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The Experimental Literature of The Internet:
An Annotated Bibliography
Jeffrey C. Mogul

August, 1988

digi tal

Western Research Laboratory 100 Hamilton Avenue Palo Alto, California 94301 USA

Abstract
The DARPA Internet is the most successful experiment in heterogeneous
internetworking. It connects computer systems from almost every major
vendor, using a wide variety of wide-area and local-area network technology,
and is in continual use by thousands of people. This annotated bibliography
covers the literature of the Internet as an experiment: publications which
convey the experience acquired by the experimenters.

Copyright  1988 Digital Equipment Corporation

i

1. Introduction
The DARPA Internet is the most successful experiment in heterogeneous internetworking. It
connects computer systems from almost every major vendor, using a large variety of wide-area
and local-area network technology. The Internet has continually evolved over more than a
decade, and is in continual use by thousands of people, most of whom view it as a resource
rather than an experiment. For these reasons, it has produced a lot of hard-won experience on
how to construct, and on how not to construct, a large heterogeneous internet.
The experience gained from the Internet is its most important experimental result. It has
proven hard to transfer this experience to other researchers and practitioners, with the result that
many of them must learn the same lessons, often in contexts (such as commercial installations or
international standards) where it is much more difficult to change course. Many people have
learned the lessons of the Internet by being involved in its operation, but many more people can
only learn these lessons by reading about them.
It is far harder to convey experience in written form than it is to convey, say, analytical studies
of access methods or proposals for protocols. Perhaps this is because it takes much longer to
conduct an experiment, especially one as large as the Internet. It is harder come to a simple
conclusion, if only because simple conclusions often melt when faced with real experience.
Finally, experience (especially when not quantitative) seems less ‘‘scientific’’ than more formal
publications.
But computer science is an experimental science, and there is a wealth of experimental literature on the Internet. Some of this covers the design and use of the Internet Protocol (IP) family;
some covers the implementation and performance of the IP protocols; some covers the problems
involved in constructing a large heterogeneous internet. This literature is often buried in the
larger flood of publications concerning computer communication, so it is not easily available to
someone unfamiliar with the field.

2. Selection Criteria and Annotations
This annotated bibliography is an attempt to sift out the literature of the Internet as an experiment: those publications which convey the experience acquired by the experimenters. There
have been other bibliographies covering computer networking (for example, Shoch [6], Ananda
and Srinivasan [1]), and there are some that cover mostly informally published documents [3, 5].
This is the first bibliography to concentrate on the experimental results of the Internet.
I have tried to include mostly formally published works. The primary documentation for the
IP protocols and the Internet, of course, are the ‘‘Request For Comments’’ (RFC) documents
available as technical reports from the Network Information Center at SRI International. Very
few of these, however, convey experimental results; most propose or elucidate standards. I have
included a few RFCs that do present interesting results.
The bulk of the publications included are those from the more formal literature, ranging from
refereed journals and conference proceedings to the unrefereed publications of scientific
societies. For the most part, I have avoided the trade press.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

I cannot claim to have discovered all of the relevant literature. I started with what I was
already familiar with, scanned tables of contents and other bibliographies, and solicited suggestions from the Internet community. Undoubtedly I have ignored certain publications that either
were not available to me, or whose titles did not entice me to read further. I have also been
somewhat arbitrary in choosing to include or exclude literature that fell on the borderline.
Most of the entries are accompanied by brief annotations on their content. When possible,
these are my own comments, and I take full responsibility for oversimplifying or distorting the
results of the publication.

Acknowledgements
The following people made helpful suggestions of things to include: Len Bosack, Lillian Cassel, Marlyn Johnson, Chris Kent, Craig Partridge, Gurudatta Parulkar, Greg Satz, Karen Seo, and
Charles Spurgeon. I also made heavy use of the bibliographies of books by Douglas Comer [2]
and Craig Partridge [4].

References
[1]

A. L. Ananda and B. Srinivasan.
An Extensive Bibliography on Computer Networks.
Computer Communication Review 13(5):78-98, January/April, 1984.

[2]

Douglas E. Comer.
Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture.
Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1988.

[3]

Network Information Center, SRI International.
Background Reading.
Online document.
November, 1987.
File name ‘NETINFO:TCP-IP-BIB.TXT’ on host SRI-NIC.ARPA.

[4]

Craig Partridge (editor).
Innovations in Internetworking.
Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1988.

[5]

Joyce K. Reynolds and Jonathan B. Postel.
Bibliography of Requests for Comments 1 through 999.
RFC 1012, Network Information Center, SRI International, June, 1987.

[6]

John F. Shoch.
An Annotated Bibliography on Local Computer Networks.
SSL 79-5, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, October, 1979.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

3. Bibliography
[1]

L. Aguilar, J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, D. Moran, E. Craighill, and R. Brungardt.
An Architecture for a Multimedia Teleconferencing System.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’86 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 126-136. Stowe, VT, August, 1986.
Describes a conferencing system, including a discussion of the performance of
several transport protocols.

[2]

Paul D. Amer, Ram N. Kumar, Ruey-bin Kao, Jeffrey T. Phillips, and Lillian N.Cassel.
Local Area Broadcast Network Measurement: Traffic Characterization.
In Proc. Spring COMPCON, Pages 64-70. IEEE Computer Society, San Francisco, CA,
February, 1987.
Presents observations of traffic patterns on a LAN where IP protocols are in moderate
use.

[3]

Geoff Arnold.
Internet Protocol Implementation Experiences in PC-NFS.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’87 Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications
Technology, Pages 8-14. Stowe, VT, August, 1987.
A case study in implementing a set of Internet protocols on a PC.

[4]

Lewis Barnett and Michael K. Molloy.
ILMON: A UNIX Network Monitoring Facility.
In Proc. Winter 1987 USENIX Conference, Pages 133-144. Washington, D.C., January,
1987.
Describes a LAN monitoring system and some of the results observed.

[5]

Eric Benhamou.
Integrating Bridges and Routers in a Large Internetwork.
IEEE Network Magazine 2(1):65-71, January, 1988.
Tradeoffs between using bridges and using routers.

[6]

Howard Salwen, Richard Boule, and J. Noel Chiappa.
Examination of the Applicability of Router and Bridging Techniques.
IEEE Network Magazine 2(1):77-80, January, 1988.
Tradeoffs between using bridges and using routers.

[7]

Brian N. Bershad, Dennis T. Ching, Edward D. Lazowska, Jan Sanislo, and Michael
Schwartz.
A Remote Procedure Call Facility for Heterogeneous Computer Systems.
Technical Report 86-09-10, Department of Computer Science, University of Washington,
September, 1986.
Describes an RPC mechanism with both UDP-based and TCP-based implementations.

[8]

James M. Bloom and Kevin J. Dunlap.
Experiences Implementing BIND, A Distributed Name Server for the DARPA Internet.
In Proc. Summer 1986 USENIX Conference, Pages 172-181. Atlanta, GA, June, 1986.
Describes the design decisions and problems encountered during the implementation
of the most widely used Domain Name server; see also [73, 95, 102].

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[9]

Leonard Bosack and Charles Hedrick.
Problems in Large LANs.
IEEE Network Magazine 2(1):49-56, January, 1988.
A compendium of experience in building and maintaining large LANs.

[10]

Robert K. Brandiff, Clifford A. Lynch, and Mark H. Needleman.
Development of a TCP/IP for the IBM/370.
In Proc. 9th Data Communications Symposium, Pages 2-8. Whistler Mountain, B.C.,
September, 1985.
A case study in implementing a set of Internet protocols on a mainframe.

[11]

Luis-Felipe Cabrera.
Improving network subsystem performance in a distributed environment.
RJ 5719, IBM Research Division, June, 1987.
A performance assessment methodology, and a case study of its use in measuring the
performance differences in networking code between 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD.

[12]

Luis-Felipe Cabrera, Edward Hunter, Michael J. Karels, and David A. Mosher.
User-process Communication Performance in Networks of Computers.
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-14(1):38-53, January, 1988.
Extensive measurements of the performance of the IP implementation in 4.2BSD
UNIX on a LAN, showing the effect of processor speed, interface hardware, network
technology, and processor and network loads.

[13]

Luis Felipe Cabrera, Michael J. Karels, David Mosher.
The impact of buffer management on networking software performance in Berkeley UNIX
4.2BSD: a case study.
UCB/CSD 85/247, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, 1985.
(Also in Proc. Summer 1985 USENIX Conference.).
Detailed measurements showing the effects of kernel buffer management strategies
on protocol performance.

[14]

Jeffrey D. Case, James R. Davin, Mark S. Fedor, and Martin L. Schoffstall.
Introduction to the Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol.
IEEE Network Magazine 2(2):43-49, March, 1988.
The design and implementation of, and experience with, a monitoring and management protocol for Internet gateways.

[15]

David R. Cheriton.
VMTP: A Transport Protocol for the Next Generation of Communication Systems.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’86 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 406-415. Stowe, VT, August, 1986.
Describes a transport protocol designed for high-performance distributed systems.

[16]

David R. Cheriton.
Exploiting Recursion to Simplify RPC Communication Architecture.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
An analysis of the conceptual complexity of certain layers of the Internet protocol
hierarchy, and a proposal to reduce the complexity through the use of recursion.

4

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[17]

David R. Cheriton and Stephen E. Deering.
Host Groups: A Multicast Extension for Datagram Networks.
In Proc. 9th Data Communications Symposium, Pages 172-179. ACM/IEEE, Whistler
Mountain, B.C., September, 1985.
A preliminary attempt to integrate multicasting into the Internet.

[18]

Greg Chesson.
Interview with Vint Cerf.
Unix Review 5(1):60-82, January, 1987.
A spirited interview between one of the principal architects of the Internet and a
sometime critic. Covers some of the history behind the design of Internet, prospects
for future protocols, and the state of OSI.

[19]

Greg Chesson.
Protocol Engine Design.
In Proc. Summer 1987 USENIX Conference, Pages 209-215. Phoenix, AZ, June, 1987.
A proposal to implement a transport protocol in hardware to avoid alleged performance defects of software implementations of IP and TCP.

[20]

David D. Clark.
The Structuring of Systems Using Upcalls.
In Proc. 10th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Pages 171-180. Orcas Island,
WA, December, 1985.
Describes a way of structuring layered implementations to reduce the use of
asynchronous messages.

[21]

David D. Clark.
Some Thoughts on the DARPA Internet Architecture.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
A look back at the Internet architecture by one of its chief architects, explaining the
reasoning behind some of the choices, and clarifying the packet-switch vs. circuitswitched argument.

[22]

David D. Clark, Mark L. Lambert, and Lixia Zhang.
NETBLT: A High Throughput Transport Protocol.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’87 Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications
Technology, Pages 353-359. Stowe, VT, August, 1987.
An analysis of why protocols resembling TCP perform poorly over paths with a high
delay-bandwidth product, and preliminary results with a new protocol that appears to
do better; see also [57].

[23]

Douglas Comer.
The Computer Science Research Network CSNET: A History and Status Report.
Communications of the ACM 26(10):747-753, October, 1983.
Presents the early history history of CSNET, focusing on policy and organizational
(rather than technical) issues.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[24]

Douglas E. Comer.
Domain Names: Hierarchy in Need of Organization.
In Proc. 9th Data Communications Symposium, ACM/IEEE, Whistler Mountain, B.C.,
September, 1985.
(Abstract for panel session) A discussion of problems in creating a name service
hierarchy.

[25]

Douglas E. Comer.
Operating System Design. Volume II: Internetworking with Xinu.
Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1987.
Essentially an annotated source-code listing of a partial IP implementation; a useful
reference.

[26]

Douglas E. Comer.
Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture.
Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1988.
An explication of the IP, TCP, and related protocols; the RFCs treated as a textbook.
Warning: lots of little errors.

[27]

Douglas E. Comer and John T. Korb.
CSNET Protocol Software: The IP-to-X.25 Interface.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’83 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 154-169. Austin, TX, March, 1983.
Describes the technical issues involved in building software to interface IP and X.25,
to allow IP to be used across public data networks.

[28]

Douglas E. Comer and John T. Korb.
The proposed DARPA IP to X.25 interface standard: performance optimization with multiple circuits.
CSD TR 473, Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, May, 1984.
Describes experiments that pointed out serious bottlenecks in using X.25 for
datagram communication. Dramatic performance improvements were obtained by
multiplexing over multiple virtual circuits.

[29]

Douglas Comer and Thomas Narten.
UNIX Systems as Cypress Implets.
In Proc. Winter 1988 USENIX Conference, Pages 55-62. Dallas, TX, February, 1988.
A case study in the implementation of gateways for a wide-area IP network.

[30]

Douglas E. Comer, Thomas Narten, and Rajendra Yavatkar.
The Cypress Network: A Low-Cost Internet Connection Technology.
TR 653, Purdue University, April, 1987.
A history and overview of Cypress, intended to provide a low-cost technology for
star-topology internet networks.

[31]

D. E. Comer and L. L. Peterson.
Issues in Using DARPA Domain Names for Computer Mail.
In Proc. 9th Data Communications Symposium, Pages 158-164. ACM/IEEE, Whistler
Mountain, B.C., September, 1985.
Theory and practice of applying Domain Names to computer mail. Argues against
binding domain names directly to mailboxes.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[32]

Stephen E. Deering.
Multicast Routing in Internetworks and Extended LANs.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
An analysis of a variety of algorithms for routing multicasts in the Internet.

[33]

C. Anthony DellaFera, Mark W. Eichin, Robert S. French, David C. Jedlinksy, John
T. Kohl, William E. Sommerfield.
The Zephyr Notification Service.
In Proc. Winter 1988 USENIX Conference, Pages 213-221. Dallas, TX, February, 1988.
Describes a notification service, with much lower latencies than for electronic mail,
based on UDP.

[34]

Peter J. Denning, Anthony Hearn, and C. William Kern.
History and Overview of CSNET.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’83 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 128-145. Austin, TX, March, 1983.
Presents the early history history of CSNET, focusing on policy and organizational
(rather than technical) issues.

[35]

J. J. Dongarra and E. Grosse.
Distribution of Mathematical Software via Electronic Mail.
Communications of the ACM 30(6):403-407, May, 1987.
Describes how netlib software has been made available throughout the Internet (and
beyond) via an automated electronic-mail based system.

[36]

Deborah Estrin.
Inter-Organization Networks: Implications of Access Control Requirements for Interconnection Protocols.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’86 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 254-264. Stowe, VT, August, 1986.
A discussion of the problems that arise when different organizations are connected
into internetworks. Proposes several solutions to the problem of access control.

[37]

D. Farber and L. Cassel.
Some Observations on the Performance of a 56 Kbit Internet Link.
Computer Communication Review 17(1/2), January/April, 1987.
Discusses the performance problems observed when sharing a slow link between
large and small flows.

[38]

Metin Feridun, Melisse Leib, Mark H. Nodine, and James C. Ong.
ANM: Automated Network Management System.
IEEE Network Magazine 2(2):13-19, March, 1988.
The design of, and early experience with, a network management system based on
artificial intelligence techniques.

7

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[39]

Gregory G. Finn.
Routing and Addressing Problems in Large Metropolitan-scale Internetworks.
ISI/RR 87-180, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, March,
1987.
Extrapolates from experience with the Internet to predict the problems associated
with routing in large metropolitan-area networks; proposes new addressing and routing mechanisms.

[40]

Ed Gould.
The Network File System Implemented on 4.3BSD.
In Proc. Summer 1986 USENIX Conference, Pages 294-305. Atlanta, GA, June, 1986.
A case study in the implementation of NFS.

[41]

Daniel B. Grossman.
Comments on ‘‘Congestion control in TCP/IP internetworks’’.
Computer Communication Review 15(2):3-7, April/May, 1985.
Asserts that the problems noted in [67] are inherent in packet-switched networking.

[42]

Riccardo Gusella.
The Analysis of Diskless Workstation Traffic on an Ethernet.
Technical Report UCB/CSD 87/379, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, November, 1987.
Reports on observations of LAN traffic patterns, on a heavily used IP-based network.

[43]

Robert Hinden, Jack Haverty, and Alan Sheltzer.
The DARPA Internet: Interconnecting Heterogeneous Computer Networks with
Gateways.
IEEE Computer Magazine 16(9):38-48, September, 1983.
A report on early experience with the Internet in operation, focusing on network
monitoring and management.

[44]

Bruce L. Hitson.
Knowledge-Based Monitoring and Control: An Approach to Understanding the Behavior
of TCP/IP Network Protocols.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
An application of expert-system techniques to the analysis of packet traces, with
some success in detecting unusual behavior.

[45]

John H. Howard, Michael L. Kazar, Sherri G. Menees, David A. Nichols,
M. Satyanarayanan, Robert N. Sidebotham, and Michael J. West.
Scale and Performance in a Distributed File System.
TOCS 6(1):51-81, February, 1988.
Analyses how the performance of the Andrew File System scales for a large number
of workstations; compares the performance of the Andrew File System with NFS.

8

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[46]

Van Jacobson.
Congestion Avoidance and Control.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
A clear, thorough explanation of how TCP behaves over a congested internet, and a
surprisingly simple set of algorithms that yield major performance improvements.

[47]

Raj Jain and Shawn Routhier.
Packet Trains: Measurements and a New Model for Computer Network Traffic.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication SAC-4(6):986-995, September, 1986.
Based on observations of an IP-based LAN, shows that packet arrival processes are
not Poisson; proposes a new model.

[48]

John Jubin and Janet D. Tornow.
The DARPA Packet Radio Network Protocols.
Proc. IEEE 75(1):21-32, January, 1987.
Describes the design and implementation of a set of packet radio protocols meant for
integration with the Internet.

[49]

Michael J. Karels and Marshall Kirk McCusick.
Network Performance and Management with 4.3BSD and IP/TCP.
In Proc. Summer 1986 USENIX Conference, Pages 182-188. Atlanta, GA, June, 1986.
Describes changes between 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD that greatly improved network performance. Also discusses issues concerning the management of hosts and networks.

[50]

Phil Karn and Craig Partridge.
Improving Round-Trip Time Estimates in Reliable Transport Protocols.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’87 Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications
Technology, Pages 2-7. Stowe, VT, August, 1987.
An analysis of TCP round-trip time estimation, and new algorithms that yield better
estimates than the standard algorithm; see also [60, 101].

[51]

Philip R. Karn, Harold E. Price, and Robert J. Diersing.
Packet Radio in the Amateur Service.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication SAC-3(3):431-439, May, 1985.
Hardware, software, protocol design, and early experience with a system that was
later used in the Internet.

[52]

Alan R. Katz.
An experimental internetwork multimedia mail system.
ISI/RS 84-134, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, June,
1984.
Design of and experience with a multimedia mail system.

[53]

Christopher A. Kent and Jeffrey C. Mogul.
Fragmentation Considered Harmful.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’87 Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications
Technology, Pages 390-401. Stowe, VT, August, 1987.
An analysis of how packet fragmentation can lead to poor throughput or loss of connections, with a variety of suggestions on how to avoid these problems.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[54]

Charley Kline.
Supercomputers on the Internet: A Case Study.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’87 Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications
Technology, Pages 27-33. Stowe, VT, August, 1987.
A case study in implementing a set of Internet protocols on a supercomputer.

[55]

L. J. Konopelski.
Implementing Internet remote login on a personal computer.
MIT/LCS/TM 233, Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982.

[56]

John T. Korb and Craig E. Wills.
Command Execution in a Heterogeneous Environment.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’86 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 68-74. Stowe, VT, August, 1986.
Describes a remote command execution mechanism using UDP for setup and TCP for
data transfer.

[57]

Mark L. Lambert.
On Testing the NETBLT Protocol over Divers Networks.
RFC 1030, Network Information Center, SRI International, November, 1987.
Performance measurements of several NETBLT implementations over several LANs
and a satellite network; see also [22].

[58]

L. Landweber, M. Litzkow, D. Neuhengen, and M. Solomon.
Architecture of the CSNET Name Server.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’83 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 146-153. Austin, TX, March, 1983.
Describes the CSNET Name Server, used to map user names to mailbox names, and
intended to free users from having to understand the complexities of mail addressing.

[59]

Keith A. Lantz, William I. Nowicki, and Marvin M. Theimer.
An Empirical Study of Distributed Application Performance.
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-11(10):1162-1174, October, 1985.
An empirical study of the factors affecting distributed application performance.
Compares various transports, including TCP.

[60]

David Mills.
Internet Delay Experiments.
RFC 889, Network Information Center, SRI International, December, 1983.
A survey of round-trip delays between a large number of hosts on the Internet,
together with some suggestions for improving TCP round-trip time estimators; see
also [50, 101].

[61]

David Mills.
Experiments in Network Clock Synchronization.
RFC 957, Network Information Center, SRI International, September, 1985.
Reports on experiments in clock synchronization between hosts in the Internet.
Shows how reference clock hardware and path delays affect the accuracy of
synchronized clocks.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[62]

David L. Mills.
The Fuzzball.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
A description of a ‘‘network building block’’ implementation which saw wide service
as a gateway, together with the results of several experiments in protocol design and
implementation.

[63]

David L. Mills and Hans-Werner Braun.
The NFSNET Backbone Network.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’87 Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications
Technology, Pages 191-196. Stowe, VT, August, 1987.
A description of the NSFNET backbone, including observations of its performance
before and after certain gateway policy changes.

[64]

Paul V. Mockapetris.
Development Of The Domain Name System.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
The history and rationale behind the Domain Name system.

[65]

James H. Morris, Mahadev Satyanarayanan, Michael H. Conner, John H. Howard, David
S. H. Rosenthal, and F. Donelson Smith.
Andrew: A Distributed Personal Computing Environment.
Communications of the ACM 29(3):184-201, March, 1986.
A overview of the Andrew system, including a discussion of its IP-based communication and file systems.

[66]

R. L. Murphy.
Comparing the Efficiency of the Internet Protocols to DECNET.
In Proc. Winter 1988 USENIX Conference, Pages 105-110. Dallas, TX, February, 1988.
In spite of the title, this paper does not present data comparing the efficiency of the
two protocols, but rather showing the performance of a gateway between a low-speed
DECNET link and a high-speed IP link.

[67]

John Nagle.
Congestion Control in IP/TCP Networks.
Computer Communication Review 14(4):11-17, October, 1984.
An analysis of two problems contributing to congestion in the Internet, together with
solutions: ‘‘tinygram’’ suppression and the use of Source Quench messages.

[68]

John Nagle.
On Packet Switches With Infinite Storage.
IEEE Transactions on Communications COM-35(4):435-438, April, 1987.
Explains how increasing the buffer space in gateways will not solve the congestion
problem; proposes ‘‘fair queueing’’ as a partial solution.

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THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[69]

Michael N. Nelson, Brent B. Welch, and John J. Ousterhout.
Caching in the Sprite Network File System.
TOCS 6(1):134-154, February, 1988.
Shows how caching of file blocks in workstation memories improves the performance
of a network file system. Compares Sprite performance with NFS.

[70]

Clifford Neuman and Wayne Yamoto.
Adding Packet Radio to the Ultrix Kernel.
In Proc. Winter 1988 USENIX Conference, Pages 303-308. Dallas, TX, February, 1988.
A case study in the implementation of a packet radio link for use with IP protocols.

[71]

D. Oberst and C. Partridge.
Letter to ACM forum.
Communications of the ACM 30(8), August, 1987.
Corrects a statement in [35]; the netlib system is not the first automated electronicmail based retrieval system.

[72]

Michael A. Padlipsky.
The Elements of Networking Style and Other Essays and Animadversions on the Art of
Intercomputer Networking.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1985.
A extremely personal (some might say unreadable) collection of essays, most
severely criticizing the ISO/OSI approach and favoring the Internet model.

[73]

Mark Painter.
The design and implementation of a ‘‘domain names’’ resolver.
UCB/CSD 84/176, Berkeley-CSD, May, 1984.
The design, implementation, and performance of a user agent for the Domain Naming
system; see also [8, 95, 102].

[74]

Craig Partridge.
Mail Routing Using Domain Names: An Informal Tour.
In Proc. Summer 1986 USENIX Conference, Pages 366-376. Atlanta, GA, June, 1986.
A discussion of how the Domain Naming system is used in common by the Internet,
BITNET, CSNET, and the UUCP network.

[75]

Craig Partridge.
Implementing the Reliable Data Protocol (RDP).
In Proc. Summer 1987 USENIX Conference, Phoenix, AZ, June, 1987.
A case study in high-performance protocol implementation.

[76]

Craig Partridge.
A UNIX Implementation of HEMS.
In Proc. Winter 1988 USENIX Conference, Pages 89-96. Dallas, TX, February, 1988.
Experience with the first implementation of the ‘‘High-Level Entity Management
System’’ (for network management).

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[77]

Guru Parulkar and Jonathan S. Turner.
Towards a Framework for High Speed Communication in a Heterogeneous Networking
Environment.
Technical Report WUCS-88-7, Dept. of Computer Science, Washington University,
1988.
Discusses limitations of the current Internet and proposes a revised internet model.

[78]

L. L. Peterson.
Domain Names: More Questions Than Answers.
In Proc. 9th Data Communications Symposium, ACM/IEEE, Whistler Mountain, B.C.,
September, 1985.
(Abstract for panel session) A discussion of problems with the Domain Naming architecture.

[79]

Jonathan B. Postel, Gregory G. Finn, Alan R. Katz, and Joyce K. Reynolds.
The ISI experimental multimedia mail system.
ISI/RR 86-173, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, September, 1986.
Describes the implementation of a multimedia mail system.

[80]

J. S. Quarterman and J. C. Hoskins.
Notable Computer Networks.
Communications of the ACM 29(10):932-971, October, 1986.
An extensive taxonomy and description of a wide variety of computer networks, including the Internet and its associates.

[81]

Joyce K. Reynolds, Jonathan B. Postel, Alan R. Katz, Greg G. Finn, and Annette
L. DeSchon.
The DARPA Experimental Multimedia Mail System.
IEEE Computer Magazine 18(10):82-89, October, 1985.
A history and overview of an experiment in multimedia mail over the Internet.

[82]

Marshall T. Rose.
Comments on ‘‘Comments on ‘Congestion control in TCP/IP internetworks’ ’’ or The
Holy Wars begin again.
Computer Communication Review 15(5):2-9, October/November, 1985.
Contradicts the assertion in [41] that the problems noted in [67] are inherent in
packet-switched networking.

[83]

Marshal T. Rose and Dwight E. Cass.
OSI Transport Services on Top of the TCP.
Computer Networks 12(3):159-173, 1986.
Describes an implementation of OSI protocols layered over TCP, in order to allow
experience with OSI protocols before OSI networks are available.

[84]

Jerome H. Saltzer, David D. Clark, John L. Romkey, and Wayne C. Gramlich.
The Desktop Compuer as a Network Participant.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication SAC-3(3):468-478, May, 1985.
Design of, implementation of, and experiences with the PCIP system providing IP
protocols on an IBM PC.

13

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[85]

Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark.
End-To-End Arguments in System Design.
TOCS 2(4):277-288, November, 1984.
Presents a design principle that helps guide placement of functions among the
modules of a distributed computer system.

[86]

R. Sandberg, D. Goldberg, S. Kleiman, D. Walsh, and B. Lyons.
Design and Implementation of the Sun Network Filesystem.
In Proc. Summer 1985 USENIX Conference, Pages 119-130. Portland, OR, June, 1985.
A description of the widely-used NFS protocol and its most common implementation.

[87]

Dheeraj Sanghi, M. C. V. Subramanian, A. Udaya Shankar, Olafur Gudmundsson, Pankaj
Jalote.
Instrumenting a TCP Implementation.
TR 2061, Computer Science Department, University of Maryland, July, 1988.
Describes how a TCP implementation was instrumented to obtain information about
protocol behavior and performance.

[88]

P. J. Santos.
(Comments)2 on ‘‘Congestion control in IP/TCP internetworks’’.
Computer Communication Review 15(3):3-5, July/August, 1985.
Contradicts the assertion in [41] that the problems noted in [67] are inherent in
packet-switched networking; clarifies distinction between the ARPANet and the Internet.

[89]

Karen Seo, J. Crowcroft, P. Spilling, J. Laws, C. Topolcic.
Distributed Testing and Measurement across the Atlantic Packet Satellite Network
(SATNET).
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
Presents measurements of internet performance across SATNET, and describes the
methodology used.

[90]

Alan Brian Sheltzer.
Network transparency in an internet environment.
PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of California -- Los Angeles,
1985.
Full detail on Internet Locus [91].

[91]

Alan B. Sheltzer and Gerald J. Popek.
Internet Locus: Extending Transparency to an Internet Environment.
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-12(11):1067-1075, November, 1986.
A case study in the reimplementation of a LAN-based transparent distributed operating system using the IP protocols, and an analysis of the resulting performance in the
Internet.

[92]

Robert J. Souza and Steven P. Miller.
UNIX and Remote Procedure Calls: A Peaceful Coexistence?
In Proc. 6th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Pages
268-277. Cambridge, MA, June, 1986.
A case study in implementing an IP-based RPC under UNIX.

14

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[93]

William Stallings, Paul Mockapetris, Sue McLeod, and Tony Michel.
Handbook of Computer Communications Standards. Volume 3: Department of Defense
(DOD) Protocol Standards.
Macmillan, New York, 1988.

[94]

Clifford Stoll.
Stalking The Wily Hacker.
Communications of the ACM 31(5):484-497, May, 1988.
A case study in the vulnerabilities of hosts on interorganizational internets. Describes
how one miscreant was detected and traced over many networks, including the Internet.

[95]

Douglas B. Terry, Mark Painter, David W. Riggle, and Songian Zhou.
The Berkeley Internet Name Domain Server.
UCB/CSD 84/182, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California -- Berkeley, May, 1984.
An overview of the most widely-used Domain Naming software; see
also [8, 73, 102].

[96]

Robert H. Thomas, Harry C. Forsdick, Terrence R. Crowley, Richard W. Schaaf,
Raymond S. Tomlinson, Virginia M. Travers, and George G. Robertson.
Diamond: A Multimedia Message System Built on a Distributed Architecture.
IEEE Computer Magazine 18(12):65-78, December, 1985.
Describes a multimedia mail system built on the Internet protocols.

[97]

Glenn Trewitt.
Topological Analysis of Local-Area Internetworks.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’88 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Stanford, CA, August, 1988.
Proposes that the topological properties of an internetwork affect its vulnerability to
certain kinds of failures.

[98]

Gene Tsudik.
Implications of fragmentation and dynamic routing for Internet datagram authentication.
Computer Communication Review 18(1/2):22-30, January/April, 1988.
Points out that fragmentation and dynamic routing can cause problems for certain
gateway-based packet authentication schemes; proposes some solutions.

[99]

T. F. Walsh.
Minnesota supercomputer access network: TCP/IP satellite communications to UNIX
supercomputers.
Technical Report 86/16, Supercomputer Institute, University of Minnesota, March, 1986.
Experience with TCP-based access to supercomputers, and a proposal to build a
satellite-based IP/TCP network for supercomputer access.

[100] R. W. Watson and S. A. Mamrak.
Gaining Efficiency in Transport Services by Appropriate Design and Implementation
Choices.
TOCS 5(2):97-120, May, 1987.
Explains how to do high-performance implementations of general-purpose protocols.

15

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

[101] Lixia Zhang.
Why TCP Timers Don’t Work Well.
In Proc. SIGCOMM ’86 Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols,
Pages 397-405. Stowe, VT, August, 1986.
An analysis of the situations in which the TCP round-trip-time timer is useful, and the
situations in which is not. Shows that the standard RTT estimator in TCP is not very
good; see also [50, 60].
[102] Songian Zhou.
The design and implementation of the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) servers.
UCB/CSD 84/177, Berkeley-CSD, May, 1984.
Describes the design and implementation of the most widely use Domain Naming
server for Unix; see also [8, 73, 95].

16

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

ii

THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE OF THE INTERNET

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Selection Criteria and Annotations
Acknowledgements
References
3. Bibliography

1
1
2
2
3

iii



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