an -(e)n in the genitive, you don’t need to add that usual -(e)s. This group includes many nouns of foreign origin that are accented on the last syllable, such as der Assistent, der Demokrat, der Polizist, der Präsident, 87 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! der Tourist; masculine nouns that end in an unstressed -e, such as der Löwe (“lion”); der Kunde (“customer”); and in a few monosyllabic nouns, such as der Mensch (“human being”), der Held (“hero”), der Herr (“man”), der Junge (“boy”). Case Noun Pronunciation Noun Pronunciation Nom. der Student deyR shtew-dent der Junge deyR yoon-guh Acc. den Studenten deyn shtew-den-tuhn den Jungen deyn yoon-guhn Dat. dem Studenten deym shtew-den-tuhn dem Jungen deym yoon-guhn Gen. des Studenten des shtew-den-tuhn des Jungen des yoon-guhn Feminine Nouns Fair’s fair, so here are a few feminine nouns plugged into our paradigm. Notice that feminine nouns, unlike the masculine ones, do not need endings. They remain unchanged. Case Noun Pronunciation Noun Pronunciation Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. die Lust die Lust der Lust der Lust dee loost dee loost deyR loost deyR loost die Blume die Blume der Blume der Blume dee blew-muh dee blew-muh deyR blew-muh deyR blew-muh Neuter Nouns And now for the neuter nouns. Just like the masculine ones, the monosyllabic neuter noun takes that vestigal -e ending in the dative and -(e)s in the genitive case. Case Noun Pronunciation Noun Pronunciation Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. das Jahr das Jahr dem Jahre des Jahres dAs yahR dAs yahR deym yah-Ruh des yah-Ruhs das Licht das Licht dem Licht des Lichts dAs liHt dAs liHt deym liHt des liHts Plurals Coming now to the right side of the original paradigm, we can plug in the plural nouns for father and child, only augmenting them with an n in the dative case. If the plural form already ends in an -n, as in Katzen (“cats”), you’ve nothing to worry about! 88 Chapter 8 ➤ Fitting Form with Function Case Plural Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. die Väter die Väter den Vätern der Väter dee f äh-tuhR dee f äh-tuhR deyn f äh-tuhRn deyR f äh-tuhR die Kinder die Kinder den Kinder der Kinder dee kin-duhR dee kin-duhR deyn kin-duhR deyR kin-duhR The Case of the Indefinite Article The English equivalent for the indefinite article is a or an. Indefinite articles are used when you are speaking about a noun in general, not about a specific noun. Only three declensions are possible for the indefinite article because indefinite articles do not occur in the plural—just as in English, it’s not possible or logical to talk about a books. Again, we’re using that original paradigm and plugging in this new information that really isn’t all that new. If you compare this chart of indefinite articles with the definite article chart, you’ll see that all the feminine endings exactly resemble the ends of the femiWhat’s What? nine definite articles: die, eine; die, eine; der, einer; der, einer. Now look for correspondences in the masIndefinite article Articles culine and neuter. Sure enough, only three new bits used when you are speaking of information are actually on this chart, provided about a noun in general, not you’ve done your homework and learned the other about a specific noun. The indefparadigm: masculine and neuter nominative and inite article is used to introduce neuter accusative indefinite articles (ein) don’t take a topic into discourse. an ending. See? German is simple, after all! Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nom. ein ayn einen ay-nuhn einem ay-nuhm eines ay-nuhs eine ay-nuh eine ay-nuh einer ay-nuhr einer ay-nuhr ein ayn ein ayn einem ay-nuhm eines ay-nuhs none Acc. Dat. Gen. none none none 89 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Subject Pronouns Before you can form sentences with verbs in German, you have to know something about subject pronouns. A subject pronoun is, as its name suggests, the subject of a sentence—the who or what that performs the action. The verb must agree with the subject pronoun (grammatically speaking, that is, in person and number—we all know verbs don’t have opinions of their own). You can link this bit of information to what you already know about cases. The case of the subject is nominative, so you can also think about these pronouns as nominative personal pronouns. The German subject pronouns in the following table have a person (first person is I, second person is you, third person is he, she, or it) just as subject pronouns do in English, and a number (singular or plural). If you’ve ever studied literature, you may recall discussing narrators’ perspectives: first-person omniscient or limited was told by the narrator, using I; third-person objective had the narrators talking about the story and characters, using he and she. So what is second person all about? It involves directly addressing someone—talking to someone. Subject Pronouns Person Singular English Plural English First ich iH du dew er, sie, es eR, zee, es I wir veer ihr eer sie Sie zee we Second Third you he, she, it you they (formal) you As a Rule It used to be considered polite in German society to use the third-person plural to refer to someone you were talking to. One speaker would look directly at another and use “they” when referring to that person! Hence, the German formal pronouns are exactly the same as the third-person plural pronouns. Less to learn! 90 Chapter 8 ➤ Fitting Form with Function Du Versus Sie—Informal Versus Formal When was the last time you got up from your seat on a crowded bus, turned to someone, and said, “Would thee like to sit down?” Today the only place you’re going to come across thee is in Shakespeare (“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”) In German, however, Sie (the polite form for “you”) is still very much a part of the German vocabulary. Generally, Sie is used with people you don’t know or to indicate respect. Du, the informal “you,” is used more casually: with your peers or with those you know well. See whether you can figure out which of the following questions you would address to your teacher and which you would use to initiate a conversation with a fellow student. Wie heiβt du? vee hayst dew What’s your name? Wie heiβen Sie? vee hay-suhn zee What’s your name? What would happen if pronouns were outlawed? “So, Beate, is it true that Beate is going to the Oktoberfest with Maria and Bob? Are Maria and Bob meeting Beate at the Oktoberfest, or are Maria and Bob meeting Beate later?” If you had to speak this way, a revolution to reinstate the pronoun would occur in a matter of days so that people could once again say, “So, Beate, is it true that you are going to the Oktoberfest with Maria and Bob? Are they meeting you there, or are you meeting them later?” We Are Family Stepping back into the not-somythical linguistic past, both English and German used to decline nouns. Our English possessive -s is a remnant. All nouns in German and English used to take an ending. You may thank your lucky stars that in present-day German, only trace vestiges of this complex system remain. In the fifth century, neuter and masculine monosyllabic nouns were members of the same class of nouns, and reflective of this history, an -e ending remains with neuter and masculine monosyllabic nouns in the dative case. This practice of declension is gradually falling by the wayside, yet fossilized in such fixed expressions as im Jahre, zu Hause. Pronouns streamline your speech. You’ll note from the following examples that the gender of the pronoun must correspond to the gender of the noun; as in English, the same “they” (sie) is used to refer to more than one person, be they of mixed company, all feminine, or all masculine. 91 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Noun(s) Pronouns Stefan Katrin Mattias und Frank Tania und Anne Julia und Klaus er sie sie sie sie You can also use pronouns to replace the name of a common noun referring to a place, thing, or idea. Whereas in English we use the blanket pronoun it to refer to anything inanimate, the gender of the pronoun in German must correspond to the gender of the noun. Noun Pronunciation Pronoun Meaning das Restaurant die Bank das Café und das Kino der Hafen und das Schiff die Straβe und die Kirche das Geschäft und die Schuhe dAs Res-tou-Rant dee bAnk dAs kah-fey oont dAs kee-noh deyR ha-fuhn oond dAs shif dee ShtRah-suh oond dee KeeR-Huh dAs guh-shäft oond dee shew-huh es sie sie the restaurant the bank the café and the movie theater the harbor and the ship the street and the church the store and the shoes sie sie sie Er, Sie, Es? Imagine that your boss marries a woman young enough to be his granddaughter. You attend the wedding reception with your best friend. Toward the end of the Feier (fayuhR), his ex-wife barges in and takes a hatchet to the wedding cake. Eventually, she is subdued and escorted to the door. The guests recover their poise, and the festivities continue. You and your friend don’t get a chance to talk about this scandalous turn of events until you are in the elevator on your way to the parking lot. You don’t know exactly who is in the elevator with you, so you try to keep your use of people’s 92 Chapter 8 ➤ Fitting Form with Function names to a minimum. Which pronouns would you use to talk about the in-laws? the bride? the groom? Which pronoun would you use to talk about the hatchet? the party? the hotel? the other people in the elevator? Example: Der Ehemann küsste seine Frau. Answer: Er küsste seine Frau. 1. Die Schwiegereltern tanzten. 2. Die Musik war heiter. 3. Die Mutter des Ehemanns weinte. 4. Der Onkel der Ehefrau war betrunken. Don’t confuse the singular sie (she) with the plural sie (they). The verb indicates whether the pronoun sie is being used as third-person singular or thirdperson plural. The formal Sie (pronoun) is always capitalized. 5. Das Kind der neuen Frau is 1 Jahr alt. The Least You Need to Know ➤ The function of German nouns and pronouns in a sentence is indicated by their case, which can be nominative, accusative, dative, or genitive. ➤ The declension of articles and some nouns is the pattern of changes a word undergoes to express various grammatical functions, as represented by the four cases. ➤ Subject (nominative) pronouns streamline your speech. The gender of the pronoun must correspond to the gender of the noun. ➤ Because you’re probably accustomed to the largely uninflected English language, these concepts might take a little getting used to. Refer to this chapter, or to the cards you’ve artistically created, as you work through this book and try to assimilate the basic concepts of cases and declensions gradually. 93 Chapter 9 Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland In This Chapter ➤ Understanding subject pronouns ➤ Conjugating weak and strong verbs ➤ Using common weak and strong verbs ➤ Learning how to ask questions In the preceding chapter you learned about determining the gender, number, and case of nouns, and you were introduced to German pronouns. Now it’s time to move on to verbs. Verbs, the Arnold Schwarzeneggers of the language set, convey action in a sentence. To communicate, you must have a basic understanding of verbs. In this chapter you’ll be introduced to weak and strong verbs, thereby acquiring the tools to set the world in motion! What’s the Subject? You sign up for a special travel package to Germany that includes hotel accommodations and airfare. What this package also includes—and this becomes clear to you as you are on the airplane listening to others who have signed up for this deal—is that you’ll be spending your week of vacation with 10 other people, each with his or her Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! What’s What? Imperative form The form a verb takes to express a command, request or directive. This form is easily deduced from the conjugated second-person verb. In the imperative form, the understood subject is always you. own agenda. You want to take quiet, relaxing strolls through churches and parks. The woman to your left wants the group to spend three days shopping in Zürich. The mother and daughter team sitting in the row ahead tell you that they intend to hang out at nightclubs to experience what they refer to as “the real Germany.” The tour guide is standing in the aisle looking at all of you and rolling his eyes. To express what people want to do, you need verbs, and verbs, of course, require a subject: You want to take quiet, relaxing strolls through churches and parks. The woman wants to spend three days shopping in Zürich. When a sentence takes the imperative form, the form of a command, the subject (you) is understood: Go shopping! Subjects can be either nouns or pronouns that replace nouns: The man ate the entire pizza. He ate the entire pizza. As a Rule Unlike German nouns, which are capitalized no matter where they appear in a sentence, most pronouns take a capital letter only when they begin a sentence. This makes a lot of sense if you think of personal pronouns as representing nouns—not quite achieving noun status, and thus not attaining upper-case orthographic status. The only exception to this rule is the pronoun Sie (the polite form for du and ihr), which is capitalized no matter where it appears in a sentence. The upper-case spelling of the formal Sie helps distinguish it from its lower-case twins, sie and sie. Furthermore, don’t let yourself be influenced by the capitalization of the English I, whose German equivalent is the lower-case ich. 96 Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Verb Basics It’s easier to understand how a plane takes off if you know something about its parts. The same is true of verbs. Here are some basic things you should know about verbs before you start using them. The stem of a verb refers to what you get when you remove the ending -en from the German infinitive. The stem vowel refers to the vowel within this stem. In English, for example, when you conjugate the verb run (I run, you run, she runs), it retains the same stem vowel throughout the conjugation, marking the third-person singular with the addition of the inflectional suffix -s. Conjugation refers to the changes the verb undergoes, internally and externally (by the addition of inflectional endings), which keep the verb in agreement with the subject. What’s What? Conjugation The changes of the verb that occur to indicate who or what is performing the action (or undergoing the state of being) of the verb and when the action (or state of being) of the verb is occurring: in the present, the past, or the future. Verbs in Motion If you were given a week of absolutely commitment-free time, what would you do with it? Would you go scuba diving? Would you chase butterflies? Or would you ride through Italy on a tandem bicycle? No matter what you do, you need verbs to express action, motion, or states of being. When you acquired English, you very readily discerned the difference between being able to add a little something to a verb to express yesterday, as in pushed and pulled, and changing the verb internally: sing, sang, sung. Little did you know it then, but you were differentiating between two classes of verbs: weak and strong. Perhaps you learned to refer to them in school as regular and irregular. In German as well, the most common way of grouping verbs is weak (schwach), strong (stark), or mixed (schwark). When verbs are conjugated, a relatively predictable pattern of endings is attached to the stem of weak verbs, as occurs in English (-ed in the past tense). Strong verbs have a relatively predictable pattern of endings when they are conjugated in the present tense (the form a verb takes to indicate that action is occurring in the present), but the stem undergoes a sound change in the past tense. Mixed verbs have features of both weak and strong verbs, hence the term schwark. The rest of this chapter examines schwach and stark verbs in the present tense. Mixed (schwark) verbs are discussed in Chapter 24, “I Think I Forgot Something.” 97 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! Weak Verbs: Followers In Chapter 5, “You Know More Than You Think,” you learned about the infinitive, or unconjugated, form of verbs. Weak verbs are verbs that, when conjugated, follow a set pattern of rules and retain the same stem vowel throughout. Think of them as being too weak to alter the patterns they follow. Let’s follow the weak English verb fly through its full conjugation. Person Singular Plural First Second Third I fly you fly he/she flies we fly you fly they fly Most German verbs fall into the category of schwach verbs (see the following table). But schwach or stark, the present-tense inflectional endings remain the same. Only one paradigm to learn, lucky you! Your first step is to determine the stem of the verb. That’s right, lop off the -en of the infinitive. Second, add a little something to this stem, as in adding the -s in English third-person singular. Conjugation of a Weak Verb I: Leben Person Singular English Plural English First ich lebe iH ley-buh du lebst dew leybst er, sie, es lebt eR, zee, es lebt Sie leben zee ley-buhn I live wir leben veeR ley-buhn ihr lebt eeR leybt sie leben zee ley-buhn we live Second Third Formal (sing. and plural) you live he, she, it lives you live you live they live Verbs whose stem ends in -d, -t, or -l or verbs that contain a consonant with -n or -m add an -e after the stem throughout the conjugation except in the ich form, as you’d have one too many -es (see the following table). Why add that -e? A simple matter of lingual practicality—without it, your tongue would get tangled and you’d end up tripping. So what’s your first step in conjugating these verbs? Righto! Free that stem from the infinitive, add an -e to that stem, and then go wild (with those same inflectional endings you used with leben). 98 Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Conjugation of a Weak Verb II: Reden Person Singular English Plural English First ich rede iH Rey-duh du redest dew Rey-dest er, sie, es redet eR, zee, es Rey-duht Sie reden zee Rey-duhn I talk wir reden veeR Rey-duhn ihr redet eeR Rey-duht sie reden zee Rey-duhn we talk Second Third Formal (sing. and plural) you talk he, she, it talks you talk you talk they talk The Endings of Weak Verbs Think of weak verbs as timid, law-abiding creatures that would never cross the street when the light is red. The great thing (for those of you who want to learn German) about weak verbs is that they obey grammar laws and follow a predictable pattern of conjugation. Once you’ve learned this pattern (and the few exceptions to this pattern), you should be able to conjugate weak verbs in German without too much difficulty. To conjugate weak verbs, drop the -en from the infinitive and then add the endings shown in the following table. Here’s your verb paradigm to be memorized and written out on a card! Person Singular Ending Plural Ending First ich -e wir -en Second Third Formal (singular and plural) du er, sie, es Sie -(e)st -(e)t -en ihr sie -(e)t -en Conjugation 101 Now it’s time to practice a little of what you’ve learned. See whether you can use the correct form of the verbs in the following sentences. Remember, the verb must agree with the subject! 1. (suchen) Ich __________ das Museum. 2. (reservieren) Klaus __________ ein Hotelzimmer. 99 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! 3. (warten) Sie (Anne und Otto) __________ auf den Bus. 4. (mieten) Ihr __________ ein Auto. 5. (fragen) Wir __________ nach der Adresse. 6. (lernen) Ich __________ Deutsch. What’s What? 7. (reisen) Ich___________ nach Hamburg. Weak verbs Verbs (schwach) that follow a set pattern of rules and retain the same stem vowel throughout their conjugation. Compare this pattern with the English verbs that form their past tense with the addition of -ed. 8. (brauchen) Er __________ ein Taxi. 9. (telefonieren) Du ___________ deine Mutter. 10. (bestellen) Tina___________ ein Glas Wein. 11. (tanzen) Frau Schmitt, Sie ___________ gut! 12. (arbeiten) Der Professor ___________ jeden Tag. 13. (öffnen) Die Professorin ___________ das Fenster. 14. (kosten) Die Pizza ___________ nur 10 DM. In the following table, you will find some of the most commonly used weak verbs in German. Read the list a few times and try to commit these verbs to memory. Common Weak Verbs 100 Verb Pronunciation Meaning antworten arbeiten bestellen blicken brauchen danken fragen glauben kochen kosten heiraten lernen lieben machen mieten öffnen rauchen Ant-voR-tuhn AR-bay-tuhn buh-shte-luhn bli-kuhn bRou-Chuhn dAn-kuhn fRah-guhn glou-buhn ko-Chuhn ko-stuhn hay-rA-tuhn leR-nuhn lee-buhn mA-CHuhn mee-tuhn öf-nuhn Rou-CHuhn to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to answer work order look, glance need thank ask believe cook cost, to taste, to try marry learn, to study love make, to do rent open smoke Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Verb Pronunciation Meaning regnen reisen reservieren sagen schicken sehen spielen studieren suchen schwänzen tanzen telefonieren weinen warten wohnen zeichnen zeigen reyk-nuhn ray-suhn ruh-seR-vee-Ruhn sah-guhn shi-kuhn zey-huhn shpee-luhn shtew-dee-ruhn zew-Huhn shvän-tsuhn tAn-tsuhn tey-ley-foh-nee-Ruhn vay-nuhn vAR-tuhn voh-nuhn tsayCH-nuhn tsay-guhn to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to rain travel reserve say, to tell send see play look over, to be enrolled look for skip class dance telephone cry wait reside draw show, to indicate As a Rule Studieren refers to enrollment at a college or university: Bernadette studiert an der Universität Mainz. To indicate a student’s major: Gretchen studiert Germanistik. Ich studiere die Liste means “look over carefully.” Lernen means “to study” in the sense of studying for a test or learning specific skills: Sie lernen Deutsch! Strong Verbs Verbs don’t, of course, lift weights or have muscles. You can’t tell the difference between strong verbs and weak verbs just by looking at them. The only way you can distinguish between them is to memorize them as such. Of course, as an English speaker, 101 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! you will have the advantage of already being familiar with strong verbs, and those strong verbs in English are just as stark in German. We Are Family English and German share many features when it comes to strong verbs. The irregular forms—such as take, took, taken or drink, drank, drunk—date back more than 6,000 years! They are examples of original Indo-European verbs and haven’t changed too much since. Ch-ch-ch-Changes: My, What Strong Verbs Have to Go Through! Strong verbs are “strong” because they alter the patterns that weaker verbs follow. This pattern becomes readily evident in the past tense (recall pushed versus drank). Some strong verbs change their stem vowel in the present tense—they are “very strong,” sehr stark; the endings, however, are the same for both weak and strong verbs. With the sehr starke verbs, vowel alterations occur only in the second and third person in the stem vowel. Although everything in German might seem to be an exception, all German verbs actually stem from seven older (800 C.E.) verb classes. So take heart; vowel changes follow a limited number of patterns. As far as present-tense stem changes, the only permutations are … a(u), o, u may become ä(u), ö, ü. e may become -i or -ie. The following tables illustrate the stem changing of some sehr starke verbs. Note that the stem -e changes to -ie only in the second- and third-person singular! Other verbs incurring this stem change include lesen, befehlen, empfehlen, and geschehen. Conjugation of a Very Strong Verb I: Sehen Person Singular English Plural English First ich sehe iH zey-huh du siehst dew zeest er, sie, es sieht eR, zee, es zeet Sie sehen zee zey-huhn I see wir sehen veeR zey-huhn ihr seht eeR zeyt sie sehen we see Second Third Formal (singular and plural) 102 you see he, she, it sees zee zey-huhn you see you see they see Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Again, note that in the following table a changes to ä only in the second- and thirdperson singular! Other verbs incurring this stem change include blasen, fangen, halten, laden, lassen, raten, schlafen, tragen, wachsen, and waschen. Conjugation of a Very Strong Verb II: Fallen Person Singular English Plural English First ich falle iH fA-luh du fällst dew fälst er, sie, es fällt eR, zee, es fält Sie fallen zee fa-luhn I fall wir fallen veeR fA-luhn ihr fallt eeR fAlt sie fallen we fall Second Third Formal you fall he, she, it falls you fall they fall zee fA-luhn you fall Conjugation 102 Although most starke verbs do not incur a sound change in the present tense, you might as well become well versed in the few that do. Accepting the challenge, see whether you can conjugate these very strong verbs in the following sentences: 1. (essen) Hans _________ gern Bratwurst. 2. (geben) Er __________ mir einen guten Tip. 3. (sehen) Ich ________ einen Biergarten. 4. (treffen) Sie _______ ihre deutsche Brieffreundin. 5. (sprechen) Du ________ sehr gut Englisch. 6. (lesen) Karl __________ die Süddeutsche Zeitung. 7. (fahren) Almut ______ nach Köln. Achtung The infinitives of a few verbs take -n and not -en. The conjugated form of these verbs in the firstand third-person plural is the same as the infinitive form. Handeln (hAn-duhln), which means “to act,” becomes wir/sie handeln or “we/they act” in the first- and third-person plural. 8. (halten) Der Bus _______ vor der Kirche. 9. (blasen) Der Bayer _______ das Horn. 103 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! 10. (empfehlen) Meine Freundin _______ das Restaurant. 11. (scheinen) Die Sonne _______ sehr hell. 12. (waschen) Du _______ die Wäsche jede Woche. 13. (laufen) Paul _______ sehr schnell und oft. What’s What? Strong verb A verb whose stem vowel undergoes a change or a modification when conjugated in the past tense. Only some strong (stark) verbs undergo a vowel modification in the present tense (sehr stark). 14. (genieβen) Er _______ sein Bier. 15. (tragen) Die Professorin _______ einen Mikrorock. The following table lists some commonly used strong verbs. Read through them a few times, as you did with the weak verbs. The very strong verb vowel changes are indicated in parentheses after the infinitive. You shouldn’t have too much trouble memorizing them— many are near cognates. Don’t forget to learn the present-tense stem change if there is one! Common Strong Verbs 104 Verb Pronunciation Meaning befehlen (ie) beginnen besitzen beweisen bieten blasen (ä) bleiben empfangen (ä) empfehlen (ie) essen (i) fahren (ä) fallen (ä) fangen (ä) finden fliegen geben (i) gehen genieβen geschehen (ie) buh-fay-luhn buh-gi-nuhn buh-si-tsuhn buh-vay-zuhn bee-tuhn blah-zuhn blay-buhn em-pfAn-guhn em-pfay-luhn es-uhn fah-ruhn fA-luhn fAn-guhn fin-duhn flee-guhn gey-buhn gey-uhn guh-nee-suhn guh-shay-uhn to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to command begin possess prove offer blow remain receive recommend eat drive fall catch find fly give go enjoy happen Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Verb Pronunciation Meaning halten (ä) hängen helfen (i) laden (ä) lassen (ä) laufen (ä) leiden leihen lesen (ie) liegen nehmen (i) raten (ä) reiβen reiten rufen scheinen schieβen schlafen (ä) schlagen (ä) schreiben schweigen schwimmen singen sitzen sprechen (i) stehen stinken tragen (ä) treffen (i) trinken tun vergessen versprechen (i) wachsen (ä) waschen (ä) ziehen hAl-tuhn hän-guhn hel-fuhn lah-duhn lA-suhn lou-fuhn lay-duhn lay-uhn ley-zuhn lee-guhn ney-muhn Rah-tuhn Ray-suhn Ray-tuhn Roo-fuhn shay-nuhn shee-suhn shlah-fuhn schlah-guhn shray-buhn shvay-guhn shvi-muhn zin-guhn si-tsuhn shpRe-Huhn shtay-uhn shtin-kuhn trah-guhn tRe-fuhn tRin-kuhn tuHn feR-ge-suhn feR-shpRe-Huhn vACH-suhn va-shuhn tsee-uhn to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to hold, to stop hang help load leave, to let run suffer lend, to borrow read lie, to be situated take advise tear ride call shine, to seem shoot sleep hit write be silent swim sing sit speak stand stink wear, to carry meet drink do forget promise grow wash pull 105 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! As a Rule While German has a considerable number of verbs with a stem-vowel change in the du and er/sie/es forms, it really is simpler than it appears. There are only three types of stemvowel changes and you have to learn the stem changes associated with strong verbs only once because adding a prefix to a stem does not alter the conjugation. Observe: fangen (ä) “to catch” and empfangen (ä) “to receive”; sprechen (i) “to speak” and versprechen (i) “to promise”; and sitzen “to sit” and besitzen “to possess.” Ask Me Anything Okay, now go back to where you were at the beginning of this chapter, planning a trip. Suppose you’re planning another trip—alone, this time. You’ll probably want to ask a lot of questions when you get to your destination. Stick to the easy questions— the ones that can be answered with a simple yes or no. You’ll deal with more complicated questions in Chapter 10, “Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends.” There are other ways, besides the confused look on your face, to show that you’re asking a question: through intonation, the addition of the tag nicht wahr, and inversion. Intonation One of the easiest ways to indicate that you’re asking a question is by simply raising your voice slightly at the end of the sentence. To do so, speak with a rising inflection. Du denkst an die Reise? Dew denkst An dee Ray-zuh Are you thinking about the trip? Nicht Wahr? One easy way of forming questions in German is by adding the tag nicht wahr (niHt vahR) to your statements. Nicht wahr means “Isn’t this true?” Du denkst an die Reise, nicht wahr? Dew denkst An dee Ray-zuh, niHt vahR You think about the trip, don’t you? 106 Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland Inversion The final way of forming a question is by inversion. Inversion is what you do when you reverse the word order of the subject nouns or pronouns and the conjugated form of the verb. We use inversion all the time in English with the addition of do as a helper to the verb. Statement: He eats pie. Question: Does he eat pie? If you’re up to the challenge of inversion, follow these rules: ➤ Avoid inverting with ich. It’s awkward and rarely done. ➤ Only invert subject nouns or pronouns with conjugated verbs. The following examples will give you a feel for how inversion works. Du gehst nach Hause. Gehst du nach Hause? Er spricht Deutsch. Spricht er Deutsch? Wir reisen nach Cottbus. Reisen wir nach Cottbus? Ihr eβt Sauerkraut. Eβt ihr Sauerkraut? Sie trinken Bier. Trinken sie Bier? Du fährst mit dem Zug. Fährst du mit dem Zug? Remember that whether you are using intonation, nicht wahr, or inversion, you are asking for exactly the same information: a yes or no ( ja oder nein) answer. Ask Me If You Can Now it’s time to put what you’ve learned about inversion to use. You’re in an airport, and you need information. After waiting in line at the information counter, it’s finally your turn. See whether you can use inversion to provide the questions for the following statements. Example: Das Flugzeug fliegt um 10 Uhr. (The plane leaves at 10.) Answer: Fliegt das Flugzeug um 10 Uhr? 1. Das Ticket kostet 500 DM. (The ticket costs 500 DM.) 2. Das ist der Terminal für internationale Flüge. (This is the terminal for international flights.) 3. Die Flugnummer steht auf dem Ticket. (The flight number is indicated on the ticket.) 4. Es gibt Toiletten auf dieser Etage. (There are bathrooms on this floor.) What’s What? Inversion Reversing the word order of the subject, noun, or pronoun and the conjugated form of the verb to make a statement a question. 107 Part 2 ➤ Ready, Set, Go! 5. Der Flug dauert zwei Stunden. (The flight is two hours long.) 6. Das Abendessen ist inklusiv. (The evening meal is included.) And the Answer Is … If you generally look on the bright side of things, you’ll probably want to know how to say yes. To answer in the affirmative, use ja (yah) and then give your statement. Sprichst du Deutsch? shpRiHst doo doytsh Ja, ich spreche Deutsch. yah, iH shpRe-Huh doytsh Or if your time is valuable and you are constantly being harangued to do things you have no interest in doing, you should probably learn to say no. To answer negatively, use nein (nayn) at the beginning of the statement and then add nicht (niHt) at the end of the statement. Rauchen Sie? Rou-Chuhn zee Nein, ich rauche nicht. nayn, iH Rou-CHuh niHt You can vary the forms of your negative answers by putting the following negative phrases before and after the conjugated verb. … nie(mals) nee(mahls) Never Ich rauche nie(mals). iH Rou-CHuh nee(mahls) I never smoke. … nicht mehr niHt meyR No longer Ich rauche nicht mehr. iH Rou-CHuh niHt meyR I no longer smoke. … (gar)nichts (gAR)niHts Anything, nothing Ich rauche nichts. iH Rou-CHuh niHts I’m not smoking anything. If you want to form simple sentences in the present tense, you’ll need to have as many verbs as possible at the tip of your tongue. Refer to the lists of weak and strong verbs earlier in the chapter for help. 108 Chapter 9 ➤ Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland The Least You Need to Know ➤ Weak verbs, with a few exceptions, follow a set pattern of rules. ➤ Strong verbs always undergo a stem-vowel change in the past tense, and some also undergo a vowel change in the present tense. ➤ To formulate a yes/no question to elicit information, invert the subject and the verb so that the verb begins the question. ➤ You can ask questions by using intonation, inversion, or the tag nicht wahr. 109 Part 3 Up, Up, and Away! After you learn the basics, the next step is to start to converse (don’t worry about being left behind; we’ll be taking baby steps throughout this section). One of the first things you’ll acquire is a working knowledge of common introductory phrases that German speakers use in various situations. You can use these phrases to start conversations and to expand your vocabulary. Chapter 10 Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends In This Chapter ➤ Common greetings ➤ The verb sein ➤ Professions ➤ Getting the information you need In the previous chapter, you learned how to create simple German sentences (using subject nouns, pronouns, and verbs) and how to ask basic yes or no questions. Now you’re going to put some of what you learned to work. It’s time to start engaging in conversation. You are sitting alone on an airplane, admiring the view of clouds and sky through the window. The person in the seat next to you is German; you want to use this opportunity to test some of your newly acquired language skills. Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Conversation Openers: Greetings and Salutations Culture Shock One of the subtle differences between German and American cultures is the use of the phrase “How are you?” In America it’s almost an extension of a greeting and usually the response an American expects is the simple answer, “I’m fine.” If you ask a German, “How are you?” be prepared for a lengthy dissertation. Your question will probably be taken seriously. Let’s face it: You can listen to a thousand tapes at the library, you can read every language book in the bookstore—the moment of truth arrives only when you are face to face with someone who is speaking to you in German. If this person is sitting next to you on the airplane, all the better because he or she can’t get away. Each and every German speaker you meet before arriving at your destination will give you the chance to practice what you’ve learned so far. You may find the following conversation openers useful. Formal Greetings and Salutations Using the du form of address with someone who isn’t a friend or relative is sometimes considered rude. Because you don’t know the person you’re speaking to, you’ll probably want take the formal approach. It is worth noting, however, that younger generations are tending more and more to use the informal du form. 114 German Pronunciation Meaning Guten Tag. Guten Abend. mein Herr meine Dame Ich heiβe … Wie heiβen Sie? Wie geht es Ihnen? Danke, sehr gut. Danke, nicht schlecht. Danke, es geht so. gew-tuhn tahk gew-tuhn ah-bent mayn heR may-nuh dah-muh iH hay-suh vee hay-suhn zee vee gayt es ee-nuhn dAn-kuh, zeyR gewt dAn-kuh, niHt shleHt Hello. Good evening. Sir Miss, Mrs. My name is … What is your name? How are you? Thank you, very well. Thank you, not bad. DAn-kuh, es gayt zo Thank you, so so. Chapter 10 ➤ Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends Informal Greetings and Salutations You hit it off with your plane buddy right away, and he says, “Dutzen Sie mich, bitte (dew-tsuhn zee miH, bi-tuh),” which means, “Please, use du with me.” His request means that you’ve earned the right to a certain degree of intimacy with this person. You can now use the following phrases: German Pronunciation Meaning Hallo! Ich heiβe … Wie heiβt du? Wie geht’s? Wie geht es dir? Was machst du so? Ganz gut. Ich kann nicht klagen. Mal so, mal so. Na ja. hA-lo iH hay-suh vee hayst dew vee gayts vee gayt es deeR vAs mACHst dew zo gAns gewt iH kAn niHt klah-guhn Mahl zo, mahl zo nA-yah Hi! My name is … What is your name? How are you? How’s it going with you? What’s up? Okay. I can’t complain. So so. All right. What Planet Are You From? If, after you have made your initial introductions, you decide to continue the conversation with your seatmate, you will probably wonder about his idiosyncrasies—the peculiar lilt in his voice when he speaks, certain gestures you have never seen anyone make before, and his use of idioms. Eventually, you are going to want to know where this person is from. You also are going to want to respond correctly when he asks where you are from. To continue this conversation, you will need to familiarize yourself with the strong verb kommen (ko-muhn). Take out your verb-ending chart, lop the -en off the infinitive to produce the stem (komm-), and try to come up with a match to the following table. What’s What? Saying Hello Hallo is informal for “hello” practically everywhere, but in southern Germany and Austria the term Grüβ Gott (gRüs got), literally, “God greets you,” is used formally instead of Guten Tag (gew-tuhn tAhk). 115 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away The Verb kommen Person Singular English Plural English First ich komme iH ko-muh du kommst dew komst I come wir kommen veeR ko-muhn ihr kommt eeR komt Sie kommen zee ko-muhn sie kommen zee ko-muhn we come Second you come (Formal) Third er, sie, es kommt eR, zee, es komt he, she, it comes they come To question someone about his or her origins, try the following: Formal use: Culture Shock You should address a man as Herr (heR) So-and-So and a woman as Frau (fRou) So-and-So. Although Fräulein (fRoy-layn) does mean “Miss,” most young women in Germany prefer to be addressed as Frau. Unlike Mister, Madam, and Miss in English, Herr, Frau, and Fräulein cannot be used on their own. Woher kommen Sie? voh-heR ko-muhn zee Where are you from? Informal use: Woher kommst du? voh-heR komst dew Where are you from? Ich komme aus … iH ko-muh ous … I come from … Keep in mind that most countries, towns, and cities are neuter nouns and take the article das. Die USA (dee ew-es-ah) and die Vereinigten Staaten (dee feR-ay-niktuhn shtah-tuhn), or “United States,” are exceptions; because they are plural, they take the plural article die. Some other countries that don’t take das are die Schweiz (dee shvayts), or “Switzerland”; die Türkei (dee tüR-kay), or “Turkey”; der Irak (deyR ee-Rahk), or “Iraq”; der Iran (deyR ee-Rahn), or “Iran”; der Libanon (deyR lee-bah-non), or “Lebanon,” and der Kongo (deyR kon-go), or “Congo.” (We discuss countries further in Chapter 16, “A Date with the Weather.”) 116 Chapter 10 ➤ Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends When you use countries, cities, or towns with the neuter article, drop the article das: Ich komme aus New York. iH ko-muh ous new yoRk Ich komme aus Amerika. iH ko-muh ous ah-mey-Ree-kah Be careful with countries that take der and die articles. The articles are not dropped, and they must be declined correctly (that is, they must take the appropriate case). Die USA, which is plural, takes the dative plural article den, as it follows aus, which is a dative preposition: Ich komme aus den USA. iH ko-muh ous deyn ew-es-ah Die Schweiz, which is feminine, takes the feminine dative article der, following the dative preposition aus: Achtung Using informal language to address someone with whom you have not established a friendship or bond is generally considered quite rude. To dutzen (dew-tsuhn) someone—in other words, to use the informal du form of address with a person—may alienate the stranger, distant relative, or business acquaintance you are addressing. Generally, you have to earn the privilege to use the informal du with people you don’t know. Ich komme aus der Schweiz. iH ko-muh ous deyR shvayts Der Libanon, which is masculine, takes the masculine dative article dem: Ich komme aus dem Libanon. iH ko-muh ous deym lee-bah-non To Be or Not to Be? After you’ve established where someone is from, you will probably want to find out more about what he does. But what if, instead of answering you directly, he smiles whimsically and says, “Raten Sie mal (Rah-tuhn zee mahl),” which means, bluntly, “Guess.” What can you do? You’ll probably have to recite a list of professions in the hopes that sooner or later you’ll happen on the right one. To do so, you should learn the conjugation of the irregular verb sein (zayn), or “to be” and learn some professions. (See the following tables.) What’s What? Sein One of the four irregular verbs in German. Different from the strong verbs (which follow a regular sound-shift pattern in vowels), since consonants, as well as vowels, change in the truly unpredictable irregular verbs. 117 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away The Verb sein Person Singular English Plural English First ich bin iH bin du bist dew bist Sie sind zee zint er, sie, es ist eR, zee, es ist I am wir sind veeR zint ihr seid eeR zayt Sie sind zee zint sie sind zee zint we are Second (Formal) Third you are he, she, it is you are they are Formal: Was sind Sie von Beruf? VAs sint zee fon bey-Rewf What is your profession? Informal: Was bist du von Beruf? VAs bist dew fon bey-Rewf What is your profession? Was machst du? vAs maCHst dew What do you do? Ich bin … iH bin … I am … Professions 118 Profession Pronunciation English der Architekt (die Architektin) der Chemiker (die Chemikerin) der Künstler (die Künsterlin) der Schauspieler (die Schauspielerin) der Schriftsteller (die Schriftstellerin) der Kellner (die Kellnerin) der Sekretär (die Sekretärin) der Arzt (die ärztin) deyR AR-Hi-tekt (dee Ar-Hi-tek-tin) deyR He-mee-kuhR (dee He-mee-kuh-Rin) deyR kün-stluhR (dee kün-stluh-Rin) deyR shou-shpee-luhR (dee shou-shpee-luh-Rin) deyR shrift-shte-luhR (dee shrift-shte-luh-Rin) deyR kel-nuhR (dee kel-nuh-Rin) deyR sek-Rey-tähR (dee sek-Rey-täRin) deyR ARtst (dee äRts-tin) architect chemist artist actor actress writer waiter, waitress secretary doctor Chapter 10 ➤ Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends Profession Pronunciation English der Doktor der Elektriker (die Elektrikerin) der Student (die Studentin) der Krankenpfleger (die Krankenschwester) der Mechaniker (die Mechanikerin) der Feuerwehrmann der Friseur (die Frieseuse) der Rechtsanwalt (die Rechtsanwältin) der Polizist (die Polizistin) deyR dok-tohR deyR ey-lek-tRi-kuhR (dee ey-lek-tRi-kuh-Rin) deyR shtew-dent (dee shtew-den-tin) deyR kRAn-kuhn-pfley-guhR (dee kRAn-kuhn-shves-tuhR) deyR mey-Hah-ni-kuhR (die mey-Hah-ni-kuh-Rin) deyR foy-uhR-veyR-mAn deyR fRee-zühR (dee fRee-züh-zuh) deyR ReHts-An-vAlt (dee ReHts-An-väl-tin) deyR poh-lee-tsist (dee poh-lee-tsis-tin) doctor electrician student nurse mechanic firefighter hairdresser lawyer police officer You’ve been introduced to the verb sein and to some of the most common professions. But what’s the use of all this newly acquired information if you can’t use it? Put what you’ve learned to use by translating the following sentences into German. 1. I am a waiter. 5. You are a student. 2. He is an electrician. 6. He is a police officer. 3. She is a doctor. 7. She is an electrician. 4. I am a lawyer. 8. You are a writer. As a Rule In German the indefinite article ein(e) is generally not used when a person states his profession unless the profession is qualified by an adjective. To say, “I’m a policeman,” you would say, “Ich bin Polizist (ich bin poh-lee-tsist).” To say, “I’m a good policeman,” however, you would say, “Ich bin ein guter Polizist (iH bin ayn gew-tuhR poh-lee-tsist).” 119 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Get Nosy We Are Family Have you noticed how the endings for professions in both English and German are often -er? This goes back to way back when, as both languages share the same lexical morphology for forming agentive suffixes. That is to say, an additional -er suffix turns the verb into a doer of the verb: One who sings is a singer; or a Sänger. When you learn a new language, you often revert to what feels like a somewhat infantile state of existence. You have a limited vocabulary and, at best, a somewhat sketchy understanding of grammar. You point to things a lot and ask, “What is that?” or “Was ist das (vAs ist dAs)?” and “What does that mean?” or “Was bedeutet das (vAs be-doy-tuht dAs)?” But anyone who has been around children for more than a few minutes knows that even someone with a limited knowledge of a language can convey a broad range of meaning. One advantage of learning a new language is that you can get away with acting a little childish. So get nosy. Start asking about everything. Make faux pas. People will think you’re just trying to expand your vocabulary (see the following table). Information Questions 120 German Pronunciation English mit wem um wieviel Uhr von wem wann warum/wieso/weshalb was wer wie wie lange wieviel wo woher wohin womit/mit was worüber wovon/von was zu wem mit vem oom vee-feel ooR von vem vAn va-Rum/vee-soh/ves-hAlp vAs veR vee vee lA-nge vee-feel voh voh-heR voh-hin voh-mit/mit vas voh-Rüh-buhR voh-fon/fon vas tsoo vem with whom at what time of, about, from whom when why what who how how long how much, many where from where where (to) with what what about of, about, from what to whom Chapter 10 ➤ Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends As a Rule The interrogative pronouns wen and wem are used with a preposition to refer only to persons. The interrogative pronoun was refers to things and ideas. As an object of a prepositions, was may be replaced by a wo-compound: wo- is added as a prefix to prepositions, as in womit? “with what?” or wofür? “for what?” In colloquial German the preposition may be followed by was: Vor was hast du Angst? which means “What are you afraid of?” Woexpands to wor- when the preposition begins with a vowel: Worüber sprechen wir? Getting Information the Easy Way A good-looking person is sitting across from you in a train. He or she has been glancing over in your direction for some time now. You’ve finally mustered up the courage to say something. What’s your opening line? You put aside “What’s your sign” as too old hat. How about “Hi, where are you from?” If you’re charming enough, you might get away with it. Here are some other ways to break the ice. Formal Informal English Mit wem reisen Sie? mit vem Ray-zuhn zee Mit wem reist du? mit vem Rayst dew With whom are you traveling? Warum reisen Sie? vah-Room Ray-zuhn zee Warum reist du? vah-Room Rayst dew Why are you traveling? Wie lange reisen Sie? vee lAn-guh Ray-zuhn zee Wie lange reist du? vee lAn-guh Rayst dew How long are you traveling for? Wohin reisen Sie? voh-hin ray-suhn zee Wohin reist du? voh-hin rayst dew Where are you traveling? Wie finden Sie das Land? vee fin-duhn zee dAs lAnt Wie findest du das Land? vee fin-duhst dew dAs lAnt How do you like the country? Wo wohnen Sie? voh voh-nuhn zee Wo wohnst du? voh vohnst dew Where do you live? Woher kommen Sie? vo-heR ko-muhn zee Woher kommst du? vo-her komst doo Where are you (coming) from? Wovon sprechen Sie? voh-fon shpRe-chun zee Wovon sprichst du? voh-fon shpriHst doo What are you speaking about? continues 121 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Formal Informal English Wieviele Geschwister/ Kinder haben Sie? vee-fee-luh guh-shvis-tuhR/ kin-duhR hah-buhn zee How many sisters and brothers/ children do you have? Wann reisen Sie zurück? vAn Ray-zuhn zee tsü-Rük? Wann reist du zurück? vAn Rayst dew tsü-Rük When are you traveling home? As a Rule To express directions of motion, the her- and hin- may be used with the interrogative wo to suggest motion toward the speaker (woher, where from) or motion away from the speaker (wohin, where to). In spoken German the question words wohin and woher are often separated: wo is placed at the start of the question; hin and her appear at the end: Wohin geht Christine? or Wo geht Christine hin? In a statement, hin and her occupy the last position in the sentence, like a separable prefix verb: Gehen wir hin. Ask Away Each of the following statements is an answer to a question. Try to ask the questions that the statements answer. In the first example, use the informal du to ask questions about Klaus. In the second example, use the third-person singular sie to ask questions about Beka. Don’t forget what you learned about inversion in Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland.” Example: Ich heiβe Klaus. Answer: Wie heiβt du? ➤ Ich heiβe Klaus und ich komme aus Köln. Ich reise mit meiner Schwester nach München. Ich reise gern. ➤ Beka kommt aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Sie reist einen Monat lang durch Deutschland. Sie findet Deutschland schön. Sie muβ bald wieder nach Hause zurückfliegen. 122 Chapter 10 ➤ Haven’t We Met Before? Making Friends The Least You Need to Know ➤ Don’t use du with strangers or with your superiors! The greetings you use depend on your familiarity with a person. ➤ The verb kommen with the question word woher is used to ask someone where they’re from. ➤ For most professions, simply add an -in to speak about a female. ➤ You can get information by learning and asking a few key questions. 123 Chapter 11 I’d Like to Get to Know You In This Chapter ➤ Introducing your relatives ➤ Expressing possession ➤ Introducing yourself ➤ More about irregular verbs: haben By now you should be well on your way to introducing yourself and your friends to other people. But what if your mother, father, uncle, and in-laws are all traveling with you, peering over your shoulder every time you strike up a conversation? Perhaps the best thing to do is to find people to introduce them to so you can sneak away and finally have a really intimate conversation with someone. Introducing your relatives is the first thing you’ll learn to do in this chapter. The next thing you’ll learn is how to find out about other people. One approach is to ask the objects of your curiosity what they think about themselves: Do they consider themselves to be creative, intelligent, sensitive, or adventurous? To ask these kinds of questions, you’re going to need adjectives. And to use adjectives correctly, you must attach the appropriate ending to them so that they agree in gender and case with the noun they are modifying. This process is similar to changing the definite (der) and indefinite (ein) articles according to their gender and grammatical function as you did in Chapter 8, “Fitting Form with Function.” Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away It’s a Family Affair Have you ever been introduced to a group of people sitting around a table and said, “Oh, and this must be your lovely daughter,” only to find yourself the object of puzzled, nervous glances? Was the silence broken when the gentleman you were addressing said, “Actually, no. This is my wife.”? Of course, if you find yourself putting your foot in your mouth in German, you can always claim that you are still learning your vocabulary. Start practicing now with the words for family members in the following table. Family Members 126 Male Pronunciation English Female Pronunciation English das Kind dAs kint child das Kind dAs kint child der (Ehe) Mann deyR (ey-huh) mAn husband die (Ehe) Frau dee (ey-huh) fRou wife der Bruder deyR brew-duhR brother die Schwester dee shves-tuhR sister der Cousin deyR kew-zahN cousin die Cousine dee kew-see-nuh cousin der Enkel deyR en-kuhl grandson die Enkelin dee en-kuh-lin granddaughter der Freund deyR fRoynt boyfriend die Freundin dee fRoyn-din girlfriend der Neffe deyR ne-fuh nephew die Nichte dee niH-tuh niece der Onkel deyR on-kuhl uncle die Tante dee tAn-tuh aunt der Opa/ Groβvater deyR oh-pah/ gRohs-fah-tuhR grandfather die Oma/ Groβmutter dee oh-mah/ gRohs-moo-tuhR grandmother der Schwiegersohn deyR shveeguhR-zohn son-in-law die Schwiegertochter dee shveeguhR-toCH-tuhR daughterin-law der Schwiegervater deyR shveeguhR-fah-tuhR father-inlaw die Schwiegermutter dee shveeguhR-moo-tuhR motherin-law der Sohn deyR zohn son die Tochter dee toCH-tuhR daughter der Stiefbruder deyR shteefbRew-duhR stepbrother die Stiefschwester dee shteefshves-tuhR stepsister der Stiefsohn deyR shteefzohn step-son die Stieftochter die shteeftoCH-tuhR stepdaughter der Vater deyR fah-tuhR father die Mutter dee moo-tuhR mother Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Here are some useful plurals and their spellings: Plural Pronunciation English die die die die dee dee dee dee the the the the Kinder Eltern Groβeltern Schwiegereltern kin-duhR el-tuhRn gRohs-el-tuhRn shvee-guhR-el-tuhRn children parents grandparents in-laws Are You Possessed? We’re all somebody’s something. You’re your mother’s daughter or son, your uncle’s nephew or niece, your wife’s husband, or your husband’s wife. There are two principal ways of showing possession in German: by using the genitive case and by using possessive adjectives. The Genitive Case: Showing Possession The genitive case shows possession or dependence. However, to show possession, you must also decline the noun and the noun marker correctly. Have you forgotten what noun marker means? Refresh your memory: noun marker refers to articles, such as der, die, das, or die (the equivalent of the for plural nouns); ein, the equivalent of a for masculine or neuter nouns; or eine, the equivalent of a for feminine nouns. Remember from Chapter 8 that masculine and neuter nouns take an ending, -(e)s, in the genitive case. Here is an abbreviated version of the genitive declension of the definite articles der, die, and das and of the plural article die. When you use proper names or are speaking of family members possessing someone or something, you can use the genitive -s to show possession (add the -s without an apostrophe to the end of the word). What’s What? Genitive -s This method of showing possession can be used with family members and proper names. For example, Stephanies Vater (ste-fah-nees fah-tuhR) means “Stephanie’s father,” and Vaters Tochter (fah-tuhRs toHtuhR) means “father’s daughter.” Masc. Fem. Neuter Plural (All Genders) des der des der 127 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Note that the order of objects closely corresponds to the English possessive construction: the X of the Y, as in die Farbe des Hauses, or “the color of the house.” In German you identify the object first and then specify its owner. German Pronunciation Meaning Das ist der Sohn des Mannes. Das ist der Ehemann der Frau. Die Mutter des Kindes ist schön. dAs ist deyR zohn des mA-nuhs dAs ist deyR ey-huh-mAn deyR fRou dee moo-tuhR des kin-duhs ist shöhn That is the man’s son. That is the woman’s husband. The child’s mother is beautiful. Mine, All Mine What’s What? Possessive adjectives The adjectives mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, and ihr show that something belongs to someone. These are almost always followed by a noun and therefore, like the ein words, need an ending. The possessive adjectives my, your, his, her, and so on show that something belongs to somebody. In German, possessive adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they are describing (that is, with the thing being possessed rather than with the possessor, since the his or her part of the adjective already refers to the possessor). Singular possessive adjectives use the same endings as the declension of the indefinite article ein (declined in Chapter 8 and written out on a card by YOU!). You can think of this chart as the “ein Wort” chart—all of its members take the same endings and sort of rhyme: ein, mein, dein, sein, … well, you get my drift. The following examples show someone loving someone. The someone is the direct object and therefore takes the accusative case. English German + Pronunciation He loves his father. Er liebt seinen Vater. eyR leept zay-nuhn fah-tuhR. Er liebt seine Mutter. eyR leept zay-nuh moo-tuhR Sie liebt ihren Vater. zee leept ee-Ruhn fah-tuhR Sie liebt ihre Mutter. zee leept ee-Ruh moo-tuhR He loves his mother. She loves her father. She loves her mother. The following table lists the possessive adjectives. 128 Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Possessive Adjectives Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning First mein mayn dein dayn Ihr eeR sein, ihr, sein zayn, eeR, zayn my unser oon-zuhR euer oy-uhR Ihr eeR ihr eeR our Second (Formal) Third your his, her, its your their The following two tables review the declension of possessive adjectives that exactly mirror the declension of the indefinite article, ein. Do recall that the only way the following paradigm deviates from the definite article (der Wort) paradigm is that the masculine nominative, neuter nominative, and accusative take no ending. Otherwise, it is your ein Wort paradigm! The Declension of the Possessive Adjective Case Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. Masculine “your man” Feminine “your woman” Neuter “your child” dein Mann dayn mAn deinen Mann day-nuhn mAn deinem Mann day-nuhm mAn deines Mann(e)s day-nuhs mAn(uh)s deine Frau day-nuh fRou deine Frau day-nuh fRou deiner Frau day-nuhR fRou deiner Frau day-nuhR fRou dein Kind dayn kint dein Kind dayn kint deinem Kind day-nuhm kint deines Kind(e)s day-nuhs kind(uh)s The Declension of the Possessive Adjective Case Nom. Acc. Plural “your children” deine Kinder day-nuh kin-duhR deine Kinder day-nuh kin-duhR continues 129 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away The Declension of the Possessive Adjective Case Dat. Gen. (continued) Plural “your children” deinen Kindern day-nuhn kin-duhR deiner Kinder day-nuhR kin-duhR Now that you know how to express possession with the genitive case and with possessive adjectives, see whether you can express these relationships in German: Example: her father Answer: ihr Vater 1. his sister 2. my uncle 3. our family 4. your (pl.) children 5. the girl’s brother 6. the man’s mother 7. the child’s parents 8. the husband of my sister 9. the parents of his wife 10. the aunt of your (sg.) cousin (m.) Using Possessive Adjectives to Show Your Preference Everyone has favorites. What’s your favorite color, song, or city? German uses the adjective lieblings- (leep-links) to express “favorite” after the appropriate possessive adjective: mein for a masculine (der) noun, meine for a feminine (die) noun, and mein for a neuter (das) noun in the nominative case. The word lieblings- is linked to the noun to form a compound noun: die Lieblingsfarbe (leep-links-faR-buh) for “favorite color”; das Lieblingslied (leep-links-leet) for “favorite song”; die Lieblingsstadt (leep-links-shtAt) for “favorite city.” Recall that the gender of this new word will be determined by the gender of its right-hand component. Here’s an example: Mein Lieblingsschauspieler ist Robert de Niro. mayn leep-links-shou-shpee-luhR ist Roh-beRt de nee-Roh My favorite actor is Robert de Niro. 130 Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Catharines Lieblingsfilm ist der englische Patient. Kah-tuh-Ree-nuhs leep-links-film ist deyR en-glishuh pah-tsi-uhnt Catharine’s favorite movie is The English Patient. Try forming five sentences to express your favorite things! Example: das Gemüse (guh-mü-zuh), vegetable Answer: Mein Lieblingsgemüse ist Spinat. 1. der Film (movie) 2. die Schriftstellerin (woman writer) Achtung The German word ihr (eeR) has many meanings. As a possessive adjective, it can mean “her,” “their,” or “your.” One way of avoiding confusion in written German is by remembering to capitalize Ihr when it means “your.” 3. das Buch (book) 4. die Stadt (city) 5. das Land (country) Let Me Introduce You Introductions keep people from standing on opposite sides of the room staring at their feet all evening. Introductions break more ice than the Titanic, and whether you like them or not, it’s pretty tough to get by without them. Practice a few of the following phrases to get the hang of introducing yourself. German Pronunciation English Darf ich mich vorstellen? Mein Name ist …. Kennen Sie (kennst du) meine Schwester Kathrin? Kommen Sie (komm), ich stelle Ihnen (dir) meine Schwester Kathrin vor. Das ist meine Schwester Kathrin. dARf iH miH foRshte-luhn? mayn nah-muh ist ke-nuhn zee (kenst dew) may-nuh shves-tuhR kah-tReen ko-muhn zee (kom), iH shte-luh ee-nuhn (deeR) may-nuh shves-tuhR kah-tReen foR dAs ist may-nuh shves-tuhR kah-treen May I introduce myself? My name is …. Do you know my sister Katrin? Come on, let me introduce my sister Katrin. This is my sister Katrin. 131 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away You wouldn’t greet the prime minister of England with a quick, “Hey, man, what’s happenin’?” German has similar rules about the proper and improper way to deal with formal introductions. If you are being introduced to the head of a company at a business meeting, you will be given a formal introduction. Your response, in turn, should be expressed formally. Here are some formal ways of responding to an introduction: Es freut mich, Sie kennenzulernen. es froyt miH, zee ke-nuhn-tsew-leR-nuhn It is a pleasure to meet you. You’re at a party and a friend wants to introduce you to someone; you’ll probably find yourself caught up in an informal introduction. Here are some informal ways of responding to an introduction: Es freut mich, dich kennenzulernen. es froyt miH, diH ke-nuhn-tsew-leR-nuhn Great meeting you. To reply to an informal introduction, say: Freut mich. Froyt miH What a pleasure. Culture Shock You don’t have to go to Germany to find somebody who will help you practice your German. Go to Canada or to Latin America or travel across the United States in a convertible shouting Guten Tag! at stoplights; sooner or later, someone will shout Guten Tag! back. Five million native German speakers live in Canada and the United States, and two million live in Latin America. 132 Schön, dich kennenzulernen. Shön, diH ke-nuhn-tswe-leR-nuhn Nice to meet you. Angenehm. An-guh-naym Pleasant. Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Breaking the Ice Okay, you’ve learned all about family names, showing possession, and introductions. Now you’re ready to get out there and converse! Imagine you and a few members of your family are taking a bus to a local museum. Soon after you board, an interestinglooking individual whom you seem to remember having seen somewhere before sits next to you and begins flipping through a magazine. See whether you can do the following: 1. Introduce yourself. 2. Tell where you are from. 3. Say what you do. 4. Ask your new acquaintance where she comes from. 5. Ask him whether he knows a member of your family. 6. Introduce a member of your family to her. 7. Imagine that he introduces himself to you and express pleasure at having met him. Getting Involved in Conversation One very useful verb is haben (hah-buhn) “to have.” You can use this verb to express many things concerning yourself, including how long you’ve been living in a particular place. Like the verb sein, haben is irregular (the second of the four irregular verbs in German). You’ll have to memorize its conjugation, which shouldn’t be too difficult— the irregularities of losing the b occur in the second- and third-person singular forms, exactly where the vowel changes occur in very strong verbs (see the following table). The Verb haben Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning First ich habe iH hah-buh du hast dew hAst Sie haben zee hah-buhn er, sie, es, hat eyR, zee, es, hAt I have wir haben veeR hah-buhn ihr habt eeR hAbt Sie haben zee hah-buhn sie haben zee hah-buhn We have Second (Formal) Third You have he, she, it, has You have They have 133 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Express Yourself with Haben You can take a look at Chapter 6, “Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots?” to review the idioms with haben that express physical conditions. Here you’ll pick up some new expressions with haben. Maybe you want to express how happy you are to have the opportunity (die Gelegenheit haben) to engage in conversation with someone, or how lucky you are (wieviel Glück du hast) to be able to visit Germany. The following table lists some idiomatic phrases that use haben to express luck, intention, and opportunity. You need merely combine these with the rest of your thought, involving another verb and idea (an infinitive phrase). As a Rule In English, dependent infinitives used with most verbs are preceded by to. In German, dependent infinitives used with most verbs are preceded by zu. The German infinitive phrase is normally at the end of a sentence and is composed of zu and an infinitive. Although in English other parts of the phrase (modifiers and objects) follow the infinitive phrase, in German these elements precede it. Some verbs that can be followed by zu + infinitive include: beginnen, brachen, lernen, scheinen, and vergessen, as in “Vergiss nicht zu essen!” Expressions with Haben Idiom Pronunciation Meaning die Gelegenheit haben dee gey-ley-guhn-hayt hah-buhn es hat kai-nuhn tsvek kai-nuh loost hah-buhn dee tsayt hah-buhn dAs glük hah-buhn dee (An)geuh-vohn-hayt hah-buhn dee Ap-ziHt hah-buhn dAs ReHt hah-buhn deyn moot hah-buhn to have the opportunity es hat keinen Zweck keine Lust haben die Zeit haben das Glück haben die (An)Gewohnheit haben die Absicht haben das Recht haben den Mut haben 134 there’s no point to have no desire to have time to be lucky to be accustomed to to have the intention to have the right to have the courage Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Be sure to conjugate the verb haben correctly when you use it in a sentence. German English Du hast die Gelegenheit reich zu werden. Wir haben Glück im Spiel. Ich habe keine Zeit. Sie haben das Recht zu schweigen. Ihr habt die schlechte Angewohnheit zu rauchen. Er hat die Absicht sie zu heiraten. Es hat keinen Zweck, die Möbel auf der Titanic wieder zu arrangieren. You have the opportunity to become rich. We are lucky in the game. I have no time. You have the right to be silent. You all have the bad habit of smoking. He has the intention of getting married. There’s no point in rearranging the furniture on the Titanic. Using Idioms with Haben These idiomatic expressions are of little use to you in their infinitive forms. See how successfully you’ve memorized them by completing the following sentences with the correctly conjugated form of the verb haben. das Glück haben die Gewohnheit haben die Absicht haben die Zeit haben keine Lust haben den Mut haben mitzukommen. 1. Dirk ist nicht fröhlich. Er 2. Eva ist sehr abenteuerlich. Sie 3. Hans ist verliebt. Er , Bungy-Jumping zu machen. zu heiraten. 4. Es sind Ferien. Anne und Mark eine Reise nach Deutschland zu machen. 5. Ihr habt in der Lotterie gewonnen. Ihr 6. Du siehst immerfern. Du im Spiel. , zu viel fernzusehen. What’s He/She Like? What good is a rock star if she’s not rebellious and magnetic? Or a Marine if he’s not courageous and strong? Without adjectives—words that describe nouns—describing someone is about as easy as brain surgery. With them, you can paint pictures with words. If you want to describe someone or something, you will need to use descriptive adjectives. German adjectives take an ending when they come immediately 135 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away before the noun so that noun and adjective agree in gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter), number (singular or plural), and case (nominative, accusative, dative, or genitive)—seems to be a recurring theme, eh? If an adjective doesn’t precede a noun, but rather comes after the verb, the adjective doesn’t need an ending. A declining adjective—one taking an ending expressing agreement: Die freundliche Katze schnurrt viel. Dee froint-li-Huh kah-tsuh shnoort feel The friendly cat purrs a lot. A nondeclining adjective—no noun follows it: Die Katze ist freundlich. dee kah-tsuh ist froint-liH The cat is friendly. As a Rule Adjectives that follow verbs, as in Der Wein ist gut, do not take endings. As such adjectives are in the verb half of the sentence, they are referred to as predicate adjectives. If, however, an adjective precedes the noun it modifies, its role becomes attributive and it will take an ending. All consecutive adjectives, no matter how many, that precede a noun have the same ending: das schöne, lustige, kleine, intelligente Kind (the pretty, funny, small, intelligent child). Figuring Out Adjective Endings Adjectives can take different endings depending on the type of word that precedes them; these words are commonly referred to as limiting words. When a “der Wort” (definite articles and such) precedes an adjective, it performs the arduous task of expressing gender and grammatical function (case). Hence the following adjective ending doesn’t need to reflect this information and takes a so-called weak ending (-e/-en): der gute Film; Die nette Schwester besucht den faulen Bruder. If no limiting word comes before the adjective (which would mark gender and case), then the adjective has to take on this responsibility and needs to be “strong” enough to indicate gender and case: deustches Bier; französischer Käse. In the middle of this spectrum are adjectives that come after certain “ein words.” Ein words share characteristics of both weak and 136 Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You strong declensions. The grammatically ambiguous masculine nominative, neuter nominative, and accusative ein words (ein/ein/ein) depend on the adjective for grammatical expression: ein rotes Auto, mein neuer Ball. The good news is that these declensions are all quite regular, and once you learn the corresponding paradigms, you won’t have any trouble. Some words, called der words, are inflected just like the definite article; these words take the weak declension of adjectives: der (“the”), dieser (“this”), jeder (“each”), jener (“that”), mancher (“many a”), solcher (“such”), welcher (“which, what”). The following table gives der word declension with the corresponding adjective ending. You can make a useful chart to illustrate the adjective endings for adjectives preceded by a der word by setting up your paradigm with cases and genders and then filling in the bold-faced endings shown here. The Weak (-e/-en) Declension of an Adjective Preceded by a “der” Word Case Masculine “the little boy” Feminine “the little cat” Neuter “the little pig” Plural “the little pigs” Nom. der kleine Junge die kleine Katze deyR klay-nuh yoon-guh dee klay-nuh kA-tzuh das kleine Schwein dAs klaynuh shvayn die kleinen Schweine dee klay-nuhn shvay-nuh den kleinen Jungen deyn klay-nuhn yoon-guhn die kleine Katze das kleine Schwein dAs klay-nuh shvayn die kleinen Schweine dee klay-nuhn shvay-nuh dem kleinen Schwein deym klay-nuhn shvayn den kleinen Schweinen dehn klaynuhn shvay-nuh des kleinen Schweins des klay-nuhn shvayns der kleinen Schweine deyR klaynuhn shvay-nuh Acc. Dat. Gen. dee klay-nuh kA-tzuh dem kleinen Jungen deym klay-nuhn yoon-guhn der kleinen Katze deyR klay-nuhn kA-tzuh des kleinen Jungen der kleinen Katze des klay-nuhn yoon-guhn deyR klay-nuhn kA-tzuh As you can see in the preceding table, all adjectives following a der word in the dative and genitive cases or with plural nouns take the ending -en. Adjectives not preceded by a definite article, a der word, an indefinite article, or an ein word must indicate the gender and case of the noun they modify. Thus, when no article precedes a noun, adjectives take the strong declension and resemble a der word in their ending: Schönes Wetter, was? (shö-nuhs ve-tuhR, vAs) “Nice weather, isn’t it?” 137 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away The following table illustrates this similarity between unpreceded adjective endings and the der words, with the only exception found in the masculine and neuter genitive adjective endings. The strong declension also is used in the salutation of a letter because no limiting word precedes the adjective: Lieber Vater lee-buhR fah-tuhR Dear father The Strong Declension of an Adjective Not Preceded by a Limiting Word Case Masculine “green salad” Feminine “cold milk” Neuter “warm bread” Plural “fresh fish” Nom. grüner Salat grü-nuhR zah-lAt grünen Salat grü-nuhn zah-lAt grünem Salat grü-nuhm zah-lAt grünen* Salats grü-nuhn zah-lAt kalte Milch warmes Brot kAl-tuh milH vAR-muhs bRot kalte Milch warmes Brot frische Fische fri-shuh fi-shuh frische Fische kAl-tuh milH vAr-muhs bRot kalter Milch warmem Brot kAl-tuhR milH kalter Milch vAr-muhm bRot Acc. Dat. Gen. kAl-tuhR milH warmen* Brotes vAr-muhn bRo-uhs fri-shuh fi-shuh frischen Fischen fri-shuhn fi-shuhn frischer Fische fri-shuhR fi-shuh *Note that the only adjective endings that do not resemble the der Wort paradigm are the genitive masculine and neuter, which take an -en rather than the predicted -es ending. But you still get to inflect the genitive masculine and neuter noun with an -(e)s, so take heart! When adjectives come after an ein Wort, they have the responsibility to indicate the grammar only if the preceding limiting word doesn’t—indicated by an asterisk in the following table. Otherwise, the adjectives become wishy-washy and weak. Remember, ein words include ein, kein (negator), mein, dein, sein, ihr (f.), unser, euer, ihr (pl.), Ihr (formal). See the following table. 138 Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Adjective Endings Following an ein Wort Case Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. Masculine “my big brother” Feminine “my big sister” Neuter “my big house” mein groβer* Bruder meine groβe Schwester mein groβes* Haus mayn gRoh-suhR bRew-duhR may-nuh gRoh-suh shve-stuhR mayn gRoh-suhs hous meinen groβen Bruder meine groβe Schwester mein groβes* Haus may-nuhn gRohsuhn bRew-duhR may-nuh gRoh-suh shve-stuhR mayn gRoh-suhs hous meinem groβen Bruder meiner groβen Schwester meinem groβen Haus mayn-uhm gRohsuhn bRew-duhR may-nuhR gRohsuhn shve-stuhR may-nuhm gRohsuhn hous meines groβen Bruders meiner groβen Schwester meines groβen Hauses may-nuhs gRohsuhn bRew-duhRs may-nuhR gRohsuhn shve-stuhR may-nuhs gRoh suhn hou-suhs Plural “my big houses” meine groβen Häuser may-nuh gRoh-suhn hoy-suhR meine groβen Häuser may-nuh gRoh-suhn hoy-suhR meinen groβen Häusern may-nuhn gRoh-suhn hoy-suhRn meiner groβen Häuser may-nuhR gRoh-suhn hoy-suhR *Denotes instances in which the ein word itself has no ending; thus it becomes the responsibility of the adjective to reflect case and gender. Note that just like adjectives following a der Wort, all adjectives in the dative and genitive cases, as well as all plurals, get the easy βen. Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary Are you fickle? Knowing adjectives and their opposites comes in handy if you’re constantly changing your mind. If you find something interesting one moment and boring the next, you may want to memorize the adjectives in the following table along with their opposites. Besides, if you learn adjectives with their opposites, you are economically acquiring two words for the memory price of one! 139 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away A List of Useful Adjectives 140 German Pronunciation Meaning German Pronunciation Meaning alt Alt old, aged jung yoong young dick dik fat or thick dünn dün thin blöd blöd stupid intelligent in-te-li-gent intelligent fleiβig flay-siH industrious faul fawl lazy gesund guh-zoont healthy krank kRAnk sick groβ gRohs big klein klayn small hart hArt hard weich vayH soft hell hel bright dunkel doon-kuhl dark hoch hohCH high tief teef low interessant in-tey-re-sAnt interesting langweilig lAng-vay-liH boring kalt kAlt cold warm vahRm warm klug klewk smart dumm doom dumb lang lAng long kurz kooRts short lustig loos-tiH funny ernst eRnst serious müde müh-duh tired munter moon-tuhR awake mutig mew-tiH brave feige fay-guh cowardly naβ nAs wet trocken tRo-kuhn dry reich RayH rich arm Arm poor scharf shArf sharp stumpf shtoompf blunt schön shöhn beautiful häβlich häs-liH ugly schwer shveR hard or heavy leicht layHt easy or light stark shtARk strong schwach shvACH weak süβ zühs sweet sauer zou-uhR sour tolerant to-luh-Rant tolerant intolerant in-to-luh-Rant intolerant teuer toy-uhR expensive billig bi-liH cheap traurig tRou-RiH sad glück-lich glük-liH happy weiβ vays white schwarz shvARts black dreckig dRe-kiH dirty sauber sou-buhR clean leer leyR empty voll fol full falsch fAlsh wrong richtig RiH-tiH right wahr vahR true falsch fAlsh untrue stolz shtolts proud bescheiden buh-shay-duhn humble Chapter 11 ➤ I’d Like to Get to Know You Complete the Descriptions You’re deep in conversation with a new friend and superexcited about sharing your views. Use the rules you’ve learned in this chapter to complete the following descriptions with German adjectives. Remember to first determine which type (if any) of limiting word precedes the adjective and the case and the gender of the noun to be modified. To help you start out, we’ve divided the following exercise into three parts. We’ll let you figure out which limiting word is involved in each grouping! A. 1. Was kostet dieser braun ___ Anzug? 2. Ich nehme den nächst ___ Bus. 3. Jedes rot ____ T-Shirt ist billig. 4. Wir besuchen die klein ____ Stadt. 5. Sie lesen das best _____ Buch! B. 1. Das ist gut _____ Bier. 2. Sie hat interessant _____ Ideen. 3. Frisch _____ Käse ist lecker. 4. Haben Sie frisch _____ Fische? 5. Lieb _____ Kerstin,… C. 1. Mainz ist eine schön _____, alt _____ Stadt. 2. Er ist mein best _____ Freund. 3. Ich sehe keine frei _____ Plätze. 4. Wo ist ein gut _____ Restaurant? 5. Wir kaufen ein neu _____ Auto. 141 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away The Least You Need to Know ➤ To show possession in German, use the genitive case or possessive adjectives. ➤ Haben isn’t just an important irregular verb that expresses physical conditions; it also can be used in certain idiomatic expressions of luck, intention, and opportunity. ➤ German adjectives agree in gender, number, and case and take endings according to which kind of limiting word precedes them. 142 Chapter 12 Finally, You’re at the Airport In This Chapter ➤ Mainly on the plane ➤ The verb gehen ➤ Giving and receiving directions ➤ Prepositions that are useful for getting around You’ve done it. You’ve planned a trip, you’ve driven to the airport, you have your passport, you remembered your camera. You’ve finally boarded the plane. You’ve even managed to have a somewhat stilted but successful chat with a German massage therapist who turns her head from side to side and stretches her arms above her head throughout your entire conversation. She’s given you the names of a few good hotels in the city where you plan to spend a few relaxing, fun-filled days and nights. A voice on the overhead speaker tells you that your plane will be landing soon. You take a deep breath, close your eyes, and begin to make a mental list of all the things you have to do before you find a hotel. You have to pick up your bags; pass customs; and figure out whether you’re going to take a taxi, rent a car, or locate a bus that goes to the city. What if no one at the airport speaks English? Don’t worry: By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to accomplish all of these things in German. Inside the Plane Even if you’re not afraid of heights, claustrophobic, or allergic to perfume, it’s tough sitting in the window seat next to a Sumo wrestler who smells like he’s been dunked in a vat of dandelion air freshener. If this should happen to you, you’ll probably need to get the flight attendant’s attention to find out whether you can move to a different seat. This section gives you the vocabulary you need to solve plane problems. Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Mainly on the Plane Soon after the plane takes off, a voice on the overhead speaker begins referring to items on the plane that are above and around you. This familiarizes the passengers with safety features and with the actions taken in the event of an emergency. The vocabulary in the following table will help you understand this information as well as solve various flight-related problems. Inside the Plane German Pronunciation English (nicht) Raucher die Fluggesellschaft das Flugzeug die Maschine der Flughafen am Fenster der Notausgang der Flugsteig das Handgepäck die Landung die Rettungsweste or Schwimmweste am Gang der Passagier die Sicherheitsvorkehrungen der Sitz der Abflug der Terminal aus dem Flugzeug aussteigen rauchen (niHt) Rou-CHuhR dee flook-lee-nee-uh dAs flook-tsoyk dee mA-shee-nuh deyR flook-hah-fuhn Am fen-stuhR deyR noht-ous-gAng deyR flook-tsoyk dAs hAnt-guh-päk dee lAn-dung dee Re-toonks-ves-tuh (no) smoking airline airplane im gAng deyR pA-sA-jeeR dee zi-HuhR-hayts-vor-keyRun-guhn deyR zits deyR ap-flook deyR teR-mee-nahl ous deym flook-tsoyk ousshtay-guhn Rou-Chuhn on the aisle passenger safety precautions airport by the window emergency exit gate hand luggage landing life vest seat takeoff terminal to get off of or exit the plane to smoke Airline Advice Airlines may charge an arm and a leg, but in exchange they give nifty advice to make your flight more enjoyable. Can you jot down in English the rules and regulations being outlined in the following sign? 144 Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport Im Flugzeug: Bitte nehmen Sie, für Ihren eigenen Komfort und Ihre eigene Sicherheit, nur ein Handgepäckstück mit an Bord des Flugzeugs. On the Inside The stewardess has moved you away from the Sumo wrestler. Overall, you’ve had a pleasant flight. Finally, the plane lands. There is a mad scramble for the aisle and passengers begin opening the overhead compartments. As you leave the plane, there are signs everywhere, all of them pointing in different directions. You make it through customs without any difficulties and drag your bags off the luggage belt. Where should you go now? Finding the Right Words You may want to ask someone where the baggage carts are. After that, you’ll probably want to change some money (particularly because most of these baggage carts take coins). Do you need to freshen up a little? You can wander around looking for those signs with the generic men and women on them, or you can ask someone where the nearest Toilette (toee-le-tuh) is. The following table gives you all the vocabulary you’ll need to get around the airport. Inside the Airport German Pronunciation English die Ankunft die Ankunftszeit die Gepäckausgabe die Toilette die Bushaltestelle der Autoverleih das Handgepäck der Abflug die Abflugszeit das Flugziel der Aufzug der Ausgang der Flug dee An-koonft dee An-koonfts-tsayt dee guh-päk-ous-gah-buh dee toee-le-tuh dee boos-hAl-tuh-shte-luh deyR ou-toh-feR-lay dAs hAnt-guh-päk deyR Ap-flook dee Ap-flook-tsayt dAs flook-tseel deyR ouf-tsook deyR ous-gAng deyR Flook arrival arrival time baggage claim bathroom bus stop car rental carry-on luggage departure departure time destination elevators exit flight continues 145 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Inside the Airport (continued) German Pronunciation English die Flugnummer der Flugsteig die Information der Gepäckwagen die Geldwechselstube die Passkontrolle die Sicherheitskontrolle der Zwischenstop der Koffer das Taxi die Fluggesellschaft das Ticket einen Flug verpassen dee flook-noo-muhR deyR flook-shtayk dee in-foR-mah-teeohn deyR guh-päk-vah-guhn dee gelt-vek-suhl-shtew-buh dee pAs-kon-tRo-luh dee zi-HuhR-Hayts-kon-tRo-luh deyR tsvi-shuhn-shtop deyR ko-fuhR dAs tah-ksee dee flook-guh-zel-shAft dAs ti-ket ay-nuhn flook veR-pA-suhn flight number gate information luggage cart money exchange office passport control security check stopover suitcase taxi the airline company ticket to miss the flight Signs Everywhere Airline security is generally pretty tight on international flights. You should be able to read signs giving travelers tips and warnings and indicating rules and regulations. Even if you break a rule unintentionally and are treated with respect by the airport police, chances are that being questioned in German and searched for illegal weapons is an experience you’d rather avoid. The following signs provide examples of information you might see in an airport that serves German-speaking populations. Read the signs carefully and then try to match the sign with its corresponding bulleted question from the list that follows. A. ACHTUNG: Gefährden Sie nicht Ihre eigene Sicherheit: Nehmen Sie keine Gepäckstücke von anderen Personen an. B. Ihr gesammtes Gepäck, einschlieβlich Ihres Handgepäcks wird kontrolliert. C. Das Benutzen von Gepäckwagen ist auβschlieβlich im Flughafengebäude gestattet. D. ACHTUNG: Aus Sicherheitsgründen werden alle zurückgelassenen Gepäckstücke von der Sicherheitspolizei zerstört. Es ist dehalb notwendig, dass Sie Ihr Gepäck ständig mit sich führen. 146 Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport E. AN DIE FLUGÄSTE Das Mitführen von versteckten Waffen an Bord eines Flugzeuges ist gesetzlich Verboten. Es ist gesetzlich vorgeschrieben, dass alle Gepäckstücke, einschlieβlich des Handgepäcks, von der Sicherheitskontrolle überprüft werden. Diese Durchsuchung kann verweigert werden. Passagiere, welche die Durchsuchung verweigern, sind nicht befugt, die Sicherheitskontrolle zu passieren. Identify the sign that tells you: 1. ___ If you leave something behind it might be destroyed. 2. ___ All of your luggage will be checked, even carry-on. 3. ___ You may be searched for a hidden weapon. 4. ___ You can use the baggage carts only within the airport. 5. ___ You shouldn’t accept packages from strangers or from anyone you know if you don’t know what’s in the package. Going Places You will undoubtedly find the strong verb gehen (“to go”) handy as you make your way out of the airport to the taxi stand. As you learned in Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland,” you must conjugate present-tense verbs so that they agree with the subject; now you can apply the same inflections (sg. -e, -st, -t and pl. -en, -t, -en) to the stem geh-. The verb for “to travel” is fahren. Fahren, being a very strong verb, incurs a sound change already in the present tense, like fallen, sehen, and so on. The following table reviews this type of change, which occurs only in the second- and third-person singular forms. The Verb fahren Person Singular English Plural English First ich fahre iH faH-Ruh du fährst dew fäHRst er, sie, es fährt eR, zee, es fäHrt Sie fahren I travel wir fahren veeR faH-Ruhn ihr fahrt eeR faHrt sie fahren zee faH-Ruhn we travel Second Third (Formal) you travel he, she, it travels you travel you travel they travel 147 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Contractions with Gehen The verb gehen is often followed by the preposition zu (to). Zu is a preposition that always takes the dative case; therefore, when this preposition is used to indicate location, the entire prepositional phrase is dative. Recall the declination of dative der words—dem (m.), die (f.), dem (n.). If the noun after the preposition is masculine or neuter (dem), zu can contract with the article dem to become zum (“to the”). A contraction is a single word made out of two words, as in the word it’s. In German, contractions don’t take an apostrophe. Some prepositions in German may take the accusative or dative. Auf and in are two prepositions that can be used to indicate motion, and when gehen is followed by one of What’s What? these prepositions, the prepositional phrase is in the accusative (den, die, das). Because contractions make it Contraction A single word faster and easier to express things, we can again commade out of two words. Unlike bine the prepositions in and auf with the accusative their English counterparts, Gerneuter das to come up with ins and aufs. Here are man contractions do not use some examples of these contractions, with the illustraapostrophes. tion of gender and case in parentheses—case being determined by the preceding preposition. Ich gehe zum Bahnhof. (der Bahnhof + dative → dem) iH gey-huh tsoom bahn-hohf I’m going to the train station. Ich gehe zum Geschäft. (das Geschäft + dative → dem) iH gey-huh tsoom guh-shäft I’m going to the store. If the location toward which the subject is heading is feminine, zu (“to”) can contract with the feminine dative article der (“the”) to become zur (“to the”). Ich gehe zur Kirche. (die Kirche + dative → der) iH gey-huh tsooR keeR-Hu I’m going to the church. Ich gehe ins Kino. (das Kino + accusative → das) ich gey-huh ins kee-noh I go to the movies. Er geht aufs Polizeirevier. (das Polizeirevier + accusative → das) eR geyt oufs po-lee-zay-Ruh-veeR He goes to the police station. 148 Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport How Do You Get To …? You may get disoriented in a new place; the best thing to do is to ask someone how to get to wherever it is you want to go. Here are some ways of asking questions: Wo ist der Ausgang? voh ist deyR ous-gAng Where is the exit? Der Ausgang, bitte. deyR ous-gAng, bi-tuh The exit, please. Wo sind die Taxis? voh sindt dee tah-ksees Where are the taxis? Die Taxis, bitte. dee tah-ksees, bi-tuh The taxis, please. If you’re not sure whether what you’re looking for is nearby, or if you just want to know whether whatever you’re looking for is in the vicinity, use the phrase gibt es (“is there,” “are there”). It’s a useful way of finding things out. To answer a question affirmatively, reverse the word order, beginning with the subject, es. Gibt es Toiletten in der Nähe? gipt es toee-le-tuhn in deyR näh-huh Are there toilets nearby? Ja, es gibt Toiletten in der Nähe. yah, es gipt toee-le-tuhn in deyR näh-huh Yes, there are toilets nearby. In certain situations, you use the preposition nach to indicate where you are going. With continents, countries, and towns: Ich gehe nach Berlin. iH gey-huh nAH beR-lin I’m going to Berlin. With prepositions that show direction: Er geht nach rechts. eR geyt nAH reHts He’s going to the right. 149 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away The preposition zu, on the other hand, is used to indicate motion if the object is a person: Ich gehe zum Arzt. IH ge-uh tsum Artst I’m going to the doctor. And for going to places other than cities, regions, and countries: Wir fahren zum Flughafen. veer faH-Ruhn tsewm flook-haH-fuhn We’re going/traveling to the airport. Take a Left, Climb Across the Bridge … What if the place you’re looking for isn’t within pointing distance? In this case, you’d better know the verbs people use when they give directions (see the following table). Verbs Used When Giving Directions German Pronunciation English abbiegen* gehen laufenS mitfahren* S nehmenS weitergehen* ap-bee-guhn gey-huhn lou-fuhn mit-fah-Ruhn ney-muhn vay-tuhR-gey-huhn to to to to to to * indicates S turn go walk ride with/along take go on, to continue a separable prefix verb indicates a very strong verb, incurring a sound change in the second- and third-person singular Verbs with Separable Prefixes Some verbs in the preceding table (the ones with asterisks next to them) have separable prefixes, verbal complements that are placed at the end of the sentence when the verb is conjugated (separable prefixes are addressed at greater length in Chapter 14, “Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel!”). Some of the most common separable prefixes are auf, hinüber, aus, an, hinunter, hinauf, weiter, bei, mit, nachi, and zu. Although many of these indicate direction, all of them add a little layer of meaning to the stem verb. When you use a verb with separable prefixes, the verb comes near the beginning of the sentence and the prefix comes at the end. Incidentally, the verbs marked with a superscript S are the very strong, or sehr stark, verbs—those which incur a vowel change in the second- and third-person singular. 150 Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport Du biegst rechts ab. dew beekst reHts Ap You turn right. Er geht zum Terminal weiter. eyR geyt tsoom teR-mee-nahl vay-tuhR He continues to the terminal. Sie fährt mit? zee fähRt mit? Is she riding along/with? What’s What? Separable prefix Verbal complements that are placed at the end of the sentence when the verb is conjugated. Giving Commands When someone tells you how to get somewhere, generally he or she gives you a command. The subject of the command is you. Because you can address someone formally or informally in German, and speak to one or more than one person, the language has several easily deducible command forms. Try to figure out which of the following imperative forms correspond to du, ihr, and Sie! A. Gehen Sie nach rechts. gey-huhn zee nAH reHts Go right. B. Geht nach rechts. geyt- nAH ReHts Go right. C. Gehe nach rechts. Gey-uh nAH reHts Go right. If you deduced that answer A was the formal (Sieaddress) imperative form, identical to the presenttense form, give yourself a point. Because it is a command, it begins with the verb, as action is tantamount in getting one’s way. And answer B? You guessed it, the familiar plural (ihr-address) imperative is identical to the ihr-form in the present tense except that the pronoun, ihr, is omitted. This pattern is easy enough to account for: Commands in the familiar realm do not need to be formal, so we can omit the pronoun. Likewise, we can account for answer C being the familiar singular (du- address) imperative, omitting the pronoun and even We Are Family English has numerous verbs that extend their meanings by adding certain prepositions, called complements: to go out, to come along/with, to drive back. German very neatly attaches this complement to the infinitive, and hence you get very similar constructions of ausgehen, mitkommen, zurückfahren. These separable prefixes stands last in statements and in questions. 151 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away the ending (-st) on the verb! To pronounce that stem more easily, often times an -e is added, as in Warte! (“Wait!”) or Finde die Toiletten! (“Find the toilets!”) Take Command You need to practice giving and receiving commands before you can effectively do either. Complete the following exercise by filling in the appropriate command forms and their meanings. Verb Du Ihr Sie English abbiegen gehen weitergehen* laufenS mitfahren* S ________ Gehe! ________ ________ ________ ________ Geht! ________ ________ ________ ________ Gehen Sie! ________ ________ ________ Turn! Go! Continue! Walk! Ride along! * indicates S a separable prefix verb indicates a very strong verb, incurring a sound change in the second- and third-person singular Prepositions: Little Words Can Make a Big Difference Prepositions are useful for giving and receiving directions. Prepositions show the relationship of a noun to another word in a sentence; they add supplemental information to the base subject/verb sentence. If you turn back to the idiomatic expressions in Chapter 4, “Pronounce It Properly: Vowels,” you’ll see that they are in fact prepositional phrases. The following table contains some useful prepositions for getting where you want to go. As a Rule The prefix from a separable prefix verb will still go to the end of the sentence. Also noteworthy is the fact that any umlaut stem change in a sehr stark verb will not be retained in the du- form of the imperative. Hence, although the imperative du- form is Sieh mich an! (“Look at me!”), the umlaut is knocked off in Fall nicht hin! (“Don’t fall down!”). See how easy it was to form the imperative with very strong separable prefix verbs? 152 Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport Prepositions German Pronunciation English an auf aus bei bis durch gegen hinter in nach neben ohne um unter von vor zu, nach zwischen an ouf ous bay bis dooRCH gey-guhn hin-tuhR in naCH ney-buhn oh-nuh ewm oon-tuhR fon foR tsew, naCH tsvi-shuhn to go to, on (vertical) to, in, at, on (horizontal) out of at, near until, as far as through against behind in after next to without around under from in front of to, at between Prepositions Are Particular! Although the preceding table lists German prepositions, not all prepositions are created equal. Sure, you had it made in English, figuring out it’s for him rather than for he. You intuitively and automatically change the case from nominative to objective after a preposition in English. German changes the form of the noun phrase (which might be a pronoun or a noun) after the preposition as well! Only, as you might suspect, German relies on its various cases after specific prepositions. The following table contains the prepositions from the preceding table that are always dative. Although a few other prepositions also take the dative case—that is, what comes after the preposition will appear in the dative case—for now, let’s limit this exercise to prepositions that are helpful for getting around. What’s What? Imperatives Express commands, requests, or directives. German has three imperative forms corresponding to the three words Sie, du, and ihr for the second-person pronoun “you.” 153 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Dative Prepositions German Example English aus bei aus dem Haus beim Postamt beim Artz nach einer Stunde nach Wien von Hamburg von meinen Eltern zur Bushaltestelle out of the house at the post office at the doctor’s after an hour to Vienna from Hamburg from my parents to the bus stop nach von zu See whether you can fill in the correct form of the dative in the following dative prepositional phrases: 1. aus _________ Flugzeug (out of the airplane) 2. bei ___________ Flughafen (near the airport) 3. von sein ______ Arbeit (from his workplace) 4. zu ___________ Hotel (to the hotel) Likewise, some prepositions always take the accusative case. Those relating to direction are listed in the following table: Accusative Prepositions German Example English bis bis nächste Woche bis Mainz durch die Stadt ohne den Bus um die Ecke by/until next week as far as Mainz through the city without the bus around the corner durch ohne um Use the accusative case to finish these prepositional phrases: 1. durch ___________ Land (through the country) 2. ohne mein _______ Ticket (without my ticket) 3. um ______________ Sitz (around the seat) 154 Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport The prepositions in and auf belong to a nifty group of prepositions that can govern either the dative or the accusative, depending on the context. With verbs like gehen and fahren (introduced earlier in this chapter) that indicate motion toward a place, the preposition governs the accusative. To indicate moving around within a place, the preposition governs the dative. The following table provides examples of both instances for the two-way prepositions listed earlier in the table titled Prepositions: What’s What? Prepositions Words that show the relation of a noun to another word in a sentence. Two-Way Prepositions German Example English an Ich gehe ans Fenster. Ich bin am Fenster. Geh auf den Marktplatz! Parke auf dem Marktplatz! Fahr hinter die Garage! Das Auto ist hinter der Garage. Ich gehe in den Terminal. Ich bin im Terminal. Mein Koffer liegt neben dem Gepäckablage. Die Rettungsweste ist unter dem Sitz. Die Taxis warten vor dem Flughafen. Die Paβkontrolle liegt zwischen der Sicherheitskontrolle und dem Flugsteig. I’m going to the window. I’m at the window. Go to the town square! Park on the town square! Drive behind the garage! The car is behind the garage I’m going (in)to the terminal. I’m in the terminal. My suitcase is lying next to the luggage rack. The life vest is under the seat. auf hinter in neben unter vor zwischen The taxis are waiting in front of the airport. The passport control is between the security check and the gate. Care to finish off your prepositional preoccupation with a few more exercises, this time concerning the two-way prepositions? 1. Ich werfe deinen Koffer auf dein _____ Sitz. (I’m throwing your suitcase on your seat.) Es gibt eine Paβkontrolle an _______ Grenze. (There is passport control on the border.) 155 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away 3. Klaus ist in ________ Toilette. (Klaus is in the bathroom.) 4. Stell dein Handgepäck neben ______ Bett (neut.). (Put your hand luggage next to the bed.) 5. Mein Ticket ist unter dein _______ Handgepäck! (My ticket is under your carryon luggage!) Are You Out of Your Mind? We’ve all asked for directions and then immediately regretted it. Such remorse generally happens when the direction giver enumerates more rights and lefts than we can handle. Thus knowing how to show lack of understanding in a foreign country is extremely useful. In addition to scratching your head like crazy, use some of the phrases in the following table to let people know that you just don’t understand. Expressing Incomprehension and Confusion German Pronunciation English Entschuldigen Sie Entschuldigung, ich habe Sie nicht verstanden. ent-shool-dee-guhn zee ent-shool-dee-goonk, iH hah-buh zee niHt feR-shtan-duhn iH feR-shtey-huh niHt shpRe-Hun zee lAng-zahmuhR, bi-tuh vAs hah-buhn zee guh-zahkt vee-deR-hoh-luhn zee, bi-tuh Excuse me (formal) Excuse me, I didn’t understand you. Ich verstehe nicht. Sprechen Sie langsamer, bitte. Was haben Sie gesagt? Wiederholen Sie, bitte. 156 I don’t understand. Please speak more slowly. What did you say? Please repeat (what you just said). Chapter 12 ➤ Finally, You’re at the Airport The Least You Need to Know ➤ Learning a few useful vocabulary words will help you figure out airport signs in German. ➤ The strong verb gehen is used to give directions. Useful, also, is the very strong verb fahren. ➤ German has three ways of forming commands, depending on the object of the command (whom and how many) and the degree of formality. ➤ Prepositions are useful tools in expressing direction. Some of them govern the dative case, others govern the accusative, and still others can’t quite make up their minds. ➤ If you don’t understand the directions being given to you, don’t be afraid to say, “Ich verstehe nicht. Wiederholen Sie, bitte (iH feR-shtey-huh niHt, veedeR-hoh-luhn zee, bi-tuh).” 157 Chapter 13 Heading for the Hotel In This Chapter ➤ Getting around ➤ Renting a car ➤ Determining which, this, every, or such ➤ Counting with cardinal numbers ➤ Telling time We’re going to take it for granted that, when you step outside the international departures terminal, there’s no flamingo-colored limousine with glittering hubcaps waiting for you and your luggage (if there had been, the driver got tired of waiting and left). There are no taxis in sight, so you find a bus and take it into the center of the city. Now you have to find a reasonably priced but comfortable hotel where you can settle down and begin to figure out how to get a number of things done, including renting a car (that rather adventurous bus ride to the hotel has made you eager to arrange for a car as soon as possible). This chapter examines ways to get things done effectively and efficiently. Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Ticket to Ride There’s only one way to get to know the city you’re traveling around in: by traveling around in it. You have a number of options, of course. Walking is fun and cheap (but it can get tiring); taking a bus affords an overhead view of the shops, sidewalks, and people along the streets (but it takes some know-how in a foreign country); taking a taxi is convenient and—ideally—comfortable (but it can be expensive). Of course, the mode of travel you choose will depend on many factors—including how near or distant your destination is. Whichever mode of travel is right for you, you should familiarize yourself with the correct terms. Buses, Trains, and Automobiles Whether you see yourself zipping along on the Autobahn with a WWI flying-ace scarf trailing behind you, or hobnobbing with the locals on a bus, knowing the words listed here will help you get around. You’ve already seen these words (in Chapter 6, “Are Idiomatic Expressions for Idiots?”) used with the dative preposition mit to indicate “by means of.” German Pronunciation English das Auto der Wagen das Taxi der Bus der Zug die U-Bahn, S-Bahn die Straβenbahn dAs ou-toh deyR vah-guhn dAs tAk-see deyR boos deyR tsewk dee ew-bahn, es-bahn dee shtRah-suhn-bahn car car taxi bus train subway streetcar A Means to an End You’ll use the verb nehmen (ney-muhn) “to take” to express how you are going to get from where you are to where you are going. Nehmen is a very strong verb whose stem vowel changes from e to i in the second- and third-person singular. Because we’re not only changing the quality of the e sound but also shortening it quantitatively, we’ll reflect that in the spelling by dropping that “lengthening h” and adding a second m, so that the i comes out short. Of course, you need only remember that e → i. (See the following table.) 160 Chapter 13 ➤ Heading for the Hotel The Verb nehmen Person Singular English Plural English First ich nehme iH ney-muh du nimmst dew nimmst Sie nehmen zee ney-muhn er, sie, es nimmt eR, zee, es nimt I take wir nehmen veeR ney-muhn ihr nehmt eeR neymt we take sie nehmen zee ney-muhn they take Second (Formal) Third you take he, she, it takes This stem-vowel change from e → i might summon images of the very strong verb sehen, which also involves the addition of an i, as in sehen → er, sie, es sieht. Other verbs that incur the change from e → i, and thus very much resemble nehmen, include geben, “to give”; essen, “to eat”; sprechen, “to talk”; werfen, “to throw”; and sterben, “to die.” See whether you can fill in the blanks in these sentences with the correct form of the verb. 1. Ich ________ ein Taxi, um zum Geschäft zu kommen. I take the bus to get to the store. 2. Wir _________ die Straβenbahn, um in die Innenstadt zu kommen. We take the streetcar to get downtown. 3. Er _________ das Auto, um zur Kirche zu fahren. He takes the car to get to the church. 4. Sie _______ das Fahrrad, um aufs Land zu fahren. You (formal) take the bicycle to ride to the country. Which (or What) Do You Prefer? Someone tells you that to get to the local museum, you must go straight past a building and then take a left on a street. What building is the person talking about? Which street does he or she mean? When you’re traveling—and particularly when you’re asking directions—one word in German will be indispensable to you: welcher (velHuhR), the word for “which” or “what.” The handy thing about this word is that it takes the same endings as the definite article. In its base form, welcher resembles the nominative masculine der, welcher. Thus, simply knock off that -er ending and apply whichever der word ending fits for gender, case, and number! Piece of cake, eh? 161 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Welcher with Singular and Plural Nouns When welcher comes immediately before a noun and introduces a question, this pronoun is considered an interrogative pronoun and must agree in number, gender, and case with the noun it precedes. Some common pronouns that follow the same declension patterns as welcher are dieser (“this”), jeder (“each,” “every”), mancher (“many,” “many a”), and solcher (“such,” “such a”). The following table reviews the declension of der words, this time substituting welch- into the paradigm. As a Rule In conversational German, the definite article, when spoken with heavy stress, is often the equivalent of the English this/these or that/those. Dieser Sportwagen ist toll! (“This/that sports car is neat!”) Diese Autos fahren sehr schnell. (“These/those cars drive fast.”) The der Wort Welch- 162 Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nom. which bus welcher Bus vel-HuhR boos which direction welche Richtung vel-Huh RiH-toong Acc. welchen Bus vel-Huhn boos welche Richtung vel-Huh RiH-toong Dat. welchem Bus vel-Huhm boos welcher Richtung vel-HuhR RiH-toong Gen. welches Buses vel-Huhs boosuhs welcher Richtung vel-HuhR RiH-toong which car; which cars welches Auto; welche Autos vel-Huhs ou-toh; vel-Huh ou-tohz welches Auto; welche Autos vel-Huhs ou-toh; vel-Huh ou-tohz welchem Auto; welchen Autos vel-Huhm ou-toh; vel-Huhn ou-tohz welches Autos; welcher Autos vel-Huhs ou-to; vel-HuhR ou-tohz Chapter 13 ➤ Heading for the Hotel The Third Degree You should be prepared for questions that begin with welch- (in its declined form). Here are some common questions you may be asked while traveling around the city. You should recognize a few of the prepositions from Chapter 12, “Finally, You’re at the Airport,” including that tricky two-way preposition in! Welchen Bus nehmen Sie? (m., acc.) vel-Huhn boos ney-muhn zee Which bus are you taking? In welche Richtung fährt der Bus? (f., acc.) In vel-Huh RiH-toong fähRt deyR boos In which direction is the bus going? Welches Auto mieten Sie? (n., acc.) vel-Huhs ou-toh mee-tuhn zee Which car are you renting? Mit welcher Maschine fliegen Sie? (f., dat.) mit vel-HuhR mah-shee-nuh flee-guhn zee On which plane are you flying? Using What and Which Have you ever spoken with someone who immediately assumes that you know what he or she is speaking about no matter what the topic? See whether you can properly decline the interrogative pronoun welch- to find out the specifics of the statements given here. Example: Ich nehme die U-Bahn. (Welche U-Bahn?) German Pronunciation English Sie nehmen den Zug. Ich fahre in die Stadt. Er mietet ein Auto. Ich besuche einen Freund. zee ney-muhn deyn tsook iH fah-Ruh in dee shtAt eR mee-tuht ayn ou-toh iH buh-zew-Chuh ay-nuhn fRoynt veeR gey-huhn in ayn mew-zey-oom zee zewCHt ayn hoh-tel eR nimt ayn buCH mit They take the train. I’m driving into town. He rents a car. I’m visiting a friend. Wir gehen in ein Museum. Sie sucht ein Hotel. Er nimmt ein Buch mit. We’re going to a museum. She’s looking for a hotel. He’s taking along a book. 163 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away On the Road You may want to take a trip around the countryside, and the ideal way to do so is to rent a car. The following phrases are useful when renting a car. Ich möchte ein Auto mieten. iH möH-tuh ayn ou-toh mee-tuhn I would like to rent a car. Wieviel kostet es am Tag (in der Woche)? vee-feel kos-tuht es Am tahk (in deyR vo-CHuh) How much does it cost per day (per week)? Welches Auto empfehlen Sie mir? vel-Huhs ou-toh em-pfey-luhn zee meeR Which car do you recommend? Ist das Benzin im Preis enthalten? ist dAs ben-tseen im pRays ent-hAl-tuhn Is the gasoline included in the price? Wie teuer ist die Versicherung? vee toy-uhR ist dee veR-si-Huh-Roong How expensive is the insurance? As a Rule The very strong verb empfehlen changes the -e to -ie in the second- and third-person singular, akin to sehen, lesen (“to read”), and stehlen (“to steal”). Having learned the conjugation for halten in Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland,” you will immediately recognize that enthalten contains that stem and will thus change from -a to -ä with the du, and er, sie, es forms. Outside the Car If you decide to rent a car, don’t forget to check in the trunk for the regulation jack— in German, der Wagenheber (deyR vah-guhn-hey-buhR)—and the spare tire, or der Ersatzreifen (deyR eR-zAts-Ray-fuhn). 164 Chapter 13 ➤ Heading for the Hotel Here are a few terms you might find useful when talking about the various features of a car. German Pronunciation English das Fenster das Nummernschild das Rad das Rücklicht der Auspuff der Benzintank der Blinker der Keilriemen der Kofferraum der Kotflügel der Kühler der Motor der Scheibenwischer der Türgriff der Vergaser die Antenne die Batterie die Motorhaube die Reifen die Scheinwerfer die Stoβstange die Windschutzscheibe die Zündkerzen dAs fen-stuhR dAs noo-meRn-shilt dAs Raht dAs Rük-liHt deyR ous-poof deyR ben-zee-tAnk deyR blin-kuhR deyR kayl-ree-muhn deyR ko-fe-roum deyR koht-flü-guhl deyR küh-luhR deyR mo-tohR deyR shay-buhn-vi-shuhR deyR tühR-gRif deyR feR-gah-suhR dee An-te-nuh dee bA-te-Ree dee mo-tohR-hou-buh dee Ray-fuhn dee shayn-weR-fuhR dee shtohs-shtAn-guh dee vint-shutz-shay-buh dee tsünt-ker-tsuhn window license plate wheel tail light exhaust gas tank turn signal fan belt trunk fender radiator motor windshield wiper door handle carburetor antenna battery hood tires headlights bumper windshield sparkplugs Inside the Car Here are a few useful terms for things inside a car. German Pronunciation English das das das das dAs dAs dAs dAs dashboard accelerator glove compartment steering wheel Amaturenbrett Gaspedal Handschuhfach Lenkrad A-mA-tew-ruhn-bRet gahs-pey-dahl hAnt-shew-fACH lenk-raht continues 165 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away German Pronunciation English das Radio der Blinker der Rückspiegel die Bremsen die Hupe die Kupplung die Schaltung die Zündung dAs Rah-deeoh deyR blin-kuhR deyR Rük-shpee-guhl die bRem-suhn dee hew-puh dee kup-lung dee shAl-tung dee tsün-dung radio turn signal rear-view mirror brakes horn clutch gear shift ignition You might want to ask someone whether you’re heading in the right direction. You never know when you’re going to get lost in the woods without your compass. nach Norden nahCH noR-duhn to the north nach Süden nahCH süh-duhn to the south nach Westen nahCH ves-tuhn to the west nach Osten nahCH os-tuhn to the east Your Number’s Up Sooner or later you’re going to have to learn numbers in German. Numbers are used for telling time, for making dates, for counting, for finding out prices—they’re even used to refer to the pages, tables, and chapters in this book! So pull out your abacus and start counting. Count Me In What’s What? Cardinal numbers Numbers used in counting. 166 One, two, three, four … as children, one of the first things we learn to do is count (today’s children, tomorrow’s taxpayers). Numbers that express amounts are known as cardinal numbers. The sooner you learn cardinal numbers in German the better because you’re going to need to use numbers for everything from renting a car to locating your gate in an airport (see the following table). Chapter 13 ➤ Heading for the Hotel Cardinal Numbers German Pronunciation English null eins zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn elf zwölf dreizehn vierzehn fünfzehn sechzehn siebzehn achtzehn neunzehn zwanzig einundzwanzig zweiundzwanzig dreiundzwanzig vierundzwanzig fünfundzwanzig sechsundzwanzig siebenundzwanzig achtundzwanzig neunundzwanzig dreiβig vierzig fünfzig nool aynts tsvay dRay feeR fünf zeks zee-buhn aCHt noyn tseyn elf tsvölf dRay-tseyn feeR-tseyn fünf-tseyn zeHs-tseyn seep-tseyn, aCH-tseyn noyn-tseyn tsvAn-tsiH ayn-oont-tsvAn-tsiH tsvay-oont-tsvAn-tsiH dRay-oont-tsvAn-tsiH feeR-oont-tsvAn-tsiH fünf-oont-tsvAn-tsiH zeks-oont-tsvAn-tsiH zee-buhn-oont-tsvAn-tsiH ACHt-oont-tsvAn-tsiH noyn-oont-tsvAn-tsiH dRay-siH feeR-tsiH fünf-tsiH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 continues 167 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Cardinal Numbers (continued) German Pronunciation English sechzig siebzig achtzig neunzig hundert hunderteins hundertzwei zweihundert zweihundereins zweihunderzwei tausend zweitausend hunderttausend eine Million zwei Millionen eine Milliarden zwei Milliarden zeH-tsiH zeep-tsiH ACH-tsiH noyn-tsiH hoon-deRt hoon-deRt-aynts hoon-deRt-tsvay tsvay-hoon-deRt tsvay-hoon-deRt-aynts tsvay-hoon-deRt-tsvay tou-zent tsvay-tou-zent hoon-deRt-tou-zent aynuh mee-leeohn tsvay mee-leeoh-nuhn ayn mee-lee-AR-duh tsvay mee-lee-AR-duhn 60 70 80 90 100 101 102 200 201 202 1000 2000 100,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 After you’ve learned the basics of counting in German, the main things to remember are … ➤ After the number 20, numbers are expressed in compound words with the one, two, three … coming first: one-and-20, two-and-20, three-and-20 … Don’t forget to drop the -s from eins before einundzwanzig, einunddreiβig, and so on. ➤ Und (and) is used to connect the numbers one through nine to the numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, and so on. ➤ The -s is dropped from sechs to form sechzehn (16) and sechzig (60). Similarly, the -en is dropped from sieben to form siebzehn (17) and siebzig (70). ➤ After 100, und is dropped and numbers are expressed the same way they are in English with 100, 1,000, 1 million, and so on, coming first. In German, however, you do not say “one hundred” or “one thousand.” You simply say hundert (hoon-deRt) or tausend (tou-zent). ➤ Because the sound of zwei (tsvay) and drei (dRay) are so similar, zwo (tsvoh) is often used for “two” in official language and when giving numbers on the telephone. 168 Chapter 13 ➤ Heading for the Hotel What Time Is It? Now that you have familiarized yourself with German numbers, it should be relatively easy for you to tell time. The simplest way to question someone about the time is by saying: Wieviel Uhr ist es? vee-feel ewR ist es What time is it? Culture Shock Wie spät ist es? vee shpäht ist es What time is it? To answer a question about time, start out with Es ist … as in the next example: Es ist … es ist It is … In Germany, as in most European countries, colloquial time is given without any reference to A.M. or P.M. Often the 24-hour system— what we call official, or military, time—is used. Accordingly, 1:00 P.M. is 13:00, or dreizehn Uhr (dray-tseyn ewR), 2:00 P.M. is vierzehn Uhr (feeR-tseyn ewR), and so on. Look at the following table for some common phrases to help you tell time. Telling Time German Pronunciation English Es ist ein Uhr. Es ist fünf (Minuten) nach zwei. Es ist zehn (Minuten) nach drei. Es ist Viertel nach vier. Es ist zwanzig nach fünf. Es ist fünf vor halb sieben. Es ist halb acht. Es ist fünf nach halb acht. Es ist zehn nach halb acht. Es ist zwanzig vor neun. es ist ayn ewR es ist fünf (mee-new-tuhn) nACH tsvay es ist tseyn (mee-new-tuhn) nACH dRay es ist feeR-tuhl nACH feeR es ist tsvAn-tsik nACH fünf es ist fünf foR hAlp zee-buhn es ist hAlp ACHt es ist fünf nACH hAlp ACHt es ist tseyn Nach hAlp ACHt es ist tsvAn-tsik foR noyn It is 1:00. It is 2:05. It is 3:10. It It It It It It It is is is is is is is 4:15. 5:20. 6:25. 7:30. 7:35. 8:40. 8:40. continues 169 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Telling Time (continued) German Pronunciation English Es Es Es Es Es es es es es es It It It It It ist ist ist ist ist Viertel vor zehn. zehn vor elf. fünf vor zwölf. Mitternacht. Mittag. ist ist ist ist ist feer-tuhl foR tseyn tseyn foR elf fünf foR tsvölf mi-tuhR-nACHt mi-tahk is is is is is 9:45. 10:50. 11:55. midnight. noon. ➤ To express the time after the hour, give the number of minutes past the hour first, then nach, then the hour: Es ist Viertel nach fünf. (“It’s a quarter past five.”) What’s What? Um Usually, the preposition um means “around,” but in time expressions it means “at.” Um 9 Uhr beginnt das Theaterstück (oom noyn ewR buh-gint dAs teyah-teR-shtük), or “The play begins at 9:00.” ➤ To express the time before the hour, give the number of minutes before the hour first, then vor, then the hour: Es ist Viertel vor fünf. (“It’s a quarter to five.”) ➤ With all other hours, halb is used to express half the way to the hour. Halb sechs does not mean half past six, but half way to six (5:30). ➤ To express “at what time” something is occurring, use the preposition um: Um halb sechs gehen wir. (“We’ll go at five-thirty.”) It isn’t enough to be able to plod along through numbers and tell people what time it is. You’ll need to know more general time expressions. The following table provides some common time expressions. Time Expressions 170 German Pronunciation English eine Sekunde eine Minute eine Stunde morgens am Morgen ay-nuh zey-koon-duh ay-nuh mee-new-tuh ay-nuh shtoon-duh moR-guhns Am moR-guhn a second a minute an hour mornings in the morning Chapter 13 ➤ Heading for the Hotel German Pronunciation English abends am Abend nachmittags am Nachmittag um wieviel Uhr genau um Mitternacht genau um ein Uhr um ungefähr/ um etwa zwei Uhr eine viertel Stunde eine halbe Stunde in einer Stunde bis zwei Uhr vor drei Uhr nach drei Uhr Seit wann? seit sechs Uhr vor einer Stunde jede Stunde stündlich früh spät gestern heute morgen vorgestern übermorgen ah-buhnts Am ah-buhnt nACH-mi-tahks Am nACH-mi-tahk oom vee-feel ewR guh-nou oom mi-tuhR-nACHt guh-nou oom ayn ewR oom oon-guh-fähR/ oom et-vah tsvay ewR ayn feeR-tuhl shtoon-duh ay-nuh hAl-buh shtoon-duh in ay-nuhR shtoon-duh bis tsvay ewR foR dRay ewR nACH dRay ewR zayt vAn zayt zeks foR ay-nuhR shtoon-duh yey-duh shtoon-duh shtünt-liH fRüh shpäht ges-tuhRn hoy-tuh moR-guhn foR-ges-tuhRn ü-buhR-moR-guhn evenings in the evening (P.M.) afternoons (P.M.) in the afternoon at what time at exactly midnight at exactly 1:00 at about 2:00 quarter of an hour half an hour in an hour until 2:00 before 3:00 after 3:00 since when? since 6:00 an hour ago every hour hourly early late yesterday today tomorrow the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow Note that the word seit (“since”) along with the present tense is used to express a period of time beginning in the past and extending into the present. To express that you have been living in Berlin for three years, you would say: Seit drei Jahren wohne ich in Berlin. Keep this rule in mind to avoid becoming one of the many English speakers who misuse the word für (“for”) for seit. 171 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away As a Rule You can form various kinds of time expressions by combining the adverbs gestern, heute, morgen, vorgestern, or übermorgen with the nouns Morgen, Vormittag, Mittag, Nachmittag, or Abend to express things such as “yesterday afternoon” → gestern Nachmittag. The only two exceptions to this productive permutation are the German expression for “tomorrow morning ,” morgen früh, (not morgen Morgen), and übermorgen früh to indicate “the morning of the day after tomorrow.” The Least You Need to Know ➤ You can use the very strong verb nehmen to indicate what transportation you are taking to get from one place to another. ➤ Welcher is the interrogative pronoun “which” or “what” and takes the same declination as the definite article. ➤ To rent a car, you might need to know some basic vocabulary for the parts of a car. ➤ Whether you’re telling someone the time or listening to the teller count your money at a bank, sooner or later you’re going to need to know German cardinal numbers. 172 Chapter 14 Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! In This Chapter ➤ Checking out hotel facilities ➤ Counting with ordinal numbers (an excuse to review adjective endings!) ➤ Knowing and knowing something ➤ Verbs with prefixes, both separable and inseparable You selected the method of transportation that suits your luggage situation and the purchasing power of your wallet. You pay the taxi driver, get off the bus, or exit the subway, to find yourself in front of your hotel. For some of us, a bed is all we look for in a hotel. For others, cable TV, a telephone, a sauna, and a garden-view balcony are the bare necessities. Whatever your personal needs may be, this chapter will help you be comfortable in a German hotel. What a Hotel! Does It Have …? Some people enjoy the adventure of wandering around for hours looking for a hotel they saw in a travel brochure; other people don’t feel comfortable unless they’ve reserved their room a year in advance. Either way, before you hand over your credit card or traveler’s check, be sure to verify with the people at die Hotel Rezeption (dee hoh-tel Rey-tsep-tseeohn) whether they can provide you with whatever it is you need: a quiet room, a wake-up call, or coffee at 4 A.M. The following table will help you get the scoop on just about everything a hotel has to offer. Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away At the Hotel German Pronunciation English das Einkaufszentrum das Fitneβcenter das Geschäftszentrum der Geschenkladen das Hotel das Restaurant das Schwimmbad das Zimmermädchen der (Gepäck)Träger der Aufzug der Kassierer der Parkplatz der Pförtner der Portier der Zimmerservice die Sauna die Reinigung dAs ayn-koufs-tsen-tRoom dAs fit-nes-sen-tuhR dAs guh-shäfts-tsen-tRoom deyR guh-shenk-lah-duhn dAs hoh-tel dAs Re-stou-rohn dAs shvim-baht dAs tsi-muhR-mät-Huhn deyR (guh-päk)tRäh-guhR deyR ouf-zewk deyR kA-see-RuhR deyR pARk-plAts deyR pföRt-nuhR deyR poR-ti-ey deyR tsi-muhR-suhR-vis dee sou-nah dee Ray-ni-goonk shopping center fitness center business center gift shop hotel restaurant swimming pool maid service porter elevator cashier parking lot concierge doorman room service sauna laundry and drycleaning service Culture Shock Travelers interested in cheap, nofrills sleeping can stay at die Pension (dee pen-zeeohn), essentially a boarding house. Depending on whether you want all meals or just breakfast, you can choose Vollpension or Halbpension. If you want something cozier, try das Gasthaus (dAs gAsthous). And finally, there is das Hotel (dAs hoh-tel). 174 Whenever you’re about to book a room at a hotel, don’t let the giddiness you feel at being in a new country prevent you from asking a few important questions about your room. Is it quiet? Does it look out onto the courtyard or onto the street? Is it on a smoking floor or a nonsmoking floor? Are there extra blankets in the cupboard? No matter how luxurious your hotel room, if you forget to ask any of these questions, you may find yourself spending a sleepless night shivering under your thin blanket, listening to the music from the discotheque next door, and inhaling the secondhand smoke seeping in under your door. The following table has some words you may find useful when cross-examining hotel receptionists. Chapter 14 ➤ Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! Hotel Basics German Pronunciation English das Badezimmer das Dopplezimmer das Einzelzimmer das Telefon das Zimmer der Balkon der Farbfernseher der Fernseher der Safe der Schlüssel der Wecker die Badewanne die Dusche die Halbpension die Vollpension die Klimaanlage die Toilette die übernachtung ein Zimmer mit Aussicht nach hinten nach vorn zum Garten zum Hof zur Meerseite dAs bah-duh-tsi-muhR dAs do-pel-tsi-muhR dAs ayn-tsel-tsi-muhR dAs tey-ley-fon dAs tsi-muhR deyR bAl-kohn deyR faRb-feRn-zay-heR deyR feRn-zay-heR deyR Zeyf deyR shlü-suhl deyR ve-kuhR dee bah-duh-vA-nuh dee dew-shuh dee hAlp-pen-zee-ohn dee fol-pen-zee-ohn dee klee-mah-An-lah-guh dee toee-le-tuh dee üh-beR-nACH-toong ayn tsi-muhR mit ous-ziHt nahCH hin-tuhn nahCH foRn tsoom gAR-tuhn tsoom hof tsewR meeR-zay-tuh bathroom double room single room telephone room balcony color television television safe key alarm clock bathtub shower just with breakfast with meals air conditioning restroom overnight stay a room with a view at the back at the front on the garden on the courtyard on the sea Now, using the vocabulary you’ve learned, fill in the blanks of this dialogue between a hotel receptionist (der Empfangschef) and a client (der Kunde). Kunde: Guten Tag. Haben Sie ein __________ frei? Empfangschef: Möchten Sie ein Zimmer mit einem __________? Wir haben ein wunderschönes __________________ zur Meerseite. Kunde: Ja, warum nicht? Hat das Zimmer ein ____________? Ich erwarte einen wichtigen Anruf. 175 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Empfangschef: Selbstverständlich. Möchten Sie Vollpension oder ____________? Kunde: Vollpension, bitte. Empfangschef: Gut. Die Zimmernummer ist 33. Hier ist Ihr ____________. Gute Nacht. Calling Housekeeping So what happens if you do forget to ask whether there are blankets in the closet and then the temperature drops 20 degrees shortly after you get into bed? Do you shiver all night, or do you call the concierge and ask for more blankets? Here are some expressions that will help you get whatever you need. Because you will usually be asking for an object or a thing, these nouns are listed with their indefinite articles followed by “m.” for masculine nouns, “f.” for feminine nouns, “n.” for neuter nouns, and “pl.” for plural nouns. See the following table. Necessities German Pronunciation English die Eiswürfel (m. pl.) ein Adapter (m.) ein Aschenbecher (m.) ein Badetuch (n.) ein Handtuch (n.) ein Kleiderbügel (m.) ein Kopfkissen (n.) ein Mineralwasser (n.) ein Stück Seife (n.) ein Taschentuch (n.) eine Bettdecke (f.) die Streichhölzer (f.) das Briefpapier (n.) ein Nähkasten (m.) dee ays-vüR-fuhl ayn ah-dAp-tuhR ayn A-shuhn-be-HuhR ayn bah-duh-tewCH ayn hAn-tewCH ayn klay-duhR-büh-guhl ayn kopf-ki-suhn ayn mi-nuh-Rahl-vA-suhR ayn shtük zay-fuh ayn tA-shuhn-tewCH ay-nuh bet-de-kuh dee shtRayH-höl-tsuhR dAs bReef-pah-peeR ayn näh-kAs-tuhn ice cubes an adapter an ashtray a beach towel a towel a hanger a pillow mineral water a bar of soap a handkerchief a blanket matches stationery a sewing kit Complete the following sentences. Keep in mind that the nouns you will be using are direct objects, and take the accusative case: The masculine indefinite article ein becomes einen; the feminine and neuter indefinite articles eine and ein remain the same in the nominative and accusative case (see Chapter 8, “Fitting Form with Function”). 176 Chapter 14 ➤ Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! Ich hätte gern … iH hä-tuh geRn I would like … Ich brauche … iH brou-CHuh I need … Achtung Using these expressions along with the vocabulary you’ve just learned, try to translate the following sentences into German. 1. I need an adapter. 2. I’d like a mineral water, please. 3. I need stationery. 4. I’d like an ashtray and matches, please. German bathrooms, like many European bathrooms, have what looks like a tiny bathtub, usually next to the toilet, known as a bidet. Non-Europeans sometimes make the mistake of thinking this bathroom fixture is for washing their clothes. 5. I need a pillow. 6. I would like a beach towel, please. Going Straight to the Top Now that you’ve had a good night’s sleep, it’s time to explore the hotel a little. To get around, you’ll need to know how to get from one floor to another. The numbers used to refer to the floors of a building are known as ordinal numbers. An ordinal number refers to a specific number in a series. If your hotel is really fancy, someone in the elevator may ask you, “Welcher Stock, bitte (vel-HuhR shtok, bi-tuh)?” Study the ordinal numbers in the following table, and you’ll be able to answer this question. Ordinal Numbers German Numbers Pronunciation English 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. eRs-tuh tsvay-tuh dRi-tuh feeR-tuh fünf-tuh zeks-tuh zeep-tuh ACH-tuh noyn-tuh first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth erste zweite dritte vierte fünft sechste siebte achte neunte continues 177 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Ordinal Numbers (continued) German Numbers Pronunciation English 10. zehnte 11. elfte 12. zwölfte 20. zwanzigste 21. einundzwanzigste 100. hundertste 1000. tausendste 1.000.000. millionste tseyn-tuh elf-tuh tsvölf-tuh tsvan-tsiHs-tuh ayn-oont-tsvan-tsiHs-tuh hoon-dert-stuh tou-zuhnt-stuh i-lyohn-stuh tenth eleventh twelfth twentieth twenty-first hundredth thousandth millionth ➤ Ordinal numbers are formed by adding -te to the numbers two through 19 and by adding -ste from 20 on. Erste (“first”), dritte (“third”), siebte (“seventh”), and achte (“eighth”) are exceptions. What’s What? Ordinal numbers Numbers that refer to a specific number in a series and answer the question, Which one? In German, they may be preceded by a definite article. ➤ In English, we use letters (1st, 2nd, 3rd …) to express ordinal numbers. In German, use a period after the numeral: 1., 2., 3., and so on. ➤ Ordinal numbers are, in fact, adjectives! Hence, they have the desire to agree with the noun they are modifying in gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter), number (singular or plural), and case (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive). The Declension of Ordinal Numbers Culture Shock In Germany, as in many European countries, the street-level floor is not numbered. It is referred to as das Erdgeschoβ (dAs eRt-guh-shos). The German first floor is the equivalent of the American second floor. 178 Ordinal numbers are treated as adjectives and can therefore be declined like any other adjective. They take normal adjective endings, as introduced in Chapter 11, “I’d Like to Get to Know You.” In the sentence Wir nehmen den ersten freien Aufzug zum Restaurant (veeR neymuhn deyn eR-sten fRay-uhn ouf-tsewk tsoom Res-tou-RAnt) “We will take the first available elevator to the restaurant,” the ordinal number erste is modifying the singular noun der Aufzug. Chapter 14 ➤ Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! If you read Chapter 11 carefully, you know that adjectives after a der word don’t need to “show” much grammar—the der word already performs that function! You can surmise by its function in the sentence that der Aufzug is the direct object. Thus it must reflect the masculine accusative, and the adjective erste gets an agreeable, weak and easy -n. And what about frei? As ersten sets the agreeable adjectival precedence, frei simply follows suit → freien. The three tables that follow give you a quick review of the endings of adjectives—this time ordinal numbers—in the weak, strong, and mixed declension. Recall that adjectives needn’t be burdened with the task of indicating gender, number, or case when they come after der words (words such as dieser, jener, jeder, and so on), because the der word assumes that responsibility. The weak declension of adjectives illustrated with an ordinal number is shown in the table that follows. Case Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Neuter All Genders Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. der erste den ersten dem ersten des ersten die erste die erste der ersten der ersten das erste das erste dem ersten des ersten die ersten die ersten den ersten der ersten Conversely, adjectives that are not preceded by any type of limiting word have to bear all of the grammar and thus resemble the definite article, also referred to as taking the strong declension: Zimmer 33, erstes Zimmer auf der rechten Seite … (“Room 33, the first room on the right …”). Why, you might wonder, is it erstes and not erste or erster? Zimmer is a neuter noun (das) and is functioning in this phrase as a subject, reflected by the nominative case. Remembering to stretch your mind to allow an -es for the -as in das, only two deviations from your der word chart occur when marking adjectives that are not preceded by any type of limiting word (genitive masculine and neuter). Case Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Neuter All Genders Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. erster ersten erstem ersten erste erste erster erster erstes erstes erstem ersten erste erste ersten erster Adjectives preceded by an ein word (words such as ein, kein, mein, sein, ihr, and so on) take a weak ending in all but three instances. You might recall that the ein in ein Wagen, ein Auto, and Ich habe ein Auto all look the same, yet represent different gender and case. Therefore, given a second chance to reflect a bit of grammatical identity, the adjective following such a word will, indeed, strive to do so. See the table that follows for the mixed declension of adjectives. 179 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Case Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Neuter All Genders Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. ein erster einen ersten einem ersten eines ersten eine erste eine erste einer ersten einer ersten ein erstes ein erstes einem ersten eines ersten die ersten die ersten den ersten der ersten My Seventh? No, No—This Is My Eighth Husband Complete the following sentences by supplying an ordinal number and adding the appropriate adjective ending. Example: Sie hat Angst, ins Flugzeug zu steigen. Es ist ihr erster Flug. 1. Wir haben nicht viel Geld. Wir fahren _________ Klasse. 2. “Erster Stop ist in Marl; Zweiter Stop ist in Haltern; ___________ Stop ist in Recklinghausen,” sagt der Busfahrer. 3. Mein __________ Beruf war Tellerwäscher. Heute bin ich Millionär. 4. Zuerst kommt die Post. Das _______ Gebäude auf der linken Seite ist ein Hotel. 5. Auf der zweiten Etage befindet sich das Restaurant. Auf der _________ Etage ist das Einkaufzentrum. 6. Er hat schon drei Söhne. Sein ___________ Kind wird ein Mädchen. 7. Wenn eine Katze schon acht Leben hatte, ist sie jetzt im _______________ Lebensjahr! More Action with Verbs Do you remember what you learned about verbs in Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland”? Verbs are used to express action, motion, or states of being. This section looks at the irregular verb wissen and its weak partner, kennen; at the meanings of the simple present tense; and at verbs with prefixes. Wissen and Other Ways of Expressing Knowledge The irregular verb wissen (vi-suhn) states knowledge of something as a fact: Ich weiβ die Adresse von Christoph nicht. It never refers to persons. You’ll recall the other two irregular verbs you’ve learned, sein and haben. Why, you might ask, must these verbs be 180 Chapter 14 ➤ Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! irregular? Interestingly (or not) enough, the verbs to be, to have, to know, and to become (the fourth irregular verb to be learned later) are high-frequency verbs in most languages and thus mark themselves as meaningful and significant by retaining distinctive forms. In German, distinctiveness translates into changing the consonants—not just the vowels! Observe this behavior in the conjugation of wissen in the following table. The Verb wissen Personal Singular Plural First Second Third ich weiβ du weiβt er, sie, es weiβ wir wissen ihr wisst sie wissen There you have it! Not only does a vowel-stem change occur in all of the singular conjugations, but you’ll observe an ending omission in the ich and er, sie, and es forms. We told you it was irregular! But take heart: To express knowing, as in indicating familiarity with something or somebody, you can also use a weak verb, kennen. As a Rule There are two German equivalents for the English “to know”: wissen, which means to know something as a fact, and kennen, to be acquainted with a person, place or thing. Wissen is frequently used to form an introductory clause: Wissen Sie, …? Ich weiβ …, whereas kennen takes only nouns as objects: Ich kenne Berlin gut. Kennst du diesen Film? Kennen is still used as a verb in Scottish, indicating perception or understanding. Care to exercise your choice? Try your hand at inserting the correct form of wissen or kennen! 1. ____________ du, wo Kerstin wohnt? 2. Kerstin? Ich ____________ niemanden mit dem Namen “Kerstin.” Wer ist sie? (niemand, “no one”; wer, “who”) 3. Ich ____________ , dass sie sehr hübsch und intelligent ist! 181 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away 4. Na, ja. Vielleicht ____________ Petra sie. Vielleicht _______Petra die Adress von dieser Kerstin. 5. ____________ wir nicht Kerstins Mann, Frank? 6. Ach ja! Ich ____________ ihn vom Bus. Verbs with Prefixes The prefixes you’re going to learn about here have nothing to do with prices you find on the menu in the restaurant of your fancy hotel. Pre means “to come before,” and fix means “to join onto or with”; thus a prefix is a series of letters (sometimes a word on its own) that you join onto the beginning of another word. Verbs with prefixes, referred to as compound verbs, are not a German phenomenon. English also has many compound verbs: to lead and to mislead; to rate, to overrate, and to underrate; to take, to mistake, to retake, to undertake, and to overtake. In German, as in English, the verb and the compound verb follow the same conjugation; take becomes took in the past tense, for example, and mistake becomes mistook. Coming Apart: Verbs with Separable Prefixes When you were busy ordering people around and taking directions in Chapter 12, “Finally, You’re at the Airport,” you used verbs with separable prefixes. You sent those prefixes to the end of the command. The rule still holds—separable prefixes like to get away from their stem verb and go to the end of a clause even in an ordinary statement or question: Kommst du heute Abend mit? Ja, ich komme um 8 Uhr mit. Just as the particle helpers in English stand on their own, so can the separable prefixes in German be words on their own, usually adverbs or prepositions. Although in the infinitive form they appear to be one word (as in the verb weggehen, which means “to go away”), the prefix functions separately in the sentence Er geht jetzt weg (“He’s going away now”). Some common separable prefixes are auf-, aus-, an-, bei-, mit-, nach-, vor-, weg-, weiter-, wieder-, zu-, zurück-, and zusammen-. What’s What? Compound verbs Verbs that are formed by adding a prefix to the stem verb. German has two types of compound verbs: those with separable prefixes and those with inseparable prefixes. 182 The following sentences involve separable prefix verbs whose meanings you should be able to deduce from your general knowledge of German prepositions and verbs (see Chapter 9). Try to complete the sentences. Wann ______ wir den Film ______? (an.sehenS ) When are we viewing the film? Tina ______ das Buch ______. (vor.lesenS ) Tina is reading the book out loud. Chapter 14 ➤ Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel! ______ Sie nie ______! (auf.gebenS ) Never give up! Gretchen ______ ihr Bier immer______! (aus.trinken) Gretchen always drinks up all of her beer. S Don’t forget that these verbs incur a stem change in the present tense! As a Rule When a prefix is separated from a compound verb, the prefix occurs at the end of the clause, which also is often the end of the sentence: Er geht jeden Morgen um sieben Uhr aus. Remember how we started noting the sehr starke verbs (those verbs undergoing a vowel-stem change in the present tense) in Chapter 9. Also, from now on in this book, separable prefix verbs will be marked in their infinitival form with a period between the prefix and the stem. Although these verbs are not normally represented this way, the period should help you identify them. Sticking It Out Together: Verbs with Inseparable Prefixes The German language has one more basic type of verb prefix: the inseparable variety. Inseparable prefixes cannot stand alone and must be attached to a verb. Also noteworthy is the fact that they are not stressed. Compare the separable prefix verb aus.gehen with the inseparable ergeben S —the underlined portion of each receives the main stress. The following prefixes always remain attached to the verb, but if you are creative enough, you can build a “semantic bridge” and link the meaning of the stem with that of the newly formed verb! We Are Family What caused a rift between English and German? When they were still considered Germanic buddies, their common development of stress shifting systematically to a word’s first or root syllable helped differentiate them from other Indo-European languages. We still see that predictable stress in German, but not in English. Loss of regular first-syllable stress is just one of the profound effects brought about by the Norman Invasion of England in 1066. 183 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Inseparable Prefix German Verb English be- (buh) emp- (emp) ent- (ent) er- (eR) ge- (guh) miss- (mis) ver- (feyR) zer- (tseyR) bekommen empfehlenS entdecken ergebenS gewinnen missverstehen vergessenS zerfallenS to to to to to to to to get, receive recommend discover yield, produce win misunderstand forget decay From the preceding list, see whether you can fill in the blanks with the correct verb— correctly conjugated, of course! Read these sentences aloud, remembering not to stress the prefix in these verbs. 1. Wo ____________ Sie das? (Where do you get that?) 2. Ich _________________ die Adresse. (I forget the address.) 3. Boris Becker ____________ fast immer. (Boris Becker almost always wins.) 4. Welches Restaurant ____________ du? (Which restaurant do you recommend?) The Least You Need to Know ➤ If you familiarize yourself with a few basic vocabulary words, you should have no trouble getting what you need in your hotel room. ➤ Form ordinal numbers by adding -te to the numbers two through 19 and -ste to the numbers from 20 on. Memorize the exceptions to this rule: erste, dritte, siebte, and achte. Amaze yourself with all the new adjectives you’ve just acquired! ➤ The verbs wissen and kennen express knowledge and familiarity. ➤ Many German verbs are compound verbs, or verbs with prefixes. These verbs can be either separable or inseparable. 184 Chapter 15 What’s Your Number? In This Chapter ➤ Addresses and phone calls ➤ European countries with German-sounding names ➤ Exchanging money and figuring out prices ➤ The German equivalent of the English let’s You’ve been in Germany for a while now, at least within the international borders of this book. You can get around, find a room, spout a few nouns, ask a question or two, tell a little time, and find a room. But what about shopping? Say you need some new duds or are tempted by the fresh fruits and vegetables of the open-air markets that abound in Germany. It’s always practical to be able to point and pay, if nothing else. And what about using numbers as you travel: addresses, phones, giving and receiving ID and contact information …? In this chapter you’ll use those cardinal numbers from Chapter 13, “Heading for the Hotel,” as a springboard to launch into the realm of communication and consumerism. For now let’s concentrate on expressing and understanding numbers and commands; subsequent chapters explain how to dispose of the money you have learned to count (but not necessarily budget)! Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Send Me a Card … Drop Me a Line! Achtung It is not uncommon to find Straβe abbreviated as Str. and to find more than one number for a house address. Never you mind, as that is how the Hausschild (hous-shilt), the numerical sign on the street, will read. You’re going to Germany, and you want to correspond with some distant relatives, college acquaintances, or the hotel proprietors. How exactly do you address a card? Differing from our American system is the ordering of house number followed by street. If you think about it, it really is more logical to know which street you’re referring to before knowing exactly where on that street the house lies. In Germany, after the line of the addressee comes the street and then the house number. Conversely, the zip code precedes the city in German correspondence. Guess there has to be some leveling out or reciprocation of numeral ordering somewhere! When in Deutschland, you’ll want to use Deutsch-style addresses. Here’s an example: German Style U.S. Style Bernadette Höfer Feldbergstraβe 3-7 55118 Mainz Bernadette Höfer 300 Washington Avenue Mainstreet, MD 21000 Identifying International Abbreviations International abbreviations are used for the country names. You might have seen stickers on automobiles, indicating countries of origin, bearing the same abbreviations. Some abbreviations you might not guess are … ➤ CH for Switzerland (Confederatio Helvetica) ➤ SK for Slovakia (die Slowakei) ➤ PL for Poland (Polen) ➤ E for Spain (Spanien) What is Germany’s abbreviation? Why, D for Deutschland, of course! Call Me … Reading a German business card, advertisement, or brochure, you’re likely to encounter more than an address—most likely, a telephone number. Unlike American 186 Chapter 15 ➤ What’s Your Number? telephone numbers, which consist of a three-digit area code followed by a seven-digit number, the exact length of telephone numbers in Germany is variable. Most phone numbers have a city prefix consisting of three or four digits, and the actual phone number may be four to seven digits long. Go ahead and tack on another digit, a zero in front of the city code, if phoning from within Germany. Not to worry if you dial a wrong number or can’t write as fast as directory assistance would assume— the post office (die Post) sells phone cards beginning with 6 DM amounts. Once you get your paws on one of these colorful cards, you can experiment and frustrate at your own pace. Now do you feel the need to really learn your numbers? As an aid, the following table lists some useful communication terms. (For more in-depth information on telephone etiquette, and that trip to the post office, see Chapters 25, “Getting Your Message Across,” and 26, “Where’s the Nearest Post Office?”) Culture Shock The postal service in Germany also provides phone service. Tell the postal worker behind the counter that you want to make a long-distance call, and he or she will indicate which phone booth is available. You pay (cash only) after your call. Long-distance calls made from the post office are considerably cheaper. Communication Terms German Pronunciation English die Adresse die Ansichtskarte der Brief die Hausnummer das Land die Post die Postkarte die Postleitzahl die Stadt die Straβe die Telefonnummer der Wohnort Was bedeutet …? Wie bitte? Wie ist deine/Ihre Telefonnummer? Wie schreibt man …? dee A-dre-suh dee An-siHts-kAr-tuh deR bReef dee hous-noo-muhR dAs lAnt dee post dee post-kAr-tuh dee post-layt-tsahl dee shtAt dee shtrA-suh dee te-le-fo-noo-muhR deR von-oRt vAs buh-doi-tuht … vee bi-tuh vee ist day-nuh/ee-Ruh te-le-fo-noo-muhR vee shraypt mAn … the address the postcard the letter the house number the country the post office the postcard the zip code the city the street the telephone number the town of residence What does _____ mean? Excuse me? What is your telephone number? How does one write …? 187 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Using the information-gathering vocabulary you’ve just acquired, try to fill in the following blanks: 1. Ich kenne die Straβe, aber nicht die ____________________. 2. Die _____________ kommt vor der Stadt in der Adresse. 3. Ich habe ein Telefon. Meine ___________________ ist 03-45-60. 4. Du schickst eine ______________________ an deine Mutter. 5. Sein Name ist sehr lang! ________________________ das? Now try to fill in the information requested in German. Name Wohnort Straβe und Hausnummer Postleitzahl und Stadt Telefonnummer European Countries, According to Germans As an American (if you are), you come from America and speak American. Okay, maybe you speak English or are from England. The point is that every language personalizes other countries’ names to suit their language’s sound systems. The German names for countries should be fairly recognizable to you, but the pronunciation may be challenging. The following table lists some European countries: Country Names 188 German Pronunciation English Albanien Belgien Bulgarien Dänemark Deutschland Finnland Frankreich Griechenland Groβbritannien Irland Al-bah-neyuhn bel-geyuhn bool-gah-Reyuhn däh-nuh-mARk doitsh-lAnt fin-lAnt frAnk-rayH gree-Huhn-lAnt gros-bRi-tah-neyuhn eer-lAnt Albania Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Germany Finland France Greece Great Britain Ireland Chapter 15 ➤ What’s Your Number? German Pronunciation English Italien Lettland Litauen Liechtenstein Luxemburg die Niederlande Norwegen österreich Polen Portugal Russland die Schweiz Schweden die Slowakei Spanien Tschechien Ungarn ee-tah-leyuhn let-lAnt lee-tou-uhn leeH-tuhn-shtayn look-suhm-buHRk dee nee-duhR-lAn-duh noR-vey-guhn ös-tuh-RayH poh-luhn poR-too-gAl roos-lAnt dee shvayts schvey-duhn dee sloh-vah-kay shpah-neyuhn tshe-Heyuhn oon-gARn Italy Latvia Lithuania Liechtenstein Luxembourg the Netherlands Norway Austria Poland Portugal Russia Switzerland Sweden Slovakia Spain Czech Republic Hungary Try your hand now at the international abbreviations, indicating which country the following postcards are from! 1. CH aus _____________________ 2. D aus _____________________ 3. I aus _____________________ 4. A aus _____________________ 5. GB aus _____________________ 6. F aus _____________________ And don’t forget the good old United States: Vereinigte Staaten (veR-ayn-ik-tuh shtahtuhn)! Clams or Cabbage? It’s All the Same in Money Just as English has numerous colloquial expressions for money—clams, silverbacks, bucks, and so on—similar expressions are used in German, such as Mäuse (moi-zuh) “mice” and Knete (kney-tuh) “dough.” Perhaps one of the most culturally specific 189 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away What’s What? Colloquial Refers to the informal register of a linguistic repertoire. Stemming from the Latin meaning to speak together, this semi-technical term refers to informal, everyday speech, including slang, as in He ain’t comin’ (He is not coming) or I’m gonna go (I am going to go). colloquialisms referring to money in German is Kohle (koh-luh) “cabbage.” Now that you’re wondering how to get your hands on some of that German spending cabbage, you can hit the nearest ATM, incurring a modest $1–$5 service charge from your home bank. You are guaranteed to get the fairest, most-to-date exchange rate. Alternatively, money can be exchanged at Wechselstuben (vek-suhl-shtew-buhn), or “money exchange booths,” at airports, and at train stations. The Deutsche Verkehrs-Kredit Bank has branches in train stations that stay open until 6 P.M. Your best bet, however, if you don’t find that ATM box in your port of arrival, is to exchange money at one of the larger branches of a bank in cities (you may have some trouble in the smaller towns). The exchange rates at the larger bank branches are higher than at smaller, lesserknown banks, and the commission is lower. Most hotels also exchange money, but their rates are a complete rip-off, really—ein totaler Nepp. It’s hardly even worth mentioning them. You can exchange traveler’s checks in the same places you might go to exchange money: banks, money exchange booths, and post offices. You’ll have trouble getting anyone to accept traveler’s checks as direct payment. Then—are you ready?—once again, there’s die Post. The German post office will change your money for you, which is something you may want to keep in mind if you’re cashless in the late afternoon: Post offices stay open until 6 P.M. Deutsche Mark oder Eurodollar? Since 1998, all goods in German stores have carried two prices: one in German Marks and the other in Eurodollars. Within the next few years, the Eurodollar will completely replace the German Mark, but this date keeps changing. You know politicians! For now, let’s concentrate on how the Germans refer to their currency, die deutsche Mark. Both Mark and Pfennig (the breakdown of the Mark into 100 units) are used in the singular. Thus, Diese CD kostet DM 30,50 would be read as dreiβig Mark und fünfzig Pfennig, or simply dreiβig Mark fünfzig. Note that the German equivalent of a decimal point is a comma. Read the following sentences aloud, checking your pronunciation in the answer key. Go on the Internet and find the current exchange rate for the Mark and the Eurodollar; use the rates to convert the prices in the following exercise to U.S. dollars. 1. Das Buch kostet DM 47,45. 2. Die Blumen kosten DM 13,10. 190 Chapter 15 ➤ What’s Your Number? 3. Die Ansichtskarte kostet DM 50. 4. Ein Einzelzimmer kostet DM 61. 5. Das Ticket kostet DM 36,99. Approximations and Oddities In case you don’t want to talk exact amounts of money, or anything else that involves counting, you can always use the trusty approximate figures listed in the following table: Approximate Figures German Pronunciation English circa etwa rund ungefähr über tseeR-kuh et-vah Roont oon-guh-fähR üh-buhR about roughly around, about approximately over, more than You might recall from Chapter 13 that a million is a Million, but an American billion is a German Milliarde, whereas a German Billion is an American trillion. Aside from putting commas where we’d place decimals, and vice versa, Germans write the numeral seven a wee bit differently: They put a line through it so that it looks like a backwards capital F. Perhaps this feature is to distinguish it from the written one, which has the initial stroke below the line. Let’s Go Fly a Kite … The German equivalent of the English let’s … utilizes that nifty imperative, or command form you learned in Chapter 12, “Finally, You’re at the Airport,” but softens it up with a pronoun. You’ll notice that the word order is the same in questions as it was in the regular imperative used to order people around. Have a look: We Are Family The American usage of “dough” for money or cash began around the 1850s. Dough evolved into the 1960s “bread,” used primarily as hippie jargon and by the working class. The German equivalent, Knete, developed out of a reference to how people can hold money in their hands for a long time—just like dough! 191 Part 3 ➤ Up, Up, and Away Essen wir Schokolade. Let’s eat chocolate. Kaufen wir ein. Let’s shop. Finden wir das Museum. Let’s find the museum. Another way to suggest to a friend that you do something together involves the expression Lass uns … (lAs oonz), with the main verb arriving at the end of the suggestion: Lass uns ins Restaurant gehen. Let’s go to a restaurant. Lass uns griechisch essen. Let’s eat Greek. As a Rule The use of doch, mal, or doch mal in imperative constructions adds a subtle, but noticeable, layer of meaning. Doch adds a sense of urgency: Lass uns doch japanisch essen, or “Let’s do eat Japanese.” Mal adds a sense of impatience: Trink mal! becomes “Come on and drink!” Combining doch with mal produces a tone that is a little more casual: Kauf doch mal was, or “Go ahead and buy something.” Suggest to your friends, using either the Lass uns … or the Verb + wir constructions, the following activities: Let’s travel first class. ______________________ Let’s go to the garden. ______________________ Let’s take the bus. ______________________ Let’s visit France. ______________________ 192 Chapter 15 ➤ What’s Your Number? The Least You Need to Know ➤ German addresses list the street first, followed by the house number. The zip code precedes the city. Phone numbers vary in length. ➤ The German word for Germany is Deutschland, Austria is österreich, and Switzerland is die Schweiz. ➤ Use an ATM to exchange your money into, for now, German Marks, remembering that prices will be listed under both DM and EU dollars. ➤ All money designations in German are singular. ➤ By beginning a sentence with the verb in its infinitive form, followed by a wir, you’ll be able to make suggestions in the vein of let’s … 193 Part 4 Fun and Games Life isn’t all fun and games, but much of the fourth part of this book is. Part 4 comprises chapters for sightseers, shopping addicts, sports fanatics, and gourmets. Once you’ve learned how to talk about the weather (an important ability in any language, particularly when making small talk), learning how to make suggestions about what you’d like to see, shop for, and eat will keep your outlook sunny! Chapter 16 A Date with the Weather In This Chapter ➤ Describing weather conditions ➤ Learning the days of the week ➤ Naming the months of the year ➤ Breaking up the day You’ve just arrived in Frankfurt, and you’re ready to plan your afternoon. If you don’t understand the local weather report, a walk in the park could end up being a soggy sojourn. A summer tourist outfit might be the death of you if a cold front sweeps in from the north. Weather can make or break your day and provide fodder for endless small talk with strangers. In this chapter you’ll pick up the vocabulary you need to understand the weather forecast and to make plans in a German city, inside or outside your hotel. It’s 20 Degrees, but They’re Wearing Shorts! Americans in Germany have been laughed at for leaving their hotels in 20-degree weather in heavy winter jackets. Why? The answer is simple: They misunderstood the weather forecast. Remember, Germans use Celsius (or centigrade) not Fahrenheit, the way we do in the United States. Twenty degrees in German weather terminology is actually 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games The phrases in the following table will come in handy when the topic is weather. Weather Expressions 198 German Pronunciation English Wie ist das Wetter? Das Wetter ist herrlich. Das Wetter ist furchtbar. Das Wetter ist schlecht. Das Wetter ist schön. Das Wetter ist schrecklich. Die Sonne scheint. Es blitzt und donnert. Es gibt Regenschauer. Es ist bewölkt. Es ist feucht. Es ist heiβ. Es ist heiter. Es ist kalt. Es ist kühl. Es ist nebelig. Es ist regnerisch. Es ist sonnig. Es ist stürmisch. Es ist windig. Es regnet. Es schneit. Es ist warm. Es regnetin Strömen. vee ist dAs ve-tuhR dAs ve-tuhR ist heyR-liH How is the weather? The weather is wonderful. dAs ve-tuhR ist fooRHt-bahR The weather is awful. dAs ve-tuhR ist shleCHt The weather is bad. dAs ve-tuhR ist shöhn The weather is beautiful. dAs ve-tuhR ist shRek-liH The weather is horrible. The sun is shining. There is lightning and thunder. There are rain showers. dee so-nuh shaynt es blitst oont do-nuhRt es gipt rey-guhn-shou-uhR es ist buh-völkt es ist foyHt es ist hays es ist hay-tuhR es ist kAlt es ist kühl es ist ney-bey-liH es ist rek-nuh-Rish es ist so-niH es ist shtüR-mish es ist vin-diH es rek-nuht es shnayt es ist vARm es Rek-nuhtin shtRöh-muhn It It It It It It It It It It It It It It It is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is cloudy. humid. hot. clear. cold. cool. foggy. rainy. sunny. stormy. windy. raining. snowing. warm. pouring. Chapter 16 ➤ A Date with the Weather How’s the Weather? Look at the weather map of Germany. Use complete sentences to describe the weather in the following cities: 1. Erfurt 2. München 3. Schwerin 4. Kiel 5. Düsseldorf A weather map of Germany. What’s the Temperature? You’re walking around a German city with your pocket calculator, and you’ve converted the Celsius temperature on the flashing sign of a Deutsche Bank in front of your hotel to Fahrenheit. A few blocks later, a passerby says something about the temperature. You freeze. Don’t worry: The following phrases will enable you to respond correctly when someone asks you what the temperature is. 199 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Welche Temperatur ist es? vel-Huh tem-puh-rah-tewR ist es What’s the temperature? Culture Shock To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature and multiply the remaining number by .5. To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply the Celsius temperature by 1.8 and then add 32. Es sind minus zehn Grad. es zint mee-noos tseyn gRaht It’s minus 10 degrees. Es sind zehn Grad unter Null. es zint tseyn gRaht oon-tuhR nool It’s 10 degrees below zero. Es sind (plus) zwanzig Grad. es zint (ploos) tsvAn-tsiH gRaht It’s 20 degrees. But It Says in the Paper … German newspapers contain information on the weather, just as American newspapers do. The maps often include Germany and Western Europe. Look at the table for the German terms commonly used to describe weather. 200 der Nebel deyR ney-bel fog bewölkt buh-völkt cloudy der Hagel deyR hah-guhl hail der Regen deyR Rey-guhn rain der Schnee deyR shney snow der Schneeregen deyR shney-Rey-guhn sleet der Sprühregen deyR shpRüh-Rey-guhn drizzle der Regenschauer die Rey-guhn-shou-uhR shower die Sonne dee zo-nuh sun der Sturm deyR shtuRm storm der Wind deyR vint wind frisch fRish chilly der klare Himmel deyR klah-Ruh hi-muhl clear sky leicht layHt weak leicht bewölkt layHt buh-völkt slightly cloudy Chapter 16 ➤ A Date with the Weather mäβig mäh-siH moderate neblig ney-bliH foggy stark bewölkt shtARk buh-völkt very cloudy stark shtARk strong wechselhaft vek-sel-hAft changeable If It’s Tuesday, March 21, It Must Be Spring! Remember sitting in kindergarten (a German word, by the way, which means “child garden”) and learning the days of the week, the months of the year, and the seasons? If you’ve forgotten, prepare yourself: Your days of naps and crayons are about to come rushing back to you. This section focuses on precisely those elementary things: days, months, dates, and seasons. A weather map of Europe. 1025 T Haparanda -9 Reykjavik 3 Stockholm 0 H 3 1025 Hamburg Hamburg H 2 Berlin London 3 Frankfurt 1025 Wien -1 Paris 3 0 München Dubrovnik Nizza 6 Madrid Lissabon 1015 Malaga T -1 2 Palma Rom 10 10 5 Tunis 201 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games What Day Is It? You’ve really been enjoying the great weather on your vacation, and now you’ve completely lost track of time. The days melt together like a dream. One day you wake up and leave your hotel to go shopping only to find that all the stores are closed. It’s early in the afternoon, the sun is shining, cars are driving up and down the avenue. Is it a holiday? You stop a passerby and ask what day it is. “Sonntag,” he says. If you don’t know the days of the week, you may think this Sonntag is some important date in German history or that he’s talking about his favorite author. Of course, Sonntag is “Sunday,” the day when, in Germany, almost all stores are closed. Study the German names for the days of the week in the following table. Days of the Week German Pronunciation English der Tag die Woche die Wochentage Montag Dienstag Mittwoch Donnerstag Freitag Samstag Sonnabend Sonntag am Wochenende Welcher Tag ist heute? deyR tahk dee vo-CHuh dee wo-Chuhn-tah-guh mon-tahk dee-uhnts-tahk mit-voCH do-nuhRs-tahk fRay-tahk zAms-tahk zon-a-bent zon-tahk am vo-CHen-en-duh vel-Chuhr tahk ist hoituh day week days of the week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Saturday Sunday on the weekend What day is today? To express on when talking about a specific day, Germans use the contraction am, a combination of the preposition an and dem (dem being the dative form of the masculine definite article, der). Am Montag gehe ich in die Stadt. Am mohn-tahk gey-uh iH in dee shtAt On Monday I go downtown. To express that you do something on a specific day every week, simply add an -s, just as you do in English, to the end of the day, only don’t capitalize it unless it begins the sentence: 202 Chapter 16 ➤ A Date with the Weather Ich gehe montags in die Stadt. mohn-tahks gey-huh iH in dee shtat On Mondays I go downtown. Try responding to the following questions: 1. Welcher Tag ist heute? vel-CHuhr tahk ist hoi-tuh What day is today? Achtung 2. Was machen Sie montags? vas mA-CHuhn zee mon-taks What do you do on Mondays? 3. Was machen Sie am Wochenende? vas mA-CHuhn zee Am vo-Chen-en-duh What do you do on the weekend? 4. Welcher Tag ist morgen? vel-CHuhr tahk ist moR-gen What day is tomorrow? According to traditional German law, all stores (with the exception of bakeries that opted to open for two hours) had to close on Sunday. Train stations could always have an open grocery store, florist, or card shop—train stations being Touristenzone, a tourist zone. However, Berlin and several formerly East German cities declared themselves to be Touristenzone. As a Rule Remember, the days of the week, the months of the year, and the four seasons are masculine. So when you place them after either an accusative or a dative preposition, such as an, in, and vor, they’ll take the dative case. Although you might recognize these prepositions as taking either the accusative or the dative case, when they appear in conjunction with time, they always take the dative case. A Mouthful of Months Now that you know how to chat about the weather, you can ask friendly natives what the weather will be like in April, September, or even next month. The following table lists the months of the year. 203 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Months of the Year German Pronunciation English der Monat das Jahr Januar Februar März April Mai Juni Juli August September Oktober November Dezember deyR moh-nAt dAs yahR yah-new-ahR feb-Rew-ahR mäRts A-pRil mahee yew-nee yew-lee ou-goost zep-tem-buhR ok-toh-buhR noh-vem-buhR dey-tsem-buhR month year January February March April May June July August September October November December To make clear that something is expected to happen in a particular month, use the contraction im, a combination of the accusative or dative preposition in + dem (expressing masculine dative case). Culture Shock Every February before Lent, cities in Germany “go crazy” (these days are referred to as the Tolle Tage [toh-luh tah-guh], or “crazy days”). Karneval (kAR-ne-vAl), otherwise known down south as Fasching (fah-sheeng), is a major event in Catholic parts of the country. If you’re in Köln, Mainz, or München during the final days before Lent, expect parades, partying, and costumes everywhere! 204 In Kiel, regnet es am stärksten im März. in keel reyk-nuht es Am shtäRks-tuhn im mäRts In Kiel, it rains hardest in March. Now answer the following questions: 1. Wann ist Ihr Geburtstag? vAn ist eeR guh-bewRts-tahk When is your birthday? 2. Wann machen Sie in diesem Jahr Urlaub? vAn mA-CHuhn zee in dee-zuhm yahR ewR-loup When are you taking your vacation this year? 3. Welcher ist Ihr Lieblingsmonat? vel-HuhR ist eeR leep-leenks-moh-nAt What’s your favorite month? 4. Wann beginnt die Schule? van buh-gint dee shew-luh When does school begin? Chapter 16 ➤ A Date with the Weather The Four Seasons As you engage in German conversations, you’ll probably want to talk about the seasons. The information you need is in the following table. Notice how logical and concise the German for “season of the year” is: Jahres (of the year) + Zeit (time). The Seasons of the Year German Pronunciation English die Jahreszeit der Winter der Frühling das Frühjahr der Sommer der Herbst dee yah-Ruhs-tsayt deyR vin-tuhR deyR fRüh-ling das fRüh-yahR deyR zo-muhR deyR heRpst season winter spring spring summer autumn, fall To express in when you are speaking of the seasons, contract in + dem to form the German contraction im: Im Winter fahre ich in die Alpen. im vin-tuhR fah-Ruh iH in dee Al-puhn I’m going to the Alps in the winter. Culture Shock Try to answer the following questions concerning die Jahreszeiten: 1. Wann schneit es viel? van shnayt es feel When does it snow lots? 2. Wann fallen die Blätter von den Bäumen? van fA-luhn dee blä-tuhr fon deyn boi-muhn When do the leaves fall from the trees? 3. Wann blühen die Blumen? van blüh-uhn dee blew-muhn When do the flowers bloom? 4. Wann scheint die Sonne oft? van shaynt dee zo-nuh oft When does the sun shine often? Overall, the weather in many German-speaking countries is moderate: Your sweat won’t evaporate off your brow in summer, and in winter, your breath won’t condense into ice cubes that fall clinking to the ground. If you’re visiting Munich, pack a raincoat; it has more rainfall than other cities in Germany. In the mountainous regions of Switzerland and Austria, where glaciers keep the snow from melting all year round, you can get the best of both worlds— summer skiing in a T-shirt! 205 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games You Have a Date for What Date? The Fourth of July, your own birthday, and the year you were first kissed: What do these things have in common? Well, if you want to chat about them, you have to learn a few words that deal with dates. You can start with some general terms that deal with chunks of time. German Pronunciation English eine Stunde ein Tag eine Woche ein Monat ein Jahr zwei Jahre einige Jahre nächstes Jahr letztes Jahr ay-nuh shtoon-duh ayn tahk ay-nuh vo-CHuh ayn moh-naht ayn yahR tsvay yah-Ruh ay-nee-guh yah-Ruh näH-stuhs yahR lets-tuhs yahR an hour a day a week a month a year two years some years next year last year Making a Date Whether you have a dentist appointment or a romantic rendezvous, you will have to express the date of the appointment differently than you do in English. Here is a formula for expressing the date correctly in German: day of the week + der (ordinal) number + month + year Montag, der zweiundzwanzigste April 2000 mohn-tahk, deyR tsvay-tsvAn-stig-stuhtsvay-tau-zuhnt Monday, the 25th of April 2000 You write and punctuate dates in German differently than you do in English. Compare the following date (May 6, 2000) in English and in German. May 6, 2000 (5/6/00) der 6. Mai 2000 (6.5.00) When writing letters in German, the place from which you are writing is given first, followed by the date. Note that the accusative den is used when expressing a definite time when no preposition is present. Annapolis, den 25.4.2000 206 Chapter 16 ➤ A Date with the Weather Days of the month are expressed with ordinal numbers: der erste Januar, der zweite Februar, der dritte März, and so on. At first glance, the way you express the year in German looks like it could take a year to say. If you were to express the year 2000, for example, you would say: zweitausend tsvay-tau-zuhnt To get information about the date, you should be able to ask the following questions: Welcher Tag ist heute? vel-HuhR tahkist hoy-tuh What day is today? Der wievielte ist heute? deyR vee-feel-tuhist hoy-tuh What’s today’s date? Someone who answers your question will probably begin his or her response with one of the following phrases: Heute ist der … hoy-tuh ist dey … Today is … We Are Family Any language borrows lexical material from other languages. Some languages borrow more than others and borrow more from some sources than others. While nouns make up the highest proportion of transfers followed by adjectives, along the way, English has borrowed a few grammatical words, as the borrowing of the Old Norse pronoun they into Old English. More modern English borrowings from Germanic languages include: from Dutch: cookie, golf, landscape; German: waltz, yodel; Icelandic: geyser, saga; Norse: creek, muggy, sky, squall; Swedish: ombudsman, glogg; Norwegian: lemming, ski, slalom. Do you constantly forget important dates? Practice what you’ve just learned by listing the following dates in German: Example: Weihnachten Answer: Weihnachten ist am 25. Dezember. 1. Valentinstag 2. Dein Geburtstag 3. Der Hochtzeitstag deiner Eltern 4. Neujahr 207 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Time Expressions You don’t always speak in terms of dates—sometimes “in a week” or “a few days ago” will do. The expressions in the following table will help you schedule events, make plans, and arrange trysts. (Some of these expressions will already be familiar from Chapter 13, “Heading for the Hotel.”) Time Expressions German Pronunciation English in vor nächste Woche letzte Woche der Abend vorgestern gestern heute morgen übermorgen am nächsten Tag heute in einer Woche heute in zwei Wochen der Morgen der Nachmittag in foR näH-stuh vo-Huh lets-tuh vo-Huh deyR ah-buhnd foR-ges-tuhRn ges-tuhRn hoy-tuh moR-guhn üh-buhR-moR-guhn Am näH-stuhn tahk hoy-tuh in ay-nuh vo-Huh hoy-tuh in tsvay vo-Huhn deyR moR-guhn deyR naH-mi-tahk in ago next week last week evening day before yesterday yesterday today tomorrow day after tomorrow the next day a week from today two weeks from today morning afternoon Now translate the following sentences into English. 1. Heute in einer Woche habe ich Geburstag. 2. Gestern war schönes Wetter. 3. Montags spiele ich Fuβball. 4. Übermorgen reisen wir nach Deutschland. 208 Chapter 16 ➤ A Date with the Weather The Least You Need to Know ➤ Learning a few weather expressions will help you figure out whether you should leave your umbrella in the closet. ➤ The days of the week in German are Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch, Donnerstag, Freitag, Samstag (but Sonnabend in northern Germany), and Sonntag. ➤ The months of the year in German are Januar, Februar, März, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, Oktober, November, and Dezember. ➤ The four seasons are Frühling, Sommer, Herbst, and Winter. 209 Chapter 17 Let’s Sightsee In This Chapter ➤ Enjoying the pleasures of sightseeing ➤ Expressing your attitude with modals ➤ Expressing your reactions to suggestions ➤ Making suggestions in an inclusive way You turn on the radio in your hotel room, and a voice says that today will be a warm, sunny day. If you’re in Berlin, it’s the perfect weather to see das Brandenburger Tor (the Brandenburg Gate), which stood as a symbol for the division of Germany after the Berlin Wall was built. If you’re in Köln, you can visit the famous Dom and then sit down for a few hours at an outdoor café. You look through your guidebook to see which museums are open and where they are located. Then you take the elevator downstairs and get a map of the city from the receptionist at the front desk. Now you are ready to venture out into a German, Swiss, or Austrian city to explore the parks, the streets, or the shopping districts. After reading this chapter, not only will you be able to find your way around—you’ll be well on your way to giving your opinions in German. Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games What Do You Want to See? What’s it going to be? The ancient rooms of a castle, the remains of the Berlin Wall, or the paintings in a museum? To express what you can see in a given place, you will need to use man sieht (mAn zeet), which means “one sees.” Remember that sehen is a very strong verb. Complete conjugation for the present tense is given in Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland.” The expression man sieht … is quite versatile—you can use it to talk about practically anything. Practice the following expressions. In Berlin sieht man das Brandenburger Tor. in beR-leen zeet mAn dAs bRAn-den-booR-guhR toR In Berlin you see the Brandenburg Gate. Im Zirkus sieht man Elefanten. im tsiR-koos zeet mAn ey-ley-fAn-tuhn In the circus you see elephants. Im Kino sieht man einen Film. im kee-no zeet mAn ay-nuhn film In the cinema you see a movie. As a Rule The basic word order rule for German can be expressed by the pseudo-mathematical expression XV2, which translates to the verb always coming in the second position in the sentence (unless you’re commanding or posing a yes/no question). X is the subject, an adverb, or a prepositional phrase, as in Morgen gehe ich ins Kino. In other words, if the subject does not begin the sentence, the subject will follow the verb. Either way, you end up with the verb in the second position! Use the phrase man sieht to complete the following items. Because you’ll be discussing “where” something is seen and in is either an accusative or dative preposition (depending on whether or not there is motion), you’ll be using the dative case and contractions for ease. Remember that der and das in the dative become dem, contracting with the preposition in to become im. The feminine die becomes der in the dative. 212 Chapter 17 ➤ Let’s Sightsee Example: das Aquarium/die Fische (the aquarium/the fish) Answer: Im Aquarium sieht man die Fische. 1. der Nachtclub/eine Vorstellung (the nightclub/the show) 2. die Kathedrale/die Glasmalerei (the cathedral/the stained glass) 3. das Schloß/die Wandteppiche (the castle/the tapestries) 4. der Zoo/die Tiere (the zoo/the animals) 5. das Museum/die Bilder und Skulpturen (the museum/the paintings and sculptures) 6. das Kino/der Film 7. die Disco/die Tänzer 8. die Bibliothek/alte Bücher May, Must, Can—What Kind of Mode Are You In? To make suggestions in German, you will need to use modal verbs, or simply verbs used with other verbs. In the sentence Wir müssen nach Hause gehen, for example, the modal verb müssen modifies the act of the main verb, gehen, expressing the attitude of the speaker—the equivalent of “must.” Adding a modal to another verb is like having kids: Life is never the same again. These little guys modify the action of the main verb (just like junior turns everything upside down) and significantly alter the meanings of sentences. For example, “We must go home” is much different from “We go home.” When a modal is used with another verb, the modal alters or modifies the other verb’s meaning. The six principal modal auxiliary verbs in German and what they express are as follows: ➤ sollen (zo-luhn), ought to: obligation, expectation ➤ müssen (mü-suhn), to have to: necessity, probability ➤ dürfen (dŸR-fuhn), to be allowed to: permission, politeness ➤ können (kö-nuhn), to be able to: ability, possibility ➤ wollen (vo-luhn), to want to: wish, desire, intention ➤ mögen (möh-guhn), to like (something): liking, wish What’s What? Modal verb A verb used with another verb to signal contrasts in speaker attitude. The six principal modal verbs in German are sollen, müssen, dürfen, können, wollen, and mögen. 213 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Because the present tense of modal auxiliary verbs is irregular, the best thing for you to do is to grit your teeth and memorize the conjugations (see the following six tables). The original present-tense forms fell into disuse, and the original strong (vowelchanging) past tense took on present meaning. Thus, all modals except sollen take a stem change in the singular. As you’ll see, the first-person and third-person singular have the same form. Again, this phenomenon is related to the usage of the past-tense form. Simply put, learn the infinitive and the singular stem, and you’ll have it made! Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary Verb: sollen Person Singular English Plural English First ich soll iH zol du sollst dew zolst Sie sollen zee zo-luhn er, sie, es soll eR, zee, es zol I ought to wir sollen veeR zo-luhn ihr sollt eeR zolt Sie sollen zee zo-luhn sie sollen zee zo-luhn we ought to Second (Formal) Third you ought to he, she, it ought to they ought to Did you notice that the first- and third-person singular are identical? These are also the only forms with modals that don’t take the regular ending. And did you pick up on how the first-person and third-person plural exactly resemble the infinitive? Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary Verb: mögen Person Singular English Plural English First ich mag iH mahk I like we like to Second du magst dew mahkst Sie mögen zee möh-guhn er, sie, es mag eR, zee, es mahk you like wir mögen veeR möhguhn ihr mögt eeR möhkt Sie mögen zee möh-guhn sie mögen zee möh-guhn (Formal) Third 214 he, she, it likes you like to they like to Chapter 17 ➤ Let’s Sightsee Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary Verb: dürfen Person Singular English Plural English First ich darf iH dARf I am allowed to we are allowed to Second du darfst dew dARfst Sie dürfen zee düR-fuhn er, sie, es darf er, zee, es dARf you are allowed to wir dürfen veeR düR-fuhn ihr dürft eeR düRft Sie dürfen zee düR-fuhn sie dürfen zee düR-fuhn (Formal) Third he, she, it is allowed to you are allowed to they are allowed to Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary Verb: können Person Singular English Plural English First ich kann iH kAn du kannst dew kAnst Sie können zee kö-nuhn er, sie, es kann er, zee, es kAn I am able to wir können veeR kö-nuhn ihr könnt eeR könt Sie können zee kö-nuhn sie können zee kö-khn we are able to Second (Formal) Third you are able to he, she, it is able to you are able to they are able to Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary Verb: müssen Person Singular English Plural English First ich muβ iH moos du muβt dew moost Sie müssen zee mü-suhn er, sie, es muβ er, zee, es moos I have to wir müssen veeR mü-suhn ihr müβt eeR müst Sie müssen zee mü-suhn sie müssen we have to Second (Formal) Third you have to he, she, it has to you have to they have to zee mü-suhn 215 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary Verb: wollen Person Singular English Plural English First ich will iH vil du willst dew vilst Sie wollen zee vo-luhn er, sie, es will er, zee, es vil I want to wir wollen veeR vo-luhn ihr wollt eeR volt Sie wollen zee vo-luhn sie wollen zee vo-luhn we want to Second (Formal) Third you want to he, she, it wants to you want to they want to The Power of Suggestion Imagine that you are in a group traveling through Germany. A friend of yours who visited Hamburg a year ago has told you to be sure to visit the St. Pauli’s Fischmarkt after going out dancing and reveling on a Saturday night. She says that people who don’t feel like sleeping gather there in the early hours of Sunday morning with the market workers and eat breakfast. You don’t know how others in your group would feel about going to St. Pauli’s seafood fest, but you do know that there’s only one way to find out: by suggesting it! To make suggestions in German, use the modals sollen, dürfen, können, or wollen plus the infinitive. We Are Family While both the can of English and the können of German may be used in the contemporary sense of “receive permission,” did you know that the Old English cunnan meant “know”? This meaning was retained until the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries (Early Modern English) and is still retained in German: Ich kann Deutsch, “I know German.” 216 If your suggestions don’t seem to have the desired effect, use the modal müssen to express “must.” Use mögen to express the things you like to do (on a regular basis). Note that the modal is conjugated and is in the second position in the sentence (but you knew that!) and that the verb carrying the meaning is placed in infinitive form at the end of the sentence. Okay, so maybe you didn’t know that word order rule just yet. But it can be easily explained: You’re inflecting the modal to show agreement with the subject (person, number), and the accompanying verb is referred to as a dependent infinitive—unvarying in form and always sent to the end of the sentence. After all, why stack verbs if you can separate them? Remember that five out of the six modal auxiliary verbs (dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, and wollen) change their stem vowel in the first-, second-, and third-person singular forms. Chapter 17 ➤ Let’s Sightsee sollen + gehen German Pronunciation English Sollen wir zum Fischmarkt gehen? Wir sollen zum Fischmarkt gehen. zo-luhn veeR tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn veeR zo-luhn tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn Should we go to the fish market? We should go to the fish market. German Pronunciation English Wollt ihr zum Fischmarkt gehen? Wir wollen zum Fischmarkt gehen. volt eeR tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn veeR vo-luhn tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn Do you want to go to the fish market? We want to go to the fish market. German Pronunciation English Magst du zum Fischmarkt gehen? Ich mag zum Fischmarkt gehen. mahkst dew tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn iH mahk tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn Do you like to go to the fish market? I like to go to the fish market. German Pronunciation English Müssen sie zum Fischmarkt gehen? Sie müssen zum Fischmarkt gehen. mü-suhn zee tsoom fish-mARkt gey-hun zee mü-suhn tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn Must they go to the fish market? They must go to the fish market. wollen + gehen mögen + gehen müssen + gehen 217 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games dürfen + gehen German Pronunciation English Darf ich zum Fischmarkt gehen? Ich darf zum Fischmarkt gehen. dARf iH tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn iH dARf tsoom fish-mARkt gey-huhn Am I allowed to go to the fish market? I’m allowed to go to the fish market. German Pronunciation English Können wir nach Hause gehen? Wir können nach Hause gehen. kö-nuhn veeR nahCH hou-suh gey-huhn veeR kö-nuhn nahCH hou-suh gey-huhn Can we go home? können + gehen We can go home. Making Suggestions It’s a gorgeous summer day, and the living is easy. Suggest five things you and your group of travelers can do together and express each suggestion in three different ways. Try your hand at inserting the correct form of the modal (and sending the dependent infinitive to the end) in the following sentences: 1. Ich komme später. (können) 2. Was machst du? (wollen) 3. Christina lernt viel. (müssen) 4. Dieser Film ist sehr gut. (sollen) 5. Wolfram kommt nicht mit. (dürfen) Responding to Suggestions You don’t want to be someone who is always telling everyone else what you should do, what you must do, and what you can do all the time, do you? You’ll probably want to give other people a chance to make suggestions, and when they do, you’ll want to respond. In the following sections you’ll learn some common ways of responding to suggestions. 218 Chapter 17 ➤ Let’s Sightsee Just Say Yes, No, Absolutely Not If you’re irritated with whomever is making a given suggestion, by all means answer with a brusque “yes” or “no.” Otherwise, you may want to take a somewhat gentler approach and decline a suggestion with, “Yes, but …,” or “No, because …” Ja, es interessiert mich … (sehr) yah, es in-tuh-Re-seeRt miH (zeeR) Yes, I’m (very) interested … Nein, es interessiert mich (überhaupt) nicht … nayn, es in-tuh-Re-seeRt miH (üh-buhR-houpt) niHt No, I’m not (at all) interested … Ja, ich bin daran interessiert. yah, ich bin dah-RAn in-tuh-Re-seeRt Yes, I’m interested in that. Nein, ich bin nicht daran interessiert. nayn, iH bin niHt dah-RAn in-tuh-Re-seeRt No, I’m not interested in that. Das macht mir Spaβ. das maCHt meeR shpahs That’s fun. Ich möchte lieber … iH möCH-tuh lee-buhr … I would rather… Achtung Don’t confuse the first- and third-person singular form of the modal wollen (“want to”) with the English look-alike “will.” Beka will eine Radtour machen means “Beka wants to go on a bike ride”—not that she will go on one! To express boredom, dislike, or disgust say: German Pronunciation English Ich mag … nicht. Ich habe keine Lust. Ich verabschäue … Es ist langweilig. Das ist grauenhaft. iH mahk … niHt iH hah-buh kay-nuh loost iH feR-ap-shoy-uh es ist lAnk-vay-liH das ist gRou-en-hAft I don’t like … I don’t feel like it. I abominate … It’s boring. That is horrible. 219 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games As a Rule When used in the sense of “to like,” mögen usually stands by itself, without a dependent infinitive. Ich mag den Film nicht. Magst du Schokolade? Möchte is a different form of the modal mögen. The meaning of mögen is “to like”; the meaning of möchte is “would like (to).” Ich möchte Musik hören, “I would like to listen to music.” What Do You Think? When someone suggests that the two of you go to the opera, and the suggestion appeals to you, answer with, “Ich finde die Oper toll.” If you begin your answers with Ich finde, you can be pretty much assured that you’re going to be saying something that makes sense. Here are some alternative ways to show your enthusiasm: Ich liebe die Oper! iH lee-buh dee o-puhR I love opera! Ich mag die Oper. iH mahk dee oh-puhR I like opera. To express joy, excitement, or anticipation at doing something, give your positive opinion by saying: Es ist … es ist It is … Das ist … dAs ist That is … Ich finde es … iH fin-duh es I find it … 220 Chapter 17 ➤ Let’s Sightsee Here are some common German superlatives: German Pronunciation English fantastisch! schön! wunderschön! super! unglaublich! sensationell! fAn-tAs-tish shöhn voon-deR-shöhn zew-puhR oon-gloup-liH zen-zah-tseeon-el fantastic! beautiful! wonderful! super! unbelievable! sensational! More Suggestions Once again, it’s time to put what you know to work. Imagine that you are planning a trip with a close friend. Your friend is a bit of a dreamer and keeps suggesting a million different things for the two of you to do. Practice letting your friend down gently by giving an affirmative answer and then a negative answer to his or her suggestions. Example: Laβ uns nach Berlin reisen! Answer: Super! Ich mag Berlin. Nein, ich will nicht nach Berlin reisen. 1. Laβ uns eine Kirche besichtigen! 2. Laβ uns eine Ausstellung sehen! 3. Laβ uns nach Europa reisen! Culture Shock The German language is rich in slang and colloquialisms. The many ways of saying “great” or “cool” include klasse, prima, spitze, toll, geil, riesig (literally, “gigantic”), and elefantös. (Turn elephant into an adjective and this is what you get!) 4. Laβ uns Bilder anschauen! 5. Laβ uns in die Oper gehen! 6. Laβ uns Norwegisch lernen! 7. Laβ uns mit der U-bahn fahren! 8. Laβ uns ein Auto mieten! 221 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games The Least You Need to Know ➤ You can get around a city by knowing a few basic German words for sightseeing attractions and the phrases that describe what you plan to do there. ➤ After you’ve memorized the irregular conjugation of the six modal auxiliary verbs (sollen, müssen, dürfen, können, wollen, and mögen), making suggestions is easy: Use the modal auxiliary verb + the dependent infinitive at the end of the sentence. ➤ You can begin your response to virtually any suggestion with the expression Ich finde es … ➤ To make a suggestion, use the expression Lass uns and finish it with an infinitive, as in Lass uns nach München fahren. 222 Chapter 18 Shop Till You Drop In This Chapter ➤ Stores and what they sell ➤ Clothing, colors, sizes, materials, and designs ➤ Accusative and dative personal pronouns ➤ Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, and those Once you’ve seen the sights and been to the restaurants, you may want to spend a day or two shopping. Do you like to buy souvenirs for your friends? Do you enjoy shopping for yourself, or do you really dislike trying to locate the right size, color, material, and design in a jungle of hangers, racks, salespeople, and merchandise? Whether you love it or hate it, this chapter will help you prepare to shop. Store-Bought Pleasures One of the least expensive (and, for some, most enjoyable) ways to shop is with your eyes. The following table will start you on your way to guilt-free browsing in your favorite German stores (die Geschäfte). Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Stores Store What You Can Buy There das Bekleidungsgeschäft (dAs be-klay-doonks-guh-shäft) clothing store das Blumengeschäft (dAs blew-muhn-guh-shäft) florist das Lederwarengeschäft (dAs ley-deR-vah-Ren-guh-shäft) leather goods store die Bekleidung, f., (dee buh-klay-doong): clothes das Musikgeschäft (dAs mew-zik-guh-shäft) music store das Sportgeschäft (dAs shpoRt-guh-shäft) sport shop der Geschenkartikelladen (deyR guh-shenk-AR-ti-kuhllah-duhn) gift shop der Kiosk (deyR kee-osk) newsstand der Tabakladen (deyR tA-bAk-lah-duhn) tobacconist die Apotheke (dee A-po-tey-kuh) pharmacy die Buchhandlung (dee bewCH-hAnt-loong) bookstore die Drogerie (dee dRoh-guh-Ree) drug store die Papierwarenhandlung (dee pah-peeR-wah-RuhnhAn-dloong) stationery store 224 die Blumen, f., (dee blew-muhn): flowers die Gürtel, m., (dee güR-tuhl), die Lederjacken, f., (dee ley-deR-yA-kuhn), die Portemonnaies, n., (dee poRt-mo-nayz): belts, leather jackets, wallets die CDs, f., (dee tse-des), die Kassetten, f., (dee kA-se-tuhn): CDs, tapes die Sportbekleidung, f., (dee shpoRt-buh-klay-doong), die Turnschuhe, m., (dee tooRn-shew-huh), die Sportgeräte, n., (dee shpoRt-guh-Räh-tuh): sports clothing, sneakers, sports equipment die Miniaturdenkmäler, n., (dee mee-nee-ah-tooRdenk-mäh-luhR): die Souvenirs, n., die T-shirts, n., (dee tee-shiRts), die Stadtpläne, m., (dee shtAt-pläh-nuh): miniature monuments, souvenirs, shirts, maps die Zeitungen, f., (dee tsay-toon-guhn), die Zeitschriften, f., (dee tsayt-shRif-tuhn): newspapers, magazines die Zigaretten, f., (dee tsee-gah-Re-tuhn), die Zigarren, f., (dee tsee-gA-Ruhn), die Feuerzeuge, n., (dee foy-uhR-tsoy-guh): cigarettes, cigars, lighters die Medikamente, n., (dee meh-dih-kah-men-tuh): medicine die Bücher, n., (dee bü-CHuhR): books die Schönheitsartikel, m., (dee shön-hayts-Ar-tih-kuhl): beauty articles die Stifte, m., (dee shtif-tuh), die Schreibwaren, f., (dee shRayp-vah-Ruhn): pens, stationery Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop Store What You Can Buy There die Parfümerie (dee pAR-fü-muh-Ree) perfume store das Schmuckgeschäft (dAs shmook-guh-shäft) jewelry store das Parfüm, (dAs paR-füm): perfume der Schmuck (deyR shmook): jewelry The Clothes Make the Mann If you happen to visit Münich or Düsseldorf, you may want to check out the clothing stores. The vocabulary in the following table will help you purchase something in the latest fashion, or in der neusten Mode (in deyR noy-stuhn moh-duh). Clothing German Pronunciation English das Hemd die Bluse das Kleid das T-shirt der Anzug der Badeanzug der Büstenhalter der Gürtel der Hut der Pullover der Regenmantel der Rock der Schal der Schlafanzug die Handschuhe die Hose die Jacke die Jeans die Krawatte der Mantel dAs hemt dee blew-zuh dAs klayt dAs tee-shiRt deyR An-tsewk deyR bah-duh-An-tsewk deyR bü-stuhn-hAl-tuhR deyR güR-tuhl deyR hewt deyR pool-oh-vuhR deyR Rey-guhn-mAn-tuhl deyR Rok deyR shahl deyR shlahf-An-tsook dee hAnt-schew-huh dee hoh-zuh dee yA-kuh dee jeens dee kRah-vA-tuh deyR mAn-tuhl shirt blouse dress T-shirt suit bathing suit bra belt hat pullover raincoat skirt scarf pajamas gloves pair of pants jacket jeans necktie coat continues 225 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Clothing (continued) German Pronunciation English der Schlips die Shorts die Mütze das Sakko die Schuhe die Socken (pl.) die Strumpfhose die Turnschuhe die Tennisschuhe die Unterhose deyR schlips dee shoRts dee mü-tsuh das za-ko dee shew-huh dee zo-kuhn dee shtRoompf-hoh-zuh dee tooRn-shew-uh dee te-nis-shew-uh dee oon-tuhR-hoh-zuh necktie shorts cap sports jacket shoes socks tights sneakers tennis shoes underpants Wear It Well Now that you’ve bought it, you can finally wear it. The following table helps you express the concept of wearing clothing with the very strong verb tragen (tRah-guhn) “to wear” or “to carry.” The Verb tragen Person Singular English Plural English First ich trage iH tRah-guh du trägst dew tRähkst Sie tragen zee tRah-guhn er, sie, es trägt eR, zee, es tRäkt I wear wir tragen veeR tRah-guhn ihr tragt eeR tRahkt Sie tragen zee tRah-guhn sie tragen zee tRah-guhn we wear Second (Formal) Third you wear he, she, it wears you wear they wear What do you normally wear on your feet before you put on your shoes? What do you normally wear on your head when it’s cold out? See whether you can fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb tragen and with the correct vocabulary. Example: Zum Sport ________ ich ________. Answer: Zum Sport trage ich Turnschuhe. 1. Unter unseren Schuhen _________ wir ___________. 226 Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop 2. Wenn ich schlafe, _________ ich einen ______________. 3. Unter deiner Hose _______ du eine ___________. 4. Wenn es regnet, _________ ich einen ______________. 5. Im Winter_________ ihr warme _____________. 6. Wenn man in die Oper geht, _________ man einen _________ mit einem _________. 7. Im Sommer _________ viele Leute _________ und _________. Colors Certain colors are associated with certain moods or states of being. Don’t be too quick to use the colors in the following table figuratively—at least not in the same way you would use them in English. Er ist blau (eR ist blou), which translates into “he is blue” does not mean “he is sad.” Germans use this phrase to indicate that someone has had too much too drink. However you use them, the colors (die Farben) in the following table will help you describe people, places, and things. Colors German Pronunciation English beige blau braun gelb grau grün lila orange rosa rot schwarz weiß beyj blou bRoun gelp gRou gRün lee-lah oR-An-juh Roh-zah Rot shvaRts vays beige blue brown yellow gray green purple orange pink red black white To describe any color as light, simply add the word hell (hel) as a prefix to the color to form a compound adjective: hellrot hel-Rot light red hellgrün hel-gRün light green hellblau hel-blou light blue 227 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games To describe a color as dark, add the word dunkel (doon-kuhl) as a prefix to the color to form a compound adjective: dunkelrot doon-kuhl-Rot dark red dunkelgrün doon-kuhl-gRün dark green dunkelblau doon-kuhl-blou dark blue The following table offers some additional adjectives that are useful when describing clothing. Fashionable Adjectives German Pronunciation English breit eng gemustert gepunktet gestreift kariert modisch brayt eng guh-moos-tuhRt guh-poonk-tuht guh-shtRayft kah-ReeRt mo-dish wide narrow patterned polka-dotted striped plaid fashionable To express need or desire, you can use möchten, which—although it is the subjunctive form of the modal verb mögen—is often used as a present-tense verb on its own. Ich möchte is the equivalent of “I would like.” Don’t confuse it with mögen, which means “to like (something).” You can make a big mistake by confusing the two. If you’re in a clothing store and you say, “Ich möchte Kleider” (“I would like some dresses”) instead of “Ich mag Kleider” (“I like dresses”), you might end up with an armful of dresses and be expected to try them on, whether you’re in the mood for trying on dresses or not. Now try to translate the following sentences into German. Remember that colors and patterns are adjectives, so they will be declined according to what type of word precedes the adjective and the following noun (see Chapter 11, “I’d Like to Get to Know You”). Also, the item that you “like” functions as the direct object in the sentence and thus takes the accusative case. Example: I’d like a green dress. Answer: Ich möchte ein grünes Kleid. 1. I’d like a light red skirt. 2. I’d like a dark blue suit. 228 Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop 3. I’d like a light yellow hat. 4. I’d like a gray jacket. 5. I’d like a polka-dotted tie. 6. I’d like a plaid pair of pants. 7. I’d like a fashionable bathing suit. 8. I’d like a striped shirt. Material Preferences Some people can’t tolerate polyester, others find silk pretentious, and others won’t wear anything that isn’t at least 95 percent cotton. When you do finally give in to your sartorial cravings and purchase some clothes, make it easier on yourself and on the salesperson assisting you: explain your material preferences. The following table will help you pick the material (die Materialien) you prefer when you shop. Materials German Pronunciation English das Leder das Leinen das Nylon das Polyester das Wildleder der Flanell der Kaschmir der Kord die Baumwolle die Seide die Wolle dAs ley-deR dAs lay-nuhn dAs nay-lon dAs poh-lee-es-tuhR dAs vilt-ley-deR deyR flah-nel deyR kAsh-meeR deyR koRt dee boum-wo-luh dee zay-duh dee vo-luh leather linen nylon polyester suede flannel cashmere corduroy cotton silk wool To explain that you want something made out of a certain material, use the dative preposition aus followed by only the noun. Ich möchte ein Kleid aus Seide. iH möH-tuh ayn klayt ous zay-duh I’d like a silk dress. 229 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games What’s the Object? In Chapter 8, “Fitting Form with Function,” you learned about the accusative (direct object) case and the dative (indirect object) case relative to nouns. Now you’re going to see how these cases affect pronouns. What’s What? Indirect object The person, animal, or other animate object to whom/which something is given or for whom something is done. The dative case marks the indirect object in German. If a friend tells you that she loves her favorite pair of shoes and that she wears her favorite pair of shoes all the time and that she takes off her favorite pair of shoes only when she gets blisters from dancing too much, you would probably want to take off one of your shoes and hit her over the head with it. She could be less long-winded if she stopped repeating favorite pair of shoes (a direct object noun in English) and replaced it with them (a direct object pronoun in English). In German the direct object is in the accusative case and is often called the accusative object. The animate object who is receiving the action of the verb is the indirect object and is marked in the dative case in German, also called the dative object. If you’ve forgotten what you learned about cases in Chapter 8, this summary should refresh your memory. Nouns or pronouns in the accusative case answer the question of whom or what the subject is acting on and can refer to people, places, things, or ideas. With noun With pronoun With noun With pronoun Nominative (Subj.) Verb Accusative (Direct Obj.) Ich (I) Ich (I) Sie (they) Sie (they) trage (wear) trage (wear) lieben (love) lieben (love) meine Lieblingsschuhe (my favorite shoes) sie (them) das Leben (life) es (it) Indirect object nouns or pronouns (in German, nouns or pronouns in the dative case) answer the question of to whom or to what the action of the verb is being directed. 230 Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop With noun With pronoun With noun With pronoun Nominative (Subj.) Verb Dative (Indirect Obj.) Accusative (Direct Obj.) Ich (I) Ich (I) Sie (she) Sie (she) kaufe (buy) kaufe (buy) gibt (gives) gibt (gives) meinem Freund (my friend) ihm (him) ihrer Schwester (her sister) ihr (her sister) eine Mütze. (a cap) eine Mütze. (a cap) ein Geschenk. (a gift) ein Geschenk. (a gift) The English language uses direct and indirect pronouns to avoid repeating the same nouns over and over again. In German, direct object pronouns are in the accusative case, and indirect object pronouns are in the dative case. The following table provides a comprehensive chart of accusative personal pronouns in German. We’ve already used this paradigm to show subject (personal) pronouns and to conjugate verbs. Accusative Personal Pronouns (Object Pronouns) First Second (Formal) Third Singular English Plural English mich (miH) dich (diH) Sie (zee) ihn (een) sie (zee) es (es) me you you him her it uns (oonz) euch (oyH) us you sie (zee) them The accusative case of the direct object should be easy enough to learn if you remember that the German mich has the same initial sounds as the English “me,” (the object of a sentence or the object of a prepositional phrase). Then dich rhymes with mich but borrows the d sound from du. As far as third-person singular masculine is concerned, it ends in an n, just like the accusative masculine den or einen. The German uns closely resembles the English “us.” Try your hand at replacing the accusative noun phrases, indicated in boldface, with the appropriate accusative personal pronouns: 1. Ich trage eine enge Hose. 2. Du trägst einen schönen Hut. 3. Kerstin trägt ein breites Hemd. 4. Frank trägt weiβe Tennisschuhe. 231 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Es is used as a direct object pronoun for neuter nouns, most of which are things. There are, however, a few exceptions. Es means “her,” for example, in the sentence Ich liebe es, when es refers to das Mädchen. Because English relies on prepositions to express the function of someone receiving something (indirect object) and German relies on the dative case to indicate this function, we’ve included that little English helper preposition for dative personal pronouns in the following table. Dative Personal Pronouns (Indirect Object Pronouns) First Second (Formal) Third Singular English Plural English mir (meeR) dir (diH) Ihnen (ee-nuhn) ihm (eem) ihr (eeR) ihm (eem) (to)me (to) you uns (oonz) euch (oyH) (to) us (to) you (to) him (to) her (to) it ihnen (ee-nuhn) (to) them Egads! How to assimilate this information? Again, recall the dative definite articles: masculine = dem, feminine = der, neuter = dem, plural = den. You’ll notice that the ends of ihm, ihr, ihm, and ihnen share some similarities in their final sounds. Latch on to your English “him” and “her” for another reminder. We Are Family The similarities between uns versus “us” and fünf versus “five” are more than coincidental. Old English (as well as Old Saxon and Old Frisian) underwent a sound change that resulted in the loss of nasals, like n before fricative sounds such as f and s. Can you guess what Gans means? “Goose!” 232 And now for a little practice substituting the economical dative personal pronouns for the longwinded indirect object noun phrases, indicated in boldface: 1. Ich gebe meinen lieben Studenten Schokolade. 2. Bernadette schenkt ihrer toleranten Schwester Blumen. 3. Thomas dankt seinem nervösen Freund für den Kaffee. 4. Wir geben dem freundlichen Kind eine Olive. Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop As a Rule When dealing with neuter nouns ending in -chen or -lein, you can use either the pronoun es (following the grammatical gender) or the pronoun er or sie, depending on the logical gender of the noun. ➤ Was mach Ihr Söhnchen? ➤ Es (or er) geht … ➤ Das Mädchen will nicht mehr singen. ➤ Es (or Sie) ist müde. Position of Object Pronouns In swank social circles, position is everything. It’s the same with direct and indirect objects in German. If we’re dealing with noun phrases, the indirect (dative) object precedes the direct object (accusative): Ich schreibe dem Vater eine Postkarte. iH shRay-buh deym fah-tuhR ay-nuh post-kARtuh I write a postcard to the father. However, if the direct object of a sentence is a pronoun, it will precede the indirect object: Ich schreibe sie ihm. Ich schreibe sie dem Vater. iH shRay-buh zee eem iH shRay-buh zee deym fah-tuhR I write it to him. I write it to the father. Note that eine Postkarte is replaced with the feminine pronoun sie, not with the ubiquitous neuter English “it” equivalent (es). Achtung Remember, ihn and ihm are used for nouns with the masculine noun marker der; sie and ihr are used for nouns with the feminine noun marker die; and es and ihm are used for nouns with the neuter noun marker das. For masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns with the plural noun marker die, use sie for direct object pronouns and ihnen for indirect object pronouns. 233 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Us, You, and Them: Using Direct Object Pronouns A German friend invites you to accompany her shopping in Düsseldorf. She won’t buy anything unless she receives an affirmative second opinion. Use direct object pronouns to answer the questions she asks you in the dressing room. Example: Magst du die graue Bluse? Ja, ich mag sie. Nein, ich mag sie nicht. 1. Magst du den schwarzen Schal 2. Magst du die dunkelgrünen Schuhe 3. Magst du die hellrote Hose 4. Magst du das blaue Hemd To Us, to You, to Them: Using Indirect Object Pronouns When she finishes shopping for herself, your friend wants to buy a few presents for certain members of her family. Unfortunately, she can’t think of anything interesting to buy them. Offer her suggestions (in the form of commands), replacing the indirect object (dative noun phrase) with a pronoun and expressing the direct object in the accusative case according to the following example. Remember that ein in the accusative masculine becomes einen. Example: Hans/ ein Hut (m., der Hut) Schenke ihm einen Hut. 1. die Eltern/ ein Schal (m., der Schal) 2. die Schwester/ ein Kleid (n., das Kleid) 3. der Bruder/ eine kurze Hose (f., die kurze Hose) 4. die Oma/ eine Strumpfhose (f., die Strumpfhose) Now rewrite these four commands using only pronouns. Because the direct object will be a pronoun, the direct object pronoun will precede the indirect object. Example: Schenke ihm einen Hut. → Schenke ihn ihm. 234 Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop Asking for Something Here are some phrases to help you through the most common in-store shopping situations: Kann ich Ihnen helfen? kAn iH ee-nuhn hel-fuhn May I help you? Was wünschen Sie? vAs vün-shuhn zee What would you like? Nein danke, ich schaue mich nur um. nayn dAn-kuh, iH shou-uh miH nooR oom No, thank you, I am (just) looking. Ja, ich würde gern … sehen. yah, iH vüR-duh geRn … sey-huhn Yes, I would like to see …. Ich suche …. iH zew-Chuh … I’m looking for …. Haben sie einen Schlußverkauf? hah-buhn zee ay-nuhn shloos-veR-kouf Do you have an end-of-season sale? I’ll Take This, That, One of These, and Some of Those To ask your salesperson (or the cashier or anyone else within asking distance) for his or her opinion about a suit, tie, hat, or skirt, you’ll need to use a demonstrative adjective. The demonstrative adjective dieser (“this”) allows you to be specific about an item. You encountered these types of der words in Chapter 13, “Heading for the Hotel.” The important thing to remember is that in German, demonstrative adjectives must agree in number, gender, and case with the noun they modify. Because demonstrative adjectives inflect like definite articles, the following table reviews the declension of dieser in all four cases. What’s What? Demonstrative adjectives Adjectives such as dieser (“this”) allow you to point out someone or something specific. 235 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Demonstrative Adjectives: This, That, These, Those Case Genders Nom. Acc. Dat. Gen. Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural All dieser Hut dee-zuhR hewt diesen Hut dee-zuhn hewt diesem Hut dee-zuhm hewt dieses Huts dee-suhs hewts diese Hose dee-zuh hoh-zuh diese Hose dee-zuh hoh-zuh dieser Hose dee-zuhR hoh-zuh dieser Hose dee-zuhR hoh-zuh dieses Kleid dee-zuhs klayt dieses Kleid dee-zuhs klayt diesem Kleid de-zuhm klayt dieses Kleids dee-zuhs klayts diese dee-zuh diese dee-zuh diesen dee-zuhn dieser dee-zuhR Expressing Opinions You’ve tried on a million hats, and not one of them is right. Just when you’re about to give up, you find the perfect hat. If you’re happy with an item, you may want to express your pleasure. On the other hand, perhaps you are dissatisfied with the fit or style of something. You may express your opinion with the following: 236 German Pronunciation English Das gefällt mir. dAs guh-fält miR Das steht mir gut. Es ist angenehm. Es ist elegant. Es ist praktisch. Es gefällt mir nicht. Das steht mir nicht. Es ist schrecklich. Es ist zu klein. Es ist zu groβ. Es ist zu eng. Es ist zu lang. Es ist zu kurz. Es ist zu schreiend. dAs shteyt miR gewt es ist An-guh-neym es ist ey-ley-gAnt es ist pRAk-tish es guh-fält miR niHt dAs shteyt miR niHt es ist shRek-liH es ist zew klayn es ist zew gRohs es ist zew eng es ist zew lAng es ist zew kooRts es ist zew shRi-ent I like it. (literally: It is pleasing to me.) That suits me well. It is nice. It’s elegant. It’s practical. I don’t like it. That doesn’t suit me. It is horrible. It’s too small. It’s too big. It’s too tight. It’s too long. It’s too short. It’s too loud. Chapter 18 ➤ Shop Till You Drop What’s Your Preference? Many questions concerning style and size begin with the interrogative pronoun welcher, another der word introduced in Chapter 13. Welcher follows the same declension as the demonstrative pronoun dieser, shown in the demonstrative adjectives table. Sample Question: Welches Hemd gefällt Ihnen am besten? vel-Huhs hemt guh-fält ee-nuhn Am bes-tuhn Which shirt do you like best? Answer: Culture Shock In conversational German, you will frequently hear something like Der gefällt mir rather than Dieser Hut gefällt mir, as the definite article, when spoken with heavy stress, takes on a demonstrative role. Dieses Hemd dort gefällt mir am besten. dee-suhs hemt doRt guh-fält miR Am bes-tuhn I like that shirt there best. Now it’s time to practice what you’ve learned about the interrogative pronoun welcher. Respond to the questions in the following exercise with the correctly declined form of welcher. Example: Ich suche ein Geschäft. Answer: Welches Geschäft? 1. Diese Krawatte gefällt uns. 2. Der Anzug steht dir gut. 3. Das T-shirt schenke ich meinem Bruder. 4. Ich suche meine Schuhe. 5. Ich mag dieses Kleid. 6. Sie möchte diesen Schlafanzug dort. Did you figure out that the article of clothing in the first three sentences was the subject and hence in the nominative case? And what about the final three sentences? Yup, direct objects, thus expressed in the accusative case. 237 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games The Least You Need to Know ➤ You should be able to recognize the German names of stores and what they sell. ➤ You can use the verb tragen to talk about what you are wearing. ➤ In German, direct object pronouns are in the accusative case, and indirect object pronouns are in the dative case. ➤ The demonstrative adjective dieser helps you to indicate someone or something by expressing this or that (and in the plural form, these or those). Its interrogative partner, welcher, can help you clarify which one. 238 Chapter 19 The Meat and Kartoffeln of a HomeCooked Meal In This Chapter ➤ Where to buy various kinds of food ➤ How to read a wine label ➤ How to express quantity ➤ Identifying what you want and asking for it In Chapter 18, “Shop Till You Drop,” you learned how to shop for fashion items. You told the salespeople what you wanted and answered their questions. You learned about colors and patterns, plus how to gush about things. Now your wallet is a little lighter, your suitcase a little heavier, and your stomach feels a little emptier than it did when you set out earlier in the day. It’s too early for dinner, so you decide to stop for a snack. What do you feel like eating? You could get a sandwich (ein belegtes Brot, ayn bey-lektuhs bRoht) at a café (das Cafe, dAs kah-fey) or stop in a supermarket (der Supermarkt, deyR zew-peR-mARkt) for bread (das Brot, dAs bRoht) and cheese (der Käse, deyR kähzuh) and make your own. This chapter will help you get the food you want in just the right amount. Shopping Around One way to save money when you’re traveling is to buy the fixings to make your own lunches and dinners (or at the very least, your own snacks). The list of foods and food Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games shops in the following table should help you keep your appetite sated while you shop and sightsee. Bear in mind that the supermarket or an open-air market are the only two establishments where you are likely to find exclusively foodstuff. Foods and Food Shops German Pronunciation English der Fisch das Fischgeschäft das Lebensmittelgeschäft deyR fish dAs fish-guh-shäft dAs ley-buhns-mi-tuhlguh-shäft deyR nahCH-tish deyR pRoh-vee-Ant deyR zew-peR-mARkt dAs bRoht dee bä-kuh-Ray deyR bä-kuhR dee fRüH-tuh dAs guh-bäk dee kon-dee-toR-ay dee mee-Ruhs-fRüH-tuh dAs opst dAs guh-müh-zuh dAs opst oont guhmüh-zuh-hAnt-loong dAs flaysh dee mets-guh-Ray deyR mets-guhR dee Spee-Ree-too-oh-zuhn dee züh-sik-kay-tuhn deyR vayn dee vayn-hAnt-loong fish fish store grocery store der Nachtisch der Proviant der Supermarkt das Brot die Bäckerei der Bäcker die Früchte das Gebäck die Konditorei die Meeresfrüchte das Obst das Gemüse die Obst- und Gemüsehandlung das Fleisch die Metzgerei der Metzger die Spirituosen die Süβigkeiten der Wein die Weinhandlung dessert provisions supermarket bread bakery baker fruits pastry (sweet) café, pastry shop seafood fruit vegetables produce shop meat butcher shop butcher liquors candies wine wine store Where Are You Going? You’ve familiarized yourself with all the food and pastry shops near your hotel. You’re armed with nothing but your appetite and a few Deutsche Mark—soon to be Eurodollars! When it’s time to go out into the world for supplies to stock your 240 Chapter 19 ➤ The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal miniature hotel refrigerator, use the verb gehen and the preposition zu + the correctly declined definite article to identify the store you’re about to visit. Keep in mind that the preposition zu is always followed by the dative case. Of course, once you’re there, you are in + dative case! Dative Preposition and Article Contraction Example English zu + dem = (masc. & neut.) zum I go to the supermarket. zu + der = (fem.) zur Ich gehe zum Supermarkt. iH gey-huh tsoom zew-peR-mARkt Ich gehe zur Weinhandlung. iH gey-huh tsooR vayn-hant-loong I go to the liquor store. You know what you want, now figure out where to go to get those items! Example: Gemüse: Ich gehe zur Obst- und Gemüsehandlung. 1. Wein 2. Fleish 3. Brot 4. Fisch Alright! So you’ve figured out where to go for certain items. Of course, there is more than one alternative and source for vegetables. Some cities have a daily open-air market; in other cities these markets might be open just one or two days a week. You can always go to a supermarket, but don’t overlook the smaller stores and produce handlers proudly displaying their offerings along the sidewalk. At the Grocery Store (im Lebensmittelgeschäft) German Pronunciation English das Gemüse das Sauerkraut der Kohl der Kohlrabi der Kopfsalat der Mais dAs guh-müh-zuh dAs zou-eR-kRout deyR kohl deyR kohl-Rah-bee deyR Kopf-zah-laht deyR mays vegetables pickled cabbage cabbage turnip lettuce corn continues 241 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games At the Grocery Store (continued) German Pronunciation English der Pfeffer der Pilz der Reis der Sellerie der Spargel der Spinat die Aubergine die Bohne die Erbse die Essiggurke die Gurke die Kartoffel die Karotte die Radieschen (pl.) die Tomate die Zwiebel deyR pfe-fuhR deyR pilts deyR Rays deyR ze-luh-Ree deyR shpAR-guhl deyR spee-naht dee oh-beR-jee-nuh dee boh-nuh dee eRp-suh dee e-siH-gooR-kuh dee gooR-kuh dee kAr-to-fuhl dee kah-ro-tuh dee RA-dees-Huhn dee toh-mah-tuh dee zvee-buhl pepper mushroom rice celery asparagus spinach eggplant bean pea sour pickle cucumber potato carrot radishes tomato onion Auf dem Markt is the way to express being at the open-air market. While there, you can find almost anything: fresh flowers, produce, eggs, cheese, meat, sausage, fish, bread, and so on. Check out the following tables. At the Fruit Store (auf dem Markt) 242 German Pronunciation English das Obst der Apfel der Pfirsich die Ananas die Aprikose die Banane die Birne die Blaubeere die Erdbeere die Haselnuβ die Himmbeere die Johannisbeere dAs opst deyR Ap-fel deyR pfeeR-ziH dee A-nah-nAs dee Ap-Ree-koh-zuh dee bah-nah-nuh dee beeR-nuh dee blou-bey-Ruh dee eRt-bey-Ruh dee hah-zuhl-noos dee him-bey-Ruh dee yoh-hA-nis-bey-Ruh fruits apple peach pineapple apricot banana pear blueberry strawberry hazelnut raspberry currant Chapter 19 ➤ The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal German Pronunciation English die die die die die die die die die die die die die dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee chestnut cherry almond melon nuts orange grapefruit prune cranberry walnut watermelon grape lemon Kastanie Kirsche Mandel Melone Nüsse Orange Pampelmuse Pflaume Preiselbeere Walnuβ Wassermelone Rosine Zitrone kAs-tah-nee-uh keeR-shuh mAn-duhl mey-loh-nuh nü-suh oh-RAn-juh pAm-puhl-mew-zuh pflou-muh pRay-suhl-bey-Ruh vAl-noos vA-suhR-mey-loh-nuh Roh-zee-nuh tsee-tRoh-nuh At the Butcher or Delicatessen (beim Metzger) German Pronunciation English das Fleisch das Kalbfleisch das Lamm das Rindfleisch das Rippensteak das Rumpfsteak das Schnitzel das Wienerschnitzel der Hammelbraten der Rinderbraten der Schinken der Speck die Bratwurst die Leber die Leberwurst die Wurst das Huhn dAs flaysh dAs kAlp-flaysh dAs lAm dAs Rint-flaysh dAs Ri-puhn-steyk dAs Roompf-steyk dAs shnit-suhl dAs vee-nuhR-shnit-suhl deyR hA-mel-bRah-tuhn deyR Rin-deR-bRah-tuhn deyR shin-kuhn deyR shpek dee bRaht-vooRst dee ley-buhR dee ley-buhR-vooRst dee vooRst dAs hewn meat veal lamb beef rib steak rump steak cutlet breaded veal cutlet roast mutton roast beef ham bacon fried sausage liver liver sausage sausage chicken continues 243 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games At the Butcher or Delicatessen (continued) German Pronunciation English das Kaninchen der Hase der Hasenbraten der Hirschbraten der Truthahn die Ente die Gans dAs kah-neen-Huhn deyR hah-zuh deyR hah-zuhn-bRah-tuhn deyR hiRsh-bRah-tuhn deyR tRewt-hahn dee en-tuh dee gants rabbit hare roast hare venison turkey duck goose At the Fish Store (auf dem Markt) German Pronunciation English der Fisch der Hummer der Kabeljau der Krebs der Lachs der Tintenfish der Thunfisch die Auster die Flunder/der Rochen die Forelle die Froschschenkel (m.) die Garnele die Krabben (f.) die Sardine die Scholle die Seezunge deyR fish deyR hoo-muhR deyR kah-bel-you deyR kReyps deyR lAks deyR tin-tuhn-fish deyR tewn-fish dee ous-tuhR dee floon-duhR/deyR Ro-CHuhn dee foh-Re-luh dee fRosh-shen-kuhl dee gahR-ney-luh dee kRA-buhn dee zAR-dee-nuh dee sho-luh dee zey-tsoon-guh fish lobster cod crab salmon squid tuna oyster flounder trout frog legs shrimp shrimp, prawns sardine flatfish sole At the Dairy (auf dem Markt) 244 German Pronunciation English das Ei/die Eier (pl.) der Käse dAs ay dee ay-eR deyR käh-zuh eggs cheese Chapter 19 ➤ The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal German Pronunciation English der Joghurt die Butter die Magermilch die Sahne die saure Sahne die Schlagsahne die Vollmilch der yoh-gooRt dee boo-tuhR dee mah-guhR-milH dee zah-nuh dee zou-Ruh zah-nuh dee shlAk-zah-nuh dee fol-milH yogurt butter skim milk cream sour cream whipped cream whole milk Although many supermarkets offer a combined bakery and pastry shop, selling both bread items and pastries, outside of that setting you will most likely encounter eine Bäckerei that sells only bread items, perhaps some to-go type sandwiches, and coffee for drinking at a stand-up table in the bakery. Should you desire a torte, piece of cake, or other delectable pastry, frequent eine Konditorei where you may point to the type of pastry you’d like to savor in the establishment or get the sweet zum mitnehmen, to take with you. At the Bakery and Pastry Shop (in der Bäckerei und in der Konditorei) German Pronunciation English das Brot das Brötchen der Semmel das Plätzchen das Roggenbrot das Toastbrot das Vollkornbrot das Weiβbrot der Apfelstrudel der Berliner der Kuchen die Schwarzwälderkirschtorte Kirschtorte die Torte dAs bRoht dAs bRöht-Huhn deyR ze-muhl dAs pläts-Huhn dAs Ro-guhn-bRoht dAs tohst-bRoht dAs fol-koRn-bRoht dAs vays-bRoht deyR Ap-fuhl-shtRew-duhl deyR beR-lee-nuhR deyR kew-CHuhn dee shvARts-välduhRkeeRsh-toR-tuh kiRsh-toR-tuh dee toR-tuh bread roll roll cookie rye bread white bread (toast) whole-grain bread white bread apple strudel jelly doughnut cake Black Forest (cake) cherry pie tart 245 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games At the Supermarket (im Supermarkt) German Pronunciation English die Getränke das Bier das Mineralwasser der Kaffee der Saft der Tee der Wein die Limonade die Milch kohlensäurehaltig nicht kohlensäurehaltig dee guh-tRän-kuh dAs beeR dAs mee-nuh-Rahl-vA-suhR deyR kA-fey deyR zAft deyR tey deyR vayn dee lee-moh-nah-duh dee milH koh-len-zoy-Re-hAl-tiH niHt koh-len-zoy-Re-hAl-tiH drinks beer mineral water coffee juice tea wine soft drink milk carbonated noncarbonated When you go into a grocery store, be prepared to either bring your own reusable cloth bags or pay a small fee for the shop’s sturdy plastic bags. At discount grocery stores like Aldi, you’ll also need to put a deposit on the cart. Expect the checker to push the items into your cart after which you’ll bag them at another counter. Also bear in mind that Germany is environment friendly (umweltfreundlich), and you’ll be charged for a deposit on most glass containers. Prost! On wine labels in Germany, you will come across four different categories of grapes used for wines: Spätlese (shpät-ley-suh), indicating a dry wine; Auslese (ous-ley-suh), indicating a fairly dry wine made from ripe grapes; Beerenauslese (beyR-uhn-ous-ley-suh), indicating a sweet wine made from a special kind of very ripe grape; and Trockenbeerenauslese (tRo-kuhn-bey-Ruhn-ous-ley-suh), indicating a very sweet (usually quite expensive) wine. Here are some terms you should know if you’re a wine lover: German Pronunciation English (sehr) trocken süβ mild leicht (seyR) tRo-kuhn zühs milt layHt (very) dry sweet mild light If you’re a beer drinker, put this book down, go to your local brew pub, and take a sip of a good German beer. Your taste buds will tell you more about German beer than we possibly can. Here are a few terms and phrases that might help you in a German Kneipe (knay-puh, f.) or pub: 246 Chapter 19 ➤ The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal German Pronunciation English ein Altbier ein Bier vom Faβ ein dunkles Bier Ein Bier, bitte. ein helles Bier ein Pils eine Berliner Weiβe mit Schuβ ayn Alt-beeR ayn beeR fom fAs ayn doon-kluhs beeR ayn beeR, bi-tuh ayn he-luhs beeR ayn pilts ay-nuh BeR-li-nuhR vay-suh mit shoos a bitter ale a draft beer a dark beer A beer, please. a light beer a bitter (light beer) a Weiβbier with a dash of raspberry juice You can use the verb trinken to order a beer or that special glass of wine. The following table is not quite complete. Because trinken is a normal strong verb (incurring no stemvowel change in the present tense), you can go ahead and prove your mastery of present-tense verb endings by applying them to the stem here so conveniently provided! Conjugation of the Verb Trinken Person Singular English Plural English First Second Formal (sing. and plural) Third ich trink du trink Sie trink I drink you drink wir trink ihr trink we drink you drink er, sie, es trink he, she, it drinks sie trink they drink Worked up a thirst, have you? Picture yourself in a Biergarten in München. How would you ask someone what he or she wants to drink? How would you answer someone if you were asked? How would you explain to someone what the people around you are imbibing? Fill in the blanks with the correct form of trinken. Example: Der Mann an der Theke ___________ ein Bier vom Faβ. Answer: Der Mann an der Theke trinkt ein Bier vom Faβ. 1. Was möchten Sie ___________? 2. Ich möchte ein Bier __________. 3. Die beiden Frauen am Nachbartisch ____________ Kaffee. 4. Mattias und ich __________ gern milden Wein. 5. Am liebsten ___________ ich Limonade. 6. Was ___________ du am liebsten? 247 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games It’s the Quantity That Counts You’ve been invited to an outdoor buffet in the countryside. The hostess has asked you to bring cheese and meat. The hostess has invited just a few other people, so you figure a pound each of cheese and meat ought to be enough. When you go to der Supermarkt, however, the man behind the counter does not understand how much cheese or meat you want. In Germany the metric system is used for measuring quantities of food. Liquids are measured in kilograms. Let the following table help you order the right amount of meat and cheese so you don’t have any leftovers. Getting the Right Amount German Pronunciation Amount zwei Pfund (ein Kilo) ein Sack eine Tüte eine Flasche eine Schachtel eine Dose eine Kiste ein Liter ein Dutzend ein halbes Pfund (250 Gramm) ein Gefäβ ein (Einmach) Glas ein Packet ein Pfund (ein halbes Kilo) (500 Gramm) ein Viertel eine Scheibe tsvay pfoont (ayn kee-loh) ayn zAk ay-nuh tüh-tuh ay-nuh flA-shuh ay-nuh shACH-tuhl ay-nuh doh-zuh ay-nuh kis-tuh ayn lee-tuhr ayn doo-tsent ayn hAl-buhs pfoont (250 gRAm) ayn guh-fähs ayn (ayn-mACH) glAs ayn pA-keyt ayn pfoont (ayn hAl-puhs kee-loh) (500 gRAm) ayn feeR-tuhl ay-nuh shay-buh 2 pounds of a bag of a a a a a a a bottle of box of can of case of liter of dozen half pound of a jar of a package of a pound of a quarter of a slice of What if you want to try a bit of something before buying it, or if you simply want to have a taste or a bite of someone else’s dessert after dinner? Here are a few expressions you may find useful. 248 Chapter 19 ➤ The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal As a Rule You’ll notice that the German measurements and weights are in the singular. Rather economical, if you consider it. The zwei in front of Pfund already conveys the idea of more than one pound! Speaking of pounds, ein Pfund is approximately ein halbes Kilo (half a kilogram). Naturally, any rule of the fist (Faustregel) has exceptions—the feminine measurement quantities do take the plural: two Flaschen Mineralwasser. German Pronunciation English ein bisschen etwas genug mehr viel wenig weniger zu viel zu wenig ayn bis-Huhn et-vAs guh-newk meyR veel vey-niH ve-nee-guhR tsew veel tsew vey-niH a little bit of some enough more a lot of little/not much less/fewer too much too little/not enough A Trip to the Market You have written a list of foods you will need to prepare a meal later in the evening for a group of friends. As you approach the outdoor farmer’s market where you want to do your shopping, however, you realize that your English list of ingredients will be of little use to you. As you pass by the stands, someone calls out: “Frische Äpfel!” Someone else calls out: “Zwölf Eier für nur zwei Mark!” To make yourself understood, you must translate everything on your list into German and politely request the items. Example: (a slice of cheese) Answer: Ich möchte eine Scheibe Käse. 249 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games 1. a bottle of wine 2. a half pound of shrimp 3. a can of tomatoes 4. a bag of cherries 5. a dozen eggs 6. one kilogram of salmon Achtung To ask for a slice of cheese in German, you say, “Ich möchte eine Scheibe Käse” (iH möH-tuh ay-nuh shay-buh käh-zuh). To ask for a specific kind of cheese, however, you say (pointing at the cheese), “Ich möchte eine Scheibe von diesem Käse dort” (iH möH-tuh ay-nuh shay-buh fon dee-zuhm käh-zuh doRt) or “I want a slice of that cheese there.” 7. three pounds of butter 8. a half kilogram of sausage 9. a liter of cream 10. a case of beer Getting What You Want Are you tired of the crowds in supermarkets? Go to one of the smaller neighborhood stores on a lessfrequented side street near your hotel. These are sometimes referred to as a Tante-Emma-Laden (literally, an “Aunt Emma Store”). Although the selection is less extensive than at a supermarket, you’ll find most everything you desire. Someone there will probably be happy to help you with your shopping. Be prepared for the following questions: Was möchten Sie? vAs möH-tuhn zee What would you like? Was wünschen Sie? vAs vün-shuhn zee What can I do for you? Kann ich Ihnen helfen? kAn iH ee-nuhn hel-fuhn? May I help you? You might begin your answer with one of the following phrases: Ich möchte … iH möH-tuh I would like … Können Sie mir … geben? kö-nuhn zee MeeR … gey-buhn Could you give me …? 250 Chapter 19 ➤ The Meat and Kartoffeln of a Home-Cooked Meal bitte bi-tuh please You might then be asked: Sonst noch etwas? zonst noH et-vAs Something else? We Are Family Ist das alles? ist dAs A-luhs Is that all? An appropriate response would be to give additional items you need or to answer: Ja (Danke), das ist alles. ya (dAn-kuh), dAs ist A-luhs Yes (thank you), that’s all. You are auf dem Markt. Construct a dialogue between you and a clerk. Are you prepared to state specific amounts and to respond to the clerk’s questions? German and English did drift apart during the Middle English period, 1100–1500, when many Old English words—those in fashion from 450–1100—were supplanted primarily by French vocabulary. French foodoriented loanwords that overshadowed the previous Germanic lexicon include dinner, supper, taste, broil, fry, serve, beverage, sauce, salad, gravy, fruit, grape, beef, pork, mutton, salmon, sugar, and mustard. The Least You Need to Know ➤ You should know the names of German foods and types of stores. ➤ Ich möchte … followed by the desired item (and amount) will get you almost anything you want. ➤ The best German wines are white. ➤ Don’t forget your “please” and “thank you” with bitte and danke schön. 251 Chapter 20 Restaurant Hopping In This Chapter ➤ Figuring out the gastronomic possibilities ➤ How to order in a restaurant, bar, or café ➤ How to get what you want, exactly the way you want it ➤ Special diets You’re in München and you’re starving. As you take the crowded elevator down from your hotel room to the lobby, your stomach starts to growl. The five or six other people riding in the elevator with you stare politely at the ceiling. You’ve been so busy using your brilliant mind to figure out where to go and what to buy that you’ve neglected a humbler, but just as important, part of your body: your stomach. Germany is a country well-known for hearty, satisfying repasts. Of course, before you can even begin to satisfy your hunger, you must know how to order whatever it is you want in German (it wouldn’t hurt to be able to understand the specials when the waiter recites them, either). By the end of this chapter, you will be able to order meals in German and make specific requests. Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Where Can I Get Something to Eat Around Here? (Wo kann ich denn hier etwas zu essen bekommen?) You’ll be happy to know that when hunger strikes, many types of eating establishments are waiting to feed you. The one you choose depends on the following factors: the kind of meal you want, the kind of service you want, and the size of your budget. Are you looking for breakfast, das Frühstück (dAs fRüh-shtük), for lunch, das Mittagessen (dAs mi-tahk-e-suhn), or for dinner, das Abendessen (dAs ah-buhnt-e-suhn)? Germany has many different words for places where one can eat or drink something. Try one of these: ➤ der Imbiβ (deyR-im-bis), fast-food stand; snack counter ➤ das Café (dAs kA-fey), coffee house serving mainly desserts ➤ das Restaurant (dAs Res-tou-Rohn), general word for “restaurant” ➤ das Lokal (dAs loh-kal), general word for an establishment that serves food and drinks ➤ die Gaststätte (dee gAst-shtä-tuh), full-service restaurant ➤ der Gasthof/das Gasthaus (deyR gAst-hof, dAs gAst-hous), small inn with pub or restaurant ➤ die Kneipe (dee knay-puh), small, simple pub or bar ➤ die Studentenkneipe (dee shtew-den-tuhn-knay-puh), typical place where students gather ➤ das Wirtshaus (dAs veeRts-hous), pub serving mainly alcoholic beverages and some food Culture Shock Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink! In Germany you won’t find the obligatory glass of water on your table. A word of caution. If you ask for water in a restaurant, ein Glas Wasser bitte, you will most likely get a glass of mineral water, and a bubbly one at that. If you really want just plain tap water, ask for Leitungswasser (lay-tungz-vA-suhr). 254 I Could Eat a Horse (Ich habe einen Mordshunger) When you do finally pick a restaurant, you’ll probably have to know how to do a few things before you get there. You may have to call to find out the exact location of the restaurant. If the restaurant is a good one and it’s the weekend, you’ll need to make a reservation. But never forego the opportunity to stumble across a wonderful Lokal by strolling around, perusing the menu posted outside, and sneaking in for a peek. The following list contains some phrases you may find useful when dining out: Chapter 20 ➤ Restaurant Hopping German Pronunciation English Ich möchte einen Tisch reservieren. für heute Abend für morgen Abend für Samstag Abend für zwei Personen auf der Terrasse, bitte im Biergarten am Fenster im Raucherbereich im Nicht-Raucherbereich iH mö-Htuh ay-nuhn tish Rey-zuhR-vee-Ruhn fühR hoy-tuh ah-bent fühR moR-guhn ah-bent fühR zAms-tahk ah-bent fühR tsvay peR-zoh-nuhn ouf deyR te-RA-suh, bi-tuh im beeR-gAR-tuhn Am fen-stuhR im Rou-CHuhR-buh-RayH im niHt-Rou-HuhR-buh-RayH an der Theke An deyR tey-kuh I would like to reserve a table. for this evening for tomorrow evening for Saturday night for two people on the terrace, please in the beergarden at the window in the smoking section in the nonsmoking section at the bar Remember that when you use one of these prepositional phrases in a sentence after the conjugated modal verb möchte, the dependent infinitive, reservieren, should come at the end of the sentence, as in the following examples: Ich möchte einen Tisch für heute Abend reservieren. iH mö-Htuh ay-nuhn tish fühR hoy-tuh ah-bent Rey-zuhR-vee-Ruhn I’d like to reserve a table for this evening. Ich möchte einen Tisch für Samstag Abend für zwei Personen auf der Terasse reservieren. iH mö-Htuh ay-nuhn tish fühR zAms-tahk ah-bent, fühR tsvay peR-zoh-nuhn, ouf deyR te-RA-zuh Rey-zuhR-vee-Ruhn I’d like to reserve a table for two on the terrace for Saturday evening. Dining Out It’s Saturday night, and you want to try the fare at one of the fanciest restaurants in Berlin. Call and make a reservation by the window in the nonsmoking section. The person on the other end of the line may ask you this question: Einen Tisch für wie viele Personen? ay-nuhn tish fühR vee-fee-luh peR-zoh-nuhn A table for how many people? 255 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Answer this way: Einen Tisch für vier Personen, bitte. ay-nuhn tish fühR feeR peR-zoh-nuhn, bi-tuh A table for four, please. Now you’ve arrived at the restaurant, and the hostess has seated you in the nonsmoking section by the window, just as you asked. Now what? Bear in mind that German restaurant service is different from American service. Maybe the reason is that in Germany food servers earn a respectable wage and aren’t dependent on the generosity of diners to earn enough to feed themselves! Your waitperson in Germany will not rush you. In fact, you may have to assert yourself to get certain things done. Not to say that you’re pushy, but you are in control of your dining experience—you own that table until you are ready to depart. The next table provides some useful phrases im Restaurant: Eating Out German Pronunciation English Wir möchten bestellen. Was bekommen Sie? Ich nehme … Hat’s geschmeckt? Ja, es hat sehr gut geschmeckt. Zahlen bitte! veeR möH-tuhn buh-shte-luhn vas buh-ko-muhn zee eeH ney-muh … hAts guh-shmekt ya, es hAt zeer goot guh-shmekt tsah-luhn bi-tuh We would like to order. What would you like? I’ll take … Did it taste good? Yes, it was very tasty. Check, please. As a Rule In all but the most exclusive restaurants in German-speaking countries, if the restaurant is very crowded, it is acceptable and quite normal for people to ask to share a table. Simply ask: Ist hier noch frei? “Is this seat taken?” If it is still available, you’ll hear, Ja, hier ist noch frei. If it’s already taken, listen for the word besetzt (buh-zetst), as in Nein, hier ist besetzt, telling you that the seat is taken. 256 Chapter 20 ➤ Restaurant Hopping Unfortunately, when your appetizer comes, you have no cutlery with which to eat. Also, you’re thirsty; you need a glass of something. The terms in the following table should be of use to you when you are in a restaurant and want to identify and label everything on your table. A Table Setting German Pronunciation English das Besteck das Geschirr das Messer der Löffel die Kellnerin der Kellner der Salzstreuer der Suppenteller der Teelöffel der Teller die Gabel die Pfeffermühle die Serviette die Speisekarte die Tasse die Tischdecke die Untertasse dAs be-stek dAs guh-sheeR dAs me-suhR deyR lö-fuhl dee kel-nuh-Rin deyR kel-nuhR deyR zAlts-shtRoy-uhR deyR zoo-puhn-te-luhR deyR tey-lö-fuhl deyR te-luhR dee gah-buhl dee pfe-fuhR-müh-luh dee zeR-vee-e-tuh dee shpay-zuh-kAR-tuh dee tA-suh dee tish-de-kuh dee oon-teR-tA-suh cutlery crockery knife spoon waitress waiter salt shaker soup dish teaspoon dinner plate fork pepper mill napkin menu cup tablecloth saucer Gimme What I Need If something is missing from your table setting and you need to ask the waiter or busboy for it, the verb fehlen (fay-luhn) will empower you to state what is missing; fehlen takes the dative case. The great thing about dative verbs in general is that they allow the subject of the utterance to be on the item being discussed. For instance, your fork is missing: Mir fehlt die Gabel translates literally into “to me is missing the fork.” But isn’t this what you really mean? And doesn’t this give you a chance to practice all the dative personal pronouns you learned in Chapter 18, “Shop Till You Drop”? 257 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Try your hand at describing what’s missing from the table by using the dative verb fehlen. Begin with the dative pronoun for the person who’s missing the item. Example: Your napkin is missing → Dir fehlt die Serviette. Note that the form of the verb is in the third-person singular, as the subject of the sentence is die Serviette, the napkin, and you will begin each statement with the dative personal pronoun, referring to whose whatever is missing. 1. My cup is missing. 2. His spoon is missing. 3. Her knife is missing. 4. Our pepper mill is missing. You Need What? Suppose the table isn’t already set, and you need something. Remember how to express a need? In Chapter 14, “Yippee, You’ve Made It to the Hotel,” you learned how to ask for extra amenities for your hotel room. Now, tell your waiter what you need by using those items from the preceding table and the verb brauchen. Remember, the items following the verb will be in the accusative case and must be declined correctly. Example: How would you ask for a plate? Ich brauche einen Teller. 1. How would you ask for a menu? 2. How would you ask for a glass? 3. How would you ask for a napkin? 4. How would you ask for a saucer? Waiter, Do You Have Any Recommendations? If you want a waiter, you can shout Herr Ober (heR oh-buhR), and there he’ll be. Your waiter tonight asks whether you want to start with something to drink. Use the phrase ich hätte gern (iH hä-tuh geRn) followed by whatever it is you would like (in the accusative case). To tell the waiter that you want an aperitif, for example, you would say: Ich hätte gern einen Aperitif, bitte. 258 Chapter 20 ➤ Restaurant Hopping Soups (die Suppen) German Pronunciation English die Bauernsuppe dee bou-eRn-zoo-puh die Bohnensuppe die Frühlingssuppe dee boh-nuhn-zoo-puh dee fRüh-links-zsoo-puh die Kraftbrühe mit Ei dee kRAft-bRüh-huh mit ay die Linsensuppe die Ochsenschwanzsuppe die Tomatensuppe dee lin-zuhn-zoo-puh dee ox-zuhn-shvAnts-zoo-puh dee toh-mah-tuhn-zoo-puh cabbage and sausage soup bean soup spring vegetable soup beef broth with raw egg lentil soup oxtail soup tomato soup German Pronunciation English das Bündnerfleisch dAs bünt-nuhR-flaysh das Deutsche Beefsteak das Gulasch dAs doyt-shuh beef-steyk dAs goo-lAsh das Lammkotelett das Naturschnitzel dAs lAm-kot-let dAs nah-tooR-shnit-suhl das Rippensteak das Rumpfsteak das Schweinskotlett das Wiener Schnitzel der Bauernschmaus dAs Ri-puhn-steyk dAs Roompf-shteyk dAs shvayns-kot-let dAs vee-nuhR shnit-suhl deyR bou-eRn-shmous der Hackbraten der Kalbsbraten der Rinderbraten der Sauerbraten der Speck die Leber deyR hAk-bRah-tuhn deyR kAlps-bRah-tuhn deyR Rin-duhR-bRah-tuhn deyR zou-uhR-bRah-tuhn deyR shpek dee ley-buhR thinly sliced, airdried beef Salisbury steak beef stew with spicy paprika lamb chop unbreaded veal cutlet rib steak rump steak pork chop breaded veal cutlet smoked pork, sausages, dumpling, tomato, and sauerkraut meatloaf roast veal roast beef marinated pot roast bacon liver Meats (das Fleisch) 259 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games That’s the Way I Like It With certain dishes, you have a choice about how they’re served or cooked. For example, if you order eggs, you’ll want to let the waiter know how you like your eggs cooked. Your waiter may ask you something like this: Wie wollen (möchten) Sie sie (ihn, es)? vee vo-luhn (möH-tuhn) zee zee (een, es) How do you want them (it)? The adjectives in the following table give you ways to answer. How Would You Like It Prepared? German Pronunciation English angebräunt blutig durchgut gedünstet paniert püriert das Omelett das Spiegelei die Rühreier hartgekocht pochiert weichgekocht An-guh-bRoynt blew-tiH dewRch-guh-koHt guh-düns-tuht pah-neeRt püh-ReeRt dAs om-let dAs shpee-guhl-ay dee RühR-ay-uhR hARt-guh-koCHt po-sheeRt vayH-guh-koCHt browned rare well-done steamed breaded pureed omelette fried eggs scrambled eggs hard-boiled poached soft-boiled Is anything more frustrating in a restaurant than having your favorite food arrive at your table overcooked, undercooked, too greasy, or over easy instead of scrambled? Practice expressing what you want—the way you want it. These words may come in handy when someone else is doing the cooking. Example: Ich möchte meine Eier _____________ (soft-boiled). Answer: Ich möchte meine Eier weichgekocht. 1. Sie möchtet ihr Steak ____________ (rare). 2. Hans möchte seinen Fisch __________ (breaded). 3. Wir möchten unsere Kartoffeln ____________ (pureed). 4. Ich möchte mein Gemüse ____________ (steamed). 5. Ich hätte gern ____________ (fried eggs). 260 Chapter 20 ➤ Restaurant Hopping Spice It Up If your tongue’s idea of heaven is hot chilies and spicy salsa, German food might seem a little bland. Spice things up by asking for seasonings at the local café or grocery store. The following table provides a list of some common herbs, spices, and condiments. Herbs, Spices, and Condiments German Pronunciation English das Basilikum das öl das Oregano das Salz der Dill der Essig der Honig der Knoblauch der Meerrettich der Pfeffer der Senf der Zucker die Butter die Marmelade die Mayonnaise dAs bah-zee-lee-koom dAs öhl dAs O-Rey-gah-no dAs zAlts deyR dil deyR e-siH deyR hoh-niH deyR knoh-blouCH deyR mey-Re-tiH deyR pfe-fuhR deyR zenf deyR tsoo-kuhR dee boo-tuhR dee mAR-muh-lah-duh dee mah-yoh-nay-zuh basil oil oregano salt dill vinegar honey garlic horseradish pepper mustard sugar butter jam mayonnaise Special Diets Do you get little red spots all over your face when you eat strawberries? Are you on the latest cabbage/ice cream/onion and seltzer water fad diet? Be prepared to use the following phrases to get things your way. German Pronunciation English Ich bin auf (einer) Diät. Ich bin Vegetarier. Ich kann nichts essen, was … enthält. iH bin auf (ay-nuhR) dee-eyt iH bin vey-gey-tah-Ree-uhR iH kAn niHst e-suhn, vAs … ent-hält I am on a diet. I’m a vegetarian. I can’t eat anything with … in it. continues 261 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games German Pronunciation English Ich kann kein (e, -en) … essen (trinken). die Meeresfrüchte die gesättigten Fette Ich suche nach einem Gericht mit—niedrigem Cholesteringehalt. niedrigem Fettgehalt niedrigem Natriumgehalt iH kAn kayn (uh, -uhn) … e-suhn (tRin-khn) dee mey-Ruhs-fRüH-tuh dee guh-zä-tiH-tuhn fe-tuh iH zew-CHuh nACH ay-nuhm guh-RiHt mit nee-dRee-guhm ko-les-tey-Reen-guh-hAlt nee-dRee-guhR fet-guh-hAlt nee-dRee-guhR nA-tRee-oomguh-hAlt kayn milH-pRo-dukt zAlts-fRay tsoo-kuhR-fRay I can’t have … keine Milchprodukte salzfrei zuckerfrei seafood saturated fats I’m looking for a dish … (that is) … low in cholesterol. low in fat low in sodium nondairy salt-free sugar-free Send It Back, Please Did the dressing you ordered on the side come mixed in with your salad? Did your medium-rare veal chop arrive well done? When you want to send something back, you should be prepared to explain the problem to your server. Possible Problems German Pronunciation English … … … … … … … … … ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist … … … … … … … … … ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist kalt zu blutig übergar zäh angebrannt zu salzig zu süß zu scharf verdorben kAlt tsew blew-tiH üh-buhR-gahR tsäh An-guh-bRAnt tsew zAl-tsiH tsew zühs tsew shARf veR-doR-buhn is is is is is is is is is cold too rare overdone tough burned too salty too sweet too spicy spoiled And now you’re done. Where’s the check? In the server’s mind and pocket, of course. Unlike in the United States where the server places the bill on the table fairly soon after you put down your fork, the Germans let you take your time. You pay the bill when you’re ready by telling your Ober: Zahlen, bitte. The server will bring you the bill and expect you to pay on the spot. Efficient, eh? 262 Chapter 20 ➤ Restaurant Hopping How About Some Strudel, Sweetie? Do you have a sweet tooth? Then your favorite part of the meal is probably the end of it. In Germany your sweet tooth will be satisfied (your other teeth may acquire a few extra cavities, if you’re not careful). Cake is normally eaten around 4:00 in the afternoon for Kaffee (kA-fey), an early afternoon coffee break. The following table lists some of the most delicious desserts. Delectable Desserts (leckere Nachspeisen) German Pronunciation English der Apfelstrudel der Kuchen deyR ap-fuhl-shtrew-duhl deyR kew-CHuhn der Obstsalat der Pfirsich Melba der Schokoladenpudding deyR opst-zah-laht deyR pfeeR-ziH mel-bah deyR shoh-koh-lah-duhnpoo-ding dee pfAn-kew-CHuhn dee Roh-tuh gRü-tsuh dee zA-CHuhR-toR-tuh dee shvARts-väl-duhR keeRsh-toR-tuh dee toR-tuh apple strudel coffee-cake type cake, often including fruit or poppy-seeds fruit salad peach Melba chocolate pudding die Pfannkuchen die Rote Grütze die Sachertorte die Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte die Torte crepes (pl.) berry pudding chocolate cake Black Forest cake layered cake or fruit tart If you’re an ice-cream lover, of course, you’ll want to go to an ice cream vendor—just look for anything containing the word Eis. You’ll find ice-cream parlors where you can sit and relax for a long while at cute little tables. Or if you prefer eating on the run, find an ice cream vendor who sells ice cream by the very small scoop—eine Kugel. You’ll want to try at least three varieties! The following terms will help you get the amount and flavor you want. German Pronunciation English das das das das das dAs dAs dAs dAs dAs ice cream strawberry ice cream hazelnut ice cream chocolate ice cream vanilla ice cream Eis Erdbeereis Haselnußeis Schokoladeneis Vanilleeis ays eRt-beyR-ays hah-zuhl-noos-ays shoh-koh-lah-den-ays vah-ni-lee-uh-ays continues 263 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games German Pronunciation English der Eisbecher mit Schlagsahne mit Schokoladensoβe in einer Waffe deyR ays-be-HuhR mit shlAk-zah-nuh mit shoh-koh-lah-den-zoh-suh in ay-nuhR vA-fuh dish of ice cream with whipped cream with chocolate sauce in a waffle cone Are You Thirsty? (Hast du Durst?) If you’re not a wine or beer drinker, you may want to know how to order certain nonalcoholic beverages with your dinner. The following table provides a list of drinks you might enjoy at any time before, during, or after dinner or at the Eiscafé in the late afternoon. Beverages (Getränke) German Pronunciation English der Kaffee einen Kaffee mit Milch einen Kaffee mit Zucker einen schwarzen Kaffee einen entkoffinierten Kaffee einen Eiskaffee der Capuccino deyR kA-fey ay-nuhn kA-fey mit milH ay-nuhn kA-fey mit tsoo-kuhR ay-nuhn shvAr-tsuhn kA-fey ay-nuhn ent-ko-fi-neeRtuhn kA-fey ay-nuhn ays-kA-fey dehR ka-poo-chee-no mit Schlagsahne mit shlAk-zah-nuh der Tee einen Tee mit Zitrone das Mineralwasser ein kohlensäure-haltiges deyR tey ay-nuhn tey mit tsee-tRoh-nuh dAs mi-nuh-Rahl-vA-suhR ayn koh-luhn-zoy-RuhhAl-ti-guhs coffee a coffee with milk a coffee with sugar a black coffee a decaffeinated coffee an iced coffee cappuccino, often served with whipped cream with whipped cream tea a tea with lemon mineral water noncarbonated Can I Have a Doggy Bag? Of course not! Andere Länder, andere Sitten is a German saying that means other countries have different customs. If you’re not a big eater or you aren’t very hungry, tell 264 Chapter 20 ➤ Restaurant Hopping the server: Ich habe keinen groβen Hunger, literally, “I don’t have a big hunger—I’m not very hungry.” Or state that you want a small portion: Ich möchte eine Kleinigkeit essen. Good Morning, Say Cheese In Germany, cheese often accompanies Wurst as a part of a well-rounded breakfast. Yogurt, coffee, tea, juice, fresh rolls, cereal, butter, jam, honey, fresh fruit, and other yummy things help round out the typical German breakfast. Here are some expressions that will help you determine the cheese that is most to your liking. German Pronunciation English der Käse mild scharf hart weich würzig deyR käh-zuh milt shARf hARt vayH vüR-tsiH cheese mild sharp hard soft spicy As for the rest of breakfast, most places where you might stay overnight offer a buffet-style breakfast. You merely choose between Kaffee oder Tee and select whatever else you desire. You danced ‘til dawn, and now you are hungry. You say, Ich habe Hunger! Go over to that Frühstücksbuffet and describe what you would like to eat: Ich möchte … Ich nehme … Ich hätte gern … It Was Delicious Don’t keep your satisfaction to yourself when you like what you’ve eaten. To express joy, pleasure, amazement, and wonder when a meal has been exceptional, use the following superlative phrases. Das Essen war ausgezeichnet! dAs e-suhn vahR ous-guh-tsayH-nuht The meal was great! We Are Family German word-building strategy (derivational morphology) is rather similar to that of English, so knowledge of one part of a German word often allows you to guess the meaning of the entire word. Old English (OE) suffixes were directly related to those in older Germanic dialects: the OE -nes, recognized in Modern English as -ness, as in “smallness” or “happiness,” is comparable to the Germanic -keit, observable in Kleinigkeit or Fröhlichkeit. 265 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Das Steak war vorzüglich! dAs steyk vahR foR-tsŸhk-liH The steak was excellent! Die Bedienung ist großartig! dee buh-dee-nung ist gRohs-AR-tiH The service is great! Culture Shock In most German restaurants, das Trinkgeld (tRink-gelt)—the tip—is included in the price of the meal (generally 15 percent). Still, it is common practice to round up the bill. If your bill is DM 10,50, for example, you might give the waiter 12 or 13 marks and say, “Es stimmt so,” the equivalent of “Keep the change.” This chapter ends with the very last thing you need to know in a restaurant: how to ask for your bill. Remember, Zahlen, bitte! Well, there’s another way of expressing yourself. Take your pick! Die Rechnung bitte. dee ReH-noong bi-tuh The check, please. The Least You Need to Know ➤ You can find someplace to eat by asking: Wo kann ich denn hier etwas zu essen bekommen? ➤ In Germany, the customer controls the pace of service in a restaurant. ➤ You can read a German menu with very little difficulty. ➤ Express your pleasure after a meal by using German superlatives. 266 Chapter 21 Monkey Business In This Chapter ➤ Having fun in German ➤ Extending, accepting, and refusing invitations ➤ Using adverbs to describe abilities You’ve visited tourist attractions, you’ve strolled through quiet parks, and you’ve bought souvenirs for your friends back home. The meals you’ve eaten have been delicious. Now that both your appetite and your curiosity have been satisfied, you want to have a little fun. It’s up to you. Do you feel like going to the movies? playing some tennis? shooting a little pool? hearing some live jazz? Perhaps you want to dress up, find a casino, and try your luck at fortune’s wheel. After reading this chapter, you’ll be ready to try almost anything; to brag about your talents and skills; and to invite someone to join you for a drink, a stroll, or a night on the town. Are You a Sports Fan? Whatever your sport, you will probably be able to participate in it while in Germany (if your favorite sports are spectator sports, you’re in luck—soccer is the national favorite). In the following sections, you will learn the terms for many sports, where these sports are played, and how to tell someone which games you enjoy. What’s Your Game? Even those who claim to detest spectator sports have a game they play or used to play that is close to their hearts. No doubt you can find at least one game you enjoy playing out of those listed in the following table. Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Sports (Sportarten) German Pronunciation English Sport treiben Billiard spielen Tennis spielen Federball spielen Basketball spielen Schach spielen bergsteigen Radfahren angeln Handball spielen wandern reiten Skifahren Wasserski laufen Schlittschuh laufen segeln schwimmen wandern Aerobic machen Bodybuilding machen shpoRt tRay-buhn bee-lee-ahRt shpee-luhn te-nis shpee-luhn feh-duhR-bAl shpee-luhn bAs-ket-bAl shpee-luhn shACH shpee-luhn beRk-shtay-guhn Rat-fah-Ruhn An-geln hant-bAl shpee-luhn vAn-duhRn Ray-tuhn skee fah-Ruhn vA-suhR-skee lou-fuhn shlit-shew lou-fuhn sey-guhln shvi-muhn vAn-duhRn eh-Roh-bik mA-Chuhn bo-dee bil-dink mA-Chuhn to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to play sports play billiards play tennis play badminton play basketball play chess mountain climb bicycle fish play handball hike ride horseback ski water ski ice skate sail swim hike do aerobics do weight training Welchen Sport treibst du gern? What sport do you like to play? To say that you enjoy a sport, use the construction … Ich + conjugated verb + gern. Ich schwimme gern. iH shvi-muh geRn I like to swim. For sports that are made up of a noun and a verb (Rad fahren, Wasserski laufen), use the following construction: Ich + conjugated verb + gern + noun. Ich laufe gern Wasserski. iH lou-fuh geRn vA-suhR-skee I like to water ski. 268 Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business Where to Play Your Game Have you ever tried to play a game of basketball on a soccer field? Or a game of tennis in a boxing ring? Can you imagine water skiing in a swimming pool? If you’re stranded in a German-speaking country and determined to play your game, you can probably figure out a way to play it anywhere—or you can make life easy on yourself and memorize the expressions in the following table. Where to Go for Sports German Pronunciation English das Eisstadion der Fuβballplatz der Sportplatz der Basketballplatz das Gebirge das Sportstadion das Swimmbad das Hallenbad das Freibad der Tennisplatz der Boxring die Skipiste die Sporthalle die Autorennbahn der See der Fluβ dAs ays-shtah-deon deyR fews-bAl-plAts deyR shpoRt-plAts deyR bAs-ket-bAl-plAts dAs guh-beeR-guh dAs shpoRt-shtah-dee-on dAs shvim-baht dAs hA-luhn-baht dAs fray-baht deyR te-nis-plAts deyR boxRing dee skee-pis-tuh dee shpoRt-hA-luh dee ou-toh-Ren-bahn deyR zey deyR floos ice skating rink soccer field playing field basketball court mountain sport stadium swimming pool indoor swimming pool outdoor swimming pool tennis court boxing arena ski slope gymnasium car-racing track lake river Now put what you’ve learned to use by filling in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary. Notice that if you’re talking about where you can engage in these sports, the construction involves an either/or preposition + the dative case. And if you’re going there, the construction is accusative. But here we’ve provided the appropriate prepositions and articles for you. Example: Tennis spiele ich auf dem _____________. Answer: Tennis spiele ich auf dem Tennisplatz. 1. Ich wandere am liebsten im ______________. 2. Fuβball spielen wir auf dem _____________. 3. Zum Skifahren gehe ich auf die ______________. 269 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games 4. Anna schwimmt gern im ________________. 5. Wir segeln gern auf dem ________________. 6. Schlittschuh laufen kann man im ________________. Culture Shock Although Germans are tennis fans, they are soccer fanatics. No single U.S. game can compete with it in popularity. Few Germans are immune to the excitement of the matches played among the country’s 18 best first-division teams, FuβballBudesliga. But when they’re not watching Fuβball, Germans can be found engaging in leisure activities at sport clubs, Sportvereine, where healthy exercise is balanced with social interaction. Express Your Desire with Mögen In Chapter 17, “Let’s Sightsee,” you learned to use modals in the present tense to express your attitude. To tell someone that you would like to do something, use the verb mögen (möh-guhn) “to like” in the subjunctive mood; that is, make it sound a little politer and more inviting: ich möchte (iH möH-tuh), or “I would like.” Of course, you will end the sentence with a dependent infinitive; otherwise, no one will know what you would like to do. You’ll notice that the first- and third-person singular have the same ending, which is consistent with what you already know about modals. Naturally, the plural forms are as you would expect. Mögen is conjugated in the following table. The Verb Mögen in the Subjunctive Person Singular English Plural English First ich möchte iH möH-tuh I would like we would like Second du möchtest dew möH-test you would like (Formal) Sie möchten zee möH-tuhn er, sie, es möchte eR, zee, es möH-tuh wir möchten veeR möHtuhn ihr möchtet eeR möHthut Sie möchten zee möH-tuhn sie möchten Third 270 he, she, it would like zee möH-tuhn you would like they would like Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business Now fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of möchten. Example: Ich ____________ Fuβball spielen. Answer: Ich möchte Fuβball spielen. 1. Mattias ___________ Basketball spielen. 2. Anne ___________ bergsteigen. 3. Wir ____________ wandern. 4. Franz und Klara _____________ reiten. 5. Ihr _____________ in der Sporthalle Federball spielen. 6. Hans und Franz _____________ am Fluβ angeln. Extending an Invitation If you are traveling alone, or if your traveling companion starts to snore in his or her chair after lunch, you may need to find someone to play your favorite sport with (unless you get an adrenaline rush from solitaire). What’s What? Subjunctive is a type of mood, grammatically speaking, that marks speakers’ attitudes toward the truth of their assertions or obligation, permission, or suggestion. The verb form in the subjunctive mood indicates that something is relatively unlikely or contrary to fact, which is where we leave off with möchten, since expressing politeness is often something extraordinary and unreal! Before you invite someone, you should probably find out whether he or she enjoys engaging in whatever activity you’re about to propose. Use the verb mögen in the subjunctive (möchten), followed by the subject and whatever verb you choose, as illustrated in the following construction: Möchten Sie or möchtest du + (sport) verb Möchten Sie bergsteigen gehen? möH-tuhn zee beRk-shtay-guhn Would you like to go mountain climbing? Möchtest du Tennis spielen? möH-test dew te-nis shpee-luhn Would you like to play tennis? Accepting an Invitation Not only is accepting an invitation a way to show the natives you’re friendly—you’ll probably end up having a great time if you do! Whether it’s a romantic dinner, a 271 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games doubles tennis match, or simply a walk in the park, the following phrases will help you gracefully accept any invitation. German Pronunciation English Selbstverständlich. Natürlich. Warum nicht? Ja, das ist eine gute Idee. zelpst-feR-shtänt-liH nah-tüR-liH vah-Room niHt yah, dAs ist ay-nuh gew-tuh ee-dey ven dew (zee) vilst (vo-luhn) Of course. Naturally. Why not? Yes, that’s a good idea. If you like. fAn-tAs-tish Fantastic. Wenn du (Sie) willst (wollen). Fantastisch. Refusing an Invitation—Making Excuses Of course, if you always say yes to invitations, you probably won’t have any time left for yourself. In fact, if you love traveling, chances are you also enjoy spending time alone in museums, cathedrals, cafés, airports, and sleeping compartments on trains. It may be just as important for you to learn how to gracefully refuse an invitation (especially to someone’s sleeping compartment on a train!) as it is for you to learn how to gracefully accept one. Sooner or later, you’ll probably find the following phrases useful. German Pronunciation English Das ist unmöglich. Nein, ich habe keine Lust. dAs ist oon-mök-liH nayn, iH hah-buh kaynuh loost nayn, iH hah-buh kay-nuh tsayt. es toot meeR layt iH bin müh-duh iH bin buh-shäf-tiHt That’s impossible. No, I don’t feel like it. No, I have no time. Nein, ich habe keine Zeit. Es tut mir leid. Ich bin müde. Ich bin beschäftigt. I’m sorry. I’m tired. I’m busy. Showing Indecision and Indifference Your best buddy asks you to go ice skating. You haven’t been ice skating since you were nine and figure you’ll look like a jerk trying, but you’re a good sport. So you shrug and let him know it’s all the same to you. Try a few of these useful phrases to show your indifference (and if you’re lucky he’ll catch on that you’d really rather watch cheese grow mold than go ice skating). 272 Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business German Pronunciation English Das ist mir egal. Was du willst. Ich weiβ nicht. Vielleicht. Mal sehen. dAs ist meeR ey-gahl vAs dew vilst iH vays niHt fee-layHt mahl zeh-uhn It makes no difference to me. Whatever you’d like. I don’t know. Maybe. We’ll see. Do You Accept or Refuse? If you know how to tell someone which sports you like, chances are you’ll be asked to play sooner or later. Practice what you’ve learned in this chapter to accept and refuse invitations. Give the German for the following sentences. Example: Would you like to play tennis? No, I don’t feel like it. Answer: Möchten Sie Tennis spielen? Nein, ich habe keine Lust. 1. Would you like to play basketball? Yes, that’s a good idea. 2. Would you like to hike? No, I’m tired. 3. Would you like to play soccer? Why not? 4. Would you like to fish? No, I don’t have the time. 5. Would you like to play soccer? No, I’m tired. 6. Would you like to ride bikes? Naturally. Let’s Do Something Else There are many reliable ways of having a good time, and new ways are being invented every day. If sports aren’t your thing, you may want to suggest some other kind of activity. To tell someone that you would like to go to the opera, you might say: Ich möchte in die Oper gehen. iH möH-tuh in dee oh-puhR gey-huhn I would like to go to the opera. If you’d like to go to the movies, you could say: Ich möchte ins Kino gehen. iH möH-tuh ins kee-noh gey-huhn I’d like to go to the movies. Use the phrases in the following table to make creative suggestions. 273 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Places to Go and Things to Do Place English Activity English in die Oper gehen in dee oh-puhR gey-huhn zum Strand gehen to go to the opera die Musik hören to listen to music tsoom stRAnt gey-huhn in die Diskothek gehen in dee dis-kohteyk gey-huhn ins Ballett gehen to go to the beach to go to the discotheque 274 to dance to go to the ballet die Tänzer anschauen dee tän-tsuhR An-shou-uhn to watch the dancers to go to the casino spielen shpee-luhn to play to go to the movies einen Film sehen to see a movie ins kee-noh gey-huhn ins Theater gehen to go to the theater ins tey-ah-tuhR gey-huhn ins Konzert gehen to go to a concert ins kon-tseRt gey-huhn zu Hause bleiben tsoo hou-zuh blay-buhn faulenzen fou-len-tsuhn to swim, to lie in the sun tAn-tsuhn ins bA-let gey-huhn ins Kasino gehen ins kah-zee-noh gey-huhn ins Kino gehen dee mew-zeek höh-Ruhn schwimmen, sich sonnen shvi-muhn, siH zo-nuhn tanzen to stay at home ay-nuhn film zey-huhn ein Theaterstück sehen ayn tey-ah-tuhRshtük zey-huhn ein Orchester hören ayn oR-kestuhR höh-Ruhn meditieren me-dee-tee-Ruhn to lie around to see a play to hear a concert to meditate Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business Entertaining Options Sometimes, after the shops and the restaurants, the sightseeing and the sweating, there’s nothing better than sitting in front of the television with a glass of milk in one hand and a plate of cookies in the other. You could cozy up with the Fernsehzeitung (feRn-zey-tsay-toong, the German TV Guide) and settle in for a pleasant evening. Alternatively, you might go to the local movie theater (if it’s not too far away). In the following sections, you will learn some important entertainment vocabulary. At the Movies and on TV If your television has cable, you can put the plate of cookies down and flip through the movie guide to see what’s showing. If your television has a VCR, you may want to rent a movie. The different kinds of movies and shows are listed for you in the following table. If you’re at a hotel and are too lazy to figure out what’s on TV, be a pest. Call the reception desk and ask … Was gibt es im Fernsehen? vAs gipt es im feRn-zey-huhn What’s on TV? Welche Art von Film gibt es? vel-Huh Art fon film gipt es What kind of film is it? Television Programs and Movies (Fernsehprogramme und Filme) German Pronunciation English der Abenteuerfilm die Komödie der Dokumentarfilm das Drama der Horrorfilm der Krimi die Liebesgeschichte die Nachrichten die Seifenoper der Spielfilm der Wetterbericht der Zeichentrickfilm deyR ah-ben-toy-uhR-film dee koh-möh-dee-uh deyR doh-kew-men-tAR-film dAs dRah-mah deyR ho-Ror-film deyR kRee-mee dee lee-bes-guh-shiH-tuh dee nACH-RiH-tuhn dee zay-fuhn-oh-puhR deyR shpeel-film deyR ve-tuhR-buh-RiHt deyR tsay-Huhn-tRik-film adventure film comedy documentary drama horror movie thriller love story news soap opera feature film weather cartoon 275 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games At a Concert If you go to a concert in Germany, you’ll certainly want to tell your friends about it. In Germany, as in America, when referring to the cellist, or to the pianist, you can simply refer to the instrument: The cello was exceptional, or Das Cello war auβergewöhnlich (dAs che-loh vAR ou-suhR-guh-vöhn-liH). The following table lists the most common musical instruments. Musical Instruments (Musikinstrumente) German Pronunciation English das Akkordeon das Cello die Geige die Klarinette die Trommel die Pauke die Posaune das Schlagzeug die Flöte die Gitarre die Harfe das Horn die Oboe das Klavier das Saxophon die Trompete die Mundharmonika dAs A-koR-de-ohn dAs che-loh dee gay-guh dee klah-Ree-ne-tuh dee tRo-mel dee pou-kuh dee po-sou-nuh dAs shlAk-tsoyk dee flöh-tuh dee gee-tA-Ruh dee hAR-fuh dAs hoRn dee oh-boh-uha dAs klA-veeR dAs zak-soh-fohn dee tRom-pey-tuh dee moont-hAR-moh-nee-kah accordion cello violin clarinet drum bass drum trombone drums flute guitar harp horn oboe piano saxophone trumpet mouth organ Expressing Your Opinion When you enjoy a film or a concert, you can express your enjoyment by using the following phrases: 276 German Pronunciation English Ich liebe den Film/ das Konzert! Es ist ein guter Film/ ein gutes Konzert. Er ist amüsant. iH lee-buh deyn film/ dAs kon-tseRt es ist ayn gew-tuhR film/ ayn gew-tuhs kon-tseRt eR ist ah-müh-zAnt I love the film/ the concert! It is a good film/ a good concert. It is amusing. Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business German Pronunciation English Er ist spannend. Es ist bewegend. Er/es ist orginell. Er/es ist interessant. eR ist shpA-nuhnt es ist buh-vey-guhnt eR/es ist oR-gee-nel eR/es ist in-tey-Re-sAnt It It It It is is is is exciting. moving. original. interesting. If you found the film or show disappointing, use any of these phrases to show your disapproval: German Pronunciation English Ich hasse den Film/ das Konzert. Er/es ist schlecht. Er/es ist absoluter Schrott. Es ist immer wieder das gleiche. iH hA-suh deyn film/ dAs kon-tseRt eR/es ist shleHt eR/es ist ap-sohlew-tuhR shRot es ist i-muhR vee-duhR dAs glay-Huh I hate the film/ the concert. It is bad. It is total garbage. It is always the same thing. Adverbs: Modifying Verbs Adverbs are used to modify verbs or adjectives. You can use adverbs to describe how well, how badly, or in what way something is done, as in “He plays the piano wonderfully,” or “I swim amazingly well.” English adverbs are formed by adding the ending -ly to adjectives, resulting in words like happily, quickly, slowly, moderately, and so on. In German, almost all adjectives can be used as adverbs. In addition, many words are adverbs only. They express location relevant to the speaker, such as dort (doRt), or “there,” and hier (heeR), or “here.” The only adverbs with endings are words that express a higher degree, that is, adverbs that appear in the comparative and superlative forms. To form the comparative of adverbs, add -er to the adverb: Der Abenteuerfilm ist spannender als die Dokumentation. To compare two things, simply insert als between the items to be compared. To form the superlative, add am before the superlative and We Are Family In Old English (450–111 C.E.), the most productive category of adverbs was that of qualitative adverbs formed from adjectives simply by adding -e or -lic to the adjective stem. Although the Old English -lic (now -ly) was originally an adjective suffix (homely, friendly), it has since become the standard way of forming an adverb. The Old High German (500–1050) adjectival equivalent—lich is still evident in adjectives (freundlich, sportlich) and adverbs such as endlich. 277 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games -sten to the adverb: Der Abenteuerfilm ist am spannendsten. Naturally, something that is best/worst/most … does not need a comparison: Kalte Suppe ist am schlechtesten! What’s What? Adverbs Words used to modify verbs or adjectives. The best way to understand the difference between adverbs and adjectives is that adjectives modify nouns (and therefore take an ending if they precede a noun), whereas adverbs modify verbs, in the sense of specifying the time, manner, or place. Compare the use of gut and laut as adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences. Boris Becker ist ein guter Tennisspieler. (adj.) bo-Ris be-keR ist ayn gew-tuhR te-nis-shpee-luhR Boris Becker is a good tennis player. Ich kann auch gut spielen. (adv.) iH kAn ouH gewt shpee-luhn I can also play well. In der Disko hört man nur laute Musik. (adj.) in deyR dis-koh höRt mAn newR lou-tuh mew-seek In the disco you only hear loud music. Das Orchester spielt das Stück viel zu laut. (adv.) dAs oR-kes-tuhR shpeelt dAs shtük feel tsew lout The orchestra plays the piece far too loudly. As a Rule 278 The word adverb implies its principal function—which is to be added to, or to modify, a verb. But don’t let the name fool you. Adverbs can also modify adjectives, as they do in the following sentences: Das Frühstück war sehr gut. dAs fRüH-shtük vAR seyR gewt The breakfast was very good. Seine Geschichte war höchst langweilig. say-nuh guh-shiH-tuh vAR höCHst lAnk-vay-liH His story was very boring. 278 Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business Adverbs That Are What They Are Although most adjectives can be used as adverbs, many words can be used only as adverbs. The following table lists common adverbs that do not double as adjectives. Plain Old Adverbs German Pronunciation English anschlieβend bald da danach dort endlich früh ganz gelegentlich gestern heute hier immer jetzt manchmal nie noch nur oft plötzlich sehr seit sofort spät zusammen An-shlee-suhnt bAlt dA dA-nahCH doRt ent-liH fRüh gAnts gey-ley-get-liH ges-tuhRn hoy-tuh heeR i-muhR yetst mAnH-mahl nee noCH nuR oft plöts-liH seyR sayt soh-foRt shpäht tsew-sA-muhn then, afterward soon there then there at last early quite, entirely occasionally yesterday today here always now sometimes never still only often suddenly very since immediately late together Here are some sample sentences that use these adverbs: Heute spielen wir Fuβball. hoy-tuh shpee-luhn veeR fews-bAl Today we play soccer. 279 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games Ich möchte sofort ins Schwimbad gehen. iH möH-tuh zo-foRt ins shvim-bAt gey-huhn I’d like to go into the swimming pool immediately. Position of Adverbs Brace yourself: You’re not through with adverbs yet. Adverbs can be divided into categories. The most common categories of adverbs are time, manner, and place. Heute in Sie geht heute ins Kino (zee geyt hoy-tuh ins kee-noh), or “Today she goes to the movies,” uses an adverb of time; langsam in the sentence Er läuft langsam (eR loyft lang-sahm), or “He runs slowly,” is an adverb of manner; Hier in Hier fühle ich mich wie zu Hause (heeR füh-luh iH miH vee tsew hou-zuh), or “I feel at home here,” is an adverb of place. So what happens when you have multiple adverbs in one sentence? How do you know which adverb to put where? The answer is easy if you remember this clue: TeMPo. Adverbs of time come first. Adverbs of manner next. Then come adverbs of place. Or, if you prefer the German acronym, ZAP: Zeit, Art, Platz. Achtung The adverb of time morgen means “tomorrow.” Der Morgen, however, means “the morning.” To say tomorrow morning, use morgen früh, not morgen Morgen. For example, Wir gehen morgen früh nach Hause. (“We’re going to the house tomorrow morning.”) Er fährt heute mit dem Fahrrad dorthin. (time, place) eR fähRt hoy-tuh mit deym fah-rAt doRt-hin He drives there today on his bicycle. If two adverbs of the same type occur in a sentence, the more general adverb precedes the more specific adverb: Er fährt morgen um 8 Uhr dorthin. (general time, specific time, place) eR fähRt moR-guhn oom ACHt ewR doRt-hin He drives there at eight o’clock tomorrow morning. How Well Do You Do Things? Now you’re ready to use adverbs to describe your stunning abilities. The following table contains some common adverbs (all of which, incidentally, can be used as adjectives) that you can use to tell someone how good (or bad) you are at doing something. 280 Chapter 21 ➤ Monkey Business Common Adverbs for Describing Abilities German Pronunciation English schnell langsam gut schlecht ausgezeichnet schrecklich grauenhaft wunderbar shnel lAnk-sahm gewt shleHt aus-guh-tsayH-nuht shRek-liH gRou-en-hAft vewn-duhR-bahR fast slow good bad excellent terribly horribly wonderfully Just How Good Are You at Adverbs? Are you a good golfer? How well do you sing? Can you run for miles, or are you a good sprinter? How well do you dance? Use adverbs to tell how well you perform the following activities. As a Rule 281 Nicht is the German negative particle. It follows the inflected verb (Mein Bruder raucht nicht.), pronouns, and most noun objects (Du kennst meinen Bruder nicht.) Nicht precedes most other elements: Ich bin nicht nervös. Ich fahre nicht gern. Dieses Bier ist nicht für mich. Example: (Deutsch sprechen) Ich spreche Deutsch langsam. 1. tanzen 5. laufen 2. Klavier spielen 6. singen 3. kochen 7. Tennis spielen 4. Golf spielen 8. Wandern 281 Part 4 ➤ Fun and Games The Least You Need to Know ➤ Sport treiben is the expression for playing sports, but the verb spielen is used to express participation in a specific sport. Ich treibe viel Sport. Jeden Tag spiele ich Tennis. ➤ If you like to do something, use the adverb gern + a noun or a verb. ➤ The verbs möchten and wollen can be used to extend, accept, and refuse invitations. ➤ Adverbs are words that modify both verbs and adjectives. Most German adverbs also can function as adjectives. 282 Part 5 Angst All the fun and games you’ve been enjoying have left you frazzled and worn out. Part 5 introduces many useful terms you’ll need to confront and remedy some problems concerning repair of your beauty, health, clothing, and other possessions. Better yet, you’ll also learn how to ask for the kind of haircut you want and to express various kinds of aches and pains (along with their locations on your body). Chapter 22 Dealing with a Bad Hair Day, an Empty Camera, a Broken Watch, and Blisters In This Chapter ➤ Personal services ➤ Problems and solutions ➤ Comparing and contrasting You’ve been eating, buying things, watching TV—having, to put it mildly, a good old time. And then, all of a sudden, the problems start. You’ve stained your favorite silk shirt, you have an ingrown toenail, your shoes have worn down so much that you can actually feel the city streets through the soles when you walk! And that’s not all. Yesterday you sat on your glasses and broke one of the lenses, you ripped the hem of your jacket on a door handle, and you lost your address book. Don’t worry. Everything you need to repair yourself is just a few blocks—or perhaps even just a phone call—away. By the end of this chapter, all your problems will be under control. My Hair Needs Help, Now! Is your perm coming out? Are your roots showing? Maybe you just want to return to your native land with a new do. Whatever your reasons for wanting to venture into a hair salon, you will need to have the basic vocabulary to get your hair styled just so. Part 5 ➤ Angst Beautify Yourself In Germany, der Friseur-Salon (deyR fRee-zsühR-zah-lon), or hairdresser, is generally for both men and women. When a woman goes to get her hair done, she says, Ich gehe zum Friseur (iH gey-huh tsoom fRee-zühR). If you want special services such as pedicures, manicures, or facials, you would go to a beauty salon: Ich gehe zum Kosmetiksalon (iH gey-huh tsoom kos-mey-tik-sah-lohn). To get what you want, begin your requests to the beauty consultant with the following phrase: Ich hätte gern … iH hä-tuh geRn I would like … Most salons provide the services listed in the following table. Hair Care German Pronunciation English eine Tönung (f.) ein Haarschnitt (m.) eine Dauerwelle (f.) eine Färbung (f.) eine Pediküre (f.) eine Gesichtsmassage (f.) eine Haarwäsche (f.) eine Maniküre (f.) ay-nuh töh-noong ayn hahR-shnit ay-nuh dou-uhR-ve-luh ay-nuh fäR-boong ay-nuh pey-dee-küh-Ruh ay-nuh guh-ziHts-mA-sah-juh ay-nuh hahR-vä-shuh ay-nuh mA-nee-küh-Ruh a a a a a a a a tint haircut perm coloring pedicure facial shampoo manicure The article following the phrase ich hätte gern should be in the accusative case. To let someone know you’d like a haircut, say: Ich hätte gern einen Haarschnitt. iH hä-tuh geRn ay-nuhn hahR-shnit I’d like a haircut. Another way of getting services in a beauty salon is by using the subjunctive mood of the modal verb können. The following table contains some phrases that use können in the subjunctive to help you make polite requests. 286 Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … Other Services German Pronunciation English Könnten Sie mir bitte den Pony zurechtschneiden? kön-tuhn zee meeR bi-tuh deyn po-nee tsew-ReHtshnay-duhn kön-tuhn zee meeR bi-tuh dee hah-Ruh glä-tuhn kön-tuhn zee meeR bi-tuh dee hah-Ruh föh-nuhn Could you please cut my bangs? Könnten Sie mir bitte die Haare glätten? Könnten Sie mir bitte die Haare fönen? As a Rule Could you please straighten my hair? Could you please blowdry my hair? 287 Unlike English, which uses the possessive adjective when referring to body parts (my hair, my finger), German makes use of the handy dative case to refer to the person whose appendage something is, and the simple definite article: Könnten Sie mir bitte die Haare fönen? You used a similar concept when you were missing a fork back in Chapter 20, “Restaurant Hopping”: Mir fehlt die Gabel. Expressing Your Preferences Getting a haircut in a foreign country is truly a brave thing to do because—let’s face it—it’s hard enough to get the kind of haircut you want when both you and your hairdresser speak the same language. The phrases in the following table might help. Hairstyles German Pronunciation English lang mittellang lAng mi-tuhl-lAng long medium length continues 287 Part 5 ➤ Angst Hairstyles (continued) German Pronunciation English kurz gewellt lockig glatt stufig geflochten schwarz kastanienbraun rot in einer dunkleren Farbe kooRs guh-velt lo-kiH glAt shtew-fiH guh-floCH-tuhn shvARts kAs-tah-nee-uhn-bRoun Roht in ay-nuhR doonk-luh-Ruhn fAR-buh in ay-nuh he-luh-Ruhn fAR-buh in deyR glay-Huhn fAR-buh short wavy curly straight layered braided black auburn red in a darker color in einer helleren Farbe in der gleichen Farbe in a lighter color in the same color Suppose you are allergic to particular beauty products, chemicals, or lotions. Or perhaps you can’t abide certain smells. Do you detest the way most hair spray leaves your hair feeling like straw? If you don’t like certain hair care products, speak up. Begin your request to the hairdresser with either of the following phrases: Ich möchte kein(-e, -en) …. iH möH-tuh kayn(-uh, -uhn) I don’t want any …. Bitte, benutzen Sie kein(-e, -en) …. bi-tuh, buh-noot-tsuhn zee kayn(-uh, -uhn) Please, don’t use …. 288 German Pronunciation English das Haargel das Haarspray das Shampoo der Haarschaum die Haarlotion die Pflegespülung dAs hahR-geyl dAs hahR-spRay dAs shAm-pew deyR hahR-shoum dee hahR-loh-tseeohn dee pfley-guh-shpüh-loonk gel hair spray shampoo mousse lotion conditioner Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … I Need Help There will undoubtedly be times, particularly if you take what you’ve learned of the German language and venture into a German-speaking country, when you will find yourself in need of a helping hand. The problem is, how do you get this helping hand to help you? The sections that follow will help you prepare for an encounter at the dry cleaner’s, at the Laundromat, at the shoemaker, and so on. Help! When you have minor problems—a stain, a broken shoelace, a ripped contact lens— which occur in a universe where chaos seems to dispel what little order there is, you will find the following phrases useful. Um wie viel Uhr öffnen Sie? oom vee-feel ewR öf-nuhn zee What time do you open? Um wie viel Uhr schlieβen Sie? oom vee-feel ewR shlee-suhn zee What time do you close? An welchen Tagen haben Sie geöffnet (geschlossen)? An vel-Huhn tah-guhn hah-buhn zee guh-öf-net (guh-shlo-suhn) What days are you open (closed)? Können Sie mein(-e, -en) … reparieren? kö-nuhn zee mayn(-uh, -uhn) … Re-pah-Ree-Ruhn Can you fix my … for me? Können Sie ihn (es, sie) heute reparieren? kö-nuhn zee een (es, zee) hoy-tuh Re-pah-Ree-Ruhn Can you fix it (them) today? Kann ich bitte eine Quittung bekommen? kAn iH bi-tuh ay-nuh kvi-toong buh-ko-muhn Can I have a receipt, please? At the Dry Cleaner—in der Wäscherei You wake up in the morning after what must have been a wild night (you are fully dressed, shoes still on, tie loosely knotted). You can’t remember anything that happened from the moment you started cha-cha dancing on your table after the third round of drinks, but you begin to make out traces of lipstick, chocolate sauce, and wine on the front of your shirt. Whatever happened, you don’t want to remember it now—not in the middle of a migraine headache. 289 Part 5 ➤ Angst Why not take your shirt to the cleaner’s and wash the whole night away? The person helping you will probably ask you something like, “Wo liegt das Problem?” (vo leekt dAs pRo-blem) Knowing how to explain your problem and ask for the necessary type of service is crucial. Das Hemd ist schmutzig. dAs hempt ist shmoot-sik The shirt is dirty. Mir fehlt ein Knopf. meeR feylt ayn knopf I’m missing a button. Ich habe ein Loch in meiner Hose. iH hah-buh ay-nuh loH in may-nuhR hoh-zuh I have a hole in my pants. Da ist ein Flecken. dA ist ayn fle-kuhn There’s a stain. You’ve explained the problem. Now you must be clear about what you want done to correct it. Try these phrases: Können Sie diese(-s, -n) … für mich reinigen, bitte? kö-nuhn zee dee-suh(-s, -n) … fühR miH ray-ni-guhn, bi-tuh Can you clean this (these) for me, please? Können Sie diese(-s, -n) … für mich bügeln, bitte? kö-nuhn zee dee-suh(-s, -n) … fühR miH büh-guhln, bi-tuh Can you iron this (these) for me, please? Können Sie diese(-s, -n) … für mich stärken, bitte? kö-nuhn zee dee-suh(-s, -n) … fühR miH shtäR-kuhn, bi-tuh Can you starch this (these) for me, please? Können Sie diese(-s, -n) … für mich nähen bitte? kö-nuhn zee dee-suh(-s, -n) … fühR miH näh-huhn, bi-tuh Can you sew this (these) for me, please? At the Laundromat—im Waschsalon If the laundry that has piled up in the corner of your hotel room is made up of basic, run-of-the-mill dirty clothes, you may want to stuff everything into a bag and wander the city streets in search of the nearest Laundromat. These phrases will be of use to you in your search: 290 Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … Ich suche einen Waschsalon. iH zew-Huh ay-nuhn vash-sah-lohn I’m looking for a Laundromat. Ich habe viel dreckige Wäsche. iH hah-buh feel dRe-ki-guh vä-shuh I have a lot of dirty clothes. Ich möchte meine Wäsche waschen lassen. iH möH-tuh may-nuh vä-shuh vA-shuhn lA-suhn I want to have my clothes washed. Welche Waschmaschine kann ich benutzen? vel-Huh vAsh-mA-shee-nuh kAn iH buh-noo-tsuhn Which washing machine can I use? Welcher Trockner ist frei? vel-HuhR tRok-nuhR ist fRay Which dryer is free to use? Wo kann ich Waschpulver kaufen? vo kAn iH vAsh-pool-vuhR kou-fuhn Where can I buy laundry soap? At the Shoemaker—beim Schuster Did both heels snap off your favorite leather boots? Have you been walking so much that you have worn the soles of your shoes away, the way the princess does in the fairy tale by the Gebrüder Grimm? Perhaps you simply want to be able to see your smiling face reflected in your polished patent leather dress shoes as you bend down to pick up a lucky Pfennig from the sidewalk. Whatever your reasons for visiting your local shoemaker, the following phrases will help you make your desires clear. Können Sie … für mich reparieren? kö-nuhn zee … fühR miH rey-pah-ree-Ruhn Can you fix … for me? diese Schuhe dee-suh shew-huh these shoes diese Stiefel dee-suh shtee-fuhl these boots 291 Part 5 ➤ Angst diesen Absatz dee-suhn ap-zats this heel diese Sohle dee-suh zoh-luh this sole Haben Sie Schnürsenkel? hah-buhn zee shnüR-zen-kuhl Do you have shoelaces? Können Sie meine Schuhe putzen, bitte? kö-nuhn zee may-nuh shew-huh poot-zuhn, bi-tuh Can you polish my shoes, please? I Need These Shoes Your clothes are filthy. Your best dress is ripped. Your shoes are a wreck. The heels are worn down, and the shoes themselves are encrusted with mud. You have a party to go to later in the evening! What should you do? You can start by using what you’ve learned to translate the following sentences into German. Example: Can you fix these shoes for me? Answer: Können Sie deise Schuhe für mich reparieren? 1. I’m looking for a Laundromat. 2. Can you dry clean this dress for me? 3. What time do you close? 4. Can you polish my shoes, please? 5. I have lots of dirty clothes. 6. Where can I polish these shoes? At the Optometrist—beim Optiker Almost everyone with less than perfect vision has had the unfortunate experience of looking for hours for a favorite (and only) pair of glasses. Finally you plop yourself down on the sofa, frustrated and exhausted, to the muffled (but no less ominous) sound of breaking glass. If you happen to sit on your glasses while in Deutschland, these phrases may come in handy: Können Sie diese Brille reparieren, bitte? Kö-nuhn zee dee-zuh bRi-luh Rey-pah-Ree-Ruhn, bi-tuh Can you repair these glasses for me, please? 292 Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … Das Glass (das Gestell) ist zerbrochen. dAs glAs (dAs guh-shtel) ist tseR-bRo-CHuhn The lens (the frame) is broken. Können Sie diese Kontaktlinsen ersetzen. kö-nuhn zee dee-zuh kon-tAkt-lin-zuh eR-ze-tsuhn Can you replace these contact lenses? Verkaufen Sie Sonnenbrillen? feR-kou-fuhn zee zo-nuhn-bRi-luhn Do you sell sunglasses? As a Rule 293 Word order To form a yes/no question in German, place the inflected verb first, as you do in English: Are you looking for a Laundromat? Suchen Sie einen Waschsalon? If the question begins with a question word, such as wann (“when), warum (“why”), wo (“where”), or wie viel (“how much”), the inflected verb comes in second position: Wo finde ich einen Waschsalon? At the Jeweler—beim Juwelier Has your watch stopped? If you want to catch your train or plane on time, you may want to have your watch repaired. Try these phrases when you’re at the jewelry store: Meine Armbanduhr ist kaputt. may-nuh ARm-bAnt-ewR ist kA-poot My watch is broken. Können Sie diese Armbanduhr reparieren? kö-nuhn zee dee-zuh ARm-bAnt-ewR Re-pah-Ree-Ruhn Can you repair this watch? 293 Part 5 ➤ Angst Meine Armbanduhr läuft zu schnell (langsam). may-nuh ARm-bAnt-ewR loyft tsew shnel (lAng-sAm) My watch is fast (slow). Verkaufen Sie Batterien? feR-kou-fuhn zee bah-tuh-Ree-uhn Do you sell batteries? Your watch is broken, and you are due to meet a friend later in the day. Stop by a jewelry store in Zürich and explain your problem to the jeweler. Be specific about the kind of repair you want. At the Camera Shop—beim das Fotogeschäft If you lost or forgot your camera, or if you simply need to buy some film, you will probably want to stop at a camera shop. Here are some phrases that may come in handy: Ich brauche einen Fotoapparat. iH bRou-Huh ayn foh-toh-ah-pah-Raht I need a camera. Ich brauche eine Videokamera. iH bRou-Huh ayn vee-dee-oh-kah-muhR-ah I need a video camera. Haben Sie Farbfilme (Schwarzweiβfilm) mit 20 (36) exposures? hah-buhn zee fARp-fil-muh (shvARts-vays-film) mit 20 (36) foh-tos Do you have color (black-and-white) film with 20 (36) Photos? Können Sie diesen Film entwickeln, bitte? kö-nuhn zee dee-zuhn film ent-vi-kuhln, bi-tuh Can you develop this film, please? If the sun has been shining for weeks and you’re looking gorgeous and the photographs that your wife, husband, friend, or companion have been taking of you just aren’t coming out right, you may need a new camera. Walk into the nearest camera shop and tell the photo assistant what you need. Don’t forget to order a few rolls of film. 294 Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … Help, I Lost My Passport! Here are the phrases you will need to get through some common angst-inducing situations. 1. Wo ist …? vo ist Where is …? das Polizeiamt dAs poh-li-tsay-Amt the police station das amerikanische Konsulat dAs ah-mey-Ree-kah-ni-shuh kon-zew-laht the American consulate die amerikanische Botschaft dee ah-mey-Ree-kah-ni-shuh bot-shAft the American Embassy 2. Ich habe … verloren iH hah-buh … feR-loh-Ruhn I have lost … meinen Pass (m.) may-nuhn pAs my passport mein Portemonnaie (n.) mayn poRt-moh-ney my wallet meine Handtasche (f.) may-nuh hAnt-tA-shuh my purse 3. Helfen Sie mir, bitte. hel-fuhn zee meeR, bi-tuh Help me, please. 4. Ich brauche einen Dolmetscher. iH bRou-Huh ay-nuhn dol-met-HuhR I need an interpreter. 5. Spricht jemand hier Englisch? shpRiHt yeh-mAnt heeR eng-lish Does anyone here speak English? 295 Part 5 ➤ Angst Comparison Shopping What’s What? Positive form Simple adverbs or adjectives. Comparative form The “more” form adjectives and adverbs take when compared. Superlative form The “most” form adjectives and adverbs take when they are compared. We Are Family In Present-Day German, most monosyllabic adjectives and adverbs incur a sound change in the comparative and superlative forms. This sound change can be traced back to the days of Old High German (500–1050 C.E.), when adjectives and adverbs took an ending that promoted the shifting in sounds. The endings have been lost, but the sound change remains: alt → älter. Hmm … is there a similarity between that German comparison for old and the English old → elder? 296 Just because you’re in a foreign country doesn’t mean you shouldn’t shop around. Whether it’s a hotel, a jewelry store, a clothing store, or a train station, ask about prices. Then go to other hotels, stores, and so on and ask about their prices. Find the best deal and take it! Adverbs and Adjectives Compared When you are explaining to someone why you bought this here and that there, you will have to know how to use adjectives and adverbs to compare things. Adverbs and adjectives have three forms—the positive form, billig (bi-liH, “cheap”), the comparative form, billiger (bi-li-guhR, “cheaper”), and the superlative form, der/die/das billigste (deyR/dee/dAs bi-lik-stuh) or am billigsten (Am bi-lik-stuhn)—all of which mean “the cheapest.” The form of the definite article and the ending on the adjective vary according to case and gender. Adjectives and adverbs are compared in English either by adding -er (or modifying the adjective with more) to form the comparative or by adding -est (or using most), to form the superlative. The process is quite similar and even simpler in German: The ending -er is used to form the comparative for both adjectives and adverbs of any length (intelligenter), and -(e)st is used to form the superlative (der intelligenteste). Notice that when the comparison of an adjective precedes a noun, the superlative ending for that adjective is -(e)ste, as it will take an inflection to agree with the noun it’s modifying. For adverbs, the superlative ending becomes -(e)sten, since the preposition/article contraction am precedes it (an + dem). The following list gives you the adjective stark (shtARk, or “strong”) in the base, comparative, and superlative form. Notice the addition of an umlaut in the comparative and superlative forms. This spelling change occurs quite frequently with one-syllable adjectives and adverbs. Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … Adjective Type German Pronunciation English Positive der starke Regen the heavy rain Comparative der stärkere Regen der stärkste Regen deyR shtahR-kuh rey-guhn deyR shtäR-kuh-Ruh rey-guhn deyR shtäRk-stuh rey-guhn Superlative the heavier rain the heaviest rain The following list gives you the adverb stark in the positive, comparative, and superlative form. Adjective Type German Pronunciation English Positive Comparative Es regnet stark. Es regnet stärker. Superlative Es regnet am es stärksten. es Reyk-net shtARk es Reyk-net shtäR-kuhR Reyk-net am shtäRk-stuhn It rains hard. It rains harder. It rains the hardest. As a Rule 297 The superlative of an adjective is formed by adding –st to the positive form. The –st is expanded to -est if the adjective stem ends in -d, -t, or a silibant such as -s, -st, -β, or -z, as in: Im Winter sind die Tage am kürzesten. Remember that if the adjective precedes a noun, it is attributive in function and takes an adjective ending to agree in number, gender, and case: Trier ist die älteste Stadt in Deutschland. The one exception to this rule of adding an -e before the -st is the superlative of groβ: gröβt-, as in Bayern ist das gröβte Land Deutschlands. The following two tables list the adjectives you will need (in their comparative and superlative forms) to be a good comparison shopper. 297 Part 5 ➤ Angst Adjectives Used to Compare Positive English Comparative Superlative billig bi-liH schön shöhn groß gRos klein klayn bunt boont weich vayH warm vARm teuer toy-uhR cheap billiger bi-li-guhR schöner shöh-nuhR größer gRöh-suhR kleiner klay-nuhR bunter boon-tuhR weicher vay-HuhR wärmer väR-muhR teuerer toy-uhR-uhR am billigsten Am bi-lik-stuhn am schönsten Am shöhn-stuhn am größten Am gRös-tuhn am kleinsten Am klayn-stuhn am buntesten Am boon-tes-tuhn am weichesten Am vay-Hes-tuhn am wärm-sten Am väRm-stuhn am teuersten Am toy-uhR-stuhn beautiful big small colorful soft warm expensive Remember, when forming the comparative with adverbs, add the ending -er to the positive form of the adverb. To form the superlative, use the formula am + positive form of adverb + the ending -(e)sten. Irregular Comparisons Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. Yes, you guessed it: You’re simply going to have to commit these to memory. 298 Positive English Comparative English Superlative English gern geRn gut gewt hoch hoCH nah nah gladly lieber lee-buhR besser be-suhR höher höh-huhR näher näh-huhR more gladly am liebsten Am leep-stuhn am besten Am be-stuhn am höchsten Am höH-stuhn am nächsten Am näH-stuhn most gladly good high close better higher closer the best the highest the closest Chapter 22 ➤ Dealing with a Bad Hair Day … Positive English Comparative English Superlative English oft oft often öfter öft-uhR more often the most often viel feel much mehr meyR more am öftesten Am öf-testuhn am meisten Am may-stuhn the most Make a Comparison How does your life this year compare with your life last year? Are you tall or short compared with your father? your mother? Do you feel weaker or stronger than you did last month? Use what you’ve learned about making comparisons to compare yourself with your family and friends. The Least You Need to Know ➤ You can get the services you need and put your angst-ridden hours to an end with a few simple phrases. ➤ You will be able to recognize the locations offering these services, as the German expressions Wäscherei and Waschsalon contain the English cognate “wash”; Schuster sounds like “shoe”; and Optiker resembles the English “optician.” ➤ The comparative and superlative forms in German are formed in much the same way as they are in English: by adding -er and -(e)st. ➤ Irregular forms of gut, besser, am besten; viel, mehr, am meisten also mirror their English equivalents. 299 Chapter 23 What Does the Doctor Recommend? In This Chapter ➤ Your body ➤ Symptoms, illnesses, and cures ➤ The irregular verb tun in the expression weh tun ➤ Expressing how long ➤ How to use reflexive verbs Now you know from Chapter 22, “Dealing with a Bad Hair Day …,” how to take care of all those little things that go wrong when you’re traveling. But what about slightly bigger problems? What happens if you get sick? Unfortunately, many travelers have minor aches, pains, headaches, and upset stomachs. Time differences, foreign food and water, air-conditioned airplanes, and hot hotel rooms, on top of trying to adjust to constantly changing conditions, can do a number on your body. In this chapter you’ll learn the key words and phrases you need to complain in German about everything from a headache to a not-so-happy tummy. Where Does It Hurt? The first thing you need to know is how to tell the doctor where, specifically, you’re experiencing pain or discomfort. Try some of the words in the following table. Part 5 ➤ Angst Parts of the Body 302 German Pronunciation Plural Pronunciation English das Auge dAs ou-guh die Augen dee ou-guhn eye(s) das Bein dAs bayn die Beine dee bay-nuh leg(s) das Gehirn dAs guh-hiRn die Gehirne dee guh-hiR-nuh brain(s) das Gesicht dAs guh-ziHt die Gesichter dee guh-ziH -tuhR face(s) das Handgelenk dAs hAnt-guhlenk die Handgelenke dee hAnt-guhlen-kuh wrist(s) das Herz dAs heRts die Herzen dee heR-tsuhn heart(s) das Knie dAs knee die Knie dee knee-uh knee(s) das Ohr dAs ohR die Ohren dee oh-Ruhn ear(s) der Arm deyR ARm die Arme dee Ar-muh arm(s) der Busen deyR bew-zuhn die Busen dee bew-zuhn breast(s) der Finger deyR fin-guhR die Finger dee fin-guhR finger(s) der Fingernagel deyR fin-guRney-guhl die Fingernagel dee fin-guR -ney-guhl fingernails der Fuβ deyR fews die Füsse dee fü-suh foot (feet) der Fuβknöchel deyR fews-nöHuhl die Fuβknöchel dee fews -nö-Huhl ankle(s) der Hals deyR hals die Hälse dee häl-zuh neck(s) der Kopf deyR kopf die Köpfe dee köp-fuhf head(s) der Körper deyR köR-puhR die Körper dee köR-puhR body(ies) der Magen deyR mah-guhn die Mägen dee mä-guhn stomach(s) der Mund deyR moont die Münder dee Mün-duhR mouth(s) der Rücken deyR Rü-kuhn die Rücken dee Rü-kuhn back(s) der Zahn deyR tsahn die Zähne dee tsäh-nuh tooth (teeth) der Zeh deyR tsay die Zehen dee tsay-hun toe(s) die Brust dee bRoost die Brüste dee bRüs-tuh chest(s) die Hand dee hAnt die Hände dee hän-duh hand(s) die Haut dee hout die Häute dee hoy-tuh skin(s) die Kehle dee keh-luh die Kehlen dee keh-luhn throat(s) die Nase dee nah-zuh die Nasen dee nah-zuhn nose(s) die Schulter dee shool-tuhR die Schultern dee shool-tuhRn shoulder(s) die Wirbelsäule dee viR-buhl-zoyluh die Zunge dee tsoon-guh die Zungen dee tsoon-guhn tongue(s) die Lippe dee li-puh die Lippen dee li-puhn lip(s) spine Chapter 23 ➤ What Does the Doctor Recommend? You Give Me a Pain in the … How would you tell a German that you have a headache? a sore throat? a stomachache? You could point to your head, your throat, or your stomach and contort your face in agony, perhaps grunting or yowling for emphasis. Or you could learn how to express these things in German. In the following sections, you will learn how to express pains, aches, and illnesses in German. What Seems to Be the Problem? When you go to the doctor, the first question will probably be Was haben Sie? (vAs hah-buhn zee) or “What’s troubling you?” Use the following formula to answer: Ich habe + body part that hurts + -schmerzen Examples: Ich habe Bauchschmerzen. iH hah-buh bouH-shmeR-tsuhn I have a stomachache. Ich habe Zahnschmerzen. iH hah-buh tsahn-shmeR-tsuhn I have a toothache. Ich habe Kopfschmerzen. iH hah-buh kopf-shmeR-tsuhn I have a headache. Maybe your traveling companion was the one dumb enough to stay up all night drinking round after round of German beer on an empty stomach. To speak about someone else’s pains, conjugate the verb haben: Er hat Halsschmerzen. eR hAt hAls-shmeR-tsuhn He has a sore throat. Another way of talking about your symptoms is by using the expression weh tun (vey tewn)—“to hurt”—which is a dative expression, requiring an indirect object pronoun (dative personal pronoun). Before you learn how to use this expression, familiarize yourself with the very strong verb tun (toon) “to do.” Person Singular English Plural English First ich tue iH tew-uh du tust dew tewst I do wir tun veeR tewn ihr tut eeR tewt we do Second you do you do continues 303 Part 5 ➤ Angst Person Singular English Plural (Formal) Sie tun zee tewn er, sie, es tut eR, zee, es tewt you do Sie tun zee tewn sie tun zee tewn Third he, she, it does English they do The basic formula you will need to create a sentence using the expression weh tun is as follows: Body part + conjugated form of tun + indirect object pronoun + weh Your indirect object pronoun must agree with the subject. Here’s a review of the indirect object pronouns you learned in Chapter 18, “Shop Till You Drop.” Dative Pronouns English Dative Pronouns English mir dir Ihnen ihm, ihr, ihm to to to to uns euch Ihnen ihnen to to to to me you you him, to her, to it us you you them Examples: Der Fuβ tut mir weh. deyR fews tewt meeR vey My foot hurts me. As a Rule The order of the words in sentences that use weh tun can change without altering the meaning of the sentence. The subject remains “marked” as such in the nominative case: Mir tut der Fuβ weh. Der Fuβ tut mir weh. 304 Chapter 23 ➤ What Does the Doctor Recommend? More Symptoms You may need to come up with something more specific than a vague ache or pain to give your doctor a shot at curing you. Consult the following table for specific symptoms. Other Symptoms German Pronunciation English das Fieber der Schüttelfrost der (Haut)Ausschlag der Absess der blaue Fleck der Durchfall der gebrochene Knochen der Husten der Knoten der Krampf der Schmerz die Beule die Blase die Magenverstimmung dAs fee-buhR deyR shü-tuhl-fRost deyR (hout)ous-shlahk deyR Ap-ses deyR blou-uh flek deyR dooRCH-fAl deyR ge-bRo-Huh-nuh kno-Huhn deyR hew-stuhn deyR knoh-tuhn deyR kRAmpf deyR shmeRts dee boy-luh dee blah-zuh dee mah-guhn-feR-shtimoonk fever chills rash abscess bruise diarrhea broken bone cough lump cramps pain bump blister indigestion Hatten Sie jemals …? hA-tuhn zee yey-mAls Have you ever had …? Haben Sie eine Krankenversicherung? hah-buhn zee ay-nuh kRAn-kuhn-feR-zi-Huh-Roong Do you have health insurance? Leiden Sie unter …? lay-duhn zee oon-tuhR Do you suffer from …? 305 Part 5 ➤ Angst What’s Wrong? After your visit to the doctor, you may want to call your friends and relatives and give them a detailed description of your illness. Most maladies can be expressed with the verb haben. Here’s the basic formula: Subject pronoun + conjugated form of haben + (indefinite article) noun Common Nouns Used for Expressing Sicknesses German Pronunciation English das Asthma der Herzinfarkt der Krebs der Schlaganfall der Sonnenstich die Angina die Bauchschmerzen die Blinddarmentzündung die Bronchitis die Erkältung die Erschöpfung die Gicht die Grippe die Kinderlähmung die Kopfschmerzen die Leberentzündung die Lungenentzündung die Masern (pl.) die Windpocken die Röteln dAs Ast-mah deyR heRts-in-fARkt deyR kReyps deyR shlahk-An-fAl deyR zo-nuhn-shtiH dee An-gee-nah dee bouCH-shmeR-tsuhn dee blint-dahRm-ent-tsün-doong dee bRon-Hee-tis dee eR-käl-toong dee eR-shö-pfoong dee giHt dee gRi-puh dee kin-deR-ley-moong dee kopf-shmeR-tsuhn dee ley-beyR-ent-tsün-doong dee loon-guhn-ent-tsün-doong dee mah-zuhRn dee vint-po-kuhn dee Röh-tuhln asthma heart attack cancer stroke sunstroke angina stomachache appendicitis bronchitis cold exhaustion gout flu poliomyelitis headache hepatitis pneumonia measles chicken pox German measles You may also hear the following expressions. They take the verb sein, followed by an adjective. 306 German Pronunciation English Ich bin erkältet. Ich bin krank. iH bin eR-käl-tuht iH bin kRAnk I have a cold. I’m sick. Chapter 23 ➤ What Does the Doctor Recommend? Doctor, Doctor You’ve been beleaguered by a series of illnesses. Use what you’ve learned to express your symptoms to a doctor. Example: a toothache Answer: Ich habe Zahnschmerzen. 1. a cold 2. a cough 3. a headache 4. a stomachache 5. a blister 6. a fever How Long Have You Felt This Way? Culture Shock When you travel in Germany, try to get sick during business hours weekdays. You will find that Pharmacies, die Apotheken (dee ah-poh-tay-kuhn), are open anywhere from 8:00 A.M. to 7:00 P.M. Monday through Friday and until 2:00 P.M. on Saturday, depending on the region and the size of the city. Don’t confuse pharmacies with die Drogerien (dee dRoh-guhR-eeuhn), which are similar to American drugstores. German pharmacists will give you helpful advice (free!) and often refer you to a doctor. One question a nurse or doctor will ask is, Seit wann haben Sie diese Krankheit (zayt vAn hah-buhn zee dee-zuh kRAnk-hayt)? or “How long have you had this illness?” The doctor may also ask: Wie lange haben Sie diese Beschwerden schon (vee lAn-guh hah-buhn zee dee-zuh buh-shveR-duhn shon)? or “How long have you had these problems?” Answer either of these questions with the following construction: Seit + amount of time you’ve been sick Don’t forget that the prepositional phrase following the preposition seit is a dative preposition and always requires the dative case. Example: Seit einer Woche. zayt ay-nuhR vo-Huh For a week. Seit einem Tag. Zayt ay-nuhm tahk For a day. 307 Part 5 ➤ Angst If the aches and pains you’re experiencing are too minor to merit the attention of a doctor—say, you have a headache, a sore throat, or a hangover—you’ll probably want to try a little self-care. Why not visit your local Apotheke (ah-poh-tekuh), or “pharmacy”? From Finding Drugs to Finding Toothpaste Whether you’re looking for medication or a can of hair spray, you want to be sure you’re looking in the right place. You can find most of the items listed in the following table in either a Drogerie, “superstore,” or one of the smaller supermarkets in Germany. Drugstore Items German Pronunciation English das (milde) Abführmittel das Asperin das Deodorant das Enthaarungswachs das Heizkissen das Körperpuder das Mundwasser das Shampoo das Thermometer der (elektrische) Rasierer dAs (mil-duh) Ap-fühR-mi-tuhl dAs As-pey-Reen dAs dey-oh-doh-RAnt dAs ent-hah-Roonks-vAks dAs hayts-ki-suhn dAs köR-peR-pew-duhR dAs moont-vA-suhR dAS shAm-pew dAs teR-moh-mey-tuhR deyR (ey-lek-tRi-shuh) Rah-zee-RuhR deyR Al-koh-hohl deyR ays-boy-tuhl deyR eR-stuh-hil-fuh-kA-stuhn deyR hew-stuhn-sAft deyR kAm deyR shnoo-luhR deyR shpee-guhl dee Ak-nuh-mey-dee-tseen dee ou-guhn-tRo-pfuhn dee ent-hah-roonks-kReym dee foyH-tiH-kayts-kreym dee flA-shuh dee heft-pflA-stuhR dee hew-stuhn-bon-bons dee kon-doh-muh laxative (mild) aspirin deodorant depilatory wax heating pad talcum powder mouthwash shampoo thermometer razor (electric) der Alkohol der Eisbeutel der Erste-Hilfe-Kasten der Hustensaft der Kamm der Schnuller der Spiegel die Aknemedizin die Augentropfen die Enthaarungscreme die Feuchtigkeitscreme die Flasche die Heftpflaster die Hustenbonbons die Kondome 308 alcohol ice pack first-aid kit cough syrup brush pacifier mirror acne medicine eye drops depilatory cream moisturizer bottle Band-Aids cough drops condoms Chapter 23 ➤ What Does the Doctor Recommend? German Pronunciation English ein (Magen)Säure ein neutralisierendes Mittel die Mullbinde die Nagelfeile die Nasentropfen die Pinzette die Rasiercreme die Rasierklinge die Schere die Schlaftabletten die Sicherheitsnadeln die Taschentücher die Vitamine die Watte die Wattestäbchen die Windeln die Zahnbürste ayn (mah-guhn)zoy-Ruh noytRah-lee-zee-Ren-duhs mi-tuhl dee mool-bin-duh dee nah-guhl-fay-luh dee nah-zuhn-tRo-pfuhn dee pin-tse-tuh dee Rah-zeeR-kReym dee Rah-zeeR-klin-guh dee shey-ruh dee shlahf-tA-ble-tuhn dee zi-HuhR-hayts-nah-duhln dee tA-shuhn-tüh-HuhR dee vee-tah-mee-nuh dee vA-tuh dee vA-tuh-shtäp-Huhn dee vin-duhln dee tsahn-büR-stuh an antacid gauze bandage nail file nose drops tweezers shaving cream razor blade scissors sleeping pills safety pins tissues vitamins cotton cotton swabs diapers toothbrush Special Needs Did you break your leg skiing? Do you need a wheelchair? Many pharmacies in Germany specialize in medical appliances. The following table details items you may need if you are temporarily or permanently physically challenged. Start by asking the pharmacist: Wo kann ich ein(-e, -en) … bekommen? vo kAn iH ayn(-uh, -uhn) … buh-ko-muhn Where can I get …? Special Needs German Pronunciation English der (Spazier)Stock die Krücken das Hörgerät der Rollstuhl die Gehhilfe deyR (shpah-tseeR)shtok dee kRü-kuhn dAs höR-guh-Räht deyR Rol-shtewl dee gey-hil-fuh cane crutches hearing aid wheelchair walker 309 Part 5 ➤ Angst Have It on Hand Imagine that you rent a small apartment in Düsseldorf. Which items do you need to ensure that you have a well-stocked medicine cabinet? Example: to freshen breath What’s What? Answer: Ich brauche Mundwasser. Reflexive verb A verb that always takes a reflexive pronoun because the action of the verb reflects back on the subject of the sentence. Reflexive pronoun A pronoun that forms a part of a reflexive verb in which the action refers back to the subject. 1. for headaches 2. when you break your foot 3. for minor cuts and burns 4. to blow your nose 5. when you can’t sleep 6. when you have a cough 7. when you need to shave 8. when you can’t sleep 9. when you get a hang nail What Are You Doing to Yourself? To express how you feel, use the reflexive verb sich fühlen. The sich in front of this verb is known as a reflexive pronoun because it refers back to the subject. In other words, the action performed “reflects back” onto the subject performing the action. The following table shows you how to conjugate the reflexive verb sich fühlen, using the correct reflexive pronouns (remember, in the infinitive form, reflexive verbs always take the reflexive pronoun sich). The Verb Sich Fühlen Person Singular English Plural English First ich fühle mich iH füh-luh miH du fühlst dich dew fühlst dich Sie fühlen sich zee füh-luhn ziH er, sie, es fühlt sich eR, zee, es fühlt ziH I feel wir fühlen uns veeR füh-luhn oonts ihr fühlt euch eeR fühlt oyH Sie fühlen sich zee füh-luhn ziH sie fühlen sich zee füh-luhn ziH we feel Second (Formal) Third 310 you feel he, she, it feels you feel they feel Chapter 23 ➤ What Does the Doctor Recommend? Flex Your Reflexive Verbs Reflexive pronouns show that a subject is performing the action of the verb on itself. In other words, the subject and the reflexive pronoun both refer to the same person(s) or thing(s); for example, “he hurt himself” and “we enjoyed ourselves.” The following table shows reflexive pronouns as they should appear with their reflexive verbs in both the dative and in the accusative. You’ll notice that the only thing new under the sun is the appearance of sich, which actually simplifies matters, as the third-person singular and plural (and formal, of course) in both the accusative and dative is the same—sich! Accusative and Dative Reflexive Pronouns Accusative Pronouns Pronunciation English Dative Pronouns Pronunciation English mich miH myself mir meeR for myself dich diH yourself dir deeR for yourself sich (formal) ziH yourself (formal) sich ziH yourself (formal) uns oons ourselves uns oons for ourselves euch oyH yourselves euch oyH for yourselves sich ziH themselves sich ziH for themselves sich (formal) ziH themselves (formal) sich ziH for themselves (formal) Compare the pronouns in the following sentences: 1. Sie fühlt sich schlecht. zee fühlt ziH shleHt She feels bad. 2. Du kaufst dir ein Medikament. dew koufst deeR ayn me-dee-kah-ment You buy yourself medicine. Do you see the difference? The second-person singular reflexive pronoun (it’s a mouthful, but there’s no other way of putting it) in the first sentence appears in the accusative case. Why? Because in the first sentence, the reflexive pronoun serves as a direct object. The second-person singular reflexive pronoun in the second sentence appears in the dative case. In the second sentence, the pronoun serves as an indirect object because the verb is acting upon a direct object—it’s being bought. 311 Part 5 ➤ Angst Now, using what you’ve learned about reflexive pronouns and about the verb sich fühlen, you should be able to express how you and others feel: Ich fühle mich schlecht. iH füh-luh miH shleHt I feel bad. Ihr fühlt euch gut. eeR fühlt oyH gewt They feel good. Reflexive or Not? You can’t always tell from the English verb whether the German verb will be reflexive. So your best bet is simply to learn the common reflexive verbs in German. Common Reflexive Verbs German Pronunciation English sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH ziH to to to to to to to to to to to to entspannen erholen verletzen waschen* setzen treffen* anmeldenS anziehenS ankleidenS ausziehenS umziehenS rasieren ent-shpA-nuhn eyR-hoh-luhn feyR-le-tsuhn vA-shuhn ze-tsuhn tRe-fuhn An-mel-duhn An-zee-uhn An-klay-duhn ous-tsee-uhn oom-tsee-uhn Rah-zee-Ruhn relax (oneself) recuperate (oneself) injure (oneself) wash (oneself) sit (oneself) down meet (each other) sign (oneself) up dress (oneself) dress (oneself) undress (oneself) change (oneself) shave (oneself) denotes a very strong verb, incurring a stem-vowel change in the present tense: waschen → wäscht; treffen → trifft S denotes a separable prefix verb * Reflexive Verbs in Action Use what you’ve learned about reflexive verbs to describe all the different things you must do to yourself before leaving your hotel room in the morning. Then talk about the things you do before going to bed at night. 312 Chapter 23 ➤ What Does the Doctor Recommend? 1. sich anziehen 2. sich rasieren 3. sich waschen 4. sich ausziehen 5. sich hinlegen We Are Family Commanding Reflexively When you use reflexive verbs to tell your husband to shave or to tell your children to wash their hands before dinner, the reflexive pronoun usually comes at the end of the sentence unless the reflexive verb has a separable prefix or you have an object or adverb in the command. Remember, when you use the formal second-person singular or plural, you must always include Sie as part of the command: Forming reflexive pronouns by combining -self with the personal pronoun began in Middle English (1110–1500 C.E.) and became more frequent subsequently. However, the older (Germanic) practice of using the simple object form of the pronoun as a reflexive also continued for quite a while. Verletz dich nicht! feyR-letst diH niHt Don’t hurt yourself! Waschen Sie sich! vA-shun zee ziH Wash yourself! Wascht euch! vAsht oyH Wash yourselves! Zieh(e) dich an! tsee(-huh) diH An Get dressed! As a Rule The reflexive pronoun usually follows the conjugated verb: Ich wasche mich. Sie interessiert sich für Fuβball. 313 Part 5 ➤ Angst Be Bossy Achtung When reflexive verbs are used in German, the reflexive pronoun must be stated. (In many cases the reflexive pronoun can be omitted in English, as in the sentence “I shaved before going to the wedding.”) You’re traveling with a group of friends, and you’re all getting ready to go out, to go nuts, to paint the town red (and blue and green and orange). Practice using reflexive verbs by telling a friend (and then two or more friends) to do and then not to do the following: 1. to wash oneself 2. to change 3. to shave 4. to sit down The Least You Need to Know ➤ If you become ill in a German-speaking country, your recovery will be a lot easier if you know how to express your symptoms correctly. ➤ You can express illness in various ways. For starters, use the conjugated form of the verb haben + the body part that hurts + the ending -schmerzen. Alternatively, use the expression weh tun. ➤ Reflexive pronouns show that the action of reflexive verbs reflects back on the subject of the sentence. 314 Chapter 24 I Think I Forgot Something In This Chapter ➤ Using the present perfect ➤ All about the helping verbs haben and sein ➤ Asking questions and giving answers in the past tense So far, you’ve been navigating through Deutschland in the present tense. Imagine now that, after purchasing the items you need for a well-stocked medicine cabinet in Chapter 23, “What Does the Doctor Recommend?” you walk out of the pharmacy without taking the bag filled with items you’ve already paid for. You don’t realize that the bag is missing until a taxi has driven you halfway home. What do you do now? Are You Living in the Past? You must, of course, go back to the pharmacy and tell the person behind the counter (someone new—the person who was there earlier has stepped out for lunch) what happened. To do so, you will have to talk about the past, known in German as die Vergangenheit (dee feR-gAn-gen-hayt). You can speak in the past tense in various ways. In English, for example, you can say, “I went to the store.” In German, this tense is referred to as das Präteritum (dAs pRätey-Ree-toom), or the simple past, so simple it needs only one verb form to express it. You also can say, “I have gone to the store.” This tense is referred to as das Perfekt (dAs peR-fekt), or the present-perfect tense. When you say, “I had gone to the store,” you Part 5 ➤ Angst are speaking in the past in yet another way, referred to as das Plusquamperfekt (dAs ploos-kvahm-peR-fekt) or the past perfect tense. This chapter focuses on the formation of das Perfekt, the most common way of speaking in the past in German. Strong Verbs You already have a head start on the formation of the perfect tense in German. English and German form the perfect tense in much the same way. Both languages use an auxiliary or helping verb (have/haben) with the past participle to form the present-perfect tense: I have bought/ich habe gekauft. The only hitch is that some verbs in German use the verb “to be” (sein) as an auxiliary: Ich bin gegangen (“I have gone”). Here’s the basic formula for forming the Perfekt: Subject + the conjugated form of sein or haben in the present + past participle The important thing to remember is that after you learn how to form the past participle, you won’t have any trouble speaking in the past. The past participle never changes. Only the auxiliary verbs haben and sein change to agree with the subject. So how is the past participle formed? Most past participles take ge- at the beginning of the verb (when you’re dealing with verbs with separable prefixes, however, the gecomes after the separable prefix in the formation of the past participle). What’s What? Auxiliary verb is a verb that serves as the specifier of the main verb—it helps the main verb. In the case of the German Perfekt tense, the auxiliary verb enables the main verb to pop up in its past participial form at the end of the phrase: Paul hat mich nicht geliebt. 316 All strong verbs have a past participle ending in -en, as do some in English, such as taken, eaten, or spoken. Do you remember strong verbs from Chapter 9, “Click Your Heels Together and Say: There’s No Place Like Deutschland”? The main difference between strong and weak verbs is that strong verbs have a vowel change in one of their principal parts. If they’re very strong (sehr stark), they incur a change already in the third-person singular, present; if they’re merely stark, the change comes out in the simple past and the past participle forms. English verbs follow this pattern, too: sing, sang, sung (in German, singen, sang, gesungen). Think of strong verbs as verbs so stubborn that they insist on having their own way. Although these verbs follow certain patterns of vowel changes, it would probably take you longer to memorize the patterns than to memorize the past participle for the strong verbs you use. Our advice? Start memorizing. In the following list, hat means that the auxiliary verb is haben and ist means that it is sein. Chapter 24 ➤ I Think I Forgot Something Infinitive Third-Person Sing. + Past Participle Pronunciation English Past Participle backenS bleiben genieβen fahrenS heben tun gehen laufenS nehmenS hat gebacken ist geblieben hat genossen ist gefahren hat gehoben hat getan ist gegangen ist gelaufen hat genommen hAt guh-bA-kuhn ist guh-blee-buhn hAt guh-no-suhn ist guh-fah-Ruhn hAt guh-hoh-buhn hAt guh-tahn ist guh-gAn-guhn ist guh-lou-fuhn hAt guh-noh-muhn to to to to to to to to to S bake stay enjoy drive lift, to raise do go run, to walk take denotes a very strong verb that takes a vowel change in the second- and third-person singular In the following sentences, two verbs from the list are used along with the conjugated auxiliary verb haben or sein to form sentences in the Perfekt. Sie hat ihre Schlaftabletten genommen. zee hAt ee-Ruh shlAf-tAb-le-tuhn guh-no-muhn She took her sleeping pills. Du bist zur Drogerie gegangen. dew bist tsooR dRoh-guh-Ree guh-gAn-guhn You have gone to the drugstore. As you can see, to form the Perfekt with strong verbs, all you have to do is conjugate haben/sein correctly and add ge- to the beginning of the strong verb in its altered past-participle form. Yes, that form is not highly predicable and needs to be learned by rote. At least you can anticipate that the past participle form of a strong verb will end in -en! Forming the Past Participle with Weak Verbs The difference between the formation of the Perfekt with strong and weak verbs is that the past participles of weak verbs end in -t, resembling the English dental suffix -ed. For this reason, when you are forming a past participle, you need to know whether the verb is weak or strong. Gegangen is a We Are Family Believe it or not, all stem-vowel changes in both English and German can be traced to a stage in Germanic that had seven distinct verb “classes.” Verbs within each class followed a pattern of ablaut- vowel sound change according to their phonetic properties. As an example, let’s consider the present-day German verb nehmen (“to take”). This verb was part of verb class IV, as it contained (and still does!) a simple l, r, or m sound. Hence its sound-change pattern was e, i, a, o → nehmen, nimmt, nahm, hat genommen. 317 Part 5 ➤ Angst strong verb. Giving it the weak verb ending -t in the past participle (resulting in the unfortunately ungrammatical Ich habe gegangt) would be as incorrect as saying “I have went” in English. Weak verbs were discussed in Chapter 9. Weak verbs, when conjugated, follow a set pattern of rules and retain the same stem vowel throughout the conjugation. That is to say, add a ge- prefix to the stem (infinitive minus final -en) and a -t suffix. After you come up with the past participle, just plug it into the same formula: Subject (noun or pronoun) + the conjugated form of sein or haben in the present tense + past participle Here are some common weak verbs and their past participles: Third-Person Sing. + Past Participle Pronunciation English Past Participle antworten arbeiten gebrauchen kosten lehren spazieren studieren (oh-la-la) trauen hat geantwortet hat gearbeitet hat gebraucht hat gekostet hat gelehrt ist spaziert hat studiert hAt guh-Ant-voR-tuht hAt guh-AR-bay-tuht hAt guh-bRouCHt hAt guh-kos-tuht hAt guh-leyRt ist shpAt-seeRt hAt shtew- deeRt to to to to to to to answer work use cost, to taste teach walk study hat getraut hAt guh-tRouCHt träumen versuchen hat geträumt hat versucht hAt guh-tRoymt hAt feR-sooHt to to to to trust, to dare, marry dream try Infinitive What in the world does “oh-la-la” after the verb studieren mean? Why, that German verbs that end in -ieren are of French origin, of course! Thus, they are a bit resistant to totally resembling a German past participle, and although they will accept the -t suffix, they will not accept the ge- prefix. Oh! And what does “NS” above versuchen mean? Only that ver- is an inseparable prefix and thus will not tolerate a ge- prefix, either. Forming the Past Participle with Mixed Verbs The final German verb type is known as “mixed” because, like a codependent couple, these verbs share both strong and weak tendencies. Mixed verbs add the -t ending to form their past participle, just as weak verbs do, but—like strong verbs—the stem vowel of the infinitive changes in the past tense. Here is a list of the infinitives and past participles of some common mixed verbs. 318 Chapter 24 ➤ I Think I Forgot Something Infinitive Third-Person Sing. + Past Participle Pronunciation English Past Participle brennen bringen denken kennen nennen rennen senden wenden wissen hat gebrannt hat gebracht hat gedacht hat gekannt hat genannt ist gerannt hat gesandt hat gewandt hat gewuβt hAt guh-bRAnt hAt guh-bRACHt hAt guh-dACHt hAt guh-kAnt hAt guh-nAnt ist guh-RAnt hAt guh-zAnt hAt guh-vAnt hAt guh-voost to to to to to to to to to burn bring think know name run send turn know Using Sein in the Perfekt The present perfect tense in German is made up of the present tense of the auxiliary haben or sein and the past participle of the verb. As most verbs are transitive, that is to say, they can take a direct object, haben is used very frequently in the formation of the Perfekt. Some verbs, however, use sein instead of haben as an auxiliary in the present perfect (you are already familiar with some of them). Verbs that take sein are intransitive verbs that almost always express motion (or a change of condition). Familiarize yourself with the past participles of the most commonly used of these verbs. Infinitive Third-Person Sing. + Past Participle Pronunciation English Past Participle sein werden bleiben kommen gehen reisen wandern laufenS sterbenS steigen ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist ist to to to to to to to to to to gewesen geworden geblieben gekommen gegangen gereist gewandert gelaufen gestorben gestiegen guh-vey-suhn guh-voR-duhn guh-bliebuhn guh-ko-muhn guh-gAn-guhn guh-Rayst guh-vAn-duhRt guh-lou-fuhn guh-shtoR-buhn guh-shtee-guhn be become stay come go travel hike, to wander run die climb denotes a very strong verb that incurs a sound change in the second- and third-person singular present tense S 319 Part 5 ➤ Angst Now try to explain to someone how you happened to leave your purchases behind. Example: Ich ________ zur Drogerie __________ (kommen). Achtung Make sure you send that past participle (your ge- form) to the end of the sentence. Make them wait for the verb! After all, you’ve already given your listener a conjugated helping verb next to the subject. And patience is a virtue! Ich habe von einem Elefant mit einer Maus auf seinem Rücken geträumt. Answer: Ich bin zur Drogerie gekommen. 1. Ich _____ in die Drogerie ___________ (gehen). 2. Ich _______ Aspirin und Rasiercreme aus dem Regal _________ (nehmen). 3. Ich ________ meine Einkäufe zur Kasse _________ (bringen). 4. Ich _________ der Kassiererin ___________ (antworten). 5. Ich ________ nicht an meine Einkaufstasche __________ (denken). Don’t Put Off Till Tomorrow What You Didn’t Do Yesterday As a general rule, when you say no in the past, nicht comes after the auxiliary verb sein. With verbs that take haben, nicht comes after the direct object. Nicht always precedes the past participle. Ich bin nicht in die Drogerie gegangen. iH bin niHt in dee dRoh-guh-Ree guh-gAn-guhn I did not go to the drugstore. What’s What? Intransitive verbs—The category of verbs that do not take a direct object. Transitive verbs—The category of verb that can take a direct object. 320 Ich habe meine Vitamine nicht genommen. iH hah-buh may-nuh vee-tah-mee-nuh niHt guh-nomuhn I did not take my vitamins. Sie hat das Rezept nicht gelesen. zee hAt dAs Rey-tsept niHt gey-ley-suhn She did not read the prescription. Er ist nicht nach Hause gefahren. eR ist niHt nACH Hou-zuh guh-fah-Ruhn He did not drive home. Chapter 24 ➤ I Think I Forgot Something Did You or Didn’t You? Sometimes it seems like there just aren’t enough hours in the day! Want to get depressed? When you get home this evening, try counting off the things you weren’t able to get done and the stuff you didn’t remember to buy. Explain what you and your friends didn’t manage to get done today in the following exercise. Example: (ich/die Blumen kaufen) Answer: Ich habe die Blumen nicht gekauft. 1. du/ins Museum gehen 2. er/den Brief schicken 3. sie zum Friseur gehen 4. Sie/den Anruf machen 5. wir/den Film sehen Forming a Question in the Past In case you’re afraid that you are going to have to learn something entirely new to form questions in the past tense, don’t be: You can use intonation. To ask a question, just speak with a rising inflection. Du hast an die Reise gedacht? Dew hAst An dee Ray-suh gu-dACHt Have you thought about the trip? Another way of asking questions is by adding the word oder (oh-duhR) or the phrase nicht wahr (niHt vahR) to the end of your statements: Du hast an die Reise gedacht, oder? Dew hAst An dee Ray-suh gu-dACHt, oh-duhR You have thought about the trip, right? Du hast an die Reise gedacht, nicht wahr? Dew hAst An dee Ray-suh gu-dACHt, niHt vahR You have thought about the trip, haven’t you? The most common way of forming questions is by reversing the word order of the subject nouns or pronouns and the conjugated form of the verb (this change is called inversion): Du bist nach Hause gegangen. Bist du nach Hause gegangen? 321 Part 5 ➤ Angst Answering a Question Negatively in the Past Are you in a disagreeable mood? To answer negatively, use nein (nayn) at the beginning of the statement and then follow the auxiliary verb with nicht (niHt). Remember, both questions and answers in the past usually end with the past participle. Haben Sie geraucht? hah-buhn zee guh-RouCHt Nein, ich habe nicht geraucht. nayn, iH hah-buh niHt guh-RouCHt When the action of the verb is referring to a thing, you can use the expression kein to give a negative answer in the past: Ich habe kein Fleisch gegessen (“I ate no meat”). Ask Questions Why was the party so bad? Why did the plane refuel? Why did your mother say what she said? Why did so-and-so lose his job? Never mind that it’s none of your business. Form negative and affirmative questions in the past out of the following sentences. Example: Du bist nach Berlin gefahren. Answers: Bist du nach Berlin gefahren? Bist du nicht nach Berlin gefahren? 1. Ihr seid zum Friseur gegangen. 2. Sie haben den Hustensaft getrunken. 3. Du hast an die Einkaufstasche gedacht. 4. Almut hat geraucht. The Least You Need to Know ➤ You can form the past tense by using the auxiliary verb haben or sein and a past participle. ➤ To speak in the present-perfect tense (in German, das Perfekt), use the following formula: subject + conjugated present tense (das Präsens) of haben or sein + past participle. ➤ To ask questions in the past tense in German, use intonation, add the tag oder or nicht wahr to the end of the statement, or use inversion. 322 Part 6 When in Germany, Do As the Germans Do! You may decide that the German life is for you. Learn how to communicate via old reliable snail mail and telephone, or jazz it up to e-mail and faxing so that you can find a place to live—be it a room in a boarding house or a castle in the Alps—and how to pay for it! Chapter 25 Getting Your Message Across In This Chapter ➤ How to make a phone call ➤ Proper phone behavior ➤ What to say if there’s a problem ➤ How to use reflexive verbs in the past tense ➤ Faxing and e-mailing in German You’re feeling better than you have in a long time. Your headache is gone, thanks to the aspirin you retrieved in the preceding chapter. Now you’re ready to do the one thing you’ve been postponing since you arrived at your hotel: calling the folks back home. Readers used to the American phone system will find calling home from Germany a challenge. First you have to purchase a phone card (which means finding a post office) because most phone booths (small yellow glass booths every few blocks on city streets) no longer accept coins. Then you have to figure out whether to lift the receiver first or to insert the phone card first. You’ll probably find yourself needing operator assistance even to make a local call, and calling long distance can be quite an adventure until you get the hang of it. This chapter teaches you how to place a local or international call from Germany, Switzerland, or Austria and how to deal with wrong numbers and other problems you may encounter when dealing with the phone system. Along the way, you’ll also learn about using reflexive verbs in the past tense. Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! How the @!#%*! Do I Use This Thing? Before you even get near a phone booth, be prepared for something new. Expect the procedure you will use to make local and long-distance calls to be a challenge. The best-case scenario really would be for you to find someone to show you how, but if you are truly alone, read the instructions in the phone booth carefully. If you need to make an operator-assisted call, you’ll have to learn to identify the type of call you’re trying to make. The following table lists your options. Types of Phone Calls German Pronunciation English das das das das dAs dAs dAs dAs out-of-the-country call long-distance call local call collect call Auslandsgespräch Ferngespräch Ortsgespräch R-Gespräch ous-lAnts-ge-shpRähH feRn-ge-shpRähH oRts-ge-shpRähH eR-ge-shpRähH Your Basic German Telephone Perhaps you’re lucky enough to have a German friend explain the whole procedure of making a long-distance call to you before you even step into a phone booth. To be able to understand what she’s saying, you’ll have to familiarize yourself with the parts of a German phone and these other helpful words. The Telephone (das Telefon) 326 German Pronunciation English das öffentliche Telefon das Telefon das Telefonbuch das tragbare (schnurlose) Telefon der Anrufbeantworter der Lautsprecher der Münzeinwurf der Telefonhörer die Auskunft dAs ö-fent-li-Huh tey-ley-fohn dAs tey-ley-fohn dAs tey-ley-fohn-bewCH dAs tRahk-bah-Ruh (shnooR-loh-zuh) tey-ley-fohn deyR An-Rewf-be-Ant-vohR-tuhR deyR lout-shpRe-HuhR deyR münts-ayn-vewRf deyR tey-ley-fohn-höh-RuhR dee ous-koonft public phone telephone telephone book cordless phone (portable phone) answering machine speaker telephone slot receiver information Chapter 25 ➤ Getting Your Message Across German Pronunciation English die die die die die die die die die dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee dee coin-return button coin-return slot keypad phone card telephone number booth operator dial button Geldrückgabetaste Münzrückgabe Tastatur Telefonkarte Telefonnummer Telefonzelle Vermittlung Wählscheibe Wähltaste gelt-Rük-gah-buh-tAs-tuh münts-Rük-gah-buh tA-stah-tewR tey-ley-fohn-kAR-tuh tey-ley-fohn-noo-muhR tey-ley-fohn-tse-luh feR-mi-tloong vähl-shay-buh vähl-tA-stuh You Need to Know to Make a Call Germany still has a few public phone booths that accept 10 Pf, 1 DM, and 5 DM coins, but the majority take only phone cards, or Telefonkarten (tey-ley-fohn-kAR-tuhn). In Germany, information for calls is 11833 (Deutsche Telekom) or on the Internet at www.teleauskunft.de. Remember, it’s cheaper to make calls on weekends and after 8 P.M. Now that you know a little bit about placing a phone call in a German-speaking country, there are a few more vocabulary items that might come in handy should an automated recording speak to you or an answering machine pick up on the other end. At the very least, it would be to your advantage to understand that you are being asked to leave a message! Phoning Vocabulary German Pronunciation English anrufenS der Anrufbeantworter auf ein Amtszeichen warten auflegenS An-Rew-fuhn deyR An-rewf-buh-Ant-woR-tuhR ouf ayn Amts-tsay-Huhn vAR-tuhn ouf-ley-guhn den Hörer abnehmenS deyn höh-RuhR Ap-ney-muhn die Leitung ist besetzt die Vorwahl kennen dee lay-toong ist be-zetst dee fohR-vahl ke-nuhn to call answering machine to wait for the dial tone to hang up (the receiver) to pick up (the receiver) the line is busy to know the area code continues 327 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! Phoning Vocabulary German eine Münze einwerfen S eine Nachricht hinterlassenS eine Telefonkarte (f.) einführenS mit der Vermittlung sprechen telefonieren wählen zurückrufen das Telefon klingelt Auf Wiederhören (continued) Pronunciation English ay-nuh mün-tsuh ayn-veR-fuhn ay-nuh nACH-RiHt hin-tuhR-lA-suhn ay-nuh tey-ley-fohnkAR-tuh ayn-füh-Ruhn mit deyR feR-mit-loong shpRe-Huhn tey-ley-foh-nee-Ruhn väh-luhn tsew-Rük-Rew-fuhn dAs tey-ley-fon klin-guhlt ouf-vee-duhR-höh-Ruhn to insert a coin to leave a message to insert the card to speak to the operator to telephone to dial to call back the phone rings good-bye (on the phone) (The verbs with a raised S have separable prefixes.) Phone Home You’ve been trying to make a long-distance call, and you can’t get through. The operator asks you what you’ve been doing, and you explain the problem. Fill in the blanks of the following sentences using the correctly conjugated verb (use what you learned in Chapter 24, “I Think I Forgot Something,” about the Perfekt to use verbs in the past tense—auxiliary verb + past participle). To form the past participle with verbs with separable prefixes, add ge- after the prefix before the stem: Ich habe meinen Freund angerufen. Example: Das Telefon _________ oft ___________ (klingeln). Answer: Das Telefon hat oft geklingelt. 1. Ich ______ den Hörer __________ (abnehmenS). 2. Ich _______ die Münzen ____________ (einwerfenS). 3. Dann ______ ich die Telefonnummer ___________ (wählen). 4. Ich _______ eine Nachricht ____________ (hinterlassenS) 5. Danach ________ ich den Hörer _____________ (auflegen). 328 Chapter 25 ➤ Getting Your Message Across Who Is This? You’ve read the lists, you’ve memorized the verbs, you’ve studied the vocabulary. Now, can you put what you’ve learned into practice? See whether you understand this telephone dialogue between Johannes and Frau Gehring. Frau Gehring: Gehring, Guten Tag. Johannes: Hallo, hier ist Johannes. Kann ich bitte Tanja sprechen? Frau Gehring: Einen Moment, bitte. Es tut mir leid. Sie ist nicht zu Hause. Johannes: Wann kann ich sie erreichen? Frau Gehring: Ich weiβ nicht, wann sie wiederkommt. Möchtest du eine Nachricht hinterlassen? Johannes: Nein, danke. Ich rufe später nochmal an. Auf Wiederhören. Gehring: Auf Wiederhören. Operator, I’m Having a Serious Problem You can run into many problems when you’re making a phone call. You may dial the wrong number, get a never-ending busy signal, or get an answering machine instead of a person. Here are some phrases you may hear (or need to say) when you run into rough times on the phone. Culture Shock Calling long distance from a hotel is much more expensive than calling from a phone booth. Long-distance phone calls can be made from most phone booths in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (you should look for the sign Ausland/International near the phone). The most economical way to make a call is to purchase a phone card (these can be purchased at a post office). The magnetic strip, similar to the strip on credit cards, will enable you to use phone booths all over. To make an international call, dial 00 + the country code + the area code + the phone number of the person you are trying to reach. You’ll see the area codes for local numbers on the sign next to the phone. Welche Nummer haben sie gewählt? velHuh noo-muhR hah-buhn zee guh-vählt What number did you dial? Es tut mir leid. Ich muβ mich verwählt haben. es toot miR layt. iH moos miH feR-vählt hah-buhn I’m sorry. I must have dialed the wrong number. 329 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! Wir wurden unterbrochen. veeR vooR-duhn oon-tuhR-bRo-CHuhn We got disconnected. Bitte wählen Sie die Nummer noch einmal. bi-tuh väh-luhn zee dee noo-muhR noCH ayn-mahl Please redial the number. Culture Shock The postal service in Germany also provides phone service. Tell the postal worker behind the counter that you would like to make a long-distance call, and he or she will indicate which phone booth is available. You pay (cash only) after your call. Long-distance calls made from the post office are considerably cheaper than calls made from your hotel or from one of the yellow or more modern gray phone booths you’ll see along city streets. Diese Telefonleitung wurde abgestellt. dee-zuh tey-ley-fohn-lay-toong vooR-duh ap-guhshtelt This telephone number has been disconnected. Das Telefon ist defekt (auβer Betrieb). dAs tey-ley-fohn ist dey-fekt (ou-suhR be-tReep) The telephone is out of order. Rufen Sie mich später zurück. Rew-fuhn zee miH shpäh-tuhR tsew-RüK Call me back later. Da ist ein Rauschen in der Leitung. dA ist ayn Rou-shuhn in deyR lay-toong There’s static on the line. Ich kann Sie akustisch nicht verstehen. iH kAn zee A-koos-tish niHt feR-shtey-huhn I can’t hear you. Er meldet sich nicht. eR mel-det ziH niHt He doesn’t answer the phone. Ich muβ auflegen. iH moos ouf-ley-guhn I have to hang up. What Did You Do to Yourself? Reflexive Verbs in the Past Were you unable to phone someone who was expecting your call? You’ll probably have to give the person a reason. To explain your situation, you may need to use reflexive verbs in the Präteritum. All reflexive verbs use haben as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect. 330 Chapter 25 ➤ Getting Your Message Across Ich habe mich verwählt. Wir haben uns verwählt. Du hast dich verwählt. Sie haben sich verwählt. Er/Sie/Es hat sich verwählt. Sie haben sich verwählt. To form the negative with reflexive verbs, nicht follows the reflexive pronoun. Er hat sich nicht gemeldet. You can form negative questions in the past with reflexive verbs in several ways: ➤ Through inversion: Hat er sich nicht gemeldet? ➤ Through intonation: Er hat sich nicht gemeldet? ➤ By using the tag oder or nicht wahr: Er hat sich nicht gemeldet, nicht wahr? Excuses, Excuses Tell what these people were doing when the phone was ringing. Example: (Anna/ sich die Haare waschen) Answer: Sie hat sich die Haare gewaschen. 1. Maria/ sich anziehen 2. Stefan/ sich rasieren 3. Mark und ich/ sich waschen 4. Ben und Uli/ sich die Zähne putzen 5. Ingo/ sich anziehen Hey, It’s the Twenty-First Century! Faxes, modems, e-mail, and the Internet have spread their tentacles far and wide. If you need to send a fax or e-mail from Germany, you’ll want to know the following terms: 331 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! German Pronunciation English das Faxgerät die Faxnummer ein Fax senden etwas faxen das Fax-Modem das Internet die E-Mail eine Nachricht senden die E-Mail Adresse der Drucker der Computer die Taste die Tastatur der Bildschirm dAs faks-guh-Rät dAs faks-noo-muhR ayn faks zen-duhn et-vAs fak-suhn dAs faks-moh-dem dAs in-teR-net dee ee-meyl dee nACH-RiHt zen-duhn dee ee-meyl A-dRe-suh deyR dRü-kuhr deyR kom-pyew-tuhR dee tAs-tuh dee tAs-tuh-tewR deyR bilt-sheeRm fax machine fax number to send a fax to fax something fax modem Internet e-mail to send a message e-mail address printer computer key keyboard computer screen We Are Family German is becoming more like English, believe it or not! Take into consideration some new verbs entering German, such as emailen, “to e-mail,” and faxen, “to fax.” Seems simple enough, eh? Simply add the German infinitive ending of –en. But it gets better! The past tense of emailen is geemailt! 332 If you depend on e-mail to stay connected to your friends, family, work—you name it—you’ll be relieved to learn that most computer jargon, even in Germany, is in English. Take, for example, the idiomatic expression: auf die Tasten hämmern (ouf dee tAs-tuhn hämuhRn). Can you guess what noun the verb hämmern comes from, in both English and German? If you figured out that auf die Tasten hämmern is the equivalent of the English “to hammer on the keyboard,” you might be good enough to hämmern. Do you want to chat? (Wollen Sie chatten?) Join a German Chat-Raum and investigate the local ChatEvents. One of the many German search engines to start you off is www.lycos.de. Next to English, the most popular language of the Internet is German. From a German Web site (often ending with the letters de), you’ll be able to keep abreast of the current weather and news, order a pizza, read a magazine, plan your next destination, or cyberconnect with real Germans! Chapter 25 ➤ Getting Your Message Across The Least You Need to Know ➤ Use the information next to the public phone in Germany or on the front page of the German Yellow Pages to guide you through most of your phone calls. ➤ Even though spoken German might seem more difficult to understand over the phone, the protocol of telephoning will be familiar to you. If you feel utterly bewildered, you can always respond with, “Wie, bitte?” to request repetition or explanation. ➤ Reflexive verbs use haben as an auxiliary verb in the past perfect. ➤ There are a few key phrases that will help you when you need to send a fax or e-mail. The German expressions are generally cognates of the English—of course, you’ll need to add an -en to the verb “fax” to make it a German infinitive! 333 Chapter 26 Where’s the Nearest Post Office? In This Chapter ➤ Getting and sending mail ➤ All about the verbs schreiben (“to write”) and lesen (“to read”) ➤ Getting your way by expressing polite requests or wishes and by giving advice In Chapter 25, “Getting Your Message Across,” you learned how to use the German telecommunication system. Not only do you now know how to make local and longdistance telephone calls, you also know how to explain certain problems to the operator. Making too many long-distance calls can be expensive, so you’re probably going to want to do most of your communicating by mail. You may even want to send gifts or large packages. By the end of this chapter, you’ll know how to send registered and special-delivery letters by air (or by surface if you’re trying to save money). If you make pen pals overseas, you’ll learn how to write basic facts in letters and how to describe activities. Will My Letter Get There? You’ve spent the whole day in a museum just a few inches away from the oils Albrecht Dürer pushed around on a canvas to create his masterpieces. Now you’re dying to get to a café where you can sit down and whip off a few postcards telling friends and family what you’ve done. You spend a couple of hours writing your own postal masterpieces. Now you want to be sure that everything you’ve written reaches its destination. Whatever you send by the Deutsche Bundespost (doy-chuh boont-es-post) will, of course, get to wherever it’s Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! going (the German postal system is famous worldwide for its efficiency). The question is, how soon will it get there? Of course, speed has its price. Regular letters cost anywhere from 1,10 DM to 4 DM. But let’s start with the basics. Before you do any letter or postcard writing, you’re going to want to know how to ask for paper, envelopes, and other items. Alles über die Post: Mail and the Post Office German Pronunciation English das Paket das Porto das Postfach das Telegramm der Brief der Briefkasten der Briefträger der Briefumschlag der Empfänger das Postamt der Postbeamte der Absender der Telefondienst die Briefmarke der Briefmarkenautomat dAs pah-keyt dAs poR-toh dAs post-fACH dAs tey-ley-gRAm deyR bReef deyR bReef-kAs-tuhn deyR bReef-tRäh-guhR deyR bReef-oom-shlahk deyR emp-fän-guhR dAs post-amt deyR post-bey-Am-tuh deyR Ap-zen-duhR deyR tey-ley-fohn-deenst dee bReef-maR-kuh deyR bReef-maR-kuhnou-to-mat deyR bReef-vek-suhl dee boon-duhs-post dee looft-post dee post-An-vay-zoong dee post-kAR-tuh ayn boh-guhn bReefmAR-kuhn package, parcel postage post office box telegram letter mailbox mailman envelope addressee post office postal worker sender telephone service stamp stamp machine der Briefwechsel die Bundespost die Luftpost die Postanweisung die Postkarte ein Bogen (m.) Briefmarken 336 correspondence federal postal service air letter postal order postcard a sheet of stamps Chapter 26 ➤ Where’s the Nearest Post Office? As a Rule When you’re in the post office requesting stamps, use the counting term mal to tell the clerk how many of a certain stamp you need: sechsmal eine Mark Briefmarken (zeks-mAl ay-nuh mARk vReef-maR-kuhn) indicates that you want six 1-DM stamps. Of course, the use of mal is not limited to the purchasing of postage. -mal can be used with cardinal numbers, as in zweimal die Woche, “two times per week,” or hundertmal im Monat, “a hundred times per month.” And “ten times”?—zehnmal. Just remember to combine the particle for “times” and the number. Getting Service You’ve written your letter, folded it, doused it with perfume, and scribbled your return address and the address of your beloved on the envelope. Now all you have to do is find a mailbox. If you don’t know where one is, ask: Wo ist das nächste Postamt? voh ist dAs näH-stuh post-Amt Where is the nearest post office? Wo finde ich den nächsten Briefkasten? voh fin-duh iH deyn näH-stuhn bReef-kA-stuhn Where do I find the nearest mail box? Of course, different kinds of letters and packages require different kinds of forms and have different postal rates. You should know how to ask for the type of service you need: Was kostet das Porto? vAs kos-tuht dAs poR-toh What’s the postal rate? 337 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! German Pronunciation English für das Ausland für die Vereinigten Staaten für einen Luftpostbrief fühR dAs ous-lAnt fühR dee feR-ay-niktuhn shtah-tuhn fühR ay-nuhn looftpost-bReef fühR ay-nuhn aynshRay-buh-bReef fühR ay-nuh ayl-post fühR ay-nuhn ayl-bReef for a foreign country for the United States für einen Einschreibebrief für eine Eilpost für einen Eilbrief for an air mail letter for a registered letter for a special delivery for an express letter Here are a few more useful phrases: Culture Shock You’d better check your calendar before heading off to the Postamt because Germany celebrates many holidays, many of them religious. The most important are Christmas (Weihnachten), New Year (Neujahr), and Easter (Ostern), which are celebrated for two days each. The various German states also observe regional holidays, especially around Easter. An important nonreligious holiday in Germany is the Day of German Unity (Tag der deutschen Einheit) on October 3. Ich möchte diesen Brief (per Luftpost, per Eilpost) verschicken. iH möH-tuh dee-zuhn bReef (peR looft-post, peR ayl-post) feR-shi-kuhn I would like to send this letter (by air mail, special delivery). Ich möchte dieses Paket per Nachnahme schicken. iH möH-tuh dee-zuhs pah-keyt peR nahCH-nah-muh shi-kuhn I would like to send this package COD. Wie viel wiegt dieser Brief? vee-feel veekt dee-zuhR bReef How much does this letter weigh? Wann wird der Brief ankommen? vAn viRt deyR bReef An-ko-muhn When will the letter arrive? Wie lange dauert es, bis der Brief ankommt? vee lAn-guh dou-eRt es, bis deyR bReef An-komt How long will it take for the letter to arrive? At the Post Office You asked someone where the nearest post office is, but you forgot to ask her what it looks like. Nevertheless, after wandering around the Platz for a few minutes, you 338 Chapter 26 ➤ Where’s the Nearest Post Office? finally find it. (It has a yellow sign with black letters that say BP Post.) Go inside and ask what the airmail rates are for the United States. Then ask what the cost is to send a letter special delivery. Next, ask for half a dozen stamps. I Want to Send a Telegram Of course, sometimes a letter just can’t get there fast enough. You’ve met a German count, and you’re having a whirlwind wedding. Or perhaps you’ve just found out you’re pregnant, and your husband is in a Buddhist retreat where phones are not permitted. Maybe you’re going to visit an old friend in two or three days, and all you have is her address. What do you do? When time is of the essence, send a telegram. Ich möchte ein Telegramm senden. iH möH-tuh ayn tey-ley-gRAm zen-duhn I would like to send a telegram. Wie hoch ist der Tarif pro Wort? vee hoCH ist deyR tA-Reef pRo voRt How much is the rate per word? Könnte ich bitte ein (Antrags) Formular bekommen? kön-tuh iH bi-tuh ayn (An-tRahks) foR-mew-lahR buh-ko-muhn May I please have a form? Wo gibt es die Formulare? voh gipt es dee foR-mew-lah-Ruh Where are the forms? Readin’ and Writin’ When you’re filling out forms at the post office, you may have some trouble figuring out what goes into which tiny bureaucratic-looking box. To ask a postal worker where you should write what information, use the strong verb schreiben (shRay-buhn) “to write.” Schreiben is a normal strong verb, so its conjugation in the present tense is thoroughly predictable. What you need to learn is its past participle, the equivalent of the English “written”: hat geschrieben. Now you are equipped to talk about what you wrote yesterday! Speaking of writing, you’ll also be doing a lot reading—of signs, of forms, of your own letters, and of other people’s letters. The very strong verb lesen (ley-zuhn) “to read” will help you express exactly what kind of reading you are doing. The stem vowel e changes to ie in the second- and third-persons singular, as illustrated in the following table. Incidentally, the past-tense form for lesen is hat gelesen. 339 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! The Verb lesen Person Singular English Plural English First ich lese iH ley-zuh du liest dew leest Sie lesen zee ley-zuhn er, sie, es liest eR, zee, es leest I read wir lesen veeR ley-zuhn ihr lest eeR leest Sie lesen zee ley-zuhn sie lesen zee ley-zuhn we read Second (Formal) Third you read he, she, it reads you read they read Can You Read This? Have you been glancing at German magazines and newspapers whenever you pass a newsstand? Why don’t you buy something that looks interesting? One of the best ways to improve your reading skills is to read. The following table lists some of things you can read when you are in Germany. Things to Read 340 German Pronunciation English die Anzeige die Werbung das Buch das Kinderbuch das Tagebuch der Fahrplan die Zeitschrift die Illustrierte die Speisekarte die Zeitung der Roman die Quittung das Schild die Warnung dee an-zay-guh dee veyr-boonk dAs bewH dAs kin-duhR-bewH dAs tah-guh-bewH deyR fahR-plAn dee tsayt-shRift dee I-lew-steeR-tuh dee shpay-zuh-kAR-tuh dee tsay-toonk deyR roh-mahn dee kvi-toonk dAs shilt dee vAR-noonk ad ad book children’s book journal/diary train/bus schedule news magazine magazine menu newspaper novel receipt sign warning Chapter 26 ➤ Where’s the Nearest Post Office? Getting It Right Now that you’re familiar with reading and writing in German, see whether you can fill in the blanks with the correct forms of lesen and schreiben. Example: Er __________ eine Zeitung. Answer: Er liest eine Zeitung. 1. Ich ____________ meinem Freund einen Brief. 2. Wir ___________ ein Buch. 3. Sie __________ ihren Eltern eine Postkarte. 4. Du _______________ die Wohnungsanzeigen. 5. Ich ____________ eine Illustrierte. 6. Wolfram ______________ gern Kinderbücher. 7. Ihr _______________ uns jede Woche. Would You Please … Remember that prodding, kind of sweet sounding form of the modal mögen— möchten—or the polite form of können—könnten? Well, those were the modals in the subjunctive mood. How about a surefire way to be able to express any verb, sentiment, or thought in a more tentative, modest, or polite way? Pay attention! In German the subjunctive is frequently used to make statements and pose questions in such a manner. Compare these: Gib mir mein Geld zurück! geep meeR mayn gelt tsuh-Rük Give me back my money! with the subjunctive: Würden Sie mir bitte mein Geld zurückgeben? vüR-duhn zee meeR bi-tuh mayn gelt tsuh-Rük-gey-buhn Would you please give me back my money? 341 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! The Subjunctive Verb Würden Person Singular English Plural English First ich würde iH vüR-duh du würdest dew vüR-duhst er, sie, es würde eR, zee, es vüR-duh I would wir würden veeR vüR-duhn ihr würdet eeR vüR-duhst sie würden zee vüR-duhn we would Second Third you would he, she, it would you would they would In spoken German, like the English would, a form of würde can be used with almost any infinitive to express polite requests or wishes, or to give advice. As with any verb phrase, the unconjugated verb (infinitive/past participle) goes to the end of the sentence. Observe: We Are Family How global we are! Although using the actual subjunctive form of a verb (taking an ending and an umlaut, if a strong verb) used to be considered “good German,” it’s become customary to use the English-like form of würde + infinitive, practically mirroring the English construction of would. In Early Modern English (1500–1800 C.E.), the English modals were already infused with a subjunctive flavor—much like they exist today—regularly used with present or future meaning, implying speculation or politeness. Würdest du mir helfen? vüR-duhst dew meer hel-fuhn Would you help me? Ich würde gern mitkommen. iH vüR-duh geRn mit-ko-muhn I would like to come along. Ich würde nicht so viel essen. iH vür-duh niHt zo feel e-suhn I wouldn’t eat so much. Now it’s your turn to express yourself politely. Rather than blurting out commands, seduce your audience into doing what you want them to do. Example: Komm schnell! → Würdest du bitte schnell kommen? 1. Schreib oft! 2. Lies gute Zeitungen! 3. Nimm dein Medikament! 342 Chapter 26 ➤ Where’s the Nearest Post Office? Instead of stating what you want to do (ich will), suggest it coyly. Example: Ich will griechisch essen. → Ich würde gern griechish essen. 4. Ich will nach Polen fahren. 5. Ich will lang schlafen. 6. Ich will nur bergsteigen. Finally, rather than telling someone what to or not to do, go ahead and give gentle advice: Example: Studier mehr! → Ich würde mehr studieren. 7. Geh in die Oper! 8. Trink mehr Milch! 9. Kauf nicht alles! The Least You Need to Know ➤ Getting and sending mail in Germany is easy, once you figure out where the nearest post office is and master the polite phrase for “I would like …”: Ich möchte …. ➤ Knowing the conjugations for schreiben (“to write”) and lesen (“to read”) will help you fill out forms at the post office. ➤ Of course, there are many other things to read in Germany besides postal forms, and you’ll find a large selection of newspapers, magazines, and various books and maps at a train station. ➤ To express yourself politely with any verb, supply a form of the subjunctive würde plus an infinitive at the end. (Ich würde …) 343 Chapter 27 I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please In This Chapter ➤ Apartments and houses ➤ Rooms, furnishings, amenities, and appliances ➤ Speaking in the subjunctive mood Are you tired of the hassles of a hotel? Is too much noise reaching your room from the street? Why not consider some modest alternative, like renting a castle? Actually, this alternative may not be as extravagant as it sounds. Germany, Switzerland, and Austria are home to more castles than almost anywhere else, and renting a small one in some out-of-the-way place could even turn out to be more economical than staying in a fancy hotel. Why not try it? In this chapter you’ll learn how to get furnishings and appliances in case you decide to stay a while in the land of castles and fairy tales. You’ll also learn how to express your plans for the future. I Want to Rent a Castle More and more people are becoming either temporary or permanent expatriates. Some of these adventurous folk migrate to Germany. You never know when you may decide that you to want to start a new life in the Bundesrepublik and either rent a house (or a castle) or—if you can afford it—buy one of your own. Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! In any case, you should be prepared to read and understand the apartments-for-rent and houses-for-sale sections of the Zeitung and be able to speak with real estate agents about properties to rent or to buy. The following table has the vocabulary you’ll need to describe your dream Schloβ (shlos). The House, the Apartment, the Rooms 346 German Pronunciation English das Arbeitszimmer das Badezimmer das Dach das Dachgeschoβ das Erdgeschoβ das Eβzimmer das Fenster der Stock das Schlafzimmer das Treppenhaus das Wohnzimmer der Abstellraum der Aufzug der Besitzer der Fuβboden der Hinterhof der Innenhof der Kamin der Keller der Mieter der Mietvertrag der Portier der Vermieter der Wandschrank die Decke die Dusche die elektrische Heizung die Gasheizung die Instandhaltung die Klimaanlage die Küche dAs AR-bayts-tsi-muhR dAs bah-duh-tsi-muhR dAs dACH dAs dACH-guh-shos dAs eRt-guh-shos dAs es-tsi-muhR dAs fen-stuhR deyR shtok dAs shlahf-tsi-muhR dAs tRe-puhn-hous dAs vohn-tsi-muhR deyR Ap-shtel-Roum deyR ouf-tsewk deyR buh-zit-suhR deyR fews-boh-duhn deyR hin-tuhR-hohf deyR i-nuhn-hohf deyR kah-meen deyR ke-luhR deyR mee-tuhR deyR meet-veR-tRahk deyR poR-tee-eR deyR feR-mee-tuhR deyR vAnt-shRAnk dee de-kuh dee dew-shuh dee ey-lek-tRi-shuh hay-tsoong dee gahs-hay-tsoong dee in-shtAnt-hAl-toong dee klee-mah-An-lah-guh dee kü-Huh study bathroom roof attic ground floor dining room window floor (story) bedroom staircase living room storage room elevator owner floor backyard courtyard fireplace basement tenant lease doorman landlord closet ceiling shower electric heating gas heating maintenance air-conditioning kitchen Chapter 27 ➤ I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please German Pronunciation English die die die die die die dee dee dee dee dee dee rent sauna terrace wall laundry room apartment Miete Sauna Terrasse Wand Waschküche Wohnung mee-tuh zou-nah te-RA-suh vAnt vAsh-kü-Huh voh-noong Buying or Renting Do you want to rent an apartment? Would you prefer to buy a house? Whether you’re buying or renting, these phrases will serve you well. Ich suche … iH zew-Chuh I’m looking for … einen Immobilienmakler (m.) ay-nuhn i-moh-bee-lee-uhn-mAk-luhR a real estate agency den Anzeigenteil den An-tsay-guhn-tayl the advertisement section den Anzeigenteil für Immobilien deyn An-tsay-guhn-tayl fühR i-moh-bee-lee-uhn the real estate advertising section Ich möchte … mieten (kaufen) iH möH-tuh … mee-tuhn (kou-fuhn) I would like to rent (buy) … eine Wohnung ay-nuh voh-noong an apartment eine Eigentumswohnung ay-nuh ay-guhn-tewms-voh-noong a condominium Wie hoch ist die Miete? vee hohCH ist dee mee-tuh What is the rent? 347 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! Gibt es Einbrüche? gipt es ayn-bRü-Huh Are there break-ins? Wie teuer ist die Instandhaltung der Wohnung (des Hauses)? vee toy-uhR ist dee in-shtAnt-hAl-toon deyR voh-noong (des hou-zuhs) How much is the maintenance of the apartment (house)? Wie hoch sind die monatlichen Zahlungen? vee hohCH zint dee moh-nAt-li-Huhn tsah-loon-guhn How much are the monthly payments? Ich möchte eine Hypothek aufnehmen. iH möH-tuh ay-nuh hüh-poh-teyk ouf-ney-muhn I’d like to apply for a mortgage. Muβ ich eine Kaution hinterlassen? moos iH ay-nuh kou-tsee-ohn hin-tuhR-lA-suhn Do I have to leave a deposit? All the Comforts of Home Start living in your new home; soon enough your needs become clear. When you go to close the curtains, you’ll realize that they’re missing. When you walk across the living room floor, the echo of your footsteps against the wood reminds you that a carpet would come in mighty handy. As evening falls and the rooms grow dark, you’ll wish you had a lamp, something dim and romantic—an alternative to the harsh overhead light. The following table gives you a head start on the furniture and accessories you may not know you need until you really start to miss them. Furniture and Accessories 348 German Pronunciation English das Bett das Bücherregal das Eisfach der Fernseher der Kühlschrank der Ofen der Sessel der Stuhl der Teppich dAs bet dAs bü-HuhR-Rey-gahl dAs ays-fACH deyR feRn-zey-huhR deyR kühl-shRAnk deyR o-fuhn deyR ze-suhl deyR shtewl deyR tey-piH bed bookshelf freezer television refrigerator oven armchair chair carpet Chapter 27 ➤ I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please German Pronunciation English der Tisch der Trockner die elektrischen Küchengeräte die Gardinen die Kommode die Möbel (pl.) die Spülmaschine die Uhr deyR tish deyR tRoH-nuhR dee e-lek-tRi-shuhn kü-Huhn-guh-Rä-tuh dee gAR-dee-nuhn dee ko-moh-duh dee möh-buhl dee shpühl-mA-shee-nuh dee ewR table dryer kitchen appliances curtains dresser furniture dishwasher clock Let’s Buy Furniture Suppose you’ve found an unfurnished house or apartment. What kinds of furniture do you want to purchase or rent? What services would you like the store to provide? Read this advertisement and then try to describe in English what you can expect if you shop at this particular furniture store. Möbelhaus Müller Absolute Qualitätsgarantie Wir garantieren kostenlose Reparatur der Möbel innerhalb der ersten zwei Jahre. Wir liefern Ihnen Ihre Möbel kostenlos nach Hause. Culture Shock In Germany the kitchen and bathroom are not counted as “rooms” when describing the number of rooms in an apartment. Thus a Zweizimmerwohunung has one bedroom and a living room. An Appartement is just as quaint and cozy as it sounds … it’s a studio or efficiency apartment! Wir kaufen Ihre alten Möbel zurück. Wir versichern Ihnen absolute Preis- und Qualitätsgarantie. There’s Hope for the Future If you’re planning to buy or rent property, the first thing you’re going to have to do is learn how to express your plans in the future tense. 349 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! Expressing the Future To express the future in German colloquial speech, the present tense is often used in reference to the future, utilizing adverbs such as “soon,” “next week,” etc. This also is done in English, though not as commonly. If someone asks you what you are going to do What’s What? later in the day, you could say, “Go home, I guess. Go to bed. After that, sleep.” Another way of speaking in Future tense To form the futhe future is to use the future tense. To form the future tense, use the present tense ture tense, use the present tense of the auxiliary verb of the auxiliary verb werden with werden (veR-duhn) along with the infinitive of the the infinitive of the verb. main verb. Werden literally means “to become,” but loses this meaning when utilized as a helping verb to form the future tense. Earlier you learned that German has four irregular verbs. Well, werden is the fourth! You’ll observe that it is, indeed, irregular, as it not only changes the stem vowel, but goofs around with consonants and endings. Here is the formula to produce the future tense: Subject + conjugated present tense of werden + the infinitive of the verb The following table conjugates the auxiliary verb werden to produce the future tense of kaufen. Werden + Kaufen = Future Tense of Kaufen Person Singular English Plural English First ich werde kaufen I will buy wir werden kaufen veeR veRduhn koufuhn we will buy you will buy ihr werdet kaufen eeR veR-det kou-fuhn you will buy iH veR-duh kou-fuhn Second du wirst kaufen dew veeRst kou-fuhn (Formal) Sie werden kaufen Sie werden kaufen. zee veR-duhn kou-fuhn zee veR-duhn kou-fuhn Third 350 er, sie, es wird kaufen eR, zee, es virt kou-fuhn he, she, it will buy sie werden kaufen zee veR-duhn kou-fuhn they will buy Chapter 27 ➤ I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please Tomorrow’s Plans Make a list of all the things you and your friends have to do tomorrow. Example: ich/ein Auto kaufen Answer: Ich werde ein Auto kaufen. 1. Christa und Inge/ins Kino gehen 2. Klaus/Einkäufe machen 3. Ingo und ich/Tennis spielen 4. Meine Mutter/zum Zahnarzt gehen 5. Ich/Norbert anrufen 6. Wir/ein Buch lesen 7. Ihr/radfahren 8. Wolfram und Catharine/viel Deutsch sprechen We Are Family Old English verbs were inflected only for two tenses: present and past. Without a future conjugation, the present was used to express future time, with adverbs added to avoid ambiguity. While English relies on “will” plus an infinitive to express the future: “She will call him tomorrow,” German can express the future with the present tense and an adverb: Sie ruft ihn morgen an. “She’ll call him tomorrow.” What Would You Do? If you’re not sure whether you’re going to get everything done, you will probably want to use the subjunctive mood. In an ideal world, you would never have to use this mood—you would make a list of things to do and do them. You would put on your jogging shoes and step outside and run four miles. You would clean your apartment; you would write letters to your mother. Unfortunately, as much as you would like to do things, as much as you should do them, you don’t always get them done. Thank goodness for the subjunctive mood. Although you learned how to talk about any verb expressing contrary-to-reality ideas in Chapter 26, “Where’s the Nearest Post Office?” we’ll narrow our focus now to talk about what you “would have” or “would like to have.” Achtung When using the compound (two verb) future tense in German, don’t forget to send the unconjugated verb, the infinitive, to the end of the sentence! 351 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! I’m in a Subjunctive Mood German has separate forms for verbs that are in the subjunctive mood, forms that are used to express wishes or contrary-to-fact statements. It’s worth learning the subjunctive of certain high-frequency German verbs, as it is very useful to be able to express yourself politely, or hope and long for something that is not. Because we’re nearing the end of the book and you’ve already been exposed to the subjunctive form of haben—when you ordered food or requested other items—let’s look at it. The entire subjunctive conjugation of haben appears in the following table: The Subjunctive Forms for Haben Person Singular Plural First ich hätte iH hä-tuh du hättest dew hä-tuhst er, sie, es hätte eR, zee, es hä-tuh wir hätten veeR hä-tuhn ihr hättet eeR hä-tuht sie hätten zee hä-tuhn Second Third All right. That’s all fine and dandy, but what does it mean? Well, the German subjunctive can be translated into English a couple of ways. The way we have been understanding the subjunctive employs the adverb gern as a crutch: Ich hätte gern zwei Brötchen. iH hä-tuh geRn tsvay bRö-tHuhn I would like to have two rolls. In this utterance, the gern helps to express the “like” part of the equation. The hätte expresses “would have.” Nice and neat to have one, sound-adulterated word express two English words, huh? What’s What? Subjunctive mood The verb form that indicates that something is relatively unlikely, conjectural, implausible, or contrary to fact. 352 Abracadabra, You Have Three Wishes You are walking along a path in the woods when you come upon a pear-shaped blue bottle. It is chipped along the bottom rim, but other than that it appears to be in good condition. A cork is stuck in the mouth of bottle, and a dark liquid slaps the sides when you hold it up to the light. You try to twist the cork free. Chapter 27 ➤ I’d Like to Rent a Castle, Please Finally, it comes loose, dislodging itself from the neck with a pop. You are surrounded by smoke, and a genie in Lederhosen and suspenders and a long beard is floating in the air before you. “Du hast drei Wünsche frei,” the genie says. “Was würden Sie am liebstenhaben?” (“You have three wishes. What would you most like to have?”) Come up with a list of things you’d like to have, using the following suggestions. Example: einen BMW Answer: Ich hätte am liebsten einen BMW. 1. ein Schloβ 2. ein Stück Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte 3. viel Geld 4. ein Haus in den Alpen 5. ein groβes Bier 6. viele schöne Blumen The Least You Need to Know ➤ After you learn a few basic phrases, you should have no trouble buying or renting an apartment, house, or (you never know!) castle from a German real estate agent. ➤ To furnish specific rooms, you will have to know the vocabulary for furnishings, amenities, and appliances. ➤ To speak of something you plan to do in the future, use the perfect tense with an implication of future action or use the future tense, which is formed with the helping verb werden conjugated in the present + the verb in the infinitive. ➤ With the subjunctive mood of haben (hätten), you can express what you would like to have—be it food, cars, castles, or a good cup of coffee. 353 Chapter 28 Living the Expat Life In This Chapter ➤ Understanding banking terms ➤ Bureaucracy of residence ➤ Car registration Now you should be ready to stay indefinitely in a German-speaking country—perhaps sample the expatriate (“expat”) life. You’ve learned how to rent a castle (or an apartment if you’re interested in something a little more modest), and you’ve also learned how to furnish it to your liking. In previous chapters you learned how to dine out, how to have fun, how to meet people, and how to make phone calls. Chances are that you’ve already cashed a significant portion of your traveler’s checks and that you’ve nearly reached the limit on all your credit cards. Now it’s time for you to learn how to deal with money in a foreign country. You may need to use the longdistance phone skills you learned in Chapter 25, “Getting Your Message Across,” to call home and have one of your loved ones prove their love by wiring you a little extra money. Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! Or perhaps you have a lot of money in a Swiss bank account, and you’d like to invest it in some German business deals your friends have been telling you about. If you’re involved in business, many of the new terms in this chapter will be of use to you. Achtung Get Me to the Bank, Quick! Although many establishments in Germany do accept credit cards, plastic is a less widespread phenomenon in Germany than it is in the United States. Be sure that you see the imprimatur of your credit card company on the window or menu of the establishment where you’re about to eat—otherwise you may be washing dishes until the banks open at 9:00 A.M. Hotels, restaurants, and banks—these are the places where you will probably spend a good deal of your time when you travel. Banks are of particular importance because sooner or later, you’ll probably need to exchange money, cash traveler’s checks, or receive a cash advance on a credit card. If you’re planning to reside for an extended period of time in a Germanspeaking country, you may even want to take out a loan to set up a business, purchase real estate, play the stock market, or open a checking account. Learning Banking Lingo If you need to do anything involving your friendly local banker, you’ll have to acquaint yourself with the banking terms in the following table. Banking Terms 356 German Pronunciation English abheben Ap-hey-buhn withdraw ausfüllen ous-fü-luhn fill out leihen lay-huhn borrow das Bankkonto dAs bAnk-kon-toh bank account das Bargeld dAs bahR-gelt cash das Darlehen dAs dahR-ley-huhn loan das Einkommen dAs ayn-ko-muhn revenue das Geldwechselbüro dAs gelt-ve-ksel-büh-Roh money exchange bureau das Kontobuch dAs kon-toh-bewCH bankbook das Scheckbuch dAs shek-bewCH checkbook das Sparkonto dAs shpAR-kon-toh savings account das Wechselgeld dAs ve-ksel-gelt change (coins) Chapter 28 ➤ Living the Expat Life German Pronunciation English der (Kassen) Schalter deyR (kA-suhn) shAl-tuhR (teller’s) window der Angestellte deyR An-guh-shtel-tuh employee der Ankauf deyR An-kouf purchase der Bankautomat deyR bAnk-ou-toh-maht automatic teller machine der Bankangestellte/ die Bankangestellte deyR bAnk-bey-Am-tuh/ dee bAnk-bey-Am-tin bank employee der Bankdirektor deyR bAnk-dee-Rek-tohR bank manager der Einzahlungsbeleg deyR ayn-tsah-looks-bey-leyk deposit slip der Geldfluβ deyR gelt-floos cash flow der Geldschein deyR gelt-shayn bill der Kassierer/ die Kassiererin deyR kA-see-RuhR/ dee kA-see-Ruh-Rin teller der Kontostand deyR kon-toh-shtAnt balance der Reisescheck deyR Ray-zuh-shek traveler’s check der Verkauf deyR feR-kouf sale der Wechselkurs deyR ve-ksel-kooRs exchange rate die Abhebung dee Ap-hey-boong withdrawal die Abzahlung dee Ap-zah-loong installment payment die Anzahlung dee An-zah-loong down payment die Einzahlung dee ayn-tsah-loong deposit die Filiale dee fi-lee-ah-luh branch die Hypothek dee hüh-poh-teyk mortgage die Münze dee mün-tsuh coin die Quittung dee kvi-toong receipt die Ratenzahlung dee Rah-tuhn-tsah-loong installment plan die Restzahlung dee Rest-tsah-loong final payment die Schulden dee shool-duhn debt die überweisung dee üh-buhR-vay-zoong transfer die überziehung dee üh-buhR-tsee-hoong overdraft die Unterschrift dee oon-tuhR-shRift signature die Zahlung dee tsah-loong payment ein überzogener Scheck (m.) ayn üh-buhR-tsohguh-nuhR shek an overdrawn check einzahlen ayn-tsah-luhn to deposit kurzfristig kooRts-fRis-tiH short term continues 357 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! Banking Terms (continued) German Pronunciation English langfristig lAnk-fRis-tiH long term das Konto überziehen dAs kon-toh üh-buhRtsee-huhn to overdraft sparen shpah-Ruhn save überweisen üh-buhR-vay-zuhn transfer unterschreiben oon-tuhR-shRay-buhn sign (to) verleihen feR-lay-huhn to loan wechseln ve-ksuhln change (transaction) Transactions You Need to Make If you plan to settle down in Germany, you’ll probably need to use some of the following phrases that relate to exchanging money, making a deposit or a withdrawal, opening a checking or savings account, or applying for a loan. Wie sind Ihre Öffnungszeiten? vee sint ee-Ruh öf-nooks-tsay-tuhn What are the banking hours? Culture Shock Most German banks are open Monday through Friday from approximately 8 or 9 A.M. to 4 or 5 P.M. Open hours of German banks do differ; some of them close for a lunchbreak, while others may remain open longer on Thursdays but close earlier on Fridays. Still others may take a certain weekday afternoon off. Your best bet is to consult the posted open hours. The largest banks are the Commerzbank, the Deutsche Bank, the Dresdner Bank, and the Volksbank. 358 Ich möchte … iH möH-tuh I would like … eine Einzahlung machen ay-nuh ayn-tsah-loong mA-CHuhn to make a deposit eine Abhebung machen ay-nuh ap-hey-boong mA-CHuhn to make a withdrawal eine Zahlung machen ay-nuh tsah-loong mA-CHuhn to make a payment ein Darlehen aufnehmen ayn dAR-ley-huhn ouf-ney-muhn to take out a loan einen Scheck einlösen ay-nuhn shek ayn-löh-zuhn to cash a check Chapter 28 ➤ Living the Expat Life ein Konto eröffnen ayn kon-toh eR-öf-nuhn to open an account ein Konto schlieβen ayn kon-toh shlee-suhn to close an account etwas Geld wechseln etvAs gelt ve-ksuhln to change some money Werde ich einen monatlichen Kontoauszug bekommen? veR-duh iH ay-nuhn mo-nAt-li-Huhn kontoh-ous-tsewk buh-ko-muhn Will I get a monthly statement? Wie hoch ist der heutige Wechselkurs? vee hoCH ist deyR hoy-ti-guh ve-ksuhl-kooRs How high is today’s exchange rate? Haben Sie einen Bankautomaten? hah-buhn zee ay-nuhn bAnk-ou-toh-mahtuhn Do you have an automatic teller machine? Achtung German officials require your documents to be translated into German and stamped. Official stamps are sehr important in Germany and must occasionally be supplemented by a seal. Perhaps a throwback to the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries! In the case of translation, only state-approved translators can give valid stamps. Where to find one? Check the Internet, the Yellow Pages, and newspapers and be prepared to pay! Wie benutzt man ihn? vee buh-nootst mAn een How does one use it? Ich möchte eine Hypothek aufnehmen. iH möH-tuh ay-nuh hüh-poh-teyk ouf-ney-muhn I’d like to take out a mortage. Wie hoch sind die monatlichen Zahlungen? vee hoCH zint dee moh-nAt-li-Huhn tsah-loon-guhn How much are the monthly payments? Wie hoch ist die Zinsrate? vee hoCH ist dee tsins-Rah-tuh What is the interest rate? Wie groβ ist der Zeitraum für das Darlehen? vee gRohs ist deyR tsayt-Roum fühR dAs dAR-ley-huhn What’s the time period of the loan? 359 Part 6 ➤ When In Germany, Do As the Germans Do! So You Want to Live in Germany? Culture Shock Be forewarned that the way many Germans drive might require you, as a passenger or a driver, to have nerves of steel. Most stretches of the Autobahn do not have a speed limit, and drivers generally tend to ignore the “recommended” speed of 130km/hr—around 80mph. Slower traffic is not only supposed to keep to the right, but does, as those in the left lane overtake at breakneck speed. Should you be in that left lane and see a faint flash of headlights behind you, figure you have two seconds tops to get the heck over to the right, lest you become a hood ornament. If you want to live and work in Germany (and you’re not a citizen of the European Union) be prepared for sehr viel red tape. You’ll need to acquire a residence permit at the residents’ registration office (Einwohnermeldeamt) within two weeks of moving to a new community. This rule applies to everyone, even students living in a community temporarily. (In addition, you must notify the same Einwohnermeldeamt when you move out of a community.) You’ll also need a work permit, which itself requires a written offer of employment sufficient to convince the bureaucracy that only you—and no European with the right to work in Germany—can do the job. Hey, the United States subjects all foreign workers to this routine—even those educated here and most qualified to teach, say, German, at the college level! Sound like a lot? Well, you might make it easier by contacting your local German diplomatic representative before you leave home. That way, you’ll find out in advance where you stand, which documents and photos to take along, whether you’ll have to take a physical at the public health department, and various other bureaucratic sundries. Once you get to Germany, you’ll have ample time to try out your German, as you’ll be skipping from one permit-issuing office to another, and back again, if you get something wrong. Just think of it as a board game, and if you’re very fortunate, you won’t have to return to “Go” too many times. Oh! Did we mention that permits need to be renewed at set intervals? Ah! The fun never ends! I Need My Wheels! Alright. So you figured out you’re in it for the long haul, and you just can’t bear waiting for the trains to run, or desire the freedom and independence an automobile can provide. Well, by now you’re accustomed to searching out various governmental agencies and standing in line. Thus, you won’t be surprised to learn that registering a car is about the same (and perhaps as bothersome) as registering yourself. Naturally, if you change your address during your car’s lifetime, you have to re-register the car, in person, after you have re-registered yourself. Of course, you’ll need to clear your car through the motor vehicle inspection department (TÜV) before you can register it— 360 Chapter 28 ➤ Living the Expat Life and thereafter once every two years. If your car passes that inspection, you can feel pretty proud to be driving in Germany and rest assured that your car is in pretty good shape. The Least You Need to Know ➤ Familiarity with the appropriate banking terms will be your greatest asset when you are in a German bank. ➤ If you intend to stay in Germany somewhat permanently, you’ll need to register yourself and, if you’ll be working, obtain a work permit. ➤ A car, should you have one, adheres to the same rules of registration as you do! 361 Appendix A Answer Key You will find the answers to the exercises in this book arranged here by chapter and heading. Chapter 2 Now It’s Your Turn 1. Wir sind innerhalb von zwei Stunden zu Hause. 2. Er hatte direkte Informationen über das Pferderennen. 3. Wir gehen ins Innere der Höhle. 4. Er versteckt den Schlüssel im Innern der Schachtel. 5. Der Magen des Mannes Schmertz. Chapter 5 How Much Do You Understand Already? 1. Der Bandit ist blond. 2. Die Bank ist modern. 3. Der Präsident ist elegant. 4. Der Wind ist warm. 5. Das Chaos ist irrational. Appendix A What Do You Think? 1. Das Wetter ist gut. 2. Ist das Buch interessant? 3. Der Autor ist populär. 4. Das Parfüm ist attraktiv. 5. Der Wind ist warm. 6. Der Charakter ist primitiv. 7. Das Herz ist wild. 8. Das Salz ist weiβ. This Is Easy 1. The president and the bandit bake tomatoes. 2. The uncle drinks wine. 3. The tiger and the elephant swim in the ocean. 4. The film begins in a supermarket. 5. “Religion or chaos? A modern problem,” said the young, intelligent author. 6. The baby lies in the arms of its mother. 7. My brother has a guitar. 8. The alligator costs $10,000. Chapter 6 Putting Your Expressions to Use I (or How to Get There from Here) 1. Ich fahre mit dem Zug von Wisconsin nach Vancouver. 2. Ich fahre mit dem Auto vom Flughafen zum See. 3. Ich fahre mit dem Schiff über den See. 4. Ich reite mit dem Pferd zum Haus meiner Eltern. 5. Ich gehe zu Fuβ an die Uni. 364 Answer Key Putting Your Expressions to Use II (or What Time Is It?) 1. bis bald/auf Wiedersehen 2. bis später/bis heute Abend 3. pünktlich 4. (zu) spät 5. (zu) früh 6. von Zeit zu Zeit 7. regelmäβig/täglich 8. wöchentlich Putting Your Expressions to Use III (or Just Getting There in One Piece) 1. Gegenüber der Post ist der Bahnhof. 2. Vor dem Museum ist der Parkplatz. 3. Links neben dem Hotel ist der Bahnhof. 4. Hinter dem café ist der Spielplatz. 5. Gegenüber der Bäckerei ist der Bahnhof. 6. Mein Koffer ist in dem Hotel. Putting Your Expressions to Use IV (or What’s Your Opinion?) 1. Ich habe keine Ahnung. Ich habe den Wetterbericht nicht gelesen. 2. Das ist eine tolle Idee. Ich schwimme gern! 3. Du hast recht. Das ist mir schon oft passiert. 4. Das ist mir egal. Ich glaube, wir finden einen Wetterbericht in jeder Zeitung. 5. Gehen wir ins Kino? Putting Your Expressions to Use V (or How Are You?) 1. Ich bin müde. 2. Mir ist kalt. 3. Sie weint. Sie ist traurig. 365 Appendix A 4. Ich bin glücklich, daβ das Wetter gut ist. 5. Mein Magen knurrt. Ich bin hungrig. 6. Ich bin verliebt. 7. Ich kann nicht mehr. Ich bin fertig. Chapter 7 Compound Nouns 1. die Hotelkette 2. das Musikgeschäft 3. das Geschenkpapier 4. der Blutdruck 5. der Briefkasten 6. die Schwerkraft 7. der Treffpunkt Practice Those Plurals 1. Wo finde ich Zahnärzte? Ich brauche die Namen einiger Zahnärzte. 2. Wo finde ich einige, schöne Cafés in Berlin? 3. Sind Sie die Brüder von Marc? 4. Haben alle deutschen Zeitungen einen Wetterbericht? 5. Wo finde ich die Gärten in Berlin? 6. Wie teuer sind Ihre Zimmer? What Have You Learned About Gender? 1. Rock band seeks female singer. 2. Hospital seeks male and female assistants. 3. Pharmacy seeks female pharmacist. 4. Company seeks male or female secretary. 5. Restaurant seeks male cook. 366 Answer Key Chapter 8 Er, Sie, Es? 1. Sie tanzten. 2. Sie war heiter. 3. Sie weinte. 4. Er war betrunken. 5. Es ist 40 Jahre alt. Chapter 9 Conjugation 101 1. Ich suche das Museum. 2. Klaus reserviert ein Hotelzimmer. 3. Sie warten auf den Bus. 4. Ihr mietet ein Auto. 5. Wir fragen nach der Adresse. 6. Ich lerne Deutsch. 7. Ich reise nach Hamburg. 8. Er braucht ein Taxi. 9. Du telefonierst mit deiner Mutter. Conjugation 102 1. Hans iβt gern Bratwurst. 2. Er gibt mir einen guten Tip. 3. Ich sehe einen Biergarten. 4. Sie trifft ihre deutsche Brieffreundin. 5. Du sprichst sehr gut Englisch. 6. Karl liest die Süddeutsche Zeitung. 7. Karin fährt nach Berlin. 8. Der Bus hält vor der Kirche. 367 Appendix A Ask Me if You Can 1. Kostet das Ticket 500 DM? 2. Ist das der Terminal für internationale Flüge? 3. Steht die Flugnummer auf dem Ticket? 4. Gibt es Toiletten auf dieser Etage? 5. Dauert der Flug zwei Stunden? 6. Ist das Abendessen inklusiv? Chapter 10 Use It or Lose It 1. Ich bin Kellner. 2. Er ist Elektriker. 3. Sie ist Ärztin. 4. Ich bin Rechtsanwalt. 5. Du bist Kellnerin. 6. Er ist Polizist. 7. Sie ist Elektrikerin. Ask Away A: Sample Questions Woher kommst du? Mit wem reist du? Wohin reist du? Reist du gern? B: Sample Questions Wie heiβt sie? Woher kommt sie? Wie lange reist sie? Wohin reist sie? Gefällt ihr die Bundesrepublik? 368 Answer Key Wann muβ sie wieder nach Hause zurückfliegen? Wohin muβ sie bald wieder zurückfliegen? Chapter 11 Mine, All Mine 1. Seine Schwester 2. mein Onkel 3. unsere Familie 4. eure Kinder 5. der Bruder des Mädchens 6. die Mutter des Mannes 7. die Eltern des Kindes 8. der Ehemann meiner Schwester 9. die Eltern seiner Frau 10. die Tante deines Cousins Using Possessive Adjectives to Show Your Preference 1. Mein Lieblingsfilm ist … 2. Meine Lieblingsschriftstellerin ist … 3. Mein Lieblingsbuch ist … 4. Meine Lieblingsstadt ist … 5. Mein Lieblingsland ist … Breaking the Ice 1. Darf ich mich vorstellen? Mein Name ist … 2. Ich komme aus … 3. Ich bin … 4. Woher kommen Sie? 5. Kennen Sie (meinen Bruder, meine Schwester, meine Mutter, meinen Vater …)? 6. Das ist … 7. Mein Name ist … Es freut mich, Sie kennenzulernen. 369 Appendix A Using Idioms with Haben 1. Er hat keine Lust mitzukommen. 2. Sie hat den Mut, Bungy-Jumping zu machen. 3. Er hat die Absicht zu heiraten. 4. Anne und Mark haben die Zeit eine Reise nach Deutschland zu unternehmen. 5. Ihr habt Glück im Spiel. 6. Du hast die Gewohnheit zu viel fernzusehen. Complete the Descriptions A. 1. Was kostet dieser braune Anzug? 2. Ich nehme den nächsten Bus. 3. Jedes rote T-Shirt ist billig. 4. Wir besuchen die kleine Stadt. 5. Sie lesen das beste Buch! B. 1. Das ist gutes Bier. 2. Sie hat interessante Ideen. 3. Frischer Käse ist lecker. 4. Haben Sie frische Fische? 5. Liebe Kerstin, … C. 1. Mainz ist eine schöne, alte Stadt. 2. Er ist mein bester Freund. 3. Ich sehe keine freien Plätze. 4. Wo ist ein gutes Restaurant? 5. Wir kaufen ein neues Auto. 370 Answer Key Chapter 12 Signs Everywhere 1. D 2. B 3. E 4. C 5. A Take Command Verb Du Ihr Sie English abbiegen weitergehen laufen Biege ab! Geh(e) weiter! Lauf(e)! Biegt ab! Geht weiter! Lauft! Biegen Sie ab! Gehen Sie weiter! Laufen Sie! Turn! Go on! Walk! Chapter 13 A Means to an End 1. Ich nehme ein Taxi, um zum Geschäft zu kommen. 2. Wir nehmen die Straβenbahn, um in die Innenstadt zu kommen. 3. Er nimmt das Auto, um zur Kirche zu fahren. 4. Sie nimmt das Fahrrad, um aufs Land zu fahren. Using What and Which Welchen Zug nehmen Sie? In welche Stadt fährst du? Welches Auto mietet er? Welchen Freund besuchst du? In welches Museum geht ihr? Welches Hotel sucht sie? 371 Appendix A Chapter 14 What a Hotel! Does It Have …? Kunde: Guten Tag. Haben Sie ein Zimmer frei? Empfangschef: Möchten Sie ein Zimmer mit einem Balkon? Wir haben ein wunderschönes Zimmer mit Aussicht zur Meerseite. Kunde: Ja, warum nicht? Hat das Zimmer ein Telefon? Ich erwarte einen wichtigen Anruf. Empfangschef: Selbstverständlich. Möchten Sie Vollpension oder Halbpension? Kunde: Vollpension, bitte. Empfangschef: Gut. Die Zimmernummer ist 33. Hier ist Ihr Schlüssel. Gute Nacht. Calling Housekeeping 1. Ich brauche einen Adapter. 2. Ich hätte gern ein Mineralwasser. 3. Ich brauche Briefpapier. 4. Ich hätte gern einen Aschenbecher und Streichhölzer. 5. Ich brauche ein Kopfkissen. 6. Ich möchte ein Badetuch, bitte. The Declension of Ordinal Numbers 1. Wir haben nicht viel Geld. Wir fahren zweiter Klasse. 2. “Erster Stop ist Marl; Zweiter Stop ist Haltern; Dritter Stop ist Recklinghausen,” sagt der Busfahrer. 3. Mein erster Beruf war Tellerwäscher. Heute bin ich Millionär. 4. Zuerst kommt die Post. Das zweite Gebäude auf der linken Seite ist ein Hotel. 5. Auf der zweiten Etage befindet sich das Restaurant. Auf der dritten Etage ist das Einkaufszentrum. 6. Er hat schon drei Söhne. Sein viertes wird ein Mädchen. 7. Wenn eine Katze schon acht Leben gehabt hatte, ist sie jetzt im neunten Lebensjahr. 372 Answer Key More Action with Verbs 1. Weiβt du, wo Kerstin wohnt? 2. Ich kenne niemanden mit dem Namen “Kerstin.” 3. Ich weiβ, daβ sie sehr hübsch und intelligent ist! 4. Vielleicht kennt Petra sie. 5. Kennen wir nicht Kerstins Mann, Frank? 6. Ich kenne ihn vom Bus. Coming Apart 1. Wann sehen wir den Film an? 2. Tina liest das Buch vor. 3. Geben Sie nie auf! 4. Gretchen trinkt ihr Bier immer aus! Sticking It Out Together: Verbs with Inseparable Prefixes 1. Wo bekommen Sie das? 2. Ich vergesse die Adresse. 3. Boris Becker gewinnt fast immer. 4. Welches Restaurant empfiehlst du? Chapter 15 Call Me … 1. Ich kenne die Straβe, aber nicht die Hausnummer. 2. Die Postleitzahl kommt vor der Stadt in der Adresse. 3. Ich habe ein Telefon. Meine Telefonnummer ist 03-45-60. 4. Du schickst eine Postkarte/Ansichtskarte an deine Mutter. 5. Sein Name ist sehr lang: Wie buchstabiert man das? 373 Appendix A European Countries, According to Germans 1. aus der Schweiz 2. aus Deutschland 3. aus Italien 4. aus österreich 5. aus England 6. aus Frankreich Deutsche Mark oder Eurodollar? 1. dAs bewCH kos-tuht zee-buhn-oont-feeR-tsiH mARk fünf-oont-fünf-tsiH 2. dee blew-muhn kos-tuhn dray-tseyn mARk tseyn 3. dee an-ziHts-kAR-tuh kos-tuht fünf-tsiH pfe-niH 4. ayn ayn-tsel-tsi-muhr kos-tuht ayn-oont-zeH-tsiH mARk 5. dAs ti-kuht kos-tuht zeks-oont-zeH-tsiH mARk Let’s Go Fly a Kite … 1. Lass uns erste Klasse fahren! / Fahren wir erste Klasse! 2. Lass uns in den Garten gehen! / Gehen wir in den Garten! 3. Lass uns den Bus nehmen! / Nehmen wir den Bus! 4. Lass uns Frankreich besuchen! / Besuchen wir Frankreich! Chapter 16 How’s the Weather? 1. Erfurt: bewölkt 2. München: heiter bis wolkig 3. Schwerin: sonnig 4. Kiel: regnerisch 5. Düsseldorf: Gewitter 374 Answer Key The Four Seasons 1. Es schneit viel im Winter. 2. Die Blätter fallen von den Bäumen im Herbst. 3. Die Blumen blühen im Frühling. 4. Die Sonne scheint oft im Sommer. Making a Date 1. Valentinstag ist am 14. Februar. 2. Mein Geburtstag ist am … 3. Der Hochzeitstag meiner Eltern ist am … 4. Neujahr ist am 1. Januar. Time Expressions 1. My birthday is a week from today. 2. Yesterday, the weather was good. 3. Mondays I play football. 4. We travel to Germany the day after tomorrow. Chapter 17 What Do You Want to See? 1. Im Nachtclub sieht man eine Vorstellung. 2. In der Kathedrale sieht man die Glasmalerei. 3. Im Schloβ sieht man Wandteppiche. 4. Im Zoo sieht man Tiere. 5. Im Museum sieht man Bilder und Skulpturen. 6. Im Kino sieht man einen Film. 7. In der Disco sieht man Tänzer. 8. In der Bibliothek sieht man Bücher. 375 Appendix A Making Suggestions 1. Ich kann später kommen. 2. Was willst du machen? 3. Christina muβ viel lernen. 4. Dieser Film soll sehr gut sein. 5. Wolfram darf nicht mitkommen. More Suggestions 1. Laβ uns eine Kirche besichtigen. Fantastisch! Ich liebe Kirchen. Nein, das interessiert mich nicht. 2. Laβ uns eine Ausstellung sehen. Ja, das interessiert mich. Nein, das ist langweilig. 3. Laβ uns nach Europa reisen. Ja, ich liebe Europa. Nein, ich mag Europa nicht. 4. Laβ uns Bilder anschauen. Nein, das sagt mir nicht zu. Ja, das interessiert mich. 5. Laβ uns in die Oper gehen! Ja, das interessiert mich. Nein, das interessiert mich nicht. 6. Laβ uns mit der U-bahn fahren. Ja, ich mag das. Nein, ich mag das nicht. 7. Laβ uns ein Auto mieten! Wunderschön! Das macht mir Spaβ! Nein, ich kann nicht Auto fahren! 376 Answer Key Chapter 18 Wear Yourself Out 1. Unter unseren Schuhen, tragen wir Socken. 2. Wenn ich schlafe, trage ich einen Schalfanzug. 3. Unter deiner Hose, trägst du eine Unterhose. 4. Wenn es regnet, trage ich einen Regenmantel. 5. Im Winter tragt ihr warme Handschuhe. 6. Wenn man in die Oper geht, trägt man einen Anzug mit einem Schlips. 7. Im Sommer tragen viele Leute Shorts und ein T-shirt. Colors 1. Ich möchte einen hellroten Rock. 2. Ich möchte einen dunkelblauen Anzug. 3. Ich möchte einen hellgelben Hut. 4. Ich möchte eine graue Jacke. 5. Ich möchte eine/einen gepunktete/gepunkteten Krawatte/Schlips. 6. Ich möchte eine karierte Hose. 7. Ich möchte einen modischen Badeanzug. 8. Ich möchte ein gestreiftes Hemd. What’s the Object? 1. Ich trage sie. 2. Du trägst ihn. 3. Kerstin trägt es. 4. Frank trägt sie. 5. Ich gebe ihnen Schokolade. 6. Bernadette schenkt ihr Blumen. 7. Thomas dankt ihm für den Kaffee. 8. Wir geben ihm eine Olive. 377 Appendix A Us, You, and Them: Using Direct Object Pronouns 1. Ja, ich mag ihn./Nein, ich mag ihn nicht. 2. Ja, ich mag sie./Nein, ich mag sie nicht. 3. Ja, ich mag sie./Nein, ich mag sie nicht. 4. Ja, ich mag es./Nein, ich mag es nicht. To Us, To You, To Them: Using Indirect Object Pronouns 1. Schenk ihnen einen Schal. 2. Schenk ihr ein Kleid. 3. Schenk ihm eine kurze Hose. 4. Schenk ihr eine Strumpfhose. 5. Schenke ihn ihnen. 6. Schenke es ihr. 7. Schenke sie ihm. 8. Schenke sie ihr. Chapter 19 Where Are You Going? 1. Ich gehe zur Weinhandlung. 2. Ich gehe zum Metzger. 3. Ich gehe zur Bäckerei. 4. Ich gehe zum Fischgeschäft. Prost! 1. Was möchten Sie trinken? 2. Ich möchte ein Bier trinken. 3. Die beiden Frauen am Nachbartisch trinken Kaffee. 4. Mattias und ich trinken gern milden Wein. 5. Am liebsten trinke ich Limonade. 6. Was trinkst du am liebsten? 378 Answer Key A Trip to the Market 1. Ich möchte eine Flasche Wein. 2. Ich möchte ein halbes Pfund Garnelen. 3. Ich möchte eine Dose Tomaten. 4. Ich möchte eine Tüte Kirschen. 5. Ich möchte ein Dutzend Eier. 6. Ich möchte ein Kilo Lachs. 7. Ich möchte drei Pfund Butter. 8. Ich möchte ein halbes Kilo/ein Pfund Wurst. 9. Ich möchte ein Liter Sahne. 10. Ich möchte eine Kiste Bier. Chapter 20 Gimme What I Need 1. Mir fehlt die Tasse. 2. Ihm fehlt der Löffel. 3. Ihr fehlt das Messer. 4. Uns fehlt die Pfeffermühle. You Need What? 1. Ich brauche eine Speisekarte. 2. Ich brauche ein Glas. 3. Ich brauche eine Serviette. 4. Ich brauche eine Untertasse. That’s the Way I Like It 1. Sie möchte ihr Steak blutig. 2. Hans möchte seinen Fisch paniert. 3. Wir möchten unsere Kartoffeln püriert. 4. Ich möchte mein Gemüse gedünstet. 5. Ich hätte gern Spiegelei. 379 Appendix A Chapter 21 Where to Play Your Game 1. Ich wandere am liebsten im Gebirge. 2. Fuβball spielen wir auf dem Fuβballplatz. 3. Zum Ski fahren gehe ich auf die Skipiste. 4. Anna schwimmt gern im Schwimmbad. 5. Wir segeln gern auf dem Meer. 6. Schlittschuh laufen kann man im Eisstadion. Express Your Desire with Mögen 1. Mattias möchte Basketball spielen. 2. Sie möchte bergsteigen. 3. Wir möchten wandern. 4. Franz und Klara möchten reiten. 5. Ihr möchtet in der Sporthalle Federball spielen. 6. Hans und Franz möchten am Fluβ angeln. Do You Accept or Refuse? 1. Möchten Sie Basketball spielen? Ja, das ist eine gute Idee. 2. Möchten Sie wandern? Nein, ich bin müde. 3. Möchten Sie Fuβball spielen? Warum nicht? 4. Möchten Sie fischen? Nein, ich habe keine Zeit. 5. Möchten Sie Fuβball spielen? Nein, ich bin müde. 6. Möchten Sie radfahren? Natürlich. Just How Good Are You at Adverbs? 1. Ich tanze …. 2. Ich spiele … Klavier. 3. Ich koche …. 4. Ich spiele … Golf. 380 Answer Key 5. Ich laufe …. 6. Ich singe …. 7. Ich spiele Tennis …. 8. Ich wandere …. Chapter 22 I Need These Shoes 1. Ich suche eine Waschsalon. 2. Können Sie dieses Kleid für mich reinigen? 3. Um wieviel Uhr schlieβen Sie? 4. Können Sie mir meine Schuhe putzen, bitte? 5. Ich habe viel dreckige Wäsche. 6. Wo kann ich diese Schuhe putzen? Chapter 23 Doctor, Doctor 1. Ich habe eine Erkältung. 2. Ich habe Husten. 3. Ich habe Kopfschmerzen. 4. Ich habe Bauchschmerzen. 5. Ich habe eine Blase. 6. Ich habe Fieber. Have It on Hand 1. Ich brauche Aspirin. 2. Ich brauche Krücken. 3. Ich brauche Heftpflaster. 4. Ich brauche Taschentücher. 5. Ich brauche Schlaftabletten. 381 Appendix A 6. Ich brauche Hustenbonbons. 7. Ich brauche Rasiercreme. 8. Ich brauche eine Wärmflasche. 9. Ich brauche eine Nagelfeile. Reflexive Verbs in Action 1. Ich ziehe mich an. 2. Ich rasiere mich. 3. Ich wasche mich. 4. Ich ziehe mich aus. 5. Ich lege mich hin. Be Bossy 1. Wasch(e) dich! Wasch(e) dich nicht! 2. Zieh dich um! Zieh dich nicht um! 3. Rasier dich! Rasier dich nicht! 4. Setz dich! Setz dich nicht! Chapter 24 Using Sein in the Perfekt 1. Ich bin in die Drogerie gegangen. 2. Ich habe Aspirin und Rasiercreme aus dem Regal genommen. 3. Ich habe meine Einkäufe zur Kasse gebracht. 4. Ich habe der Kassiererin geantwortet. 5. Ich habe nicht an meine Einkaufstasche gedacht. Did You or Didn’t You? 1. Du bist nicht ins Museum gegangen. 2. Er hat den Brief nicht geschickt. 3. Sie ist nicht zum Friseur gegangen. 382 Answer Key 4. Sie hat den Anruf nicht gemacht. 5. Wir haben den Film nicht gesehen. Ask Questions 1. Seid ihr zum Friseur gegangen? Seid ihr nicht zum Friseur gegangen? 2. Haben sie den Hustensaft getrunken? Haben sie den Hustensaft nicht getrunken? 3. Hast du an die Einkaufstasche gedacht? Hast du nicht an die Einkaufstasche gedacht? 4. Hat Almut geraucht? Hat Almut nicht geraucht? Chapter 25 Phone Home 1. Ich habe den Hörer abgenommen. 2. Ich habe die Münzen eingeworfen. 3. Dann habe ich die Telefonnummer gewählt. 4. Ich habe eine Nachricht hintergelassen. 5. Danach habe ich den Hörer aufgelegt. Excuses, Excuses 1. Sie hat sich angezogen. 2. Er hat sich rasiert. 3. Wir haben uns gewaschen. 4. Sie haben sich die Zähne geputzt. 5. Er hat sich angezogen. Chapter 26 Getting It Right 1. Ich schreibe meinem Freund einen Brief. 2. Wir lesen ein Buch. 383 Appendix A 3. Sie schreibt ihren Eltern eine Postkarte. 4. Du liest die Wohnungsanzeigen. 5. Ich lese eine Illustrierte. 6. Wolfram liest gern Kinderbücher. 7. Ihr schreibt uns jede Woche. Would You Please? 1. Würdest du bitte oft schreiben? 2. Würdest du bitte gute Zeitungen lesen? 3. Würdest du bitte dein Medikament nehmen? 4. Ich würde gern nach Polen fahren. 5. Ich würde gern lang schlafen. 6. Ich würde gern nur bergsteigen. 7. Ich würde in die Oper gehen. 8. Ich würde mehr Milch trinken. 9. Ich würde nicht alles kaufen. Chapter 27 Today’s Plans 1. Sie werden ins Kino gehen. 2. Er wird Einkäufe machen. 3. Wir werden Tennis spielen. 4. Sie wird zum Zahnarzt gehen. 5. Ich werde Norbert anrufen. 6. Wir werden ein Buch lesen. 7. Ihr werdet radfahren. 8. Wolfram und Catharine werden viel Deutsch sprechen. 384 Answer Key Abracadabra, You Have Three Wishes 1. Ich hätte am liebsten ein Schloss. 2. Ich hätte am liebsten ein Stück Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte. 3. Ich hätte am liebsten viel Geld. 4. Ich hätte am liebsten ein Haus in den Alpen. 5. Ich hätte am liebsten ein groβes Bier. 6. Ich hätte am liebsten viele schöne Blumen. 385 Appendix B Glossary: Linguistic Terms and Definitions adverbs Words used to modify verbs or adjectives. cardinal numbers Numbers used in counting. cases The form nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and prepositions take in a sentence depending on their function. cognates Words in German that are similar to (near cognates) or exactly like (perfect cognates) their English counterparts. comparative form something else. The “more” form adjectives and adverbs take when compared to compound verbs Verbs that are formed by adding a prefix to the stem verb. German has two principal types of compound verbs: those with separable prefixes and those with inseparable prefixes. conjugation The changes of the verb that occur to indicate who or what is performing the action (or undergoing the state of being) of the verb and when the action (or state of being) of the verb is occurring: in the present, the past, or the future. consonants All the letters in the alphabet other than a, e, i, o, and u. contraction apostrophes. A single word made out of two words. German contractions do not use declension The pattern of changes occurring in nouns, pronouns, articles, adjectives, and prepositions in each of the four cases. definite article The masculine (der), feminine (die), or neuter (das) article that precedes German nouns and corresponds to “the” in English. Unlike the English the, German articles show the gender and number of a noun. demonstrative pronouns Pronouns such as dieser (this) and jener (that) that allow you to point out a specific someone or something. Appendix B diphthongs Combinations of vowels that begin with one vowel sound and end with a different vowel sound in the same syllable. direct object At whom or what the action of the verb is being directed. future tense To form the future tense, use the present tense of the auxiliary verb werden with the infinitive of the verb. genitive -s This method of showing possession can be used with family members and proper names. To say “Stephanie’s father,” you would say Stephanies Vater (ste-fahnees fah-tuhR). To say “father’s daughter,” you would say Vaters Tochter (fah-tuhRs toHtuhR). idiomatic expression eral translation. Speech form or expression that cannot be understood by lit- imperative form The form a verb takes to indicate a command. In the imperative form, the understood subject is always you. indefinite article Articles used when you are speaking about a noun in general, and not about a specific noun. indirect object The object for whose benefit or in whose interest the action of the verb is being performed. infinitive form The unconjugated form of a verb. In German, the infinitive form of verbs end in -en, or in some cases, simply -n. Verbs are listed in the dictionary in the infinitive form. intransitive verbs Verbs that do not have an object. inversion Reversing the word order of the subject noun or pronoun and the conjugated form of the verb to make a statement a question. modal verbs A verb used with another verb to alter or modify its meaning. The six principal modal verbs in German are sollen, müssen, dürfen, können, wollen, and mögen. noun marker Any of a variety of articles, such as der, die, das, or die (the equivalent of “the” for plural nouns); ein, the equivalent of “a” for masculine or neuter nouns; or eine, the equivalent of “a” for feminine nouns. ordinal numbers Numbers that refer to a specific number in a series and answer the question, “Which one?” positive form The form in which adverbs or adjectives appear normally, before they have taken any endings. possessive adjectives The adjectives mein, dein, sein, ihr, and unser show that something belongs to someone. prefix word. 388 In German a prefix is a word form that modifies the meaning of the basic Glossary: Linguistic Terms and Definitions prepositions tence. Words that show the relation of a noun to another word in a sen- present tense present. The form a verb takes to indicate that the action is occurring in the reflexive pronoun The pronoun that forms a part of a reflexive verb where the action refers back to the subject. reflexive verb Verbs that always take reflexive pronouns because the action of the verb reflects back on the subject of the sentence. separable prefix Verbal complements that are placed at the end of the sentence when the verb is conjugated. stem The part of a verb you are left with after removing the ending -en from the infinitive. The stem of the verb tanzen (tAn-suhn) for example, is tanz-. stem vowel The vowel in the stem (diphthongs are considered single vowels). stress The emphasis placed on one or more syllables of a word when you pronounce it. strong verbs Verbs whose stem vowel undergoes a change or a modification when conjugated in the past tense. Only some strong verbs undergo a vowel modification in the present tense. subject The noun or pronoun performing the action of the verb. superlative form pared. transitive verbs umlaut vowel The “most” form adjectives and adverbs take when they are comVerbs that have an object. The term for the two dots that can be placed over the vowels a, o, and u. A, e, i, o, and u are vowels. word order The position of words in a sentence. 389 Index A a, long and short, modified vowels, 25 umlauts, 25 vowel sounds, 21-22 abbreviations addresses, 186 countries, 188-189 dictionaries, 12 international, 186 academics, German, 5-9 accents, 18-19 accessories, housing, 348-349 accusative cases, 128-139, 162, 227-237 definite articles, 86-87 direct objects, 84, 227-229 feminine nouns, 88 indefinite articles, 89 masculine nouns, 87-88 neuter nouns, 88 noun phrases, 230-232 personal pronouns, 230-232 plural nouns, 88 prepositions, 153-156, 203-204 pronouns, 90, 230-232, 311-312 subject, 85 verbs, 212-213, 258 action verbs, 322 activities, 273-275 concerts, 276 movies, 275 opinions, 276-277 television, 275 adjectives, 12, 75, 84, 230-236, 277-278 articles, 70-75 cognates, 41-42 near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 comparative forms, 296-299 comparisons, 296-299 declensions, 86-91 descriptions, 141 endings, 136-139 false friends, 50-51 listings, 139-140 nouns, 135-139 opposites, 139-140 ordinal numbers, 178-180 positive forms, 296-299 possessive, 130-131, 287 pronunciations, 139-140 superlative forms, 296-299 adverbs, 12, 212-213, 277-281 comparative forms, 296-299 comparisons, 296-299 false friends, 50-51 positions, 280 positive forms, 296-299 practice exercises, 281-282 qualitative, 277 rules, 278 superlative forms, 296-299 time expressions, 169-172 agentive suffixes, 120 ai, diphthongs, 27 airlines advice, 144-147 German, 146-147 information signs, 146-147 pronunciations, 144-147 security, 146-147 signs, 146-147 traveling, 144-147 vocabulary, 144-147 airmail, post offices, 338-339 alphabets, 19 answer keys, practice exercises, 363-385 answering machines, 327-328 answering questions, practice exercises, 108 apartments furniture and accessories, 348-349 renting, 345-348 approximations, 191 architecture, German, 5 articles, 84 adjectives, 70-75 declensions, 86-91 definite, 202-203, 296-298 declensions, 86-88 feminine, 69-75 masculine, 69-75 near cognates, 45-48 neuter, 69-75 perfect cognates, 42-45 plural, 69-75 singular, 70-75 indefinite, 70-75, 89 near cognates, 45-48 perfect cognates, 42-45 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition articulations, 31 arts, 5 asking questions food shops, 250-251 German, 122 groceries, 250-251 supermarkets, 250-251 ATMs, money exchange, 189-190 au diphthongs, 27-28 äu diphthongs, 28 auf, 148-150 Austria, weather, 205 Autobahn, 360 automobiles, 160 auxiliary verbs, 213-220, 316-322, 328-331 B b, consonant sounds, 36-37 banks, 356-358 money exchange, 189-190 transactions, 358-359 bathrooms, 177 beer, 246-247 pronunciations, 246-247 selections, 246-247 terminology, 246-247 beverages, 264 bidets, 177 bilingual dictionaries, 12-13 biological gender, cognates near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 body parts, 301-302 sicknesses, 306-307 symptoms, 303-305 books (children), German, 7 booths, money exchange, 189-190 brauchen, 258 breads, 240-246 Bundesrepublik, 4 buses, transportation, 160 businesspersons, German, 5 392 buying furniture, 349 houses, 347-348 C c, consonant sounds, 34 calendars, 201-207 dates, 206-207 days of the week, 202-203 months of the year, 203-204 seasons, 205 calls, long-distance, 186-188 camera shops, problem situations, 294 capitalizing nouns, 20 cardinal numbers, 166-168 cards, addressing, 186 cars features, 164-166 pronunciations, 164-166 renting, 164-166 registering, 360 transportation, 164-166 cases, 84 accusative, 84-85 dative, 84-85 declensions, 86-91 genitive, 84-86 nominative, 84-85 categories, wines, 246-247 Celsius, 197-198 temperature, 199-200 weather maps, 199 ch, consonant sounds, 32-34 changes, umlauts, 19 checks (traveler’s), money exchange, 189-190 cheese, 265 children books, 7 class IV verbs, 316-317 clauses, separable prefixes, 182-183 clerical questions, dialogue and responses, 250-251 clothing, 225-226 cognates, 41-42 near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 verbs, 48-50 coining, 14 colloquial expressions, 189-190 colloquial time, 169-172 colors, 227-229 commands, 191-192 imperatives, 151-152 reflexive verbs, 313 communication expressions, 186-188 German, 3-7 comparative forms, 296-299 comparisons, 296-299 compound adjectives, 227-229 compound nouns, 75, 130-131 compound numbers, 166-168 compound verbs, conjugating, 182-184 compound words, 14 computers, pronunciations, 331-332 concerts, 276 conjugating verbs, 97, 150-151, 133-135, 164, 212-216, 230-232, 246-247, 316-321, 328, 339-343 action, 97-102 auxiliary verbs (modal), 216-219 compound verbs, 182 inseparable prefixes, 183-184 separable prefixes, 182-183 endings, weak verbs, 99-101 haben, 352 imperative forms, 95-96 kennen, 180-182 modal auxiliary verbs, 216-219 mögen, 270-273 Index strong verbs, 102-105 weak verbs, 98-101 wissen, 180-182 consonants, 30 ch, chs, h, j, 32-34 fricatives, 32 kn, ps, pf, ph, qu, 35 plosives, 30-32 pronunciation guides, 30-39 r, 35-36 s, β, sch, st, tsch, 36-37 symbols, 30-37 v and w, 37 z and c, 34 contractions, 148-150, 240-246 months of the year, 203-204 seasons, 205 conversations idiosyncrasies, 115-119 practicing, 133 talking, 133-135 correspondence, addresses, 186 costs, traveling, 160 counting kilograms, 248-250 metric system, 248-250 numbers, 166-168 pounds, 248-250 countries, 186-189 credit cards, 356 culture, German, 9-11 culture shock, 114-119 currency, Marks, 190-191 D dairy products, 240-246 das, 86-89, 148-150, 315-316 dates, 201-207 dative cases, 135-139, 160-162, 229-236, 240-246 definite articles, 86-87 direct objects, 229 feminine nouns, 88 indefinite articles, 89 indirect object, 84 masculine nouns, 87-88 neuter nouns, 88 noun phrases, 234 plural nouns, 88-89 personal pronouns, 230-232, 257-258 prepositions, 153-156, 203-204 pronouns, 90, 230-232, 257-258, 311-312 subject, 85 verbs, 212-213, 257-258 days of the week, 202-203 declensions, 86-91, 136-139, 162, 235-237 adjectives, 86-91 articles, 86-91 definite, 86-88 indefinite, 89 cases, 86-91 definite articles, 86-88 indefinite articles, 89 nouns, 86-91 plurals, 86-91 possessive adjectives, 128-131 pronouns, 86-91 definite articles, 69-75, 127-131, 136-139, 161-162, 202-203, 235-246, 296-298 accusative cases, 86-87 dative cases, 86-87 declensions, 86-88 feminine articles, 69-75 gender, 86-88 genitive cases, 86-87 masculine articles, 69-75 near cognates, 45-48 neuter articles, 69-71, 75 nominative cases, 86-87 perfect cognates, 42-45 plural articles, 69-71, 75 singular articles, 70, 75 definitions, 12-13 dem, 148 demonstrative adjectives, 235-237 demonstrative pronouns, 237 den, 148 dependent infinitives, 216-220 der, 86-89 feminine nouns, 88 masculine nouns, 87-88 neuter nouns, 88 plural nouns, 88-89 describing clothing materials, 229 patterns, 227-229 pronunciations, 227-229 descriptions (adjectives), 141 desserts, 263-264 dialogue clerical questions, 250-251 grocery shopping, 250-251 Dichter und Denker, 3 dictionaries abbreviations, 12 bilingual, 12-13 German, 12-13 translations, 12-13 verbs, 50 die, 86-89, 148-150 feminine nouns, 88 masculine nouns, 87-88 neuter nouns, 88 plural nouns, 88-89 diets, special, 261-262 dining out, 255-266 diphthongs, 19-21, 26-27 ai, 27 au, 27-28 äu, 28 ei, 27 eu, 28 direct objects, 84, 230-237, 320-321 accusative case, 84-85, 227-229 dative case, 229 pronouns, 234 directions, 61-62, 150 directory assistance, 186-188 disabilities, special needs items, 309 393 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition doctors body parts, 301-302 practice exercises, 307 sicknesses, 306-308 symptoms, 303-305 doggie bags, 264-265 dots (umlauts), 18-19 drinking, 254, 264 drugstore items, 308-310 dry cleaners, problem situations, 289-290 du, 91-93 E e, vowel sounds, 22 eating utensils, 255-258 ei, diphthongs, 27 elevators, ordinal numbers, 177-180 endings adjectives, 136-139 verbs, 97-105, 317-320 English, 41-42 alphabet, 19 cognates near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 verbs, 48-50 expressions, 66 false friends, 50-51 language, 14-15 pronunciation guides, 38-39 vocabulary, 14-15 entertainment, 273-275 concerts, 276 movies, 275 opinions, 276-277 televisions, 275 er, 92-93 es, 92-93 eu, diphthongs, 28 Eurodollars, 240-246 European countries, 188-189 394 examples information signs, 146-147 practices, 79-82 exchanges, money, 189-190 excuses (subjunctive), 272 exercises, 40 adverbs, 281-282 answer keys, 363-385 answering questions, 108 conjugations strong verbs, 103-105 weak verbs, 99-101 direction expressions, 61 directions, 62 doctors, 307 drugstore items, 310 expressing feelings and opinions, 63-66 future tense, 351 idiomatic expressions, 60-61 locations, 61-62 mögen conjugations, 273 near cognates, 47-48 ordinal numbers, 180 perfect cognates, 44-45 physical condition expressions, 65-66 questions, 106-108 reflexive verbs, 312-314 subjunctive mood, 352-353 time expressions, 60-61 transportation, 59 verb cognates, 49-50 expanding vocabulary, 120-122 exports, German, 5 expressions, 66, 156, 197. See also phrases approximations, 191 colloquial, 189-190 communication, 186-188 confusion, 156 dates, 206-207 days of the week, 202-203 directions, 61-62 feelings, 64-66 future tense, 350-351 grammatical, 136-139 haben, 134-135 idiomatic, 56-61 illness symptoms, 303-305 locations, 61-62 Marks, 190-191 months of the year, 203-204 opinions, 62-64, 236-237 physical conditions, 64-66 pronunciations, 219-221 seasons, 205 shopping, 236-237 sicknesses, 306-308 sightseeing, 212-213 subjunctive, mögen, 270-273 time, 59-61, 208 transportation, 58-59 verbs, 341-343 F f. See feminine nouns Fahrenheit, 200 false friends, 50-51 family members, 126-127 Fasching, 204 faux pas, 120-121 faxes, 331-332 fear, German language, 7-8 features, cars, 164-166 Federal Republic of Germany, 5 feelings, expressions, 64-66 fehlen, 257-258 feminine, 69-71, 81 articles, 69-75 definite, 86-87 indefinite, 89 nouns, 12, 71-74, 88 accusative cases, 88 dative cases, 88 genitive cases, 88 nominative cases, 88 Index festivals (music), Germany, 5 fish, 240-246 food measurements, 248-250 pronunciations, 239-246 questions, 250-251 restaurants, 254 ordering, 255-266 reservations, 254-255 shops, 239-251 supermarkets, 239-251 terminology, 239-251 forecasts, weather, 197-198 maps, 199 newspapers, 200-201 temperature, 199-200 formal greetings, 114-119 formal introductions, 131-132 formal pronouns, sie, 91-93 formal pronunciations, 117 formal salutations, 114-119 formations past participles, 317-320 perfect tense, 316-317 verbs, 317-320 weak tense, 317-320 forming questions, 321-322 forms (verbs) imperative, 95-96 infinitive, 48-50, 216-220 Freud, Sigmund, 6 fricatives, consonants, 32 fruits, 240-246 functions, grammatical, 136-139 furniture, 348-349 future tense, 349-351 G games, sports, 267-270 gender, 127-131, 141, 161-162, 230-236 adjectives, 178-180 biological cognates, 42-47 declensions definite articles, 86-88 indefinite articles, 89 feminine, 69-71, 81 grammatical cognates, 42-47 masculine, 69-71, 81 nouns, 71-74, 135-139 pronunciations, 81 verbs, 212-213 genitive cases, 127-131, 135-139, 162, 235-236, 388 adjectives, 127-131 declensions, 127-131 definite articles, 86-87 feminine nouns, 88 indefinite articles, 89 masculine nouns, 87-88 neuter nouns, 88 plural nouns, 88 possession, 84-86 pronouns, 90 subject, 86 German, 41-42 academics, 9 accents, 18-19 addresses, 186 airlines, 146-147 alphabet, 19 approximations, 191 architecture, 5 arts, 5 banks, 356-359 bathrooms, 177 businesspersons, 5 car registration, 360 cases, 84 accusative, 85 dative, 85 genitive, 86 nominative, 84-85 children books, 7 cognates near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 verbs, 48-50 commands, imperatives, 151-152 communicating, 3-7 compound words, 14 consonants, 30 ch, chs, h, j, 32-34 fricatives, 32 kn, ps, pf, ph, qu, 35 plosives, 30-32 r, 35-36 s, β, sch, st, tsch, 36-37 v and w, 37 z and c, 34 conversation openers, 114-119 countries, 188-189 culture, 9-11 dates, 201-207 days of the week, 202-203 dictionaries, 12-13 doctors body parts, 301-302 practice exercises, 307 sicknesses, 306-308 symptoms, 303-305 drugstore items, 308-310 eating, 254-258 English pronunciations, 76-81 entertainment, 273-275 concerts, 276 movies, 275 opinions, 276-277 televisions, 275 exports, 5 expressions, colloquial, 189-190 expressions, 66 directions and locations, 61-62 idiomatic, 56-61 opinions, 62-64 physical conditions, 64-66 time, 59-61, 208 transportation, 58-59 false friends, 50-51 giving directions, 150 grammar adverbs, 277-282 cases, 84-86 comparisons (adjectives and adverbs), 296-299 future tense, 349-351 objects, 230-234 395 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition reflexive pronouns, 310-312 reflexive verbs, 310-314 subjunctive mood, 270-273, 351-353 greetings, 114-119 hotels, 173-177 housing, 345-347 buying versus renting, 347-348 furniture and accessories, 348-349 imperatives, 151-152 information questions, 120-122 introductions family members, 126-127 pronunciations, 131-132 language, 3-19 laws, Sunday, 203 liberal arts, 5 mail, 335-340 medical words, 11 money colloquial expressions, 189-190 Eurodollars, 190-191 Marks, 190-191 months of the year, 203-204 motives, 11 movies, 6 newspapers, 6-7 nouns, 69-75 capitalizing, 20 plurals, 76 pronunciations, 76-81 numbers, 166-172 cardinal, 166-168 ordinal, 177-180 practice exercises, 180 personal care, 285-288 phrases, 156 poetry, 6-7, 10-11 prepositions, 153-156 problem situations, 289-293 396 camera shops, 294 dry cleaners, 289-290 jewelers, 293-294 laundromats, 290-291 lost items, 295 optometrists, 292-293 shoemakers, 291-292 pronunciation guides, 38-39 pronunciations, 19, 76-81 information questions, 120-122 practice exercises, 40 question asking, 120-122 radio stations, 6 residency, 359-360 restaurants, 258 ordering, 255-266 reservations, 254-255 salutations, 114-119 scientific words, 11 seasons, 205 shopping, 223-229, 296-298 spelling, 19 sports, 267-270 studying, 4-6 subjects, 95-96 superlatives, 220-221 syllables, stress, 18 telephone numbers, 186-188 television, 6 translations, 4-7, 12-13 umlauts, 18-19 verbs, 97-102 compound, 182-184 kennen, 180-182 pronunciations, 150 strong, 101-105 weak, 98-101 wissen, 180-182 vocabulary, 14-15 vowels, 18 sounds, 20-28 umlauts, 19 weather, 197-198 maps, 199 newspapers, 200-201 temperature, 199-200 Germany industrial countries, 5 museums, 5 music festivals, 5 opera houses, 5 orchestras, 5 rolled r, 36 world trade, 5 gibt es, 149 Goethe, 3 grammar. See also language accusative cases, 84-85 adjectives comparisons, 296-299 numbers, 178-180 adverbs, 277-281 comparisons, 296-299 positions, 280 practice exercises, 281-282 cases, 84-86 dative cases, 84-85 declensions, 86-91 definite articles, 86-88 indefinite articles, 89 expressions, 136-139 functions, 136-139 future tense, 349-351 gender cognates, 42-47 genitive cases, 84-86 nominative cases, 84-85 pronouns, formal versus informal, 91-93 reflexive pronouns, 310-312 reflexive verbs, 310-314 subjunctive, 270-273, 351-353 umlauts, 18-19 verbs, 97, 212-213 action, 97-102 modals, 213-220 strong, 101-105 weak, 98-101 greetings, 114-119, 131-132 Grimm, Jacob, 15 Grimm’s law, 15 grocery shopping, 239-251 guides, pronunciation, 21-28, 30-39 Index H h, consonant sounds, 32-34 haben, 306, 319-320 conjugations, 352 expressions, 134-135 verbs, 133-135 hair care, 285-288 hairdressers, 286-288 helping out, 289-293 camera shops, 294 dry cleaners, 289-290 jewelers, 293-294 Laundromats, 290-291 lost items, 295 optometrists, 292-293 shoemakers, 291-292 helping verbs, 316-317 hotels, 173-177 floor numbers, 177-180 housekeeping, 176-177 houses buying, 347-348 furniture and accessories, 348-349 numbers, 186 renting, 345-348 hunger, restaurants, 254-266 ordering, 255-266 reservations, 254-255 Hypochonder, poem, 10 I i, vowel sounds, 23 ich, 95-96 idiomatic expressions, 56-61, 134-135, 160 idioms, 56-61 idiosyncrasies, conversations, 115-119 -ig, suffixes, 32 illnesses, 303-308 imperative mood, 95-96, 151-152, 191-192 commands, 151-152 separable prefixes, 152 indefinite articles, 70-75, 128-131, 136-139 accusative cases, 89 dative cases, 89 declensions, 89 gender, 89 genitive cases, 89 nominative cases, 89 indifferences (subjunctive), mögen, 272-273 indirect objects, 84, 230-234 dative cases, 84-85 pronouns, 230-234 individual nouns, 75 industrial countries, Germany, 5 infinitive verbs, 48-50, 191-192, 216-220, 318-319, 341-343 dependents, 216-220 phrases, 134-135 pronunciations, 318-320 inflections, 76, 106 informal greetings, 115-119 informal introductions, 131-132 informal pronouns, 91-93 informal pronunciations, 117 informal salutations, 115-119 information calls, 327-328 information signs, 146-147 ingredients, shopping lists, 249-250 inseparable prefixes, 183-184 instruments, 276 international abbreviations, 186 phone calls, 326-329 trade, 5 Internet, 331-332 interrogative pronouns, 120-121, 162-163, 237 intonations, 321-322 intransitive verbs, 12, 319-320 introductions, 131-132 family members, 126-127 phrases, 131-132 inversions, 107 invitations (subjunctives), mögen, 271-272 irregular verbs, 117, 133, 298-299 kennen, 180-182 sein, 117 wissen, 180-182 J j, consonant sounds, 32-34 jewelers, problem situations, 293-294 Jung, Carl, 6 K Karneval, 204 kennen, 180-182 kilograms, 248-250 kn, consonant sounds, 35 kommen, 115-119 L l, consonant sounds, 31 Langenscheidt, 6 language. See also grammar English, 14-15, 41-42 false friends, 50-51 near cognates, 45-48 perfect cognates, 42-45 verb cognates, 48-50 expressions, 66 directions and locations, 61-62 feelings, 64-66 idiomatic, 56-61 opinions, 62-64 physical conditions, 64-66 time, 59-61 transportation, 58-59 397 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition German, 3-7, 9-11, 14-15, 41-42 dictionaries, 12-13 false friends, 50-51 fear, 7-8 near cognates, 45-48 perfect cognates, 42-45 pronunciation and spelling, 19 verb cognates, 48-50 imperatives, 191-192 nouns, 20 sources, 207 vowels, 19-28 laundromats, problem situations, 290-291 laws, German, 203 leftovers, 264-265 Lent, 204 lesen, verb, 339-340 letters consonants, 30 ch, chs, h, j, 32-34 fricatives, 32 kn, ps, pf, ph, qu, 35 plosives, 30-32 r, 35-36 s, β, sch, st, tsch, 36-37 v and w, 37 z and c, 34 nouns, capitalizing, 20 pronunciation guides, 38-39 lexical changes, umlauts, 19 lexical morphology, 117 liberal arts, German, 5 linguistics, 15-19 listings, adjectives, 139-140 local phone calls, 326-329 locations, expressions, 61-62 long vowels a modified vowels, 25 umlauts, 25 vowel sounds, 21-22 e, vowel sounds, 22 i, vowel sounds, 23 o modified vowels, 25 umlauts, 25 vowel sounds, 23-24 398 u modified vowels, 26 umlauts, 26 vowel sounds, 24 long-distance phone calls, 186-188, 326-330 M m. See masculine nouns, 12 machines, 331-332 mail, 335-340 maps, weather, 199-201 markers (nouns), rules, 71 markets, shopping, 249-250 Marks, 190-191 masculine, 69-71, 81 articles, 69-75 definite, 69-75, 86-87 indefinite, 89 cases, 87-88 nouns, 12, 71-74, 87-88 materials, describing clothing, 229 meanings, expressions directions and locations, 61-62 feelings, 64-66 idiomatic, 56-61 opinions, 62-64 physical conditions, 64-66 time, 59-61 transportation, 58-59 meats, 240-246, 259 medical words, 11 metric system numbers, 248-250 military time, 169-172 mixed verbs, 97-102, 318-319 modal auxiliary verbs, 213-229 conjugations, 213-219 pronunciations, 216-219 modems, 331-332 modified vowels, 18-24 long a, 25 long o, 25 long u, 26 short a, 25 short o, 25 short u, 26 umlauts, 18-19 mögen, conjugating, 270-273 money colloquial expressions, 189-190 Eurodollars, 190-191 exchanges, 189-190 Marks, 190-191 months of the year, 203-204 mood, subjuctive, 270-273, 351-352 motions, verbs, 97-102 motives, German, 11 movies, 6, 275 Munich Oktoberfest, 4 weather, 205 muscles (tongue), training, 18-19 museums, 5 music festivals, 5 musical instruments, 276 mutated vowels, 18-19 N n. See neuter nouns, 12 native languages, 4 near cognates, 45-48 nehmen, verbs, 160-161 neuter articles, 69-75 definite, 86-87 indefinite, 89 cases, 88, 128-131, 136-139 nouns, 12, 71-74, 88, 127-131, 230-234 newspapers German, 6-7 weather, 200-201 nicht, 281 nicht wahr, 106 Index nominative cases, 128-131, 135-139, 161-162, 230-232, 235-237 definite articles, 86-87 feminine nouns, 88 indefinite articles, 89 masculine nouns, 87-88 neuter nouns, 88 plural nouns, 88-89 pronouns, 90 subject, 84-85 nouns, 76, 84, 91-93, 127-131, 141, 152-156, 160-162, 207, 230-236, 317-321 adjectives, 135-139 capitalizing, 20 cognates, 41-42 compound, 75, 130-131 cognates near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 declensions, 86-91 feminine, 12, 71-81, 88 forming plurals, 76-81 gender, 71-74, 135-139 German, 69-81 markers, 70-71, 75 masculine, 12, 71-81, 88 neuter, 12, 76-88, 127-131, 230-234 nominative cases, 84-85 plurals, 12, 76-78, 80-82, 88-89, 126-131 pronunciations, 71-74 rules, 82 sex changes, 71-74 singular, 71-81 subjects, 95-96 numbers, 166 cardinal, 166-168 counting, 166-168 German, 166-172 kilograms, 248-250 metric system, 248-250 ordinal, 177-180 pounds, 248-250 pronunciations, 166-168 telephone, 186-188 O o, long and short umlauts, 25 vowel sounds, 23-25 objects, direct and indirect, 84-85 object pronouns, 230-234 offices, post, 189-190 official stamps, 359 official time, 169-172 Oktoberfest, 4 opera houses, 5 operator dialogue, phone calls, 328-330 operator-assisted calls, 326-329 opinions entertainment, 276-277 expressions, 62-64 opposites, adjectives, 139-140 optometrists, problem situations, 292-293 orchestras, 5 ordering, restaurants, 255-266 ordinal numbers, 177-180 P paradigms, 86-89, 136-139, 162 parts of speech, 13 parts of the body, 301-302 sicknesses, 306-307 symptoms, 303-305 past participles, 320-322, 328, 341-343 formations, 317-320 pronunciations, 318-319 verbs, 319-320 weak verbs, 317-320 past tenses, 315-316, 321-322, 328-331, 339-340 das Perfekt, 315-316 verbs, 318-321 conjugating, 102-105 strong verbs, 101-104 pastries, 240-246 patterns, describing clothing, 227-229 perfect cognates, 42-45 perfect tenses, 316-320 permits residence, 359-360 work, 359-360 permutations, strong verbs, 102-105 personal dative pronuns, 257-258 pf, consonant sounds, 35 ph, consonant sounds, 35 pharmacies, special needs items, 309 phone booths, 326-329 phone calls answering machines, 327-328 dialogue, 329-330 information calls, 327-328 international calls, 326-329 local, 326-329 long-distance, 326-330 operator dialogue, 329-330 operator questions, 328 phone booths, 326-329 phone cards, 326-329 postal service, 329-330 problems, 329-330 pronunciations, 326-329 vocabulary, 327-330 phone cards, 326-329 phone numbers, 186-188 phrases, 156, 197. See also expressions banking transactions, 358-359 dates, 206-207 days of the week, 202-203 entertainment, 273-275 concerts, 276 movies, 275 opinions, 276-277 television, 275 expressing confusion, 156 expressing incomprehension, 156 399 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition furniture and accessories, 349 future tense, 350-351 German, 156 hair care, 286-288 hotels, 173-177 housing, 347-348 illness symptoms, 303-305 months of the year, 203-204 prepositional, 212-213 problem situations, 289-293 camera shops, 294 dry cleaners, 289-290 jewelers, 293-294 laundromats, 290-291 lost items, 295 optometrists, 292-293 shoemakers, 291-292 restaurants, 258-266 missing utensils, 257-258 ordering, 255-257 reservations, 254-255 seasons, 205 sicknesses, 306-308 sports, 267-270 subjunctive mood, haben, 352 weather, 197-198 newspapers, 200-201 temperature, 199-200 physical conditions, expressions, 64-66 pl. See plural nouns plosive consonants, 30-32 plurals, 76-81 articles, 137-131 definite, 86-87 indefinite, 89 cases, 88 declensions, 86-91 future tenses, werden, 350-351 imperatives, 151-152 nouns, 12, 69-75, 79-82, 88-89, 126-131 400 pronunciations, 79-82 reflexive verbs, 310 strong verbs, 102-105 subjunctives, mögen, 270-271 verbs kennen, 180-182 reflexive, 310 strong verbs, 102-105 weak verbs, 98-101 wissen, 180-182 weak verbs, 98-101 poems, Hypochonder, 10 poetry German, 6-7 translations, 10-11 politeness, rules, 90 positions, adverbs, 280 positive forms, 296-299 possessives adjectives, 127-131, 287 construction, 127-131 declensions, 128-131 genitive cases, 84, 86 post offices, 186-188, 329-330, 335-340 airmail, 338-339 money exchange, 189-190 rates, 337-338 services, 186-188, 329-330 pounds, counting, 248-250 practice exercises, 40, 79-82, 117 adverbs, 281-282 answer keys, 363-385 answering questions, 108 conjugations strong verbs, 103-105 weak verbs, 99-101 conversing, 133 descriptions, 141 direction expressions, 61 directions, 62 doctors, 307 drugstore items, 310 expressing feelings, 65-66 expressing opinions, 63-64 future tense, 351 idiomatic expressions, 60-61 information signs, 146-147 interrogative pronouns, 237 location expressions, 61 locations, 62 mögen conjugations, 273 near cognates, 47-48 ordinal numbers, 180 perfect cognates, 44-45 physical condition expressions, 65-66 plurals, 79-82 prepositions, 153-156 pronunciations, 79-82 questions, 106-108 reading, 341 reflexive verbs, 312-314 subjunctive mood, 352-353 time expressions, 60-61 transportation expressions, 59 two-way propositions, 153-156 verbs, 160-161, 321 cognates, 49-50 tragen, 226-227 writing, 341 prefixes, 150-152, 227-229, 317-320, 328 compound verbs, 182-184 inseparable, 183-184 separable, 328 most common, 150-151 prep. See prepositions prepositional phrases, 152-156, 212-213, 230-232, 240-246 prepositions, 12, 148-156, 160-163, 202-203 accusative cases, 153-156, 203-204 dative cases, 153-156, 203-204 Index German, 153-156 practice exercises, 153-156 pronouns, 120-121 pronunciations, 152-156 two-way, 153-156 present perfect tenses, 319-320, 330-331 present tenses, 101-105 problems, 289-293 camera shops, 294 dry cleaners, 289-290 jewelers, 293-294 Laundromats, 290-291 lost items, 295 optometrists, 292-293 restaurants, 262 shoemakers, 291-292 professions, 117 pronouns, 84, 91-93, 120-121, 151-156, 162, 191-192, 230-234, 317-321 accusative cases, 90, 311-312 dative cases, 90, 257-258, 311-312 declensions, 86-91 du, 91-93 genitive cases, 90 ich, 95-96 interrogative, 120-121, 162-163 nominative cases, 84-85, 90 objects, 233-234 prepositions, 120-121 reflexives, 310-312, 330-331 sie, 91-96 subjects, 95-96 pronunciations, 71-74 adjectives, 139-140, 296-299 adverbs, 279-281, 296-299 airlines, 144-147 approximations, 191 banks, 356-359 beer, 246-247 body parts, 301-302 breads, 240-246 cardinal numbers, 166-168 cars, 164-166 clothing, 225-229 colors, 227-229 communication, 186-188 computers, 331-332 consonants, 30 ch, chs, h, j, 32-34 fricatives, 32 kn, ps, pf, ph, qu, 35 plosives, 30-32 r, 35-36 s, β, sch, st, tsch, 36-37 v and w, 37 z and c, 34 countries, 188-189 dairy products, 240-246 dates, 206-207 days of the week, 202-203 drugstore items, 308-309 entertainment, 273-274 movies, 275 musical instruments, 276 opinions, 276-277 television, 275 expressions, 66 directions and locations, 61-62 feelings, 64-66 idiomatic, 56-61 opinions, 62-64, 236-237 physical conditions, 64-66 responses, 219-221 time, 59-61, 208 transportation, 58-59 false friends, 50-51 family members, 126-127 faxes, 331-332 feminine nouns, 88 fish, 240-246 food measurements, 248-249 food shops, 239-246 foods, 239-246 formal, 117 fruits, 240-246 gender, 81 greetings, 114-119 groceries, 239-246 guides, 26, 38-39 hair care, 286-288 hotels, 173-177 housekeeping, 176-177 housing, 345-349 idiomatic expressions, 134-135 infinitives, 318-320 informal, 117 Internet, 331-332 introductions, 131-132 invitations, 271-273 machines, 331-332 mail, 335-338 masculine nouns, 87-88 materials, 229 meats, 240-246 mixed verbs, 318-319 modal auxiliary verbs, 216-219 modems, 331-332 money colloquial expressions, 189-190 Marks, 190-191 months of the year, 203-204 near cognates, 45-48 neuter nouns, 88 nouns, 71-74 numbers cardinal, 166-168 ordinal, 177-180 past participles, 318-319 pastries, 240-246 perfect cognates, 42-45 phone calls, 326-329 plural nouns, 88 post offices, 335-338 prepositions, 152-156 professions, 117 pronouns formal, 91-93 informal, 91-93 interrogative, 163 401 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition reading materials, 340 salutations, 114-119 seasons, 205 services, 337-338 shopping, 225-226 sicknesses, 306-307 special needs items, 309 sports, 267-270 stress, 18 strong verbs, 316-317 suggestions, 219-221 superlatives, 220-221 symptoms, 305 technologies, 331-332 telephones, 326-329 telling time, 169-172 time expressions, 169-172 transportation, 160, 162 vegetables, 240-246 verb cognates, 48-50 vocabulary vowels, 20-21 diphthongs, 26-28 long a, 21-22 long e, 22 long i, 23 long o, 23-24 long u, 24 modified, 24-26 short a, 21-22 short i, 23 short o, 23-24 short stressed e, 22 short u, 24 umlauts, 24-26 unstressed e, 22 weak verbs, 317-320 weather, 197-201 weight measurements, 248-249 wines, 246-247 ps, consonant sounds, 35 Q qu, consonant sounds, 35 qualitative adverbs, 277 questions answering, exercises, 108 foods, 250-251 402 forming, 321-322 practice exercises, 106-108 inflection, 106 inversions, 107 nicht wahr, 106 traveling, 149, 163 word orders, 293 R r consonant sounds, 35-36 rolled, 36 radio stations, 6 reading materials exercises, 341 pronunciations, 340 words, 340 ref. See reflexive verbs reflexive pronouns, 310-312, 330-331 reflexive verbs, 12, 310-314, 330-331 registering cars, 360 religious holidays, 337-338 rentals apartments, 345-348 cars, 164-166 furniture, 349 houses, 345-348 reservations, restaurants, 254-255 residence permits, 359-360 responses clerks’ questions, 250-251 grocery shopping, 250-251 suggestions, 218-221 restaurants ordering, 255-266 reservations, 254-255 rolled r, 36 rules adjective superlatives, 297 adverbs, 278 noun, 82 noun markers, 71 politeness, 90 stress, 18 studieren, 101 vowels, stem changes, 106 weak verbs conjugation, 98-99 endings, 99-101 S s, consonant sounds, 36-37 salons, 285-288 salutations, 136-139 formal, 114-119 German, 114-119 informal, 115-119 sch, consonant sounds, 36-37 schwach (weak verbs), 97-102 schwark, mixed verbs, 97, 102 scientific words, 11 seasons, 203, 205 sehen, verbs, 212-213 sehr stark, 101-104 sein, 117, 319-320 seit, 169-172 selections beers, 246-247 wines, 246-247 sending telegrams, 339 sentences nouns, capitalizing, 20 practice exercises, 40 weather maps, 199 word order, 191-192, 304 separable prefixes, 150-152, 182-183, 328 imperatives, 152 verbs, 150-152 services, 337-338 postal, 186-188 telephone, 186-188 shoemakers, problem situations, 291-292 shopping, 296 comparisons, 296-298 expressing opinions, 236-237 Index markets, 249-250 merchandise, 223-226 phrases, 235 pronunciations, 225-226 questions, 250-251 responses, 250-251 situations, 235 stores, 223-226 shopping lists groceries, 249-250 ingredients, 249-250 translations, 249-250 short vowels a modified vowels, 25 umlauts, 25 vowel sounds, 21-22 e (stressed), vowel sounds, 22 i, vowel sounds, 23 o modified vowels, 25 umlauts, 25 vowel sounds, 23-24 u modified vowels, 26 umlauts, 26 vowel sounds, 24 sich, reflexive verb, 310-312 sicknesses, 306-308 sie, 91-96, 313 signs, airlines, 146-147 silverware, 255-258 singular future tenses, werden, 350-351 nouns, 71-74 reflexive verbs, 310 subjunctive, mögen, 270-271 verbs kennen, 180-182 weak, 98-101 wissen, 180-182 situations, shopping, 235 sounds, vowels, 20-21 diphthongs, 26-28 long a, 21-22 long e, 22 long i, 23 long o, 23-24 long u, 24 modified vowels, 24-26 short a, 21-22 short i, 23 short o, 23-24 short stressed e, 22 short u, 24 umlauts, 19, 24-26 unstressed e, 22 soups, 259 sources, languages, 207 special diets, 261-262 special needs items, 309 speech idiomatic expressions, 56-61 inflection, 106 spelling, 19 spices, 261 sports, 267-270 st, consonant sounds, 36-37 stamps, official, 359 stark, strong verbs, 97-105 state of being verbs, 97-102 stations, radio, 6 stem vowels rule changes, 106 verbs, 97-102 strong, 101-105 weak, 98-99 stores, shopping, 223-226 streets, 186 stress, vowels, 18 strong verbs, 97-102, 117, 133, 160-164, 317-320, 339-343 permutations, 102-105 pronunciations, 316-317 stark, 97-105 vowels, 316-317 studieren, 101 studying German, 4-6 subjects, 84, 95-96 accusative cases, 85 dative cases, 85 genitive cases, 86 nominative cases, 84-85 nouns, 95-96 pronouns, 95-96 subjunctive verbs, 270-273, 341-343, 351-352 haben, 352 practice exercises, 352-353 suffixes, 32, 317-320 suggestions modal verbs, 216-220 pronunciations, 219-221 responses, 218-221 Sunday, German laws, 203 superlatives adjective rules, 297 forms, 296-299 irregulars, 298-299 pronunciations, 220-221 supermarkets asking questions, 250-251 food shops, 239-246, 250-251 superscript S, 150-151 Switzerland, weather, 205 syllables, stress, 18 symbols consonants, 30 ch, chs, h, j, 32-34 fricatives, 32 kn, ps, pf, ph, qu, 35 plosives, 30-32 r, 35-36 s, β, sch, st, tsch, 36-37 v and w, 37 z and c, 34 pronunciation guides, 38-39 vowels, 18, 20-28 symptoms, 303-305 T table settings, dining out, 255-258 tables false friends, 50-51 near cognates, 45-48 perfect cognates, 42-45 verb cognates, 48-50 403 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition talking, conversations, 133-135 taxis, 160 technologies, 331-332 telegrams, 339 telephones dialogue, 329-330 numbers, 186-188 problems, 329-330 pronunciations, 326-329 television, 6, 275 telling time, 169-172 temperature, weather, 199-200 tenses future, 349-351 past, 101-105 present, 101-105 terminology, 186, 201-204. See also translations, vocabulary banks, 356-359 beer, 246-247 body parts, 301-302 cardinal numbers, 166-168 colors, 227-229 dates, 206-207 days of the week, 202-203 drinking, 254, 264 drugstore items, 308-309 eating, 254-266 entertainment, 273-275 concerts, 276 movies, 275 opinions, 276-277 television, 275 family members, 126-127 foods, 239-251 hair care, 286-288 hotels, 173-177 housing, 345-349 materials, 229 months of the year, 203-204 ordinal numbers, 177-180 post offices, 335-340 restaurants, 254-266 seasons, 205 404 shopping, 223-226 sicknesses, 306-307 special needs items, 309 sports, 267-270 symptoms, 305 time, 208 weather, 197-198 maps, 199 newspapers, 200-201 temperature, 199-200 wines, 246-247 time colloquial, 169 dates, 206-207 expressions, 59-61, 169-172, 208 military, 169-172 official, 169-172 seit, 169-172 Tolle Tage, 204 tongues (training), accents, 18-19 trading, international, 5 tragen, verb, 226-227 trains, 160 transactions (banking), 358-359 transitive verbs, 12, 319-320 translation colors, 227-229 materials, 229 translations. See also terminology, vocabulary compound words, 14 dictionaries, 12-13 expressions, 66 directions and locations, 61-62 feelings, 64-66 idiomatic, 56-61 opinions, 62-64 physical conditions, 64-66 time, 59-61 transportation, 58-59 food measurements, 249-250 German, 4-7 grocery shopping, 249-250 ingredients, 249-250 poetry, 10-11 shopping lists, 249-250 weight measurements, 249-250 transportation, 107-108, 160-163 automobiles, 160 buses, 160 cars, 164-166 exercises, 107-108 expressions, 58-59 pronunciations, 160, 162 taxis, 160 trains, 160 traveling airlines, 144-147 costs, 160 questions, 149, 163 verbs, 147-150 walking, 160 traveler’s checks, 189-190 tsch, consonant sounds, 36-37 two-way prepositions, 153-156 U u, long and short modified vowels, 26 umlauts, 26 vowel sounds, 24 um, 170-171 umlauts, 18-19 äu, 28 grammatical changes, 19 lexical changes, 19 modified vowels, 19 vowel sounds, 24 long a, 25 long o, 25 long u, 26 short a, 25 short o, 25 short u, 26 Index unconjugated verbs. See infinitive forms unstressed e, vowel sounds, 22 utensils, eating, 255-258 V v, consonant sounds, 37 v.i. (intransitive verbs), 12 v.t. (transitive verbs), 12 vegetables, 240-246 verbs, 75, 84, 97, 117, 135-139, 147-161, 230-232, 240-246, 329-330, 339-340 accusative cases, 85, 258 action, 97-102, 322 auxiliary verbs, 213-220, 316-322, 328-331 brauchen, 258 class IV, 316-317 cognates, 48-50 compound, 182-184 conjugating, 133-135, 147-151, 164, 212-213, 230-232, 246-247, 316-321, 328, 339-343 action, 97-102 weak, 98-101 dative cases, 85, 257-258 dictionaries, 50 endings, 97-102, 317-320 strong verbs, 101-105 weak verbs, 98-101 expressions, 341-343 fahren, 147-148, 150 false friends, 50-51 fehlen, 257-258 formations, 317-320 future tenses, 349-351 gehen, 147-150 genitive cases, 86 haben, 133-135 helping, 316-317 imperative forms, 95-96 infinitive forms, 48-50, 191-192 intransitive, 12, 319-320 irregular, 133 kennen, 180-182 wissen, 180-182 kommen, 115-119 lesen, 339-340 mixed, 97-102, 318-319 modals, 213-220, 227-229 motions, 97, 102 nehmen, 160-161 nominative cases, 84-85 past participles, 319-320 past tenses, 318-321 plurals, weak verbs, 98-101 practice exercises, 117, 160-161, 321 pronunciations German, 150 lesen, 339-340 reflexive, 12, 310-314, 330-331 schwach, 97-102 schwark, 97-102 sehen, 212-213 sein, 117 separable prefixes, 150-152 singular, weak verbs, 98-101 stark, 97-105 states of being, 97-102 stem vowels, 97-102 strong, 101-105 weak, 98-99 strong, 97-104, 133, 160-164, 317-320, 339-343 conjugating, 102-105 permutations, 102-105 stark, 97-105 subjunctive, 341-343 tragen, 226-227 transitive, 12, 319-320 traveling, 147-150 unconjugated, 341-343 vocabulary, 329-330 weak, 97-102, 317-320 conjugating, 98-99 endings, 99-101 schwach, 97-102 vocabulary, 143-147, 186. See also terminology, translations airlines, 144-147 approximations, 191 banks, 356-35 body parts, 301-302 cardinal numbers, 166-168 clothing, 225-226 communication, 186-188 compound words, 14 countries, 188-189 drinking, 254, 264 drugstore items, 308-309 eating, 254-266 English, 14-15 entertainment, 273-275 concerts, 276 movies, 275 opinions, 276-277 television, 275 family members, 126-127 German, 14-15 hair care, 286-288 hotels, 173-177 housing, 345-349 money colloquial expressions, 189-190 Marks, 190-191 ordinal numbers, 177-180 phone calls, 329-330 post office, 335-340 restaurants, 254-266 sending telegrams, 339 shopping, 223-226 sicknesses, 306-307 special needs items, 309 sports, 267-270 symptoms, 305 telegrams, 339 verbs, 329-330 wearing clothing, 226-227 voices, inflection, 106 vowels, 18, 133, 160-161, 339-340 405 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German, Second Edition diphthongs, 26-27 ai, 27 au, 27-28 äu, 28 ei, 27 eu, 28 modal verbs, 213-219 modified, 18, 20-24 long a, 25 long o, 25 long u, 26 short a, 25 short o, 25 short u, 26 umlauts, 18-19 mutated, 18-19 pronunciation guides, 26, 38-39 sounds, 20-21 diphthongs, 26-28 long a, 21-22 long e, 22 long i, 23 long o, 23-24 long u, 24 modified vowels, 24-26 short a, 21-22 short i, 23 short o, 23-24 short stressed e, 22 short u, 24 unstressed e, 22 stem, 97-102, 106 strong verbs, 101-105 weak verbs, 98-101 stress, 18 strong verbs, 101-105, 316-317 symbols, 18, 20-28 umlauts, 18-19, 24 long a, 25 long o, 25 long u, 26 short a, 25 short o, 25 short u, 26 weak verbs, 317-320 406 W-X w, consonant sounds, 37 walking, 160 water, 254 weak tenses, formations, 317-320 weak verbs, 97-102, 317-320 conjugation, 98-101 past participles, 317-320 pronunciations, 317-318, 320 schwach, 97-102 tenses, formations, 317-320 vowels, 317-320 wearing clothing, 226-227 weather, 197-198 Austria, 205 maps, 199 newspapers, 200-201 Switzerland, 205 temperature, 199-200 weeks, 202-203 weh tun, 304 weight measurements, 248-250 werden, 350-351 Wiener Schnitzel, 4 wines, 246-247 categories, 246-247 pronunciations, 246-247 selections, 246-247 terminology, 246-247 wissen, 180-182 word order, 85 questions, 293 sentences, 304 words cognates, 41-42 near, 45-48 perfect, 42-45 verbs, 48-50 compound, 14 false friends, 50-51 inversions, 107 medical, 11 nouns, capitalizing, 20 order, 85, 293, 304 reading materials, 340 scientific, 11 work permits, 359-360 world trade, 5 writing addresses, 186 practice exercises, 341 Y years months, 203-204 seasons, 205 Z z, consonant sounds, 34 zip codes, 186 zum, 148-150
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