Research On Early Life And Aging Trends Effects (RELATE): A Cross National Study Methods Report User Guide
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ICPSR 34241 Research on Early Life and Aging Trends and Effects (RELATE): A Cross-National Study Mary McEniry University of Michigan. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research Methods Report Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 www.icpsr.umich.edu Terms of Use The terms of use for this study can be found at: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/34241/terms Information about Copyrighted Content Some instruments administered as part of this study may contain in whole or substantially in part contents from copyrighted instruments. Reproductions of the instruments are provided as documentation for the analysis of the data associated with this collection. Restrictions on "fair use" apply to all copyrighted content. More information about the reproduction of copyrighted works by educators and librarians is available from the United States Copyright Office. 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Methods report on the compilation of the RELATE cross national data set on older adults from 20 low, middle and high income countries Version 1.0 Written and prepared by: Mary McEniry, Sarah Moen, Jacob McDermott June 2013 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research Population Studies Center Institute for Social Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1 Table of Contents 1. Overview 1.1 Background 1.2 Country-specific surveys selected for cross national data set 1.2.1 Sample designs, sample weights and response rates 1.2.2 Missing values 2. Creation of the cross national data set 2.1 Creating country-specific data files 2.2 Creating a preliminary cross national data set 2.2.1 Harmonization of measures 2.3 Creating a finalized version of the cross national data set 3. Constructed variables for cross national data 3.1 Respondent, household IDs, status and where interviewed 3.2 Demographics 3.2.1 Gender, age and marital status 3.2.2 Ethnicity, race and language spoken 3.2.3 Education, income and wealth 3.2.4 Family and household 3.3 System 3.3.1 WHO rating of health care systems 3.4 Early life conditions 3.4.1 Birthplace 3.4.2 Childhood health 3.4.3 Childhood nutrition 3.4.4 Childhood socioeconomic status 3.5 Adult lifestyle 3.5.1 Adult smoking 3.5.2 Adult exercise 3.5.3 Adult alcohol consumption 3.4.4 Adult diet 3.6 Adult health outcomes 3.6.1 Self-reported health 3.6.2 Functionality/disability 3.6.3 Chronic conditions 3/6.4 Anthropometric and performance measures 3.6.5 Mortality 4. References Appendix A: Original Funding Sources for Studies Included in the First Public Release of the RELATE Data 2 Appendix B: Archiving and preservation Appendix C: Harmonization of key variables Appendix D: Overview of country-specific data files Appendix E: Bangladesh-MHSS original variables Appendix F: China-CHNS original variables Appendix G: China-CLHLS original variables Appendix H: Costa Rica-CRELES original variables Appendix I: England-ELSA original variables Appendix J: Indonesia-IFLS original variables Appendix K: Latin American and Caribbean cities-SABE original variables Appendix L: Mexico-MHAS original variables Appendix M: Netherlands-SHARE original variables Appendix N: Puerto Rico-PREHCO original variables Appendix O: SAGE countries original variables Appendix P: Taiwan-SEBAS original variables Appendix Q: US-HRS original variables Appendix R: US-WLS original variables List of tables Table 1.1: Table 1.2: Table 2.1: Table 3.1: Table 3.2: Table 3.3: Table 3.4: Table 3.5: Table 3.6: Table 3.7: Table 3.8: Table 3.9: Table 3.10: Table 3.11: Table 3.12: Table 3.13: Table 3.14: Description of cross national data on aging populations Description of country specific samples Country-specific data files Relationship between constructed variables and original variables for respondent, household IDs, status and where interviewed Relationship between constructed and original variables for gender, age and marital status Relationship between constructed and original variables for ethnicity, race and language Relationship between constructed and original variables for education, income and wealth Relationship between constructed and original variables for family and household WHO rating of health care systems Relationship between constructed and original variables for birthplace Relationship between constructed and original variables for childhood health Relationship between constructed and original variables for childhood nutrition Relationship between constructed and original variables for childhood SES Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult smoking Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult exercise Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult alcohol consumption Relationship between constructed and original variables for self-reported 3 Table 3.15: Table 3.16: Table 3.17: Table 3.18: health Relationship between constructed and original variables for functionality/disability Relationship between constructed and original variables for chronic conditions Relationship between constructed and original variables for anthropometric measures Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult mortality List of figures Figure 1: Steps in creating cross national data set 4 Acknowledgements The award received by the National Institute of Aging for a five-year grant to study early life conditions and older adult health in the developing world (grant number K25 AG027239) made the research described in this report possible. The rich scholarly environment found at the Center for Demography & Ecology (grant number R24 HD47873) and the Center for Demography of Aging (grant number P30 AG017266) at University of Wisconsin-Madison and the Institute for Social Research, ICPSR, Population Studies Center (grant number R24 HD041028) at the University of Michigan also played an important part. The Social Science Computing Cooperative at the University of Wisconsin-Madison provided excellent computing resources by which to carry out research activities. Finally, we are grateful for the very detailed and careful work of the data processors within the Data Sharing for Demographic Research archive within the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan (grant number U24HD048404-09). This is the first publicly released version of the data documentation. Please send all comments to mmceniry@umich.edu. 5 1. Overview 1.1 Background This technical report describes the compilation of the cross national data set on older adults resulting from a 5-year NIA funded project which examined early life conditions and older adult health (50+ years) across developing and developed countries (K25 AG027239). The research project was also supported by a NICHD center grant to the Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan (R24 HD041028) and core grants to the Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin (R24 HD47873) and to the Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin (P30 AG017266). As part of the project, data were compiled on over 147,000 individuals from major surveys of older adults in 20 low, middle and high income countries. This report describes the methods used to compile the data. 1.2 Country-specific surveys selected for cross national data set The selection of countries for the cross national data set was based on their diversity but also availability of comprehensive cross sectional/panel survey data for older adults born in low, middle and high income countries. At the time of the initial data compilation, these included several comprehensive surveys that have individual-level data on health. Table 1.1 provides a general description of the cross national data set, including classification of countries according to early 20th century mortality regimes, current income categories, selected wave, sample size, age of respondents, and the wave used for health transition data. A description of the rationale for the classification into mortality regimes appears elsewhere (McEniry, 2009). Income categories are according to those used by the World Bank (2011). From Latin America there are the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions (PREHCO), Study of Aging Survey on Health and Well Being of Elders (SABE), Costa Rican Study of Longevity and Healthy Aging (CRELES), and WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health in Mexico (WHOSAGE). From Asia there are the China Health and Nutrition Study (CHNS), Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), Matlab Health and Socio-Economic Survey (MHSS), WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health in India (WHO-SAGE) and China (WHO-SAGE), and Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (SEBAS). From Africa there are the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health in Ghana (WHO-SAGE) and South Africa (WHO-SAGE). From the developed world there are the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement-Netherlands (SHARENetherlands). A survey of older adults from the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health in the Russian Federation (WHO-SAGE) was also recently included in the cross national data. 6 Of the selected surveys, there are several “sister” surveys conducted in other countries with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). These include: ELSA, MHAS, SHARE, and CRELES. Future plans are to continue adding other sister surveys 1 to the cross national data set as well as new or existing surveys on older adults as they become publicly accessible. Most of the selected surveys were conducted between 2000-2005 with the exception of Bangladesh (1996) and WHO-SAGE (2007-09) (see Table 1.1). Differences in timing of surveys are relevant when comparing age groups and birth cohorts. When comparing across age groups, Bangladesh respondents are older than most of those surveyed in 2000-2005 (a 60-year old respondent interviewed in 1996 was born in 1936) while WHO-SAGE respondents are younger (a 60-year old interviewed in 2007 was born in 1947). When comparing across birth cohorts, the reverse is true. Differences in timing also appear for mortality as second wave data may reflect shorter or longer periods of time. The first publicly release version of the cross national data contain a subset of the complete data sets. Appendix A describes the original funding sources for the studies that are included in this first version. Other countries with surveys similar to that of HRS include Ireland, China, Japan, South Korea, and India. Planning for HRS similar studies are now in progress for Scotland and Brazil and possibly in Argentina and Chile. See https://mmicdata.rand.org/megametadata/ for more information. 1 7 Table 1.1: Description of cross national data on aging populations Country Very Early Regime Netherlands SHARE England ELSA US HRS US WLS Early Regime Argentina SABE Cuba SABE Uruguay SABE Mid-paced Regime Chile SABE Costa Rica CRELES Puerto Rico PREHCO South Africa WHO/SAGE Taiwan SEBAS Late Regime Barbados SABE Brazil SABE Mexico MHAS Mexico SABE Mexico WHO/SAGE Russian Federation Very Late Regime Bangladesh MHSS China CHNS China CLHLS China WHO/SAGE Ghana WHO/SAGE India WHO/SAGE Indonesia IFLS Total Income level Selected wave for baseline Sample High High High High 2004-05 (wave 1) 2004-05 (wave 2) 2000 2004-05 Upper Middle Upper Middle Upper Middle 2000 (wave 1) 2000 (wave 1) 2000 (wave 1) 1,043 60+ 1,905 60+ 1,450 60+ None available None available None available Upper Middle Upper Middle High Upper Middle 2000 (wave 1) 2003 (wave 1) 2002-03 (wave 1) 2007-08 (wave 1) 1,301 2,827 4,291 3,830 2005 (wave 2; not yet publicly accessible) Up to 2008 (wave 2; 3rd wave pending access) 2006-07 (wave 2) Planned for future (wave 2) High 2000 (wave 1) 1,023 50+ High Upper Middle Upper Middle Upper Middle Upper Middle Upper Middle 2000 (wave 1) 2000 (wave 1) 2001 (wave 1) 2000 (wave 1) 2007-08 (wave 1) 2007-08 (wave 1) 1,508 2,143 13,463 1,247 4,142 4,511 60+ 60+ 50+ 60+ 50+ 50+ None available (waves 2 and 3; not yet publicly accessible) 2003 (wave 2) None available Planned for future (wave 2) Planned for future (wave 2) Low Lower Middle Lower Middle Lower Middle Low Lower Middle Lower Middle 1996 (wave 1) 2000 (wave 5) 2002 (wave 3) 2007-08 (wave 1) 2007-08 (wave 1) 2007-08 (wave 1) 2000 (wave 3) 6,973 6,452 16,064 13,368 4,724 7,150 13,260 147,278 36+ 40+ 60+ 50+ 50+ 50+ 40+ Mortality through Dec 2007 for 50+ in 1996 2006 (wave 7) 2005 (wave 4) Planned for future (wave 2) Planned for future (wave 2) Planned for future (wave 2) 2007-08 (wave 4) 2,979 8,780 12,527 10,317 Ages Wave used for health transition 50+ 50+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 50+ 2006-07 (wave 2) 2006-07 (wave 3) 2006 (mortality data up to 2011) 2006 (wave 2) 8 Notes: Countries arranged by mortality regime and by World Bank definition of income (2011). Ages shown are the ages at the time of the first survey selected. Not shown in the table are surveys used as pretests for the SAGE study. These include: India WHO/SAGE’s pilot study of 492 individuals, Ghana WHO/SAGE’s pilot study of 507 individuals, and Tanzania WHO/SAGE’s pilot study of 525 individuals. While the total sample size in the table is 147,278, the subsample of respondents born before 1960 and whose age could be ascertained for analyses was 143,968. The difference in sample size reflects exclusion of (1) 100 cases born in the 1960s; (2) 2,616 cases where age was missing (Mexico-SAGE (n=4142) had 2,030 missing cases); and (3) 594 cases from the WLS cohort where the high school graduate was either dead or did not respond to the 2004 survey. 1.2.1 Sample design, sample weights and response rates Most studies included in the cross national data set are representative of the older adult population either nationally, in major urban centers or in major provinces. Some studies are representative samples of households from which older adults were selected. Surveys which are nationally representative of the older population include: MexicoMHAS, Puerto Rico-PREHCO, Costa Rica-CRELES, Taiwan-SEBAS, US-HRS, EnglandELSA, and the Netherlands-SHARE. Some of these surveys included oversamples of special populations. Costa Rica-CRELES oversampled the oldest old (respondents over the age of 95). US-HRS oversampled African Americans, Hispanics, and Florida residents. The WHO-SAGE, China-CHNS, China-CLHLS, and Indonesia-IFLS surveys are all representative of only select provinces within the individual countries. The SABE study surveyed seven capital cities in the Latin American and Caribbean region and does not represent the entire population of the seven countries. The general sampling design to which each of the countries adhered allows for the surveys to be comparable cross nationally. Bangladesh-MHSS was a random sample of baris, or neighborhoods, in Matlab, a rural region of Bangladesh. US-WLS was a random sample of 1957 Wisconsin high school graduates and their randomly selected siblings. The survey was broadly representative of white, non-Hispanic Americans. All selected surveys used sample weights with the exception of CHNS and WLS. In some instances there were several sample weights according to individual or community. Individual sample weights were used in the cross national data set. Table 1.2 provides a description of the cross national sample, including the number of respondents and response rates in the survey year and follow-up survey year. Surveys are grouped by representation (i.e. nationally representative surveys, surveys representative of urban areas, surveys representative of national or rural households and communities, and surveys representative of 1957 Wisconsin high school graduates). Most studies obtained high response rates in the first wave under consideration and in subsequent waves. In some cases, all survey questions were asked only of a subset of respondents (e.g. in Indonesia with so-called main respondents and in Bangladesh with older adults from communities some of which received maternal/child interventions in the 1970s). More complete information about each survey along with a relevant website for sample design and response rates is found in the reference section of this report. 9 Table 1.2: Description of country specific samples Number of selected respondents Response Rates (%) Survey Year Follow-up Survey 16,064 2,827 8,780 13,463 37,725 2,955 4,291 1,023 12,527 96 95 82 90 85 and above b 88 94 68 85 96 93 75 93 N.A. 89 94 N.A. 89 10,597 62-95 N.A. National Household & Community China CHNS (2000) 6,452 Indonesia IFLS (2000) 13,191 83 95 88 91 Rural Household & Community Bangladesh MHSS (1996) 6,973 95 N.A. 92 N.A. Survey (Survey Year) National Survey of Older Adults China CLHLS (2002) Costa Rica CRELES (2003) England ELSA (2004-05) Mexico MHAS (2001) Multiple-SAGE (2007-08) a Netherlands SHARE (2004-05) Puerto Rico PREHCO (2002-03) Taiwan SEBAS (2000) US HRS (2000) Urban Survey of Older Adults Multiple-SABE (2000) a 1957 Wisconsin High School Graduates US WLS (2004-05) 10,317 Total 143,968 Sources: Numbers of respondents are from McEniry (forthcoming). Shown are individual response rates for the survey years selected. The numbers of respondents born before 1960 and for whom there were data on age or birth year are presented in the table. Notes: “Multiple” means that there were multiple countries involved in the survey. SAGE countries include China, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. SABE cities include Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bridgetown, Barbados, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile, Havana, Cuba, Mexico City, Mexico, and Montevideo, Uruguay. a b For the most part, all SAGE surveys had a high response rate with the exception of Mexico. 1.2.2 Missing values The reason for and the number of missing responses varies across countries and variables and is an important restriction to meaningful model estimation. Needed is a more careful analysis of missing values to first determine the degree to which the data are missing completely at random (Little, 1988) and then use imputation procedures to impute the data. A preliminary analysis of missing values is described below. Of the demographic variables included in the surveys, education and income are two variables with a larger degree of missing values (values that made up more than 5% of the data for those born prior to 1945). Older respondents tended to have missing values 10 for education in China, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Taiwan, Argentina, Cuba, Bangladesh, and South Africa. In Indonesia, Costa Rica, and South Africa, men tended to have more missing values for education while in England and Ghana women had more missing values. Missing values for education that were above 5% ranged from 6% in Mexico-SAGE and Taiwan to 17% in South Africa. Missing values for household income ranged from 6% in China-SAGE to 33% in the Russian Federation. That being said, the degree of missing values for early childhood conditions tends to be much more variable across countries as compared with demographic variables. Those who were more likely to produce missing values for birthplace included respondents who were older and from China, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, the US, Barbados, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay; respondents who had less education and were from Puerto Rico, Argentina and China; respondents who had more education and were from Indonesia, Mexico, Barbados, Bangladesh and India; respondents who were women and from the US and Mexico; and respondents who were men and from Costa Rica and China. Those who were more likely to produce missing values for height included respondents who were older and from Indonesia, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, the US, Mexico, England, China, Barbados, Brazil, Cuba, Uruguay, Bangladesh, Netherlands, India, Ghana, South Africa and Russia; respondents who had less education and were from Puerto Rico, the US, Mexico, England, Bangladesh, Netherlands and China; respondents who had more education and were from Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay and Ghana; respondents who were female and from Indonesia, the US, Mexico, Barbados, Uruguay, Bangladesh and Ghana; and respondents who were male and from China. The childhood conditions variables that had missing values above 5% in many of the countries include: birthplace, parental education, height, and knee height. Missing values for birthplace that were above 5% ranged from 6% in Costa Rica and MexicoSAGE to 62% in Mexico-MHAS; father’s education ranged from 7% in US-WLS to 43% in US-HRS; mother’s education ranged from 8% in the Russian Federation and ChinaSAGE to 36% in Puerto Rico; height ranged from 6% in Chile to 19% in Mexico-MHAS; and knee height ranged from 6% in Chile to 83% in Mexico-MHAS. Mexico-MHAS has high missing values for birthplace because only respondents who had always lived in the community could be identified with a rural/urban birthplace; height and knee height because physical measurements were taken on a subset of the MHAS sample. US-HRS has a high number of missing values for father’s education because only a subset of respondents was asked about early life conditions. Missing values for smoking tended to occur in older respondents from China, Costa Rica and Mexico; male respondents from the US, Bangladesh, Ghana and China; respondents with more education in the US and South Africa; and respondents with less education in China and Russia. Missing values for smoking that were above 5% ranged from 6% in Mexico-SAGE and US-WLS to 13% in China-CHNS; exercising ranged from 6% in Mexico-SAGE to 38% in China-CHNS; drinking ranged from 6% in Mexico-SAGE to 15% in England; body mass index (BMI) category ranged from 6% in Barbados to 22% in Mexico-MHAS; and yearly visits to a doctor or medical professional ranged from 8% in Bangladesh to 20% in China-SAGE. 11 Adult heart disease and diabetes show a higher percent of missing values in low income countries. Missing values for heart disease tended to be reported in older respondents from China, Mexico, Bangladesh, Indonesia, the US and Barbados; male respondents from Mexico and Costa Rica; and respondents with less education in Indonesia, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Brazil and China. For diabetes, a similar pattern emerged: older respondents from China; those with less education from Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Mexico and China; and male respondents from Mexico and China tended to report more missing values. Missing values for heart disease/angina that were above 5% ranged from 10% in South Africa to 43% in Indonesia and for diabetes ranged from 6% in Mexico-SAGE to 43% in Indonesia. For other variables closely associated with chronic conditions, the pattern of missing values that were above 5% was: obesity ranged from 6% in Barbados to 22% in Mexico-MHAS; poor health ranged from 6% in Mexico-SAGE to 14% in Puerto Rico; and functionality ranged from 7% in Mexico-SAGE to 21% in China-CHNS. Missing values were high for Indonesia for heart disease and diabetes because questions for heart disease were asked in 2007-08 but not in the baseline used here (2000) and thus there were respondents who were either no longer alive or were lost to follow-up. 2. Creation of the cross national data set Figure 1 below shows the broad steps in the creation of the cross national data set. First, a series of Stata do files was created for each selected data set. Second, country-specific data files were appended together to produce a cross national data set creating additional measures and harmonizing where possible. The third step was to create a finalized version of the cross national data set that contained only relevant variables for cross national analyses. These variables were mostly constructed and harmonized. A final version of country-specific data files was also created which included only original variables. The resulting cross national data set has 147,278 total observations and over 200 variables. Country-specific data files have a different number of variables (Table 2.1). A final step was to deposit the data files with ICPSR at the University of Michigan for archiving and preservation. This process entailed a careful quality review of all data sets for completion of labels and missing information (see Appendix B). Step 1: Prepare country specific surveys Step 2: Append to create preliminary cross national data set Step 3: Create final cross national data set Step 4: Archive and preserve data Figure 1: Steps in creating cross national data set 12 2.1 Creating country-specific data files Country-specific Stata do files were created for each of the country surveys. These pulled together all of the applicable data from the country-specific surveys. Table 2.1 shows the resulting country-specific data including sample size, number of variables used from original survey and a brief description of addition variables that may be of interest to researchers. Variables were harmonized where possible. The appendices describe the variables from country-specific surveys that were captured as part of the compilation of the cross national data set. Some original variables were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. Others appear only in the country-specific data files. Table 2.1: Country-specific data files Country N # original Additional variables Variables China-CLHLS 16,064 141 Indonesia 13,260 195 Vignettes Costa Rica 2,827 170 Biomarkers Puerto Rico 4,291 442 Vignettes WLS 10,317 268 HRS 12,527 174 Vignettes MHAS 13,463 125 Taiwan 1,023 95 Biomarkers ELSA 8,780 281 China-CHNS 6,452 103 SABE 10,597 169 - 194 Bangladesh 6,973 172 Netherlands 2,979 Vignettes + 548 section on early life India 7,150 352 Vignettes Ghana 4,724 350 Vignettes China 13,368 336 Vignettes S. Africa 3,830 348 Vignettes Mexico 4,142 343 Vignettes Russia 4,511 351 Vignettes TOTAL 147,278 Notes: Biomarkers not yet available for public release for SAGE countries and for WLS. 2.2 Creating a preliminary cross national data set Each of the country-specific Stata do files were then appended together to create the preliminary cross national data set. Some country-specific variables were saved that were not used to construct variables and appear only in the country-specific data files. Additional cross national variables were created at this stage: PPP household or individual income; rating of health system according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2000); and position within the household. Some harmonization of measures occurred during this stage. 13 2.2.1 Harmonization of measures Survey questions and scaling differed across countries for some selected variables such as self-reported health, childhood health, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), adult functionality, being born and raised in a rural area, residence and education. Appendix C describes the harmonization of selected variables. 2.3 Creating a finalized version of the cross national data set To create the finalized version of the cross national data set, several modifications of the preliminary cross national data set were required. First, variable names not already in English were translated into English. Second, all variable labels, value labels, and codes for missing values were checked for completion. Variable labels were relabeled where necessary. Consistent value labels were also added to all categorical variables. Third, country-specific variables were created to account for differences in scaling of questions. In some instances (e.g. self-reported health, childhood health and childhood SES), questions varied across countries in wording and scaling which created inconsistencies between similar variables’ values and value labels. To address this problem, merged variables with inconsistent scaling and/or wording were split into country-specific variables of the form variable_country. Fourth, in some instances scales were reversed to make them comparable across countries (e.g. wealth indicator). Fifth, selected variables were included in the final version of the cross national data set. Remaining variables were saved in each relevant country-specific data file. The data set was then compressed which changed variable storage types to the least memory-consuming type that did not result in any loss of accuracy. 3. Constructed variables for cross national data Most constructed variables for the cross national data are described in the main text of this report. A few not explicitly mentioned in the main part of this report (e.g. Nagi item push, heavy, IADLs shopping, meals) are described in Appendix C. 3.1 Respondent and household IDs, status and where interviewed Table 3.1 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for the respondent. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. An id variable was created for most countries based on the unique identifier for each country. This was accomplished by first sorting on the unique identifier and then creating id with the number sorted using Stata: sort unique identifier replace id= _n For sample weights, a general variable call samplewgt was created using the variable identified in the survey. Country is a variable identifying the country-specific surveys. Proxy indicates if a proxy was used to complete the questionnaire. Province_ is a constructed variable showing the province or state in which the respondent was 14 interviewed. Residence indicates current residence (urban/rural) of the respondent. Some surveys had a filtering variable to identify the respondents. These variables are identified as constructed variables with status_. Other filtering variables kept the same original name in the final cross national data set. Wave shows the baseline survey year selected as part of the cross national data set. Several variables were constructed to identify birth cohort (birthcohort, birthchortFIN, cohort). These variables were defined primarily using birth year after eliminating or recoding in some cases strange values for birth year. Birth year did not always exactly match with the respondent’s stated age at the time of the survey and so there may be some very minor discrepancies when comparing these variables with age at the time of the survey. In addition, in some instances (PREHCO, SAGE, SABE, ELSA, IFLS, CRELES, CHNS, SEBAS, WLS) missing birth year was estimated using respondents stated age at the time of the survey. This estimation of birth year may also lead to a slight misclassification into birth cohorts. Instances where there were large discrepancies between birth year and age appeared to be minor and thus these discrepancies should not affect analyses. Table 3.1: Relationship between constructed variables and original variables for respondent, household IDs, status and where interviewed Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Constructed Variables/Original Variables Id samplewgt Residence case, person wt_ind (see note a) hhid00, line00 (see t2 note b) id (see note c) w_2002 Residenc idsujeto ponderador URBAN idauniq w2wgt hhid00, pid00 pwt00xa sc05 (see note d) var00001 (Argentina), ponder, (see note folio (all other SABE) ponder1 e) unhhid, ps3 fac_p Murb Mergeid w1mci (see note f) Puerto Rico-PREHCO Caseid fac_t SAGE id (see note h) resp_id HHID, PN Idpriv pweight Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS wgt_exam GWGTR (see note g) q0104 Rural proxy ra2 proxy askpx1 (see note d) ent_tip (see note f) qjefe q1000b i1 G514 Notes: Most country-specific surveys had a single sample weight variable. These surveys included: Bangladesh, China-CLHLS, Costa Rica, Mexico-MHAS, Puerto Rico, SABE cities, and SAGE countries. The sampling weight used for England-ELSA was specific to the core members of the second wave. For the Netherlands, cross sectional weights (not longitudinal weights) were calibrated for individuals in both the individual and main sample. Imputed sampling weights were not used. The sampling weight used for Taiwan was weighted by age and strata. For US-HRS, a respondent level sampling weight was used. No 15 sample weights were used for China-CHNS or US-WLS. The original variables for proxy in the Costa Rican and Puerto Rican surveys were redefined in the cross national data as a dichotomous variable. There were a few instances where there was a variable used for identifying a subset of respondents. This occurred in Bangladesh and the Netherlands with the variable status, China-CLHLS with the variable type and Indonesia with the variable main. a Bangladesh respondents were all living in a rural area at the time of the survey. original variable for China-CHNS was hhid but it was renamed to hhid00_china in the cross national data file. b The c China-CLHLS has a variable id but it was renamed id_china to be able to construct a new variable called id that would be consistent across countries. The Indonesian survey has a complex sample design. It has several sample weights depending on longitudinal, cross sectional, household or individuals. The one selected and shown in the table above is the cross sectional person weight for survey year 2000. An alternative weight pwt00xb was highly correlated with this weight. Proxies were identified using the proxy file in the Indonesian data file. d All SABE older adults were living in major cities of the Latin American and Caribbean region at the time of the interview. e f In the case of the Netherlands data, the Netherlands has the variable HO037 but response to this question was very low and it was not used to identify current residence. It appears that there is no one variable which indicates whether a proxy was used. Each individual module has an introductory question (1=respondent, 2=respondent& proxy 3=proxy only). In order to figure out whether the person had a proxy, all of these variables would need to be examined. With Puerto Rican data it is possible to determine the municipality in which they were interviewed but not possible to determine rural/urban residence. g h SAGE surveys contain a variable called id which uniquely identifies respondents. These variables were recoded in the cross national data set to be idindia, idchina, idsafrica, idghan, and idRussia. The variables q0002 and q1007 also can be used to identify households and individuals although there are missing values for some SAGE countries using these variables. 16 3.2 Demographics 3.2.1 Gender, age, marital status and position within the household Table 3.2 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for gender, age and marital status. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. The constructed variable gender indicates the sex of the respondent. The constructed variable age indicates the respondents’ age at the time of the survey. Age was then grouped into the following: agegroupALL or agegroupVer2. Civil indicates marital status and was defined using respondents’ self-reported relationship status as currently married, separated, divorced, widowed, or never married. PositionFIN indicates the position of the respondent within the household. Table 3.2: Relationship between constructed and original variables for gender, age, marital status and position within the household Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Constructed Variables/Original Variables gender age civil postionFIN lh09 lh12m, lh12y lh15 lh03 gender west_dob a8 a5 a1 trueage f41 id4 age a3 am5 indsex indager dimar sex age_00 marstat rspndnt c18 a01b marital g0401 sexo gender Puerto RicoPREHCO SAGE sexo edad yrbirth, mobirth, int_year, int_month a1 a10 dn014_ q1009 q1011 q1012 Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS sex G757 sexrsp age2000 G1101 ga003re a1 G1158 gc001re cvid, relrpers, mstat mari_r1 q1007, q0405_02 – q0405_25 (see note a) Note: Netherlands age was computed using respondent’s birthdate and date of interview. The variable q1007 is the respondent number and the #1 position is the household head. Variable q1007 combined with the series of variables q0405_02 through q0405_25 was used to compute the household position of respondent (not the household head) in the household (e.g. spouse of head, other). a 3.2.2 Ethnicity, race and language spoken Table 3.3 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for variables relating to ethnicity, race and language. A 17 description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Ethnic_ indicates different country-specific ethnic categories. Race and Hispanic are original variables within the HRS study. The constructed variable langcat indicates the main language the respondent speaks in his or her home. There were several original variables from country-specific data files that also pertain to ethnicity and language. For example, Ethniccat indicates ethnicity category for Indonesia. The variable langmain indicates in which language the interview was conducted. Langothr indicates any other language used. Table 3.3: Relationship between constructed and original variables for ethnicity, race and language Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/Original Variables ethnic hispanic language a19 a2 fqethnr dl01e a12 r2 q1018 ethnicty RACE dl01a HISPANIC Note: The ethnicity variable q1018 exists for all SAGE countries. However, value labels only exist for Ghana, India, Mexico and South Africa. Because value labels could not be found for China or Russia, country-specific ethnic variables have not been included for these two countries. See the SAGE Appendix for more detail. In defining ethnicity, many of the country-specific surveys asked that respondents answer a question which included a list of several different ethnicities from which the respondent was meant to choose. The following are the countries which asked such a question and the ethnic categories available to respondents: China-CLHLS: Han, Hui, Zhuan, Yao, Korean, Man, Mongolian. England: white, mixed ethnic group, black, black British, Asian, Asian British, any other group. Ghana-SAGE: Akan, Ewe, Ga-Adangbe, Gruma, Grusi, Guan, Mande-Busanga, Mole-Dagbon, other. India-SAGE: Scheduled tribe, Scheduled caste, No caste or tribe Indonesia: Jawa, Sunda, Bali, Batak, Bugis, Tionghoa, Madura, Sasak, Minang, Banjar, Bima-Dompu, Makassar, Nias, Palembang, Sumbawa, Toraja, Betawi, Dayak, Melayu-Deli, Komering, Ambon, Manado, Aceh, other South Sumatera, other. 18 Mexico-SAGE: Mixteco, Nahuatl, Zapoteco, other. Puerto Rico: black, mulatto/a, mixed or wheat-colored (black or white), white, mestizo/a (Indian or white), other. Taiwan: Fukienes, Hakka, mainland, Aborigin. SABE cities: white, mestizo (combination of white and indigenous), mulatto (combination of black and white), black, indigenous, Asian, other. South Africa-SAGE: white, non-white. US-HRS: white/Caucasian, black/African American, Indian, Asian. In China-CHNS, ethnicity was defined slightly differently. Respondents were asked whether or not they were considered a national minority. In defining language, the Indonesian survey asked respondents to answer a closedended question which included a list of several different languages from which the respondent was meant to choose. The following are the language categories available to Indonesian respondents: Indonesian, Javanese, Sudanese, Balinese, Batak, Bugis, Chinese, Madurancese, Sasak, Minang, Banjar, Bima, Makassar, Nias, Palembang, Sumbawa, Toraja, Lahat, other South Sumatra, Betawi, Lampung, other (specify). 3.2.3 Education, income and wealth Table 3.4 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for variables relating to education. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. The constructed variable yeduca indicates the (harmonized) number of years of education the respondent has had. Education is the harmonized categorized version according to ISCED (2011). Using this variable, dummy variables were constructed. The variable noschool indicates whether the respondent has had any formal education. Primary indicates whether the respondent attended through primary school or 6th grade. Secondary indicates whether the respondent attended through secondary school or from 7th to 12th grade. Higher indicates whether the respondent attended higher than 12th grade. Income was defined as the respondents’ yearly per capita household income (household income divided by household size) where possible. Annual per capita income was obtained in the following manner. In the case of household surveys, we used either the household income that was calculated for the user (WLS, HRS, ELSA), used target and spouse income calculated for the user (MexicoMHAS), used a set of questions to calculate yearly household income (Bangladesh, China-CHNS) or used a calculation of wages provided for Indonesia. For surveys of older adults, we either used one question for target and spouse (Costa Rica), or calculated income based on several questions regarding income for target and spouse (Puerto Rico) or calculated income based on several questions regarding individual income for a randomly selected older adult in the household (SABE). Per capita income was calculated by dividing by household size or in the case of SABE by the number of dependents. We then created a variable called PPP in order to make international comparisons. Taking 2000 to be the year of interest, we first converted each country to local 2000 currency using the GDP deflator from the World Bank World Development 19 Indicators and then converted to PPP (international dollars) using the PPP conversation table published by WHO (2012). From there, the variable income was divided into quintiles resulting in the variable quint. Table 3.4: Relationship between constructed and original variables for education, income and wealth Countries BangladeshMHSS China-CHNS Constructed Variables/Original Variables yeduca, income education ed03, ed06, Book II: Sections AI, LI, ed08a OFI, FB, NFB, AE, NAE, HRT (see note a) a11 hhinc_pc China-CLHLS Costa RicaCRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS f1 a2a, a2b f35 (see note b) h20, h21, h23, h24, h25, h27 Edqual dl04, dl06, dl07 totinc_bu, eqtotinc_bu (see note c) Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS NetherlandsSHARE Puerto RicoPREHCO SAGE Yeduca Section H (see note d) a3_3 edu, iscedy_r income_i hgtincv c10r1 n51* (series of variables) q1015, q1016, q1017 q0724 Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS educ00 G1074A gb103red, gb104red, gb005rec d1, d2 GHHINC gp260hec wealth Book I: Section HC, Book II: Section HA (see note a) l1, l5, l8, l140f, l115, l110, l105 j18, j19, j20, j21, j23, j26, j27-j32 sclddr kr13, kr20,kr23, kr24, kr24a j04, j08, j09, j10, j13aj13d, j121-j123 j8, j5, j6, j10b – j10f p13, p19, p20, p21b-p21d, p21g, p21j q0506, q0508, q0710, q0510, q0711, q0712, q0708, q0511, q0713 d1, d2 Notes: The UN definition of education was used to classify educational level: no school, primary (up to 6th grade), secondary (7th-12th grades, lower and upper secondary), and superior (anything over 12 years of education including university) (ISCED, 2011). In the case of the Netherlands survey, education was imputed (edu) and this imputed variable was used to define years of education. The original variables noted in the income column are for the calculation of household income and not per capita income. Per capita income was obtained by dividing household income by household size. a See Appendix D: Bangladesh for a selection of variables from these sections. b There was only one question that asked about income in the China-CHLHS survey. Income in the case of Indonesia was estimated by a researcher working with the IFLS project using labor income only. See notes in Appendix I: Indonesia. c 20 d See Appendix J: SABE for a selection of variables from this section. Wealth_index is a wealth indicator based on household characteristics and assets. It varies slightly from country to country as country-specific surveys had different questions for household assets. Assets reflects number of possessions and assets and was used to create the wealth index. Ladder is a variable reflecting the use of the SES ladder instrument to estimate wealth. In England-ELSA and Taiwan-SEBAS, respondents were asked to imagine the socioeconomic situation of their country as a ladder, with those who are the best off at the top and those who are the worst off at the bottom. The variable ladder was then defined as low, the bottom 10%, middle, and high, the top 10% of respondents. 3.2.4 Family and household Table 3.5 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for variables relating to ethnicity, race and language. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Table 3.5: Relationship between constructed and original variables for family and household Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/Original Variables siblings children grandchild hhsize sib01a ch01a (see note a) s122 t6 f9 f10 a52 am6 am4 disib dhnch dignmy, hhtot dignmyW2, digran, digranW2 br15 hhsize a18 g02 a19 (see note a) dn036_, ch001_ ch021_ hhsize dn037_ l20a d11 c1num q0401 a3a G1093 G562 gk067ss gd001kd ge001he Notes: Children, grandchild, and siblings indicate the number of children, grandchildren, and siblings the respondent has, respectively. The variable children was defined slightly differently depending on the question asked in the country-specific survey. There are four variations present in the surveys, all of which were used to define the number of children: (1) the number of children the respondent had given birth to or fathered (which could include stillbirths) (China-CHNS, China-CLHLS, SABE); (2) the number of children living in the respondents’ home (England); (3) the respondents’ number of live births (Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico-MHAS, Puerto Rico, US-HRS); or (4) the number of 21 living children respondents have, including those that are natural, adopted, fostered, or stepchildren (Bangladesh, Netherlands, US-WLS). Grandchildren was defined as the number of grand- or great-grandchildren the respondent had at the time of the interview. The variable siblings was defined slightly differently depending on the question asked in the countryspecific survey. There are two variations present in the surveys: (1) the number of siblings, living or dead (China-CLHLS, Puerto Rico, US-WLS); (2) the number of living siblings only (Bangladesh, England, Netherlands). Hhsize indicates the number of people living in the household. Household size was computed in some cases. For example, in Bangladesh, researchers claim that they identified everyone in the home through the roster. Therefore, household size was taken to be the sum of the individuals listed in the roster for each household identified by the variable case. A similar procedure was used in the following surveys: MHAS, CHNS and HRS. a 3.3 System 3.3.1 WHO rating of health care systems The constructed variable hscore is based on the numerical rating given by the World Health Organization (2000). Higher numbers indicate a worse rating of a country’s health care system. Table 3.6: WHO rating of health care systems Countries Bangladesh China Costa Rica England Indonesia Latin American cities-SABE Mexico Netherlands Puerto Rico SAGE countries Taiwan US Rating 88 144 36 18 92 33-125 61 17 37 112-175 -37 Notes: Individually, SABE countries are rated as follows: Argentina (75), Barbados (46), Brazil (125), Chile (33), Cuba (39), Mexico (61), Uruguay (65). SAGE countries are rated as follows: India (112), Ghana (135), China (144), South Africa (175), Russian Federation (130). WHO did not provide a rating for Taiwan. 3.4 Early life conditions 3.4.1 Birthplace and timing of birth Table 3.7 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for early life conditions. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. 22 The constructed variable born indicates whether the respondent was born in the country where the survey was administered. The variable bplace_ describes the municipality, province or state in which the respondent was born. Not all surveys had a question on born within the country or birthplace. RuralFIN is a harmonized variable and indicates if the respondent spent their childhood in a rural area. Region indicates the agricultural region of birth for Puerto Rico. Birthmonth and birthyear were constructed from survey variables. In some instances when birth year was missing it was later estimated from the age and interview date (SAGE, SABE, Indonesia, CR, Taiwan, ELSA, CHNS, and WLS). Thereafter the variable quarter was constructed which indicated the birth quarter of the year. Dummy variables were also created indicating birth quarter (quarter1, quarter2, quarter3 and quarter4). IMRbirth is a country-specific variable for Puerto Rico (PREHCO) indicating municipality-specific IMR at birth in the late 1920s early 1940s. Table 3.7: Relationship between constructed and original variables for birthplace Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Constructed Variables/Original Variables born bplace_ ruralFIN birthmonth, birthyear mg02 mg02, mg04 lh11m, lh11y a20, a21 a20, a21 (see t2 (see note west_dob (see note (see note note a) a) b), u1 a) a41 a41 a41, a43 v_bthyr, v_bthmon, a41 a22a, pc pc pc id2b, id2c pobr, indobyr countrr, fqcbthr (see note c) mg01ex dl01b mg04a, bth_mnth, us02mth, mg08 bth_year2000 a02 a02, a04b a01am, a01aa Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS a21 dn004_ a3 q1024, q1020, q0104 ethnicty USBORN US-WLS ie003re Notes: murb, a21 a3m_2_update o1, o2 q1024, q1020, q0104 G1061M (see note e) ie003re G1125 (see note f) rlur5 (see note g) a1_2, a1_3 mobirth, yrbirth a2_m, a2_a q1010_mm, q1010_yyyy (see note d) bir_m, yrbirth BIRTHMO, BIRTHYR cmbrdx 23 The variables a20 and a21 in the questionnaire indicate birthplace. However, an explanation for the coding of these variables cannot be located in any written documentation on the CHNS website. Thus, the variables born and bplace_ for CHNS could not be properly identified. There was no question asked specifically about childhood residence in the CHNS study. However, there was a variable t2 referring to current residence. Assuming small amount of migration in some regions, this variable could be used to reflect rural childhood. a Date of birth using the western calendar was available (west_dob). From this variable birth year and birth month were computed. Age was also computed and any missing values from this computation were completed by using the variable u1 which was provided by the CHNS study. The final variable u1 was then used to estimate birth year in cases where there were missing values. b There were several variables used to identify if the respondent was born in the UK. These include the three variables listed in the table. c There were slight variations in the definition of birth year for South Africa, Russia and Mexico (q1010_yy). d The information for birthplace and being born in a rural area variable is incomplete within the cross national data set because it was asked the first time the respondent was interviewed in HRS. Thus, for the HRS 2000 survey year, this information will be missing for individuals who were previously surveyed. e f HRS asked residence during childhood for only for a subset of respondents. WLS does not have a variable which defines US state born for all 10,317 respondents. Variable ie003re contains only a subset of WLS respondents. However, the variable ie0031re suggests that the number of foreign born WLS respondents is very low. Thus, ruralFIN is defined using only information from rlur5. This definition is different from how ruralFIN was coded in other surveys. g 3.4.2 Childhood health Table 3.8 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for early life childhood health. Mother’s education is thought to be very closely associated with childhood health and so is listed here in this table. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Several surveys had additional variables reflecting childhood environment. See for example PREHCO, MHAS, WLS, and SHARE-LIFE (Wave 3) in the country-specific appendices of this report. The variables childhealth_ provide the country-specific definitions used to report childhood health. Poorchealth is the rating by respondents of their childhood health. It is harmonized because not all countries had the same scaling for the question regarding self-reported health (see Appendix C for more detail). Mothereduc_ is a country-specific variable indicating how mother’s education was defined in a particular country. Motheroccup_ is a country-specific variable defining mother’s occupation. Hunger, tb, asthma, malaria, rheumatic indicate whether a respondent experienced hunger, had tuberculosis, asthma, malaria or rheumatic fever as a child. Not all countries had questions regarding specific illnesses in childhood. Some did appear in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data file. 24 Mother’s education was defined as her level of education completed. Their educational level was grouped by having had no formal education or as attending primary school, secondary school, or more than secondary school. No school was defined as zero years of education. Primary school was defined as completing any level of education through the sixth grade. Secondary school was defined as completing any level of education from seventh through twelfth grade. More than secondary school was defined as completing anything higher than twelfth grade. IMR is the country-specific infant mortality rate in 1930. IMR_PR was constructed to reflect the IMR in Puerto Rico according to the birthplace (municipality) of the respondent. Riskdiab is based on the variable g109 from the Puerto Rican survey has information regarding if respondent’s parents or siblings have diabetes. Table 3.8: Relationship between constructed and original variables for childhood health Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Constructed Variables/Original Variables childhealth poorchealth hunger mothereduc (see note b) in2 in2 f66 ba07am, ba08m Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE c27 c27 (see note c) a8 (see note c) Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE h14 h14 (see note d) ixc01rer (see note d) (see note d) ixc01rer edmo57q Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Notes: c30 a18 (see note c) f1 (see note c) h6c q1028 motheroccup (see note a) (see note b) difjob ba13m (see note c) h6d q1025, q1026 Mother occupation was available in some surveys (e.g. Bangladesh, England, Indonesia, Netherlands, SAGE, Puerto Rico) but in instances such as Puerto Rico information was largely missing. A constructed variable was created with information from selected countries such as SAGE and Indonesia only (motheroccup). Occupational codes for mother will need to be reviewed in surveys from Bangladesh, Netherlands and ELSA. a Mother education was compiled in Bangladesh using several pieces of information asked in the survey regarding parents who were alive and lived in the same household, parents living in another household, and parents who were dead (Book 3, section ed1 variables ed03,ed06, ed08a, lh03, par02m). b Much more detailed information about childhood conditions is available from the SHARE data. See Appendix L: Netherlands for more information. c 25 d In 1996, HRS had a module covering childhood conditions that not all people answered. In subsequent waves, these questions were included. Childhood health in HRS was identified according to the wave in which it was first asked respondents from 1996, 1998 and 2000. The same note pertains to parental education. 3.4.3 Childhood nutrition Table 3.9 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for early life childhood health. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Table 3.9: Relationship between constructed and original variables for childhood nutrition Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Notes: Constructed Variables/Original Variables height knee, sitting height, leg length ca05cm, ca05mm height g102b k4b, k4c k5b, k5c htval, htok sithgt us04 k05 (see note a) k06 (see note a) l4, c72 l8 ph013_ u1_p u5_p, wu6l1, wu6l2 q2506 height (see note b) ix010rec Variables for SABE-Cuba were slightly different because three values were recorded for each of the anthropometric measures. a Height (self-reported) was obtained in HRS in the first interview where an older adult participated in HRS. To obtain height for all respondents several waves of HRS were reviewed. b The constructed variable height indicates the respondents’ measured height in centimeters. The variable knee indicates the measured knee height (while respondent is seated, measured from the floor to the top of their knee) in centimeters. Leg is a variable created to reflect leg length. Leg length for Puerto Rico comes from the second wave only (wu6l1, wu6l2) and for ELSA from sitting height. In most cases height and weight were measured by a person in the research team. In some cases, height and weight were self-reported. This occurred, for example, in WLS, HRS, and the Netherlands. This also occurred in MHAS where all respondents were asked to self-report height and weight but height and weight was also measured in a subset of respondents. In the case of MHAS the construction of height and weight 26 reflected measured variables where possible and then self-reported when measured was not available. Several self-reported variables for MHAS are depicted by adding a capital “S” after height, weight, obesity, and BMI variables. From height, knee height and leg length several indicator variables were created. Height25NEW indicates the quartile of height to which the respondent belongs. Knee25NEW and leg25NEW indicate the quartile of knee height and leg length, respectively, to which the respondent belongs. Leg25NEW was constructed from the ELSA survey and used the variable leg which indicates a respondents’ leg length in centimeters. Stunt was a variable to identify stunting as defined according to NHANES (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998; Beltrán-Sánchez, et al., 2011). 3.4.4 Childhood socioeconomic status Table 3.10 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for early life childhood SES. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Table 3.10: Relationship between constructed and original variables for childhood SES Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Notes: Constructed Variables/Original Variables poorcecon fathereduc fatheroccup (see note a) (see note a) in1 c26 a7 h1 f84 difjob, difjobW2 ba07ap, ba08p ba13p f8 h3a q1032 (see note c) (see note c) edfa57q isco_fa (see note b) rcode_h4 (see note b) q1029, q1030 (see note c) ocf57 Father education was compiled in Bangladesh using several pieces of information asked in the survey regarding parents who were alive and lived in the same household, parents living in another household, and parents who were dead (Book 3, section ed1 variables ed03,ed06, ed08a, lh03, par02f). Variables used to identify parental occupation are available in the Stata code for Bangladesh which is available upon request. a SHARE and PREHCO used the International Labor Organization’s ISCO-88 standard classification of occupations (1996-2012). b c In 1996, HRS had a module covering childhood conditions that not all people answered. In subsequent waves, these questions were included. Child SES in HRS was identified according to the wave in which it was first asked respondents from 1996, 1998 and 2000. 27 The constructed harmonized variable poorcecon indicates the childhood SES standing according to the older adult respondent. In several surveys from Latin America and the Caribbean region and the US, a retrospective question asked respondents to rate their childhood SES. Surveys used a different scale to define childhood SES, through all of them ranged from good to bad. From the retrospective question, the variable poor childhood SES was defined as a dichotomous variable (poor/average childhood SES or good childhood SES). In surveys in which the retrospective question was not asked, other childhood conditions were used to define childhood SES. In Mexico-MHAS, childhood SES was defined as whether or not a respondent had a toilet in their home as a child. This variable was a dichotomous variable (yes/no). Fathereduc_ and fatheroccup_ is country-specific according to how the question about father occupation was asked. 3.5 Adult lifestyle 3.5.1 Adult smoking Table 3.11 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult smoking. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Smoking was defined as only cigarette smoking for England, US-HRS, US-WLS, Puerto Rico-PREHCO (100 cigarettes or more), Taiwan, Mexico-MHAS, and China-CHNS. In the remaining countries, smoking was defined in the following manner: Netherlands: Respondent smoked cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, or a pipe daily for at least one year. SABE cities: General smoking question. Follow-up question asks about number of cigarettes, cigars, or pipes smoked per day. Costa Rica: Respondent smoked more than 100 cigarettes or cigars during his/her lifetime. SAGE countries: Respondent smoked tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, snuff, or smokeless tobacco. Bangladesh: Respondent smoked hookah, biri, cigarettes, or cigars. Smoking was defined as smoking a hookah (an object used to smoke tobacco, typically), hand rolled cigarettes and cigarettes/cigars. Variables pertaining to smoking items other than tobacco smoking such as chewing PAN (betal leaf) are contained within the country-specific data file for Bangladesh. China-CLHLS: General smoking question. Indonesia: Respondent smoked cigarettes or cigars. Smoke_ is a country-specific variable with slight differences in the wording of the smoking questions. Questions regarding adult smoking varied across countries in wording and scaling as to whether the respondent had ever smoked, smoked in the past or currently smoked. 28 Countries with identical wording and scaling for adult smoking were combined into the variables smoke_gen and smoke_100. Smoke_gen combines Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, China-CHNS, China-CLHLS, China-SAGE, Cuba, England, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Mexico-MHAS, Mexico-SABE, Mexico-SAGE, Netherlands, Russia, South Africa, Uruguay and US-WLS. Smoke_100 combines Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and US-HRS. Smoke_taiw is specific to Taiwan. Smoke is a harmonized version of smoke_. It is a dichotomous variable that indicates if the respondent ever smoked or not. Appendix C provides a table describing the questions selected from the surveys regarding smoking. Table 3.11: Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult smoking Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS/ Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Notes: Constructed Variables/Original Variables smoke_ spn01b, spn02b, spn01c, spn02c, spn01d, spn02d u25, u27 d71, d72 ev8, ev10 smkevr, hesmk, heska, heskaW2 km01a, km02, km04 c24 c54, c55 br001_, br002_ g161, g162 q3001, q3002 smk V298, V501, W452, D942, E942, F1266, G1400 (see note a) ixt01rer, ix012rer, ixt07rer A question about every smoking for HRS was asked once during the first wave in which the older adult participated in the HRS study. Thus, several waves of HRS were reviewed to obtain information about respondents in the year 2000. a 3.5.2 Adult exercise Table 3.12 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult exercise. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Exercise refers to the respondents who indicated that they participate in some type of exercise. In US-HRS, SABE cities, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, and Mexico-MHAS, this is defined as vigorous physical activity (including sports, heavy work, or other physical work) three or more times a week. In the Netherlands, England, and US-WLS, this is defined as vigorous physical activity, without a specified timeframe. In the remaining countries, exercise was defined in the following manner: 29 SAGE countries: Respondent participates in vigorous-intensity activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate (e.g. heavy lifting, digging, chopping wood) for at least 10 minutes continuously. Taiwan: Respondent participates in exercise (not defined further). China-CLHLS: The type or degree of exercise is not specified in survey. China-CHNS: Respondent participates in heavy or very heavy physical activities during the work day in a week (e.g. farmer, athlete, dancer, steel worker, lumber worker, mason, etc.). Bangladesh: Survey does not ask about exercise behaviors. Indonesia: Survey does not ask about exercise behaviors. Exercise_ is a country-specific description of exercise. Questions regarding adult exercise varied across countries in wording and scaling as to the respondents’ level of vigorous exercise. A variable called exercise_rigor was created for cases where surveys had similar concepts for vigorous exercise (CRELES, PREHCO, HRS, MHAS, ELSA, SABE, CHNS, MHAS, SHARE, SAGE). A variable was created exercise_WLS to indicate that exercise was determined from question regarding how many hours per month a respondent exercised. In China and Taiwan a more general question about exercise was asked and so a variable exercise_gen was created (SEBAS, CLHLS). From the country-specific variables a harmonized dichotomous variable (exercise) was then created to indicate if the person exercised or not. Indonesia and Bangladesh had no information for adult exercise. Appendix C provides a table describing the questions selected from the surveys regarding exercise. Table 3.12: Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult exercise Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/ Original Variables exercise_ u142 d91, d92 ev14 heacta c25a c53 br015_ g167 q3016, q3025 b8 G1395 ixe02rer 30 3.5.3 Adult alcohol consumption Table 3.13 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult alcohol consumption. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Drinking refers to the respondents who indicated that they drink alcoholic beverages. The timeframes for drinking habits varied, anywhere from drinking in the last three months (SABE cities, Puerto Rico), the last six months (Netherlands, Taiwan), the last year (England, China-CHNS), to anytime in their lifetime (US-HRS, US-WLS, Costa Rica, Mexico-MHAS). In the remaining countries, drinking was defined in the following manner: SAGE countries: Respondent drank an alcoholic beverage in their lifetime (past drinker) or in the last 30 days (present drinker). China-CLHLS: Respondent drinks alcohol at present or drank alcohol in the past. Bangladesh: Survey does not ask about drinking behaviors. Indonesia: Survey does not ask about drinking behaviors. From the country-specific variables a harmonized dichotomous variable (drink) was created to indicate if the person ever drinks alcohol or not. Respondents in the Bangladesh and Indonesia surveys were not asked about alcohol consumption. Appendix C provides a table describing the questions selected from the surveys regarding exercise. Table 3.13: Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult alcohol consumption Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/ Original Variables drink u40 d81, d82 ev1 scako c23 c60 br010_ g155 q3007, q3008 alc G1415 ixab01re Notes: Some surveys such as ELSA have a quite detailed drinking history (e.g. scal7a-7b, scdri*). These variables appear in the country-specific data for ELSA and are listed Appendix H. 31 3.5.4 Adult diet There are no constructed variables for adult diet. Several surveys had questions on adult diet including China-CHNS, China-CLHLS, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico-PREHCO, TaiwanSEBAS, SAGE and SABE. The China-CHNS Community Survey includes extensive information on household diet. In China-CLHLS, respondents were asked several questions regarding their diet. Survey staff collected data on the respondents’ staple food, consumption of fruits and vegetables, frequency of consumption of a variety of foods including meat, fish, and eggs, and preparation of water drank. Costa Rican respondents were asked about their consumption of major food groups in the last 10 years. Puerto Rican respondents were asked how many complete meals they eat per day to measure diet. In Taiwan, adult diet was defined with a dichotomous variable (yes/no) asking whether respondents eat three vegetables and two fruits a day and a dichotomous variable (yes/no) asking whether respondents drink milk every day. The SAGE survey asked respondents about their consumption of fruits and vegetables as well as how frequently they go hungry. In SABE, diet was measured using several questions. Data were collected on respondents’ consumption of major food groups as well as whether the respondent goes hungry and considers him/herself well-nourished. 3.5.5 Health care utilization Table 3.5.5 describes the relationship between the constructed variable healthuse and original variables from country-specific surveys for health care utilization. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Appendix C also provides questions used to construct this variable across countries. Table 3.5.5: Relationship between constructed and original variables for health care utilization Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/ Original Variables healthuse oc01_1- oc01_16 --f61 f15 --rj00a f031 d8_5 hc002_ k25 q5026 b13 G2603- G2606 ixhi01re 32 Notes: Most surveys had a questions regarding health utilization over the time period of one year. CHNS had a question about health utilization during the last month and so was not included. 3.6 Adult health outcomes 3.6.1 Self-reported health Table 3.14 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult self-reported health. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Table 3.14: Relationship between constructed and original variables for self-reported health Constructed Variables/ Original Variables Countries health poorhealth Bangladesh-MHSS gh01 gh01 China-CHNS u48a u48a China-CLHLS b12 b12 Costa Rica-CRELES c1 c1 England-ELSA hehelf hehelf Indonesia-IFLS kk01 kk01 Latin American cities-SABE c01 c01 Mexico-MHAS c1 c1 Netherlands-SHARE srhealtha srhealtha Puerto Rico-PREHCO g1 g1 SAGE q2000 q2000 Taiwan-SEBAS b1 b1 US-HRS G1226 G1226 US-WLS gx201re, ix001rer Adult health was defined using a general question asking respondents to rate their current state of health. Surveys used a different scale to define self-reported health, ranging from excellent to poor health. Health_ is country-specific or survey-specific depending on similarities in the scaling of the question. Poorhealth was harmonized based on the different scales for self-reported health (see Appendix C). In addition to self-reported health variables, there are three variations of an indicator of good health: goodhealth, goodhealth2, goodhealth3. The indicator is a composite measure of good health following closely the approach used in the creation of an international recognized generic indicator of health status, the Short- Form (SF)-12. The SF-12 is a series of 12 questions which measures physical and mental health dimensions based on 3-item or 5-item scales. Its validity and reliability has been well tested across many different countries (McDowell, 2006). In the case of the selected countries for the cross national data set, the SF-12 questions were not asked in all the surveys. However, it was possible to create an indicator of “good health” that was more objective in nature rather than relying, for example, solely on questions of self-reported health. The indicator of health status called goodhealth included three dimensions: 33 (1) self-reported health; (2) BMI; and (3) frailty (functionality). To combine the three dimensions of health into a composite index of good health a simple rule was followed in the SF-12 (McDowell, 2006): for each respondent the non-missing number of responses for all three dimensions of health was summed and then rescaled all responses to a 0100 scale, normalizing the scale to the minimum and maximum sum possible within the non-missing items. To have a valid score for good health, respondents had to have at least two non-missing responses. Very preliminary analysis of this measure has shown that it has good construct validity (McEniry, 2009). Modifications of goodhealth included adding a fourth dimension for chronic conditions (specifically heart disease and diabetes) (goodhealth2) and including only BMI and functionality (goodhealth3). 3.6.2 Functionality/disability Table 3.15 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult functionality/disability. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. There is no consensus on the definition of frailty (Bergman et al., 2007; Rockwood & Mitnitski, 2007), but physical limitations questions are used as one reasonable definition of frailty. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) reflect impairments associated with underlying conditions that induce physiological limitations and deterioration and provide a useful benchmark to calibrate demand for care, assistance, and support. ADLs are good probes of physical functioning, particularly lower body functionality (Smith, Branch & Scherr, 1990), and reflect impairment created by chronic conditions as well as cognitive and affective functioning (Stump, Clark, Johnson, & Wolinsky, 1977; Wray, Herzog & Park, 1996; Wray & Lynch, 1998). NadlGT0, NadlGT0_alt and NiadlGT0 are country-specific functionality items since countries differed in terms of inclusion of functionality items. Functionality was based on ADLs developed by Katz and Akpom (1976) and defined by NadlGT0, disability scales developed by Nagi (1976) and defined by NadlGT0_alt and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) developed by Lawton and Brody (1969) and defined by NiadlGT0. A harmonized version of the Katz and Akpom items was constructed called NadlGT0harm. ADLs were harmonized according to Pluijm et al. (2005) by selecting items in common across most countries (bathing, dressing, toileting and transferring). In the case of countries which do not have a particular item (Costa Rica—difficulty in dressing, Indonesia—toileting and transferring, and China-CHNS— transferring), items were constructed using Nagi physical performance measures following guidelines developed by Pluijm et al. (2005). Country-specific Cronbach alpha and the Kuder-Richardson coefficient of reliability (Kuder & Richardson, 1937) were used to test the internal consistency and the reliability of the items. A dichotomous variable was defined for reporting at least one ADL (1=at least one difficulty, 0=none) and then the construct validity was assessed by examining the country-specific relationship between disability and age group. Results from harmonizing the ADLs show 34 very good country-specific reliability and validity of the harmonized ADL measure. In all countries, (1) internal consistency was very high (kr20 ranged from 0.66-0.93); (2) age was significantly associated with reporting at least one ADL; and (3) there were significant associations between poor self-reported health and disability. In most countries there were significant associations between disability and adult heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Table 3.15: Relationship between constructed and original variables for functionality/disability Countries BangladeshMHSS China-CHNS ChinaCLHLS Costa RicaCRELES EnglandELSA IndonesiaIFLS Latin American cities-SABE MexicoMHAS NetherlandsSHARE Puerto RicoPREHCO SAGE TaiwanSEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/Original Variables NadlGT0 NadlGT0_alt NiadlGT0 gh09J-gh09M gh09A-gh09I u167, u169, u171, u172, u173 e1-e6 u157-u166 d6, d8, d11, d13, d16, d19 headb01-headb13 (see note a) kk03f, kk03h d2-d4 d11, d13a, d14a, d15a, d16a, d17a h15_1, h13, h16_1, h12, h17_1, h18_1, h19_1 (see note b) ph049d1-ph049d6 i9-i14 q2037, q2038, q2041 - q2044 b7_1 - b7_6 G2725, G2723, G2742, G2752, G2762, G2775 e11-e13 heada01heada10 kk03a- kk03e, kk03i, kk03j, kk03g d02-d10, d01a, d01b, d01c u174, u175, u176, u177, u178 e7-e10, e14 d21, d23, d25, d27 headb01-headb13 (see note a) d18a-d25a h1-h11 h26_1, h27_1, h28_1, h29_1 ph048d1ph048d10 ph049d7ph049d13 i1-i7 q2025 - q2031, q2034 - q2036, q2040 b5_1 - b5_9 q2032, q2033, q2045, q2046, q2039 b6_1 - b6_6 G2689, G2690, G2692, G2695, G2698, G2701, G2704, G2707, G2710, G2713, G2716, G2719 ixch03re ixch09re G2860, G2916, G2865, G2870, G2875 Note: Many surveys have performance measures which can be used to confirm self-reported functionality (see Appendix C or country specific appendices for more detail). Appendix C also provides more detail 35 regarding the components of ADLs, IADLs and Nagi items used across surveys. Constructing functionality variables for ADLs was not straightforward in some cases such as US-HRS due to complex skip patterns embedded in the survey instrument. In the ELSA survey, the variables headb01-headb13 contained values corresponding to both ADLs and IADLs. a In MHAS survey, the variable h12 (picking up a coin from the table) was used to complement the ADL for difficulty with eating. For those who had no difficulty picking up a coin, they also were identified as having no difficulty with eating. b 3.6.3 Chronic conditions Table 3.16 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult functionality. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Survey data on older adults use self-reported questions to estimate the prevalence of chronic conditions. Respondents were asked if they had ever been diagnosed by a medical professional with certain conditions. In some cases, surveys have biomarkers or symptoms questions which help address the problem of underestimation of selfreported health. CRELES, SEBAS and SAGE have biomarker data. The SAGE surveys have symptom questions for some chronic conditions based on validated measures which complement self-reported health. There are other surveys which have symptom questions (PREHCO) but SAGE has complete symptom questions based on the Rose (1962, 1977) questionnaire. Chronic conditions of interest to the cross national data set include hypertension, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, heart disease, tuberculosis, stroke, arthritis, osteoporosis, and heart attack. Each of these conditions was defined with a dichotomous variable (the respondent has/does not have the chronic condition). From responses to self-reports, variables for major chronic conditions were constructed: hypertension, cancer, respiratory, heart, heart_2, angina, heart_attack, diabetes, stroke, and arthritis. From these variables, country-specific variables were constructed which reflect the number of chronic conditions (Nchronic) and if the respondent reported at least one chronic condition (onechronic). In some countries, there are additional chronic conditions. For example, in ChinaCLHLS, Indonesia, and Mexico-MHAS respondents were asked to identify if they had tuberculosis (g15f2, cd05c, a9a respectively). SABE respondents were asked to identify if they had osteoporosis (c11e). Several countries had questions regarding depression. Puerto Rico had a variable indicating heart attack (g35). SAGE surveys include asthma (q4033). See Appendix C and country-specific appendices for more information. 3.6.4 Anthropometric measures Table 3.17 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult anthropometric measures such as weight, waist and hip (height, knee height and leg are reported earlier in the table on childhood 36 nutrition). Weight indicates the respondents’ measured weight in kilograms. Waist and hip indicate the respondents’ measured waist and hip in centimeters. Height and weight measurements or self-reported values were obtained for more surveys of older adults. From height and weight, a variable reflecting body mass index and dichotomous variables for obesity were created (bmi, bmiS, bmi_cat, obesity, and obesityS). Bmi indicates the respondents’ body mass index (calculated using weight/height2). Bmi_cat categorizes respondents into body mass index categories (severely underweight, underweight, normal, overweight, and obese). WLS has a variable called ix011rec which is a variable for BMI already calculated by survey staff. Obesity was a dichotomous variable (0-not obese, 1-obese) calculated from the constructed variables bmi and bmi_cat and defined as obese for respondents with a BMI greater or equal to 30. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Table 3.17: Relationship between constructed and original variables for anthropometric measures Constructed Variables/Original Variables weight waist hip ca07gm, ca07km weight u10 u9 g101 k3b, k3c k6b, k6c k7b, k7c wtval, wtok wstval, wstokb hipval, hipokb Indonesia-IFLS us06 us06a us06b Latin American cities-SABE k11 k08 k09 (see note a) (see note a) (see note a) Mexico-MHAS l3, c71 l5 l6 Netherlands-SHARE ph012_ Puerto Rico-PREHCO u4_l u2_p u3_p SAGE q2507 q2508 q2509 Taiwan-SEBAS weight waist hip US-HRS G1425 US-WLS ix009rer Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Notes: in most surveys, trained personnel from survey staff took measurements for different anthropometric features such as height, knee height, weight, hip and waist. The following surveys had only self-reported height and weight: HRS, WLS, and the Netherlands. MHAS had self-reports for most respondents and a subset where trained interviewers took measurements. Variables for SABE-Cuba were slightly different because three values were recorded for each of the anthropometric measures. a 37 Table 3.16: Relationship between constructed and original variables for key chronic conditions Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa RicaCRELES England-ELSA (see note a) Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS NetherlandsSHARE Puerto RicoPREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Constructed Variables/Original Variables hypertension diabetes cancer cm01_8 u22 u24a g15a2 g15b2 g15i2 c4 c10 c18 respiratory cm01_7 heart stroke g15e2 c22 u24j g15c2 c32, c26 u24l g15d2 c35 arthritis cm01_2 g15n2 c41 hedia01hedia07 cd05A (see note b) c04 hedia01hedia07 cd05B (see note b) c05 hedib01hedib05 cd05I (see note b) c06 hedib01hedib04 cd05E (see note b) c07 hedia01hedia07 cd05F (see note b) c08 hedia01hedia07 cd05H (see note b) c09 hedib01hedib04 cd05J (see note b) c10 c4 ph006d2 c6 ph006d5 c12 ph006d10 c19 ph006d6 c22 ph006d1 c27 ph006d4 c34 ph006d8 g4 g8 g24 g31 g40 g49 q4060 q4022 q4010 q4001 b4a_1 G1238 gx341re b4a_2 G1245 gx342re g36 (see note c) q4014- q4020 (see note d) b4a_3 G1289 gx351re b4a_4 G1309 gx356re b4a_7 G1327 gx360re Notes: q4025 b4a_5 G1262 gx348re b4a_6 G1279 ix089rer, ix085rer a The identification of chronic conditions is complicated in ELSA. To determine whether ELSA identified a chronic condition, the first wave had to be reviewed. Then, from the second wave (or the baseline for the cross national data set), all chronic conditions had to be double checked to see if respondents were still reporting the same condition. ELSA uses identical variables from wave to wave in some cases. In the cross national data, variables were renamed with wave identifiers. For example, the variables hedia* and hedib* from wave 1 are now W1hedia* and W1hedib*. If there were discrepancies between wave 1 and wave 2, the hedian* and hediam* variables were used to verify the reason for such discrepancies. b Chronic conditions for the Indonesia survey taken from the 2007 survey. Most of the other data regarding Indonesia is from the 2000 survey. c Puerto Rico also has a question asking about heart attack. d SAGE heart variable includes a self-reported question but also several symptom questions based on the Rose questionnaire (1962, 1977). 38 3.6.5 Mortality Table 3.18 describes the relationship between the constructed and original variables from country-specific surveys for adult mortality. Indicated also are the countries where mortality data were available. A description of relevant original variables can be found in appendices according to country. Table 3.18: Relationship between constructed and original variables for adult mortality Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA c Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS NetherlandsSHARE Puerto RicoPREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS c Notes: Constructed Variables/Original Variables deadFIN Other variables found in country-specific files (see note a) dod, t7_00, t7_06, dod_rpt d5vyear d5vyear, v_bthyr muerto mortfin yrdeath, agedead2, maincod, mortwave died07 Mortality data available? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No fallecido03 deadoralive sa6 Yes Yes tipo_e (see note b) cause_recode_72 Yes KALIVE, NYEAR deatyr, deatmn gw006ifc, livgrad, deatmn, ndi01-ndi46 No No Yes Yes a Dead was identified from mortality data given to author for use in the cross national data. No original variable is available. The variable tipo_e is from the PREHCO questionnaire. This information was complemented with NDI data to identify deceased respondents. b c In WLS and ELSA, all observations are coded as either dead or “assumed to be alive.” A variable dead includes an identification of missing values if there were any (-1). In the case of ELSA and WLS for the years covered it appears that there were no missing values. The variable deadFIN assumes that missing are alive and thus eliminates the category of missing. Additional variables relating to death (date of death, cause of death) are indicated in the table where these data were available. In Puerto Rico, the cause of death was defined by the National Death Index (NDI) using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes (ICD-9) including but not 39 limited to heart disease, cancer, respiratory, diabetes, cerebrovascular, atherosclerosis, infection, Alzheimer’s disease, renal failure, accidents, digestive, ill defined, and other. 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(1977). Myocardial Ischaemia, Risk Factors and Death from Coronary Heart Disease. Lancet, 309(8003), 105-109. Rose, G.A. (1962). The Diagnosis of Ischaemic Heart Pain and Intermittent Claudication in Field Surveys. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 27, 645-658. Rosero-Bixby, L., Fernándex, X., & Dow, W.H. CRELES: Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study, 2005 (Costa Rica Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable). ICPSR26681-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research; Costa Rica: The Central American Population Center [distributor], accessed 2007-07-09. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACDA/studies/26681/version/2. SAGE research team, personal communication, Spring 2012. 43 Smith, L.A., Branch, L.G., & Scherr, P.A. (1990). Short-term variability of measures of physical function in older people. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 38, 993-998. Soldo, B.J., Wong, R., Palloni, A., & Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica (INEGI). Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Mexican Health and Aging Study [distributor], accessed 2008-05-29. http://www.mhas.pop.upenn.edu/english/home.htm, http://www.mhas.pop.upenn.edu/english/documentation.htm. Strauss, J. (2004). Indonesian Living Standards: Before and After the Financial Crisis. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Stump, T.E., Clark, D.O., Johnson, R.J., & Wolinsky, F.D. (1977). The structure of health status among Hispanic, African American, and white older adults. Journals of Gerontology, 52B(Special Issue), 49-60. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. The Carolina Population Center, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, & Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). ICPSR176. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina [distributor], accessed 2010-02-11. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china/data. Westat, prepared by. Prepared for, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, and Office of Human Services Policy. (2006). Health and Retirement Study (HRS). http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/06/catalog-ai-an-na/HRS.htm. Wong R, Espinoza M. (2004). Response Rates in the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS/ENASEM) 2003. Project Report. Page 8. World Bank. (2011). How We Classify Countries. http://data.worldbank.org/about/ country-classifications. Accessed 2008. World Health Organization (WHO). (1977). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (WHO). (2000). The world health report 2000. Health systems: improving performance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Choosing Interventions that are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE): Purchasing Power Parity 2005. http://www.who.int/choice/costs/ppp/en/index.html. World Health Organization (WHO). SAGE: WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). World Health Organization [distributor], accessed 2011. 44 http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/sage/en/index1.html, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/sage/en/. Wray, L.A., & Lynch, J.W. (1998). The role of cognitive ability in links between disease severity and functional ability in middle-aged adults. Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Gerontological Society of America, in Nov, in Philadelphia, PA. Wray, L.A., Herzog, A.R., & Park, D.C. (1996). Physical Health, Mental Health, and Function Among Older Adults. Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Gerontological Society of America, in Nov, in Washington, DC. Yi, Z., Vaupel, J.W., Zhenyu, X., Yuzi, L., & Chunyuan, Z. Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), 1998-2005. ICPSR24901-v2. Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development: Duke University. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], accessed 2009-06-19. http://centerforaging.duke.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115 &Itemid=152, http://centerforaging.duke.edu/survey-datasets. 45 Appendix A: Original Funding Sources for Studies Included in the First Public Release of the RELATE Data For the China Health and Nutrition Study (CHNS), whose data is included as part of this data collection, funding was obtained via the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Carolina Population Center (5 R24 HD050924), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01-HD30880, DK056350, R24 HD050924, and R01HD38700) and the Fogarty International Center. Further, the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health provided support for the CHNS study in 2009. Funding from these sources supported the CHNS data collection and analysis files from 1989 to 2011 and future surveys. For the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), whose data is included as part of this data collection, funding was provided by the National Institute of Aging (NIA)/NIH grants R01 AG02362701 (PI: Zeng Yi) (Grant name: Demographic Analysis of Healthy Longevity in China) and P01 AG 008761 (PI: Zeng Yi; Program Project Director: James W. Vaupel), awarded to Duke University, with Chinese matching support for personnel costs and some local expenses. UNFPA and the China Social Sciences Foundation provided additional support for expanding the 2002 CLHLS survey. The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research has provided support for international training since the CLHLS 1998 baseline survey. Finally, in December 2004 the China Natural Sciences Foundation and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) partnered with NIA/NIH, providing grants to partially support the CLHLS project. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), whose data is also included as part of this data collection, was conducted by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Población in collaboration with the Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, with the support of the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406). The Principal Investigator is Luis Rosero-Bixby, with Co-Principal Investigators Xinia Fernández (University of Costa Rica) and William H. Dow (University of California, Berkeley). For the Puerto Rican Elderly (PREHCO) study, whose data is included as part of this data collection, funding was obtained by NIA grant R01 AG1620901A2. For the Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean (SABE) study, whose data is included as part of this data collection, the Center for Demography and Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison supported the necessary activities towards the implementation of The SABE Research and partially sponsored Dr. Alberto Palloni's participation. An Inter-Agency Agreement between the Pan American Health Organization and The National Institute on Aging partially supported the technical advisory activities with preparation of a database and preliminary analyses. In addition, a grant from The National Institute on Aging allowed for Dr. Palloni's participation in technical consultation activities at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Finally, the SABE website was developed with assistance and funding from the Center for Demography of Health and Aging. For the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE), whose data is included as part of this data collection, Wave II (conducted between 2007 and 2008) was supported by WHO and the Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the US National Institute on Aging, through Interagency Agreements (OGHA 04034785; YA1323-08-CN-0020; Y1-AG-1005-01). For the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), whose data is included as part of the data collection, funding since 1991 has been supported principally by the National Institute on Aging (AG-9775 and AG-21079), with additional support from the Vilas Estate Trust, the National Science Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, and the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A public use file of data from the 46 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study is available from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (Address: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706) as well as via the WLS study website. 47 Step # 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Abstract Appendix B: Archiving and Preservation Details Stage 1: Pre-Processing Review Stage Use StatTransfer for the conversion; Open SPSS, then paste datafile to Convert file to SPSS; create create syntax; generate a frequency output file by running SPSS through syntax; produce frequencies Unix. Review frequencies; make list Review the frequency output file (.sps.out), create an excel spreadsheet of issues requiring follow-up; noting the filename, the problematic variable, and the issue that needs to compare frequencies with be resolved. This can be done to document discrepancies with the appendices appendix too. Stage 2: Processing Stage To resolve discrepancies between the PI-supplied appendices and the Fix issues that can be fixed datafile, refer to the original data questionnaires. Use track changes to using materials deposited by modify the appendix. To modify the data/the labeling scheme, modify the PI SPSS syntax file. Contact PI / PI research Provide a modified excel spreadsheet that includes the data filename, the assistant for assistance in problematic variable, and a brief description of the problem resolving remaining issues Incorporate PI / PI research This step will require making additional modifications to the SPSS assistant feedback; make syntax. If the changes needed are extensive, it might necessitate sending changes the frequencies back to the PI/PI research assistant for a second review Stage 3: Quality-Check (QC) Stage Preliminary QCs requires temporary employees/research technicians to review the frequencies and, if issues are spotted, to attempt to resolve the Conduct an internal QC; Have issues. At this point, issues should be minor, necessitating little feedback 2-3 people review frequencies from the PIs. Send files to PI and the DSDR These include updated frequencies and the modified appendices. Archive Manager for QCs Make any final modifications This step will require making additional modifications to the SPSS to the data based on the PI and syntax. Archive Manager QCs Stage 4: Hermes Stage Hermes is an internal ICPSR program that takes our processed datafile (input) and produces data and setup files in SAS, SPSS, Stata, and R Run Hermes; fix any issues format. It also produces a PDF codebook with frequencies and a data with Hermes completeness report. Sometimes errors occur when running Hermes, and these need to be resolved before proceeding. Setup files produced by Hermes need to be QC-ed using a standardized Conduct Hermes tests testing plan. Usually no issues arise, but occasionally errors need to be resolved and Hermes must be run again. Stage 5: Metadata / Documentation Compilation Stage Metadata is the study description, and ICPSR has a template that is used Compile the study metadata to compile this based on documentation supplied by the PI. This is the description that will appear in the study's page on the ICPSR website. The metadata template must be approved by the ICPSR metadata editors; PDF document covers for the ICPSR-generated codebook(s) and Send metadata for approval; any documentation provided by the PIs that will be released must be obtain documentation covers obtained from the editors. Compile the study Once covers are obtained, they must be merged with the ICPSRdocumentation generated codebook(s) and any documentation provided by the PIs. Obtain approval of Documentation must be submitted to the documentation editors for documentation approval. Stage 6: Turnover Stage 48 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 A turnover directory, complete with the Hermes-generated datafiles and setup files, PDF documentation, and processing history (syntax) files is compiled. Conduct a turnover quality An internal program (turnqa) can be run to QC the turnover directory. If check; obtain turnover the quality-checks pass, then turnover authorization is requested from authorization the Archive Manager. Turnover study An internal program (turnover -s) is run to turnover the study. Stage 7: Preservation / Study Update Stage Study files are organized in a secure data environment (SDE) and are Maintain the study files in a preserved; no datafiles are deleted, and processing history files serve as a secure location record of the modifications made to the data. The study can be updated by modifying existing data, removing parts of Update study as needed the data, or adding more data. Study updates undergo the exact same process as new studies. Compile a turnover directory Note: Table compiled by Tommaso Pavone, Research Technician Senior at Data-Sharing for Demographic Research (DSDR), 5-8-2013. 49 Appendix C: Harmonization of Key Variables OVERVIEW Adult SES HH income wealth Adult Lifesty le smoking drinking ex ercise health use diet Health Outcom es self-reported health heart diabetes obesity ADLs (Katz) Nagi items IADLs performance measures other chronic conditions biomarkers mortality Depression and Depression CES-D Cognition (mood) Cognition health heart diabetes obesity NadlGT0 NadlGT0_alt NiadlGT0 deadFIN CHNS 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x NO x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x NO x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 1 -1 7 1 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x NO x x NO x x x x x NO x NO x x x 1 9 20-25 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x SAGE ELSA 2 Netherlands Taiwan 1 Bangladesh MHAS x x x x HRS education y educa income wealth_index smoking1 drinking1 ex ercise1 healthuse x x x x x WLS Early Life country gender age demographic regime health sy stem current residence ethnicity height (cm) weight (kilos) waist knee (cm)/leg length month of birth rural birthplace father education father occupation mother education mother occupation childhood health poor child SES other conditions education Puerto Rico Dem ographic Costa Rica Ov erall ALL x Indonesia Count ries v ariable id samplewgt country gender age regime hscore residence ethnic_ height weight waist knee, leg quarter ruralFIN fathereduc fatheroccup mothereduc motheroccup poorchealth poorcecon CLHLS Table TableA1: C1:Summary SummaryofofKey KeyVariables Variables SABE Table C1 shows a description of the major variables within the cross national data set. The “X”s in the table indicate that a country asked questions from which the corresponding variables could be constructed. Below the table describes a cross national comparison of some of the selected variables and the questions and in some cases the scales used. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 50 Notes: Argentina-SABE did not have values for height, weight, waist, knee/leg or obesity. Taiwan did not have a continuous income variable, but does use an SES ladder variable. The same ladder variable was used to evaluate wealth. England used an SES ladder variable to determine wealth. Indonesian health outcomes for heart conditions are from the 2007 survey (rather than the 2000 survey). Regarding other life course factors, in addition to information about early life conditions all of the named surveys contain comprehensive information that reflect conditions in adulthood (e.g. migration, adult occupation, medicines taken, health care utilization, transfers, housing as an adult and/or property owned). Check the country-specific questionnaires for more information for a particular survey. Other major chronic conditions are listed in Table C16 below. Note that while the above table identifies depression and cognition availability across surveys, variables for these dimensions are not yet included in the cross national data set. Mother occupation was available in some surveys (e.g. SAGE, Indonesia, Puerto Rico, Netherlands, ELSA, and Bangladesh) but in instances such as Puerto Rico information was largely missing. A constructed variable was created with information from selected countries such as SAGE and Indonesia only (motheroccup). Occupational codes for mother will need to be reviewed in surveys from Bangladesh, Netherlands and ELSA. 51 DEMOGRAPHICS Residence. The harmonized measure residence indicates if the respondent’s residence was urban or rural at the time of the survey. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C2: Original variable, question, original variable scale and corresponding residence scale Country Bangladesh-MHSS a China-CHNS Variable Question n/a, all rural respondents t2 Urban Site. China-CLHLS residenc Current residence area of interviewee. Costa Rica URBAN Living in urban or rural area now. Indonesia sc05 Area: SABE a Mexico-MHAS murb n/a, all urban respondents Community of residence has 100,000 people or more. SAGE q0104 Taiwan rural Setting: An urban area that has been legally proclaimed as being urban. Such areas include towns, cities and metropolitan areas. All other areas that are not classified as being urban. This includes commercial farms, small settlements, rural villages and other areas which are further away from towns and cities. 2000 Residence: Urban or Rural township. Notes: a Bangladesh Scale Residence 1-urban site 2-rural site 1-city 2-town 3-rural 1-yes 0-no 1-urban 2-rural 0-urban 1-rural 0-urban 0-urban 1-rural 0-urban 1-rural 0-urban 1-rural 0-less urbanized regions 1-more urbanized regions 1-urban 2-rural 1-rural 0-urban 1-rural 0-urban 1-rural 0-urban 0-urban 1-rural and SABE are not based on any variable, but are set to either all urban (SABE) or all rural (Bangladesh). 52 EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS RuralFIN. The harmonized measure ruralFIN indicates if a person spent their childhood in a rural area (1=yes, 0=no). Table C3 describes the questions used to ascertain if the respondent had spent a significant amount of time in a rural area as a child. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C3: Original variables and questions used to construct childhood birthplace Country Bangladesh-MHSS Variable mg02 mg04 China-CHNS China-CLHLS t2 a41 a43 pc Questions Is [your birthplace] a…1-village, 2-small town, 5-big city, don’t know Is the place [where you lived when you were 12 years old] a… 1-village, 2-small town, 5-big city, don’t know Urban site In which province were you born? Was the place of birth an urban area or rural area (at time of birth)? Province and canton of birth. mg04a mg08 a02 a04b murb a21 When you were 12 years old did you live in the same place as the place where you were born? When you were 12, was the place a: 1-village, 3-small town, 5-big city, 8-don’t know Were you born in […]? During the first 15 years of your life, did you live in a rural area for 5 years or more? Community of residence has 100,000 people or more About how many years have you lived in this community or have you always lived here q1024 q1020 q0104 Where did you live during most of your life before turning 18 years old? Would you say that before turning 18 years old you lived mostly in the countryside, in the city, in the suburbs or in another place? Where did you live for most of your childhood (age 9 or younger)? Have you always lived in this village/town/city? Setting (circle one) An urban area that has been legally proclaimed as being urban. Such areas include towns, cities and metropolitan areas. All other areas that are not classified as being urban. This includes commercial farms, small settlements, rural villages and other areas which are further away from towns and cities. Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO o1 o2 SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS G1125 US-WLS rlur5 Were you living in a rural area most of the time when you were [in grade school/in high school/about age 10]? 1957 rural-urban residence of respondent 53 Note: In most cases, the variable ruralFIN was defined only for those people born in the country interviewed. The exception was China-CHNS where there was not a variable indicating if respondents were born in the country. In the case of Taiwan and the Netherlands, it was not possible to discern if they had lived rural or urban areas as a child, although additional survey data from the Netherlands (SHARE) may provide this information. Father education. Father education defines the level of education the respondent’s father achieved. Variables that defined fathereduc were constructed based on different scales for some countries. Country-specific father education variables were created for those countries where scales differed. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C4: Original variables and questions or scales with corresponding father education scale Country Bangladesh-MHSS a Variable ed03 ed06 ed08a Question or scale What was your highest class COMPLETED? Indonesia-IFLS ba07ap (only used to define no school) ba08p ba07ap=3 (No) 02-elementary 70-Madrasah 72-Islamic elementary school (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) 90-kindergarten 04-junior high - vocational 05-senior high - general 06-senior high - vocational 11-adult education a 12-adult education b 13-open university 14-Islamic school (Pesantren) 60-college, D1, D2, D3 61-university (Bachelor) 62-university (Master) 63-university (PhD) 73-Islamic junior/high school (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) 74-Madrasah Aliyah fathereduc 1-no school 2-primary 3-secondary 4-secondary+ 1-no school 2-primary 2-primary 2-primary 2-primary 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 54 Country Mexico-MHAS Variable f8 Puerto Rico-PREHCO h3a SAGE q1032 US-HRSb V213, F1000, G1087 US-WLS edfa57q Question or scale 1-none 2-some elementary 3-completed elementary 4-more than elementary 0-he did not go to school 1-he went to school but he did not complete eighth grade 2-he went to school and he completed eighth grade or higher 0-no formal education 1-less than primary school 2-primary school completed 3-secondary school completed 4-high school (or equivalent) completed 5-college/pre-university/university completed 6-post graduate degree completed 0-no formal education 1-8-grades 9-11-grades 12-high school 13-15-some college 16-college grad 17-post college (17+ years) 7-did not attend high school 10-attended high school 12-graduated from high school 13-attended trade or business school 14-attended college 16-graduated from college 18-has masters or PhD fathereduc 1-none 2-primary 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 1-noschool 2-primary 3-secondary and plus 1-no school 2-primary 2-primary 3-secondary 3-secondary 4-more than secondary 4-more than secondary 1-no school 2-primary 3-secondary 4-secondary+ 2-primary 3-secondary 3- secondary 3- secondary 4- secondary + 4- secondary + 4- secondary + Notes: In some surveys (Indonesia, Puerto Rico, MHAS) secondary and secondary plus were combined into one category. In the case of Indonesia, the small number of cases beyond secondary justified this classification. In the case of Puerto Rico and MHAS the original question was not specific to identify education greater than a secondary level. a For Bangladesh, there were multiple variables used to deduce father education. Which question was asked of the respondent or directly of the respondent’s father depended on where his/her father was currently living (with the respondent or not) and whether the respondent’s father was 55 currently alive or deceased. The categories of father education were based primarily on variable ed08a which asked, “What was your highest class attended?” However, also used were ed03 (“Have you ever attended/are you attending school?”), ed06 (“If you ever attended school, what was the type of school last attended?”), as well as lh03 (position in household) and paro2f (“Did father live in the household”). b US-HRS combined three waves (1996, 1998, 2000) for parental education. Father occupation. Father occupation defines the occupation of the respondent’s father when the respondent was a child. Variables that defined fatheroccup were constructed based on different scales for some countries. Country-specific father occupation variables were created for those countries where scales differed. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C5: Original variables and questions or scales with corresponding father occupation scale Country China-CLHLS Variable f84 England-ELSA difjob Question or scale 0-professional or technical personnel 1-governmental, institutional or managerial personnel 2-staff/service worker/industrial worker 4-agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery 5-housework 6-military personnel 7-unemployed 8-other, please specify 01-armed forces 02-manager or senior official in someone else’s business 03-running his own business 04-professional or technical 05-administrative, clerical or secretarial 06-skilled trade 07-caring, leisure, travel or personal services 08-sales or customer service 09-plant, process or machine drivers or operators 10-other jobs 11-something else 12-casual jobs 13-retired 14-unemployed 15-sick/disabled fatheroccup 3-professional 3-professional 2-urban service worker 1-agricultural worker 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 3-professional 3-professional 3-professional 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 56 Country Indonesia-IFLS Variable ba13p Netherlands-SHARE isco_fa Puerto Rico-PREHCO rcode_h4 SAGE q1029 (Was your father ever employed?) q1030 (What was your father’s main employer?) Question or scale 01-professional or technical worker 02-managerial, administrative, decision making staff 03-clerical personnel and the like 04-sales personnel 05-service personnel 06-farm, forestry, game hunting, fishery worker 07-production line worker 08-transportation vehicle operator 09-blue collar worker 10-other, specify 1-managers 2-professionals 3-technicians and associate professionals 4-clerical support workers 5-service and sales workers 6-skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers 7-craft and related trades workers 8-plant and machine operators, and assemblers 9-elementary occupations 0-armed forces occupations 0006-housewife / houseman 0007-welfare support / pension / etc. 1-management occupations 2-professional and related 3-services and sales 4-office and administrative support occupation 5-farming, fishing and forestry 6-construction, extraction and 7-production, transportation and material 99-not specified q1029 a 2-no q1030 1-public sector (government) 2-private sector (for profit or not for profit) 3-self-employed fatheroccup 3-professional 3-professional 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 1-agricultural worker 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 4-all other 1-manager 2-professional 3-technicians 4-clerical 5-service/sales 6-skilled agr/forestry/fish 7-craft/trade 8-plant/machine operators 9-elementary occupations 10-armed forces 11-other 11-other 3-professional 3-professional 2-service worker, construction, maintenance 2-service worker, construction, maintenance 1-mostly agricultural worker 2-service worker, construction, maintenance 2-service worker, construction, maintenance 4-all other 5-never employed 1-public sector 2-private sector 3-self-employed 57 Country Variable US-HRS b E5654M (1996) F997HM (1998) G1084M (2000) c US-WLS ocf57 Notes: a Question or scale 4-informal employment 1-managerial specialty operation 2-professional specialty operation and technical support 3-sales 4-clerical, administrative support 5-service: private household, cleaning and building services 6-service: protection 7-service: food preparation 8-health services 9-personal services 10-farming, forestry, fishing 11-mechanics and repair 12-construction trade and extractors 13-precision production 14-operators: machine 15-operators: transport, etc. 16-operators: handlers, etc. 17-member of Armed Forces 1-unskilled or not ascertained 2-farming 3-skilled 4-white collar 5-professional or executive fatheroccup 4-informal employment 3-professional 3-professional 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 2-urban service worker 1-agricultural worker 1-agricultural worker 1-agricultural worker 1-agricultural worker 1-agricultural worker 1-agricultural worker 1-agricultural worker 4-all other 2-urban service worker 1-agricultural worker 2-urban service worker 3-professional 3-professional SAGE used variable q1029 to define the “never employed” category, but q1030 for all other categories. b US-HRS combined three waves (1996, 1998, 2000) for father’s occupation. The variables for HRS 2000 all begin with the letter “G,” earlier years start with different letters. For example, “E” was used for 1996 and “F” for 1998. Variables from previous years do not appear in the table, though data may have been used to gather responses. c Mother education. Mother education defines the level of education the respondent’s mother achieved. It was split into different country-specific variables where scales differed. Country-specific motheroccup variables were created for those countries where scales differed (SAGE, Indonesia). Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables for mother occupation. 58 Table C6: Original variables and questions or scales with corresponding mother education scale Country Bangladesh-MHSS a Costa Rica-CRELES Variable ed03 ed06 ed08a lh03 par02m a18 Indonesia-IFLS ba07am (only used to define no school) ba08m Mexico-MHAS f1 Question or scale What was your highest class COMPLETED? mothereduc 1-no school 2-primary 3-secondary 4-secondary+ 1-none 2-elementary 3-secondary 4-higher education 1-no school 2-primary 3-secondary 4-secondary+ ba07am=3 (No) 02-elementary 70-Madrasah 72-Islamic elementary school (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) 90-kindergarten 04-junior high - vocational 05-senior high - general 06-senior high - vocational 11-adult education a 12-adult education b 13-open university 14-Islamic school (Pesantren) 60-college, D1, D2, D3 61-university (Bachelor) 62-university (Master) 63-university (PhD) 73-Islamic junior/high school (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) 74-Madrasah Aliyah 1-none 2-some elementary 3-completed elementary 4-more than elementary 1-no school 2-primary 2-primary 2-primary 2-primary 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 3-secondary and plus 1-none 2-primary 2-primary 3-secondary and plus 59 Country Variable Puerto Rico-PREHCO h6c SAGE q1028 US-HRS b V212 (1992) F1001 (1998) G1088 (2000) c US-WLS edmo57q Question or scale 0-she did not go to school 1-she went to school but she did not complete eighth grade 2-she went to school and she completed eighth grade or higher 0-no formal education 1-less than primary school 2-primary school completed 3-secondary school completed 4-high school (or equivalent) completed 5-college/pre-university/university completed 6-post graduate degree completed 0-no formal education 1-8-grades 9-11-grades 12-high school 13-15-some college 16-college grad 17-post college (17+ years) 7-did not attend high school 10-attended high school 12-graduated from high school 13-attended trade or business school 14-attended college 16-graudated from college 18-has masters or PhD mothereduc 1-no school 2-primary 3-secondary 1-no school 2-primary 2-primary 3-secondary 3-secondary 4-secondary+ 4-secondary+ 1-no school 2-primary 3-secondary 3-secondary 4-secondary+ 4-secondary+ 4-secondary+ 2-primary 3-secondary 3- secondary 3- secondary 4- secondary + 4- secondary + 4- secondary + Notes: In some surveys (Indonesia, Puerto Rico, MHAS) secondary and secondary plus were combined into one category. In the case of Indonesia, the small number of cases beyond secondary justified this classification. In the case of Puerto Rico and MHAS the original question was not specific to identify education greater than a secondary level. a For Bangladesh, the categories of mother education were based primarily off of variable ed08a which asked, “What was your highest class attended. However, also used were ed03 (Have you ever attended/are you attending school?), ed06 (If you ever attended school, what was the type of school last attended?), as well as lh03 (position in household) and paro2m (did mother live in the household). b US-HRS combined three waves (1996, 1998, 2000) for mother’s education. The variables for HRS 2000 all begin with the letter “G,” earlier years start with different letters. For example, “E” was used for 1996 and “F” for 1998. Variables from previous years do not appear in the table, though data may have been used to gather responses. c 60 Poor childhood health. The variable poorchealth is based on retrospective questions asked of respondents regarding their childhood. Table C7 shows how the variable was defined across countries. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C7: Original variables, questions, scale and corresponding poor childhood health scale a Country Costa Rica-CRELES Variable in2 Question How was your health for the majority of your childhood and adolescence? Latin American cities-SABE c27 During the majority of the first 15 years of your life, would you say that your health was excellent, good, or poor? Mexico-MHAS a8 Before you were age ten, did you have a serious health problem that affected your normal activities for a month or more? How would you describe your health as a child or adolescent? Would you say your health as a child or adolescent was excellent, very good, good, average, or bad? Puerto Rico-PREHCO h14 US-HRS E5648 (1996) F992 (1998) G1079 (2000) b Consider your health while you were growing up, from birth to age 16. Would you say that your health during that time was excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor? US-WLS ixc01rer How would you rate your health as a child? Notes: Scale 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-poor 1-excellent 2-good 3-poor 1-yes 2-no poorchealth 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1- yes 0 -no 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-average 5-bad 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 1 - poor 2 - fair 3 - good 4 - very good 5 - excellent 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 0-no 0-no There were additional questions asked about childhood health in several of the surveys. For example, questions were asked regarding whether or not the respondent went to bed hungry as a child (China-CLHLS, SABE), had serious health problems as a child (Mexico-MHAS, US-WLS), missed school due to illness (Puerto Rico, US-WLS), missed common childhood activities due to illness (Puerto Rico, US-WLS), was confined to bed for periods of time due to illness (US-WLS), had water as a child (China-CLHLS), had adequate medical services as a child (China-CLHLS), wore shoes a 61 regularly (Costa Rica), was confined to bed for an illness for extended periods of time (SABE), experienced a serious blow to the head (MexicoMHAS), experienced abuse in the home as a child (US-WLS), had encouragement and protection as a child (US-WLS), had their tonsils and/or adenoids removed in childhood (US-WLS) and the respondent’s mother lived or worked in the United States (Mexico-MHAS). Questions regarding specific childhood illnesses that the respondent experienced were also asked in several surveys. This included tuberculosis (Costa Rica, MexicoMHAS, SABE, Puerto Rico), asthma (Costa Rica, SABE, Puerto Rico, US-WLS), rheumatic fever (Costa Rica, Mexico-MHAS, SABE, Puerto Rico), chronic bronchitis (Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, US-WLS), poliomyelitis (Costa Rica, Mexico-MHAS, Puerto Rico, US-WLS), malaria (Costa Rica, Puerto Rico), typhoid fever (Mexico-MHAS), nephritis (SABE), hepatitis (SABE, Puerto Rico, US-WLS), measles (SABE, Puerto Rico), typhus fever (Puerto Rico), dengue fever (Puerto Rico), chicken pox (Puerto Rico), mumps (Puerto Rico), small pox (Puerto Rico), pneumonia (Puerto Rico, USWLS), ear infections (US-WLS), pertussis (US-WLS), diphtheria (US-WLS), meningitis (US-WLS), infection mononucleosis (US-WLS). More detailed information, including the specific questions and question asked can be found in the country-specific appendices. Additional information for some countries is only available in their questionnaire (e.g. Netherlands). The variables for HRS 2000 all begin with the letter “G,” earlier years start with different letters. For example, “E” was used for 1996 and “F” for 1998. Variables from previous years do not appear in the table, though data may have been used to gather responses. b Poor childhood socioeconomic status. The variable poorcecon is based on retrospective questions asked of respondents regarding their childhood. Table C8 shows how the variable was defined across countries. For most countries, poorcecon was based on variables asking what the respondent’s socioeconomic status was as a child. South Africa and MHAS were two exceptions. South Africa based poor childhood SES on the father’s level of education (variable q1032). Mexico-MHAS based poor childhood SES on owning a toilet (variable a7). Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C8: Original variables, questions, scale and corresponding poor childhood SES scale Country Costa Rica-CRELES Variable in1 Latin American cities-SABE c26 Mexico-MHAS a7 Question During the first 15 years of your life, did your family have problems or economic hardships that did not allow you to eat regularly, dress adequately or get necessary medical care? During the majority of the first 15 years of your life, what was the economic situation of your family? (Read all the options until you get an affirmative answer.) Before you were age ten, did your house have a toilet? Puerto Rico-PREHCO h1 In general, would you say that the economic conditions in the household in which you grew up were good, average or bad? US-HRS Now think about your family when you were growing up, from birth to age 16. Would you say your family during that time was pretty E5655 (1996) F993 (1998) Scale 1-yes 2-no poorcecon 1-yes 0-no 1-good 2-average 3-poor 1-yes 2-no 1-good 2-average 3-bad 1-pretty well off financially 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 62 G1080 (2000) b well of financially, about average, or poor? Notes: 3-about average 5-poor 0-no 1-yes a There were additional questions asked about childhood SES in several of the surveys. Questions were asked regarding whether or not the respondent had a toilet in their childhood home (Costa Rica, Mexico-MHAS), lived with their grandparents as a child (Mexico-MHAS, US-HRS), had electricity in their childhood home (Costa Rica), lived with their biological father as a child (Costa Rica), has a family history of diabetes (Taiwan, Puerto Rico, US-WLS), has a family history of heart disease (Taiwan), has currently living parents (Mexico-MHAS, SABE, Netherlands, Puerto Rico), experienced economic hardship that prevented them from eating regularly, adequately clothing themselves, or receiving necessary medical attention (Puerto Rico), experienced periods of time of father’s unemployment in childhood (Puerto Rico, US-WLS), experienced periods of time of mother’s unemployment in childhood (Puerto Rico), had to leave school or work to help their parents (Puerto Rico), experienced financial difficulties that required them to move (US-HRS), and received financial help from relatives (US-HRS). Other questions included where the respondent slept as a child (Costa Rica), the age of death of the respondent’s mother and father (Mexico-MHAS, SABE, Netherlands, Bangladesh, Puerto Rico), the age of the respondent’s mother and father, if currently living (Mexico-MHAS), whether or not the respondent’s father worked or lived in the United States when the respondent was a child (Mexico-MHAS), whether or not the respondent’s mother or father could read or write (Puerto Rico), whether or not the respondent’s parents divorced in childhood (Puerto Rico), where the respondent lived in childhood and whether or not that area was rural (US-HRS). More detailed information, including the specific questions and question asked can be found in the country-specific appendices. Additional information for some countries is only available in their questionnaire. b The variables for HRS 2000 all begin with the letter “G,” earlier years start with different letters. For example, “E” was used for 1996 and “F” for 1998. Variables from previous years do not appear in the table, though data may have been used to gather responses. ADULT SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Education. Education was defined as level of education completed if available and grouped into four categories using the UN international standard classification of education (2011): no schooling (0 years), primary-elementary (1-6 years), secondary or intermediate (7-12 years), and higher (more than 12 years). For most countries, no school was defined as zero years of formal education. Primary-elementary was defined as completing any level of education through the sixth grade (fifth grade for Bangladesh). Secondary or intermediate was defined as completing any level of education from seventh through twelfth grade. Higher was defined as completing anything higher than twelfth grade. US-WLS, Indonesia and ELSA had different definitions for education than the categories listed above. Table C9 lists the different definitions of education, and what categories of education they were included into. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. 63 Table C9: Original variables scales with corresponding adult education scale Country Bangladesh-MHSS China-CLHLS China-CHNS Costa Rica-CRELES SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS England- ELSA Variable a ed03, ed06, ed08a f1 a11 a2a, a2b yeduca a3_3 edu, iscedy_r c10r1 q1015, q1016, q1017 educ00 G1074A edqual Indonesia-IFLS dl04, dl06, dl07 Scale no school 1st-6th grade (1st-5th for Bangladesh) 7th-12th grade >12th grade education 1-no school 2-elementary-primary 3-secondary or intermediate 4-higher no qualification NVQ1/CSE other grade equivalent NVQ2/GCE other level equivalent NVQ4/NVQ5 degree or equivalent higher education below degree NVQ3/GCE a level equivalent no school elementary kindergarten Madrasah, general Islamic elementary school (Madrasah Ibitdaiyah) adult education a adult education b 1-no school 2-elementary-primary 3-secondary or intermediate 4-higher junior high general junior high vocational senior high general senior high vocational Islamic school (Pesantren) Islamic junior/high school (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) Madrasah senior high school 3-secondary or intermediate 3-secondary or intermediate 3-secondary or intermediate 3-secondary or intermediate 3-secondary or intermediate 3-secondary or intermediate 3-secondary or intermediate college (d1, d2, d3) university (bachelor) 4-higher 4-higher 4-higher 1-no school 2-elementary-primary 2-elementary-primary 2-elementary-primary 2-elementary-primary 2-elementary-primary 2-elementary-primary 64 Country Variable a US-WLS gb103red, gb104red, gb005rec Notes: a Variables Scale university (master) university (doctorate) open university high school degree some type of college degree education 4-higher 4-higher 4-higher 3-secondary or intermediate 4-higher correspond to countries on the same row. Household income and wealth. Components used to construct household income (income) and wealth (wealth_index, wetlth_assets) are listed below. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C10: Components of Household Income and Wealth Country Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS Components of HH Income Agricultural Income Yearly income from Livestock Yearly other farm income Assets of the farm business sold during the last year Assets of the non farm business sold, rented or revenue during the last year Agricultural employment, Non agricultural employment, transfers received Per Capita HH income 2000 China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES Yearly per capita HH income HH head income and spouse income (h20, h24) England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Yearly per capita total benefit unit income Total labor income SABE a pension familia en otro pais familia en el pais Components of Wealth water source, location of toilet, electricity inside of home, ornaments, savings in bank, radio, clock, furniture color TV, washing machine, refrigerator, telephone, cooking fuel, toilet location, water source condition of the house, room for cooking, cooking fuel, potable water inside, toilet inside house, television, telephone, washing machine, car Water, toilet, food in refrigerator, cooking, television (kr13, kr20, kr23, kr24, kr24a) Kitchen, gas or electricity, pipe water, toilet inside the house, refrigerator, television, telephone, washing machine, vehicle 65 Country Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO Components of HH Income alguiler de propiedades o cuartos, bancos subsidio de bienestar familiar otro ingreso yearly per capita income SAGE yearly gross per capita imputed household income Su trabajo seguro social jubilacion o pension family in us income family in puerto rico income alguiler de propiedades o cuartos subsidio de bienestar familiar programa de asistencia otro ingreso Total HH income Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS yearly gross per capita imputed household income yearly per capita household income Notes: a Components of Wealth gas or electricity, piped water, toilet inside the house, refrigerator, television, telephone, washing machine Piped water, toilet inside the house, air conditioner, electricity/gas for cooking, telephone, washing machine, dryer, hot water heater, Piped water, toilet inside house, refrigerator, electricity/gas for cooking, telephone, washing machine, cooking stove, television Based on SESladder Several variables were used to compute income from the SABE surveys. These can be found in section H of the questionnaire. 66 ADULT RISK FACTORS AND LIFESTYLE Smoking. Variables used to construct the variable smoke (1=yes, 0=no) are based on country-specific questions regarding tobacco smoking in whatever form. In some cases different tobacco products were used. In some cases the question was general and did not specifically indicate the type of smoking. Table C11 lists what smoking methods were included in defining smoking variables by country. “General smoke question” indicates no specified smoking method mentioned. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C11: Original variables and questions used to construct adult smoking Country Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Variables spn01b, spn02b, spn01c, spn02c, spn01d, spn02d u25, u27 d71, d72 ev8, ev10 smkevr, hesmk, heska, heskaW2 km01a, km02, km04 Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS a US-WLS c24 Which tobacco products used hookah, biri, cigarettes/cigars cigarettes (including hand-rolled or device-rolled) general smoke question cigarettes cigarettes chewing tobacco, smoking self-rolled cigarettes, or smoking cigarettes/cigars general smoke question c54, c55 br001_, br002_ g161, g162 q3001, q3002 smk V298, V501, W452, D942, E942, F1266, G1400 ixt01rer, ix012rer, ixt07rer cigarettes cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or a pipe cigarettes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco or snuff cigarettes cigarettes cigarettes Notes: a The smoke variable for HRS was obtained by reviewing the original wave in which the question was asked. Actual question text for original variable and (variable name): Bangladesh: Have you had the habit of smoking a hookah? (spn01b), Do you still have the habit of smoking hookah? (spn02b), Have you had the habit of smoking biri? (spn01c), Do you still have the habit of smoking biri? (spn02c), Have you had the habit of smoking cigarettes/cigars? (spn01d), Do you still have the habit of smoking cigarettes? (spn02d). 67 China-CHNS: Have you ever smoked cigarettes (including hand-rolled or device-rolled)? (u25), Do you still smoke cigarettes now? (u27). China-CLHLS: Do you smoke at the present time? (d71), Did you smoke in the past? (d72). Costa Rica-CRELES: Have you smoked more than 100 cigarettes or cigars in your life? (ev8), Do you smoke now? (ev10). England-ELSA: Have you ever smoke cigarettes, pipe, or cigar? (smkevr), Have you ever smoked cigarettes? (hesmk), [Do you/Does name] smoke cigarettes at all nowadays? (heska, heskaW2). Indonesia-IFLS: Have you had the habit of chewing tobacco, smoking self-rolled cigarettes, or smoking cigarettes/cigars? (km01a), Interviewer’s Note: Is km01d or km01e=1 (km02),Do you still have the habit or have you totally quit? (km04). SABE: You… smoke at the present time? smoked before, but do not now? have never smoked? (c24). Mexico-MHAS: Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Include more than 100 cigarettes or five packs in your lifetime. Do not include pipes or cigars. (c54), Do you smoke cigarettes now? (c55). Netherlands-SHARE: The following questions are about smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. Have you ever smoked cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or a pipe daily for a period of at least one year? (br001_), Do you smoke at the present time? (br002_). Puerto Rico-PREHCO: Have you smoked one hundred cigarettes or more in your life? (g161), Do you currently smoke? (g162). SAGE: Have you ever smoked tobacco or used smokeless tobacco? (q3001), Do you currently use (smoke, sniff or chew) any tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco or snuff? (q3002). Taiwan-SEBAS: Past 6 months, did you smoke? (smk). US-HRS: Do you smoke cigarettes now? (G1400). US-WLS: Have you ever smoked a pipe or cigars, or used snuff or chewing tobacco regularly in your entire life? (ixt01rer), Up until you were 16 years old, did anyone in your household, other than yourself, smoke? (ixt012rer), How often do you smoke now? (ixt07rer). 68 Drinking. The questions for variables used to construct drink (1=yes, 0=no) varied in how they asked about alcohol consumption. Table C12 lists the original variables and corresponding questions asked from country-specific surveys that were used to define drinking. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C12: Original variables and questions used to construct adult drinking Country China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Variable u40 d81 d82 ev1 scako Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE c23 Puerto Rico-PREHCO g155 SAGE q3007 q3008 alc G1415 ixab01re Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS c60 br010_ Question During the past year, have you drunk beer or any other alcohol beverage? Do you drink alcohol at the present time? Did you drink alcohol in the past? Have you ever drank alcoholic drinks on a regular basis? Thinking now about all kinds of drink, how often have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind in the last 12 months? In the last three months, on average, how many days per week have you had any alcohol to drink (for example, beer, wine, or another drink containing alcohol)? Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, liquor, or pulque? I am now going to ask you a few questions about what you drink-that is if you drink. Please look at card 11. During the last six months, how often have you drunk any alcoholic beverages, like beer, cider, wine, spirits or cocktails? In the last 3 months, on average, how many days a week have you consumed alcoholic beverages (like for example beer, wine, rum or another drink that has alcohol)? Have you ever consumed a drink that contains alcohol (such as beer, wine, spirits, etc.)? Have you consumed alcohol in the last 30 days? Past 6 months, did you drink alcohol? Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, or liquor? Do you ever drink alcoholic beverages? 69 Exercise. The questions for variables used to construct exercise (1=yes, 0=no) varied in how they asked about exercise. Table C13 lists the original variables and corresponding questions asked from country-specific surveys that were used to define exercise. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C13: Original variables and questions used to construct adult exercise Country China-CHNS Variable u142 China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES d91 d92 ev14 England-ELSA heacta Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS c25a Netherlands-SHARE br015_ Puerto Rico-PREHCO g167 SAGE q3016 c53 q3025 Taiwan-SEBAS b8 US-HRS G1395 US-WLS ixe02rer Question Do you spend time on heavy or very heavy physical activities during the work day in a week (e.g. farmer, athlete, dancer, steel worker, lumber worker, mason, etc.)? Do you do exercises regularly at present? Did you do exercises regularly in the past? In the last 12 months, did you exercise regularly or do other physically rigorous activities like sports, jogging, dancing, or heavy work, three times a week? [Show card S.] We would like to know the type and amount of physical activity involved in your daily life. Do you take part in sports or activities that are vigorous…[Interviewer: Read out…] In the past twelve months, have you exercised regularly or participated in vigorous physical activity such as playing a sport, dancing or heavy housework, 3 or more times a week? On average during the last two years, have you exercised or done hard physical work three or more times a week? Includes various activities such as sports, heavy household chores, or other physical work. We would like to know about the type and amount of physical activity you do in your daily life. How often do you engage in vigorous physical activity, such as sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical labour? Interviewer: read out. In the last year, have you engaged in any of the following activities: sports, jogging, walking, dancing or heavy labor, three or more times a week? Does your work involve vigorous-intensity activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate, [like heavy lifting, digging or chopping wood] for at least 10 minutes continuously? Do you do any vigorous intensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities that cause large increase in breathing or heart rate [like running or football], for at least 10 minutes continuously? Do you usually exercise? [If yes, continue.] On average, how many times do you exercise each week? On average over the last 12 months have you participated in vigorous physical activity or exercise three times a week or more? By vigorous physical activity, we mean things like sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical labor. How many hours per month do you participate in vigorous physical activities, either alone or with others? 70 Health use. Use of preventive health services was measured in most cases by a question which asked if the respondent had seen a medical professional within the last year. Table C14 below describes the questions used to define healthuse (1=yes, 0=no). Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C14: Original variables and questions used to construct adult utilization of health services in the last year Country Question Scale Bangladesh-MHSS Within last one year have you ever been to the: district hospital/visited by the district hospital? thana health complex/visited by the thana health complex? ICDDRB hospital/visited by the ICDDRB hospital? ICDDRB sub center/visited by the ICDDRB sub center? health worker/visited by the health worker? ICDDRB health worker/visited by the ICDDRB health worker? private clinic/visited by the private clinic? doctors (MBBS)/visited by the doctors (MBBS)? village doctor/visited by the village doctor? midwife/tba/visited by the midwife/tba? traditional practitioner (Kabiraj, Fakir, Hakimi, Village Doctor, etc.)/visited by the traditional practitioner (Kabiraj, Fakir, Hakimi, Village Doctor, etc.)? satellite clinic/visited by the satellite clinic? pharmacy/visited by the pharmacy? FWC/visited by the FWC? FWA/visited by the FWA? other, specify/visited by other, specify? Within the last month, did you receive any preventive health service (for example, a health examination, eye examination, well-child examination, blood test, blood pressure screening, tumor screening, etc.)? If “no” or “unknown,” stop here, and go to the next person. If “yes,” continue with the next question. Can you get adequate medical service when you are seriously ill? When was the most recent doctor’s appointment? 1-yes 3-no China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES Health Use (1=yes, 0=no) 1-yes 0-no 0-no 1-yes 9-unknown 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 2-no 1-less than one month 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 71 Country Question England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS n.a. Have you had a general check up performed in the last 5 years? SABE (not including Cuba) During the last 12 months, where did you usually go when you felt sick or when you needed to consult someone about your health? Circle all the answers that the respondent spontaneously mentions. SABE(Cuba) a (see note a) Scale 2-from one to three months 3-from four to six months 4-from seven to eleven months 5-from one year to less than two years 6-from two to four years 7-five or more years 1-yes 3-no 01-I did not go, although I needed it 02-I have not gotten sick, I have not needed a consultation/appointment 03-private physician’s office 04-private clinic 05-public clinic 07-emergency room in a private health care institution 08-private hospital 09-public hospital 10-emergency room in public hospital 12-pharmacy 13-faith healer 1-no fue 2- no se ha enfermado 3- medico de familia 4- policlínico 5- hospital 6- sala emergencia hospital 9- consulta privada Health Use (1=yes, 0=no) 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 0-no 1-yes 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 72 Country Question Scale Mexico-MHAS In the last year, about how many times have you visited or consulted a doctor or medical personnel? 66- otro (number of times) 000-none Netherlands-SHARE Now we have some questions about your health care. Please think about your care during the last twelve months. Since [January/February/March/April/May/June/July/August/ September/October/November/December] [{last year}], about how many times in total have you seen or talked to a medical doctor about your health? Please exclude dentist visits and hospital stays, but include emergency room or outpatient clinic visits. (IWER: If more than 98, enter 98.) Puerto Rico-PREHCO How many times have you gone to the doctor’s office in the last twelve months? SAGE Over the last 12 months, did you receive any health care NOT including an overnight stay in hospital or long-term care facility? Taiwan-SEBAS In the past year, have you had a health examination or physical examination? US-HRS Aside from any hospital stays, how many times have you seen or talked to a medical doctor about your health, including emergency room or clinic visits (since Q218-PR219 previous wave IW month/Q219-PR219 previous wave IW year/in the last two years)? US-WLS In the past 12 months, have you seen a doctor or health professional in an office, clinic, or health center, not including visits to mental health professionals? (number from 0-98) (number of times) 1-yes 2-no Health Use (1=yes, 0=no) 1-yes 1-yes (if>0 &<=888) 0-no (if=0) 1-yes (if>0 &,98) 0-no (if=0) 1-yes (if >0) 0-no (if=0) 1-yes 2-no 1-yes 0-no (number of times) 0-zero 1-yes 0-no 1-yes (if >0, <888) 0-no (if=0) 1-yes 2-no 1-yes 0-no Notes: a Cuba used several variables to indicate health access over the last 12 months (f031-f0399). 73 HEALTH OUTCOMES Self-reported health. Country-specific self-reported health questions were used to construct a variable for poor health (poorhealth). The questions were also used to construct a composite measure of good health (goodhealth, goodhealth1 and goodhealth2). Table C15 describes the questions used in each country for self-reported health and then identifies how poorhealth was defined and how self-reported health was used as part of the composite measure of good health. The composite measure of goodhealth was based on categories of BMI, functionality (bath, dress, transfer and toilet) and self-reported health. Goodhealth1 was based on the same categories as goodhealth with the addition of chronic conditions (heart disease and diabetes). Goodhealth2 was only based on categories of BMI and functionality. The main text of this technical report describes in more detail the development of the good health measure. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C15: Original variables and questions used to construct poor self-reported health Country Variable a Question Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Netherlands-SHARE Mexico-MHAS Puerto Rico-PREHCO SABE US-HRS US-WLS Bangladesh-MHSS c1 hehelf srhealtha c1 g1 co1 G1226 In general, would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor? gh01 What is your current health status? China-CHNS u48a Right now, how would you describe your health compared to that of other people of your age? China-CLHLS b12 How do you rate your health at present? Self-reported health Poor health 1-excellent 0-no 2-very good 0-no 3-good 0-no 4-fair 1-yes 5-poor 1-yes Good health 3-all else 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor 1-fair/poor 1-healthy 2-fairly healthy 3-unhealthy, sick 1-excellent 2-good 3-fair 4-poor 0-no 0-no 1-yes 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor 1-fair/poor 1-very good 2-good 3-so-so 4-bad 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 3-all else 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor gx201re,ix001re 74 Country Variable a Question Self-reported health Poor health 5-very bad 1-yes Good health 1-fair/poor Indonesia-IFLS kk01 In general, how is your health? SAGE q2000 In general, how would you rate your health today? 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor 1-fair/poor 3-all else 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor 1-fair/poor Taiwan-SEBAS b1 Regarding your current state of health, do you feel it is excellent, good, average, not so good, or poor? 1-very healthy 2-somewhat healthy 3-somewhat unhealthy 4-unhealthy 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don't know 1-excellent 2-good 3-average 4-not so good 5-poor 0-no 0-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 3-all else 3-all else 3-all else 1-fair/poor 1-fair/poor Notes: a Variables correspond to countries on the same row. Chronic conditions. For most countries, variables defining chronic conditions were based on questions referring to a medical professional’s diagnosis. Bangladesh and England are two exceptions. Bangladesh did not ask if a medical professional’s diagnosis was given. England asks about a medical professional’s diagnosis, but also sets chronic conditions variables to system missing if the respondent disputed having the chronic condition. The questions for Bangladesh and England chronic conditions are listed below in Table C16. The table also provides information regarding the constructed variable Nchronic which is a country-specific variable which indicates the number of chronic conditions reported by the respondent. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C16: Original variables and questions used to construct adult chronic conditions Country Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Question b Have you ever suffered from […] during the past 1 year? Has the doctor ever told you that you suffer from […]? Are you suffering from […]? Diagnosed by hospital? Nchronic pulmonary, diabetes, arthritis arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, 75 Country Question b Costa Rica-CRELES Has a physician ever told you that you have […] England-ELSA Has a doctor ever told you that you have (or have had) any of the conditions on this card? Code reason why respondent disputes having had chronic condition. Did a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever diagnose you with […]? Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you have […] Indonesia-IFLS a Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Puerto Rico-PREHCO Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have […] Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Has a doctor every told you that you have […] SAGE Have you ever been diagnosed with […] Taiwan-SEBAS Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? […] US-HRS (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have […]? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had […]:) Our records (from your last interview in respondent’s last interview month, year) show that you have had […]. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had […]:) Since we talked last in respondent’s last interview month, year, has a doctor told you that you have […]? Has a doctor ever told you that you have […]? Netherlands-SHARE US-WLS Notes: Nchronic diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer , pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, hypertension, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke arthritis, cancer, pulmonary, heart disease, diabetes, stroke 76 For Indonesia the baseline survey year used in the cross national data was 2000 but that the 4th wave of data collection (2007) was used to obtained information on chronic conditions a All of these chronic conditions variables are self-reported health questions (“has a doctor ever diagnosed you with…?”). In some cases, there are biomarkers to better define these conditions. b Shown in the table is the degree to which surveys asked questions about six major chronic conditions: arthritis, cancer, pulmonary disease, heart disease, diabetes or stroke. In addition to these six major conditions, some surveys asked the respondent about the following chronic conditions: tuberculosis (China-CLHLS, Mexico-MHAS, Bangladesh), asthma (England, Mexico-MHAS, Netherlands, US-WLS, Bangladesh, SAGE), hypertension (Costa Rica, Indonesia, England, Taiwan, China-CHNS, China-CLHLS, US-HRS, SABE, Mexico-MHAS, Netherlands, SAGE, Puerto Rico, US-WLS), osteoporosis (Costa Rica, England, SABE, Netherlands, US-WLS), anemia (Indonesia, Bangladesh), Parkinson’s disease (England), psychiatric issues (England, SAGE), Alzheimer’s disease (England), ulcer (Taiwan, Netherlands, Bangladesh, US-WLS), liver or gall bladder disease (Taiwan), cataracts (Taiwan, Netherlands, Bangladesh), kidney disease (Taiwan, US-WLS), gout (Taiwan), apoplexy (ChinaCHNS), high blood cholesterol (Netherlands, US-WLS), paralysis (Bangladesh), edema (Bangladesh), penile discharge (Bangladesh), vaginal ulcers (Bangladesh), brain hemorrhage (Puerto Rico), bilarciosis (Puerto Rico), fibromyalgia (US-WLS), irritable bowel syndrome (US-WLS), multiple sclerosis (US-WLS), prostate problems (US-WLS), other lung conditions/breathing difficulty (Indonesia, Bangladesh), and other (Taiwan, Netherlands, Bangladesh). In addition to self-reported chronic condition questions, some surveys took biomarker data from respondents (see the country-specific appendices for more information). This included: blood pressure (China-CHNS, China-CLHLS, Costa Rica, England, Indonesia, Taiwan, SAGE), spirometry (Costa Rica), lung function (England, SAGE), pulse (Indonesia, Taiwan, SAGE), glucose (Costa Rica, Taiwan), and glycosylated hemoglobin (Costa Rica, Taiwan). Taiwan has additional biomarker data, including blood, urine, and saliva samples that are not listed in the country-specific appendix but can be found in the country-specific questionnaire. US-WLS collected saliva from respondents which will be used for DNA analyses. This information is only available via the WLS secure server. NadlGT0harm. A harmonized measure of adult functionality called NadlGT0harm is defined from questions based on the Katz and Akpom (1976) activities of daily living (ADLs) and included the following ADLs: bath, toilet, dress and transfer. Not all of these ADLs were asked in each country (see Tables A18-A20) and thus a harmonized version was constructed using the Nagi items (1976) to estimate the missing ADL items. A more complete description of how the harmonized measure was developed is described in the main text of this report. Table C17 describes the general question and scale for ADLs asked and identifies how the harmonized variable was defined including the instances where the Nagi items were used to estimate a particular ADL. Refer to the country-specific appendices for more detail regarding the original variables listed in the table. Table C17: Original variables and questions used to construct harmonized adult functionality Country Question Scale Bangladesh-MHSS If you have to […] without 1-easily NadlGT0harm Variables used to harmonize functionality (exceptions) 0-no 77 Country Question Scale help could you do it? 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all NadlGT0harm Variables used to harmonize functionality (exceptions) 1-yes 1-yes 0-no Nagi items standing up after sitting for a 1-yes long time (u162) was used to define transfer. 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 1-yes 2-no 1-yes 2-no 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 2-no 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 1-none 2-mild 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 0-no 0-no China-CHNS Do you have any difficulty […]? China-CLHLS Can you […]? Costa Rica-CRELES Is it difficult for you to […]? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty […]? If you had to […] could you do it? England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Do you have difficulty with […]? Because of health problems, do you have difficulty […]? Netherlands-SHARE Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty […]? Have you had difficulty […] due to a health problem? Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you Nagi ability to lift arms above shoulders (d5) was used to define dress. Nagi items kk03g (stand up from sitting in chair without help) and kk03f (dressing) were used to define toilet. Nagi kk03g was used to define transfer. 78 Country Question Scale have […]? 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do Taiwan-SEBAS Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing these activities […] by yourself? US-HRS Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty with […]? US-WLS a NadlGT0harm Variables used to harmonize functionality (exceptions) 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no Notes: a US-WLS did not have individual questions for ADLs based on the Katz scale, but does have items for the Nagi scale. Note that most countries also conducted performance tests which can be used to validate functionality and/or disability. The results of the following performance tests are available in the country-specific data files and are further described in the country-specific appendices: semitandem (Bangladesh), full tandem (Bangladesh), side-by-side stand (Bangladesh, England), chair stand (Bangladesh, China-CLHLS, Indonesia), repeated chair stands (Bangladesh, Costa Rica, SABE), measured walk (Bangladesh, England, Netherlands, SAGE), abnormalities of gait and posture (Bangladesh), bending over/picking something up from floor (Bangladesh, China-CLHLS, Costa Rica), foot tapping (Bangladesh), shoulder external rotation (Bangladesh), put hand behind neck (China-CLHLS), put hand behind lower back (China-CLHLS), raise arms upright (China-CLHLS, Costa Rica), turn around 360 degrees (China-CLHLS), hand strength test (Costa Rica, SABE, Netherlands, SAGE), any impairment (Costa Rica), standing (Costa Rica, SABE, Mexico-MHAS, Puerto Rico), standing from sitting and then walking (Costa Rica, Puerto Rico), leg raise (England), squatting (SABE). Variables for performance measures are saved in the country-specific data files and the country-specific appendix. Some of the performance measures available were not saved due to space constraints, but can be found in the country-specific appendices. 79 Tables C18-C20 describe the different components of ADLs, IADLs and Nagi functional items across surveys. Bolded ADL items were used in the harmonization of ADLs described above and in the main text of this report. In some cases Nagi items were used to estimate ADLs. Bolded items in IADLs (shopping, meals) and Nagi items (heavy, push) appear as variables within the cross national data set. Table C18: Comparison of functionality using ADLs (Katz) Dimensions/Original Variables bath dress toilet gh09J gh09L gh09K u167 u171 u173 e1 e2 e3 d8 d16 headb01-headb13 headb01healthb13 Indonesia-IFLS kk03h kk03f Latin American cities-SABE d14a d13a d17a Mexico-MHAS h16_1 h13 h19_1 Netherlands-SHARE ph049d3 ph049d1 ph049d6 Puerto Rico-PREHCO i14 i10 i11 SAGE q2037 q2038 q2044 Taiwan-SEBAS b7_1 b7_2 b7_6 US-HRS US-WLS Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA transfer gh09M eating d16a h18_1 ph049d5 i13 q2043 b7_4 d15a h17_1 ph049d4 continence u169 e4 e6 e5 d13 d11 headb01-headb13 headb01-headb13 Table C19: Comparison of functionality using IADLs (Lawton, Brody) Dimensions/Original Variables Countries shopping meals transport managing money Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS u174 u175 u176 u177 China-CLHLS e8 e9 e14 Costa Rica-CRELES d25 d21 d23 England-ELSA headb01headb01heada01headb13 headb13 heada13 Indonesia-IFLS q2042 b7_3 telephone u178 join community activities washing clothing e7 e10 headb01headb13 80 Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS d21a d18a h27_1 ph049d9 i3 h26_1 ph049d8 i4 Countries taking care of household responsibilities Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS b6_1 d20a d19a d22a h29_1 ph049d13 ph049d10 q2045 getting out of home q2033 day-today medication d27 headb01headb13 reading map light housework headb01headb13 headb01headb13 d25a h28_1 ph049d11 q2032 q2046 d23a ph049d7 heavy tasks of the home d24a ph049d12 q2039 Table C20: Comparison for functionality using Nagi items Dimensions/Original Variables Countries walking long heavy draw distance water ixch01re standing up use ladder sit with bent knees bow 81 Bangladesh-MHSS gh09A gh09B China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA u158 e11 u165 e12 gh09D, gh09G u162 e13 Indonesia-IFLS Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS kk03c, kk03j headb01headb13 kk03a d09 headb01headb13 kk03i, kk03g d03 heada01heada10, kk03e d06 h5 ph048d3 h8 ph048d6 q2027 q2030 b5_3 Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American citiesSABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS h1 gh09C kk03d ph048d9 q2036 b5_6 gh09E gh09F u166 ixch04re Dimensions/Original Variables sweeping running walking short distance gh09I u157 u159 kk03b gh09H ixch08re cross the room sitting long periods going up one flight going up stairs u160 u161 u163 u164 d2 heada01-heada10 d6 headb01headb13 headb01headb10 heada01heada10 d3 heada01heada10 d01a d01c d11 d02 d05 d04 h2 h3 ph048d1 h15_1 ph049d2 h4 ph048d2 h7 ph048d5 h6 ph048d4 q2026 b5_8 q2041 b7_5 q2025 q2029 b5_7 ixch07re b5_9 ixch02re 82 Countries Bangladesh-MHSS China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Dimensions/Original Variables carrying appearance standing things gh09B u165 u172 heada01heada10 Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS h11 Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE q2040 Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS ixch03re d19 q2028 b5_1, b5_2 ixch06re concentrating push pick coin off table extending arms heada01heada10 heada01heada10 d4 headb01headb10 d10 d07 d08 h12 ph04810 h9 ph048d7 h10 ph048d8 q2031 b5_5 q2034 b5_4 ixch09re cross the street d01b q2035 ixch05re 83 Appendix D: Overview of country-specific data files Listed below is the location within country-specific questionnaires for variables used in the cross national data and country-specific data files according to broad dimensions: 84 Countries Bangladesh China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa RicaCRELES EnglandELSA IndonesiaIFLS Latin American cities-SABE MexicoMHAS NetherlandsSHARE Original data source from survey questionnaires Demographics Early Life Book I: Section LH; Book II: Sections AE, AI, FB, HRT, LI, NAE, NFB & OFI; Book III: Sections MG, ED & CH 2000 Household Survey: Cover Screen; Tables 1, 2 & 6; Introduction 2000 Questionnaire: Release Version 1, Sections F & A Round 1: Identity Section; Sections A, SP & H; Introduction Wave 2: Modules Individual Demographics, Final Questions & Household Demographics; End of Dataset; Financial Variables; Wave 0; Wave 1 Book IIIA: Sections MG, DL, SW & BR; Book US I: Section US; Ptrack data file Sections A, C, H & G Basic Questionnaire: Sections A, F & K 2004 Questionnaire, Version 10: Cover screen; Modules DN & CH; Generated Variables Adult Lifestyle Adult Health Outcomes Book III: Sections GH & CM Book I: Section HC; Book II: Section HA; Book III: Sections PAR, EMP & MG; Book VI: Section CA 2000 Household Survey: Tables 2, 18 & 20; Physical Examination: Section I 2000 Questionnaire: Sections D, F & G Round 1: Sections A, IN, J, K &L Book III: Section SPN Wave 2: Modules Individual Demographics, Standing Height, Weight, Waist and Hip, Blood Pressure, Balancing, Leg Raise & Paper Self-Completion Questionnaire; Lung Function Admin Book II: Section KR; Book IIIB: Sections BA; Book US II: Section US Sections C, J, K & L Wave 2: Modules Health Module & Paper SelfCompletion Questionnaire; Wave 1; Wave 0 Wave 2: Health Module; Wave 3: Health SelfCompletion Questionnaire: In Confidence Book IIIB: Section KM Book IIIB: Section KK; Book US II: Section US, Ptrack data file Sections C & D Basic Questionnaire: Sections A, F, C, J & L 2004 Questionnaire, Version 10: Module PH Basic Questionnaire: Section C 2004 Questionnaire, Version 10: Module BR 2000 Questionnaire: Sections VI & XI 2000 Questionnaire: Section D Round 1: Section EV Section C 2000 Questionnaire: Sections V & III; Physical Examination: Section XII 2000 Questionnaire: Sections B, D, G, H & E Round 1: Sections C & D Basic Questionnaire: Sections C, SA & H 2004 Questionnaire, Version 10: Modules sharew1_gv_dol, PH & XT; Generated Variables; Self Administered Questionnaire A 85 Puerto RicoPREHCO SAGE TaiwanSEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Wave 1, 2002 Questionnaire: Sections A, C, D, E, L, N & R, Section of Identification and Type of Interview Household Questionnaire: Sections 0100, 0400 & 0700; Individual Questionnaire: Section 1000 First Interview Questionnaire: Sections A & D Wave 1, 2002 Questionnaire: Sections A, H, O, P & U Wave 1, 2002 Questionnaire: Section G Individual Questionnaire: Sections 1000 & 2500; Household Questionnaire: Section 0500 First Interview Questionnaire: Physical Examination Individual Questionnaire: Section 3000 2000 Questionnaire: Section A, Tracker file, Respondent & Household cover screen Mail: Social Background; Phone: Status and Descriptive Variables, Summary Variables, Education, Household, Marriage Roster, Children, Siblings, Other Income 2000 Questionnaire: Sections A&B First Interview Questionnaire: Health Behaviors, Section B 2000 Questionnaire: Section B 1957-Parents; Mail: Social Background, Health and Health Behaviors, Social Relationships Mail: Health and Health Behaviors, Social and Civic Participation Wave 1, 2002 Questionnaire: Sections G & I; Wave 2, 2006 Questionnaire: Section G Individual Questionnaire: Sections 2000, 4000 & 7000 First Interview Questionnaire: Section B 2000 Questionnaire: Sections B & E; Tracker file Mail: Health and Health Behaviors, World Health Survey Vignettes; Phone: Health Below is a listing of the selected country-specific surveys with the survey year used as baseline in cross national data. Countries Bangladesh China-CHNS China-CLHLS Costa Rica-CRELES England-ELSA Indonesia-IFLS Latin American cities-SABE Mexico-MHAS Netherlands-SHARE Puerto Rico-PREHCO SAGE Survey name Matlab Health and Aging Study (MHAS) China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES) English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) The Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean (SABE) Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) The Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions (PREHCO) Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) Survey year 1996 2000 2002 2003 2004-2005 2000 2000 2001 2004-2005 2002-2003 2007-2008 86 Taiwan-SEBAS US-HRS US-WLS Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (SEBAS) Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) 2000 2000 2004-2005 87 Appendix E: Bangladesh-MHSS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Bangladesh-MHSS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Bangladesh data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table E1. Respondent (see note A) Variable case disphh3 lh03 Wording of Question/Description Household ID. Final disposition of the interview. Relationship with the head of the household. lh10 person status DSS Respondent ID No. Identifier in the DSS system. Household member line number. Created by MHAS researchers. Indicator variable. Primary or Secondary main survey. treatmnt Variable that identifies treatment area. type_hh wt_ind Type of household. Individual sampling weights. Scale (if applicable) 1-completed 01-78 (see Appendix A in Bangladesh questionnaire) 1-primary household 2-secondary household anything greater than 2 should be deleted sampling weights are only available for those with status=1 1-4 treatments 5 Table E2. Demographics (see note A) Panel E2.1 Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable Wording of Question/Description lh09 Sex. lh11m lh11y lh12m lh12y lh15 []’s date of birth. []’s date of birth. []’s age. []’s age. []’s marital status. lh16 Ordinal number of []’s spouse. Scale (if applicable) 1-male 3-female (month) (year) (months) (years) 01-never married 02-currently married 03-separated 04-divorced 05-widow/widower 51-married but living separately 88 mh01 Interviewer to verify respondent’s current marital status in householders list (lh15). Panel E2.2. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description ed03 Have you ever attended/are you attending school? ed06 (If ever attended school) What was the type of school last attended? ed07 What was your highest class attended? ed08a What was your highest class completed? 52-has died 97-NA 99-missing 01-never married 02-married 03-separated 04-divorced 05-widow/widower 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 02-maktab 03-madrasha 04-school/college 05-brac school 99-missing 1-class I 2-class II 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10-SCC (Secondary School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-doctor MBBs 16-B.Sc. engineer 17-polytechnic engineer 18-other,specify 99-missing 0-less than class I 1-class I 2-class II 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10-SCC (Secondary 89 ed08b Are you attending school now? emp05 Have you ever worked before? emp10 What was your primary occupation for most of your life? emp11a What was your primary occupation for most of your life? ha01A Is there any householder who currently owns homestead land (with house)? Is there any householder who currently owns ornaments (gold, silver)? Is there any householder who currently owns savings in bank/prize bond/provident fund? Is there any householder who currently owns television? ha01B ha01C ha01D ha01E ha01F Is there any householder who currently owns radio/cassette player? Is there any householder who currently owns wall clock/table clock/wrist watch? ha01G Is there any householder who currently owns electric fan? ha01H Is there any householder who currently owns cycle? ha01I Is there any householder who currently owns furniture? ha01J Is there any householder who currently owns quilt? ha01K Is there any householder who currently owns other assets, specify? Does this household utilize electricity? hc08 School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-doctor MBBs 16-B.Sc. engineer 17-polytechnic engineer 18-other,specify 99-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B of Bangladesh questionnaire) 99-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B of Bangladesh questionnaire) 98-don’t know 99-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 90 hc10 What is the main source of drinking water in this household? hc11 Where is the main water source located? hc16f Where do the adult women of this household usually go to have their bowel movements? hc16m Where do the adult men of this household usually go to have their bowel movements? lh19 What is []’s occupation? lh20 What is the type of school most recently attended by []? lh21 What is the highest class completed? 3-no 9-missing 01-tap water 02-tube-well 03-regular well 04-pond 05-canal 06-river 07-rain water 08-other, specify 1-inside the house 2-outside the house but inside bari 3-outside bari 9-missing 01-sepric tank/modern latrine 02-slab latrine 03-pit latrine 04-open latrine 05-hang latrine 06-no latrine/yard/field 07-other, specify 97-n/a 99-missing 01-sepric tank/modern latrine 02-slab latrine 03-pit latrine 04-open latrine 05-hang latrine 06-no latrine/yard/field 07-other, specify 97-n/a 99-missing (see occupation code, appendix B) 99-missing 01-never attended school 02-maktab 03-madrasha 04-school/college 05-BRAC school 98-don’t know 99-missing 0-less than class I 1-class I 2-class II 91 lh22 What is the type of school last attended by []’s spouse? lh23 What is the highest class completed by []’s spouse? lh24 What is []’s spouse’s occupation? 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10-SCC (Secondary School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-doctor MBBs 16-B.Sc. engineer 17-polytechnic engineer 18-other,specify 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-never attended school 02-maktab 03-madrasha 04-school/college 05-BRAC school 97-n/a 99-missing 0-less than class I 1-class I 2-class II 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10- SCC (Secondary School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-Doctor MBBs 97-n/a 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B in Bangladesh questionnaire) 92 Panel E2.3. Family and Household Variable ch01a sib01a sib01b sib01c sib01d sib02 Wording of Question/Description What is the total number of children still alive? What is the total number of siblings still alive? What is the number of siblings who stay with you in this household? What is the number of siblings who do not live in this household and are still alive? What is the number of siblings who died during the past 12 months and were non-householders at the time of their deaths? Number of non-householder siblings alive now or died in last 12 months (if number of siblings is zero then go to next section). 97-n/a 98-don’t know 99-missing Scale (if applicable) (number) (number) (number) (number) (number) (number) Table E3. Early Life Conditions Panel E3.1. Birthplace Variable lh11m lh11y mg01 Wording of Question/Description []’s date of birth. []’s date of birth. What is the [..] name of your birthplace? mg02 Is the place a: mg03a Where did you live when you were 12 years old? mg04 Is the place a… Scale (if applicable) (month) (year) 01-same household 02-same bari 03-same village 04-same thana 05-same district 06-outside district but same country 07-Dhaka city 99-missing 1-village 3-small town 5-big city 8-DK 9- refused 01-same household 02-same bari 03-same village 04-same thana 05-same district 06-outside district but same country 07-Dhaka city 99-missing 1-village 3-small town 5-big city 8,9-DK, refused 93 Panel E3.2. Childhood Health and Nutrition Variable ca05cm Wording of Question/Description Height ca05mm Height Panel E3.3. Childhood SES (see note A) Variable ed03 Wording of Question/Description Have you ever attended/are you attending school? ed05 How old were you when you first started school? ed06 (If ever attended school) What was the type of school last attended? ed08a What was your highest class completed? par02f Where did your father live in the last 12 months? par02m Where did your mother live in the last 12 months? Scale (if applicable) (centimeters) 999-missing (millimeters) 99-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9- missing (years) 99-missing 02-maktab 03-madrasha 04-school/college 05-brac school 99- missing 0-less than class I 1-class I 2-class II 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10-SCC (Secondary School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-doctor MBBs 16-B.Sc. engineer 17-polytechnic engineer 18-other,specify 99-missing 1-alive and in the same household 2-alive and lived in different household 3-dead 9-missing 1-alive and in the same household 2-alive and lived in different household 3-dead 94 par03amf How long ago did your father die? Fill in years/months. par03amm How long ago did your mother die? Fill in years/months. par03ayf How long ago did your father die? Fill in years/months. par03aym How long ago did your mother die? Fill in years/months. par03b_f How old was your father when he died? Fill in years. par03b_m How old was your mother when she died? Fill in years. par04_f How old is/was your father now/when he died? Fill in years. par04_m How old is/was your mother now/when she died? Fill in years. par05_f What was the last school attended by your father? par05_m What was the last school attended by your mother? par06_f What was the highest class completed by your father? 9-missing (months) 98-don’t know 99-missing (months) 98-don’t know 99-missing (years) 98-don’t know 99-missing (years) 98-don’t know 99-missing (years) 98-don’t know 99-missing (years) 98-don’t know 99-missing (years) 997-NA 998-don’t know 999-missing (years) 997-NA 998-don’t know 999-missing 01-never attended school 02-maktab 03-madrasa 04-school/college 05-brac school 8- don’t know 9-missing 01-never attended school 02-maktab 03-madrasa 04-school/college 05-brac school 8-don’t know 9-missing 0-less than class I 1-class I 2-class II 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 95 par06_m What was the highest class completed by your mother? par07_f What is/was your father’s occupation now/at time of death? par07_m What is/was your mother’s occupation now/at time of death? par08_f What is/was your father’s occupation for most of his life? 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10-SCC (Secondary School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-doctor MBBs 16-B.Sc. engineer 17-polytechnic engineer 18-other,specify 98-don’t know 99-missing 0-less than class I 1-class I 2-class II 3-class III 4-class IV 5-class V 6-class VI 7-class VII 8-class VIII 9-class IX 10-SCC (Secondary School Certificate) 11-HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) 12-Graduate 13-MA 14-doctor MBBs 16-B.Sc. engineer 17-polytechnic engineer 18-other,specify 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B of Bangladesh questionnaire) 97-n/a 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B of Bangladesh questionnaire) 97-n/a 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B 96 par08_m What is/was your mother’s occupation for most of her life? of Bangladesh questionnaire) 97-n/a 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-72 (see Appendix B of Bangladesh questionnaire) 97-n/a 98-don’t know 99-missing Table E4. Adult Lifestyle Panel E4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description spn01a Have you had the habit of chewing PAN (Betal leaf)? spn01b Have you had the habit of smoking a hookah? spn01c Have you had the habit of smoking biri? spn01d Have you had the habit of smoking cigarettes/cigars? spn02a Do you still have the habit of chewing PAN or have you totally quit chewing PAN? spn02b Do you still have the habit of smoking hookah? spn02c Do you still have the habit of smoking biri? spn02d Do you still have the habit of smoking cigarettes? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 7-NA 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 6-refused 7-n/a 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 7-NA 9-missing 1-still smokes/chews 3-gave up 7-NA 9-missing 1-still smokes/chews 3-gave up 7-NA 9-missing 1-still smokes/chews 3-gave up 7-NA 9-missing 1-still smokes/chews 3-gave up 7-NA 9-missing 97 Panel E4.2. Health Care Utilization (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description am09 Do you feel you have any such health problem for which you need medical care but it is not available to you at present? am10 Why are you unable to get this treatment? oc01_1 Within last one year have you ever been to the district hospital/visited by the district hospital? Within last one year have you ever been to the midwife/tba/visited by the midwife/tba? Within last one year have you ever been to the traditional practitioner (Kabiraj, Fakir, Hakimi, Village Doctor, etc.)/visited by the traditional practitioner (Kabiraj, Fakir, Hakimi, Village Doctor, etc.)? Within last one year have you ever been to the satellite clinic/visited by the satellite clinic? Within last one year have you ever been to the pharmacy/visited by the pharmacy? oc01_10 oc01_11 oc01_12 oc01_13 oc01_14 oc01_15 oc01_16 oc01_2 oc01_3 oc01_4 oc01_5 oc01_6 oc01_7 oc01_8 oc01_9 oc02_1 oc02_10 oc02_11 Within last one year have you ever been to the FWC/visited by the FWC? Within last one year have you ever been to the FWA/visited by the FWA? Within last one year have you ever been to other, specify/visited by other, specify? Within last one year have you ever been to the thana health complex/visited by the thana health complex? Within last one year have you ever been to the ICDDRB hospital/visited by the ICDDRB hospital? Within last one year have you ever been to the ICDDRB sub center/visited by the ICDDRB sub center? Within last one year have you ever been to the health worker/visited by the health worker? Within last one year have you ever been to the ICDDRB health worker/visited by the ICDDRB health worker? Within last one year have you ever been to the private clinic/visited by the private clinic? Within last one year have you ever been to the doctors (MBBS)/visited by the doctors (MBBS)? Within last one year have you ever been to the village doctor/visited by the village doctor? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the district hospital/visited by the district hospital? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the midwife/tba/visited by the midwife/tba? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the traditional practitioner (Kabiraj, Fakir, Hakimi, Village Scale (if applicable) 1-yes, specify medical problems 3-no 9-missing 1-lack of money 2-too far away 3-other, specify 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 6-refused 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 98 oc02_12 oc02_13 oc02_14 oc02_15 oc02_16 oc02_2 oc02_3 oc02_4 oc02_5 oc02_6 oc02_7 oc02_8 oc02_9 oc12h oc12m sn68b sn69b Doctor, etc.)/visited by the traditional practitioner (Kabiraj, Fakir, Hakimi, Village Doctor, etc.)? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the satellite clinic/visited by the satellite clinic? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the pharmacy/visited by the pharmacy? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the FWC/visited by the FWC? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the FWA/visited by the FWA? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to other, specify/visited by other, specify? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the thana health complex/visited by the thana health complex? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the ICDDRB hospital/visited by the ICDDRB hospital? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the ICDDRB sub center/visited by the ICDDRB sub center? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the health worker/visited by the health worker? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the ICDDRB health worker/visited by the ICDDRB health worker? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the private clinic/visited by the private clinic? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the doctors (MBBS)/visited by the doctors (MBBS)? Within the last 3 months have you ever been to the village doctor/visited by the village doctor? What is the travel time to reach the provider/facility? (one way) What is the travel time to reach the provider/facility? (one way) Did you ever go to hospital/clinic/doctor? In the last year did you ever go to hospital/clinic/doctor? Probe. 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no (hours) (minutes) 1-yes, but never alone 2-yes, alone 3-no 9-missing 1-yes, but never alone 2-yes, alone 3-no 9-missing Table E5. Adult Health Outcomes Panel E5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable Wording of Question/Description gh01 What is your current health status? gh02 What do you mean by fairly healthy? Scale (if applicable) 1-healthy 2-fairly healthy 3-unhealthy/sick 9-missing 1-better than average health 99 gh03y, gh03m For how long have you been worse than average health/unhealthy? gh04 Compared to another person of your age, would you say that your health is…? gh05 Compared to last year would you say that your current health is…? gh06 How do you expect our health to be in next year? gh07 Interviewer Observation: Health condition of respondent gh08 Are you paralyzed/unable to move any extremity? (Answer may be more than one.) Panel E5.2. Anthropometric Measures (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description ca07gm Weight ca07kg Weight 2-worse than average health 9-missing (Fill in year/month) 99-missing 1-better than others 2-same as others 3-worse than the others 9-missing 1-good compared to last year 2-the same compared to last year 3-worse compared to last year 9-missing 1-better than now 2-same as now 3-worse than now 4-label not available 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-healthy 2-fairly healthy 3-unhealthy/sick 6-refused 9-missing A. all extremities are fine B. can’t move right hand/arm C. left hand/arm cannot be moved D. can’t move both hands/arms E. right leg cannot be moved F. left leg cannot be moved G. both legs cannot be moved H. problem with hip movement I. all four extremities cannot be moved Scale (if applicable) (grams) (kilograms) 100 Panel E5.3. Functionality (see note A) Variable gh09A Wording of Question/Description If you have to walk for one mile could you do it? gh09B If you have to carry a heavy load (like 10 Serr rice) for 20 yards could you do it? gh09C If you have to draw a pail of water from the tube-well could you do it? gh09D If you have to stand up from sitting position on the floor without help could you do it? gh09E If you have to use a ladder to climb to storage place at least 5 feet in height could you do it? gh09F If you have to sit on floor with bent knees could you do it? gh09G If you have to stand up from sitting position on chair/stool without help could you do it? gh09H If you have to bow could you do it? gh09I If you have to sweep the floor or yard could you do it? gh09J If you have to bathe without help could you do it? gh09K If you have to go to the toilet without help could you do it? gh09L If you have to dress yourself without help could you do it? Scale (if applicable) 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 6-refused 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 101 gh09M If you have to get up/down from/to your bed without help could you do it? gh09X Interviewer: Respondent’s age 50 or more? Panel E5.4. Chronic Conditions (see note A) Variable cm01_1 cm01_10 cm01_11 cm01_12 cm01_13 Wording of Question/Description Have you ever suffered from anaemia during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from paralysis during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from tuberculosis during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from gastric/ulcer during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from edema during the past 1 year? cm01_14 Have you ever suffered from penile discharge (males); after week 12, also vaginal ulcers (females) during the past 1 year? cm01_15 Have you ever suffered from penile ulcers in the past 1 year? cm01_2 Have you ever suffered from arthritis or rheumatism during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from broken or fractured bones during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from cataracts during the past 1 year? cm01_3 cm01_4 cm01_5 cm01_6 cm01_7 cm01_8 cm01_9 cm02_2 cm02_7 Have you ever suffered from eye disease (other than cataract) during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from asthma during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from other breathing difficulty during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from diabetes during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from pain on passing urine/burning sensation during the past 1 year? Have you ever suffered from arthritis or rheumatism during the past three months? Have you ever suffered from other breathing difficulty 1-easily 2-have trouble 3-unable to do it 9-n/a 1-age 50 or more 3-less than 50 Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 7-n/a 1-yes 3-no 7-n/a (female before week 12) 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 7-n/a 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 102 cm02_8 cm03_2 during the past three months? Have you ever suffered from diabetes during the past three months? Does arthritis or rheumatism create any difficulty in doing your day to day activities during the past 3 months? cm03_7 Does other breathing difficulty create any difficulty in doing your day to day activities during the past 3 months? cm03_8 Does diabetes create any difficulty in doing your day to day activities during the past 3 months? Panel E5.5. Adult Mortality 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-no difficulty 2-some difficulty 3-lot of difficulty 4-unable to do it 7-n/a 9-missing 1-no difficulty 2-some difficulty 3-lot of difficulty 4-unable to do it 1-no difficulty 2-some difficulty 3-lot of difficulty 4-unable to do it 9-missing Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) mo_date Date of death. Variable constructed by MHSS team. mo_cause Cause of death. Variable constructed by MHSS team. (see note C) Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Rahman, O., Menken, J., Foster, A., & Gertler, P. Matlab [Bangladesh] Health and Socioeconomic Survey (MHSS), 1996. ICPSR02705-v5. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], accessed 2008-04-25. http://www.rand.org/labor/FLS/MHSS.html, http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACDA/studies/02705/version/5. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table E1. Interview Session Notes (Section ISN) are available in Book I of the Questionnaire. For further information about the status variable, see Rahman et al. (1999). Note A, Table E2. There is additional information regarding non-householder siblings’ education, marital status and number of children, in Section SIB of Book III. There is extensive information on social networks in Section SN of Book III. Note A, Panel E2.2. There are additional variables (ofi010t6, ofi010t7) that list what respondents reported as their other sources of income. These intermediary variables were not saved in the final file, but can be attained from the original MHSS survey (RAND: Family Life Surveys, 1994-2012). Household characteristics, including observations on general sanitary conditions, ownership, roofing and flooring types, available in Book I of the questionnaire include hc01-hc17. There is a section in Book III on individual assets (Section IA). These intermediary variables were not saved in the final file, but can be attained from the original MHSS survey (RAND: Family Life Surveys, 1994-2012). Users should also be aware that the following variables were used to calculate the respondent’s income but are not saved in the final 103 file: fb_asst, nae05, nae07, nae08b, ai11, ae03, ae04, ae07, ai01, ai02, ai05m, ai07, ai08, ai09, ai10m, fb01a, fb04, ha_asst, hrt11, hrt20, li01, li08, li09, li10, li11a, li11b, nae03, nae04a, nae04b, nae04c, nae04t, nae08a, nae08c, nae08t, nfb01, nfb03, nfb05, nfb06, ofi02_1, ofi02_2, ofi02_3, ofi02_4, ofi02_5, ofi02_6, ofi02_7. Note A, Table E3.3 Variables appearing in the questionnaire are sometimes slightly modified in the data. For example, par05f from the questionnaire appears as par05_f in the data file. Another example is par06f from the questionnaire appearing as par06_f in the data file. Note A, Panel E4.1. Section SPN has other variables related to smoking including spn03-spn06. These include questions on the timing and frequency of smoking. Note A, Panel E4.2. There are additional questions (oc03) regarding frequency of visits during the past three months available in Section OC of Book III. There are additional variables associated with oc12, and oc11 which provides information on the distance to the nearest provider. There are also questions regarding medications in Section MED of Book III, and hospitalization in Section HOS of Book III. Note A, Panel E5.2. There is a cognitive test included in Book VI. Performance measures available in Bangladesh but not saved in the country-specific Bangladesh file are listed below: 1. Stands. Static balance. Graded series of tests of balance with eyes open and feet in semitandem, full tandem, and feet together position. The semi-tandem stand procedure serves as a screening test for the tandem stand. Each respondent will be asked to perform a combination of only two positions: semi and full or semi and side by side. The respondent receives only one try to maintain each position; therefore it is important to explain the goal of the exercise. Walking aids may not be used in any of the three stands. a. Semi-tandem. Tell the respondent, “First I would like you to try to stand with the side of the heel of one foot touching the big toe of the other foot for about ten seconds. You may use either foot whichever is more comfortable for you. Now I am going to support your arm while you get into the position. You may use your arms, bend your knees, or move your body to maintain your balance, but try not to move your feet. Try to hold this position until I say ‘Stop.’” b. Full tandem. Tell the respondent, “Now I would like you to try to stand with the heel of one foot in front of and touching the toes of the other foot for about ten seconds. You may use either foot, whichever is more comfortable for you. Now I am going to support your arm while you get into the position. You may use your arms, bend your knees, or move your body to maintain your balance, but try not to move your feet. Try to hold this position until I say ‘Stop.’” c. Side by side stand. Tell the respondent, “Now I would like you to stand with your feet together, side by side, for about ten seconds. You may use your arms to maintain your balance, but try not to move your feet. Try to hold this position until I say ‘Stop.’” 2. Chair stand. Measures the ability to stand up from a standard chair without using arms. Use of walking aids is not permitted. Ask the respondent, “Do you have any problems from recent surgery, injury or other health conditions that might prevent you from standing up from a chair or walking up steps? First would you please fold your arms across your chest and sit in the chair so that you are sitting with your feet on the floor. Now please try to stand up without using your arms. Ok, try to stand up using your arms to push off.” 3. Repeated chair stands. Time required to stand up from a chair five times. Use of walking aids is not permitted. Ask the respondent, “Do you think it would be unsafe for you to try 104 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. to stand up from a chair five times quickly? Keep your arms folded across your chest. When I say ‘Ready? Stand,’ please stand up straight as quickly as you can five times without stopping in between. After standing each time, sit down and then stand again. I’ll be timing you with the stopwatch.” Measured walk. Time required to walk 2.5 meter measured course twice. Tell the respondent, “Now we are going to observe how you normally walk. If you use a cane or other walking aid and would feel more comfortable with it, then you may use it. This is our walking course. I want you to walk to the other end of the course at your usual speed, just as if you were walking down the street to go to the store. I want you to walk all the way past the other end of the ruler before you stop. I will walk with you. When I want you to start I will say: ‘Ready, begin.’ I will always be beside you to steady you if you begin to lose your balance. I would now like you to repeat the walk. Remember to walk at your usual pace, and go all the way past the other end of the course.” Abnormalities of gait and posture. Note any abnormalities and record details. Bending over. This movement involves bending over to pick up a pencil. Ask the respondent if they have had an operation for cataracts within the past six weeks. If they say ‘yes,’ they should not try this movement. Tell the respondent, “When I say ‘Begin,” I’d like you to bend over and pick up this pencil and stand back up.” Foot tapping. Place foot-tapping mat on the floor in front of the chair so the respondent can reach the circles on the mat easily while seated in the chair. The circles should be six inches in diameter. Tell the respondent, “Now I’d like you to put your right foot here between these circles. When I say ‘Go,’ I’d like you to tap your foot back and forth in each circle. Tap the ball of your foot on the circles as fast as you can, first one circle and then the other, back and forth as fast as you can like this (Demonstrate). Keep tapping your foot back and forth until I tell you to stop. I’m going to time you and count the taps. It doesn’t count unless you hit the circle with your foot. First we’ll do the right foot and then the left. Please try it once or twice for practice. Ready with the right foot? Begin.” Shoulder external rotation. Demonstrate while telling the respondent, “Now I’d like you to stand up (sit up) straight and put both hands behind your head at the level of your ears. Try to raise your arms up parallel to the floor and point your elbows out to the side.” Note A, Panel E5.3. There are also a series of gh10 variables which ask how long the respondent has had the difficulty. Note A, Panel E5.4. There is additional information for each chronic disease in questions cm02 and cm03. There are also questions relating to health symptoms in Section AM of Book III. NOTE B. There are several items of particular note in examining the Bangladesh data. The notes below describe some of the more salient items to take into consideration. Notes about sample design and randomness (Rahman et al., 1999) All persons 50+ were interviewed in this survey. A bari is a cluster of households in close proximity to each other (a residential compound). A random sample of baris was conducted which ultimately produced a possible sample of 2781 baris. Then, a household was randomly selected from these baris (called a primary household). Following this, a second household was selected (secondary household) which in some cases was 105 random and in other cases not random. The selection of the primary and some secondary households could be considered a random selection of households (Rahman et al., 1999, page 28). Sample weights are just for primary households (to get population estimates). Maternal and Child Health Interventions of the 1970s-1980s The Matlab area received a maternal and child health (MCH) intervention, Family Planning & Health Services Project (FPHSP) in 1977. There is a variable (treatmnt) in the data set which identifies if the household participated in a special treatment program (Rahman et al., 1999, page 71). According to the Menken and Phillips (1990), the study area consisted of 4 blocks of 20 villages (blocks A, B, C, D). At its inception, the intervention provided comprehensive family planning with limited MCH services. In 1982, the program was extended to include more intensive MCH services in blocks A and C, specifically. Thus, the intervention changed across time but all four of the blocks received some type of family planning/MCH service. The question really is: what was the impact on others within the family? Did the intervention help educate them of the importance of health services? When the physician visited did they also ask about other health problems? In 1978, those born in 1937-1946 would have been 32-41 years old (50-59 years in 1996 survey year); those born in 1922-1936 would have been 42-56 years old (60-74 years in 1996 survey year); those born in 1921 and earlier would have been at least 57 years old (75+ in 1996 survey year). Fifteen to forty-nine years old are considered reproductive ages and so those born in 1929 and after had the potential for being directly exposed to MCH interventions. There were 902 total females living in the treatment area and 704 of them were born in 1929 or after and so a high percentage of females could have received treatment. There were 1831 total females ages 50+ and so about 38% of them could have received more direct treatment of MCH services from the 1970s. Were these individuals in better health over the long run? Was there a longer time period between births in Bangladesh (the average is 18 months)? Was there higher mortality for females than males in Bangladesh? Was there higher mortality in the control area as compared to the treatment area? Note that there is a very high population density in Bangladesh. Note C. The following are the codes for the cause of death variable mo_cause: 001 - Cholera (proven) 010 - Acute watery diarrhea, (any other) 012 - Shigellosis (proven) 013 - Acute dysentery, with blood in stools 014 - Acute non-watery diarrhea with mucus, no blood in stools 016 - Persistent diarrhea w/ blood w/out obvious malnutrition 017 - Persistent diarrhea, no blood, no obvious malnutrition 106 019 - Persistent diarrhea or dysentery with malnutrition 020 - Pulmonary TB 033 - Diphtheria 034 - Whooping cough (pertussis) 036 - Meningitis 037 - Tetanus (except neonatal and post-partum) 038 - Septicemia 83 040 - Acute Polio 042 - Measles (death within rash period) 043 - Post Measles pneumonia (<60 days) 044 - Post Measles dysentery (<60 days) 046 - Viral Hepatitis Acute (initial jaundice period) 047 - Rabies 052 - Malaria 060 - Syphilis 099 - Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs 109 - Malignant neoplasm of respiratory organs 113 - Malignant neoplasm of female breast 122 - Malignant neoplasm of uterus 139 - Malignant neoplasm of other & unspecified sites 141 - Leukemia 181 - Diabetes mellitus 190 - Marasmus-kwashiorkor (complication of) 191 - Severe malnutrition associated with chronic diarrhea 192 - Marasmus due to lack of breast feeding 193 - Marasmus due to insufficient food intake, and no obvious infection 194 - Marasmus due to other chronic infection (non-diarrhea) 195 - Death associated with nutritional blindness 213 - Psychoses 217 - Physiological malnutrition arising from mental factors 218 - Mental retardation (including due to birth trauma) 251 - Rheumatic Heart Disease 270 - Acute Myocardial infraction 293 - Acute but ill-defined cardiovascular disease (stroke, etc.) 294 - Complication of the above 321 - Pneumonia, ALRI 323 - Chronic Bronchitis w/emphysema, asthma (complication of) 325 - Pneumonia with diarrhea 328 - Pneumonia, ALRI, as a complication of severe malnutrition 341 - Peptic ulcer (complication of) 342 - Appendicitis, peritonitis 344 - Intestinal obstruction 347 - Chronic Liver disease and cirrhosis (>1 month) 350 - Nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome 371 - GUT infection, unrelated to pregnancy, salpingitis 380 - Spontaneous Abortion, miscarriage, DOC 382 - Induced Abortion, DOC 390 - Hemorrhage of pregnancy, DOC 391 - Toxemia, eclampsia 392 - Infections in pregnancy (G.U Tract) 393 - Obstructed labor, prolonged labor 107 394 - Other complication of pregnancy 395 - Hemorrhage of the puerperium (immediate;<12 hours after birth) 396 - Haemorrhage of the puerperium (delayed;>12 hours after birth) 397 - Post-partum sepsis 398 - Post-partum Tetanus 399 - Other complication of post-partum 420 - Infections of skin and sub cutaneous tissue, CRN 449 - All congenital anomalies, CRN 450 - Sudden infant death, CRN 83 451 - Obstetric complication of new born (Necrologic),CRN 452 - Immaturity, small-for-date (including due to twin birth), CRN 453 - Birth trauma, cord haemorrhage, CRN 454 - Hypoxia, birth asphyxia, CRN 456 - N.N. tetanus, CRN 457 - Other NN infections, CRN 458 – Prematurity (direct complication of), CRN 459 - Unspecified Neonatal death, CRN 460 - F.U.O., fever of unknown origin 461 - Oedemas + Ascitis of unspecified origin 468 - Anaphylaxis, Allergy 540 - Complication of medical care by official Health practitioners 541 - Complication of medical care by traditional Health practitioners 542 - Complication of surgical care by official Health practitioners 543 - Complication of surgical care by traditional Health practitioners 550 - Transport accident 551 - Accidental injuries (not including due to epilepsy) 552 - Burns + complication of extended burns 553 - Drowning 554 - Snake bite 555 - Homicide by violence 556 - Homicide by poisoning 557 - Suicide by poisoning 558 - Suicide by hanging 559 - Other injuries, accidental suffocation or violent death, electric shock, lightning 560 - Accidental falls due to epilepsy 990 - Other cause (specified but rare) 991 - Senility (old age death without any specific disease) 998 - Impossible to specify 999 - Unreported or unknown Please also note that m0_cause has some values with unknown labels. Please contact RAND for more information about these values (contact information listed at the end of the technical report. Note D. Note D, Panel E3.3. Variables par06_m and par06_f have values with unknown labels and may be considered as miscoded values. Please contact RAND for more information about these variables (contact information listed at the end of the technical report). 108 Noted D, Panel E3.3. Variables par04_f and par04_m should not have values less than 10 or greater than 120: please contact RAND for more information about these variables (contact information listed at the end of the technical report). Note D, Panel E5.1. The variable gh06 has value with unknown labels and may be considered as miscoded values. Please contact RAND for more information about these variables (contact information listed at the end of the technical report). Technical report found at http://www.rand.org/contect/dam/rand/pubs/drafts/2007/DRU2018.4.pdf 109 Appendix F: China-CHNS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the China-CHNS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the China data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table F1. Respondent Variable a5 Wording of Question/Description Relationship to the head of this household. hhid00_china Household ID. line Line number of household member. t1 Province. t2 1=urban site 2=rural site wave Survey year. Scale (if applicable) 00-head of household 01-spouse 02-father/mother 03-son/daughter 04-brother/sister 05grandson/granddaughter /grandson-inlaw/granddaughter-inlaw 06-mother-inlaw/father-in-law 07-son-in-law/daughterin-law 08-other relative 09-maid 10-other non-relative 21-Liaoning 23-Heilongjiang 32-Jiangsu 37-Shandong 41-Henan 42-Hubei 43-Hunan 45-Guangxi 52-Guizhou 1-Urban site 2-Rural site 110 Table F2. Demographics Panel F2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable a8 Wording of Question/Description What is your marital status? gender Gender. west_dob Date of birth. Variable a18 a19 Wording of Question/Description Is this a “five-guarantee household”? (Are you “Wubaohu”?) Are you a national minority? a21 a26 Where is your “old home”? Is your spouse a national minority? a27 Where is his/her “old home”? Variable a11 Wording of Question/Description How many years of formal education have you completed in a regular school? Panel F2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language (see note A) Panel F2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Scale (if applicable) 1-never married 2-married 3-divorced 4-widowed 5-separated 6-unknown 9-missing 1-male 2-female (day, month, year) Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no (see note B) 1-yes 0-no (see note B) Scale (if applicable) 00-no school completed 11-1 year primary school 12-2 years primary school 13-3 years primary school 14-4 years primary school 15-5 years primary school 16-6 years primary school 21-1 year lower middle 22-2 years lower middle 23-3 years lower middle 24-1 year1 upper middle 25-2 years upper middle 26-3 years upper middle 27-1 year technical school 28-2 years technical school 31-1 year college/university 32-2 years college/university 33-3 years college/university 34-4 years college/university 35-5 years 111 a12 hhexpense_cpi hhinc_cpi hhinc_pc hhincgross_cpi hhincpc_cpi index_new index_old l1 l100 l105 l110 l115 l140f l31 l5 What is the highest level of education you have attained? Household expenses inflated to 2006. Total household income inflated to 2006. Per capita household income. Gross household income inflated to 2006. Per capita household income inflated to 2006. Inflation index to 2006. Deflation index to 1988. How does your household obtain drinking water? (If more than one method, record the most important.) If using the fourth method (other place), continue with the next question. Otherwise, skip to Question 3. Does your household or any household member own any of the electrical appliances and other goods listed on the left? Black/white television. Does your household or any household member own any of the electrical appliances and other goods listed on the left? Color television. Does your household or any household member own any of the electrical appliances and other goods listed on the left? Washing machine. Does your household or any household member own any of the electrical appliances and other goods listed on the left? Refrigerator. Does your household or any household member own any of the electrical appliances and other goods listed on the left? Telephone. Does your household own any of the transportation means listed in the left column? Automobile. What kind of toilet facilities does your household have? college/university 36-6 years college/university or more -9-unknown 0< 5 years of formal education 1-graduated from primary school 2-lower middle school degree 3-upper middle school degree 4-technical or vocational degree 5-university or college 6-master’s degree or higher 1-in-house tap water 2-in-yard tap water 3-in-yard well 4-other place 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 9-missing 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 0-no bathroom 1-flush, in-house 2-no flush, in-house 112 l8 (recoded from l8_1) What kind of fuel does your household generally use for cooking? If more than two kinds, record the two most often used. If only one kind, add 0. Panel F2.4. Family and Household Variable s122 Wording of Question/Description In total, how many children have you given birth to in your life? s47 t6 a23 How many children have died? Number of household members. Are your parents still alive? a29 Are your spouse’s parents still alive? 3-flush, outside house, public restroom 4-no flush, outside house, public restroom 5-cement open pit 6-earth open pit 8-other (specify) 9-missing 1-coal 2-electricity 3-kerosene 4-liquified natural gas 5-natural gas 6-wood, sticks/straw, etc. 7-charcoal 8-other (specify) 9-missing Scale (if applicable) (number) Note: variable does not have any observations. (number) 1-yes 0-no (note: variable does not have any observations)) 1-yes 0-no (note: variable does not have any observations)) Table F3. Early Life Conditions (see note A) Panel F3.1. Birthplace and Timing of Birth (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description a16 Have you always lived here? a17 a20 For how many years did you live elsewhere? Where were you born? west_dob Date of birth. Panel F3.2. Childhood Nutrition Variable Wording of Question/Description height (u3) Height. u10 Waist circumference. u9 Hip circumference. Scale (if applicable) 1-yesskip to question 3 (a18) 0-no (years) (province, region, city) (see note B) (day, month, year) Scale (if applicable) (centimeters) (centimeters) (centimeters) Table F4. Adult Lifestyle (see note A) 113 Panel F4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description u25 Have you ever smoked cigarettes (including hand-rolled or device-rolled)? u27 Do you still smoke cigarettes now? Panel F4.2. Adult Exercise (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description u140 Do you spend time on light or very light physical activities during the work day in a week (e.g. sedentary job, job requiring some standing and sitting, office work, watch smith, college student, counter sales person, lab technician)? u141 Do you spend time on moderate physical activities during the work day in a week (e.g. driver, electrician)? u142 Do you spend time on heavy or very heavy physical activities during the work day in a week (e.g. farmer, athlete, dancer, steel worker, lumber worker, mason, etc.)? Panel F4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption Variable Wording of Question/Description u40 During the past year, have you drank beer or any other alcohol beverage? Panel F4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable Wording of Question/Description m47 Within the last month, did you receive any preventive health service (for example, a health examination, eye examination, well-child examination, blood test, blood pressure screening, tumor screening, etc.)? If “no” or “unknown,” stop here, and go to the next person. If “yes,” continue with the next question. m48 What service did you receive? If more than one type, choose the one that had the highest cost. Scale (if applicable) 0-never smoked 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know Scale (if applicable) (minutes?) 00-no -9-don’t know or refuse to answer (minutes?) 00-no -9-don’t know or refuse to answer (minutes?) 00-no -9-don’t know or refuse to answer Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-yes 9-unknown 1-general physical examination 2-well-child examination 3-blood test 4-blood pressure screening 5-tumor screening 6-gynecological examination 114 m40a Did you visit a folk doctor last year? 7-vision or hearing examination 8-other examination 9-unknown 10- undocumented code (contact CHNS survey team for code) -9- not available 0-no 1-yes 9-unkwown Table F5. Adult Health Outcomes Panel F5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable Wording of Question/Description u48a Right now, how would you describe your health compared to that of other people of your age? Panel F5.2. Anthropometric Measures (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description weight Weight. (u2) systol1 Systolic blood pressure (for persons age 7 and older (u4_1) only). diastol1 Diastolic blood pressure (for persons age 7 and older (u4_2) only). systol2 Systolic blood pressure (for persons age 7 and older (u5_1) only). diastol2 Diastolic blood pressure (for persons age 7 and older (u5_2) only). systol3 Systolic blood pressure (for persons age 7 and older (u6_1) only). diastol3 Diastolic blood pressure (for persons age 7 and older (u6_2) only). Panel F5.3. Functionality (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description u157 Do you have any difficulty running a kilometer? u158 Do you have any difficulty walking a kilometer? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-good 3-fair 4-poor 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know Scale (if applicable) (kilograms) (mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg) Scale (if applicable) 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 115 u159 Do you have any difficulty walking for 200 meters? u160 Do you have any difficulty walking across a room? u161 Do you have any difficulty sitting continuously for 2 hours? u162 Do you have any difficulty standing up after sitting for a long time? u163 Do you have any difficulty climbing one staircase? u164 Do you have any difficulty climbing a few stairs without stopping? u165 Do you have any difficulty lifting or raising a 5-kg bag, such as a bag of flour, rice or other miscellaneous items? 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 116 u166 Do you have any difficulty squatting down, kneeling down, or bending over? u167 Do you have any difficulty bathing yourself? u169 Do you have any difficulty eating by yourself? u171 Do you have any difficulty putting on your clothes? u172 Do you have any difficulty combing your hair? u173 Do you have any difficulty using the toilet? u174 Does your health condition or physical strength make it difficult for you to do shopping (e.g. buying food, clothes, etc.) without others’ help? u175 Does your health condition or physical strength make it difficult for you to cook without others’ help? 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-cannot do it at all 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-Cannot do it at all 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty 117 u176 Does your health condition or physical strength make it difficult for you to use public transportation to go places where it is too far to walk? u177 Does your health condition or physical strength make it difficult for you to manage your money (e.g., record your income and expenses) without others’ help? u178 Does your health condition or physical strength make it difficult for you to use the telephone without others’ help? Panel F5.4. Chronic Conditions (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description m23 During the past 4 weeks, have you been sick or injured? Have you suffered from a chronic or acute disease? m40 What was the doctor’s diagnosis of your illness or injury? u22 Has a doctor ever told you that you suffer from high blood pressure? u23 For how many years have you had it? u24 Are you currently taking anti-hypertension drugs? u24a Has the doctor ever told you that you suffer from diabetes? u24b How old were you when the doctor told you about such a situation? u24c Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Special diet. u24d Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Weight control. but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-Cannot do it at all 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-Cannot do it at all 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-Cannot do it at all 1-no difficulty 2-have some difficulty but can do it 3-need help to do it 4-Cannot do it at all Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-yes 9-unknown (c0des) -9-missing 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know (years) -9-don’t know or refuse to answer 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know (years) -9-don’t know or refuse to answer 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 118 u24e Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Oral medicine. u24f Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Injection of insulin. u24g Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Chinese traditional medicine. u24h Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Home remedies. u24i Did you use any of the following treatment methods? Qi Gong (or other method). u24j Has the doctor ever given you the diagnosis of myocardial infarction? u24l Has the doctor ever given you the diagnosis of apoplexy? u24m How old were you when you suffered from apoplexy? 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know 0-no 1-yes 8-refuse to answer 9-don’t know (years—if more than once, please give most recent one) -9-don’t know or refuse to answer Panel F5.5. Mortality Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) dod Date of death. (yyyymmdd) dod_rpt Survey year death first reported. t7_00 Interview dates. t7_06 Interview dates. Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. The Carolina Population Center, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, & Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). ICPSR176. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina [distributor], accessed 2010-02-11. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china/data. Notes: The China-CHNS working manual is not publicly accessible. See the China-CHNS website for detailed information. 119 NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Panel F2.2. Variables a21 and a27 do not have specified value labels for the province, region, or city available and so birthplace could not be ascertained from this data. Note A, Panel F2.3. All of the income variables have been calculated by the survey staff. These include: income from wages, home gardening income, household farms’ income, raising livestock or poultry income, collective household and fishing income, small handicraft and small commercial household business income, and income from other sources. There are also additional questions regarding drinking water, environmental sanitation, and household assets including l1-l18. There are several other questions available for household assets from l90l140g. Note A, Table F3. Questions a16-a27 were only asked of the head of the household. Note A, Table F3.1. There is also a variable on father’s birthplace available. However, variable a20 for respondent’s birthplace does not have specified value labels for the province, region, or city available and so birthplace could not be ascertained from this data. Note A, Table F4. In the Community Survey, there is extensive information on household diet. Note A, Panel F4.1. There are additional smoking questions (u26-u33) in terms of frequency, how old the respondent was when they began smoking, and use of pipe tobacco. Note A, Panel F4.2. There are additional variables for physical activities including u143-u156. Note A, Panel F5.2. In the Physical Examination, there are additional measures including upper arm circumference and triceps skin fold. They also describe other conditions such as loss of vision. Furthermore, there are cognitive questions included (variables u179-u192). In some cases in China-CHNS, the variable listed in the questionnaire is different from the data set. For example, the variable u2 in the questionnaire is renamed as weight in the data set. Note A, Panel F5.3. Variables u48 and u49 in the Physical Examination ask about difficulty in carrying out normal daily activities due to illness. Note A, Panel F5.4. Variable m40 does not have specified value labels for the illness or injury available and so recent injuries/illnesses could not be ascertained from this data. NOTE B. Responses for variables a21 and a27 are as follows: 11-Beijing 12-Tianjin 13-Hebei 14-Shanxi 15-Inner Mongolia 21-Liaoning 22-Jilin 23-Heilongjiang 31-Shanghai 32-Jiangsu 33-Zhejiang 34-Anhui 35-Fujian 36-Jiangxi 37-Shandong 41-Henan 42-Hubei 43-Hunan 44-Guangdong 45-Guangxi 46-Hainan 120 51-Sichuan 52-Guizhou 53-Yunnan 54-Tibet 55-Chongqing 61-Shaanxi 62-Gansu 63-Qinghai 64-Ningxia 65-Xinjiang 121 Appendix G: China-CLHLS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the China-CLHLS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the China data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table G1. Respondent (see note A) Variable d5respon Wording of Question/Description Who answered the questionnaire? day02 id month02 prov Day of the interview. ID number for individual. Month of the interview. National code for provinces sampled. Scale (if applicable) -9-loss to follow-up in 2005 survey -7-deceased persons only, not applicable 0-parent 1-spouse 2-child 3-spouse of a child 4-grandchild or spouse of grandchild 5-relative 6-neighbor 7-social worker 8-other 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivor 99-missing (month) 11-beijing 12-tianjian 13-hebei 14-shanxi 21-liaoning 22-jilin 23-helongjiang 31-shangai 32-jiangus 33-zhejiang 34-anhui 35-fujian 36-jiangxi 37-shangdong 41-henan 42-hubei 43-hunan 122 ra2 Proxy. residenc Category of residence of the interviewee at the 2002 survey. type Category of the interviewee. w_2002 Weight variable, estimated based on 100% age-sex-residence-specific distribution 44-guangdong 45-guangxi 50-chongqing 51-siachuan 61-shaanxi 0-without proxy 1-with proxy 9-missing 1-city 2-town 3-rural 1-elder first interviewed in 1998 2-elder first interviewed in 2000 3-elder first interviewed in 2002 to replace those lost to follow-up or death 4-newly added elder in 2002 5-siblings aged 80+ of 1, 2, 3, 4 Table G2. Demographics (see note A) Panel G2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable a1 Wording of Question/Description Sex. f41 Current marital status. trueage Age confirmed. Variable a2 Wording of Question/Description Ethnic group. Panel G2.2 Ethnicity, Race and Language Panel G2.3. Education, Income and Wealth Variable d5 Wording of Question/Description What kind of water do you usually drink? d6b (d5: What kind of water do you usually drink?) Scale (if applicable) 1-male 2-female 1-married and living with spouse 2-separated 3-divorced 4-widowed 5-never married Scale (if applicable) 1-Han 2-Hui 3-Zhuang 4-Yao 5-Korea 6-Man 7-Mongolia 8-others 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-boiled water 2-un-boiled water 9-missing 1-water from a well 123 Such water was ___ around age 60? d6c (d5: What kind of water do you usually drink?) Such water was ___ at present? f1 How many years did you attend school? f2 What was your primary occupation before age 60? f12a f22 How much money (including cash and value of materials) did you get last year from your sons and their spouses both living and not living with you? How much money (including cash and value of materials) did you get last year from your daughters and their spouses both living and not living with you? How much money (including cash and value of materials) did you give last year to your sons and their spouses both living and not living with you? How much money (including cash and value of materials) did you give last year to your daughters and their spouses both living and not living with you? Which year did you retire? f21 Do you have a pension for retirement? f31 What is your primary means of financial f12b f13a f13b 2-water from a river or lake 3-water from a spring 4-water from a pond or pool 5-tap water 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-water from a well 2-water from a river or lake 3-water from a spring 4-water from a pond or pool 5-tap water 9-missing (years) 88-don’t know 99-missing 0-professional or technical personnel 1-governmental, institutional or managerial personnel 2-staff/service worker/industrial worker 3-self-employer 4-agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery 5-housewife 6-military personnel 7-unemployed 8-other, please specify 9-missing (Yuan) -1-not applicable 99999-missing (Yuan) -1-not applicable 99999-missing (Yuan) -1-missing 99999-missing (Yuan) -1-not applicable 99999-missing -1-not applicable 9999-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-retirement wages 124 support? f32 f33 Other financial sources? Does all of your financial support sufficiently pay your daily costs? f35 What was the income per capita of your household last year? Panel G2.4 Family and Household (see note A) Variable a51 Wording of Question/Description Co-residence of interviewee. a52 How many people are living with you? a531 Under whose name your current house/apartment purchased or rented f10 How many children, including those who have died, did you ever born? f9 How many biological siblings, including those who have died, do you have? f91 What is your birth order among all your biological siblings? f92a1 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Birth order. f92a2 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Sex. f92a3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. 2-spouse 3-child(ren) 4-grandchild(ren) 5-other relative(s) 6-local government 7-work by self 8-other, please specify (number) 1-yes 2-no 9-missing (Yuan, if more than 100,000, please fill 99998) 99999-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-with household member(s) 2-alone 3-in an institution (number of persons) -1-not applicable -1-not applicable 1-self 2-children 3-grandchildren 4-other relatives 5-others 9-missing (number) 88-don’t know 99-missing (number) 88-don’t know 99-missing (list order) 88-don’t know 99-missing (list order) -1-not applicable 88-don’t know 99-missing 1-male 2-female -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 125 f92a4 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Age. f92b3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92c3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92d3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92e3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92f3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92g3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92h3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92i3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. f92j3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. (if alive, fill in the age at present; if dead, fill in the age of death) -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-missing 126 f92k3 Please tell me about your biological brothers and sisters who live elsewhere or have died, by birth order. Alive or not. Table G3. Early Life Conditions Panel G3.1. Birthplace Variable a41 Wording of Question/Description In which province were you born? a42 Was the country (city) you were born in the same as current address? a43 Was the place of birth an urban area or rural area (at time of birth)? v_bthmon Validated birth month. 1-yes, living 2-no, not living -1-not applicable 9-missing Scale (if applicable) (province) 11-bejing 12-tianjian 13-hebei 14-shanxi 15-inner mongolia 21-liaoning 22-jilin 23-helongjiang 31-shangai 32-jiangsu 33-zhejiang 34-anhui 35-fujian 36-jiangxi 37-shangdong 41-henan 42-hubei 43-hunan 44-guangdong 45-guangxi 46-hainan 50-chongqing 51-sichuan 52-guizhou 53-yunnan 61-shaanxi 62-gansu 64-ningxia 71-taiwan 90-north korea 91-south korea 93-indonesia 95-vietnam 96-others 98-don’t know 99-missing 1-same as current address 2-other city or country 9-missing 1-urban 2-rural 9-missing 127 v_bthyr Validated birth year. Variable d6a Wording of Question/Description (d5: What kind of water do you usually drink?) Such water was ____ in childhood? f66 Did you frequently go to bed hungry as a child? g102a Length from the wrist to the shoulder. g102b Length from the right knee to the floor. Panel G3.2. Childhood Health and Nutrition Panel G3.3. Childhood SES Variable Wording of Question/Description f63 Could you get adequate medical service when you were sick in childhood? f84 The main occupation of your father before age 60. Table G4. Adult Lifestyle (see note A) Panel G4.1. Adult Smoking Variable d71 Wording of Question/Description Do you smoke at the present time? d72 Did you smoke in the past? d73 How old were you when you began to smoke? Scale (if applicable) 1- from a well 2- from a river or lake 3- from a spring 4 from a pond or pool 5-tap water 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 8-did not answer (only for the 2002 new-added) 9-missing (centimeters) 999-missing (centimeters) 999-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 3-not sick (only for the elderly from 1998) 8-didn’t answer 9-missing 0-professional or technical personnel 1-governmental, institutional or managerial personnel 2-staff/service worker/industrial worker 3-self-employed 4-agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery 5-housewife 6-military personnel 7-unemployed 8-other, please specify 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing (age) 128 d74 How old were you when you stopped smoking if you don’t smoke at present? d75 If you smoke at the present time (or smoked in the past), how many times per day on average do (or did) you smoke? Panel G4.2. Adult Exercise (see note A) Variable d91 Wording of Question/Description Do you do exercises regularly at present? d92 Did you do exercises regularly in the past? d93 How old were you when you began to do exercises? d94 How old were you when you were stopped doing exercises if you don’t do exercises at present? d101 Have you done physical labor regularly? d102 If yes, from which age? d103 …to which age? Panel G4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption Variable d81 Wording of Question/Description Do you drink alcohol at the present time? d82 Did you drink alcohol in the past? d83 How old were you when you began to drink alcohol? d84 How old were you when you stopped drinking -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing (age) -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing (times) -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing (age) -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing (age) -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing (from age) -1-not applicable 888-missing 999-missing (to age) -1-not applicable 888-missing 999-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing (age) -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing (age) 129 alcohol if you don’t drink alcohol at present? d85 If you drink alcohol at the present time (or drank in the past), what kind of alcohol do (or did) you drink? d86 If you drink alcohol at the present time (or drank in the past), how much alcohol per day on average do (or did) you drink? Panel G4.4. Health Care Utilization (see note A) Variable f5 Wording of Question/Description When you are sick, who usually takes care of you? f61 Do you get adequate medical service at present? f62 Could you get adequate medical service when you were sick at around age 60? f64 Mainly who pays for your medical costs? f65 What’s the primary reason that you didn’t go to the hospital when it was necessary? -1-not applicable 888-don’t know 999-missing 1-very strong liquor (>38%) 2-not very strong liquor (<38%) 3-wine 4-rice wine 5-beer 6-others -1-not applicable 9-missing (liang) -1-not applicable 88-don’t know 99-missing Scale (if applicable) 0-spouse 1-son or daughter-in-law 2-daughter and son-in-law 3-son and daughter 4-grandchildren and their spouses 5-other family members 6-friends 7-social service 8-matron 9-nobody 99-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 3-not sick (only for the elderly from 1998 & 2000 waves) 9-missing 8-didn’t answer (only for the 2002 new-added 1-public medical care fund 2-self 3-family and children 4-others (please specify) 9-missing -1-not applicable 1-no money to pay for expenses 2-far away 3-inconvenient in movement 4-nobody with whom to go 5-didn’t want to go 6-other 130 9-missing Table G5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel G5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable b12 Wording of Question/Description How do you rate your health at present? h3 The health of the interviewee as rated by the interviewer Scale (if applicable) 1-very good 2-good 3-so so 4-bad 5-very bad 8-not able to answer 1-surprisingly healthy 2-relatively healthy 3-moderately ill 4-very ill 9-missing Panel G5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable g101 g51 Wording of Question/Description Weight. Systolic blood pressure. g52 Diastolic blood pressure. g3 Can the interviewee use chopsticks to eat? g81 Can interviewee put hand behind neck? g82 Can interviewee put hand behind lower back? g83 Can interviewee raise arms upright? g9 Can the interviewee stand up from sitting in a chair? g11 Was the interviewee able to pick up a book from the floor? g12 Was the interviewee able to turn around 360 degrees without help? If yes, please count the number of steps required to finish the turn. Scale (if applicable) (kilograms) (mm mercury) 999-missing (mm mercury) 999-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-right 2-left 3-both 4-neither 9-missing 1-right 2-left 3-both 4-neither 9-missing 1-left 2-right 3-both 4-neither 9-missing 1-yes, without using hands 2-yes, using hands 3-no 9-missing 1-yes, standing 2-yes, sitting 3-no 9-missing (steps) 88-no 99-missing 131 Panel G5.3. Functionality Variable e1 Wording of Question/Description Bathing-either sponge bath, tub bath, shower or washing the body. e2 Dressing-gets clothes from closets and drawers—including underwear, outer garments and fasteners (including suspenders, if worn) e3 Toilet-going to the toilet; cleaning oneself afterwards. e4 Transfer. e5 Continence. e6 Feeding. e7 Can you visit your neighbors by yourself? e8 Can you go shopping by yourself? Scale (if applicable) 1-receives no assistance 2-receives some assistance with one part of the body 3-receives assistance with more than one part of the body 9-missing 1-gets clothes and gets completely dressed without assistance 2-gets clothes and gets assistance without assistance except for tying shoes 3- receives assistance in getting clothes or in getting dressed, or stays partly or completely undressed 9-missing 1-goes to the toilet, cleans self, and arranges clothes without assistance 2-receives assistance in going to toilet or in cleaning self afterwards or in use of bedpan 3- doesn’t use toilet 1-gets in and out of bed as well as in and out of a chair without assistance 2- gets in and out of bed or chair w/ assistance 3-bedridden 1-has complete control of urination and bowel movement without assistance 2-has occasional accidents 3-supervision helps keep urine or bowel control; catheter used or elder incontinent 9-missing 1-feeds self without assistance 2-feeds self w/ some help 3-receives assistance in feeding or is fed partly or completely intravenously 9-missing 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 132 e9 Can you cook a meal by yourself whenever necessary? e10 Can you wash clothing by yourself whenever necessary? e11 Can you walk continuously for 1 kilometer at a time by yourself? e12 Can you lift a weight of 5kg, such as a heavy bag of groceries? e13 Can you continuously crouch and stand up 3 times? e14 Can you take public transport by yourself? Panel G5.4. Chronic Conditions Variable g15a2 Wording of Question/Description Are you suffering from hypertension? Diagnosed by hospital? g15b2 Are you suffering from diabetes? Diagnosed by hospital? g15c2 Are you suffering from heart disease? Diagnosed by hospital? g15d2 Are you suffering from stroke, cerebrovascular disease? Diagnosed by hospital? g15e2 Are you suffering from bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, pneumonia? Diagnosed by hospital? g15f2 Are you suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis? Diagnosed by hospital? g15i2 Are you suffering from cancer? Diagnosed by hospital? g15n2 Are you suffering from arthritis? Diagnosed by hospital? Panel G5.5. Adult Mortality Variable d5bedday Wording of Question/Description Days being bedridden before dying. 3-no, can’t 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 9-missing 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 9-missing 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 1-yes, independently 2-yes, needs some help 3-no, can’t 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing 1-yes 2-no 9-missing Scale (if applicable) (days) 133 d5bedrid Bedridden or not before dying. d5cargiv Primary caregiver before dying. d5cause Main cause of death. d5diday3 Days suffering from such disease at the last time. d5disea3 Name of disease suffering from at the last time. -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -8888-do not know -9999-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-no 2-yes 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-spouse 2-children and their spouses 3-grandchildren and their spouses 4-other family members 5-friends 6-social workers 7-nurse 8-nobody to take care 9-no need to take care 99-missing (cause- please contact CLHLS survey team for codes) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -88-do not know -99-missing (days) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -1-not applicable -9999-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -1-not applicable 1-hypertension 2-diabetes 3-heart disease 134 d5doctor If the deceased elder lived in rural, was there a doctor in the village? d5dplace Place of death. d5financ Main financial source before dying. d5gener Number of generations living in the household when the elderly died. 4-stroke, CVD 5-bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, pneumonia 6-pulmonary tuberculosis 7-cancer 8-cataract or glaucoma 9-prostrate tumor 10-gynecological disease 11-gastric or duodenal ulcer 12-parkinson’s disease 13-bedsore 14-dementia 15-psychosis 16-neurosis 17-arthritis 18-other -88-don’t know -99-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -1-not applicable 1-no 2-yes 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-home 2-hospital 3-institution 4-others 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-retirement wage 2-spouse 3-children 4-grandchildren 5-other relatives 6-local government or community 7-own work 8-others 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey 135 d5ill Number of times suffering from serious illness. d5income Yearly per capita income of the family of the deceased elder. d5licdoc Did the village doctor have a license? d5livarr Primary living arrangement of the deceased elder in the last year of life. d5marry Marital status of the deceased elder at death. -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-one generation 2-two generations 3-three generations 4-four or more generations 9-missing (number) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -88-do not know -99-missing (income) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 99999-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors -1-not applicable 1-licensed with college degree 2-licensed without college degree 3-unlicensed 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-institution 2-alone due to never married 3-alone due to widowed or divorced 4-with spouse only 5-with married children and grandchildren 6-with grandchildren only 7-with unmarried children and offspring 8-other relatives 9-others 99-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 136 d5medica Got timely medication before dying. d5person Number of people who are living with the respondent before dying. d5resid Place of residence at death. d5sex Sex of the deceased person. d5vday Validated day of death of the sampled person. d5vmonth Validated month of death of the sampled person. d5vyear Validated year of death of the sampled person. 1-married living with spouse 2-married but not living with spouse 3-divorced 4-spouse dead 5-never married 9-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-yes 2-no 3-was not sick 9-missing (number) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 99-missing -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 1-city 2-town 3-rural 1-male 2-female -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors (day) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 99-missing (month) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 99-missing (year) -9-lost to follow-up in the 2005 survey -7-the deceased persons only, not applicable to survivors 137 9999-missing Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Yi, Z., Vaupel, J.W., Zhenyu, X., Yuzi, L., & Chunyuan, Z. Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), 1998-2005. ICPSR24901-v2. Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development: Duke University. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], accessed 2009-06-19. http://centerforaging.duke.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115&Itemid =152, http://centerforaging.duke.edu/survey-datasets. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table G1. Section H includes questions for the interviewer. Note A, Table G2. There is more information about the household members in section A of the questionnaire. There are also several other questions regarding siblings included in section F. Note A, Panel G2.4. There are questions (f7 and f8) regarding parental death (how old was the respondent and how old their parents were when they died). Note A, Table G4. There are questions on diet in Section D (D1-D6). Note A, Panel G4.2. There are additional variables for physical activities including u143-u156. Note A, Panel G4.4. It is unclear whether f65 is to visit the doctor or to visit the hospital. Note A, Table G5. Section B of the questionnaire contains other variables on life evaluation and personality. All of the chronic conditions have an additional question for self-reported illness (e.g., g15a1). This is a way to determine the degree to which these self-reports are underreported. Also associated with these questions are additional questions rating the disability in daily life that can correspond with the functionality questions. There are many questions about the deceased respondent in the section with variables starting with d5. Note A, Panel G5.2. Section C of the questionnaire contains information on a mini mental examination (a cognitive test). There are additional questions (g6 and g7) that ask about the rhythm of the heart and heart rate. 138 Appendix H: Costa Rica-CRELES original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Bangladesh-MHSS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Bangladesh data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table H1. Respondent Variable am3 Wording of Question/Description Interviewer: Is the interviewee… am5 Of all the people who live here, who is the head (“boss” or “in charge”) of the home? Note number of the person in the register. idsujeto Respondent ID. ponderador Sampling weight. proxy Proxy used? URBAN Living in urban area now. Scale (if applicable) 1-able to respond to the questionnaire 2-has serious communication problems (needs proxy) (number) 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes Table H2. Demographics Panel H2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable a3 Wording of Question/Description What is your current marital status? age id4 How old is ____? What is the interviewee’s sex? Panel H2.2. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable a1 Wording of Question/Description Are you able to read and write a message? a2a What was the last level and grade of your formal Scale (if applicable) 1-civil union 2-married 3-widow/er from civil union 4-widow/er from marriage 5-divorced 6-separated from civil union 7-separated from marriage 8-never married or in union 9-dk/nr (note age) 1-male 2-female Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-ns/nr 0-none 139 education that you completed? a2b am12 What was the last level and grade of your formal education that you completed? Do you receive a pension from social security or from the government? am13 h20 How many pensions do you receive? During the last year, what has been your total monthly income? h21 Then would you say your monthly income is: More than 170 thousand colones? h22 Then would you say your monthly income is: More than 80 thousand colones? h23 Then would you say your monthly income is: More than 250 thousand colones? h24 During the last 12 months, what has been the total monthly income of your spouse? h25 Then would you say your spouse’s monthly income is: More than 170 thousand colones? h26 Then would you say your spouse’s monthly income is: More than 80 thousand colones? h27 Then would you say your spouse’s monthly income is: More than 250 thousand colones? j18 Does this house have a room just for cooking? j19 What is the fuel most often used for cooking? j20 Does this house have: Refrigerator? j21 Does this house have: Landline telephone? 1-elementary 2-secondary, academic 3-secondary, technical 4-para-university 5-higher education 9-ns/nr (years of study (grade)) 1-yes 2-no 9-ns/ns (number of pensions) (income) 0-none 999-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr (income) 0-none 999-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-electricity 2-wood or charcoal 3-gas 4-other 5-none (doesn’t cook) 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 140 j23 Does this house have: Washing machine? j24 Does this house have: Microwave? j25 Does this house have: Computer? j26 Does this house have: Potable water within the house? j27 Does this house have: Toilet within the house? j28 Does this house have: Television? j29 Does this house have: Car? j30 Interviewer, evaluate the state of: Exterior walls. j31 Interviewer, evaluate the state of: Roof. j32 Interviewer, evaluate the state of: Floor. Panel H2.3. Family and Household Variable a16 Wording of Question/Description Is your biological mother still living? a17 How old is your mother/how old was she when she died? How many people live in this home? Now I will ask you about your children. How many liveborn children did you have? am4 am6 am7 In all, how many children are still alive? 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 0-no 1-one 2-two 3-three or more 9-dk/nr 0-no 1-one 2-two 3-three or more 9-dk/nr 1-poor 2-fair 3-good 9-not able to evaluate 1-poor 2-fair 3-good 9-not able to evaluate 1-poor 2-fair 3-good 9-not able to evaluate Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr (age) 999-dk/nr (number) (number) 0-none 99-dk/nr (number) 0-none 99-NS/NR 141 am8 How many grandchildren do you have? (number of grandchildren) 98-98 or more grandchildren 99-dk/nr Table H3. Early Life Conditions Panel H3.1. Birthplace Variable a22a Wording of Question/Description In which canton were you born? a22b a23 Which [other canton]? How many years did you live in the place of your birth? a24a Where did you live most of your life? a24b a25 Where did you live most of your life? Which other canton of Costa Rica. How many years have you been living here? a26a Where were you living in 1984? a27a Where were you living in 1973? id2b On what day, month and year were you born? id2c On what day, month and year were you born? id3 How old are you? pc Combines code for province and canton. gam Is respondent living in the greater San Jose metropolitan area? Scale (if applicable) 1-in this canton 2-other canton 3-Nicaragua 4-other country 9-dk/nr (list) (number of years) 97-all his/her life 99-dk/nr 1-in Costa Rica, in this canton 2-other canton of Costa Rica 3-other 4-Nicaragua 9-dk/nr (list) (years) 99-dk/nr 1-in Costa Rica, in this canton 2-other canton of Costa Rica 3-in another country 1-in Costa Rica, in this canton 2-other canton of Costa Rica 3-in another country 9-dk/nr (month) 99-missing (possible miscode) (year) 0-possible miscode 9999-dk/nr (years) 999-dk/nr 1- Yes 0- No 142 extranjero foreigner gamofbirth Was the respondent born in the greater San Jose metropolitan area? Panel H3.2. Childhood Health Variable a18 Wording of Question/Description What is (was) the level of education of your mother? in2 How was your health for the majority of your childhood and adolescence? in3 Did you have tuberculosis when you were a child or adolescent? in4 Did you have rheumatic fever when you were a child or adolescent? in5 Did you have poliomyelitis when you were a child or adolescent? in6 Did you have malaria when you were a child or adolescent? in7 Did you have asthma or chronic bronchitis when you were a child or adolescent? in8 During the first 15 years of your life, did your home have a bathroom or latrine? in9 During the first 15 years of your life, did you wear shoes regularly? Panel H3.3. Childhood Nutrition Variable c48a Wording of Question/Description Is there someone in your family who has or had diabetes? A parent? c48b Is there someone in your family who has or had diabetes? A sibling? c48c Is there someone in your family who has or had diabetes? A grandparent? ev17 What is your current height? 1- Yes 0- No 1- Yes 0- No Scale (if applicable) 1-none 2-elementary 3-secondary 4-higher education 9-dk/nr 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-poor 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr (height in centimeters) 143 k4b Height. k4c Height. k5b Height of the knee. k5c Height of the knee. k6b Circumference of the waist. k6c Circumference of the waist. k7b Circumference of the hip. k7c Circumference of the hip. Panel H3.4. Childhood SES Variable in1 in10 Wording of Question/Description During the first 15 years of your life, did your family have problems or economic hardships that did not allow you to eat regularly, dress adequately or get necessary medical care? During the first 15 years of your life, did your home have electricity? in11 During the first 15 years of your life, where did you sleep? in12 During the first 15 years of your life, did you live with your biological father? 999-dk/nr height (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted height (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted height (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted height (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted circumference (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted circumference (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted circumference (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted circumference (mm) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-on the floor 2-on a bed alone 3-on a shared bed 4-other 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 144 Table H4. Adult Lifestyle (see note A) Panel H4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable ev8 Wording of Question/Description Have you smoked more than 100 cigarettes or cigars in your life? ev10 Do you smoke now? Panel H4.2. Adult Exercise Variable ev14 Wording of Question/Description In the last 12 months, did you exercise regularly or do other physically rigorous activities like sports, jogging, dancing, or heavy work, three times a week? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr Wording of Question/Description Have you ever drank alcoholic drinks on a regular basis? Scale (if applicable) 1-drinks occasionally 2-drinks daily 3-drinks only on special occasions 4-does not currently drink but drank in the past 5-have never drunk 9-dk/nr Panel H4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption (see note A) Variable ev1 Panel H4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable f1 Wording of Question/Description In the last 12 months, has someone from the EBAIS health team visited you? f10 How many appointments or health care visits with a doctor did you have in the last 3 months? f15 When was the most recent doctor’s appointment? f16 Who attended to you in your last visit? f18a How long does it take you to get from your home to the place of the office visit? How long does it take you to get from your home to the f18b Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 0-none (number) 99-dk/nr 1-less than one month 2-from one to three months 3-from four to six months 4-from seven to eleven months 5-from one year to less than two years 6-from two to four years 7-five or more years 9-dk/nr 1-doctor 2-nurse 3-pharmacist 4-other professional 5-other practitioner 9-dk/nr (hours) 99-NS/NR (minutes) 145 place of the office visit? 99-NS/NR Table H5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel H5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable c1 Wording of Question/Description How would you say your health is now: Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor c2 How would you say your health is in comparison with other people of your age? Better, equal, worse? c3 (Show card.) Now we are going to use a card from which you can choose a number from 1 to 7 to evaluate your state of health, wherein 7 signifies excellent health and 1 poor health. Please choose a number which best describes your state of health. Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 9-dk/nr 1-better 2-equal 3-worse 9-dk/nr (number) 1-poor health 7-excellent health 9-dk/nr Panel H5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable k3b Wording of Question/Description Weight (in lbs.). k3c Weight (in lbs.). ev15a What is your current weight? ev15b What is your current weight? c138a Now, if you will allow me I will check your blood pressure from your arm. Now, if you will allow me I will check your blood pressure from your arm. Now, if you will allow me I would like to take your blood pressure. Now, if you will allow me I would like to take your blood pressure. Have the interviewee sit for at least 3 minutes before the first measurement, on the dominant arm, then wait for another three minutes before the second measurement on the same arm. (see labels for k13 variants below) Dynamometer (kgs). Dynamometer (kgs). Dynamometer (kgs). c138b h28a h28b k13 (a-c) k13a k13b k13c Scale (if applicable) weight (decimal) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted weight (decimal) 996-refused 997-attempted but unable 998-not attempted (weight in kilograms) 999-dk/nr (weight in pounds) 999-dk/nr (systolic) 999/999-unable to measure (diastolic) 999/999-unable to measure (first reading) 999/999-unable to be taken (second reading) 999/999-unable to be taken 95-tried but unable 96-not attempted for safety 97-interviewee disabled 98-refused to do it (right hand) (right hand, whole) (right hand, decimal) 146 k14 (a-c) Second time. (see labels for k13 variants below) k14a k14b k14c k15 Dynamometer (kgs). Dynamometer (kgs). Dynamometer (kgs). Hand strength (dynamometer, kgs). Note which hand was used. Spirometry. Preferably, this test should be conducted while standing. This test measures how fast you are able to exhale the air in your lungs. It is important that you blow as strong and fast as you can; we will do it three times. (see labels for k16 variants below) Spirometry. Spirometry. Spirometry. Do you have any problems that would impair you from doing a mobility and flexibility test? Please stand with your feet together for ten seconds, keeping your eyes open. Stay in that position until I ask you to move. (see labels for l2 variants below) k16 (a-c) k16a k16b k16c l1 l2 (a-c) l2a l2b l2c l3 (a-c) l3a l3b l3c l3d l3e l5 (a-c) Stand up. Stand up. Stand up. While keeping your arms crossed on your chest, please stand up as quickly as you can, five times without stopping. Inform the interviewee when to start. If she/he is unable to do it in less than 30 seconds, do not allow him/her to continue and note the number of attempts. (see labels for l3 variants below) Stand up with arms folded. Stand up with arms folded. Stand up with arms folded. Chair height. Number of attempts. Bending over and picking up a pencil. From a standing position, please bend over and pick up a pencil and straighten yourself up. Interviewer: Put the pencil on the floor in front of the interviewee and let them know when to begin. If the interviewee is not able to do it in less than 30 seconds, do not allow them to continue. (see labels for l5 variants 95-tried but unable 96-not attempted for safety 97-interviewee disabled 98-refused to do it (left hand) (left hand, whole) (left hand, decimal) (whole, decimal) (first reading, L/min) (second reading, L/min) (third reading, L/min) 999-unable to complete (first reading) (second reading) (third reading) 1-yes 2-no 95-tried, but unable 96-not attempted for safety 98-refused to do it (duration of exercise in seconds) (duration of exercise in hundredths) (seconds) (hundredths) 95-tried, but unable 96-not attempted for safety 98-refused to do it (number of attempts) (duration of exercise in seconds) (duration of exercise in hundredths) (height of chair in centimeters) (seconds) (hundredths) (height) (number) 95-tried, but unable to do it 96-not attempted for safety 98-refused to do it (duration of exercise in seconds) (duration of exercise in hundredths) 147 l6a l6b l6c below) Pick up pencil. Pick up pencil. Pick up pencil. Standing up and walking. From a sitting position on a chair, please stand up and walk to the location I indicate to you. Interviewer: the distance to walk is 3 meters. (See labels for l6 variants below). Stand up and walk. Stand up and walk. Stand up and walk. Variable d1 Wording of Question/Description Are you able to walk? d2 Is it difficult for you to walk a few blocks? d3 Is it difficult for you to climb up a few stories by stairway without resting? d4 Is it difficult for you to push or pull a large object such as a recliner chair? d5 Please stand up and lift your arm(s) above your shoulder(s). d6 Is it difficult for you to walk from one side of the room to the other? d8 Is it difficult for you to bathe yourself, including entering and exiting the bath tub? d11 Do you have difficulty in eating, including cutting your food, pouring drinks into glasses, etc.? Do you have difficulty getting in or out of bed? l5a l5b l5c l6 (a-c) Panel H5.3. Functionality (see note A) d13 d16 d19 Do you have difficulty in using the bathroom, including sitting or getting up from the toilet? Do you have difficulty cutting your toenails? (seconds) (hundredths) 95-tried, but unable 96-not attempted for safety 98-refused to do it (duration of exercise in seconds) (duration of exercise in hundredths) (seconds) (hundredths) Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 1-yes 2-no 3-not able 4-does not do it 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 3-not able 4-does not do it 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 3-not able 4-does not do it 9-dk/nr 1-lifted them completely 2-lifted them partially 3-not able to lift them 4-did not attempt the test 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 148 d21 Do you have difficulty in preparing a hot meal? d23 Do you have difficulty managing your own money? d25 Do you have difficulty in shopping (for example, food or clothes)? d27 Do you have difficulty taking your medications? Panel H5.4. Chronic Conditions Variable c4 Wording of Question/Description Has a physician ever told you that you have high blood pressure (hypertension)? c10 Has a physician ever told you that you have diabetes (high levels of sugar in the blood)? c11a How old were you when you were first told that you had diabetes? How old were you when you were first told that you had diabetes? Are you taking pills to control your diabetes? c11b c12 c13 Are you using insulin injections to control your diabetes? c14 How often do you measure your blood sugar levels yourself? c15 How often do you have medical check-ups for your diabetes? c16 Did this problem make you change your daily activities in home or at work? 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-dk 9-nr 1-yes 2-no 8-dk 9-nr (age) 9999-dk/nr (year) 9999-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-yes 2-no 9-dk/nr 1-more than once a day 2-once a day 3-once per week 4-less than once per week 5-never 7-other 8-dk 9-nr 1-once every 3 months 2-once every 6 months 3-once a year 4-less than once per year 5-does not have check-ups 8-dk 9-nr 1-very much 2-little 149 c17 c18 c22 c26 c32 c33a c33b c35 c41 c44 DIABGLUCCONTROL DIABHEMO 3-none 9-dk/nr When was the last time that a physician did 1-less than 6 months a test to know if you had sugar in your 2-from 6 to 11 months blood? 3-from 1 to 2 years 4-more than 2 years 5-never 8-dk 9-nr Has a physician ever told you that you have 1-yes cancer or a malignant tumor, not including 2-no small skin tumors? 8-dk 9-nr Has a physician ever told you that you have a 1-yes chronic respiratory or pulmonary disease, 2-no like emphysema, tuberculosis, asthma or 8-dk chronic bronchitis? 9-nr Has a physician ever told you that you have 1-yes had a heart attack? 2-no 9-dk/nr Has a physician ever told you that you have a 1-yes heart disease without having a heart attack? 2-no 8-dk 9-nr How old were you when this heart problem (age) was diagnosed? 9999-dk/nr How old were you when this heart problem (year) was diagnosed? 9999-dk/nr Has a physician even told you that you have 1-yes had a stroke? 2-no 8-dk 9-nr Has a physician ever told you that you have 1-yes arthritis, rheumatism or arthrosis? 2-no 8-dk 9-nr Has a physician ever told you that you have 1-yes osteoporosis (bone fragility)? 2-no 8-dk 9-nr Diabetes measured by level of glucose (SG ≥ 0-not diabetic 126 mg/dL). SG is the respondent’s fasting 1-controlled diabetic serum glucose. 2-uncontrolled diabetic 3-hidden diabetic Diabetes measured by level of glycosylated 0-not diabetic hemoglobin (HbA1C ≥ 6.5%). 1-controlled diabetic 2-uncontrolled diabetic 3-hidden diabetic Panel H5.5. Adult Mortality Variable muerto Wording of Question/Description Respondent is either dead or assumed to be Scale (if applicable) 1=dead, 0=alive 150 alive. Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. RoseroBixby, L., Fernándex, X., & Dow, W.H. CRELES: Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study, 2005 (Costa Rica Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable). ICPSR26681-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research; Costa Rica: The Central American Population Center [distributor], accessed 2007-07-09. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACDA/studies/26681/version/2. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Panel H2.2. There are other questions about housing, including home ownership (j1-j17) in the questionnaire. Note A, Table H4. There are several questions available in the questionnaire regarding adult diet. Note A, Panel H4.1. There are other questions about smoking (ev9, ev11-ev13) in the questionnaire. Note A, Panel H4.3. There are several other questions about drinking (ev2-ev7) in the questionnaire. Note A, Table H5. There are several symptom questions (c84-c100) that could be related to diabetes included in the questionnaire. There are also several questions relating to well-being (c119-c127) and questions relating to preventive care (c128-c134). Note A, Panel H5.2. There is a cognitive evaluation in Section B of Round 1 of the Costa Rican survey. WHO recommends serum glucose levels to identify diabetes while hemoglobin levels are used to control treatment (see Brenes, 2008). Note A, Panel H5.3. There are additional questions about whether or not the respondent uses an apparatus or gets assistance in performing these activities. 151 Appendix I: England-ELSA original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the England-ELSA survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the England data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table I1. Respondent (see note A) Variable askpx1 Wording of Question/Description Identifies proxy interviews. cpid finstat Person number of partner. Final status of respondent after Wave 2 interview. hseyr iapid HSE source survey year. Identifies which financial unit member answered questions from IA. Wave-specific (wave 1) household serial number. Wave-specific (wave 2) household serial number. Wave-specific (wave 1) individual serial number. Wave-specific (wave 2) individual serial number. Unique individual serial number. Used for weighting (non-response weight multiplied by Wave 1 weight, scaled to ensure average of 1 and that weight total sample size equaled unweighted). Weight for nurse data (excluding blood sample analyses). idahhw1 idahhw2 idaindw1 idaindw2 idauniq w2wgt w2wtnur Scale (if applicable) 1-yes; proxy 0-no; self-interview -1-not applicable C1CM-core sample member C1CP-core partner C1YP-younger partner (who responded at Wave 1) C1YP_unprod-younger partner (who did not respond at Wave 1) C1NP1-new partner (found at Wave 1 who responded at Wave 1) C1NP1_unprod-new partner (found at Wave 1 who did not respond at Wave 1) C1NP2-new partner (found at Wave 2) -1-not applicable (five digit serial number) (five digit serial number) (individual serial number) (individual serial number) (number) (weight) Table I2. Demographics (see note A) Panel I2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable dimar Wording of Question/Description What is [your/name’s] current legal marital status? Scale (if applicable) 1-single, that is never married 2-married, first and only marriage 3-remarried, second or later 152 indager indsex Computed from date of birth (indob) and date of interview (intdat), both of which have been dropped from the dataset. All respondents over age 90 have been classified as 99 years old for confidentiality reasons. Definitive sex variable. Panel I2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable fqethnr Wording of Question/Description Can I check, to which of the groups on this card do you consider that [you/name] belong? marriage 4-legally separated 5-divorced 6-widowed -8-don’t know (list) 99-age on or before 29/02/1914 collapsed 1-male 2-female Scale (if applicable) 1-white 2-non-white-9-refusal -8-don’t know Panel I2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable edqual (wave 1) Wording of Question/Description Highest educational qualification. eqtotinc_bu sclddr Benefit unit equalized total income. Think of this ladder as representing where people stand in our society. At the top of the ladder are the people who are the best off – those who have the most money, most education and best jobs. At the bottom are the people who are the worst off – who have the least money, least education and the worst jobs or no jobs. The higher up you are on this ladder, the closer you are to people at the very top and the lower you are, the closer you are to people at the very bottom. Please mark a cross on the rung on the ladder where you would place yourself. Highest educational qualification. topqual3 (wave 0) Scale (if applicable) 1- NVQ4/NVQ5 degree or equivalent 2-higher education below degree 3-NVQ3/GCE a level equivalent 4-NVQ2/GCE o level equivalent 5-NVQ1/CSE other grade equivalent 6-foreign/other 7-no qualification -1-not applicable -8-don’t know -9-refusal -3-not imputed (range 0-100) 5-worst off 100-best off -9-not answered -1-not applicable 1-NVQ4/NVQ5 degree or equivalent 2-higher education below degree 3-NVQ3/GCE a level equivalent 4-NVQ2/GCE o level equivalent 5-NVQ1/CSE other grade equivalent 153 totinc_bu Benefit unit total income. Variable dhnch Wording of Question/Description In total, how many [BLANK/other] living children do you have? IF ASKED: Step, foster and adoptive children can be included. How many living grandchildren or greatgrandchildren [do you/does [name]] have? Panel I2.4. Family and Household dignmy, dignmyW2 dignmyc digran, digranW2 disib hhtot Last time we interviewed [you/Name] on [date of last interview], [you/he/she] told us that [you/he/she] had [number of grandchildren or great-grandchildren reported at last interview] living grandchildren or great-grandchildren. Is this still the case? [Do you/Does name] have any living grandchildren or great-grandchildren? How many living brothers or sisters [do you/does name] have? IF ASKED: Foster/adoptive/stepbrothers/sisters can be included. Number of people in household/computed. 6-foreign/other 7-no qualification -1-item not applicable -3-not imputed Scale (if applicable) (number, range: 0-20) -1-not applicable (number, range: 0-97) -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable (number, range: 0-97) -8-don’t know -1-not applicable Table I3. Early Life Conditions Panel I3.1. Birthplace Variable fqcbthr, fqcbthrW2 Wording of Question/Description In which country [were you/was [name]] born? indobyr Definitive year of date of birth. pobr Country of birth. countrr Country of birth. fqcbthr Country of birth. Scale (if applicable) 1-England 2-Scotland 3-Wales 4-Northern Ireland 5-Republic of Ireland 6-Elsewhere outside of UK -8-don’t know -1-not applicable -7-DOBcollapsed to avoid disclosure if respondent at 90 plus 1-England 2-Elsewhere 1-England 2-Elsewhere -9-refusal -8-don’t know 1-England 2-Elsewhere -9-refusal -8-don’t know 154 Panel I3.2. Childhood Nutrition (see note A) Variable bmi Wording of Question/Description BMI - inc. unreliable measurements (kg/m^2). bmiobe Valid BMI grouped according to WHO definitions. bmiok Whether BMI measure is valid. bmival Valid BMI – inc. estimated>130kg. hipokb Whether hip measurements are valid. hipval Valid mean hip. htok Whether height measure is valid. htval Valid height. sithgt Nurse: Record sitting height (in centimeters). wstokb Whether waist measurements are valid. -1-not applicable Scale (if applicable) (BMI) -1-not applicable 1-under 18.5, underweight 2-18.5 or over but less than 25, normal range 3-25 or over but less than 30, preobese 4-30 or over but less than 35, obese class I 5-35 or over but less than 40obese class II 6-40 or over, obese class III -1-not applicable 1-valid (according to nurse) 2-height/weight not usable (not valid according to nurse) 3-height/weight refused 4-height/weight attempted but not obtained 5-height/weight not attempted (BMI) -1-not applicable 1-usable 1st & 2nd measurements 2-usable 1st & 3rd measurements 3-usable 2nd & 3rd measurements 4-usable 1st & 2nd & 3rd measurements 5-not usable: unreliable (according to nurse) 6-not usable: difference > 3cm 7-partial response 8-refused 9-not attempted (centimeters) -1-not applicable 1-valid (according to nurse) 2-height not usable (not valid according to nurse) 3-refused 4-attempted but not obtained 5-not attempted (centimeters) -1-not applicable (centimeters) -1-not applicable 1-usable 1st & 2nd measurements 2-usable 1st & 3rd measurements 3-usable 2nd & 3rd measurements 155 wstval Valid mean waist. Panel I3.3. Childhood SES Variable difjob, difjobW2 Wording of Question/Description What was [your/name’s] [main carer’s/father’s/step father’s/foster father’s/adoptive father’s/mother’s] main occupation when [you were/he was/she was] 14? 4-usable 1st & 2nd & 3rd measurements 5-not usable: unreliable (according to nurse) 6-not usable: difference > 3cm 7-partial response 8-refused 9-not attempted (centimeters) -1-not applicable Scale (if applicable) 01-armed forces 02-manager or senior official in someone else’s business 03-running his own business 04-professional or technical 05-administrative, clerical or secretarial 06-skilled trade 07-caring, leisure, travel or personal services 08-sales or customer service 09-plant, process or machine drivers or operators 10-other jobs 11-something else 12-casual jobs 13-retired 14-unemployed 15-sick/disabled -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable Table I4. Adult Lifestyle Panel I4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable smkevr Wording of Question/Description Have you ever smoke cigarettes, pipe, or cigar? hesmk Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no -9-no answer/refused -8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no -9-refusal -8-don’t know -4-did respond at W1 but were asked -3-did not respond at w1 but were not asked 156 heska, heskaW2 [Do you/Does name] smoke cigarettes at all nowadays? Panel I4.2. Adult Exercise Variable heacta Wording of Question/Description [Show card S.] We would like to know the type and amount of physical activity involved in your daily life. Do you take part in sports or activities that are vigorous…[Interviewer: Read out…] heactb [Show card S.] And do you take part in sports or activities that are moderately energetic…[Interviewer: Read out…] heactc [Show card S.] And do you take part in sports of physical activities that are mildly energetic…[Interviewer: Read out…] Panel I4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption (see note A) Variable scako Wording of Question/Description Thinking now about all kinds of drink, how often have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind in the last 12 months? scal7a Did you have an alcoholic drink in the seven days ending yesterday? scal7b On how many days out of the last seven did you have an alcoholic drink? scdri01- Please tick all drinks drunk on that day. -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable -8 don’t know Scale (if applicable) 1-…more than once a week, 2-once a week, 3-one to three times a month, 4-hardly ever, or never? -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-…more than once a week, 2-once a week, 3-one to three times a month, 4-hardly ever, or never? -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-…more than once a week, 2-once a week, 3-one to three times a month, 4-hardly ever, or never? -8-don’t know -1-not applicable Scale (if applicable) 1-almost every day 2-five or six days a week 3-three or four days a week 4-once or twice a week 5-once or twice a month 6-once every couple of months 7-once or twice a year 8-not at all in the last 12 months -9-not answered -1-item not applicable 1-yes 2-no -9-not answered -1-item not applicable 1-one 2-two 3-three 4-four 5-five 6-six 7-seven -9-not answered -1-item not applicable (number of ticks) 157 scdri08 scdri01 - Normal strength beer, lager, stout, cider or shandy (less than 6% alcohol)-excludes bottles/cans of shandy. 0-no 1-yes -9-not answered -1-item not applicable scdri02 - Strong beer, lager, stout or cider (6% alcohol or more, such as Tennants, Extra, Special Brew, Diamond White). scdri03 - Spirits or liqueurs, such as gin, whisky, rum, brandy, vodka, or cocktails. scdri04 - Sherry or martini (including port, vermouth, cinzano, dubonnet). scdri05 - Wine (including babycham and champagne). scdri06 - Alcoholic soft drinks or ‘alcopops’ (such as Bacardi Breezer, Smirnoff Ice). Table I5. Adult Health Outcomes Panel I5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable hehelf Wording of Question/Description Now I would like to ask you some questions about your health. Would you say your health is…INTERVIEWER: Read out… Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor -8-don’t know -1-not applicable Panel I5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable wtok Wording of Question/Description Whether weight measure is valid. wtval Valid weight (Kg) inc. estimated>130kg. bprespc Whether BP readings are valid—not ate, drank, smoked or exercised recently. Scale (if applicable) 1-valid (according to nurse) 2-weight not usable (not valid according to nurse) 3-refused 4-attempted but not obtained 5-not attempted (kilograms) -1-not applicable 1-valid blood pressure measurement 2-ate, drank, smoked, exercised in previous half hour 3-not known if ate, drank, smoked, or exercised 4-three valid readings not obtained 5-refused, attempted but not 158 dias Enter [first/second/third] diastolic reading (mmHg). diaval Valid mean diastolic blood pressure. fev1 – fev3 Enter FEV reading. If no reading obtained enter ‘0.’ fvc1 – fvc3 Enter FVC reading. If no reading obtained enter ‘0.’ If you are not going to obtain any readings at all enter ‘9.95.’ pf1 – pf3 Enter PF reading. If no reading obtained enter ‘0.’ sys1 – sys3 Nurse: Take three measurements from right arm. Enter [first/second/third] systolic reading (mmHg). sysval Valid mean systolic blood pressure. mmssstt When I want you to start, I will say: ‘Ready, begin.’ Nurse: Ask the respondent to stand up. Stand to the side of the respondent. Say: ‘Ready, begin!’ Press the start button to start the stopwatch as soon as the respondent gets into the position and removes their hand from the support. If necessary, provide gentle support to the respondent’s arm to help [him/her] into the side-by-side stand. Say: ‘Ready, begin!’ and then let go of [his/her] arm. Stop the stopwatch and say ‘Stop’ after 10 seconds or when the participant steps out of position or grabs your arm. Nurse: Press 1 and Enter to continue. Nurse: Record the outcome of the side-by-side stand. mmssre mmssti Nurse: Record the time in seconds to two decimal places (enter the large numbers on the stopwatch display before the decimal point and the small obtained, not attempted (mmHg) 999-not obtained 996-not getting blood pressure readings (mmHg) -1-either invalid or incomplete set of BP readings obtained (FEV reading) -9-no answer/refusal -3-few value likely to have been erroneous reading of fev/fvc -2-no reading obtained -1-not applicable (FVC reading in litres) -9-no answer/refusal -2-no reading obtained -1-not applicable (range 0-995) -9-no answer/refusal -8-don’t know -2-no reading obtained -1- not applicable (mmHg) 999-not obtained 996-not getting blood pressure readings -2-no reading obtained -1-not applicable (mmHg) -1-either invalid or incomplete set of bg readings obtained (range 1-10) 1-held for 10 seconds 2-held for less than 10 seconds 3-not attempted (time in seconds to two decimal places) -1-not applicable 159 mmloint mmlostt mmlore numbers after it). Use the full stop as the decimal point, e.g. 6.55. Nurse: First explain and then demonstrate the leg raise to the respondent: 'Now I will show you the next movement. I want you to try to stand on one leg, whichever one you want, and raise the other leg off the ground a few inches. Stand for as long as you can - I will stop you at 30 seconds. You may use your arms, bend your knees, or move your body to maintain your balance, but try not to move your feet. Try to hold this position until I tell you to stop. You may support yourself on a chair, table or wall while getting into position.' NURSE: Make sure there is a firm support nearby and allow the respondent to practice. Press <1> andto continue. When I want you to start, I will say: 'Ready, begin'. NURSE: Ask the respondent to stand up near to a firm support, e.g., wall or chair. Stand to the side of the respondent. SAY: 'Ready, begin!' Press the start button to start the stopwatch as soon as the respondent raises one foot off the ground and removes their hand from the support. If necessary, provide gentle support to the respondent's arm to help [^him / her] into position. SAY: 'Ready, begin!' and then let go of [^his / her] arm. Stop the stopwatch and say 'Stop!' either A) when the raised leg touches the floor as the respondent loses [^his / her] balance or B) after 30 seconds, whichever happens first. Press <1> and to continue. Nurse: Record the outcome of the leg raise. mmloti Leg raise (eyes open): time leg raise held (seconds). mmgswil Now I would like to assess the strength of your hand in gripping action. I will count up to three and then ask you to squeeze this handle as hard as you can just for two or three seconds and then let go. Nurse: demonstrate. Read out: I will take alternately three measurements from your right and your left hand. Would you be willing to have your handgrip measured? Nurse: Ask or code: Which is your dominant hand? mmgsdom mmgssta Can I just check, have you had a recent hand injury (range 1..1) (range 1..1) 1-held for 30 seconds 2-held for less than 30 seconds 3-not attempted -1-ineligible: over 70 years/not held side-by-side for 10 seconds (time in seconds to two decimal places) -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 3-unable to take measurement 1-right hand 2-left hand -1-not applicable 1-respondent has the use of both 160 or surgery to either hand within the last six months? Nurse: If yes, do not attempt grip strength measure with affected hand(s). If respondent cannot use hand(s) for this or any other reason, code below. Record respondent status. mmgsd1 mmgsn1 mmgsd2 mmgsn2 mmgsd3 Nurse: (left/right (dominant)) hand, first measurement. Say: “One, two, three, squeeze!” Enter to nearest whole value. Nurse: (left/right (non-dominant) hand, first measurement. Say: “One, two, three, squeeze!” Enter to nearest whole value. Nurse: (left/right (dominant)) hand, second measurement. Say: “One, two, three, squeeze!” Enter to nearest whole value. Nurse: (left/right (non-dominant)) hand, second measurement. Say: “One, two, three, squeeze!” Enter to nearest whole value. Nurse: (left/right (dominant)) hand, third measurement. Say: “One, two, three, squeeze!” Enter to nearest whole value. mmgsn3 Nurse: (left/right (non-dominant)) hand, third measurement. Say: “One, two, three, squeeze!” Enter to nearest whole value. mmgstp Nurse: record respondent’s position. mmgsres Number of grip strength measurements obtained mmgspr1, mmgspr2 Nurse: give reasons why no or only some measures were obtained. Code all that apply. Multiple responses recorded in variables mmgspr1 to mmgspr2. mmbcsc Nurse: check respondent’s status and availability. Ask: “Do you have any problems from recent surgery, injury or other health condition that might prevent you from standing up from a chair or balancing?” Do you feel that would be safe? mmsssc hands 2-respondents is unable to use (left/right (dominant)) hand 3-respondent is unable to use (left/right (non-dominant)) hand 4-respondent is unable to use either hand – test stopped 5-respondent is unwilling or unable to do test – test stopped (0-100) -1-not applicable (0-100) -1-not applicable (0-100) -1-not applicable (0-100) -1-not applicable (0-100) -9-no answer/refusal -8- don’t know -1-not applicable (0-100) -9-no answer/refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-standing without arm support 2-sitting without arm support 3-standing with arm support 4-sitting with arm support -1-not applicable 1-all measures obtained 2-some measures obtained 3-no measures obtained -1-not applicable 1-respondent refusal 2-respondent in pain in hand/joints/muscles 3-equipment failure 95-other (specify in mmgspro) -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 1-yes 2-no 161 mmssna Nurse: Record reason side-by-side stand was not attempted. mmstsc Do you feel that would be safe? mmstre Nurse: record the outcome of the semi-tandem stand. mmstti Nurse: record the time in seconds to two decimal places. Enter the large numbers on the stopwatch display before the decimal point and the small numbers after it. Use the full stop as the decimal point. Nurse: code the reason why semi-tandem stand was not attempted. mmstna mmftsc Do you feel that would be safe? mmftre, mmftre2 Nurse: record the outcome of the full tandem stand. Variable mmftre2 indicates whether the respondent held the full tandem stand for 10 or 30 seconds (which depended on their age). 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-no attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-other reason 7-participant refused -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-held for 10 seconds 2-held for less than 10 seconds 3-not attempted -1-not applicable -1-not applicable 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-no attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-other reason 7-participant refused -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-held for 10 seconds, respondent aged 70 or over 2-held for less than 10 seconds, respondent aged 70 or over 3-held for 30 seconds, respondent aged less than 70 4-held for less than 30 seconds, respondent aged less than 70 5-stand not attempted -1-ineligible-did not hold semitandem stand 162 mmftti mmftna Nurse: record the time in seconds to two decimal places. Enter the large numbers on the stopwatch display before the decimal point and the small numbers after it. Use the full stop as the decimal point. Nurse: record reason full tandem stand was not attempted. mmlosc Leg raise (eyes open): whether respondent feels it is safe to attempt it mmlona Nurse: record reason leg raise was not attempted. mmlssc Leg raise (eyes shut): whether respondent feels it is safe to attempt it. mmlsre Nurse: record the outcome of the leg raise with eyes shut. mmlsti Nurse: record the time in seconds to two decimal places. Enter the large numbers on the stopwatch display before the decimal point and the small numbers after it. Use the full stop as the decimal point. Nurse: record reason leg raise with eyes shut was not attempted. mmlsna for ten seconds -1-not applicable 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-not attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-other reason 7-participant refused -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-not attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-other reason 7-participant refused -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-held for 30 seconds 2-held for less than 30 seconds 3-not attempted -1-not applicable -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-no attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 163 mmcrav Nurse: check the availability of a suitable chair. mmcrsc Chair rise: whether respondent feels it is safe to attempt single chair rise. Nurse: if the participant cannot rise without using arms, say, “Okay, try to stand up using your arms.” Nurse: record the outcome of single chair rise measure. mmcrre mmcrna Nurse: record reason why the test was not completed. mmrrsc Nurse: record whether respondent feels it is safe to attempt multiple chair rises mmrrre Nurse: record the total number of rises completed. mmrrfti Nurse: record the time in seconds to two decimal places to complete five chair rises. Enter the large numbers on the stopwatch display before the decimal point and the small numbers after it. Use the full stop as the decimal point. Nurse: record the time in seconds to two decimal places to complete ten chair rises. Enter the large numbers on the stopwatch display before the decimal point and the small numbers after it. Use the full stop as the decimal point. Chair rise: outcome of multiple chair rises, split by age. mmrrtti mmrroc 6-other reason 7-participant refused -1-not applicable 1-suitable chair available 2-no suitable chair available 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-participant stood without using arms 2-participant used arms to stand 3-test not completed -1-not applicable 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-not attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-other reason 7-participant refused 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable (0-10) -1-not applicable -8-don’t know -3-chair rises not timed correctly -1-not applicable -8-don’t know -3-chair rises not timed correctly -1-not applicable (0-10) 1-completed 5 rises, respondent Aged 70 or over 2-completed less than 5 rises, respondent aged 70 or over 3-completed 10 rises, respondent aged less than 70 4-completed less than 10 rises, respondent aged less than 70 5-not attempted, did not feel it was safe -1-not applicable-did not do single 164 mmrrna Nurse: record reason why participant did not attempt or failed to complete all chair rises. mmschs Interviewer: record respondent status. mmalone I would like to test whether you can walk a very short distance comfortably. Can I just check, are you able to walk alone without holding on to another person (using a walking stick or other aid if necessary)? mmhss I would now like to test whether you can walk a very short distance comfortably (using a walking stick or other aid if necessary). First, I would like to ask a few questions to check it is safe to carry out the test. Do you have any problems from recent surgery, injury, or other health conditions that might prevent you from walking? Are you willing to do the walking test? mmwill mmsaf Interviewer: do you feel that it is safe to continue with the walking test? mmavsp Interviewer: check availability of suitable space. rise successfully 1-tried but unable 2-participant could not hold position unassisted 3-not attempted, you felt unsafe 4-no attempted, participant felt unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-other reason 7-participant refused -1-not applicable 1-observed walking without help of another person or using support 2-observed walking with help of another person or using support 3-not observed-in wheelchair 4-not observed-bed bound 5-not observed-uncertain if respondent has impairment -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-yes but aid unavailable 3-no -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-no apparent restriction 2-yes, recent surgery 3-yes, injury 4-yes, other health condition -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-sutable space available 2-no suitable space -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 165 mmwala This is our walking course. I want you to walk to the other end of the course at your usual walking pace, just as if you were walking down the street to go to the shops. Walk all the way past the other end of the tape before you stop. Interviewer: demonstrate the walk for the respondent. I will walk with you. Do you feel this would be safe? 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable mmtrya Interviewer: record results of first trial. Enter time at next question. mmwlka Interviewer: record time in seconds to two decimal places. mmtryb Interviewer: record result of second trial. Enter time at next question. mmwlkb Interviewer: record time in seconds to two decimal places. mmpain Interviewer: code if respondent has commented on pain. Otherwise ask: did you have pain while you were performing the walking test? mmrecr Interviewer: record type of floor surface. mmrecrc Whether answer to mmrecr was recoded postinterview from text answer. 1-completed successfully 2-attempted but unable to complete 3-stopped by interviewer because of safety reasons 4-respondent refused -9-refusal -1-not applicable -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1- not applicable 1-completed successfully 2-attempted but unable to complete 3-stopped by interviewer because of safety reasons 4-respondent refused -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-linoleum/tile/wood 2-low-pile carpet 3-thick-pile carpet 4-concrete 5-others 85-other answer-not codeable 0104 86-irrelevant-not codeable 01-04 -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes (recorded post-interview from other please specify) 2-no (unable to recode original answer) -1-not applicable 166 mmaid Interviewer: record type of aid used. mmaidc Whether answer to mmaid was recoded postinterview from text answer. mmcomz1 Interviewer: provide details about why the walking test was not completed successfully (i.e. why it was stopped for safety reasons, refused or not completed). mmcomz2 Interviewer: provide details about why the walking test was not completed successfully (i.e. why it was stopped for safety reasons, refused or not completed). mmcomz3 Interviewer: provide details about why the walking test was not completed successfully (i.e. why it was stopped for safety reasons, refused or not completed). 1-none 2-walking stick or cane 3-elbow crutches 4-walking frame 5-others 85-other answer-not codeable 0104 -9-refusal -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes (recorded post-interview from other please specify) 2-no (unable to recode, original answer) -1-not applicable 1-unable to walk (safely) 2-lack of space 3-respondent refused 4-interview not completed 5-respondent in pain 85-other answer (not codeable 0105) 86-irrelevant response (not codeable 01-05) -1-not applicable 1 unable to walk (safely) 2-lack of space 5-respondent in pain 85-other answer - not codeable 01-05 -1-not applicable 85-other answer-not codeable 0105 -1-not applicable Panel I5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes (see note A) Variable shache1, swache1 Wording of Question/Description Overall in the last 30 days, what degree of aches and pains have you had? shwake1, swwake1 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty have you had with sleeping, such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? Scale (if applicable) 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 167 shmob1, swmob1 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem have you had with moving around? shmem1, swmem1 Overall in the last 30 days how much difficulty have you had with concentrating or remembering things? shresp1, swresp1 In the last 30 days, how much of a problem have you had because of shortness of breath? shsad1, swsad1 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem have you had with feeling sad, low, or depressed? shwork1, swwork1 How much are you limited in the kind or amount of work that you can do due to an impairment or health problem? shache2, shache3, shache4 Pain vignettes. How much work could you do in last 30 days due to aches and pain? swache2, swache3, swache4 How much is [Geoffrey/Linda/Jennifer] limited in the kind or amount of work [he/she] could do? shwake2, shwake3, Sleeping vignettes. In the last 30 days, how much difficulty have you had with sleeping, such as 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-not limited 2-mildly 3-moderately 4-severely 5-extremely -9-refusal -1-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 168 shwake4 shmob2, shmob3, shmob4 swmob2, swmob3, swmob4 shmem2, shmem3, shmem4 shresp2, shresp3, shresp4 shsad2, shsad3, shsad4 swsad2, swsad3, swsad4 falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable Mobility vignettes. Overall in the last 30 days, how 1-none much of a problem did [Tom/David/Robert /] 2-mild have with moving around? 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable How much work could you do in the last 30 days 1-not limited limited due to mobility problems? 2-mildly 3-moderately 4-severely 5-extremely -9-refusal -1-not applicable Cognition vignettes. Overall in the last 30 days 1-none how much difficulty have you had with 2-mild concentrating or remembering things? 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable Respiratory vignettes. In the last 30 days, how 1-none much of a problem have you had because of 2-mild shortness of breath? 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable Depression vignettes. Overall in the last 30 days, 1-none how much of a problem have you had with feeling 2-mild sad, low, or depressed? 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -9-refusal -1-not applicable How much work could you do in the last 30 days 1-not limited limited due to depression? 2-mildly 3-moderately 4-severely 5-extremely -9-refusal -1-not applicable Panel I5.4. Functionality (see note A) Variable headb01headb06 Wording of Question/Description Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty… Scale (if applicable) (if yes, specify) 169 (Katz and Akpom ADLs) headb07headb13 (IADLs) heada01heada10 1 - dressing, including putting on shoes and socks 2 - walking across a room 3 - bathing or showering 4 - eating, such as cutting up your food 5 - getting into or out of bed 6 - using the toilet, including getting up or down 7 - using a map to figure out how to get around a strange place 8 - preparing a hot meal 9 - shopping for groceries 10 - making phone calls 11 - taking medications 12 - doing work around the house or garden 13 - managing money, such as paying bills and keeping track of expenses 96- none of these -9 - refusal -8 - don’t know -1 - not applicable Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty… (if yes, specify) 1 - dressing, including putting on shoes and socks 2 - walking across a room 3 - bathing or showering 4 - eating, such as cutting up your food 5 - getting into or out of bed 6 - using the toilet, including getting up or down 7 - using a map to figure out how to get around a strange place 8 - preparing a hot meal 9 - shopping for groceries 10 - making phone calls 11 - taking medications 12 - doing work around the house or garden 13 - managing money, such as paying bills and keeping track of expenses -9 - refusal -8 - don’t know -1 - not applicable Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty… 1 - walking 100 yards 2 - sitting for about 2 hours 3 - getting up from a chair after sitting for long periods 4 - climbing several flights of stairs without resting 5 - climbing one flight of stairs without resting 6 - stooping, kneeling, crouching 170 7 - reaching or extending your arms above shoulder level 8 - pulling or pushing large objects like living room chair 9 - lifting or carrying weights over 10 pounds, like a heavy bag of groceries 10 - picking up a 5p coin from a table -8 - don’t know -1 - not applicable 96 - none of these Panel I5.5. Chronic Conditions (see note A) Variable hedia01 – hedia07 Wording of Question/Description Has a doctor ever told you that you have (or have had) any of the conditions on this card (Card E)? W1hedia01W1hedia07 hedib01hedib09 W1hedib01W1hedib09 Has a doctor ever told you that you have (or have had) any of the conditions on this card? Scale (if applicable) 1- High blood pressure or hypertension 2-Angina 3-A heart attack (including myocardial infarction or coronary thrombosis) 4-Congestive heart failure 5-A heart murmur 6-An abnormal heart rhythm 7-Diabetes or high blood sugar 8-A stroke (cerebral vascular disease) 9-high cholesterol 95- Any other heart trouble (please say what) 96- None of these -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-Chronic lung disease such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema 2-Asthma 3-Arthritis (including osteoarthritis or rheumatism 4-Osteoporosis, sometimes called thin or brittle bones 5-Cancer or malignant tumor (excluding minor skin cancers) 6-Parkinson’s disease 7-Any emoti0nal, nervous, or psychiatric problems 8-Alzheimer’s disease 9-Dementia, senility or another serious memory impairment -8-don’t know 96-none of these -1 – Not applicable 171 hedian1hedian9 Reason disputed [CVD condition] diagnosis from Wave 1 hediam1hediam5 Reason disputed [chronic condition] diagnosis from Wave 1 1 hediam1 = pulmonary hediam3 = arthritis heacd hediam5 = cancer Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes? heana Have you ever had any pain or discomfort in your chest? heanb Do you get it when you walk uphill or hurry? heanc Does this happen on most occasions? heand Do you get it when you walk at an ordinary pace on the level? heane Does this happen on most occasions? heanf What do you do if you get it while you are walking? Do you… INTERVIEWER: Read out… heang If you stand still does the pain go away or not? INTERVIEWER: If respondent unsure, probe— What happens to the pain on most occasions? heanh How soon does the pain go away? Does it go in…INTERVIEWER: Read out… 1-never had 2-no longer has 3- did not have previously, but has now -1-not applicable 1-never had 2-no longer has 3-did not have previously, but has now -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 3-sometimes/occasionally 4-never walks uphill or hurries 5-cannot walk -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 3-sometimes/occasionally 4-never walks at an ordinary pace on the level -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-…stop 2-slow down, 3-or, do you carry on? -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-pain goes away 2-pain doesn’t go away -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-…10 minutes or less, 2-or, more than 10 minutes? 172 heanj heani1heani6 Please could you tell me where you get this pain or discomfort? INTERVIEWER: Write in. Show card N. Will you show me where you get this pain or discomfort? INTERVIEWER: Probe— Where else? (code all that apply) heanim1heanim6 Please could you tell me where you get this pain or discomfort? INTERVIEWER: Write in. (merged responses from heanj, heani1-heani6) heanl Have you spoken to a doctor or nurse about this pain or discomfort? heank Have you ever had a severe pain across the front of your chest lasting for half an hour or more? Panel I5.6. Adult Mortality Variable agedead2 Wording of Question/Description Age at death, with those aged 90 and over recoded to avoid disclosure. maincod Main cause of death using ICD9 and 10. mortfin Current mortality status (from all sources). mortwave Data source and when died in relation to survey wave. -8-don’t know -1-not applicable (string) 1-sternum (upper or middle) 2-sternum lower 3-left anterior chest 4-left arm 5-right anterior chest 6-right arm 95-somewhere else -8-don’t know -1-not applicable 1-sternum (upper or middle) 2-sternum lower 3-left anterior chest 4-left arm 5-right anterior chest 6-right arm 85-other answer (not codeable) -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -1-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -1-not applicable Scale (if applicable) (age) -2-information not available/applicable -3-details being checked 99-aged 90 or over 1-cancer 2-cardiovascular disease 3-respiratory 4-other -1-alive or no permission given to check -2-ICD information not available 1-alive/not known to have died 2-dead (see codes 11-43) 0-alive/not known to have died 31- post-w2 issue & pre-w3 issue w3 sampling 32- pre-w3 - w3 fieldwork 33- post-w2 issue & pre-w3 issue external update 173 43- post-w3 issue & pre-w4 issue external update yrdeath Year of death. (year) -2-information not available/applicable -3-details being checked on Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. National Centre for Social Research (NatCen), University College London, & Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS). English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Economic and Social Data Service [distributor], accessed 2011-03-29. http://www.ifs.org.uk/ELSA, http://www.esds.ac.uk/longitudinal/access/elsa/l5050.asp. Notes: ELSA uses identical variables from wave to wave in some cases. As an example, the identification of chronic conditions is complicated in ELSA. To determine whether ELSA identified a chronic condition, the first wave had to be reviewed. Then, from the second wave (or the baseline for the cross national data set), all chronic conditions had to be double checked to see if respondents were still reporting the same condition. In the cross national data, variables were renamed with wave identifiers. For example, the variables hedia* and hedib* from wave 1 are now W1hedia* and W1hedib*. The following variables were renamed to indicate from which wave they came. Wave 1 variable hedia01-hedia07 hedib01-hedib09 heska hesmk difjob fqobthr digran dignmy Renamed as W1hedia01-W1hedia07 W1hedib01-W1hedib09 Wave 2 variable hedia01-hedia07 hedib01-hedib09 heska hesmk difjob fqobthr digran dignmy Renamed as heskaW2 hesmkW2 difjobW2 fqobthrW2 digranW2 dignmyW2 NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table I1. The variables idahhw1 and idaindw1 do not appear in the cross national data set because wave 2 data were used as the baseline. Note A, Table I2. The creation of variables for health conditions, education, etc. required going back to previous waves to acquire this information. Note A, Panel I2.3. Wave 0 (1998, 1999, 2001) and Wave 1 (2002). Note A, Panels I3.2 and I5.2. Validated measures were used to construct variables for height, waist, hip, and weight. For example, rather than using the height variable itself, which included unreliable values, the htval variable was used to construct height for the cross national data set. Note A, Panel I4.1. Wave 0 (1998, 1999, 2001) and Wave 1 (2002). 174 Note A, Panel I4.3. The variables scdri07 and scdri08 appear only in the questionnaire and not in the data files. Note A, Panel I5.2. There is a cognitive test available in wave 2 of the ELSA questionnaire. The variables mmlostt, mmloint, mmstrt, and mmssstt appear only in the questionnaire and not in the data files. Note A, Panel I5.3. The third wave (2006-07) of ELSA has vignettes. Self-completion forms containing vignettes on six health domains were assigned to a (random) third of the ELSA sample, except for proxy respondents. The vignettes questionnaire consisted of two sections: one which asked questions regarding health and one which asked questions regarding work. Note A, Panel I5.4. In the ELSA survey, respondents were asked a question about having difficulties with functionality and then presented with a card (cards O and P) which listed several difficulties with functionality from which to choose. Respondents were asked to report all possible items reflecting difficulty with functionality. Note A, Panel I5.5. The hedia variables actually go up to headia10 but hedia08-hedia10 were not included because they did not contain any relevant information. The hedian2-hedian6 variables for heart disease include angina, heart attack (including myocardial infarction), coronary thrombosis, congestive heart failure, and heart murmur. The hedib variables actually go up to hedib10 but hedib06-hedib10 were not included because they did not contain relevant information. In other words, chronic conditions in ELSA were identified in the following manner: 1. First calculated prevalence using hedia & hedib variables from wave 1 2. Updated these variables using the same variables from wave 2 3. Excluded anyone as missing if they denied ever being diagnosed with a particular illness at wave 1 In the ELSA survey respondents were asked a question about having chronic conditions and then presented with a card (card E) which listed several chronic conditions from which to choose. They indicated all of the chronic conditions that they had. Responses were then saved in several variables. This produced the situation that to identify those with a particular chronic condition one has to search through several variables according to the code for that particular health outcome. For example, the code for high blood pressure is 1 and to identify those with high blood pressure one must search for that code in all of the variables hedia01 – headi08. Symptom questions for angina based on Rose (1962, 1977) appear in variables with a hean prefix. The hedia01 - hedia07 row includes all the chronic conditions used based on hedia variables. Arthritis, pulmon, and cancer are based off of hedib01-hedib09 variables. The other possible categories in the hedib variables (asthma, osteoporosis, Parkinson’s, emotional, Alzheimer’s and dementia) were not used. The code 96 (none of these) is used to indicate that a respondent did not have any of the conditions noted on the card presented to them. The variable heanj appears only in the questionnaire and not in the data files. NOTE B. 175 Only the core members of ELSA and only the 50+ individuals were selected for the cross national data. The second wave of ELSA data (2004-2005) was used as baseline for the cross national data because it had height and leg length information. The first wave of ELSA does not include height or weight because nurse's visits occurred every other wave. The identification of chronic conditions is complicated in ELSA. To determine whether ELSA identified a chronic condition, the first wave had to be reviewed. Then, from the second wave (or the baseline for the cross national data set), all chronic conditions had to be double checked to see if respondents were still reporting the same condition. ELSA uses identical variables from wave to wave in some cases. In the cross national data, variables were renamed with wave identifiers. For example, the variables hedia* and hedib* from wave 1 are now W1hedia* and W1hedib*. If there were discrepancies between wave 1 and wave 2, the hedian* and hediam* variables were used to verify the reason for such discrepancies. ELSA has several different ID numbers: idauniq is a unique individual serial number used in linking individuals between waves idahhw1 is household number (wave specific analytical number) idaindw1 if individual number (wave specific analytical number) There are also other id numbers and variables that indicate if interview was partial or complete. 176 Appendix J: Indonesia-IFLS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Indonesia-IFLS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Indonesia data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table J1. Respondent Variable ar01i_00 Wording of Question/Description Interview’s status. hhid00 day2000 month2000 year2000 day 2007 month2007 year2007 ivwmth1 ivwday1 ivwyr1 main Household ID number. Day of interview in 2000. Month of interview in 2000. Year of interview in 2000. Day of interview in 2007. Month of interview in 2007. Year of interview in 2007. Date of the first interview in 2000. Date of the first interview in 2000. Date of the first interview in 2000. Main respondent selected to answer Books IIIA & IIIB? Person ID number. Key identification variable to link between waves. Proxy. Sampling weight. Sampling weight. Sampling weight. Sampling weight. Indicates whether Book IIIA was completed by respondent. pid00 pidlink proxy pw00usxa pw00usxb pwt00xa pwt00xb res00b3a res00b3b Indicates whether Book IIIA was completed by respondent. res00us rspndnt Indicates whether Book US (health assessment) was completed by respondent. Respondent is: mresp07 sc01 Main respondent 2007. Province. sc02 Municipality (Kabupaten/Kotamadya). Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no (day) (month) (year) (day) (month) (year) (month) (day) (year) 0-not main respondent 1-main respondent 1-complete 2-partially complete 3-not completed 1-complete 2-partially complete 3-not completed 1-yes 3-no 1-head of household 2-spouce of head of household 3-other household member (code – contact RAND for more info) (code – contact RAND 177 sc03 sc05 Subdistrict (Kecamatan). Area: sc17 Number of Householders IFLS 2000 for more info) (code) 1-urban 2-rural (number) Table J2. Demographics (see note A) Panel J2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable age_00 marstat Wording of Question/Description How old are you (at survey year 2000)? What is your marital status? sex Sex us01 Sex Panel J2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable dl01a Wording of Question/Description What languages do you speak in your daily life at home? (Circle all that apply.) Scale (if applicable) (years) 1-single 2-married 3-separated 4-divorced 5-widowed 1-male 3-female 1-male 3-female Scale (if applicable) W-Indonesian A-Javanese B-Sundanese D-Balinese G-Batak H-Bugis I-Chinese C-Maduranese E-Sasak F-Minang J-Banjar L-Bima M-Makassar N-Nias O-Palembang P-Sumbawa Q-Toraja R-Lahat S-Other South Sumatra T-Betawi U-Lampung K-Other (name) 178 dl01e Which ethnical group is primarily influential in daily activities of your household? langothr Other language used (if any): Variable dl02 Wording of Question/Description Can you read an Indonesian-language newspaper? dl02a Can you read a newspaper in another language? dl03 Can you write a letter in Indonesian? dl03a Can you write a letter in another language? dl04 Have you ever attended/are you attending school? dl06 What is the highest education level attended? [Note to interviewer: If they are currently attending school, record the level they are currently attending.] Panel J2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) 01-Jawa 02-Sunda 03-Bali 04-Batak 05-Bugis 06-Tionghoa 07-Madura 08-Sasak 09-Minang 10-Banjar 11-Bima-Dompu 12-Makassar 13-Nias 14-Palembang 15-Sumbawa 16-Toraja 17-Betawi 18-Dayak 19-Melayu-Deli 20-Komering 21-Ambon 22-Manado 23-Aceh 25-Other South Sumatera 95-other 96-Other (name) (other, specify) Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 3-no 1-yes 01-no school/not yet in school 02-elementary 03-junior high general 04-junior high vocational 05-senior high general 06-senior high vocational 179 dl07 What is the highest grade completed at that school? kr13 What is the main water source for drinking in this household? kr20 Where do the majority of the householders go to the toilet? 60-college (d1, d2, d3) 61-university (bachelor) 62-university (master) 63-university (doctorate) 11-adult education a 12-adult education b 13-open university 14-Islamic school (Pesantren) 17-school for disabled 70-madrasah, general 72-Islamic elementary school (Madrasah Ibitdaiyah) 73-Islamic junior/high school (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) 74-Madrasah senior high school 90-kindergarten 98-don’t know 10-other, specify 00-did not complete first grade at that level 01-1 02-2 03-3 04-4 05-5 06-6 07-graduated 98-don’t know 01-pipe water 02-well/pump (electric, hand) 03-well water 04-spring water 05-rain water 06-river/creek water 07-pond/fishpond 08-water collection basin 09-other,specify 10-aqua/air mineral, etc. 01-own toilet with septic tank 02-own toilet without septic tank 03-shared toilet 04-public toilet 05-creek/river/ditch (without toilet) 180 kr23 Do you store your perishable food in a refrigerator? kr24 What is the main kind of fire/stove used for cooking? kr24a Does this household have a television? sw01 Please imagine a six-step ladder where on the bottom (the first step), stand the poorest people, and on the highest step (the sixth step), stand the richest people. On which step are you today? On which step were you one year ago? sw02 sw03 On which step do you expect to find yourself one year from now? sw04 Concerning your current standard of living, which of the following is true? sw05 Concerning your food consumption last month, which of the following is true? sw06 Concerning your healthcare, which of the following is true? 06-yard/field (without toilet) 07-sewer 08-other, specify 09-pond/fishpond 10-animal stable 11-sea/lake 1-yes 3-no 6-don’t have a refrigerator 01-electricity 02-gas 03-kerosene stove 04-firewood 05-charcoal 06-other, specify 07-do not cook 1-yes 3-no 9-missing (scale of 1-6, 1 being poorest and 6 being richest) 8-don’t know (scale of 1-6, 1 being poorest and 6 being richest) 8-don’t know (scale of 1-6, 1 being poorest and 6 being richest) 8-don’t know 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 8-don’t know 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 8-don’t know 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 181 sw07 Do you have children still residing in this household? sw08 Concerning your children’s standard of living, which of the following is true? sw09 Concerning your children’s food consumption last month, which of the following is true? sw10 Concerning your children’s healthcare, which of the following is true? sw11 Concerning your children’s education, which of the following is true? sw12 sw14 Think back to 1997, before the ‘crisis.’ What change since those times provided the biggest benefit for you? Think back to 1997, before the ‘crisis.’ What change since those times has been the biggest problem for you? Are there any poor people in this village? sw15 If yes, are there many or only a few? sw16a In your opinion, why are they poor? Little/no education. In your opinion, why are they poor? Not working hard. In your opinion, why are they poor? From poor family. sw13 sw16b sw16c 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 8-don’t know 1-yes 3-no 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 8-don’t know 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 8-don’t know 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 8-don’t know 1-it is less than adequate for my needs 2-it is just adequate for my needs 3-it is more than adequate for my needs 6-children not yet in school 8-don’t know (description of change; string variable) (description of change; string variable) 1-yes 3-no 1-many 3-a few 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 182 sw16d sw16f In your opinion, why are they poor? The rich do not help the poor. In your opinion, why are they poor? Government does not pay attention. In your opinion, why are they poor? No opportunities. sw16g In your opinion, why are they poor? Other, mention. Ylab totalYlab Individual labor income. Total labor income per household. Variable br01 Wording of Question/Description Now I would like to ask you about all children that you have so far. Have you ever given birth? br08 Have you ever given live birth to a son or daughter, who later passed away though only lived for a while? br09 How many sons were born alive but passed away later? How many daughters were born alive but passed away later? Total number of live births Household size. sw16e Panel J2.4. Family and Household br10 br15 hhsize 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing (number of males) (number of females) (number) (number) Table J3. Early Life Conditions (see note A) Panel J3.1. Birthplace Variable bth_day bth_mnth bth_year 2000 dl01b Wording of Question/Description Date of birth: Date of birth: Date of birth: Scale (if applicable) (day) (month) (year) Where are you from? A-Jawa B-Sunda C-Bali D-Batak E-Bugis F-Tionghoa G-Madura H-Sasak I-Minang J-Banjar K-Bima-Dompu L-Makassar M-Nias N-Palembang O-Sumbawa P-Toraja Q-Betawi R-Dayak 183 dl01c Where was your father from? (Circle all that apply.) dl01d Where was your mother from? (Circle all that apply.) S-Melayu-Deli T-Komering U-Ambon W-Manado X-Aceh Y-Other South Sumatera V-Other (name) A-Jawa B-Sunda C-Bali D-Batak E-Bugis F-Tionghoa G-Madura H-Sasak I-Minang J-Banjar K-Bima-Dompu L-Makassar M-Nias N-Palembang O-Sumbawa P-Toraja Q-Betawi R-Dayak S-Melayu-Deli T-Komering U-Ambon W-Manado X-Aceh Y-Other South Sumatera V-Other (name) A-Jawa B-Sunda C-Bali D-Batak E-Bugis F-Tionghoa G-Madura H-Sasak I-Minang J-Banjar K-Bima-Dompu L-Makassar M-Nias N-Palembang O-Sumbawa P-Toraja Q-Betawi R-Dayak S-Melayu-Deli 184 mg01ex What is the […] name of your birthplace when you were born? mg04 Was the place when you were born a: mg04a When you were 12 years old did you live in the same place as the place where you were born? mg08 When you were 12, was the place a: mg19b Have you ever moved since the age of 12? movenum proxy us02mth How many times have you moved since the age of 12? Proxy. When were you born? Variable ba07am Wording of Question/Description Did [respondent’s name] mother ever attend school? ba08m What is the highest level of education of [respondent’s name] mother? Panel J3.2. Childhood Health T-Komering U-Ambon W-Manado X-Aceh Y-Other South Sumatera V-Other (name) (country) 1-other 3-same as current residence (Indonesia) 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-village 3-small town 5-big city 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-village 3-small town 5-big city 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing (number) (month) Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 8-don’t know 9-missing (highest level) 1-no school/not yet in school 2-elementary school 3-general junior secondary school 4-vocational junior secondary school 5-general senior high school 6-vocational senior high school 60-academy D1, D2, D3 185 ba09m What is the highest class that your mother finished? ba11m What is/was [respondent’s name] mother’s primary activity now/before her death? ba13m What were […] primary duties (now/one year before she died)? 61-university (bachelor) 62-university (master) 63-university (doctorate) 09-university, general 10-other, specify 11-adult education A 12-adult education B 13-open university 14-Islamic school (Pesantren) 17-school for the disabled 70-Madrasah, general 72-islamic elementary school (madrasah ibtidaiyah) 73-islamic junior/high school (madrasah tsanawiyah) 74-madrasah senior high school 90-kindergarten 96-not applicable 98-don’t know 99-missing 0-didn’t finish first class 01 02 03 04 05 06 07-graduated 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-working/trying to get work/ helping to earn income 02-job searching 03-attending school 04-housekeeping 05-retired 06-stay at home/unemployed 07-sick/disabled 08-other, specify 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-professional or technical worker 02-managerial, administrative, decision 186 Panel J3.3. Childhood Nutrition making staff 03-clerical personnel and the like 04-sales personnel 05-service personnel 06-farm, forestry, game hunting, fishery worker 07-production line worker 08-transportation vehicle operator 09-blue collar worker 10-other, specify 98-don’t know Variable us04 us06a us06b Wording of Question/Description Height (cm). Waist circumference (>=40 years). Hip circumference (>=40 years). Scale (if applicable) (centimeters) (centimeters) (centimeters) Variable ba07ap Wording of Question/Description Did [respondent’s name] father ever attend school? ba08p What is the highest level of education of [respondent’s name] father? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 8-don’t know 9-missing (highest level) 1-no school/not yet in school 2-elementary school 3-general junior secondary school 4-vocational junior secondary school 5-general senior high school 6-vocational senior high school 60-academy D1, D2, D3 61- university (bachelor) 62-university (master) 63-university (doctorate) 09-university, general 10-other, specify 11-adult education A 12-adult education B 13-open university 14-Islamic school (Pesantren) 17-school for the disabled 70-Madrasah, general 72-islamic elementary Panel J3.4. Childhood SES 187 ba09p What is the highest class that your father finished? ba11p What is/was [respondent’s name] father’s primary activity now/before his death? ba13p What were […] primary duties (now/one year before he died)? school (madrasah ibtidaiyah) 73-islamic junior/high school (madrasah tsanawiyah) 74-madrasah senior high school 90-kindergarten 96-not applicable 98-don’t know 99-missing 0-didn’t finish first class 01 02 03 04 05 06 07-graduated 98-don’t know 01-working/trying to get work/ helping to earn income 02-job searching 03-attending school 04-housekeeping 05-retired 06-stay at home/unemployed 07-sick/disabled 08-other, specify 98-don’t know 99-missing 01-professional or technical worker 02-managerial, administrative, decision making staff 03-clerical personnel and the like 04-sales personnel 05-service personnel 06-farm, forestry, game hunting, fishery worker 07-production line worker 08-transportation vehicle operator 09-blue collar worker 10-other, specify 98-don’t know 188 ba14ap How is the health status of your father now/before his death? ba14am How is the health status of your mother now/before her death? 99-missing 1-very healthy 2-somewhat healthy 3-somewhat unhealthy 4-very unhealthy 8-don’t know 9-missing 1-very healthy 2-somewhat healthy 3-somewhat unhealthy 4-very unhealthy 8-don’t know 9-missing Table J4. Adult Lifestyle Panel J4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable km01a km01b Wording of Question/Description Have you had the habit of chewing tobacco, smoking self-rolled cigarettes, or smoking cigarettes/cigars? Have you had the habit of chewing tobacco? km01c Have you had the habit of smoking a pipe? km01d Have you had the habit of smoking self-rolled cigarettes? km01e Have you had the habit of smoking cigarettes/cigars? km02 Interviewer’s Note: Is km01d or km01e=1 km04 Do you still have the habit or have you totally quit? Panel J4.2. Health Care Utilization (see note A) Variable rj00 rj00a rj00b Wording of Question/Description In the last 4 weeks have you visited a public hospital, puskesmas, private hospital, clinic, health worker or doctor’s practice or been visited by a health worker or doctor? Have you had a general checkup performed in the last 5 years? Where did you go to have this general check-up? (Circle all that apply) Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no 1-still have 3-quit Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no A-public hospital B-public health center C-private hospital D-polyclinic, private clinic, medical center E-private physician F-nurse, paramedic, 189 rj01 rj02 rj1type Within the last 4 weeks, have you been to (rj1type)/visited by (rj1type)? How many times did you visit/been visited by (rj1type) during the last 4 weeks? Type of outpatient care. rj_num rn00 Number of outpatient care visits. During the past 12 months have you ever received patient care at a hospital, puskesmas, clinic, or other? rn01 rn1type During the past 12 months, have you ever received inpatient care at (rn1type)? How many times have you received inpatient care at (rn1type) during the past 12 months? Type of inpatient care. rn_num Number of hospitalizations. rn02 midwife G-traditional practitioner H-don’t know I-other, specify 1-yes 3-no (number of times) A-public hospital (General or Specialty) B-public health center (puskesmas) /auxiliary center (puskesmas pembantu) E-private hospital F- polyclinic, private clinic, medical center G-private physician (General Practitioner, Specialist, Dentist) H-nurse, paramedic, midwife practitioner I-traditional practitioner (shaman, wise man, kyai, Chinese herbalist, masseur, acupuncturist, etc.) J-other, specify (number) 1-yes 3-no 9-missing 1-yes 3-no (number of times) A-public hospital B-public health center C-private hospital D-private clinic E-other (number) Table J5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel J5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable kk01 Wording of Question/Description In general, how is your health? Scale (if applicable) 1-very healthy 2-somewhat healthy 3-somewhat unhealthy 4-unhealthy 190 kk02a kk02ax kk02b kk02c2 During the last 4 weeks, how many days of your primary daily activities did you miss due to poor health? Do you know the number of days of primary daily activities missed due to poor health in the last month? In the last 4 weeks, how many days have you stayed in bed due to poor health? Compared with your health 12 months ago, would you say that your health is…? kk02d2_1 Why has your health become, much better/somewhat better/somewhat worse/much worse? kk02d2_2 Why has your health become, much better/somewhat better/somewhat worse/much worse? kk02e2 In the last 12 months have you experienced any serious health problems? kk02i kk02j us14 (days) 8-don’t know 99-missing 1-knows number of days 8-don’t know (days) 8-don’t know 1-much better now 2-somewhat better now 3-about the same 4-somewhat worse 5-much worse (string variable) w-not applicable y-don’t know z-missing (string variable) z-missing 1-yes 3-no 9-missing How do you expect your health to be in next year? 1-much better than now 2-somewhat better than now 3-about the same 4-somewhat worse 5-much worse 9-missing Compared to another person of your age and sex, 1-better than others would you say that your health is…? 2-same as the others 3-worse than the others 9-missing According to the interviewer, how does the health of (a scale of 1-9; from this person compare, in general, to the health status of much worse to about the other people of the same age and sex? same to very good) Panel J5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable us06 Wording of Question/Description Weight (kg). us07a Blood pressure (age>=15 years). Scale (if applicable) (kilograms) 1-measured 2-disabled 3-reason not measured 4-not able 5-too old 6-age 7-refused 8-supplies/equipment problem 9-missing 10-sick/pregnant (HHM) 191 us07b us08 us10 Blood pressure (age>=15 years). Pulse (>=15 years). Time to rise from sitting to a standing position 5 times (>= 15 years). us11 How many times sit to stand? (>=15 years) Panel J5.2. Functionality Variable kk03a Wording of Question/Description If you had to […] could you do it: carry heavy load (like pail of water) for 20 meters. kk03b If you had to […] could you do it: sweep house floor yard. kk03c If you had to […] could you do it: walk for 5 kilometers. kk03d If you had to […] could you do it: draw pail of water from well. kk03e If you had to […] could you do it: to bow, squat, kneel. kk03f If you had to […] could you do it: to dress without help. kk03g If you had to […] could you do it: to stand up from sitting position in a chair without help. kk03h If you had to […] could you do it: to go to the bathroom (BM) without help. (HHM) (pulse) 1-yes 2-disable 3-no, other (specify) 4-not able 5-too old 6-age < 15 years 7-refused 8-supplies/equipment problem 9-missing 10-sick 11-pregnant 12-respondent not available (number of times, if 5us14) Scale (if applicable) 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 192 kk03i If you had to […] could you do it: to stand up from sitting on floor without help. kk03j If you had to […] could you do it: walk for 1 kilometer. Panel J5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes Variable Wording of Question/Description vg01a Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with moving around? vg02a Overall in the last 30 days, how much of bodily aches or pains did you have? vg03a Overall in the last 30 days overall how much difficulty did you have remembering things? vg04a In the last 30 days, how much difficulty do you had with sleeping, such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? vg05a Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with feeling sad, low, or depressed? vg06a In the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have because of shortness of breath? vg01ba Pak Taryono/Bu Taryini is able to walk distances of up to 200 metres without any problems but feels tired after walking one kilometer. He has no problems with day-to-day activities, such as carrying food from the 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know 1-easily 3-with difficulty 5-unable to do it 8-don’t know Scale (if applicable) 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 193 vg01bb market. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have with moving around? Pak Tumino/Bu Tumini does not exercise. He cannot climb stairs or do other physical activities because he is obese. He is able to carry the groceries and do some light household work. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have with moving around? vg01bc Pak Sidik/Bu Endah has a lot of swelling in his legs due to his health condition. He has to make an effort to walk around his home as his legs feel heavy. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have with moving around? vg02ba Pak Budiarto/ Bu Budiarti has a headache once a month that is relieved after taking a pill. During the headache she can carry on with her day-to-day affairs. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of bodily aches or pains did [name of person] have? vg02bb Pak Sumarno/ Bu Sumarni has pain that radiates down her right arm and wrist during her day at work. This is slightly relieved in the evenings when she is no longer working on her computer. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of bodily aches or pains did [name of person] have? vg02bc Pak Mulyono/ Bu Mulyanti has pain in his knees, elbows, wrists and fingers, and the pain is present almost all the time. Although medication helps, he feels uncomfortable when moving around, holding and lifting things. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of bodily aches or pains did [name of person] have? vg03ba Pak Taryono/ Bu Taryini can concentrate while watching TV, reading a magazine or playing a game of cards or chess. Once a week he forgets where his keys or glasses are, but finds them within five minutes. Overall in the last 30 days overall how much difficulty did [name of person] have remembering things? vg03bb Pak Suwarso/ Bu Suwarsih is keen to learn new recipes but finds that she often makes mistakes and has to reread several times before she is able to do them properly. Overall in the last 30 days overall how much difficulty did [name of person] have 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 194 remembering things? vg03bc vg04ba vg04bb vg04bc vg05ba vg05bb vg05bc Pak Mugiono/ Bu Mugianti cannot concentrate for more than 15 minutes and has difficulty paying attention to what is being said to him. Whenever he starts a task, he never manages to finish it and often forgets what he was doing. He is able to learn the names of people he meets. Overall in the last 30 days overall how much difficulty did [name of person] have remembering things? Pak Partono/ Bu Partini falls asleep easily at night, but two nights a week she wakes up in the middle of the night and cannot go back to sleep for the rest of the night. In the last 30 days, how much difficulty does [name of person] had with sleeping, such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? Pak Darma/ Bu Darmi wakes up almost once every hour during the night. When he wakes up in the night, it takes around 15 minutes for him to go back to sleep. In the morning he does not feel well rested. In the last 30 days, how much difficulty does [name of person] had with sleeping, such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? Pak Parto/ Bu Parti takes about two hours every night to fall asleep. He wakes up once or twice a night feeling panicked and takes more than one hour to fall asleep again. In the last 30 days, how much difficulty does [name of person] had with sleeping, such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? Pak Arman/ Bu Lina enjoys her work and social activities and is generally satisfied with her life. She gets depressed every 3 weeks for a day or two and loses interest in what she usually enjoys but is able to carry on with her day-to-day activities. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have with feeling sad, low, or depressed? Pak Sukarso/ Bu Sukarsih feels nervous and anxious. He worries and thinks negatively about the future, but feels better in the company of people or when doing something that really interests him. When he is alone he tends to feel useless and empty. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have with feeling sad, low, or depressed? Pak Rano/ Bu Rina feels depressed most of the time. She weeps frequently and feels hopeless about the future. She feels that she has become a burden on others and that she would be better dead. Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 195 person] have with feeling sad, low, or depressed? vg06ba Pak Sugiarto/ Bu Suwarsih has no problems while walking slowly. He gets out of breath easily when climbing uphill for 20 meters or a flight of stairs. In the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have because of shortness of breath? vg06bb Pak Ramlan/ Bu Badriah suffers from respiratory infections about once every year. He is short of breath 3 or 4 times a week and had to be admitted in hospital twice in the past month with a bad cough that required treatment with antibiotics. In the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have because of shortness of breath? Pak Hamid/ Bu Karsini has been a heavy smoker for 30 years and wakes up with a cough every morning. He gets short of breath even while resting and does not leave the house anymore. He often needs to be put on oxygen. In the last 30 days, how much of a problem did [name of person] have because of shortness of breath? vg06bc Panel J5.4. Chronic Conditions (see note A) Variable cd05A Wording of Question/Description Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had hypertension? cd05B Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had diabetes or high blood sugar? cd05C Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had tuberculosis? cd05D Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had asthma? cd05E Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had other lung conditions? cd05F Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, or other heart problems? Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had a liver condition? cd05G cd05H Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had a stroke? cd05I Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had cancer or malignant tumor? 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 7-refused to answer 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 196 cd05J Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had arthritis/rheumatism? cd05K Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had uric acid/gout? cd05L Have a doctor/paramedic/nurse/midwife ever told you that you had depression? us18aa Are you taking medicine for anemia? us18ab Are you taking medicine for high blood pressure? us18ac Are you taking medicine for diabetes? Panel J5.5. Adult Mortality Variable died07 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 9-unknown 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no 1-yes 3-no Wording of Question/Description Respondent died between 2000 and 2007. Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-died calive07 Respondent contacted alive in 2007. o-no 1-alive Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Gertler, P., Frankenberg, E., & Karoly, L. Indonesia Family Life Surveys (IFLS). Los Angeles, CA: University of California-Los Angeles [distributor], accessed 2009-07-27. http://www.rand.org/labor/FLS/IFLS.html, http://www.rand.org/labor/FLS/IFLS/access2.html. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table J2. There is information on siblings and children in Section BA of Book IIIB, though it is complicated to identify the number of siblings and children (it must be obtained from roster information) and has been left out of this table. Note A, Panel J2.3. There are several other questions that describe the household characteristics (kr03-kr27) in the questionnaire. Note A, Table J3. For variable mg01, there is more specific information at the village level about where the respondent was born. There are additional questions about birthplace as well in Book IIIA. There are additional questions about where and when the respondent’s mother and father died in Section BA of Book IIIB. Note A, Panel J4.1. There are several other questions about smoking habits in Book IIIB (km01km10). Note A, Panel J4.2. All of the variables from the outpatient utilization section (Section RJ of Book IIIB) and inpatient utilization section (Section RN of Book IIIB) are saved. 197 Note A, Panel J5. There is a section on subjective wellbeing (sw01-sw16) in Book IIIA. There are also questions about depression included in Book IIIB (kk04-kk11). There are additional questions on symptoms in Section MA of Book IIIB (ma01-ma08), and those specific to the heart (ma08c-ma08e). Note A, Panel J5.2. There are also additional health measurement questions on lung capacity (Section US of Book US I). Note A, Panel J5.4. The variables beginning with “cd” are variables taken from the 4th wave of the Indonesian survey and were used to obtain information about chronic conditions. Although there are some missing data, Indonesia does not show a large prevalence of chronic conditions such as heart disease or diabetes. However, there is a large prevalence for hypertension. NOTE B In the Indonesian study not all individuals were selected to answer all parts of the questionnaire (book 3A & 3B are individual and health related). Those who answered these sections are mostly main respondents although there were some other respondents who did answer these sections (Strauss, 2004, page 9). However, basic information was collected on all individuals. Apparently this was the case for mortality and other household information. For this cross sectional data file, the case identifiers are hhid00 and pid00 and are used to merge any files within the 2000 data and then use pidlink if merging across waves. Missing values may be an issue for education variables. Identifying birth year and age is not always clear from the data. For example, the variable bth_year from the tracker file in 2007 does not match up well with the bth_year from the tracker file of the third wave in 2000 but the bth_year and age_00 in the third wave tracker file are consistent. These latter variables were used to identify age. Income Household income was based on labor income in 2000 and calculated from an economist working with Indonesian data. Therefore, use this variable with caution. A possible rule of thumb to evaluate the income numbers from the survey year 2000 is: Less than 500,000 rupiah per month is about what a low income worker might expect to make 1.5-2 million rupiah per month is middle income 3-4 million rupiah per month is upper middle income >5 million rupiah per month is upper income 198 Appendix K: Latin American and Caribbean cities-SABE original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Latin American and Caribbean cities-SABE survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Latin American and Caribbean cities data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table K1. Respondent (see note A) Variable country Wording of Question/Description Country ID number (constructed variable) var00001 folio ponder ponder1 g0401 ID variable for Argentina ID variable for all other SABE countries Sampling weight for all other countries. Sampling weight for Chile. What is (NAME)’s relationship to you? Scale (if applicable) 11- Argentina 12-Barbados 13-Brazil 14-Chile 15-Cuba 16-Mexico 17-Uruguay 01-spouse/partner 02-son/daughter 03-parent 04-parent-in-law 05-sibling 06-child-in-law 07-grandchild 08-step-child 09-other relative 10-non-relative 11-domestic worker 97-does not apply 98-does not know 99-no response Table K2. Demographics Panel K2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable a01b c18 Wording of Question/Description How old are you? Sex of the respondent. marital Variable created by survey staff to determine marital status. Scale (if applicable) (years) 1-woman 2-man Panel K2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language (see note A) Variable a12 (data for Wording of Question/Description (Optional question) Could you please tell me Scale (if applicable) 1-white 199 all countries what your race and ethnic background is? except Mexico) 2-mestizo (combination of white and indigenous) 3-mulatto (combination of black and white) 4-black 5-indigenous 6-asian 8-other 98-does not know 99-no response Panel K2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable yeduca a05a Wording of Question/Description Variable created by survey staff to determine years of education. Do you know how to read and write a message? a05b Did you ever attend school? a06* What was the highest level of schooling that you have completed? These variables include the level completed, grade completed, completion level status, etc. Circle only one response code and record the years completed at this level. j04 Is running water available to the occupants of this home: Read all options until you get an affirmative response. j08 Does this home have a room to cook in (kitchen)? What type of heating do you use to cook? Read all options until you get an affirmative response. j09 Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 01-elementary and middle school 02-secondary/high school 03-technical, commercial or secretarial following elementary and/or middle school 04-technical, commercial or secretarial following secondary/high school 05-preparatory 06-teacher education 07-college (university) 08-graduate/post-grad 98- does not know 99- no response 1-inside the home? 2-outside the home, but underground? 3-from a public pump? 4-there is no running water available? 1-yes 2-no 1-natural piped gas 2-portable gas canister/container 3-elecrticity 4-keronsene or paraffin 5-charcoal or firewood 200 j10 Does your home have a toilet (bathroom)? j13a (Cuba codes this variable differently) j13b (Cuba codes this variable differently) j13c (Cuba codes this variable differently) j13d (Cuba codes this variable differently) j121 (Cuba codes this variable differently) j122 (Cuba codes this variable differently) j123 (Cuba codes this variable differently) h25a (only Chile uses this variable) h25d (only Chile uses this variable) h25m (only Chile uses this variable) h25q (only Chile uses this variable) h25s (only Chile uses this variable) h25i (all countries except Chile Does this home have a refrigerator? Read each option and circle all that apply. 6-none 1-yes, inside the home 2-yes, outside of the home but on the same land 3-no 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Does this home have a clothes washer (automatic)? Read each option and circle all that apply. 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Does this home have a water heater? Read each option and circle all that apply. 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Does this home have a microwave? Read each option and circle all that apply. 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Does anyone in this home have a bicycle? Read each option and circle all that apply. 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Does anyone in this home have a motorcycle or moped? Read each option and circle all that apply. 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Does anyone in this home have an automobile? Read each option and circle all that apply. 1-yes 2-no 9-no response Annual wage. Daily wage. Monthly wage. Biweekly wage. Weekly wage. In total, how much do you earn from this and other jobs? 201 use this coding) h25p (all countries except Chile use this coding) …and with what frequency do you receive this amount? h261 Do you receive income from retirement or pension? h262 Do you receive income help from family in another country? h263 Do you receive income help from family living in ---? h264 Do you receive income from renting or banking income? h265 Do you receive income from social welfare subsidy? h266 Do you receive income from other? Specify. h27a1 How much income do you receive from retirement or pension? For each affirmative answer in h26, ask h27a and h27b. h27a2 How much income do you receive from help from family in another country? For each affirmative answer in h26, ask h27a and h27b. h27a3 How much income do you receive from help from family living in ---? For each affirmative answer in h26, ask h27a and h27b. h27a4 How much income do you receive renting or banking income? For each affirmative answer in h26, ask h27a and h27b. h27a5 How much income do you receive from social 1-per day 2-per week 3-biweekly 4-per month 5-per year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (amount from retirement or pension) 999998-does not know 999999-no response (amount from family in another country) 999998-does not know 999999-no response (amount from family living in ---) 999998-does not know 999999-no response (amount from renting or banking income) 999998-does not know 999999-no response (amount from social welfare 202 welfare subsidy? For each affirmative answer in h26, ask h27a and h27b. h27a6 h27bp1 How much income do you receive from other (specified)? For each affirmative answer in h26, ask h27a and h27b. How often do you receive income from retirement or pension? h27bp2 How often do you receive income help from family in another country? h27bp3 How often do you receive income help from family living in ---? h27bp4 How often do you receive income from renting or banking income? h27bp5 How often do you receive income from social welfare subsidy? h27bp6 How often do you receive income from other (specified)? h21 Working status. See questions H5 and H6 h28 How many people depend on this income? Include the respondent in the number of persons who depend on this income. h05 (only asked in During the last week, you… (Read all the options until you obtain an affirmative subsidy) 999998-does not know 999999-no response (amount from other) 999998-does not know 999999-no response 1-per week 2-per month 3-biweekly 4-every year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-per week 2-per month 3-biweekly 4-every year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-per week 2-per month 3-biweekly 4-every year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-per week 2-per month 3-biweekly 4-every year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-per week 2-per month 3-biweekly 4-every year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-per week 2-per month 3-biweekly 4-every year 8-does not know 9-no response 1-respondent actually works 2-respondent does not actually work 01-only the respondent (number of people) 98-does not know 99-no response 01-worked? 02-had a job, but did not 203 Argentina) response.) h06 (only asked in Argentina) In addition to this activity (condition in h05), in the last week, you… (Read all options until you get an affirmative response.) Panel K2.4. Family and Household (see note A) Variable a18 Wording of Question/Description How many children have you had? a19 Do you have step-children? a20 How many step-children have you had? a21 Do you now have or have you ever had any adopted children? a22 How many adopted children have you had? a23 In total, how many children, step-children or work? 03-worked helping in a family business, estate or ranch without receiving payment? 04-looked for a job? 05-primarily did housework? 06-were retired or pensioned? 07-were temporarily disabled and could not work? 08-were permanently disabled and could not work? 09-did not work? 98-does not know 99-no response 01-sold some product? 02-made some product to sell? 03-washed, ironed or cooked, repaired electronic equipment, cared for children or some other task in exchange for payment? 04-helped work in agricultural activities or in the raising of animals? 05-(do not read) did not do any of these activities? 98-does not know 99-no response Scale (if applicable) (number of children) 98-does not know 99-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (number of step-children) 98-does not know 99-no response 1-yes 2-nogo to a23 8-does not know 9-no response (number of adopted children) 98-does not know 99-no response (number of living children) 204 g02 a07 a07a a07b a07c adopted children that you mentioned are still alive? Then, there are (number from previous question) people from that household? Do you live alone or with someone now? Five years ago, were you living with exactly the same people that you live with now? Five years ago you lived… Why don’t you live with same people that you were living with 5 years ago? 98-does not know 99-no response 1-yes 2-no 1-alone 2-with someone 1- yes 2-no 1-alone 2-with a spouse or partner 3-with one or more married son(s) or daughter(s) 4-with one or more unmarried son(s) or daughter(s) 5-with other relative 6-with other non-family member 8-does not know 9-no response 1-problems related with your children- economic 2-problems related with your children-divorce or separation 3-problems related with your children- marriage or union 4-problems related with your children- to care for children 5-problems related with your own personal situationeconomic 6-problems related with your own personal situationdivorce or separation 7-problems related with your own personal situationdeath 8-problems related with your own personal situation- you felt lonely 9-problems related with your own personal situation- you needed help 10-problems related with your own personal situationyou got sick 11-other 98- does not know 99- no response 205 Table K3. Early Life Conditions Panel K3.1. Birthplace Variable a02 Wording of Question/Description Were you born in Barbados? a03 a04a In what country were you born? In total, how many years have you lived in ---? a04b During the first 15 years of your life, did you live in a rural area for 5 years or more? a01am a01aa In what month and year were you born? In what month and year were you born? Variable c27 Wording of Question/Description During the majority of the first 15 years of your life, would you say that your health was excellent, good, or poor? c28a During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Nephritis (kidney disease) c28b During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Hepatitis (liver disease or jaundice) c28c During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Measles c28d During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Tuberculosis c28e During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Rheumatic fever c28f During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Asthma c28g During the first 15 years of your life, do you remember having any of the following illnesses? Chronic bronchitis Panel K3.2. Childhood Health Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (country) (years) 998-does not know 999-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (month) (year) Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-good 3-poor 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 206 c28h1 c28h2 Did you have any others? Specify. (Record up to three more sicknesses that were important for the respondent for the Brazil, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, and Barbados datasets, but leave as “yes”/”no” response for the Chile dataset) Did you have any others? Specify. (Record up to three more sicknesses that were important for the respondent.) c28h3 Did you have any others? Specify. (Record up to three more sicknesses that were important for the respondent.) c29 During the first 15 years of your life, were you confined to a bed for a month or more because of a health problem? c30 During the first 15 years of your life, would you say that there was a time in which you did not eat enough and that you were hungry? Panel K3.3. Childhood Nutrition Variable k05 9-no response (specify) 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response *see codebook (specify) 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response *see codebook (specify) 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response *see codebook 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response k06 Wording of Question/Description To measure your height, I need you to take off your shoes. Put your feet and heels together. Look forward, standing with your back and head touching the wall. Look straight ahead. Knee height. k07 k08 Arm circumference. Waist. k09 Hip. k12 Calf circumference (of the leg). (centimeters) c26 During the majority of the first 15 years of your life, what was the economic situation of your family? (Read all the options until you get an affirmative answer.) a24 Is your father alive? a26 How old was your father when he died? 1-good 2-average 3-poor 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (age) 998-does not know Panel K3.4. Childhood SES Scale (if applicable) (height in centimeters) 999-cannot stand up (height in centimeters) 999-cannot stand up (centimeters) (waist in centimeters) 999-cannot stand up (hip in centimeters) 999-cannot stand up 207 a27 Is your mother alive? a29 How old was your mother when she died? 999-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (age) 998-does not know 999-no response Table K4. Adult Lifestyle Panel K4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable c24 Wording of Question/Description You… Panel K4.2. Adult Exercise Variable c25a Wording of Question/Description In the past twelve months, have you exercised regularly or participated in vigorous physical activity such as playing a sport, dancing or heavy housework, 3 or more times a week? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response Wording of Question/Description In the last three months, on average, how many days per week have you had any alcohol to drink (for example, beer, wine, or another drink containing alcohol)? Scale (if applicable) 1-did not consume any 2-less than one day a week 3-one day a week 4-two to three days a week 5-four to six days a week 6-everyday 8-does not know 9-no response Panel K4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption (see note A) Variable c23 Scale (if applicable) 1-smoke at the present time? 2-smoked before, but do not now? 3-have never smoked? 8-does not know 9-no response Panel K4.4. Adult Diet Variable c22a Wording of Question/Description How many complete meals do you eat a day? (Consider breakfast to be a meal) c22b Do you eat milk, cheese or similar products at least once a day? c22c Do you eat eggs, beans, peas or legumes at least once a week? c22d Do you eat meat, fish or poultry at least three Scale (if applicable) 1-one meal 2-two meals 3-three or more meals 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 208 times a week? c22e Do you eat fruit or vegetables at least 2 times a day? c22f Have you been eating less in the last twelve months than you were before due to loss of appetite or digestive problems? c22g How many cups or glasses of liquid do you drink a day (including water, coffee, tea, milk, juice, etc.)? c22h In the last twelve months, have you lost weight without going on any diet? c22i In respect to your nutritional state, would you say that you are well nourished? Panel K4.5. Health Care Utilization (see note A) Variable f031 Wording of Question/Description During the last 12 months, where did you usually go when you felt sick or when you needed to consult someone about your health? Circle all the answers that the respondent spontaneously mentions. f032 Any additional answer from f031. 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-less than three glasses 2-from three to five glasses 3-more than five glasses 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes, between 1 and 3 kg 2-yes, more than 3 kg 3-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response Scale (if applicable) 00-no other 01-I did not go, although I needed it 02-I have not gotten sick, I have not needed a consultation/appointment 03-private physician’s office 04-private clinic 05-public clinic 06-clinical designated by medical insurance 07-emergency room in a private health care institution 08-private hospital 09-public hospital 10-emergency room in public hospital 12-pharmacy 13-faith healer 96-other, specify 98-does not know 99-no response 209 f033 f11 Any additional answer from f031. Not including the hospitalization, did you seek medical care or consultation of any type in the last four months? f12 In total, how many times in the last four months did you seek medical care or consultation? Thinking of the last time you sought medical attention, from whom did you seek care? f13 f301 Why didn’t you have a medical consultation/appointment in the last four months? Circle all of the answers that the respondent spontaneously mentions. f302 f303 Any additional answer from f301. Any additional answer from f301. 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response (times) 88-does not know 99-no response 1-doctor 2-nurse 3-phamacist 4-faith healer 5-other 8-does not know 9-no response 00-no other 01-did not need it 02-cost of the care 03-cost of the travel 04-time required for the trip and the wait 05-the problem was not serious 06-the care is usually poor 07-my family needed me 08-treated self 09-other, specify 98-does not know 99-no response Table K5. Adult Health Outcomes Panel K5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable c01 Wording of Question/Description I would now like to ask you some questions about your health. Would you say that your health is excellent, very good, good, fair or poor? c02 Compared to your health 12 months ago, would you say that it is better, the same or worse than it was then? c3 Compared to other people your age, would you say that your health is better, the same or worse? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 8-does not know 9-no response 1-better 2-same 3-worse 8-does not know 9-no response 1-better 2-same 3-worse 210 8-does not know 9-no response Panel K5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable k11 Wording of Question/Description Weight. k15 (Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Uruguay) We are going to use an instrument called a dynamometer to test the strength of your hand. We can do this test only if you have NOT had any surgery on your arm or hand in the last three months. Using the arm you think is strongest, place its elbow on the table and turn the palm of your hand up. Take the two pieces of metal together like his (demonstrate). Tell me if I should adjust the device to your size. When I tell you, tighten your grip as strongly as you can. The two pieces of metal will not move, but I can read off the strength of your grip. We are going to do this test twice. We will stop if you feel any pain or discomfort. Note which hand was used (right or left). Did you have operations on your arms or hands? I want you to try to stand with your feet together while keeping your eyes open. Please keep this position until I tell you (ten seconds). You may use your arms, bend your knees or move your body to keep you balance, but try not to move your feet. Now I want you to try to stand heel-to-toe for ten seconds. You can use either foot, whichever you feel most comfortable with. You can use your arms, bend your knees, or move your body to keep your balance, but try not to move your feet. Please hold that position until I tell you (ten seconds). From a standing position, I would like you to try to stand on one foot without touching or holding on to anything. You may begin with either leg, and then we will try with the other. I will count time, and will tell you when to start and when to finish (ten seconds). We can stop whenever you feel that you are losing your balance. k15 (Chile) l01a l02 l03d & l03i l04 l05 Do you feel capable of rising rapidly from the chair five times? Now I want you to try to stand up from and sit down in a chair five times. Scale (if applicable) (weight in kg) 999-cannot stand up First time: 95-tried but could not 96-did not try because of safety concerns 97-subject disabled 98-refused to do it (finished the exercise, kg) Second time: 95-tried but could not 96-did not try because of safety concerns 97-subject disabled 98-refused to do it (finished the exercise, kg) 1-yes 2-no 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try Right foot 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try Left foot 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try 1-Yes 2-No 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try 211 l06 l07s l07c l08 l09 Do you feel confident enough to try to stand from the chair with your arms crossed over your chest five times? Now, keeping your arms crossed over your chest, please stand up from the chair as fast as you can five times without pausing. Every time you stand up, sit down and stand up again. Record height of chair seat from floor Have you had an operation for cataracts or surgery on your retina in the last six weeks? For this next test you have to squat and pick up a pencil. This is a movement you will make only if you have NOT had an operation for cataracts in the last six weeks. From a standing position, please squat, pick up this pencil, and stand up again. (Place the pencil on the floor in front of the subject and tell him/her when to start. If the subject is unable to do it in less than 30 seconds, do not let him/her continue. Panel K5.3. Functionality Variable d01a Wording of Question/Description Do you have any difficulty with running or jogging one and a half kilometers (1 mile)? d01b Do you have any difficulty with walking several hundred yards? d01c Do you have any difficulty with walking one hundred yards? d02 Do you have any difficulty with sitting for two hours? d03 Do you have any difficulty with getting up from a chair after sitting for long periods? d04 Do you have any difficulty with climbing several flights of stairs without resting? 1-Yes 2-No 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try 1-Yes 2-No 8-Does not know 9-No Response 66-tried but failed 77-not attempted 88-refused to try Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 212 d05 Do you have any difficulty with climbing one flight of stairs without resting? d06 Do you have any difficulty with stooping, kneeling, or crouching? d07 Do you have any difficulty reaching or extending your arms above shoulder level? d08 Do you have any difficulty with pulling or pushing a large object, like a living room chair? d09 Do you have any difficulty with lifting or carrying weights over 5 kgs. (10 lbs.), like a heavy shopping bag? d10 Do you have any difficulty with picking up a coin form a table? d11 Do you have difficulty with walking across a room? d12a Do you use any equipment or devices when walking across a room? What type of equipment do you use? (respondents could have multiple answers, all of which are saved in several d12b* variables) d12b 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response o response 1-railing 2-walker 3-cane 4-crutches 5-orthopedic shelves 6- brace (leg or back) 7- prosthesis 8-oxygen or respirator 9-furniture or walls 10-wheelchair or cart 11-other, specify 12-does not know 213 d12c Does anyone ever help you with walking across a room? d13a Do you have difficulty with dressing (including putting on shoes and socks/stockings)? d13b Does anyone help you dress? d14a Do you have difficulty bathing (including getting in and out of the tub)? d14b Do you ever use any equipment or devices while bathing (such as a rail or a stool)? d14c Does anyone ever help you with bathing? d15a Do you have difficulty eating (including cutting food, filling glasses, etc.)? d15b Does anyone help you with eating? d16a Do you have difficulty getting in and out of bed? d16b Do you ever use any equipment or devices when getting in or out of bed? d16c Does anyone help you with getting in or out of bed? d17a Do you have difficulty with using the toilet (including getting up and down from the toilet)? d18a Do you have difficulty with preparing a hot meal? 13-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-dose not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 214 d18b Does anyone help you with preparing a hot meal? d19a Do you have difficulty managing your own money? d19b Does anyone help you with managing your own money? d20a Do you have difficulty going places alone, like to places such as the doctor, church, etc.? d20b Does anyone ever accompany you to help you get in or out of a car/bus, bring you transportation or help you to catch some form of transportation (call a taxi, for example)? Do you have difficulty with shopping for groceries? d21a d21b Does anyone ever help you with shopping for groceries? 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 215 d22a Do you have difficulty with making telephone calls? d22b Does anyone ever help you with making telephone calls? d23a Do you have difficulty with doing light housework such as making beds, dusting, etc.? d23b Does anyone ever help you with light housework? d24a Do you have difficulty with doing heavy housework, such as cleaning the bathroom, cleaning floors, etc.? d24b Does anyone ever help you with heavy housework? d25a Do you have difficulty with taking your medications? Panel K5.4. Chronic Conditions Variable c04 Wording of Question/Description Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 8-does not know 9-no response -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 216 have high blood pressure or hypertension? c05 Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you have diabetes, that is to say, high blood sugar levels? c05a Are you taking an oral mediation in order to control your diabetes now? c05b In order to treat or control your diabetes, are you now using insulin injections? c05c In order to treat or control your diabetes, have you lost weight or followed a specific diet during the last 12 months? c05d Is your diabetes generally under control? c05e Compared to 12 months ago, has your diabetes gotten better, stayed the same or gotten worse? c06 Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you have cancer or a malignant tumour, excluding minor skin cancers? c07 Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you have chronic lung disease such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema or asthma? c08 Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you had a heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure or other heart problems? Has a doctor ever told you that you have had a cerebral embolism, stroke, attack or thrombosis? c09 c10 Have you ever had or has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you have arthritis, rheumatism or osteoarthritis? c11e In the past 12 months, has a doctor or nurse told you that you have osteoporosis? 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-better 2-same 3-worse 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 9-no response 1-yes 2-no 8-does not know 217 9-no response Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Pelaez, M., Palloni, A., Albala, C., Alfonso, J.C., Ham-Chande, R., Hennis, A., et al. SABE – Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2000. ICPSR03546-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], accessed 2004-08-13, accessed 2010-04-30. http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/sabe/home.html, doi:10.3886/ICPSR03546.v1 Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table K1. The variable ponder1 was only used in Chile and was renamed in the cross national data set to ponder to match the other Latin American cities’ data. Note A, Panel K2.3. Chile coded income slightly differently from the other countries and provides the amount paid annually (h25a), daily (h25d), monthly (h25m), biweekly (h25q), and weekly (h25s). There are additional questions regarding housing characteristics in section J of the questionnaire. Cuba codes the questions regarding ownership differently (j13a is coded 1 meaning refrigerator, j13b is coded as 2 meaning clothes washer, j13c is coded as 3 meaning water heater, j13d is coded as 4 meaning microwave, j121 is coded 1 meaning bicycle, j122 is coded 2 meaning motorcycle or moped, and j123 is coded 3 meaning automobile). Note A, Panel K2.4. Variable a07 was slightly different in Chile and included the following variables: a07a, a07b1, a07b2, a07b3, a07c1, a07c2, and a07c3. See the Chilean questionnaire for more detail. Note A, Panel K4.1. There are additional smoking variables in the questionnaire (c24a-c24c). Note A, Panel K4.3. Additionally, the questionnaire includes the variable c23a which asks about the average number of drinks on the days the respondent drank in the last three months. Note A, Panel K4.5. The questionnaires for each country are slightly different in Section F. These are taken from the Barbados questionnaire. For Cuba, health utilization variables were coded slightly differently (see variables f031-f0399). Note A, Panel K5.2. SABE has a cognitive evaluation in section B of the questionnaire. In Cuba, anthropometric measurements were averaged because each respondent was measured three times. The Cuban anthropometric variables were slightly different (height: k5m1e, k5m2e, k5m3e, k5m3d; knee height: k6m1e, k6m1d, k6m2e, k6m2d, k6m3e, k6m3d; waist circumference: k8m1e, k8m1d, k8m2e, k8m2d, k8m3e, k8m3d; hip circumference: k9m1e, k9m1d, k9m2e, k9m2d, k9m3e, k9m3d; weight: k11m1e, k11m1d, k11m2e, k11m2d, k11m3e, k11m3d). Argentina included none of the anthropometric measures in their questionnaire. Chile, Cuba, and Mexico measured blood pressure as part of their questionnaire (Chile: variables k011 and k012; Cuba and Mexico: variables k161s, k161d, k162s, and k162d). There are other anthropometric measures available including triceps fold and width of the wrist. The l* variables vary from the questionnaire to the data set. In the questionnaire, they are l1, l2, etc. while in the data set they are l01, l02, etc. NOTE B. Coding of variables varied slightly across SABE countries, especially in the case of Cuba. For example, Cuba measured height in three separate measurements and thus three separate variables. Review Cuba questionnaire for more information. 218 Appendix L: Mexico-MHAS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Mexico-MHAS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Mexico data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table L1. Respondent Variable Wording of Question/Description acthog Updated household information for 2001. codent01 codent03 cunicah ent_tip ent2 ent4_1 ent4_2 fac_per murb Person identification code 2001; should be the same as ps3. Same variable as ent2. Unique household ID for 2001; should be the same as unhhid. Type of individual interview. ps3 Individual code of respondent. Day of interview in wave 2 (2003). Month of interview in wave 2 (2003). Person sample weight. Community of residence has 100,000 people or more. Person ID number for MHAS 2001. ps31_1 ps31_2 unhhid Day of interview in wave 1 (2001). Month of interview in wave 1 (2001). Unique Household ID number. Scale (if applicable) 30-one 2001 respondent died, no new spouse 31-one 2001 respondent died, new spouse 32-both 2001 respondents died 1-sampled person 2-spouse of sampled person 11 and 12-direct interview 21 and 22-proxy (day) (month) 0-less urbanized regions 1-more urbanized regions 1-sampled person 2-spouse of sampled person (day) (month) Table L2. Demographics (see note A) Panel L2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable sexo Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s sex. edad a10 Age. Currently are you… Scale (if applicable) 1-male 2-female (continuous) 1-single? 2-married? 3-in a consensual union? 4-divorced? 5-separated from a union? 6-separated from a marriage? 7-widowed from a union? 219 8-widowed from a marriage? Panel L2.2. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable a25 Wording of Question/Description Not counting vacations and short visits, have you ever worked or lived in the US? a26 In total, about how many years have you worked or lived in the US? a3_3 How many years of education do you have? a4 Do you know how to read and write a message? a5 Can you count from 1 to 10? a33 Are you currently a permanent resident or citizen of the United States? (Note: Not a lot of respondents answered this question.) am85 entmig Total consumption. State of residence is among 6 with highest outmigration to the US in 1990-95 (Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Zacatecas). Individual total income. income _i j10b In this house do you have a television? j10c In this house do you have a refrigerator? j10d In this house do you have a washing machine? j10e In this house do you have a telephone? j10f In this house do you have a water heater? Scale (if applicable) 0-invalid 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk (years) 01-12 months or less 88-rf 99-dk [years] 99-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-don’t know 1-permanent resident 2-citizen 3-no, neither of the two 8-rf 9-dk 0-other Mexican state 1-highest out-migration states 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 220 j5 In this housing unit do you have…? j6 Does your sanitary facility have… j8 The fuel that you use the most to cook is…? k75 Excluding income you have already mentioned, during the last year did you (and/or your spouse) receive any monetary or inkind help from relatives or friends who do not reside here with you? If imputed value k85imp num_k Number of individuals to whom section K referred. Panel L2.3. Family and Household Variable a19 Wording of Question/Description How many live births have you had? (IF MALE: How many children have you fathered?) a20 Of those live births, how many of them are still alive? f30 How many siblings who were born alive do you have? f31 Of your siblings who were born alive, how many are living now? f32 Not counting vacations and short visits, have any of your siblings ever worked or lived in the 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-piped water inside your house 2-piped water outside your house but within your lot 3-other piped water 4-unpiped water (well, river, or other) 8-rf 9-dk 1-a water connection? 2-a bucket filled with water? 3-no need for water? 4-do not have one 8-rf 9-dk 1-gas 2-wood or coal 3-other (oil, electricity, other) 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 0-no (number) Scale (if applicable) (number) 00-none 88-rf 99-dk (number) 96-all 88-rf 99-dk (number) 00-no one 88-rf 99-dk (number) 96-all 88-rf 99-dk 1-yes 2-no 221 US? 8-rf 9-dk Table L3. Early Life Conditions Panel L3.1. Birthplace Variable a21 Wording of Question/Description About how many years have you lived in this community or have you always lived here? murb a1_2 Community of residence has 100,000 people or more. On what day, month, and year were you born? a1_3 On what day, month, and year were you born? Panel L3.2. Childhood Health, Nutrition, and SES Variable a6 Wording of Question/Description Before you were age ten, did you ever live in the same house or neighborhood with your grandparent(s) for more than 6 months? a7 Before you were age ten, did your house have a toilet? a8 Before you were age ten, did you have a serious health problem that affected your normal activities for a month or more? a9a Before you were age ten, did you ever have any of the following illnesses or problems? Tuberculosis a9b Before you were age ten, did you ever have any of the following illnesses or problems? Rheumatic fever a9c Before you were age ten, did you ever have any of the following illnesses or problems? Polio a9d Before you were age ten, did you ever have any of the following illnesses or problems? Typhoid fever a9e Before you were age ten, did you ever have any of the following illnesses or problems? A serious Scale (if applicable) (years) 00-less than 6 months 01-6-11 months 97-has always live here 88-rf 99-dk 0-less urbanized regions 1-more urbanized regions (month) 99-don’t know (year) 9999-don’t know Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 222 blow to the head that made you faint? c72 f1 f10 f11 f14 f2 f3 f4 f7 f8 f9 l4 l5 8-rf 9-dk About how tall are you without shoes? (meters and centimeters) 888-rf 999-dk What was the final level of school your mother 1-none completed? 2-some elementary 3-completed elementary 4-more than elementary 8-rf 9-dk Is your father alive now? 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk How old is your father? (age) 888-rf 999-dk How old was your father when he died? (age) 888-rf 999-dk Has your mother ever worked or lived in the US? 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk Is your mother alive now? 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk How old is your mother? (age) 888-rf 999-dk How old was your mother when she died? (age) 888-rf 999-dk What was the final level of school your father 1-none completed? 2-some elementary 3-completed elementary 4-more than elementary 8-rf 9-dk Has your father ever worked or lived in the US? 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk Height. (centimeters) 995-tried, but couldn’t do it 996-did not try 997-can’t stand up 999-refused Waist circumference. (centimeters) 223 l6 Hip circumference. l8 Measurement of knee height from the ground. 995-tried, but couldn’t do it 996-did not try 997-can’t stand up 999-refused (centimeters) 995-tried, but couldn’t do it 996-did not try 997-can’t stand up 999-refused (centimeters) 995-tried, but couldn’t do it 996-did not try 997-can’t stand up 999-refused Table L4. Adult Lifestyle Panel L4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable c54 Wording of Question/Description Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Include more than 100 cigarettes or five packs in your lifetime. Do not include pipes or cigars. c55 Do you smoke cigarettes now? Panel L4.2. Adult Exercise Variable c53 Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk Wording of Question/Description On average during the last two years, have you exercised or done hard physical work three or more times a week? Includes various activities such as sports, heavy household chores, or other physical work. Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk Wording of Question/Description Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, liquor, or pulque? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 3-never have used alcohol 8-rf 9-dk Panel L4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption (see note A) Variable c60 Panel L4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable d8_1 Wording of Question/Description In the last year, about how many times have you seen a curandero? d8_2 In the last year, about how many times have you consulted a homeopath? Scale (if applicable) (number of times) 000-none 888-rf 999-dk (number of times) 000-none 888-rf 224 d8_3 In the last year, about how many times have you seen a dentist? d8_4 In the last year, about how many times have you had outpatient procedures, not counting stays in the hospital? d8_5 In the last year, about how many times have you visited or consulted a doctor or medical personnel? 999-dk (number of times) 000-none 888-rf 999-dk (number of times) 000-none 888-rf 999-dk (number of times) 000-none 888-rf 999-dk Table L5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel L5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable c1 Wording of Question/Description Now I have some questions about your health. Would you say your health is… c2 Comparing your health now with your health of two years ago, would you say your health now is… c3 Have you ever seen a doctor or medical personnel? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 8-rf 9-dk 1-much better 2-somewhat better 3-more or less the same 4-somewhat worse 5-much worse 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk Panel L5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable l9_1 Wording of Question/Description To finish, I need for you to do an exercise to measure mobility. I'm going to show you how to do the following exercise. I would like you to try to do it. If you think that you cannot do it or that it is too dangerous, please tell me so. While standing up, please try to balance on one foot without holding onto or grabbing anything. You can start with either foot; then we'll try with the other one. I'm going to time it, so I'll tell you when to start and when to finish (TEN SECONDS). We can stop whenever you feel you are going to lose your balance. Let's start with the foot on which you feel safest. Scale (if applicable) (right foot, did the test in: number of seconds) 94-missing or injured extremity 95-tried, but couldn’t do it 96-did not try for safety reason 97-can’t stand up 99-refused 225 l9_2 Repeat left foot. c71 About how much do you weigh now? l3 Now I’m going to weigh you. Panel L5.3. Functionality (see note A) Variable h1 Wording of Question/Description Because of health problems, do you have difficulty walking several blocks? h2 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty running or jogging 1 kilometer? h3 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty walking one block? h4 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty sitting for about 2 hours? h5 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty getting up from a chair after sitting for long periods? h6 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty climbing several flights of stairs without resting? (left foot, did the test in: number of seconds) 94-missing or injured extremity 95-tried, but couldn’t do it 96-did not try for safety reason 97-can’t stand up 99-refused (kilos) 888-rf 999-dk (kilograms) 995-tried, but couldn’t do it 996-did not try 997-can’t stand up 999-refused Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 226 h7 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty climbing one flight of stairs without resting? h8 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty stooping, kneeling, or crouching? h9 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty reaching or extending your arms above shoulder level? h10 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty pulling or pushing large objects like a living-room chair? h11 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty lifting or carrying objects weighing over 5kg, like a heavy bag of groceries? h12 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty picking up a 1 peso coin from the table? h13 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty dressing including putting on shoes and socks? h15_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty walking across a room? h16_1 Because of health problems, do you have 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 227 difficulty bathing or showering? h17_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty eating, such as cutting up your food? h18_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty getting in or out of bed? h19_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty using the toilet, including getting on and off the toilet or squatting? h26_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty preparing a hot meal? h27_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty shopping for groceries? h28_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty taking medications? h29_1 Because of health problems, do you have difficulty managing your money? Panel L5.4. Chronic Conditions Variable c4 Wording of Question/Description Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have hypertension or high blood 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 6-can’t do 7-doesn’t do 8-rf 9-dk Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 228 pressure? c6 Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have diabetes or a high blood sugar level? c7 Are you currently taking any oral medication in order to control your diabetes? c11_1 With what frequency do you measure your blood-sugar level or urine-sugar level? c11_2 With what frequency do you measure your blood-sugar level or urine-sugar level? c12 Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have cancer or a malignant tumor, excluding minor skin cancer? c19 Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have a respiratory illness, such as asthma, or emphysema? c22 Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have had a heart attack? c27 Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have had a stroke? c34 Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have arthritis or rheumatism? c39a Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have liver or kidney infection? c39b Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have tuberculosis? c39c Has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have pneumonia? 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk (number of times) 88-rf 99-dk (per period) 1-week 2-month 3-year 5-never 88-rf 99-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 9-dk 1-yes 2-no 8-rf 229 Panel L5.5. Adult Mortality Variable fallecid o03 sa8b sa8a_1 sa8a_2 sa6 Wording of Question/Description Mortality indicator (MHAS created variable). Number of months between June 2001 and his/her death (calculated by MHAS). When did they die (month)? When did they die (year)? Cause of death. 9-dk Scale (if applicable) 0-alive in 2003 1-died between 2001 and 2003 (number of months) (month) (year) 1-illness 2-accident or violence 3-other cause 8-rf 9-dk Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Soldo, B.J., Wong, R., Palloni, A., & Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica (INEGI). Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Mexican Health and Aging Study [distributor], accessed 2008-05-29. http://www.mhas.pop.upenn.edu/english/home.htm, http://www.mhas.pop.upenn.edu/english/documentation.htm. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table L2. There are additional questions on migration to the United States in Section A of the Basic Questionnaire. Note A, Panel L2.2. Several variables that begin with imam reflect imputed income. This was calculated by MHAS staff using the imam* variables. There is also consumption data in MHAS. There are several other questions about the respondent’s housing situation, especially homeownership, in Section J of the Basic Questionnaire. Note A, Panel L4.1. There are additional questions about smoking in Section C of the Basic Questionnaire (c56-c59). Note A, Panel L4.3. There are additional questions about drinking alcohol in Section C of the Basic Questionnaire (c61-c68). Note A, Table L5. For diabetes, there is no question regarding when it was diagnosed. Question c52 asks about respondent’s depression. There are several symptom questions in Section C of the Basic Questionnaire. In Section SA, there are additional questions about the deceased. Note A, Panel L5.2. There is a section on cognitive ability in Section E of the Basic Questionnaire. This is also a measurement for calf circumference (l7) in Section L of the Basic Questionnaire. Note A, Panel L5.3. There are additional questions about whether or not the respondent gets assistance with these tasks in Section H of the Basic Questionnaire. The variable h12 was used to assess difficulty with eating. 230 NOTE B. Height and weight were measured for a subset of respondents; all respondents gave selfreported health and weight. These two pieces of information were combined into the final height and weight measures. 231 Appendix M: Netherlands-SHARE original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Netherlands-SHARE survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Netherlands data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table M1. Respondent (see note A) Variable mergeid w1mci cvid, relrpers, mstat Wording of Question/Description Respondent ID. Sampling weight. Variables used to identify household position. Scale (if applicable) Living with spouse/partner. HO037_ How would you describe the area where you live? hhid Variable created by SHARE staff to determine household identification. Fixed across modules and waves. Household identifier, wave 1. Variable created by SHARE staff to determine type of respondent. 1-living with spouse 2-living with a partner 3-living as a single 97-other -1-don’t know 1-a big city 2-the suburbs or outskirts of a big city 3-a large town 4-a small town 5-a rural area or village hhid1 status int_year int_month int_year_w2 int_month_ w2 w1vci w1aci nowh_amh nowh_or nowi_amr Interview year. Interview month. Interview year, wave 2. Interview month, wave 2. 1-respondent 2-non-respondent, partner 3-other eligible person 4-other household member (2004, 2005, 2006) Weight for vignette sample. Weight for two samples jointly. Variable that explains missing values for the sample weights. No weights due to missing birth year. Variable that explains missing values for the sample weights. No weights, other reason. Variable that explains missing values for the sample weights. No weights due to missing age of respondent. 232 nowi_ne iv020_ Variable that explains missing values for the sample weights. No weights due to non-eligible respondent (born after 1954). A proxy respondent has answered some or all of the questions we had for [{name of respondent}]. How is the proxy respondent related to [{name of respondent}]? iv009_ In which type of area is the building located? ho041_ Who answered the questions in ho 1-spouse/partner 2-child/child-in-law 3-parent/parent-in-law 4-sibling 5-grandchild 6-other relative 7-nursing home staff 8-home helper 9-friend/acquaintance 10-other 1-a big city 2-the suburbs or outskirts of a big city 3-a large town 4-a small town 5-a rural area or village 1 respondent only 2 respondent and proxy 3 proxy only -1 don’t know Table M2. Demographics Panel M2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable gender dn003_ yrbirth mobirth dn014_ Wording of Question/Description Variable created by SHARE staff to determine respondent’s sex. In which month and year were you born? Variable created by SHARE staff to determine year of birth. Variable created by SHARE staff to determine month of birth. Please look at card 4. What is your marital status? Panel M2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language (see note A) Variable dn006_ dn007_ Wording of Question/Description In which year did you come to live in the United Kingdom? Do you have British citizenship? Panel M2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Scale (if applicable) 1-male 2-female (month and year) -1 don’t know (year) (month) 1-married and living together with spouse 2-registered partnership 3-married, living separated from spouse 4-never married 5-divorced 6-widowed Scale (if applicable) (year, 1874-2004) -1 don’t know 1-yes 5-no 233 Variable dn010_ Wording of Question/Description Please look at card 2. What is the highest school leaving certificate or school degree that you have obtained? dn012_ Please look at card 3. Which degrees of higher education or vocational training do you have? Interviewer: Code all that apply. edu Imputed education variable. Scale (if applicable) 1-comprehensive school 2-grammar school (not fee-paying) 3-fee-paying grammar school 4-sixth form college/tertiary college 5-public or other private school 6-elementary school 7-secondary modern/secondary school 8-technical school (not college) 9 “education countryspecific category 9” 10 “education countryspecific category 10” 11 “education countryspecific category 11” 95-no degree yet/still in school 96-none 97-other type (also abroad) -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-nurses’ training school 2-college of further/higher education 3-other college or training establishment 4-polytechnic/Scottish Central Institutions 5-university 95-still in higher education or vocational training 96-none 97-other (also abroad) 0-pre-primary education, none 1-primary education or first stage basic education 2-lower secondary education or second stage of basic 234 iscedy_r Category of education according to the International Standard Classification of Education from 1997. hgtincv Household total gross income (imputed). pppx2004 PPP-adjusted exchange rate in 2004 (imputed). hgtincvi Household total gross income—imputation flag. Panel M.4. Family and Household Variable Wording of Question/Description dn034_ Have you ever had any siblings? dn035_ dn036_ dn037_ ch001_ ch002_ ch021_ 3-upper secondary education 4-post-secondary nontertiary education 5-first stage of tertiary education 6-second stage of tertiary education 0-pre-primary education, none 1-primary education or first stage basic education 2-lower secondary education or second stage of basic 3-upper secondary education 4-post-secondary nontertiary education 5-first stage of tertiary education 6-second stage of tertiary education Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 5-no -2 refusal Were you the oldest child, the youngest child, or 1-oldest somewhere in-between? 2-youngest 3-in-between -1 don’t know How many brothers do you have that are still alive? (0-20) -1 don’t know -2 refusal And how many sisters do you have that are still alive? (0-20) -1 don’t know Now I will ask some questions about your children. (number, range: 0-20) How many children do you have that are still alive? Please count all natural children, fostered, adopted and stepchildren [, including those of] [your husband/your wife/your partner]. [Is this child a natural children/Are these children 1-yes natural children] of your own [and your current 5-no spouse or partner]? -2 refusal How many grandchildren do you [and your] (number, range: 0-20) [husband/wife/partner] have altogether? IWER: -2 refusal 235 ch022_ hhsize ho034_ ho035_ ho037_ mstat Include grandchildren of spouse or partner from previous relationships. Do you [or your] [husband/wife/partner] have any great-grandchildren? Variable created by SHARE staff to determine household size. How many years have you been living in your present accommodation? Interviewer: Round up to full years. And approximately how many years have you been living in your present town? Interviewer: Round up to full years. Please look at card 30. How would you describe the area where you live? Interviewer: Read out. Variable created by SHARE staff to determine living arrangements. -1 don’t know 1-yes 5-no (number of years; range 0-120) -2 refusal -1 don’t know (number of years; range 0-120) 1-a big city 2-the suburbs or outskirts of a big city 3-a large town 4-a small town 5-a rural area or village -1-don’t know 1-living with a spouse 2-living with a partner 3-living as a single 97-other Table M3. Early Life Conditions (see note A) Panel M3.1. Birthplace Variable dn004_ Wording of Question/Description Were you born in the United Kingdom? mobirth Variable created by SHARE staff to determine month of birth. Variable created by SHARE staff to determine year of birth. yrbirth Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 5-no -1 don’t know (month) (year) Panel M3.2. Childhood Health and Nutrition (see note A) Variable ph013_ Wording of Question/Description How tall are you? Panel M3.3. Childhood SES Variable isco_mo Wording of Question/Description What is or was the last job [your] mother had? Please give the exact description. text_mo What is or was the last job [your] mother had? Please Scale (if applicable) IWER: Length in centimeters, UK: Feet dot inches -1 don’t know Scale (if applicable) (coded according International Standard Classification Occupation version 88 (ISCO-88) occupational categories) (written label given to 236 isco_fa text_fa give the exact description. What is or was the last job [your] father had? Please give the exact description. dn026_1 What is or was the last job [your] father had? Please give the exact description. Is [your] [natural] mother still alive? dn026_2 Is [your] [natural] father still alive? dn027_1 How old was [your] mother when she died? dn027_2 How old was [your] father when he died? dn028_1 dn028_2 dn033_ How old is [your] mother now? How old is [your] father now? How would you describe the health of [your] [mother/father]? Would you say it is: Interviewer: Read out. isco_mo) (coded according International Standard Classification Occupation version 88 (ISCO-88) occupational categories) (written label given to isco_fa) 1-yes 5-no -2 refusal 1-yes 5-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal (age; range 10-120) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (age; range 10-120) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (age; range 18-120) (age; range 18-120) 1-very good 2-good 3-fair 4-poor 5-very poor -1 don’t know Table M4. Adult Lifestyle Panel M4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable br001_ br002_ Wording of Question/Description The following questions are about smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. Have you ever smoked cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or a pipe daily for a period of at least one year? Do you smoke at the present time? Panel M4.2. Adult Exercise Variable br015_ Wording of Question/Description We would like to know about the type and amount of physical activity you do in your daily life. How often do you engage in vigorous physical activity, such as sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical labour? Interviewer: read out. br016_ How often do you engage in activities that require a low or moderate level of energy such as gardening, Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 5-no 1-yes 5-no, I have stopped Scale (if applicable) 1-more than once a week 2-once a week 3-one to three times a month 4-hardly ever, or never 1-more than once a week 237 cleaning the car, or doing a walk? Interviewer: read out. Panel M4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption Variable br010_ Wording of Question/Description I am now going to ask you a few questions about what you drink-that is if you drink. Please look at card 11. During the last six months, how often have you drunk any alcoholic beverages, like beer, cider, wine, spirits or cocktails? br011_ Please look at card 11. During the last six months, how often have you had more than two glasses or cans of beer or cider in a single day? br012_ Please look at card 11. During the last six months, how often have you had more than two glasses of wine in a single day? br013_ Please look at card 11. During the last six months, how often have you had more than two cocktails or drinks of hard liquor in a single day? Panel M4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable hc002_ Wording of Question/Description Now we have some questions about your health care. Please think about your care during the last twelve 2-once a week 3-one to three times a month 4-hardly ever, or never Scale (if applicable) 1-almost every day 2-five or six days a week 3-three or four days a week 4-once or twice a week 5-once or twice a month 6-less than once a month 7-not at all in the last 6 months 1-almost every day 2-five or six days a week 3-three or four days a week 4-once or twice a week 5-once or twice a month 6-less than once a month 7-not at all in the last 6 months 1-almost every day 2-five or six days a week 3-three or four days a week 4-once or twice a week 5-once or twice a month 6-less than once a month 7-not at all in the last 6 months 1-almost every day 2-five or six days a week 3-three or four days a week 4-once or twice a week 5-once or twice a month 6-less than once a month 7-not at all in the last 6 months Scale (if applicable) (number from 0-98) -1 don’t know 238 hc003_ hc004_ hc010_ hc012_ months. Since [January/February/March/April/May/June/July/A ugust/ September/October/November/December] [{last year}], about how many times in total have you seen or talked to a medical doctor about your health? Please exclude dentist visits and hospital stays, but include emergency room or outpatient clinic visits. (IWER: If more than 98, enter 98.) How many of these contacts were with a general practitioner or with a doctor at your health care center? (IWER: If more than 98, enter 98.) Please look at card 12. During the last twelve months, have you consulted any of the specialists mentioned on card 12? During the last twelve months, have you seen a dentist or dental hygienist? (IWER: Visits for routine controls, for dentures and stomatology consultations included.) During the last twelve months, have you been in a hospital overnight? Please consider stays in medical, surgical, psychiatric or in any other specialized wards. (number from 0-98) 1-yes 5-no -1 don’t know 1-yes 5-no -1 don’t know 1-yes 5-no -1 don’t know Table M5. Adult Health Outcomes Panel M5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable ph002_ Wording of Question/Description Would you say your health is… ph003_ Would you say your health is… srhealtha Self-reported health (imputed from the first data set using the United States scale). Scale (if applicable) 1-very good 2-good 3-fair 4-bad 5very bad 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor Panel M5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable ph012_ Wording of Question/Description Approximately how much do you weigh? gs006_ Now I would like to assess the strength of your hand in a gripping exercise. I will ask you to squeeze this handle as hard as you can, just for a couple of Scale (if applicable) IWER: Weight in kilos, UK: Stone dot pounds -2 refusal -1 don’t know (result, range: 0-100) 239 gs007_ gs008_ seconds and then let go. I will take two alternate measurements from your right and your left hand. Interviewer: position the respondent correctly. Adjust dynamometer to hand size by turning the lever and reset arrow at zero. Explain the procedure once again. Let respondent have a practice with one hand. Use scorecard to record the results and enter results into computer after test is finished. First measurement, left hand. Second measurement, left hand. First measurement, right hand. gs009_ Second measurement, right hand. ws010_ Now we have a different kind of exercise that involves walking a short distance. IWER: Take interviewer booklet, set up the walking course and demonstrate the walk for the respondent. Result of first trial. ws011_ Time of first walking speed test. ws012_ Result of second trial. ws013_ Time of second walking speed test. (result, range: 0-100) (result, range: 0-100) -2 refusal (result, range: 0-100) -2 refusal 1-completed successfully 2-attempted but unable to complete 3-stopped by the interviewer because of safety reasons 4-not attempted, respondent felt it would be unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-respondent refused (time in seconds to two decimal places, range: 0.00-20.00) 1-completed successfully 2-attempted but unable to complete 3-stopped by the interviewer because of safety reasons 4-not attempted, respondent felt it would be unsafe 5-participant unable to understand instructions 6-respondent refused (time in seconds to two decimal places, range: 0.00-20.00) Panel M5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes (see note A) Variable v1 Wording of Question/Description Overall in the last 30 days, how much of bodily aches or pains did you have? Scale (if applicable) 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 240 v2 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with sleeping such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? v3 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with moving around? v4 Overall in the last 30 days how much difficulty did you have with concentrating or remembering things? v5 In the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have because of shortness of breath? v6 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with feeling sad, low, or depressed? v7 Do you have any impairment or health problem that limits the kind or amount of work you can do? v8, v10, v12, v26, v27, v28, v32, v33, v34 v9, v11, v13 v14, v16, v18 v15, v17, v19 v20, v22, v24 v21, v23, v25, v29,v30, v31 Pain vignettes. 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme Sleeping vignettes. Mobility vignettes. Cognition vignettes. Respiratory vignettes. Depression vignettes. Panel M5.4. Functionality (see note A) Variable ph048d1 ph048d2 ph048d3 ph048d4 Wording of Question/Description Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty walking 100 meters? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty 1-yes sitting for about 2 hours? 0-no Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty 1-yes getting up from a chair after sitting for long periods? 0-no Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty 1-yes 241 ph048d5 ph048d6 ph048d7 ph048d8 ph048d9 ph048d10 ph049d1 ph049d2 ph049d3 ph049d4 ph049d5 ph049d6 ph049d7 ph049d8 ph049d9 ph049d10 ph049d11 ph049d12 ph049d13 climbing several flights of stairs without resting? Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty climbing one flight of stairs without resting? Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty stooping, kneeling, or crouching? Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty reaching or extending your arms above shoulder level? Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty pulling or pushing large objects like a living room chair? Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty lifting or carrying weights over 10 pounds/5 kilos, like a heavy bag of groceries? Because of a health problem, do you have difficulty picking up a small coin from a table? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty dressing, including putting on shoes and socks? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty walking across a room? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty bathing or showering? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty eating, such as cutting up your food? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty getting in or out of bed? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty using the toilet, including getting up or down? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty using a map? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty preparing a hot meal? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty shopping for groceries? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty making telephone calls? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty taking medications? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty doing work around the house or garden? Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty managing money, such as paying bills and keeping track of expenses? 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no Wording of Question/Description Some people suffer from chronic or long-term health problems. By long-term we mean it has troubled you over a period of time or is likely to Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 5-no -1 missing or not Panel M5.5. Chronic Conditions (see note A) Variable ph004_ 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 242 ph005_ ph006d01 ph006d02 ph006d03 ph006d04 ph006d05 ph006d06 ph006d07 ph006d08 ph006d09 ph006d10 affect you over a period of time. Do you have any long-term health problems, illness, disability or infirmity? (Interviewer: Including mental health problems.) For the past six months at least, to what extent have you been limited because of a health problem in activities people usually do? (Interviewer: Read out.) Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. A heart attack including myocardial infarction or coronary thrombosis or any other heart problem including congestive heart failure. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. High blood pressure or hypertension. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. High blood cholesterol. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. A stroke or cerebral vascular disease. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Diabetes or high blood sugar. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Chronic lung disease such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Asthma. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Arthritis, including osteoarthritis, or rheumatism. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Osteoporosis. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Cancer or malignant tumour, including leukaemia applicable -2 refused 1-severely limited 2-limited, but not severely 3-not limited 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 243 ph006d11 ph006d12 ph006d13 ph006d14 ph006dno ph006dot ph009_1 ph009_10 ph009_11 or lymphoma, but excluding minor skin cancers. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Stomach or duodenal ulcer, peptic ulcer. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Parkinson disease. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Cataracts. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Hip fracture or femoral fracture. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. None. Please look at card 6. Has a doctor ever told you that you had any of the conditions on this card? Please tell me the number or numbers of the conditions. Other conditions, not yet mentioned. About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had a heart attack or any other heart problem? About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had cancer? About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had stomach or duodenal ulcer? ph009_12 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had Parkinson disease? ph009_13 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had cataracts? About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had hip fracture or femoral fracture? About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had high blood pressure? ph009_14 ph009_2 ph009_3 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had high blood cholesterol? ph009_4 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had a stroke or cerebral vascular disease? About how old were you when you were first told by ph009_5 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal 1-yes 0-no -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) (range: 0-125) (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) 244 a doctor that you had diabetes? ph009_6 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had chronic lung disease? ph009_7 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had asthma? ph009_8 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had arthritis or rheumatism? ph009_9 About how old were you when you were first told by a doctor that you had osteoporosis? Panel M5.6. Adult Mortality Variable deadoralive -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal (range: 0-125) -1 don’t know -2 refusal Wording of Question/Description Whether the respondent is dead or alive. Scale (if applicable) 0-unknown 1-alive 2-dead xt008_ Month of death. (month) xt009_ Year of death. (year) xt010_ Age at the moment of death. (age) xt011_ Main cause of death. 1-cancer 2-heart attack 3-stroke 4-other cardiovascular related illness 5-repiratory disease 6-disease of the digestive system 7-severe infectious disease 8-accient 9-other, specify -1-don’t know Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Mannheim Research Institute for Economics of Ageing (MEA). Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Research Data Center [distributor], accessed 2011-05-12. http://www.share-project.org/, http://www.share-project.org/data-accessdocumentation.html. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table M1. In terms of current residence, the Netherlands has the variable HO037 but response to this question was very low and it was not used to identify current residence. There are household and individual weights available in the Netherlands data. There are also weights for the main sample, vignette sample, and those two samples jointly. The variable wgtmic (renamed w1mic) is for the main sample only; variable wgtvci (renamed w1vci) is for the vignette sample only; variable wgtaci (renamed w1aci) is for the two samples jointly. The 245 vignettes were randomly selected from the main sample and so wgtaci (renamed w1aci) was used as the sampling weight in the cross national data set to include both samples. The variables w1mci_f, w1vci_f, and w1aci_f act as indicators of cases for which there are no weights. The variable nowh_amh indicates for which cases there were no weights due to the respondent’s missing birth year data; nowh_or indicates that there is an “other” reason for there being no weights; nowi_amr indicates for which cases there were no weights due to the respondent’s missing age data; and nowi_ne indicates for which cases there were no weights to the respondent being non-eligible (i.e., born after 1954). See the Netherlands-SHARE user guide for a more detailed explanation. Note A, Panel M2.3. Household income PPP-adjusted (hhincome_p) was created using hgtincv/pppx2004. There is consumption data in section CO of the questionnaire. The variables dn012_, hgtincv, hgtincvi, and pppx2004 are available in the questionnaire but not in the Netherlands-SHARE data file. Variables hgtincv, hgtincvi, and pppx2004 do not appear in the data file because there were multiple values per household and so averages were calculated across imputed income data to arrive at the final constructed variable for household income. Note A, Table M3. Wave 3 of The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, the retrospective survey (SHARE-LIFE), includes an extensive life history starting from early childhood. There is a childhood section, a childhood health care section which includes information on vaccinations and self-rated childhood health, and a section on childhood accommodation. All variables beginning with sl_* reflect early childhood conditions. Note A, Panel M3.2. There are extensive variables available in the questionnaire on childhood health and nutrition. Note A, Panel M4.1. There are additional questions about smoking, including the years smoked, average amount, what the respondent smoked, and when the respondent quit. Note A, Panel M5.2. There are cognitive questions included in Section CF of the questionnaire, and questions regarding depression in section MH of the questionnaire. Note A, Panel M5.3. There are also vignettes for wave 2. Those variables range from v1-v32 and are slightly different from wave 1 but are not included here in the database. Note A, Panel M5.4. In some cases, the variables obtained from the questionnaire do not exactly match those in the Stata dta file. For example, variable ph048d01 found in the questionnaire appears as ph048d1 in the Stata dta file; variable ph049d01 found in the questionnaire appears as ph049d1 in the Stata dta file. Note A, Panel M5.5. In some cases, the variables obtained from the questionnaire do not exactly match those in the Stata dta file. For example, variable ph006d01 found in the questionnaire appears as ph006d1 in the Stata dta file. 246 Appendix N: Puerto Rico-PREHCO original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Puerto Rico-PREHCO survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Puerto Rico data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table N1. Respondent Variable caseid fac_t fecha proxy_PR Wording of Question/Description ID for respondents. Consideration Factor for data Principle Interview (calculated variable). Completion date of interview Type of proxy used for principal interview Scale (if applicable) Mm/dd/year 0-no proxy 2-minmental 3-interviwer Proxy Type of proxy. 0-there is no proxy 1-by principle interviewee 2-by spouse 3-by another person tipo_e Interview target type (calculated) 1-regular target 2-proxy target 3-target institutionalized 4-target deceased wtype_II qjefe Type of interview. Calculated from variable C3: Of all the people that you have named, who is the head of the household? pare_r61 What is the relationship of [NAME of sibling in position 1] to you? Read each until you obtain an affirmative response. pare_r62 What is the relationship of [NAME of sibling in position 2] to you? Read each until you obtain an affirmative response. 1-target Indicate the register number of the head of household. 13-full-sibling—same mother and father 14-half-sibling—same father 15-half-sibling—same mother 16-step-sibling 17-non-blood related sibling -1-does not know -2-does not answer 13-full-sibling—same mother and father 14-half-sibling—same father 247 pare_r63 What is the relationship of [NAME of sibling in position 3] to you? Read each until you obtain an affirmative response. 15-half-sibling—same mother 16-step-sibling 17-non-blood related sibling -1-does not know -2-does not answer 13-full-sibling—same mother and father 14-half-sibling—same father 15-half-sibling—same mother 16-step-sibling 17-non-blood related sibling -1-does not know -2-does not answer Table N2. Demographics (see note A) Panel N2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable sexo Wording of Question/Description Sex of respondent. a1 How old are you? mari_r1 Calculated from variable C11: What is the marital status of [NAME]? Panel N2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable r2 Wording of Question/Description If you had to classify and describe yourself using one of the following categories, which would you choose? Scale (if applicable) 1-male 2-female (years of age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-Is he/she married? 2-Does he/she cohabitate without being married? 3-Is he/she widowed? 4-Is he/she divorced? 5-Is he/she separated? 6-Has he/she never been married? -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) 1-black 2-mulatto/a, mixed or wheatcolored (black or white) 3-white 4-mestizo/a (Indian or white) 5-other -1-does not know -2-does not answer 248 Panel N2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable c10r1 Wording of Question/Description What was the last grade in school completed by [NAME]? If C7>3, if older than 3 years of age. c8r1 Does [NAME] know how to read? (If C7>3, if older than 3 years of age.) c9r1 Does [NAME] know how to write? (If C7>3, if older than 3 years of age.) income n51a_2 n51a_3 Calculated from yn5* variables listed in the note. How much do you receive per source? Job. How often do you receive this income? Job. n51b_2 How much do you receive per source? Social security. How often do you receive this income? Social security. n51b_3 n51c_2 n51c_3 How much do you receive per source? Retirement or pension. How often do you receive this income? Retirement or pension. Scale (if applicable) 00-did not go to school or has not completed any grade (grade completed 01-12) 13-other grade that requires advanced schooling (nurse practitioner, technical or vocational degree, 2 year secretarial) 14-bachelor’s degree not obtained (did not graduate from college) 15-bachelor’s degree obtained (college graduate) 16-graduate school 17-other -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-knows how to read 2-does not know how to read -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-knows how to write 2-does not know how to write -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 249 n51g_2 n51g_3 n51h_2 n51h_3 n51i_2 n51i_3 n51j_2 n51j_3 n51k_2 n51k_3 n51l_2 n51l_3 p13 How much do you receive per source? Help from family members in the USA. How often do you receive this income? Help from family members in the USA. How much do you receive per source? Help from family members in Puerto Rico. How often do you receive this income? Help from family members in Puerto Rico. How much do you receive per source? Rental of properties or rooms. How often do you receive this income? Rental of properties or rooms. How much do you receive per source? Social welfare subsidy. How often do you receive this income? Social welfare subsidy. How much do you receive per source? Nutritional assistance program. How often do you receive this income? Nutritional assistance program. How much do you receive per source? Some other type of income source not mentioned. How often do you receive this income? Some other type of income source not mentioned. The water in this house comes from…? Read each option until you get an affirmative response. 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-weekly 2-biweekly 3-monthly 4-less than one month -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-adueduct 2-reservoir 3-rural aqueduct 250 p19 What type of combustible is used to cook in this house? Allow the interviewee to answer spontaneously and if he/she doesn’t know, read each option until you obtain an affirmative answer. p20 Does this house have a toilet inside the house, outside the house or does it not have a toilet? p21b Does this house have a washing machine? p21c Does this house have a dryer? p21d Does this house have a water heater? p21g Does this house have a telephone? p21j Does this house have an air conditioning unit (at least one)? Panel N2.4. Family and Household Variable l20a Wording of Question/Description How many siblings did you have in total? l20a2 How many of them are alive? mari_r61 Civil status 4-packaged water 5-other -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-pipeline gas 2-liquid gas 3-electricity 4-carbon or wood 5-other -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes, inside the house 2-yes, outside the house 3-does not have a toilet -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) (total siblings) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (if l20a=0, -1 or -2, go to l21) (number of siblings alive) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (if l20a2=0, -1 or -2, go to l21) 1-is married with papers 2-cohabitates without having married 3-is widowed 4-is divorced 251 mari_r62 Civil status (n2) mari_r63 Civil status (n3) dd61 The position in which the sibling is duplicated in another roster. dd62 The position in which the second sibling is duplicated in another roster. pos62 pos63 sexo_r61 edad_r61 Position 2 in siblings roster. Position 3 in siblings roster. Is [NAME of sibling in position 1] a man or a woman? Interviewer: Ask only if you are unsure of the gender. Is [NAME of sibling in position 2] a man or a woman? Interviewer: Ask only if you are unsure of the gender. Is [NAME of sibling in position 3] a man or a woman? Interviewer: Ask only if you are unsure of the gender. How old is [NAME of sibling in position 1]? edad_r62 How old is [NAME of sibling in position 2]? sexo_r62 sexo_r63 5-is separated 6-has never been married -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-is married with papers 2-cohabitates without having married 3-is widowed 4-is divorced 5-is separated 6-has never been married -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-is married with papers 2-cohabitates without having married 3-is widowed 4-is divorced 5-is separated 6-has never been married -1- does not know -2- does not answer 0- not duplicated 2-duplicated in record 2 3-duplicated in record 3 4-duplicated in record 4 5- duplicated in record 5 7-duplicated in record 7 0- not duplicated 2-duplicated in record 2 3-duplicated in record 3 4-duplicated in record 4 5- duplicated in record 5 7-duplicated in record 7 (position) (position) 1-man 2-woman 1-man 2-woman 1-man 2-woman (age in years) 000-less than one year old -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age in years) 000-less than one year old 252 edad_r63 How old is [NAME of sibling in position 3]? dond_r61 Where does [NAME of sibling in position 1] live? Let the interviewee answer spontaneously and if you don’t have specific enough information, read the options that apply. dond_r62 Where does [NAME of sibling in position 1] live? Let the interviewee answer spontaneously and if you don’t have specific enough information, read the options that apply. dond_r63 Where does [NAME of sibling in position 1] live? Let the interviewee answer spontaneously and if you don’t have specific enough information, read the options that apply. d11 How many live births did you have? Do not include stepchildren, adopted children, abortions, or stillbirths. How many of these children are still alive? d12 d13 How many stepchildren do you have who are still alive? d14 How many [of] your adopted children and children you raised (who were not your biological or adopted children) are still alive? -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age in years) 000-less than one year old -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-here in this house 2-in another house but in this neighborhood 3-in another neighborhood but in this same town 4-in another town in Puerto Rico 5-in the United States 6-in another country -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-here in this house 2-in another house but in this neighborhood 3-in another neighborhood but in this same town 4-in another town in Puerto Rico 5-in the United States 6-in another country -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-here in this house 2-in another house but in this neighborhood 3-in another neighborhood but in this same town 4-in another town in Puerto Rico 5-in the United States 6-in another country -1-does not know -2-does not answer number of children -1-does not know -2-does not answer number of children alive -1-does not know -2-does not answer number of stepchildren -1-does not know -2-does not answer number of adopted or raised children -1-does not know 253 c1num So that there is/are [number] of individual(s) who form(s) a part of this household? -2-does not answer (number of individuals in the household) Table N3. Early Life Conditions Panel N3.1. Birthplace Variable a2_a a2_m a3 a3e_2 a3m_2 a3m_2_ update o1e_2 o1m_2 o1 Wording of Question/Description In which month and year were you born? Scale (if applicable) (year) -1-does not know -2-does not answer In which month and year were you born? (month) -1-does not know -2-does not answer In which country were you born? 1-in Puerto Rico in this municipality 2-another municipality in Puerto Rico 3-in the United States 4-in the Dominican Republic 5-in another country In which country were you born? State in the US. 3- state in the United States -1-does not know -2-does not answer In which country were you born? Another municipality (name of municipality in Puerto Rico Constructed variable within PREHCO, refers to birth (name of municipality) municipality. Where did you live during most of your life before (name of state in the United turning 18 years old? If he/she answers in Puerto Rico, States) inquire as to which municipality. If the interviewee indicates the United States, inquire as to which state. If the interviewee indicates another country, inquire as to which country. Use census codes for the municipality and the state. Where did you live during most of your life before (name of other municipality in turning 18 years old? If he/she answers in Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico) inquire as to which municipality. If the interviewee indicates the United States, inquire as to which state. If the interviewee indicates another country, inquire as to which country. Use census codes for the municipality and the state. Where did you live during most of your life before 1-in Puerto Rico in this turning 18 years old? municipality 2-in another municipality in Puerto Rico 3-in the United States 4-in the Dominican Republic 5-in another country -1-does not know -2-does not answer 254 o2 Would you say that before turning 18 years old you lived mostly in the countryside, in the city, in the suburbs or in another place? o10a How many times did you live in the United States for three months or more after turning 18? o10b How many years in total did you live in the United States? o3 Did you move to another city, to the United States or to some other country after turning 18 years old? o4 How many times did you move from one city to another, to the United States or to another country after turning 18 years old? o6 Where did you live before moving to the town where you currently live? o8 Where did you go live the first time you moved after turning 18? o11 Do you currently spend three or more months per year outside of the United States, that is do you come and go for spells of time? For how many years did you live in [place named in o8] o9 Panel N3.1. Childhood Health Variable h14 Wording of Question/Description How would you describe your health as a child or 1-in the countryside 2-in the city 3-in the suburbs 4-another place -1-does not know -2-does not answer number of times -1-does not know -2-does not answer number of years -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer (number of times) -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1--in Puerto Rico in this municipality 2-in another municipality in Puerto Rico 3-in the United States 4-in the Dominican Republic 5-in another country -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-in Puerto Rico in this municipality 2-in another municipality in Puerto Rico 3-in the United States 4-in the Dominican Republic 5-in another country -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-Yes 2-No -1-Does not know -2-Does not answer (years) Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 255 adolescent? Would you say your health as a child or adolescent was excellent, very good, good, average, or bad? h15 When you were a child or adolescent, how many times were you unable to go to school for one month or more because you were ill? Would you say never, once, occasionally or many times? h16 When you were a child or adolescent, did you stop doing something that children your age commonly do because of health problems? Would you say this happened frequently, occasionally, or never? h17a I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Typhus fever h17b I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Hepatitis h17c I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Tuberculosis h17d I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Rheumatic fever h17e I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Polio h17f I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Malaria h17g I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Dengue h17h I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Measles h17i I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you 2-very good 3-good 4-average 5-bad -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-never 2-once 3-occasionally 4-many times -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-frequently 2-occasionally 3-never -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 256 were a child or adolescent? Chicken pox h17j I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Mumps h17k I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Small pox h17l I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Pneumonia h17m I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Asthma h17n I’m going to name some illnesses. Could you tell me if you remember suffering from any of these when you were a child or adolescent? Chronic bronchitis Panel N3.3. Childhood Nutrition Variable g171a_1 g171a_2 u1_p u2_p u3_p u5_p wu6ch wu6e_1 Wording of Question/Description Could you tell me approximately how tall you are? Could you tell me approximately how tall you are? Height in inches. Circumference of waist in inches. Circumference of hip in inches. Height of knee in inches. Chair height. Height from the head to the height of the chair. wu6e_2 Height from the head to the floor. wu6l1 wu6l2 Computed length of the leg. Computed length of the leg. Variable h1 Wording of Question/Description In general, would you say that the economic conditions in the household in which you grew up were good, average or bad? Panel N3.4. Childhood SES -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) (measurement in feet) (measurement in inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) -15-does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-does not apply to the deceased target (inches) -15-does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-does not apply to the deceased target -3-undetermined, data unavailable (inches) (inches) Scale (if applicable) 1-good 2-average 3-bad -1-does not know 257 h2 Did you suffer economic hardship that prevented you from eating regularly, adequately clothing yourself or receiving the necessary medical attention? h2a Did your father know how to read? Interviewer: If necessary, clarify that you mean the father that raised him/her. h2b Did your father know how to write? h3a What level of education did your father complete? code_h4 Father’s occupation. rcode_h 4 What type of occupation would you say was the primary occupation of your father? h6 Do you remember by chance if your father was unemployed for long periods of time? Would you say this occurred frequently, occasionally, never or when it was no longer harvest season? Interviewer: If necessary, clarify that long periods of time means a -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 0-he did not go to school 1-he went to school but he did not complete eighth grade 2-he went to school and he completed eighth grade or higher -1-does not know -2-does not answer (codified variable, write the occupation as indicated by the interviewee. For information on the codes, please refer to the PREHCO website: prehco.rcm.upr.edu. (write the occupation as indicated by the interviewee) 1-management occupations 2-professional and related occupations 3-services and sales occupations 4-offices and administrative support occupations 5-farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 6-construction, extraction and maintenances occupations 7-production, transportation and material moving occupations 0-not applicable 99-missing 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 258 period of one month or more. h6_1 Do you remember by chance if your father was unemployed for long periods of time? h6_2 Would you say this occurred frequently, occasionally, never or when it was no longer harvest season? h6a Did your mother know how to read? Interviewer: If necessary, clarify that you mean the mother that raised him/her. h6b Did your mother know how to write? h6c What level of education did your mother complete? h6d What type of occupation would you say was the primary occupation of your mother? What type of occupation would you say was the occupation of your mother (if answered 1-other to h6d, please specify)? code_h6 d h7_1 Do you remember by chance if your mother was unemployed for long periods of time? h7_2 Would you say this occurred frequently, occasionally, never or when it was no longer harvest season? 1-frequently 2-occaisionally 3-never 4-when it was no longer harvest season -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-frequently 2-occasionally 3-never 4-when it was no longer harvest season -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-n0 -1-does not know -2-does not answer 0-she did not go to school 1-she went to school but she did not complete eighth grade 2-she went to school and she completed eighth grade or higher -1-does not know -2-does not answer 000-homemaker 1-other (codified variable, write the occupation as indicated by the interviewee) (specify) 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-frequently 2-occasionally 3-never 4-when it was no longer harvest season -1-does not know -2-does not answer 259 h8 When you were a child or adolescent, were there periods of time in which you and your siblings had to leave school and work in order to help your parents? h8a Did your parents get divorced before you turned 15 years old? d15 Is your biological or blood-related father alive? d17 How old was your biological or blood-related father when he died? d18 Is your biological or blood-related mother alive? d20 How old was your biological or blood-related mother when she died? 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-my parents never lived together -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not answer -2-does not answer (age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer Table N4. Adult Lifestyle Panel N4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable g161 Wording of Question/Description Have you smoked one hundred cigarettes or more in your life? g162 Do you currently smoke? Panel N4.2. Adult Exercise Variable g167 Wording of Question/Description In the last year, have you engaged in any of the following activities: sports, jogging, walking, dancing or heavy labor, three or more times a week? Panel N4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption (see note A) Variable g155 Wording of Question/Description In the last 3 months, on average, how many days a week have you consumed alcoholic beverages (like for example beer, wine, rum or another drink that has alcohol)? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) 1-he/she did not consume any 2-less than one day a week 3-one day a week 4-two or three days a week 5-four to six days a week 260 Panel N4.4. Adult Diet Variable g154 Wording of Question/Description How many complete meals do you make a day, including breakfast? Panel N4.5. Health Care Utilization Variable k25 Wording of Question/Description How many times have you gone to the doctor’s office in the last twelve months? k30 How many times have you visited the office of one of these professionals in the last twelve months? These include therapists, dieticians, nutritionists, podiatrists, optometrists, audiologists, and chiropractors. 6-every day -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) (number of meals) -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) (number of times) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (number) -1-does not know -2-does not answer Table N5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel N5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable g1 Wording of Question/Description Would you say that you’re currently in excellent health, very good health, good health, average health, or bad health? g2 Compared to your health last year, would you say that your current health is better, the same or worse? g3 Compared to other people your age, would you say that your health is better, the same or worse? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-average 5-bad -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-better 2-same 3-worse -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-better 2-same 3-worse -1-does not know -2-does not answer Panel N5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable g171b u4_l u6* Wording of Question/Description Could you tell me approximately how much you weigh? Weight in pounds. Look at me first. Then choose the foot you will stand on to keep your balance and very gently raise the other leg from the floor. Try to keep this position for 10 seconds. u6_1- Were you able to take this measurement? u6_p- Which leg did the interviewee stand on? Scale (if applicable) (weight in pounds) (pounds) 261 u6_s- Duration of time in seconds u6_3- Reason you were unable to take measurement u7* Wu6a Now we will do the final test of this section of the interview. This test is known as the “stand up and walk” and consists of your standing up from a chair without using your arms to support yourself and walking to the area I point out to you. Now I will show you how to do it. u7_1- Were you able to take this measurement? u7_p- Which leg did the interviewee stand on? u7_s- Duration of time in seconds u7_3- Reason you were unable to take measurement Leg length measure 1-yes 2-no 1-right 2-left (seconds) 1-I tried but was unable to take measurement 2-Unable to take measurement ; interviewer did not feel safe 3-Unable to take measurement; interviewee did not feel safe 4-Interviewee refused 5-Unable to take measurement because interviewee is bedridden or in wheelchair 6-Unable to take measurement because interviewee uses a walker, cane, or other such item 9- Unable to take measurement for some other reason 1-yes 2-no 1-right 2-left (seconds) 1-I tried but was unable to take measurement 2-Unable to take measurement ; interviewer did not feel safe 3-Unable to take measurement; interviewee did not feel safe 4-Interviewee refused 5-Unable to take measurement because interviewee is bedridden or in wheelchair 6-Unable to take measurement because interviewee uses a walker, cane, or other such item 9- Unable to take measurement for some other reason 262 1-see instructions for how to measure leg length 2-measure leg length Wu6c Measurement taken Wu6d Reason for not performing Panel N5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes Variable WG3a Wording of Question/Description In general during the last 30 days, how much energy (ánimo) would you say you have had? WG3a1 In general during the last 30 days, how much energy (energía) would you say you have had? WG3a2 In general during the last 30 days, how much pain (dolor) have you felt in your body? 1-yes 2-no -14-does not apply to the deceased target -15-does not apply to the institutionalized target 1 -decided it was not safe for the respondent 2-respondent did not feel safe 3-respondent refused 4-other reason (specify) -15-does not apply to the institutionalized target -14 -does not apply to the deceased target Scale (if applicable) 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased 263 WG3a3 In general during the last 30 days, how much discomfort (malestar) have you felt in your body? WG3b1 In general during the last 30 days, how much trouble did you have moving from one place to another (moverse de un lugar a otro)? WG3b2 In general during the last 30 days, how much trouble did you have doing vigorous activities such as cutting the grass or washing windows (realizar actividades intensas como cortar la grama o lavar las ventanas)? WG3b3 In general during the last 30 days, how much trouble did you have concentrating or remembering things (concentrarse o recordar cosas)? WG3b4 In general during the last 30 days, how much trouble did you have learning a new thing (aprender una nueva tarea)? target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 264 WG3b5 In general during the last 30 days, how much trouble did you have you felt sad or depressed (sintió triste, decaido o deprimido)? WG3b6wg 3c2a In general during the last 30 days, how much trouble did you have you felt worried or anxious (preocupación o ansiedad)? wg3c2b, wg3c3a, wg3c3b Body aches wg3d1a, wg3d2a, wg3d3a Encouragement 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15-does not apply to institutionalized target -14-does not apply to deceased target -5 does not apply to proxytarget -15 -Does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-Does not apply to the deceased target -5-Does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15 -Does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-Does not apply to the deceased target -5-Does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none 265 wg3d1b, wg3d2b, wg3d3b Energy wg3e1a, wg3e2a, wg3e3a Difficulty concentrating wg3f1a, wg3f2a, wg3f3a Feel sad or depressed wg3f1b, wg3f2b, wg3f3b Feel worry or anxiety Panel N5.4. Functionality (see note A) Variable i1 Wording of Question/Description Have you had difficulty using the telephone due to a health problem? -15 -Does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-Does not apply to the deceased target -5-Does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15 -Does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-Does not apply to the deceased target -5-Does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15 -Does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-Does not apply to the deceased target -5-Does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none -15 -Does not apply to the institutionalized target -14-Does not apply to the deceased target -5-Does not apply to proxytarget 1-very much 2-a lot 3-some 4-a little 5-none Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know 266 -2-does not answer i1a Who is the person that most helps you? i1b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i2 Have you had difficulty getting anywhere you had to go using transportation due to a health problem? i2a Who is the person that most helps you? i2b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i3 Have you had difficulty buying food or clothes due to a health problem? i3a Who is the person that most helps you? i3b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i4 Have you had difficulty preparing food for yourself due to a health problem? i4a Who is the person that most helps you? (specify) -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) 267 i4b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i5 Have you had difficulty doing household chores due to a health problem? i5a Who is the person that most helps you? i5b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i6 Have you had difficulty taking medication due to a health problem? i6a Who is the person that most helps you? i6b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i7 Have you had difficulty managing your money on your own due to a health problem? i9 Have you had difficulty eating due to a health problem? -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply 268 i9a Who is person that most helps you? i9b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i10 Have you had difficulty getting dressed or undressing due to a health problem? i10a Who is the person that most helps you? i10b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i11 Have you had difficulty using the toilet due to a health problem? i11a Who is the person that most helps you? i11b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i12 Have you had difficulty walking from one side of your room to the other due to a health problem? i12a Who is the person that most helps you? -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) 269 i12b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i13 Have you had difficulty getting up from or lying down in your bed due to a health problem? i13a Who is the person that most helps you? i13b How many times in the last month has (NAME) helped you? i14 Have you had difficulty taking a bath or showering due to a health problem? i17 How would you evaluate your ability to function dayto-day? Would you say that your ability to function day-to-day is excellent, very good, good, average, or bad? Panel N5.5. Chronic Conditions Variable g4 Wording of Question/Description Has a doctor ever told you that you have high blood pressure, that is, hypertension? g7 Is your blood pressure generally under control? g8 Has a doctor every told you that you have diabetes, that is, high levels of sugar in your blood? -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer (specify) -1- does not know -2 does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less -1- does not know -2- does not answer 1-yes 2-no 3-cannot do it 4-does not do it/does not apply -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-average 5-bad -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-nogo to g8 -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-nogo to g22 -1-does not know 270 g8a_a g8a_e g8a_m g8aedad g9 How old were you when you were diagnosed with diabetes for the first time? If the interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. How old were you when you were diagnosed with diabetes for the first time? If the interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. How old were you when you were diagnosed with diabetes for the first time? If the interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. How old were you when you were diagnosed with diabetes for the first time? If the interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. Are you currently taking any oral medication to control your diabetes? g10 Do you receive insulin shots to control your diabetes? g11 In order to control your diabetes, during the last year, have you lost weight or have you followed a special diet? g12 Is your diabetes generally under control? g13 Do you usually measure your own blood sugar level to see if it’s high? g14 How often do you do the blood sugar tests to see if your blood sugar is high? g15 During the last year, did you have blood work done to control your diabetes? g16 Does taking care of your diabetes (like for example dieting, taking care of your feet or regulating your blood sugar level) interfere with your daily activities? g17 Have you had any circulation problems in your feet, arms or legs because of your diabetes? -2-does not answer (year) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (month) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age calculated by CASES) 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-every day of the week 2-2 or 3 times a week 3-once a week 4-2 or 3 times a month 5-once a month or less 6-other -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 271 g18 Have you had any vision problems because of your diabetes? g19 In the last year, have you had any problems with ulcers in your feet? g20 Has any part of your body been amputated because of your diabetes? g21 Have you ever had any renal complications (in your kidneys) because of your diabetes? g24 Has a doctor ever told you that you have some other form of cancer or a malignant tumor, not on your skin? g31 Has a doctor every told you that you have a chronic pulmonary disease like bronchitis, tuberculosis or emphysema? g32_e How old were you when you were diagnosed with that chronic pulmonary disease? If interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. How old were you when you were diagnosed with that chronic pulmonary disease? If interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. How old were you when you were diagnosed with that chronic pulmonary disease? If interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. How old were you when you were diagnosed with that chronic pulmonary disease? If interviewee does not know the age, ask for the year and calculate the age. Have you ever suffered a heart attack? g32_a g32_m g32edad g35 g36 Has a doctor every told you that you have heart disease such as angina, coronary disease or congestive heart disease? g37edad How old were you when you were first diagnosed with your heart condition or defect? g38 Do you take any kind of medication for your heart condition? -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-nogo to g35 -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (year) (month) (age calculated with month and year) 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no 272 g39 During the last year, have you seen a doctor for your heart condition? g40 Has a doctor ever told you that you have had a brain hemorrhage? g49 Has a doctor ever told you that you have arthritis or rheumatism? g69 During the last year, have you felt chest pain or discomfort? g70 Have you ever felt pressure in your chest? g71 Do you feel this pain or discomfort in your chest when you walk quickly or go up inclines? g72 Do you feel this pain or discomfort in your chest when you walk at a normal pace and on level ground? g73 What do you do if you feel that pain or discomfort in your chest when you’re walking? Do you stop walking, walk more slowly, or do you continue walking? g74 What happens if you stop walking? Is the pain or discomfort alleviated or does it continue? g75 How long does the pain or discomfort take to go away? Would you say it takes ten minutes or less or more than ten minutes? g76 In the last year, have you gone to see a doctor to get this pain or discomfort checked? -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-stops walking or walks more slowly 2-continues walking -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-the pain or discomfort is alleviated 2-the pain or discomfort continues -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-the pain or discomfort is alleviated 2-the pain or discomfort continues -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 273 g77_code (g77) What did the doctor tell you this pain or discomfort was? g107 In Puerto Rico there are many people suffering from bilarciosis. Have you ever been diagnosed with this illness? g109 Is there anyone in your family that suffers from diabetes? Please include any deceased members of the family as well. g110a I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Excessive thirst. (codified variable) 0-doctor said nothing 1-angina 2arthritis/costopondritis/osteoa rthritis 3-respiratory problems (asthma/bronchitis/allergy) 4-arrhythmia or tachycardia 5-nerve problems (tension/stress/depression, etc.) 6-hernia or esophageal 7-heart problems 8-gastritis or reflux 9-blood pressure 10-problem musculoskeletal 11-stroke 12-diabetes 13-obesity 14-gases 15-age 16-circulatory problems 17-prescribed medicines/lab studies or test 18-cholesterol/triglycerides 50-other 99-not codeable -12 not applicable, no spouse -7 –no spouse interview -6-doesnot apply to proxyspouse -5-does not apply to proxytarget -3-indeterminate-wisconsin -2-does not answer -1-does not know 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-one of the parents 2-one of the siblings 3-no one (neither parents nor siblings) -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 274 g110b I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Drinking many liquids. g110c I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Always being hungry. g110d I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Losing more than ten pounds without trying to. I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Frequent urination. g110e g110f I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Blurred vision. g110g I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Easily fatigued. g110h I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Numbness in your hands and legs. g110i I’m going to read you a list of symptoms. I would like for you to tell me if you’ve experienced any of them in the last year. Frequent urinary, skin or gum infections. How old were you when you were first diagnosed with your heart condition or defect? g37_e g37_a How old were you when you were first diagnosed with your heart condition or defect? g37_m How old were you when you were first diagnosed with your heart condition or defect? Panel N5.6. Adult Mortality Variable Wording of Question/Description cause_re NDI recoded cause of death. code_72 wamor Whether respondent is alive or not. wy1_d wy1_m Date of death. Date of death. 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer 1-yes 2-no -1-does not know -2-does not answer (age) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (year) -1-does not know -2-does not answer (month) -1-does not know -2-does not answer Scale (if applicable) For details regarding codes, please refer to the PREHCO website: prehco.rcm.upr.edu 1-yes, alive 2-no, not alive (day) (month) -18-does not apply to the 275 regular target -15-does not apply to the institutionalized target -5-does not apply to the proxytarget wy1_a Date of death. (year) ywy3 Cause of death. 1-heart disease 2-cancer 3-diabetes 4-hypertension 5-pulminary disease 6-stroke 7-other cause Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Palloni, A., & Dávila, A.L. Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions (PREHCO), Wave 2, 2006-2007. QM-504-002-1-2-Puerto Rico-DISC-2006. Madison, WI: Data and Information Services Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison [distributor], accessed 2007-07-17. http://www.disc.wisc.edu/archive/prehco/index_prehco2.html. Notes: The data file for Puerto Rico also contains several variables pertaining to the respondents’ occupation as an adult (section n), migration (section o), helping or receiving help (section i); vignettes collected in second wave of data collection (variables beginning with “w”) and spousal information (all variables starting with a "y"). NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table N2. There are several variables on migration in Section O of the questionnaire. Note A, Panel N2.3. There is an SES ladder question in Section E of the 2002 Questionnaire. These variables were used to compute income: n51a_2, n51a_3, n51b_2, n51b_3, n51c_2, n51c_3, n51g_2, n51g_3, n51h_2, n51h_3, n51i_2, n51i_3, n51j_2, n51j_3, n51k_2, n51k_3, n51l_2, and n51l_3. There are numerous variables available in Section N that provide further detail on the respondents’ work history and sources of income. Note A, Panel N4.1. There are several additional questions on smoking in Section G of the 2002 Questionnaire (g163-g166). Note A, Panel N4.3. There are several additional questions on alcoholism in Section G of the 2002 Questionnaire (g156-g180). Note A, Table N5. There are additional symptom questions for heart disease starting at question g78. There are also questions on depression (g148-g153 and g171-g185). There is also a depression scale calculated by PREHCO (depre_y). 276 Note A, Panel N5.2. There are additional questions regarding whether the respondent receives help with these tasks and how often they need to receive help. There is a minimental cognition test in Section B of the 2002 Questionnaire. There are five versions of vignettes available. Vignette one includes variables WG3c1-WG3d2, vignette two includes variables WG3c1-WG3d2, vignette three includes variables WG3e1WG3f2, vignette four includes variables WG3g1-WG3f2, and vignette five includes variables WG3g2-WG3f3. Note A, Panel N5.4. There are additional variables in Section I of the questionnaire which provide more detail on the respondents’ functionality, including whether or not the respondent receives help with their daily tasks. NOTE B. Puerto Rico has additional variables on early life conditions such as infant mortality (IMR) during the 1920s through early 1940s in the county (municipio) where the respondent was born. It also includes information regarding vignettes. 277 Appendix O: SAGE countries original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the SAGE countries survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the SAGE countries data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table O1. Respondent Variable q0001 Wording of Question/Description Research centre number. q0002 q0002a Household ID. Is this a (18-49 years) or (50+ years) household? q0003 Is this a new, second (follow-up from WHS), retest or proxy interview? q0007a Final result code Household Q: q0101a q0901 Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) Was someone else present during the interview? q0902 What is your evaluation of the accuracy of the informant’s answers? q0405 What is [Name]’s relationship to the household head? Scale (if applicable) 101-China 106-India 140-Mexico 152-Russian Federation 155-South Africa 241-Ghana 1-18 to 49 2-50+ 1-first (new) 2-second (follow-up) 3-retest 4-proxy 5-supervisor proxy (See Section 0350 [F] for codes) 1-completed interview 2-partial interview 6-final refusal by household informant 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-spouse 2-son or daughter 3-son or daughter-in-law 4-grandchild 5-parent 6-parent-in-law 278 q1000b Contact with: q1006 q1007 Household ID. Person (HH member) number from HH roster (number from column). post-stratified person weight Setting (circle one). An urban area that has been legally proclaimed as being urban. Such areas include towns, cities and metropolitan areas. All other areas are not classified as being urban. This includes commercial farms, small settlements, rural villages and other areas which are further away from towns and cities. pweight q0104 q0105a q0105b First Administrative Level Unit Name First Administrative Level Unit Code q0106a q0106b Second Administrative Level Unit Name Second Administrative Level Unit Code q9001 Was someone else present during the interview? q9002 Did respondent have a hearing problem? q9003 Did respondent have a vision problem? q9004 Did respondent use wheelchair? 7-brother or sister 8-co-wife 9-grandparent 10-other relative 11-not related (friends, servants, boarders, lodgers, other) 88-don’t know 98-not applicable 1-individual respondent 2-proxy respondent 3-no one 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (number) 1-urban 2-rural (code) 99-not applicable if unit is not in appendix list (code) 99-not applicable if unit is not in appendix list 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 279 q9005 Did respondent use cane/crutches/walker? q9006 Did respondent have difficulties walking? q9007 Did respondent have paralysis? q9008 Did respondent cough continually? q9009 Did respondent have shortness of breath? q9010 Did respondent have mental problems? q9011 Did respondent have other health problem? q9012 Did respondent have amputated limb (arm or leg)? q9013 What is your assessment of the respondent’s cooperation? q9014 What is your evaluation of the accuracy and completeness of the respondent’s answers? 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-NA 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very high 2-high 3-average 4-low 5-very low Table O2. Demographics Panel O2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable q1009 Wording of Question/Description Interviewer: Record sex of the respondent. Scale (if applicable) 1-male 280 q1010_dd What day were you born? q1010_mm What month were you born? q1010_yyyy What year were you born? q1011 How old are you now? Interviewer: This would be age at last birthday. If don’t know—probe. q1012 What is your current marital status? Panel O2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable q1018 (Ghana) Wording of Question/Description What is your background or ethnic group? q1018 (India) What is your background or ethnic group? q1018 (Mexico) What is your background or ethnic group? q1018 (South Africa) What is your background or ethnic group? q1008 What is your mother tongue? By mother tongue, we mean the language you learned first, the language that you can express yourself fully in, or voluntarily identify with. 2-female (day) -8-don’t know (month) -8-don’t know (year) -8-don’t know age in years -8-don’t know 1-never married 2-currently married 3-cohabiting 4-separated/divorced 5-widowed 8-don’t know 9-not applicable Scale (if applicable) 1-Akan 2-Ewe 3-Ga-Adangbe 4-Gruma 5-Grusi 6-Guan 7-Mande-Busanga 8-Mole-Dagbon 87-Other 88-Don’t know 1-Scheduled tribe 2-Scheduled caste 3-No caste or tribe 7-Other 98-Not applicable 0-None 2-Mixteco 3-Nahuatl 6-Zapoteco 87-Other 88-Don’t know 0-White 1-Non-White 87, other specify 88-don’t know 98-not applicable 1-country-specific 1 2-country-specific 2 3-country-specific 3 4…87-other, specify 88-don’t know Note: Variable q1018 exists for Russia and China; value labels could not be found. 281 Panel O2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable q0506 Wording of Question/Description What is the main source of drinking water for members of this household? Scale (if applicable) 1-piped water into dwelling 2-piped water to yard/plot 3-public tap/standpipe 4-tubewell/borehole 5-protected dug well 6-unprotected dug well 7-protected spring 8-unprotected spring 9-rainwater collection 10-bottle water 11-small scale vendor 12-tanker-truck 13-surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation channels) 87-other, specify 88-don’t know 98-not applicable q0508 What type of toilet facility do members of your household usually use? If respondent indicates “flush” or “pour flush,” probe: Where does it flush to? q0510 What type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking? 1-flush/pour flush to piped sewer system 2-flush/pour flush to septic tank 3-flush/pour flush to pit latrine 4-flush/pour flush to other location 5-flush/pour flush to unknown place/not sure 6-ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) 7-pit latrine with slab 8-pit latrine without slab/open pit 9-composting toilet 10-bucket latrine 11-hanging toilet/hanging latrine 12-no facilities or bush or field 87-other, specify 88-don’t know 98-not applicable 1-gas 2-electricity 3-kerosene/paraffin 4-coal/charcoal 5-wood 6-agriculture/crop 282 q0511 In this household, is food cooked on an open fire, an open or closed stove? Interviewer: indicate main type. q0702 (Mexico) Do you have a security system in your home? q0702 (Ghana) q0702 (South Africa) q0702 (Russia) How many tables are in the household? 7-animal dung 8-shrubs/grass 87-other, specify 88-don’t know 98-not applicable 1-open fire 2-open stove 3-closed stove 7-other, specify 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -8-don’t know How many tables are in the household? -8-don’t know Do you have a security system in your home? (alarm, reinforced doors, guards, etc.) q0702 (China) q0702 (India) q0703 How many tables are in your household? 1-yes 2-no -8-don’t know -8-don’t know How many tables are in your household? -8-don’t know How many cars are there in your household? If none, enter “00.” Does your home have electricity? (number) -8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know q0704 q0705 Does your household or anyone in your household have a bicycle? q0706 (South Africa) Does your household or anyone in your household have a built-in kitchen sink? q0706 (Ghana) Does your household or anyone in your household have a clock? q0706 (Mexico) Does your household or anyone in your household have a built-in kitchen sink? q0706 (Russia) Does your household or anyone in your household have a clock? q0706 (China) Does your household or anyone in your household have a microwave? q0706 (India) Does your household or anyone in your household have a clock? 283 q0707 (South Africa, Mexico, China) q0707 (Ghana, Russia, India) q0708 (Ghana, South Africa, Mexico, China) q0708 (Russia, India) Does your household or anyone in your household have hot running water? 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know Does your household or anyone in your household have a bucket? 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know q0709 Does your household or anyone in your household have a dishwasher? q0710 Does your household or anyone in your household have a refrigerator? q0711 (Mexico) Does your household or anyone in your household employ someone in house who is not a member of your family (gardener, cook, cleaner, driver,…)? Does your household or anyone in your household have a fixed line telephone? q0711 (Ghana, South Africa, Russia, China, India) q0712 Does your household or anyone in your household have a washing machine? Does your household or anyone in your household have a cot bed or mattress? Does your household or anyone in your household have a mobile/cellular telephone? q0713 (Mexico) Does your household or anyone in your household have a bullock cart/animal drawn car or sled? q0713 (Ghana, Russia, India) q0713 (South Africa) Does your household or anyone in your household have a television? q0713 (China) Does your household or anyone in your household have a VCR or DVD player? q0714 Does your household or anyone in your household have a computer? q0715 (South Africa, Mexico) q0715 (Ghana, China, India) Does your household or anyone in your household have a HiFi or music centre (stereo system)? Does your household or anyone in your household have a radio? Does your household or anyone in your household have a radio? 1-yes 2-no 8-don't know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 284 q0715 (Russia) Does your household or anyone in your household employ someone in house who is not a member of your family (gardener, cook, cleaner, driver,…)? Does your household or anyone in your household have livestock (cattle, goats, pigs, poultry)? q0716 (Ghana, South Africa, Mexico, China) q0716 (India) Does your household or anyone in your household have livestock (cattle only)? q0717 (Mexico, Russia, China) q0717 (Ghana, South Africa, India) q0718 (South Africa, Mexico) q0718 (Ghana) Does your household or anyone in your household have internet access in the home? q0718 (China) Does your household or anyone in your household have an air conditioning system in the home? q0718 (India) Does your household or anyone in your household have a moped/scooter/motorcycle? q0719 (Ghana, Mexico, Russia) q0719 (South Africa, India) Does your household or anyone in your household have a second home? q0719 (China) Does your household or anyone in your household have a heating system in the home? q0720 Please tell us if you own any land or jewelry and other items of value. Land or property? q0721 Please tell us if you own any land or jewelry and other items of value. Other valuable items, such as jewelry, books, art or other valuable items? q0720a About how much is this worth in total? Land or property? q0721a About how much is this worth in total? Other valuable items, such as jewelry, books, art or other Does your household or anyone in your household have a sewing machine? Does your household or anyone in your household have a motorbike? Does your household or anyone in your household have a tractor? Does your household or anyone in your household have a bullock cart/animal drawn cart or sled? 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-dk 9-refused 1-yes 2-no 8-dk 9-refused (cash equivalent) -8-don’t know -9-refused (cash equivalent) -8-don’t know 285 q0722 q0724 q0725 q1015 valuable items? Does your household have a regular source of income? Interviewer: Regular income over the last 12 months, meaning that the household can depend on a source to provide an income at intervals that can be used to base household budget decisions. So to verify this information, your approximate total household income from all sources over the last 12 months is about how much? How many people depend on this income? (Interviewer: This number should include the respondent—so enter “01” if only the respondent depends on/is supported by this income.) Have you ever been to school? q1016 What is the highest level of education that you have completed? q1017 How many years of school, including higher education have you completed? Panel O2.4. Family and Household Variable q0401 -9-refused 1-yes, regular source 2-yes, regular but seasonal 3-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (income) -8-don’t know (number of people) -8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-less than primary school 2-primary school completed 3-secondary school completed 4-high school (or equivalent) completed 5-college/preuniversity/university completed 6-post graduate degree completed 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (number of years) -8-don’t know Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) What is the total number of people who live in this (persons) household? Table O3. Early Life Conditions Panel O3.1. Birthplace Variable q1024 Wording of Question/Description Where did you live for most of your childhood (age 9 or younger)? Scale (if applicable) 1-in same community/locality/neighbo rhood 2-in another city in this region 3-in another rural area in this region 4-in another city outside this region but in country 286 q1020 Have you always lived in this village/town/city? q1021 How long have you been living (continuously) in this area? Interviewer: If less than 1 year, enter “00.” Where were you living before? q1022 q1023 Where have you lived for most of your adult life (18+ years)? q0104 Setting (circle one). An urban area that has been legally proclaimed as being urban. Such areas include towns, cities and metropolitan areas. All other areas that are not classified as being urban. This includes commercial farms, small settlements, rural villages and other areas which are further away from towns and cities. What day were you born? q1010_dd 5-in another rural area outside this region but in country 6-outside the country 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (years) -8-don’t know 1-in same community/locality/neighbo rhood 2-in another city in this region 3-in another rural area in this region 4-in another city outside this region in country 5-in another rural area outside this region but in country 6-outside the country 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-in same community/locality/neighbo rhood 2-in another city in this region 3-in another rural area in this region 4-in another city outside this region in country 5-in another rural area outside this region but in country 6-outside the country 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-urban 2-rural (day) 287 q1010_mm What month were you born? q1010_yyyy What year were you born? Panel O3.3. Childhood Nutrition Variable q2504 Wording of Question/Description What is your height in centimeters? q2505 What is your weight in kilograms? q2506 Measured height in centimeters. q2507 Measured weight in kilograms. q2508 Waist circumference. q2509 Hip circumference. Panel O3.4.Childhood SES Variable q1025 Wording of Question/Description Was your mother ever employed? q1026 Who is/was your mother’s main employer over her working life? q1027 What is/was her [your mother’s] main occupation? q1028 What is the highest level of education that she [your mother] completed? -8-don’t know (month) -8-don’t know (year) -8-don’t know Scale (if applicable) (centimeters) -8-don’t know (kilograms) -8-don’t know (centimeters) 997-refused 998-not able (kilograms) 997-refused 998-not able (centimeters) 997-refused 998-not able (centimeters) -8-don’t know 997-refused 998-not able Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8- DK 1-public sector (government) 2-private sector (for profit or not for profit) 3-self-employed 4-informal employment write exactly what the respondent says-clarify if you do not understand-write clearly in capital letters -8-don’t know 0-no formal education 1-less than primary school 2-primary school completed 3-secondary school completed 4-high school (or equivalent) completed 5-college/preuniversity/university completed 6-post graduate degree completed 288 q1032 What is the highest level of education that he [your father] completed? q1029 Was your father ever employed? q1030 Who is/was your father’s main employer over his working life? q1031 What is/was his [your father’s] main occupation? 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 0-no formal education 1-less than primary school 2-primary school completed 3-secondary school completed 4-high school (or equivalent) completed 5-college/preuniversity/university completed 6-post graduate degree completed 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-public sector (government) 2-private sector (for profit or not for profit) 3-self-employed 4-informal employment 8-don’t know 9-not applicable write exactly what the respondent says-clarify if you do not understand-write clearly in capital letters -8-don’t know Table O4. Adult Lifestyle Panel O4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable q3001 Wording of Question/Description Have you ever smoked tobacco or used smokeless tobacco? q3002 Do you currently use (smoke, sniff or chew) any tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco or snuff? q3005 In the past, did you ever smoke tobacco or use smokeless tobacco daily? Panel O4.2. Adult Exercise Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes, daily 2-yes, but not daily 3-no, not at all 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 289 Variable q3016 q3017 q3018 q3019 q3025 q3026 q3027 q3028 Wording of Question/Description Does your work involve vigorous-intensity activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate, [like heavy lifting, digging or chopping wood] for at least 10 minutes continuously? In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity activities as part of your work? How much time do you spend doing vigorousintensity activities at work on a typical day? Does your work involve moderate-intensity activity that causes small increases in breathing or heart rate (such as brisk walking, carrying light loads, cleaning, cooking, or washing clothes) for at least 10 minutes continuously? Do you do any vigorous intensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities that cause large increase in breathing or heart rate [like running or football], for at least 10 minutes continuously? In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous intensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities? How much time do you spend doing vigorous intensity sports, fitness or recreational activities on a typical day? Do you do any moderate-intensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities that causes a small increase in breathing or heart rate [such as brisk walking, cycling or swimming] for at least 10 minutes at a time? (Insert examples and use showcard.) Panel O4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption (see note A) Variable q3007 Wording of Question/Description Have you ever consumed a drink that contains alcohol (such as beer, wine, spirits, etc.)? q3008 Have you consumed alcohol in the last 30 days? q3010 In the last 12 months, how frequently [on how many days] on average have you had at least one alcoholic drink? q3011 In the last 12 months, on the days you drank alcoholic beverages, how many drinks did you have Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (days) 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (hours and minutes) -8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 8-don’t know 9-not applicable -8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no, never 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 0-no days 1-less than once a month 2-one to three days per month 3-one to four days per week 4-five or more days per week 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (drinks) -8-don’t know 290 on average? Panel O4.4. Adult Diet Variable q3012 q3013 q3014 q3015 Wording of Question/Description How many servings of fruit (e.g. banana, mango, apple, orange, papaya, tangerine, grapefruit, peach, pear (country-specific)) do you eat on a typical day? How many servings of vegetables (e.g. tomato, cauliflower, potato, cucumber, peas, corn lettuce, squash, bean (country-specific)) do you eat on a typical day? In the last 12 months, how often did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn’t enough food? In the last 12 months, were you ever hungry, but didn’t eat because you couldn’t afford enough food? Panel O4.5. Health Care Utilization (see note A) Variable q2020 q5001a Wording of Question/Description When was the last time you had your eyes examined by a medical professional? (Interviewer: Enter years ago. Enter “00” if less than 1 year.) If ‘don’t know,’ was it more than 3 years ago? q5001mm When was the last time that you needed health care? q5001yy When was the last time that you needed health care? q5002 The last time you needed health care, did you get health care? q50016a Which reason best describes why you were last hospitalized? Scale (if applicable) (servings) -8-don’t know (servings) -8-don’t know 1-every month 2-almost every month 3-some months, but not every month 4-only in 1 or 2 months 5-never 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-every month 2-almost every month 3-some months, but not every month 4-only in 1 or 2 months 5-never 8-don’t know 9-not applicable Scale (if applicable) (years ago) -8-don’t know 98-never 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (years ago, months ago) 88-DK 98-never -8-don’t know (years ago, months ago) 88-DK 98-never -8-don’t know 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-Communicable 2-Maternal 3-Nutrition 4-Acute condition 291 q5026 Over the last 12 months, did you receive any health care NOT including an overnight stay in hospital or long-term care facility? q5027 In total, how many times did you receive health care or consultation in the last 12 months? q5028 What was the last (most recent) health care facility you visited in the last 12 months? q5029 Which was the last (most recent) health care provider you visited? Interviewer: After q5029 substitute the type of health care provider selected by the patient when you see [health care provider] in parentheses. 5-Injury 6-Surgery 7-Sleep problems 8-Occupation 9-Pain in joints 10-Diabetes 11-Problems with heart 12-Problems with mouth 13-Problems with breathing 14-High BP 15-Stroke 16-Generalized pain 17-Depression or anxiety 18-Cancer 87-Other 88-Don’t know 98-Not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (times) -8-don’t know -9-not applicable 1-private doctor’s office 2-private clinic or health care facility 3-private hospital 4-public clinic or health care facility 5-public hospital 6-charity or church run clinic 7-charity or church run hospital 8-home visit 87-other, specify 88-don’t know 98-not applicable 1-medical doctor (including surgeon, gynecologist, psychiatrist, ophthalmologist) 2-nurse/midwife 3-dentist 4-physiotherapist or chiropractor 5-traditional medicine practitioner (use local name) 6-pharmacist, druggist 7-home health care worker 292 q5039 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: the amount of time you waited before being attended to? q5040 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: your experience of being treated respectfully? q5041 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: how clearly health care providers explained things to you? q5042 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: your experience of being involved in making decisions for your treatment? q5043 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: the way the health services ensured that you could talk privately to providers? q5044 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: the ease with which you could see a health care provider you were happy with? q5045 For your last visit to a health care provider, how would you rate the following: the cleanliness in the health facility? q5053 In general, how satisfied are you with how the health 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 293 care services are run in your country [in your area] – are you very satisfied, satisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, fairly dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? q5054 How would you rate the way health care in your country involves you in deciding what services it provides and where it provides them? q8002 Over the last 12 months, have any members of your household, adults or children, needed care or support for any reason? This could include financial, physical, emotional, health or personal care or support. In total, how many adult household (HH) members have needed care or support in the last 12 months? q8003 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-fairly dissatisfied 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (number) -8-don’t know Table O5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel O5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable q2000 Wording of Question/Description In general, how would you rate your health today? q7001 Do you have enough energy for everyday life? q7002 Do you have enough money to meet your needs? q7003 How satisfied are you with your health? Scale (if applicable) 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-completely 2-mostly 3-moderately 4-a little 5-none at all 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-completely 2-mostly 3-moderately 4-a little 5-none at all 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-dissatisfied 294 q7004 How satisfied are you with yourself? q7005 How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities? q7006 How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? q7007 How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? q7008 Taking all things together, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? q7008a How often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things if your life? (Read responses). q7008b How often have you found that you could not cope 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-dissatisfied 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-dissatisfied 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-dissatisfied 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-dissatisfied 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very satisfied 2-satisfied 3-neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4-dissatisfied 5-very dissatisfied 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-never 2-almost never 3-sometimes 4-fairly often 5-very often 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-never 295 with all the things that you had to do? (Read responses). q7009 How would you rate your overall quality of life? q7010 Taking all things together, how would you say you are these days? Are you…? 2-almost never 3-sometimes 4-fairly often 5-very often 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very good 2-good 3-moderate 4-bad 5-very bad 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-very happy 2-happy 3-neither happy nor unhappy 4-unhappy 5-very unhappy 8-don’t know 9-not applicable Panel O5.2. Anthropometric and Performance Measures (see note A) Variable q2501 Wording of Question/Description Blood pressure. q2501a_p Pulse rate. q2502 Blood pressure. q2502a_p Pulse rate. q2503 Blood pressure. q2503a_p Pulse rate. q2510 Timed walk. Did respondent complete the walk at Scale (if applicable) (systolic) -8-don’t know -9-refused (diastolic) -8-don’t know -9-refused (beats per minute) -8-don’t know -9-refused (systolic) -8-don’t know -9-refused (diastolic) -8-don’t know -9-refused (beats per minute) -8-don’t know -9-refused (systolic) -8-don’t know -9-refused (diastolic) -8-don’t know -9-refused (beats per minute) -8-don’t know -9-refused 1-yes 296 usual pace? q2511 Time at 4 meters. q2512 Rapid walk. Did respondent complete the walk at rapid pace? q2513 Time at 4 meters. q2521 Grip strength. First test left hand. q2522 Grip strength. Second test left hand. q2523 Grip strength. First test right hand. q2524 Grip strength. Second test right hand. q2538 Lung function. FVC. q2539 Lung function. FEV1. q2540 Lung function. FEV1%. q2541 Lung function. PEF. q2542 Lung function. FEF25-75. q2543 Lung function. FET. 2-no, refused 3-no, cannot walk, even with support 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (seconds) -8-don’t know -9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no, refused 3-no, cannot walk, even with support 8-don’t know 9-not applicable (seconds) -8-don’t know -9-not applicable (kilograms) -9-refused (kilograms) -9-refused (kilograms) -9-refused (kilograms) -9-refused -8-don’t know -9/999/9999-missing -8-don’t know -9/999/9999-missing -8-don’t know -9/999/9999-missing -8-don’t know -9/999/9999-missing -8-don’t know -9/999/9999-missing -8-don’t know -9/999/9999-missing Panel O5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes (see note A) Variable q1001 Wording of Question/Description Does the respondent have obvious cognitive limitations that prevent him/her from being interviewed/ q2001 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with work or household activities? q2002 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no limitations 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 297 you have with moving around? q2003 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in vigorous activities (‘vigorous activities’ require hard physical effort and cause large increases in breathing or heart rate)? q2004 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with self-care, such as bathing/washing or dressing yourself? q2005 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in taking care of and maintaining your general appearance (for example, grooming, looking neat and tidy)? q2006 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in staying by yourself for a few days (3 to 7 days)? q2007 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of bodily aches or pains did you have? q2008 Overall in the last 30 days, how much bodily discomfort did you have? q2009 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in your daily life because of your pain? 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 298 q2010 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with concentrating or remembering things? q2011 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in learning a new task (for example, learning how to get to a new place, learning a new game, learning a new recipe)? q2012 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with personal relationships or participation in the community? q2013 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in dealing with conflicts and tensions with others? q2014 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with making new friendships or maintaining current friendships? q2015 Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with dealing with strangers? q2016 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with sleeping, such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 299 q2017 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have due to not feeling rested and refreshed during the day (for example, feeling tired, not having energy)? q2018 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with feeling sad, low or depressed? q2019 Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with worry or anxiety? q2023 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in seeing and recognizing an object or a person you know across the road (from a distance of about 20 meters)? q2024 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in seeing and recognizing an object at arm’s length (for example, reading)? q2039 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in your day to day work? q2101a_m, Mobility vignettes. 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme/cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 300 q2105a_m, q2109a_m, q2113a_m, q2115a_m q2102a_v, q2106a_v, q2110a_v, q2114a_v, Vigorous activities vignettes. 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 301 q2116a_v q2103a_d, Depression vignettes. q2107a_d, q2111a_d, q2117a_d, q2119a_d q2104a_a, Anxiety vignettes. 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 302 q2108a_a, q2112a_a, q2118a_a, q2120a_a q2101b_r, q2105b_r, q2111b_r, Personal relationships vignettes. 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 303 q2113b_r, q2117b_r q2102b_c, q2106b_c, q2112b_c, q2114b_c, q2118b_c Conflict vignettes. 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 304 q2103b_p, Pain vignettes. q2107b_p, q2109b_p, q2115b_p, q2119b_p q2104b_d, q2108b_d, q2110b_d, Discomfort vignettes. 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 305 q2116b_d, q2120b_d q2101c_s, q2105c_s, q2111c_s, q2115c_s, q2119c_s Sleeping vignettes. 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 306 q2102c_e, Energy vignettes. q2106c_e, q2112c_e, q2116c_e, q2120c_e q2103c_p, q2107c_p, Long distance visibility vignettes. 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 307 q2109c_p, q2113c_p, q2117c_p q2104c_o, q2108c_o, q2110c_o, q2114c_o, q2118c_o Short distance visibility vignettes. 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 308 q2101d_c, Self-care vignettes. q2107d_c, q2111d_c, q2113d_c, q2115d_c q2102d_a, q2108d_a, General appearance vignettes. 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 309 q2112d_a, q2114d_a, q2116d_a q2103d_m, Memory vignettes. q2105d_m, q2109d_m, q2117d_m, 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 310 q2119d_m q2104d_l, Learning vignettes. q2106d_l, q2110d_l, q2118d_l, q2120d_l Panel O5.4. Functionality Variable q2025 Wording of Question/Description In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in sitting for long periods? 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable Scale (if applicable) 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 311 q2026 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in walking 100 meters? q2027 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in standing up from sitting down? q2028 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in standing for long periods? q2029 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with climbing one flight of stairs without resting? q2030 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with stooping, kneeling, or crouching? q2031 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…picking up things with your fingers? q2032 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in taking care of your household responsibilities? 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 312 q2033 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in joining community activities (for ex., festivities, religious or other activities) in the same way as anyone else can? q2034 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in extending your arms above shoulder level? q2035 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…concentrating on doing something for 10 minutes? q2036 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in walking a long distance such as a kilometer? q2037 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in bathing/washing your whole body? q2038 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…in getting dressed? q2040 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with carrying things? q2041 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with moving around inside your home (such as 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 313 walking across a room)? q2042 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with eating (including cutting up your food)? q2043 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with getting up from lying down? q2044 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with getting to and using the toilet? q2045 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…with getting where you want to go, using private or public transport if needed? q2046 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have…getting out of your home? Panel O5.5. Chronic Conditions Variable q2021 Wording of Question/Description Do you use eyeglasses or contact lenses to see far away (for example, across the street)? q2022 Do you use eyeglasses or contact lenses to see up close (for example at arm’s length, like when you are reading?) q4001 Have you ever been diagnosed with/told you have 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme, cannot do 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 8-don’t know 9-not applicable Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 314 arthritis (a disease of the joints, or by other names rheumatism or osteoarthritis)? q4010 Have you ever been told by a health professional that you have had a stroke? q4014 Have you ever been diagnosed with angina or angina pectoris (a heart disease)? q4015a Have you been taking medications or other treatment for it during the last 2 weeks? q4015b Have you been taking medications or other treatment for it during the last 12 months? q4016 During the last 12 months, have you experienced any pain or discomfort in your chest when you walk uphill or hurry? q4017 During the last 12 months, have you experienced any pain or discomfort in your chest when you walk at an ordinary pace on level ground? What do you do if you get the pain or discomfort when you are walking? (Read choices). q4018 q4019 q4020 q4021 If you stand still, what happens to the pain or discomfort? (Read choices). Will you show me where you usually experience the pain or discomfort? (Circle number in each of the boxes in the areas of body mentioned or shown by the respondent). These symptoms that you have said you experienced in the last 12 months, have you experienced them in the last 2 weeks? q4022 Have you ever been diagnosed with diabetes (high blood sugar)? (not including diabetes associated with pregnancy) q4023a Have you been taking insulin or other blood sugar lowering medications in the last 2 weeks? q4023b Have you been taking insulin or other blood sugar 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 3-never walks uphill or hurries 1-yes 2-no 1-stop or slow down 2-carry on after taking a pain relieving medicine that dissolves in your mouth 3-carry on walking 1-relieved 2-not relieved 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable 1-yes 315 lowering medications in the last 12 months? 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable q4024 Have you been following a special diet, exercise 1-yes regime or weight control program for diabetes during 2-no the last 2 weeks? (As recommended by health 8-don’t know professional). 9-not applicable q4025 Have you ever been diagnosed with chronic lung 1-yes disease (emphysema, bronchitis, COPD)? 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable q4033 Have you ever been diagnosed with asthma (an 1-yes allergic respiratory disease)? 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable q4040 Have you ever been diagnosed with depression? 1-yes 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable q4060 Have you ever been diagnosed with high blood 1-yes pressure (hypertension)? 2-no 8-don’t know 9-not applicable q4061a Have you been taking medications or other treatment 1-yes for it during the last 2 weeks? (Other treatment 2-no might include weight loss program or change in 8-don’t know eating habits). 9-not applicable q4061b Have you been taking medications or other treatment 1-yes for it during the last 12 months? (Other treatment 2-no might include weight loss program or change in 8-don’t know eating habits). 9-not applicable Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. World Health Organization (WHO). SAGE: WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). World Health Organization [distributor], accessed 2011. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/sage/en/index1.html, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/sage/en/. Notes: In some cases, there were slight differences in the way variables were named across SAGE countries. NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Panel O2.3. SAGE has extensive questions on household expenditures in the Household Questionnaire. There are other questions regarding the house including type of floors and walls (questions q0504 and q0505). Note A, Panel O4.1. There are other questions related to duration, number of products smoked, and how old the respondent was when they quit in Section 3000 of the Individual Questionnaire (q3003, q3004, and q3006). 316 Note A, Panel O4.3. There is another question on the frequency (q3009) of drinking in Section 3000 of the Individual Questionnaire. Note A, Panel O4.5. There are several questions about hospital stays and inpatient care in Section 5000 of the Individual Questionnaire. Note A, Table O5. There is also a section with many questions on social cohesion and involvement in the community in Section 6000 of the Individual Questionnaire. There is an analysis of daily activities in Section 7000 of the Individual Questionnaire. Note A, Panel O5.2. Self-reports for the respondent’s health can be found in the adult health outcomes file. Some of the performance measures (for example, lung function variables q2538-q2543) were performed numerous times. To indicate this, the variable name includes an _1, _2, and _3 (i.e. q2538_1, q2538_2, and q2538_3). Note A, Panel O5.3. SAGE has several questions on cognitive ability in Section Q1000 of the Individual Questionnaire and memory and verbal fluency in Section 2500 of the Individual Questionnaire. NOTE B. In some instances variables across SAGE countries are slightly different. For example, the variables for health care utilization are different for Ghana. 317 Appendix P: Taiwan-SEBAS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the Taiwan-SEBAS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the Taiwan data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table P1. Respondent Variable resp_id wgt_exam rural Wording of Question/Description Unique respondent ID. Weight variable, adjusts for over-sampling and for the differential participation in the health examination by age group. 2000 Residence: Urban or Rural township. urban 2000 Residence: Large city or small town. lcity 2000 Residence: Large city. scity 2000 Residence: Small town. utown 2000 Residence: Urban township. rtown 2000 Residence: Rural township. i1 The interviewee for this questionnaire was: i2 What is the relationship of the person who helps the respondent to provide answers? qtype Distinguishes between respondents drawn from the Scale (if applicable) (number, range 1-1023) 0-urban 1-rural 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 1-respondent only 2-proxy report 3-respondent and proxy report 2-spouse 31-eldest son 32-second son 33-third son 34-fourth son 41-first daughter 42-second daughter 43-third daughter 45-fifth+ daughter 52-son's daughter 54-grandchild 88-Not applicable 91-first daughter-in-law 92-second daughter-in-law 93-third daughter-in-law 94-fourth daughter-in-law 95-fifth daughter-in-law 1-near elderly 318 1989 sample of elderly and those drawn from the 1996 extension sample of near elderly. 2-elderly Table P2. Demographics (see note A) Panel P2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable sex Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s sex. age2000 Respondent’s age at 2000 interview (based on birthday). Month of birthdate. bir_m a1 What is your current marital status? Are you nevermarried, married, (formally) separated, widowed, or divorced? Panel P2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable ethnicity Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s ethnicity. Panel P2.3. Education, Income and Wealth Variable educ00 Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s education. d1 Compared to others in Taiwan, respondent’s rank on SES ladder. Scale (if applicable) 1-male 2-female (age) (month) 99-missing 1-never married 2-married, husband/wife alive 3-(formally) separated 4-divorced 5-widowed Scale (if applicable) 1-Fukienes 2-Hakka 3-Mainland 4-Aborigin Scale (if applicable) 0-illiterate (no educ) 1-1st yr primary 2-2nd yr primary 3-3rd yr primary 4-4th yr primary 5-5th yr primary 6-6th yr primary 7-7th yr junior high 8-8th yr junior high 9-9th yr junior high 10-10th yr senior high 11-11th yr senior high 12-12th yr senior high 13-1 yr college 14-2 yrs college 15-3 yrs college 16-4 yrs college 17-17+ yrs (Grad school) 90-literate (no educ) 1-worst-off 2 3 4 5 319 d2 Compared to others in community, respondent’s rank on SES ladder. majocc_r Respondent’s major lifetime occupation. Panel P2.4. Family and Household Variable Wording of Question/Description a3a How many people, in total, usually live in this house with you? 6 7 8 9 10-best-off 66-other response 88-not applicable 95-no opinion 96-not sure 97-don’t know/don’t understand 98-refuse to answer 99-unknown 1-worst-off 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-best-off 88-not applicable 95-no opinion 96-not sure 97-don’t know/don’t understand 98-refuse to answer 99-unknown (see SEBAS codebook for definitions of occupations, coded 1-99) Scale (if applicable) (number of people including respondent) 99-missing Table P3. Early Life Conditions Panel P3.1. Birthplace Variable ethnicty Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s ethnicity. bir_m Month of birthdate. yrbirth Respondent’s year of birth. Panel P3.2. Childhood Nutrition Scale (if applicable) 1-Fukienes 2-Hakka 3-Mainland 4-Aborigin (month) 99-missing (year) 9999-missing 320 Variable height waist hip waisthip Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s height measurement. Respondent’s waist measurement. Respondent’s hip measurement. Respondent’s waist to hip ratio. Panel P3.3. Childhood SES Variable fdm Wording of Question/Description Family history of diabetes? fchd Family history of heart disease? Scale (if applicable) (cm) (cm) (cm) (ratio) 99999-missing Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-yes 0-no 1-yes Table P4. Adult Lifestyle Panel P4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable smk Wording of Question/Description Past 6 months, did you smoke? betel Past 6 months, did you chew betel nut? Panel P4.2. Adult Exercise (see note A) Variable b8 Wording of Question/Description Do you usually exercise? [If yes, continue.] On average, how many times do you exercise each week? Panel P4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption Variable alc Wording of Question/Description Past 6 months, did you drink alcohol? alc_b1 Past 6 months, consumed wine/beer daily? Panel P3.4. Adult Diet Variable milk Wording of Question/Description Do you drink milk every day? Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-when friends give me cigs/socially 2-only after meals 3-everyday 9-missing 0-no 1-sometimes 2-frequently 3-everyday 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-less than once a week 2-once to twice a week 3-three to five times a week 4-six or more times a week 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 0-no 1-sometimes 2-frequently 3-everyday 9-missing 0-no 1-yes 8-not applicable 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 0-no 321 diet Eat 3 veggies and 2 fruits every day? Panel P4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable b12 b13 b13b_a b13b_b Wording of Question/Description In the past year, have you gone to the hospital for an emergency? In the past year, have you had a health examination or physical examination? Did you have the last health examination to simply learn your state of health? Or did you have the physical on your own initiative because you had discomfort, or did you have discomfort and the physician ordered it? Can choose more than one. Did you have the last health examination to simply learn your state of health? Or did you have the physical on your own initiative because you had discomfort, or did you have discomfort and the physician ordered it? Can choose more than one. b13b_c Did you have the last health examination to simply learn your state of health? Or did you have the physical on your own initiative because you had discomfort, or did you have discomfort and the physician ordered it? Can choose more than one. b13b_d Did you have the last health examination to simply learn your state of health? Or did you have the physical on your own initiative because you had discomfort, or did you have discomfort and the physician ordered it? Can choose more than one. 1-yes 9-missing 0-no 1-yes 9-missing Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 0-no 1-yes 0-no just to learn state of health (preventive) 0-no 1-yes 8-not applicable had discomfort so went to have physical on his/her own initiative 0-no 1-yes 8-not applicable had discomfort, so physician ordered the physical 0-no 1-yes 8-not applicable other (please explain) 0-no other reasons 1-was informed to take free health exam 2- company requirement 7-other reasons 8-not applicable Table P5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel P5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable b1 Wording of Question/Description Regarding your current state of health, do you feel it is excellent, good, average, not so good, or poor? b2 Compared to this time last year, is your health better, about the same, or worse? b3 Compared to most people your age, do you feel your health is better, about the same, or worse? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-good 3-average 4-not so good 5-poor 8-not applicable 1-better 2-about the same 3-worse 8-not applicable 1-better 2-about the same 322 3-worse 8-not applicable Panel P5.2. Anthropometric Measures\Biomarkers (see note A) Variable weight bp_s1 bp_d1 bp_s2 bp_d2 bp_s bp_d bp_s3 Wording of Question/Description Respondent’s weight measurement. Systolic blood pressure, 1st reading by nurse. Diastolic blood pressure, 1st reading by nurse. Systolic blood pressure, 2nd reading by nurse. Diastolic blood pressure, 2nd reading by nurse. Systolic blood pressure average of first two readings. Diastolic blood pressure average of first two readings. Systolic blood pressure, 3rd reading by doctor. bp_d3 Diastolic blood pressure, 3rd reading by doctor. pulse glucose Pulse. Glucose, AC. AC is an average measurement of blood glucose over an extended period of time. Glycosylated hemoglobin. Hemoglobin. hb_alc hemoglo Panel P5.3. Functionality Variable b5_1 Wording of Question/Description If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Stand continuously for 15 minutes. b5_2 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Stand continuously for 2 hours. b5_3 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Squat. b5_4 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Raise both hands over your head. b5_5 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Grasp or turn objects with your fingers. b5_6 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Lift or carry something weighing 11-21 kgs (like 2 bags of rice). b5_7 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, Scale (if applicable) (kg) (reading in mmHg) (reading in mmHg) (reading in mmHg) (reading in mmHg) (average) (average) (reading in mmHg) 999-missing (reading) 999-missing (beats per minute) (mg/dL) (% of Hb) (g/dL) Scale (if applicable) 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 4-don’t know 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 4-don’t know 0-no difficulty 323 would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Run a short distance (20-30 meters). b5_8 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Walk from 200-300 meters. b5_9 If no one helps you and you have no aids to help you, would you have trouble doing the following activities by yourself? Walk up 2 or 3 flights of stairs. b6_1 Based on your health and physical condition, do you have difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Buy personal items (like soap, toothpaste, medicine, etc). Based on your health and physical condition, do you have difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Manage money, pay bills, etc. b6_2 b6_3 Based on your health and physical condition, do you have difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Ride the bus or train by yourself. b6_4 Based on your health and physical condition, do you have difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Do physical work around home and surroundings (like cleaning gutters or washing windows). Based on your health and physical condition, do you have difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Sweeping, washing dishes, taking out garbage, other light tasks. Based on your health and physical condition, do you have difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Make a telephone call. b6_5 b6_6 b7_1 Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing these activities by yourself? Bathing. b7_2 Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing these activities by yourself? Dressing and undressing. b7_3 Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing these 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 4-don’t know 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 4-don’t know 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 4-don’t know 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 324 activities by yourself? Eating. b7_4 Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing these activities by yourself? Getting out of bed, standing up, sitting in a chair. b7_5 Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing the following activities by yourself? Moving about the house. b7_6 Please tell me if you have any difficulty doing these activities by yourself? Going to the toilet. b7d Any difficulty with 6 ADL in B7? Panel P5.4. Chronic Conditions Variable b4a_1 b4a_2 b4d_2 dm b4a_3 chd b4a_4 b4a_5 b4a_6 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 9-missing 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty 1-some difficulty 2-great difficulty 3-unable to do it 0-no difficulty in any of the 6 activities in b7 1-at least 1 difficulty Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? High 1-yes blood pressure. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Diabetes. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable Are you currently taking medication or getting 0-no treatment for this illness? 1-occasionally or when needed 2-often or regularly 8-not applicable History of diabetes. 0-no 1-yes Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Heart disease (does not include palpitations). 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing History of heart disease. 0-no 1-yes Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Stroke (cerebral hemorrhage). 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Cancer or malignant tumor. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, lung disease, 0-no or not sure asthma, other lower respiratory tract diseases. 8-not applicable 325 b4a_7 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? Arthritis/rheumatism. 1-yes 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing b4a_8 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Gastric ulcer/stomach ailment. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable b4a_9 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Liver or gall bladder disease. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable b4a_10 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? Hip 1-yes fracture. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing b4a_11 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Cataract. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing b4a_12 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Kidney disease (including stones). 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing b4a_13 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Gout. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable b4a_14 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Spinal/vertebrae spur. 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing b4a_15 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Other current disease (specify). 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing b4a_16 Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with this illness? 1-yes Other current disease (specify). 0-no or not sure 8-not applicable 9-missing Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., Chang, M-C., Lin, H-S., Chang, Y-L., Lin, S-J., & Wu, S-I. Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (SEBAS) in Taiwan, 2000 and 2006. ICPSR03792-v5. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], accessed 2003, accessed 2007-01-12. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACDA/studies/03792/version/5. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Table P2. There are a few other variables that describe the size of the current residence. There are quite a few questions about living conditions in terms of living with other people. Note A, Panel P4.1. There are additional questions about smoking in the questionnaire. Note A, Panel P4.2. There are several questions about involvement in community activities in Section B of the questionnaire. 326 Note A, Table P5. There are questions regarding stress and life satisfaction in Section C of the questionnaire. There are additional questions regarding the history of illnesses and family history of illnesses including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lung disease, stroke, cancer, etc. There are additional depression and mood questions in Section B of the questionnaire. Note A, Panel P5.2. There are cognitive questions in Section B of the questionnaire. NOTE B. Many of the desired variables regarding early life conditions were asked in surveys prior to the SEBAS survey and are not yet available. Mortality data are also not yet available. 327 Appendix Q: US-HRS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the US-HRS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the US data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table Q1. Respondent Variable HHID Wording of Question/Description Household identification number. Scale (if applicable) 000002-213479-household identifier range PN Personal identification number. User note: 010 Respondent person numbers ending in 0 are 011 generally from the original sample; respondent 012 person numbers ending in 1 or 2 are generally new 020 spouses or partners added since the original 021 sample. 022 030 031 032 040 041 GWGTHH 2000 Sample Weight; Household-Level. GWGTR 2000 Sample Weight; Respondent-Level. missing 998 dk/NA missing 999 rf GWHY0WGT 2000 Why Zero Weight. 1-not cohort eligible this wave 3-nursing home resident 5-birth cohort not observed 7-inap. xWGTR greater than zero or xIWTYPE greater than one G514 Proxy or self-interview? 1-self-interview 2-proxy 3-proxy G767 Interview date in 2000. (day) 1-Sunday 2-Monday 3-Tuesday 4-Wednesday5-Thursday 6-Friday 7-Saturday G768 Interview date in 2000. (month) G770 Interview date in 2000. (year) GIWTYPE 2000 Interview Type. 1-core interview obtained 5-core interview not obtained 328 GPROXY 2000 Proxy Type Status. WTCOHORT Birth Cohort Used for Creating Weights. KA500 KA501 Month of 2006 interview. Year of 2006 interview. 11-exit interview obtained 15-exit interview not obtained 21-post-exit interview obtained 25-post-exit interview not obtained 99-not in this wave 1-core interview obtained, was a proxy, proxy was provided by spouse or partner 2-core interview obtained, was a proxy, proxy was not provided by spouse or partner 5-core interview obtained, was not a proxy 9-core interview not obtained 11-exit interview obtained, proxy provided by spouse/partner 12-exit interview obtained, proxy was not provided by spouse or partner, or unknown who provided proxy interview 19-exit interview not obtained 21-post-Exit interview obtained, proxy provided by spouse/partner 22-post-exit interview obtained, proxy was not provided by spouse or partner, or unknown who provided proxy interview 29-post-exit interview not obtained 13- -1913 23- 1914-1923 30-1924-1930 36- 1931-1936 41- 1937-1941 47- 1942-1947 80- 1948+ 329 Table Q2. Demographics (see note A) Panel Q2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable G757 Wording of Question/Description Gender. G1051 In what month, day, and year were you born? G1053 In what month, day, and year were you born? G1101 Current age. G1158 Assigned marital status. Panel Q2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable RACE Wording of Question/Description Race/ethnicity. HISPANIC Hispanic type. G1089 Do you consider yourself Hispanic or Latino? Scale (if applicable) 1-male 2-female 1-Jan 2-Feb 3-Mar 4-Apr 5-May 6-Jun 7-Jul 8-Aug 9-Sep 10-Oct 11-Nov 12-Dec 98-dk 99-rf 1880-1899-actual value (verified) 1900-1970-actual value 1971-1985-actual value (verified) 9998-dk 9999-rf (actual value) 998-dk/na 999-rf 0-dk, na, rf 1-married 3-separated 4-divorced 5-widowed 6-never married 7-other, specify Scale (if applicable) 0-not obtained 1-white/Caucasian 2-Black or African American 7-other 0-Hispanic, type unknown 1-Mexican American 2-other Hispanic 5-note Hispanic 1-yes 5-no 8-dk, na 9-rf 330 G1092A Do you consider yourself primarily white or Caucasian, Black or African American, American Indian, or Asian, or something else? 1-white/Caucasian 2-Black/African American 7-Other (specify); masked version includes American Indian, Asian 8-dk, na 9-rf Panel Q2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable G1074A Wording of Question/Description What is the highest grade of school or year of college you completed? DEGREE Highest degree of education. SCHLYRS Number of years in school. GHHINC Imputed household income. Panel Q2.4. Family and Household Variable G1093 G562 G805M Wording of Question/Description I need to clarify some aspect of family history. How many children have (you fathered/you given birth to)? Please don’t count miscarriages or still-births, or adopted or step-children for this question. Are you and your (new) (husband/wife/partner) living in the same (nursing home/health care facility) together? In what city and state is your (house or apartment/house/apartment) currently located? Scale (if applicable) 0-for no formal education 1-11-grades 12-high school 13-15-some college 16-college graduate 17-post-college (17+ years) 97-other 98-dk, na 99-rf 0-no degree 1-GED 2-high school diploma 3-two-year college degree 4-four-year college degree 5-master degree 6-professional degree (PhD, MD, JD) 9-degree unknown 0-no formal education 1-11-grades 12-high school 13-15-some college 16-college graduate 17-post-college (17+ years) 99-na Scale (if applicable) 0-15-actual value 16-94-actual value (verified) 98-dk, na 99-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf (see codebook for regional details) 1-Northeast: New England Division (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT) 2-Northeast: Middle 331 Atlantic Division (NY, NJ, PA) 3-Midwest: East North Central Division (OH, IN,IL, MI, WI) 4-Midwest: West North Central Division (MN, IA, MO, ND, SD, NE, KS) 5-South: South Atlantic Division (DE, MD, DC, VA, WV, NC, SC, GA, FL) 6-South: East South Central Division (KY, TN, AL, MS) 7-South: West South Central Division (AR, LA, OK, TX) 8-West: Mountain Division (MT, ID, WY, CO, NM, AZ, UT, NV) 9-West: Pacific Division (WA, OR, CA, AK, HI) 10-US, n/a state 11-foreign country (includes US territories) 98- don’t know, n/a Table Q3. Early Life Conditions (see note A) Panel Q3.1. Birthplace Variable USBORN Wording of Question/Description Born in the United States. G1061M Region and state born. G1125 Were you living in a rural area most of the time when you were [in grade school/in high school/about age 10]? BIRTHMO Birth month. Scale (if applicable) 1-born in the United States 5-born in a foreign country 9-country of birth unknown 1-Northeast 2-Northeast 3-Midwest 4-Midwest 5-South 6-South 7-South 8-West 9-West 10-US, n/a state 11-foreign country not in a census division (includes US territories) 1-yes 5-no 8-dk, n.a. 9-rf 0-month of birth is 332 BIRTHYR Birth year. unknown 1-January 2-February 3-March 4-April 5-May 6-June 7-July 8-August 9-September 10-October 11-November 12-December 0-year of birth is unknown (year of birth) Panel Q3.2. Childhood Health and Nutrition (see note A) Variable G1079 Wording of Question/Description Consider your health while you were growing up, from birth to age 16. Would you say that your health during that time was excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor? height Height (inches). (constructed variable from several waves of data, see note below) G1428 About how tall are you? G1429 About how tall are you? Panel Q3.3. Childhood SES Variable G1080 Wording of Question/Description Now think about your family when you were growing up, from birth to age 16. Would you say your family during that time was pretty well of financially, about average, or poor? G1081 While you were growing up, before age 16, did financial difficulties ever cause you or your family to move to a different place? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 8-dk 9-rf (feet) 8-don’t know/na 9-rf (inches) 8-don’t know/na 9-rf Scale (if applicable) 1-pretty well off 2-very good 3- about average 4-fair 5-poor 6 it varied (vol) 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 333 G1082 Before age 16, was there a time when you or your family received help from relatives because of financial difficulties? G1083 Before age 16, was there a time of several months or more when your father had no job? G1084M What was your father’s occupation when you were age 16? [IWER: Probe] What kind of work did he do? What activities did he do at work? 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-father never worked/always disabled 7-never lived with father/father was not alive 8-dk 9-rf (father’s occupation, see codebook for details) 1-Mangerial specialty operation (003-037) 2-Professional specialty operation and technical support (043-235) 3-Sales (243-285)" 4-Clerical, administrative support (303-389) 5-Service: private household, cleaning and building services (403-407) 6-Service: protection (413427) 7-Service: food preparation (433-444) 8-Health services (445447) 9-Personal services (448469) 10-Farming, forestry, fishing (473-499) 11-Mechanics and repair (503-549) 12-Construction trade and extractors (553-617) 13-Precision production (633-699) 14-Operators: machine (703-799) 15-Operators: transport, etc. (803-859) 16-Operators: handlers, etc. (863-889) 17-Member of Armed Forces (900) 98-dk, na 98-dk, na 334 G1085 Did you ever live in the same household with a grandparent for a year or more before age 17? G1087 What is the highest grade of school your father completed? G1088 And what is the highest grade of school your mother completed? G1122M In what state or country did you live most of the time you were [in grade school/in high school/about age 10]? G1125 Were you living in a rural area most of the time when you were [in grade school/in high school/about age 10]? 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 0-no formal education 1-11-grades 12-high school 13-15-some college 16-college grad 17-post college (17+ years) 97-other 98 -dk 99 -rf 0-no formal education 1-11-grades 12-high school 13-15-some college 16-college grad 17-post college (17+ years) 97-other 98 -dk 99 -rf 1-Northeast Region: New England Division 2-Northeast Region: Middle Atlantic Division 3- Midwest Region: West North Central Division 4-Midwest Region: West North Central Division 5-South Region: South Atlanta Division 6-South Region: East South Central Division 9-West Region: Pacific Region 11- Foreign Country: Not in a census survey 97-other (specify) 98-dk 99-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk, na 9-rf Table Q4. Adult Lifestyle Panel Q4.1. Adult Smoking (see note A) Variable V298 Wording of Question/Description How would you describe yourself; as a current Scale (if applicable) 1-current smoker 335 smoker, as a former smoker, or as someone who has never smoked? 2-former smoker 3-never smoked 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf G1399 Have you ever smoked cigarettes? V501, W452, D942, E942, F1266, G1400 Do you smoke cigarettes now? Variable G1395 Wording of Question/Description On average over the last 12 months have you participated in vigorous physical activity or exercise three times a week or more? By vigorous physical activity, we mean things like sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical labor. Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf Wording of Question/Description Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, or liquor? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-never have used alcohol 5-no 8-dk 9-rf Panel Q4.2. Adult Exercise Panel Q4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption Variable G1415 Panel Q4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable G2603 G2604 Wording of Question/Description Aside from any hospital stays, how many times have you seen or talked to a medical doctor about your health, including emergency room or clinic visits (since Q218-PR219 previous wave IW month/Q219PR219 previous wave IW year/in the last two years)? Did it amount to less than 20 times, more than 20 times, or what? G2605 Did it amount to less than 5 times, more than 5 times, or what? G2606 Do you think you have seen a medical doctor about your health at least once (since Q218-PR218 previous wave IW month/Q219-PR219 previous wave IW year/in the last two years)? Did it amount to less than 50 times, more than 50 times, or what? G2607 Scale (if applicable) (number of times) 0-zero 998-dk/NA 999-rf 1-less than 20 times 3-about 20 times 5-more than 20 times 8-dk/NA 9-rf 1-less than 5 times 3-about 5 times 5-more than 5 times 8-dk/NA 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk/NA 9-rf 1-less than 50 times 3-about 50 times 336 5-more than 50 times 8-dk/NA 9-rf Table Q5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel Q5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable G1226 Wording of Question/Description Next I have some questions about your health. Would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor? G1229 Compared with your health when we talked to you in respondent’s last interview month, year would you say that your health is better now, about the same, or worse? G1233 Is it much better or somewhat better? G1234 Is it much worse or somewhat worse? Panel Q5.2. Anthropometric Measures (see note A) Variable G1425 Wording of Question/Description About how much do you weigh? Panel Q5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes Variable A01_07, B 06_07 Wording of Question/Description Overall, in the last 30 days, how much pain or bodily aches did you have? A02_07, B 05_07 In the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with sleeping such as falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning? A03_07, B 04_07 Overall, in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with moving around? Scale (if applicable) 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor 8-dk (don’t know), not ascertained 9-rf (refused) 1-better 2-about the same 3-worse 8-dk, na 9-rf 1-much better 2-somewhat better 8-dk, na 9-rf 4-somewhat worse 5-much worse 8-dk, na 9-rf Scale (if applicable) (pounds) 998-dk 999-rf Scale (if applicable) 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 337 A04_07, B 03_07 Overall, in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with concentrating or remembering things? A05_07, B02_07 In the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have because of shortness of breath? A06_07, B01_07 Overall, in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with feeling sad, low, or depressed? A07_07, B 07_07 Do you have any impairment or health problem that limits the kind or amount of work you can do? A08_07, A10_07, A12_07, A26_07, A27_07, A28_07, A32_07, A33_07, A34_07, B21_07, B23_07, B25_07, B26_07, B27_07, B28_07, B32_07, B33_07, B34_07 A09_07, A11_07, A13_07, B20_07, B22_07, B24_07 A14_07, A16_07, A18_07, B15_07, B17_07, B19_07 A15_07, A17_07, A19_07, B14_07, B16_07, B18_07 A20_07, A24_07, B09_07, B11_07, B13_07 A21_07, A22_07, A23_07, A25_07, A29_07, A30_07, B08_07, B10_07, B12_07, B29_07, B30_07, B31_07 Pain vignettes. Variable G2692 Wording of Question/Description Because of a health or memory problem do you 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme Sleeping vignettes. Mobility vignettes. Cognition vignettes. Respiratory vignettes. Depression vignettes. Panel Q5.3. Functionality Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 338 have difficulty with walking one block? G2695 G2698 G2701 G2704 G2707 G2710 G2713 G2716 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty with sitting for about two hours? 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty getting up from a chair after 5-no sitting for long periods? 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty climbing several flights of stairs 5-no without resting? 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty climbing one flight of stairs 5-no without resting? 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty stooping, kneeling, or crouching? 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty reaching or extending your arms 5-no above shoulder level? 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty pulling or pushing large objects 5-no like a living room chair? 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Because of a health or memory problem do you 1-yes have difficulty lifting or carrying weights over 10 5-no pounds, like a heavy bag of groceries? 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 339 G2719 Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty picking up a dime from a table? G2725 Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty with walking across a room? G2689 Because of a health problem do you have any difficulty with walking several blocks? G2690 Do you have any difficulty with running or jogging about a mile? G2723 Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty with dressing, including putting on shoes or socks? G2742 Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty with bathing or showering? G2752 Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty with eating, such as cutting up your food? G2762 Because of a health or memory problem do you have difficulty with getting in or out of bed? G2775 Because of a health or memory problem do you 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes5-no 340 have difficulty with using the toilet, including getting up or down? G2851 Because of a health or memory problem, do you have any difficulty using a map to figure out how to get around in a strange place? G2860 Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty preparing a hot meal? G2865 Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty shopping for groceries? G2870 Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty making phone calls? G2875 Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty taking medications? G2916 Because of a health or memory problem, do you have difficulty managing your money—such as paying your bills and keeping track of expenses? Panel Q5.4. Chronic Conditions Variable G1238 Wording of Question/Description (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have high blood pressure or hypertension? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had high blood pressure or hypertension:) Our records from your last interview show that you have had high blood sugar or hypertension. 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 6-can’t do 7-don’t do 8-dk 9-rf Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 3-disputes previous wave record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous wave record, does not have condition 5-no 8-dk 341 G1245 G1248 (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had high blood pressure or hypertension:) Since we talked last in respondent’s last interview month, year, has a doctor told you that you have high blood sugar or hypertension? (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes or high blood pressure? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had diabetes or high blood pressure:) Our records (from your last interview in respondent’s last interview month, year) show that you have had diabetes or high blood sugar. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had diabetes or high blood pressure:) Since we talked last in respondent’s last interview month, year, has a doctor told you that you have diabetes or high blood sugar? In order to treat or control your diabetes, are you now taking medication that you swallow? G1249 Are you now using insulin shots or a pump? G1262 (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have cancer or a malignant tumor, excluding minor skin cancers? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had cancer:) Our records from your last interview in respondent’s last interview month, year show that you have had cancer. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had cancer:) Since we talked last in respondent’s last interview month, year, has a doctor told you that you have cancer or a malignant tumor, excluding minor skin cancer? (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have chronic lung disease such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). G1279 9-rf 1-yes 3-disputes previous wave record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous wave record, does not have condition 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 3-disputes previous wave record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous wave record, does not have condition 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 3-disputes previous wave record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous 342 G1289 G1309 G1327 (If respondent reported in last interview that had lung disease:) Our records from your last interview in respondent’s last interview month, year show that you have had chronic lung disease, such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had lung disease:) Since we last talked with you, (that is since respondent’s last interview month, year,) has a doctor told you that you have chronic lung disease, such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema? (Interviewer: Do not include asthma.) (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have had a heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had heart problem:) Our records (from your last interview in respondent’s last interview month, year) show that you have had a heart problem. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had heart problem:) (Since your interview in respondent’s last interview month, year, has a doctor told you that you have had) a heart attack, (have) coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems? (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you had a stroke? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had stroke:) Our records (from your last interview in respondent’s last interview month, year) show that you have had a stroke. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had stroke:) (Since your interview in respondent’s last interview month, year, has a doctor told you that you have had) a stroke? (If new interview respondent:) Has a doctor ever told you that you have arthritis or rheumatism? (If reinterview respondent:) Previous wave (yes/no). (If respondent reported in last interview that had arthritis:) Our records (from your last wave record, does not have condition 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 3-disputes previous wave record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous wave record, does not have condition 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 2-possible stroke or TIA (transient ischemic attack) 3-disputes previous wave record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous wave record, does not have condition 5-no 8-dk 9-rf 1-yes 3-disputes previous record, but now has condition 4-disputes previous record, does not have condition 343 interview in respondent’s last interview month, year) show that you have had arthritis. (If reinterview respondent and respondent did not report in last interview that had arthritis:) (Since your interview in respondent’s last interview month, year, have you had or has a doctor told you that you have) arthritis or rheumatism? 5-no 8-dk 9-rf Panel Q5.6. Adult Mortality Variable GALIVE Wording of Question/Description 2000 Vital Status, based on HRS tracking efforts. Scale (if applicable) 1-alive at this wave 2-presumed alive as of this wave 5-known deceased as of this wave 6-known deceased as of prior wave 9-vital status unknown KALIVE 2006 Vital Status, based on HRS tracking 1-alive at this wave efforts. 2-presumed alive as of this wave 5-known deceased as of this wave 6-known deceased as of prior wave 9-vital status unknown NSCORE National Death Index Match Score. 0-not listed as deceased in variable xNDALIVE 21-997-probabilistic match score NMONTH National Death Index Month of Death. 0-not listed as deceased 1-January 2-February 3-March 4-April 5-May 6-June 7-July 8-August 9-September 10-October 11-November 12-December NYEAR National Death Index Year of Death. 0-not listed as deceased 1992-2004-year of death Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Juster, F.T. & Willis, R.J. Health and Retirement Study (HRS). University of Michigan: Institute for Social Research [distributor]: accessed 2008-07-01, accessed 2012. http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/. Notes: 344 NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below along with other notes particular to the tables above. The variables for HRS 2000 all begin with “G,” earlier years start with different letters. For example, “E” for 1996 and “F” for 1998. Variables from previous years do not appear in the table (with the exception of adult smoking variables), though data may have been used to gather responses. Note A, Table Q2. Variable G562 was in the household cover screen questionnaire and was used to calculate household size. There is a variable to determine in which state the respondent was born. The variable determining the number of children was created using several waves of HRS data (variables V145 (wave 1993), D668 (1995), E668 (1996), F1006 (1998), and G1093 (2000)). Note A, Panel Q2.3. Variable G1074A combines data from previous waves with data from variable G1074 (includes only information from the 2000 wave). Note A, Table Q3. Most of the childhood variables were created using a subset of the 1996, 1998, and 2000 HRS data. The 2000 variables are listed in the table above. Note A, Panel Q3.2. Variables regarding childhood were asked in HRS to individuals in 1996, 1998 and 2000. To construct the final childhood variables, data from HRS 1996, 1998 and 2000 were combined. Shown in the table are examples of variables found in HRS 2000. Variables from 1996 (beginning with “E”) and 1998 (beginning with “F”) are not shown in this table but were similar. In the case of height a similar situation occurred. Height was asked of respondent during the first HRS interview. Previous waves were used to ascertain the height of respondents in HRS 2000 who had participated in HRS prior to 2000 (variables V517 and V518 (wave 1992 imputed), V306 (1993), W463 and W464 (1994), D958 and D959 (1995), E958 and E959 (1996), F1295 and F1296 (1998), and G1428 (2000)). Note A, Panel Q4.1. To create a variable for smoking, several different waves of HRS had to be examined (variables V501 (wave 1992 imputed), V298 (1993), W452 (1994), D942 (1995), E942 (1996), F1266 (1998), and G1400 (2000)). In 1993, the question was worded slightly different from those of the other waves in that it distinguished between those who never smoked and those who formerly smoked (1993:1-currernt smoker, 2-former smoker, 3-never smoked and for all other waves: 1-smoking 5-never smoke). Note A, Table Q5. Variables G1250-G1256 provide additional questions regarding diabetes. Note A, Panel Q5.2. The vignettes were part of the 2006 study and done as a mail out to a subsample of respondents. There are two versions, A and B, of the vignettes (see Juster & Willis, accessed 2012). The data for the vignettes were accessed in August 2012 from the 2007 HRS Mail out Disability Vignette Study (version 1.0). NOTE B. In some instances questions were asked only during the first time a respondent was interviewed in the HRS study. These included self-reported questions on height and early childhood. To 345 obtain this information for a particular survey year (e.g. HRS 2000) several previous waves had to be reviewed to compile the needed information. 346 Appendix R: US-WLS original variables The tables below describe the original variables from the US-WLS survey that were used to construct variables for the cross national data set. These variables are marked in bold. The list of variables in the tables also includes original variables that are included in the country-specific data files but not in the cross national data set. The variables are grouped according to the same groupings used in the table of contents of the technical report. After the tables there are notes specific to the US data that should be taken into account when examining the data. Table R1. Respondent Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) ga006re Did Graduate Respondent complete the entire phone interview in 2003-05 or partial? 1-completed questions for entire interview 2-partial, completed through BR3+ ga016rem Month Graduate Respondent completed telephone interview. ga016red Day Graduate Respondent completed telephone interview. ga016rey Year Graduate Respondent completed telephone interview. 1-January 2-February 3-March 4-April 5-May 6-June 7-July 8-August 9-September 10-October 11-November 12-December 1-7 8-13 14-20 21-27 28-31 2003 2004 2005 ga029re Date Graduate Respondent’s telephone interview was delivered to WLS from UWSC. Day mail survey returned. idpriv ia004dre Identification number for public use. This ID is the same for all respondents: i.e. graduate and sibling respondents. 1-6 7-12 13-18 19-25 26-31 -4-missing/not ascertained 347 ia004mre Month mail survey returned. ia004yre Year mail survey returned. stat04m Outcome of 2004 graduate respondent mail interview. -4-missing/not ascertained 1-January 2-February 3-March 4-April 5-May 6-June 7-July 8-August 9-September 10-October 11-November 12-December -4-missing/not ascertained 2003 2004 2005 2006 1-mail returned, entire phone interview completed 2-mail returned, partial useable phone completed 3-mail returned, no useable phone completed 4-mail questionnaire sent, not returned 5-mail questionnaire not sent Table R2. Demographics Panel R2.1. Gender, Age and Marital Status Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) brdxdy Graduate’s year of birth. 11-1911 30-1930 34-1934 35-1935 36-1936 37-1937 38-1938 39-1939 40-1940 41-1941 -3-not ascertained or nonrespondent in both 1975 and 1992/93 interviews sexrsp Sex of respondent (1957). 1-male 2-female 348 ga003re gc001re Graduate respondent’s age at time of interview. Current marital status. Panel R2.2. Ethnicity, Race and Language Variable ie008re Wording of Question/Description Is your race/origin White? ie019rec Number of races/origins graduate respondent indicated being/having. ie009re Is your race/origin Black, African American, or Negro? ie010re Is your race/origin American Indian or Alaskan Native? ie012re Is your race/origin Asian? ie014re Is your race/origin Pacific Islander? ie016re Is your race/origin Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish? ie017re Is your race/origin something other than White, Black, African American, Negro, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish? (age; range: 62-73) 1-currently married 2-separated 3-divorced 4-widowed 5-never married -1-don’t know -3-refused -4-not ascertained Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 0-none, refused all 1-one race 2-two races 3-three races 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused Panel R2.3. Education, Income and Wealth (see note A) Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) 349 gb103red How many years of education does the graduate have based on his or her highest degree? gb104red How many years of education does the graduate have based on his or her most recent degree? gb005rec What is the graduate’s highest degree since high school? gp250rec Total Person Income—TPI. gp260hec Total Household Income—THI. Panel R2.4. Family and Household Variable Wording of Question/Description 12-less than one year of college 13-one year of college 14-asst. degree, two years of college 15-three or more years of college 16-bachelor’s degree 17-master’s degree 18-two-year master’s 19-professional degrees, one or more years post two-year master’s 20-PhD, MD 21-post doctorate education -3-refused 12-less than one year of college 13-one year of college 14-asst. degree, two years of college 15-three or more years of college 16-bachelor’s degree 17-master’s degree 18-two-year master’s 19-professional degrees, one or more years post two-year master’s 20-PhD, MD -3-refused 1-associate degree 2-bachelor’s degree 3-master’s degree 4-doctorate or professional degree -2-inappropriate (income) -5-partial interview (income) -5-partial interview Scale (if applicable) 350 gk067ss gd001kd gd102kd ge001he Total number of siblings ever born. 0-no siblings 1-26-one to twenty six siblings -3-not ascertained, don’t know Total number of respondent’s children. Include 0-no children biological, adopted, step or foster children as well as 1-one child other. Respondent considered to be a part of his/her 2-two children family. 3-three children 4-four children 5-five children 6-six children 7-seven children 8-eight children 9-nine children 10-17-ten to seventeen children -2-inappropriate -4-not ascertained Were there any deceased children at time of 1993 or 2004 interview? Number of household members. Includes respondent. 0-at least 1 child dead by ’92 interview 1-at least one by 2003-2005 interview, none in 1992 2-no children deceased by 2003-2005 interview -2-inappropriate (number of members) Table R3. Early Life Conditions Panel R3.1. Birthplace Variable ie001re Wording of Question/Description In what city were you born? Scale (if applicable) “Baltimore” “Browndeer” “Coloma” “Hancock” “Menomimee” “Mucsi” “Packwaukee Township” “Waterbury” “Waukegan” “Wyocena” 351 ie002re In what county were you born? ie003re In what state were you born? “Greenbay” “Hamlin” “Houston” “Menomimee” “Metarie” “Rusk” “Saskatchewan” “Tremp.” “Ventura” “Wauksha” -3-refused 0-international 1-Alabama 2-Alaska 3-Arizona 4-Arkansas 5-California 6-Colorado 7-Conecticut 9-District of Columbia 10-Florida 11-Georgia 14-Illinois 15-Indiana 16-Iowa 17-Kansas 18-Kentucky 19-Louisiana 21-Maryland 22-Massachusetts 23-Michigan 24-Minnesota 25-Mississippi 26-Missouri 27-Montana 28-Nebraska 29-Nevada 31-New Jersey 32-New Mexico 33-New York 34-North Carolina 36-Ohio 37-Oklahoma 38-Oregon 39-Pennsylvania 41-South Carolina 42-South Dakota 43-Tennessee 352 ie004re Were you born in Wisconsin? rlur57 1957 population of town in which graduate attended high school with urban-rural distinction. cmbrdx Graduate’s century month of birthdate. Panel R3.2. Childhood Health 44-Texas 46-Vermont 48-Washington 49-West Virginia 50-Wisconsin 51-Wyoming 1-yes, born in Wisconsin 2-no, born outside Wisconsin -3-refused 1-rural, graduate’s father a farmer 2-under 1,000 3-1,000-2,499 4-2,500-9,999 5-10,000-24,999 6-25,000-49,999 7-50,000-99,999 8-100,000-150,000 (Madison) 9-Over 150,000 (Milwaukee) (century month; range: 139499) -3-not ascertained or nonrespondent in both 1975 and 1992/93 interviews Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) ixc01rer How would you rate your health as a child? iv205rer We would like to ask you about some of your experiences growing up—until you were 18 years old. My parents encouraged me to go to college. 1-poor 2-fair 3-good 4-very good 5-excellent -3-refused iv206rer We would like to ask you about some of your experiences growing up—until you were 18 years old. I saw a parent or one of my brothers or sisters get beaten in my home. 1-never 2-rarely 3-sometimes 4-often 5-very often -3-refused 1-never 2-rarely 3-sometimes 4-often 5-very often -3-refused 353 iv207rer We would like to ask you about some of your experiences growing up—until you were 18 years old. I knew that there was someone to take care of me and protect me. iv208rer The following questions are about how your father (or step/foster father) treated you while growing up—until you were 18 years old. My father (or step/foster father) insulted or swore at me. iv209rer The following questions are about how your father (or step/foster father) treated you while growing up—until you were 18 years old. My father (or step/foster father) slapped, shoved or threw things at me. iv210rer The following questions are about how your father (or step/foster father) treated you while growing up—until you were 18 years old. My father (or step/foster father) treated me in a way I would now consider physical abuse. iv211rer The following questions are about how your mother (or step/foster mother) treated you while growing up—until you were 18 years old. My mother (or step/foster mother) insulted or swore at me. iv212rer The following questions are about how your mother (or step/foster mother) treated you while growing up—until you were 18 years old. My mother (or step/foster mother) slapped, shoved or threw things at me. iv213rer ixc02rer The following questions are about how your mother (or step/foster mother) treated you while growing up—until you were 18 years old. My mother (or step/foster mother) treated me in a way I would now consider physical abuse. Did you have asthma as a child? ixc03rer Did you have frequent ear infections as a child? 1-never 2-rarely 3-sometimes 4-often 5-very often -3-refused -1-don’t know 1-not at all 2-a little 3-some 4-a lot -3-refused -1-don’t know 1-not at all 2-a little 3-some 4-a lot -3-refused -1-don’t know 1-not at all 2-a little 3-some 4-a lot -3-refused -1-don’t know 1-not at all 2-a little 3-some 4-a lot -3-refused 1-not at all 2-a little 3-some 4-a lot -3-refused 1-not at all 2-a little 3-some 4-a lot -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 354 ixc04rer Did you have your tonsils and/or adenoids removed as a child? ixc05rer Did you have chronic bronchitis as a child? ixc06rer Did you have whooping cough/pertussis as a child? ixc07rer Did you have polio as a child? ixc08rer Did you have diphtheria as a child? ixc09rer Did you have hepatitis as a child? ixc10rer Did you have pneumonia as a child? ixc11rer Did you have meningitis as a child? ixc12rer Did you have mono/infectious mononucleosis as a child? ixc13rer Through age 16, did you ever miss school for 1 month or more because of a health condition? ixc14rer Through age 16, were you ever confined to bed or home for 1 month or more because of a health condition? ixc15rer Through age 16, were your sports or physical activities ever restricted for 3 months or more because of a health condition? 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 355 ixc16are ixc16bre What was the most serious health condition that caused you to miss school for 1 month or more, be confined to bed or home for 1 month or more, or be restricted from sports or physical activities for 3 months or more? These are ICD-9 and ICF codes. What was the most serious health condition that caused you to miss school for 1 month or more, be confined to bed or home for 1 month or more, or be restricted from sports or physical activities for 3 months or more? These are collapsed ICD-9 and ICF codes. Panel R3.3. Childhood Nutrition (see note A) 2-7081-ICD-9/ICF Code -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused -18-could not code 10-infectious and parasitic diseases 20-neoplasms 30-endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, immunity 40-blood and blood-forming organs 50-mental disorders 60-nervous system and sense organs 70-circulatory system 80-respiratory systems 90-digestive system 100-genitourinary system 120-skin and subcutaneous tissue 130-musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 140-congenital anomalies 150-condition in the perinatal period 160-symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions 170-injury and poisoning 180-ICD-9 E Codes 190-ICD-9 V Codes 200-IDC-9 Volume 3 Headings 230-ICF Activities and Participation 240-ICF Environmental Factors -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused -18-could not code Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) ix010fre How tall are you: feet component? (feet) -3-refused -4-not ascertained ix010rec Graduate respondent’s total height in inches. (height in inches) -2-inappropriate -4-not ascertained 356 ix010ire How tall are you: inches component? ix011rec Body Mass Index based on Graduate Respondent’s weight and height. Panel R3.4. Childhood SES Variable dadocc1 Wording of Question/Description Father’s occupation, by broad category. First category chosen. dadocc2 Father’s occupation, by broad category. Second category chosen. edfa57q Father’s years of schooling. edmo57q Mother’s years of schooling. (height in inches) -3-refused -4-not ascertained (Body mass index, range: 1264) -2-inappropriate -4-not ascertained Scale (if applicable) 1-office work 2-professional 3-executive 4-factory worker 5-salesman 6-owns/manages small business 7-owns/manages farm 8-other occupation (specify) -3-blank, no info provided 3-executive 4-factory worker 5-salesman 6-owns/manages small business 7-owns/manages farm 8-other occupation (specify) -3-blank, no info provided 7-did not attend high school 10-attended high school 12-graduated from high school 13-attended trade or business school 14-attended college 16-graduated from college 18-has masters or PhD -1-don’t know -3-not ascertained 7-did not attend high school 10-attended high school 12-graduated from high school 13-attended trade or business school 14-attended college 16-graduated from college 18-has masters or PhD -1-don’t know -3-not ascertained 357 ocf57 Father’s occupation by general category. 1-unskilled or not ascertained 2-farming 3-skilled 4-white collar 5-professional or executive Table R4. Adult Lifestyle Panel R4.1. Adult Smoking Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) ixt01rer Have you ever smoked a pipe or cigars, or used snuff or chewing tobacco regularly in your entire life? Have you ever smoked cigarettes regularly in your entire life? 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused ix012rer ix013rec Does Graduate Respondent currently smoke? ix014rer For how many years has Graduate Respondent smoked, or did Respondent smoke regularly? About how many packs did you usually smoke per day when you smoked regularly, or how many packs do you smoke a day now? Up until you were 16 years old, did anyone in your household, other than yourself, smoke? ix015rer ixt02rer ixt03rer Up until you were 16 years old, did your mother smoke? ixt04rer Up until you were 16 years old, did your father smoke? ixt05rer Up until you were 16 years old, did someone in your household other than your parents smoke? ixt06rer How old were you when you started smoking regularly? ixt07rer How often do you smoke now? 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate (years, range: 1-57) -2-inappropriate (number of packs) -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-everyday 2-some days 3-not at all -2-inappropriate -3-refused 358 ixt08rer On average, how many packs do you smoke a day? (number of packs rounded to quarter packs) -2-inappropriate -3-refused ixt09rer For how many years have you been smoking the average number of packs a day you smoke now? ixt10rer About how many packs did you usually smoke per day when you smoked regularly? (number of years rounded to whole years) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused (number of packs rounded to quarter packs) -2-inappropriate -3-refused ixt11rer How old were you when you last smoked cigarettes? ixt12rer Does anyone, other than yourself, regularly smoke cigarettes or other tobacco products inside your home? Panel R4.2. Adult Exercise (see note A) (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused Variable ixe01rer Wording of Question/Description How many hours per month do you participate in light physical activities, either alone or with others? Scale (if applicable) (number of hours) -2-inappropriate ixe02rer How many hours per month do you participate in vigorous physical activities, either alone or with others? (number of hours) -2-inappropriate iz165rer iz168rer iz171rer iz174rer During the past year, how many hours per month did you spend doing light physical activities that you do alone, such as light housework, gardening, or walking by yourself? During the past year, how many hours per month did you spend doing light physical activities that you do with others, such as walking with friends, bowling, playing softball or other team sports with light activity? During the past year, how many hours per month did you spend doing vigorous physical activities that you do alone, such as jogging, swimming, biking, or going to the gym by yourself? During the past year, how many hours per month did you spend doing vigorous physical activities that you do with others such as jogging, swimming, biking, or going to the gym with friends or playing team sports? (number of hours) -3-refused -1-don’t know (number of hours) -3-refused -1-don’t know (number of hours) -3-refused -1-don’t know (number of hours) -3-refused -1-don’t know 359 Panel R4.3. Adult Alcohol Consumption Variable Wording of Question/Description ixab11re When you feel lonely does having a drink help? ixab01re ixab02re ixab03re ixab04re ixab05re ixab06re ixab07re ixab08re ixab09re ixab10re Do you ever drink alcoholic beverages? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no -3-refused -4-not ascertained 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused When talking with others, do you ever underestimate 1-yes how much you actually drink? 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused After a few drinks, have you sometimes not eaten or been 1-yes able to skip a meal because you didn’t feel hungry? 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Does having a few drinks help decrease your shakiness 1-yes or tremors? 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Does alcohol sometimes make it hard for you to 1-yes remember parts of the day or night? 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Do you usually take a drink to relax or calm your nerves? 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Do you drink to take your mind off your problems? 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Have you ever increased your drinking after 1-yes experiencing a loss in your life? 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Has a doctor or nurse every said they were worried or 1-yes concerned about your drinking? 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused Have you ever made rules to manage your drinking? 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused 360 Panel R4.4. Health Care Utilization Variable ixhi01re ixhi03re ix1201re Wording of Question/Description In the past 12 months, have you seen a doctor or health professional in an office, clinic, or health center, not including visits to mental health professionals? In the past 12 months, how many different times have you seen a doctor or health professional in an office, clinic, or health center, not including visits to mental health professionals? In the last 12 months, have you had a complete health exam or physical? Scale (if applicable) 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (number of visits; range: 1302) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused Table R5. Adult Health Outcomes (see note A) Panel R5.1. Self-Reported Health Variable Wording of Question/Description gx201re In general, would you say your health is excellent, very 1-excellent good, good, fair, or poor? 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5-poor -1-don’t know -3-refused How would you rate your health at the present time? 1-very poor 2-poor 3-fair 4-good 5-excellent -4-not ascertained -3-refused ix001rer ix002rer ix003rer How would you rate your health compared with other people your same age and sex? Compared with 10 years ago, how would you rate your health? Scale (if applicable) 1-very poor 2-poor 3-fair 4-good 5-excellent -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-much worse 2-somewhat worse 3-about the same 4-somewhat better 5-much better -3-refused 361 ix004rer Compared with 10 years ago, how would you rate your appearance? Panel R5.2. Anthropometric Measures (see note A) Variable ix009rer Wording of Question/Description How much do you weigh in pounds? Panel R5.3. Self-Reported Health and Vignettes Variable ixaa1rer Wording of Question/Description Name of the person in the World Health Survey Affect A vignette. ixab1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Affect B vignette. ixac1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Affect C vignette. ixad1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Affect D vignette. ixma1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Mobility A vignette. ixmb1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Mobility B vignette. ixmc1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Mobility C vignette. 1-much worse 2-somewhat worse 3-about the same 4-somewhat better 5-much better -3-refused Scale (if applicable) -4-not ascertained -3-refused -1-don’t know 85-146 169-189 190-212 213-375 Scale (if applicable) 1-James 2-Judith -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-John 2-Barbara -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-James2-Judith 3-John 4-Barbara -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-James 2-Judith 3-John 4-Barbara -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-Richard 2-Carol -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-Robert 2-Mary -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-Robert 2-Mary 3-Richard 4-Carol -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 362 ixmd1rer Name of the person in the World Health Survey Mobility D vignette. ix3001re Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with moving around? ix3002re Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have in vigorous activities, such as running two miles or cycling? ix3003re Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with feeling sad, low or depressed? ix3004re Overall in the last 30 days, how much of a problem did you have with worry or anxiety? ixaa2rer, ixab2rer, ixac2rer, ixad2rer Depression vignettes. ixaa3rer, ixab3rer, ixac3rer, ixad3rer Anxiety vignettes. 1-Robert 2-Mary 3-Richard 4-Carol -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -3-refused 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -3-refused -1-don’t know 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -3-refused 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -3-refused 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -4-not ascertained -3-refused -2-inappropriate -1-don’t know 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -4-not ascertained -3-refused -2-inappropriate -1-don’t know 363 ixma2rer, ixmb2rer, ixmc2rer, ixmd2rer Mobility vignettes. ixma3rer, ixmb3rer, ixmc3rer, ixmd3rer Vigorous activities vignettes. Panel R5.2. Functionality 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -4-not ascertained -3-refused -2-inappropriate -1-don’t know 1-none 2-mild 3-moderate 4-severe 5-extreme -4-not ascertained -3-refused -2-inappropriate -1-don’t know Variable Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) gx340re Because of any impairment or health problems, do you need the help of other persons in handling routine needs? Does your health limit moderate activities, such as moving a table, pushing a vacuum cleaning, bowling, or playing golf? 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes, limited a lot 2-yes, limited a little 3-no, not limited at all -3-refused ixch02re Does your health limit climbing several flights of stairs? 1-yes, limited a lot 2-yes, limited a little 3-no, not limited at all -3-refused -1-don’t know ixch03re Does your health limit lifting or carrying something as heavy as 10 lbs., such as a bag of groceries? ixch04re Does your health limit lifting or carrying something as heavy as 25 lbs., such as a bag of pet food? ixch05re Does your health limit pushing or pulling large objects such as a living room chair? ixch06re Does your health limit standing or being on your feet for one hour? 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused -1-don’t know 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused ixch01re 364 ixch07re Does your health limit sitting for one hour? ixch08re Does your health limit stooping, crouching, or kneeling? ixch09re Does your health limit reaching over your head? Panel R5.3. Chronic Conditions Variable gx341re 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused Wording of Question/Description Scale (if applicable) Has a doctor every told you that you have high blood pressure or hypertension? 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused gx342re Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes? gx343re In what year were you first diagnosed with diabetes? gx344re In order to treat or control your diabetes, are you now taking medications that you swallow? gx345re In order to treat or control your diabetes, are you now using insulin shots or a pump? gx346re Has a doctor every told you that you have high blood sugar? gx347re In what year were you first diagnosed with high blood sugar? gx348re Has a doctor ever told you that you have cancer or a malignant tumor, not including minor skin cancers? gx349re In what year was your cancer or malignant tumor, not including minor skin cancers, diagnosed? (year) -1-don’t know -2-inapprorpriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused (year) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused (year) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate 365 gx350ere Organ or part of graduate’s body first cancer or malignant tumor occurred. This is only the colon, female breast, or prostate. ix085rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have asthma? ix089rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have chronic bronchitis/emphysema? gx351re Has a doctor ever told you that you had a heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems? gx352re Did you have a heart attack or myocardial infarction? gx353re In what year did you have your most recent heart attack or myocardial infarction? gx354re gx355re Have you ever had a special test or treatment of your heart where tubes were inserted into your veins or arteries—i.e. cardiac catheterization, coronary angiogram, or angioplasty? Have you ever had surgery on your heart? gx356re Has a doctor every told you that you had a stroke? gx357re In what year did you last have a stroke? gx358re Do you still have any remaining health problems because of your stroke, such as muscle weakness or difficulty speaking? gx359re Do you sometimes have pain, stiffness, or swelling in your joints? 1-malignant neoplasm of color 2-malignant neoplasm of female breast 3-malignant neoplasm or prostate -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused (year) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused (year) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -2-inappropriate 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 366 gx360re Have you ever had, or has a doctor ever told you that you have, arthritis or rheumatism? gx361re Have you ever been diagnosed with a mental illness? gx362bre What was the specific diagnosis of your second mental illness? These are ICD-9 codes. How much does your chronic bronchitis/emphysema currently interfere with what you like to do? ix090rer ix142rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have chronic sinus problems? ix142are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with chronic sinus problems? ix143rer How much do your chronic sinus problems currently interfere with what you like to do? ix103rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have circulation problems? ix103are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with circulation problems? ix104rer How much do your circulation problems currently interfere with what you like to do? ix144rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have fibromyalgia? 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused (codes; range: 290-780) -2-inappropriate 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused 367 ix144are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with fibromyalgia? ix145rer How much does your fibromyalgia currently interfere with what you like to do? ix146rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have high cholesterol? ix146are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with high cholesterol? ix147rer How much does your high cholesterol currently interfere with what you like to do? ix148rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have irritable bowel syndrome? ix148are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome? ix149rer How much does your irritable bowel syndrome currently interfere with what you like to do? ix105rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have kidney/bladder problems? ix105are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with kidney/bladder problems? (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 368 ix106rer How much do your kidney/bladder problems currently interfere with what you like to do? ix111rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have multiple sclerosis? ix111are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with multiple sclerosis? ix112rer How much does your multiple sclerosis currently interfere with what you like to do? ix150rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have osteoporosis? ix150are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with osteoporosis? ix151rer How much does your osteoporosis currently interfere with what you like to do? ix097rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have serious back trouble? ix097are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with serious back trouble? ix098rer How much does your serious back trouble currently interfere with what you like to do? ix107rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have an ulcer? 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused (age) -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -3-refused 369 ix107are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with an ulcer? ix018rer How much does you ulcer currently interfere with what you like to do? ix152rer Has a medical professional ever said that you have prostate problems? ix152are How old were you when you were first diagnosed with prostate problems? ix153rer How much do prostate problems currently interfere with what you like to do? ixf08rer Has your biological father had diabetes/high blood sugar? ixm08rer Has your biological mother had diabetes/high blood sugar? ixb08rer Have any of your biological brothers had diabetes/high blood sugar? ixs08rer Have any of your biological sisters had diabetes/high blood sugar? (age) -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused (age) -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-not at all 2-very little 3-some 4-quite a bit 5-a great deal -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused 1-yes 2-no -1-don’t know -2-inappropriate -3-refused Panel R5.5. Adult Mortality Variable Wording of Question/Description gw006ifc Cause of Graduate’s death. These are collapsed ICD-9 Scale (if applicable) -18-unable to code 370 codes. livgrad Is the graduate alive as of current release as far as we know? deatyr Year of graduate’s death. deatmn Month of graduate’s death. ndi01 Graduate’s NDI state of death. -1-don’t know 10-infectious & parasitic diseases 20-neoplasms 30-endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, immunity 40-blood & bloodforming organs 60-nervous system & sense organs 70-circulatory system 80-respiratory system 90-digestive system 160-symptoms, signs & ill-defined conditions 170-injury & poisoning 180-E codes 1-yes, respondent is not known to be deceased 2-no, respondent is deceased -9-missing -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1957-2011-year of death -4-not ascertained -2-inappropriate 1-12-month of death 1-Alabama 2-Alaska 3-Arizona 4-Arkansas 5-California 6-Colorado 7-Conecticut 9-District of Columbia 10-Florida 11-Georgia 12-Hawaii 13-Idaho 14-Illinois 15-Indiana 16-Iowa 17-Kansas 18-Kentucky 371 ndi02 Graduate’s NDI ICD-9/ICD-10 cause of death. ndi03 Graduate’s NDI ICD-9/ICD-10 selected causes of death 282/358 recodes. 19-Louisiana 21-Maryland 22-Massachusetts 23-Michigan 24-Minnesota 25-Mississippi 26-Missouri 27-Montana 28-Nebraska 29-Nevada 31-New Jersey 32-New Mexico 33-New York 34-North Carolina 35-North Dakota 36-Ohio 37-Oklahoma 38-Oregon 39-Pennsylvania 41-South Carolina 42-South Dakota 43-Tennessee 44-Texas 45-Utah 47-Virginia 48-Washington 49-West Virginia 50-Wisconsin 51-Wyoming “2396” “2740” “4029” “7100” “8902” “C20” “C259” “C831” “L089” “04100” “06300” “093” “20700” “27800” “29800” “31800” “32500” “34200” 372 ndi04 Graduate’s NDI ICD-9/ICD-10 selected causes of death 17/113 recodes. ndi05 Graduate’s NDI number of entity-axis conditions. ndi06 Graduate’s NDI 1st entity-axis condition. ndi07 Graduate’s NDI 2nd entity-axis condition. ndi08 Graduate’s NDI 3rd entity-axis condition. “018” “028” “034” “040” “052” “071” “075” “120” “670” 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -2-inappropriate “11038990” “1134810” “114510” “11C300” “11C950” “11M009” “11R042” “11T864” “11T983” -2-inappropriate “2157280” “229331” “22C349” “3104490” “3142410” “3157110” “31E119” “31I10” “31I350” -2-inappropriate “2157280” “229331” “22C349” “3104490” 373 ndi09 Graduate’s NDI 4th entity-axis condition. ndi10 Graduate’s NDI 5th entity-axis condition. ndi11 Graduate’s NDI 6th entity-axis condition. ndi12 Graduate’s NDI 7th entity-axis condition. “3142410” “3157110” “31E119” “31I10” “31I350” -2-inapproriate “3115090” “32D619” “41C259” “41Y832” “6199471” “6224490” “6294901” “62D738” “62N390” -2-inappropriate “413300” “6103100” “6144290” “6219690” “63G35” “63W10” “64I269” “64I719” “64J984” -2-inappropriate “248681” “3419700” “5120190” “61I255” “6219910” “62K529” “62N289” “63X59” “64Q120” -2-inappropriate “615860” “6170700” “62N179” “62N180” “63I500” “63J90” “6436900” “645660” “64I069” 374 ndi13 Graduate’s NDI 8th entity-axis condition. ndi14 Graduate’s NDI 9th entity-axis condition. ndi15 Graduate’s NDI 10th entity-axis condition. ndi16 Graduate’s NDI 11th entity-axis condition. ndi17 Graduate’s NDI 12th entity-axis condition. ndi18 ndi19 ndi20 ndi21 ndi22 ndi23 ndi24 ndi25 ndi26 Graduate’s NDI 13th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 14th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 15th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 16th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 17th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 18th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 19th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 20th entity-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI number of record-axis conditions. -2-inappropriate “62J439” “6334830” “63E149” “63E669” “63G20” “63I739” “6534410” “65I059” -2-inappropriate “3495871” “3635920” “5251880” “6357220” “6455330” “6487890” “64E149” “64I99” “64M139” “67R628” -2-inappropriate “617990” “619241” “6424490” “65F171” “68F179” -2-inappropriate “629191” “66F179” -2-inappropriate “6381190” -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 375 8 9 10 11 ndi27 Graduate’s NDI 1st record-axis condition. ndi28 Graduate’s NDI 2nd record-axis condition. ndi29 Graduate’s NDI 2nd record-axis condition. ndi30 Graduate’s NDI 4th record-axis condition. -2-inappropriate “19690” “20280” “27730” “27800” “33300” “C20” “C259” “C831” “L089” -2-inappropriate “20280” “27800” “95500” “97791” “C20” “C259” “I442” “K922” “T909” -2-inappropriate “56980” “58290” “72740” “95500” “E112” “I442” “I469” “K922” “R570” -2-inappropriate “57330” “74550” “95500” “95991” “97791” “G35” “I469” “L089” “R570” 376 ndi31 Graduate’s NDI 5th record-axis condition. ndi32 Graduate’s NDI 6th record-axis condition. ndi33 Graduate’s NDI 7th record-axis condition. ndi34 Graduate’s NDI 8th record-axis condition. -2-inappropriate “57890” “95500” “99681” “I442” “I469” “K922” “M480” “R570” “W08” -2-inappropriate “42750” “78720” “79910” “95841” “99661” “I490” “K650” “M519” “R570” -2-inappropriate “51190” “55330” “57280” “57380” “9120” “I679” “R529” “R570” “R579” -2-inappropriate “51880” “57890” “58450” “79190” “79910” “8731” “9331” “R579” “R628” “W80” “X04” “Y832” 377 ndi35 Graduate’s NDI 9th record-axis condition. ndi36 Graduate’s NDI 10th record-axis condition. ndi37 Graduate’s NDI 11th record-axis condition. ndi38 ndi39 ndi40 ndi41 ndi42 ndi43 ndi44 ndi45 ndi46 Graduate’s NDI 12th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 13th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 14th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 15th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 16th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 17th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 18th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 19th record-axis condition. Graduate’s NDI 20th record-axis condition. -2-inappropriate “57680” “5860” “79910” “8821” “99811” “T818” -2-inappropriate “78550” “9191” “Y839” -2-inappropriate “9241” -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate -2-inappropriate Source: Documentation from the following source was used to compile the tables above. Herd, P., Hauser, R.M., Herd, P., & Sewell, W.H. Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) [graduates, siblings, and spouses]. 1957-2005 Version 12.27 [machine-readable data file]. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison, WLS [distributor], accessed 2012-07-01. http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/wlsresearch/, http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/wlsresearch/documentation/. Notes: NOTE A. There are several additional variables which may be of interest but which are not included in the country-specific data file. A description of these variables appears below. Note A, Panel R2.3. The mailed survey has two versions of the SES ladder, comparing the respondent to others in the United States and others in the respondent’s community. Note A, Panel R3.3. To get total height, the feet and inches components must be combined. There are several questions about how the respondent is feeling in the mailed survey. Note A, Panel R4.2. There is an additional question in the mailed survey which asks, “Overall in the last 30 days, how much difficulty did you have with vigorous activities, such as running 2 miles or cycling?” Note A, Table R5. WLS includes several questions about health symptoms in its questionnaire. Variables beginning with “ix” come from the mailed survey; variables beginning with “gx” come from the telephone survey. Note A, Panel R5.2. The mailed survey has several other functionality questions. Additionally, WLS collected saliva from respondents which will be used for DNA analyses. This information is 378 only available via the WLS secure server. In version 12.27 which was used in the cross national data set there are no variables regarding the DNA data. NOTE B. The WLS data used in the cross national data set come from the private access data file and last used version released in spring 2012. 379
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