Introduction Worldwide Equipment Guide
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OPFOR
WORLDWIDE EQUIPMENT GUIDE
TRADOC DCSINT Threat Support Directorate
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Introduction
This Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG) serves as an interim guide for use in training,
simulations, and modeling until the publication of FM 100-65, Capabilities-Based Opposing
Force: Worldwide Equipment Guide. The WEG is designed for use with the FM 100-60 series of
capabilities-based opposing force field manuals. It provides the basic characteristics of selected
equipment and weapons systems readily available to the capabilities-based OPFOR, and generally
listed in either FM 100-61, Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing Force: Organization Guide
or FM 100-63, Infantry-Based Opposing Force: Organization Guide. Selected weapons systems
and equipment are included in the categories of infantry weapons, infantry vehicles, reconnaissance vehicles, tanks/assault vehicles, antitank, artillery, air defense, engineer and logistic systems,
and rotary-wing aircraft.
The pages in this WEG are designed for insertion into loose-leaf notebooks. Since this
guide does not include all possible OPFOR systems identified in the OPFOR field manuals,
equipment sheets covering additional systems not contained in this initial issue will be published
periodically. Systems selected will be keyed directly to the baseline equipment contained in the
100-60 series and substitute systems found in the appropriate substitution matrix. The WEG is
scheduled for eventual publication on the worldwide web for use by authorized government organizations.
WORLDWIDE OPFOR EQUIPMENT
Due to the proliferation of weapons through sales and resale, wartime capture, and licensed or unlicensed production of major end items, distinctions between equipment as friendly or
OPFOR have blurred. Sales of upgrade equipment and kits for application to weapon systems
have further blurred distinctions between old or obsolete systems and modern systems. This
WEG describes base models listed in the FMs or upgrades of those base models, which reflect
current capabilities. Many less common variants and upgrades are also addressed.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
The WEG is organized by categories of equipment, in chapters. The format of the equipment pages is basically a listing of parametric data. This permits updating on a standardized basis
as data becomes available. For meanings of acronyms and terms, see the Glossary. Please note
that although most terms are the same as U.S. terminology, some reflect non-U.S. concepts and
are not comparable or measurable against U.S. standards. For example, if an OPFOR armor
penetration figure does not say RHA (rolled homogeneous armor), do not assume that is the standard for the figure. Please consult the Glossary often. If questions remain, contact this office.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
System names refer back to the field manuals. However, they also reflect intelligence
community changes in naming methods. Alternative Designations include the manufacturer’s
name, as well as U.S./NATO designators. Note also that the WEG focuses on the complete
weapon system (e.g., AT-4/5 antitank guided missile launcher or 9P148 ATGM launcher vehicle),
versus a component or munition (9P135 launcher assembly or AT-4/5 ATGM).
Common and consistent technical notes and parameters are used in chapters 2 through 7,
since the systems contained in those chapters have similar weapon and automotive technologies.
Chapters 1 (Infantry Weapons), 8 (Engineer and Logistics) and 9 (Rotary-wing Aircraft) offer
systems that have many unique parameters and therefore may not be consistent with those in other
chapters.
We solicit your assistance in finding unclassified information which can be certified for
use. Questions and comments on systems data should be addressed to the authors noted for each
chapter. For questions concerning distribution to U.S. government organizations, please contact
the local publications clerk, and:
Mr. Charles Christianson
DSN: 552-7921 Commercial (913) 684-7921
e-mail address: christic@leav-emh1.army.mil
Other questions and comments concerning this document should be addressed to:
Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925
e-mail address: redmant@leav-emh1.army.mil
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Units of Measure
The following symbols and abbreviations are used in this guide.
Unit of Measure
Parameter
(°)
degrees of slope/gradient, elevation, traverse
cal
caliber— (tube length in multiples of cannon bore)
GHz
gigahertz— frequency (GHz = 1 billion hertz)
hp
horsepower (kWx1.341 = hp)
Hz
hertz— unit of frequency
kg
kilogram(s) (2.2 lb.)
kg/cm2
kg per square centimeter— pressure
km
kilometer(s)
km/h
km per hour
kW
kilowatt(s) (1 kW = 1,000 watts)
liters
liters— liquid measurement (1 gal. = 3.785 liters)
m
meter(s)— if over 1 meter use meters; if under use mm
m3
cubic meter(s)
m3/hr
cubic meters per hour— earth moving capacity
m/hr
meters per hour— operating speed (earth moving)
MHz
megahertz— frequency (MHz = 1 million hertz)
min
minute(s)
mm
millimeter(s)
m/s
meters per second— velocity
mt
metric ton(s) (mt = 1,000 kg)
rd/min
rounds per minute— rate of fire
RHAe
rolled homogeneous armor (equivalent)
shp
shaft horsepower— helicopter engines (kWx1.341 = shp)
µm
micron/micrometer— wavelength for lasers, etc.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TRADOC DCSINT
Threat Support Directorate
Ft. Leavenworth, KS, 21 January 1999
Page
Introduction............................................................. iii
3. RECONNAISSANCE VEHICLES.................. 3-1
BRDM-2 Armored Scout Car............................. 3-3
BRM-1K Armored Recon Command Vehicle .... 3-4
BRM-3K Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle ......... 3-5
EE-9 Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle ............. 3-6
Fox Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle ............... 3-7
1. INFANTRY WEAPONS.................................. 1-1
Small Arms
AK-74 5.45-mm Assault Rifle ........................... 1-3
RPK-74 5.45-mm Light Machinegun ................. 1-4
PKM 7.62-mm General Purpose MG ................. 1-5
NSV 12.7-mm Heavy MG.................................. 1-6
AGS-17 30-mm Auto Grenade Launcher ............ 1-7
GP-30 40-mm Under-Barrel Grenade Launcher . 1-8
4. TANKS/ASSAULT VEHICLES...................... 4-1
Light Tanks/Assault Vehicles
AMX-13 Light Tank .......................................... 4-3
M41A3 Walker Light Tank ............................... 4-4
PT-76B Amphibious Tank ................................. 4-5
Scorpion Combat Vehicle Recon, Tracked ......... 4-6
Recoilless Weapons
SPG-9 73-mm Recoilless Gun ............................ 1-9
Carl Gustaf M2 84-mm Recoilless Rifle ........... 1-10
RPG-7V 40-mm ATGL.................................... 1-11
Panzerfaust-3 60-mm ATGL ............................ 1-13
RPG-29 105-mm ATGL .................................. 1-14
Armbrust 67-mm Disposable ATGL ................ 1-15
RPG-22 72-mm Disposable ATGL ................... 1-16
AT-4 84-mm Disposable ATGL ....................... 1-17
RPO Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon................ 1-18
RPO-A Series Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon . 1-19
M40 106-mm Recoilless Rifle .......................... 1-20
Main Battle Tanks
Chieftain Mk 5 .................................................. 4-7
Leopard 2 .......................................................... 4-9
T-55AMV........................................................ 4-11
T-62M ............................................................ 4-13
T-72B.............................................................. 4-15
T-72M1 ........................................................... 4-17
T-80B.............................................................. 4-19
T-80U.............................................................. 4-21
Type 59-II........................................................ 4-23
Type 85-IIM .................................................... 4-25
2. INFANTRY VEHICLES................................. 2-1
5. ANTITANK ..................................................... 5-1
Armored Personnel Carriers
BTR-60PA APC ................................................ 2-5
BTR-80 APC ..................................................... 2-7
BTR-80A APC .................................................. 2-8
BTR-D Airborne APC ....................................... 2-9
M113A1 APC.................................................. 2-10
MT-LB Light Armored Multi-purpose Vehicle 2-11
V-150 APC...................................................... 2-12
YW 531 APC................................................... 2-13
Antitank Guns
ZIS-3 76-mm Towed Antitank Gun ................... 5-3
SD-44 85-mm Towed Gun................................. 5-4
MT-12 100-mm Towed AT Gun ........................ 5-5
ATGM Launcher Vehicles
9P148 (AT-4/5) ATGM Launcher Vehicle ......... 5-7
9P149 (AT-6/9) ATGM Launcher Vehicle ......... 5-9
AMX-10 HOT ATGM Launcher Vehicle ......... 5-11
M901/ITOW ATGM Launcher Vehicle ........... 5-13
Infantry Fighting Vehicles
AMX-10P IFV................................................. 2-15
BMD-1 Airborne Fighting Vehicle .................. 2-17
BMD-3 Airborne Fighting Vehicle .................. 2-19
BMP-1P IFV.................................................... 2-21
BMP-2 IFV...................................................... 2-23
BMP-3 IFV...................................................... 2-25
Warrior IFV..................................................... 2-27
Antitank Guided Missile Launchers
AT-3 Antitank Guided Missile Launcher ........ 5-15
AT-4/5 ATGM Launcher (9P135).................... 5-16
AT-7/13 ATGM Launcher (9P151) .................. 5-17
Eryx ATGM Launcher ..................................... 5-18
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
6. ARTILLERY ................................................... 6-1
PRP-3/PRP-4M Artillery Recon Vehicle ............ 6-3
8. ENGINEER & LOGISTICS ........................... 8-1
Engineer
PMR-3 Towed Mechanical Minelayer ................ 8-3
GMZ-3 Tracked Minelaying Vehicle ................. 8-4
UMZ Scatterable Minelaying System ................. 8-5
KMT-5 Tank-Mounted Roller-Plow Set............. 8-6
MTK-2 Tracked Mineclearing Vehicle .............. 8-7
BAT-M Tracked Route-Clearing Vehicle ........... 8-8
IMR-2M Obstacle-Clearing Vehicle ................... 8-9
Towed
D-30 122-mm Towed Howitzer.......................... 6-5
M-46 130-mm Towed Gun ................................ 6-6
D-20 152-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer.................. 6-7
G-5 155-mm Towed Howitzer............................ 6-8
Self-Propelled
2S1 122-mm SP Howitzer.................................. 6-9
2S3 152-mm SP Howitzer................................ 6-10
2S5 152-mm SP Gun ....................................... 6-11
2S19 152-mm SP Howitzer.............................. 6-12
Type 83 152-mm SP Gun-Howitzer ................. 6-13
G-6 155-mm SP Howitzer................................ 6-15
AU-F1 155-mm SP Howitzer .......................... 6-17
Logistics
UAZ-469 0.6 mt Utility Truck ......................... 8-11
GAZ-66 2 mt Cargo Truck .............................. 8-12
Ural-375D 4.5 mt Cargo Truck........................ 8-13
KRAZ-255B 7.5 mt Cargo Truck..................... 8-14
9. ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT........................ 9-1
Multiple Rocket Launcher
BM-21 122-mm MRL ...................................... 6-19
9P140 220-mm MRL ....................................... 6-21
Astros-II 127/180/300-mm MRL ..................... 6-23
9A52-2 300-mm MRL ..................................... 6-25
Light Helicopters
BO-105.............................................................. 9-3
MD-500/Defender.............................................. 9-4
Mi-2/HOPLIGHT .............................................. 9-5
SA-341/Gazelle ................................................. 9-6
7. AIR DEFENSE................................................. 7-1
Attack Helicopters
AH-1F/Cobra..................................................... 9-7
Ka-50/HOKUM ................................................. 9-9
Mi-24/HIND.................................................... 9-11
Towed Antiaircraft (AA) Guns
KS-19M2 100-mm Towed AA Gun ................... 7-3
S-60 57-mm Towed AA Gun ............................. 7-4
ZU-23 23-mm Towed AA Gun .......................... 7-5
Utility Helicopters
AS-532/Cougar................................................ 9-13
Mi-8/HIP ......................................................... 9-14
Mi-17/HIP ....................................................... 9-15
Self-Propelled AA Guns/Combination Guns
ZSU-23-4 23-mm SP AA Gun ........................... 7-7
2S6M 30-mm SP AA Gun/Missile System ......... 7-8
Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs)
SA-7b/GRAIL Manportable SAM System.......... 7-9
SA-14/GREMLIN Manportable SAM System .. 7-10
SA-18/GROUSE Manportable SAM System ... 7-11
SA-8b/GECKO SAM System........................... 7-12
SA-15b/GAUNTLET SAM System.................. 7-13
Heavy Helicopters
Mi-26/HALO Transport Helicopter .................. 9-16
Glossary...................................................... Glossary-1
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 1
Infantry Weapons
This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected infantry weapons either in use or
readily available to the OPFOR and therefore likely to be encountered by U.S. forces in varying
levels of conflict. The selection of weapons is not intended to be all inclusive, rather a
representative sampling of weapons and equipment supporting various military capabilities.
This chapter is divided into two categories small arms and recoilless weapons. Small
arms covers, in order, assault rifles, under-barrel grenade launchers, light machineguns, general
purpose machineguns, heavy machineguns, and automatic grenade launchers. The second
category, recoilless weapons, contains the US 106-mm Recoilless Rifle M40 and the Russian 73mm Recoilless Gun SPG-9. This category also covers a rapidly growing segment of shoulderfired (unguided) infantry weapons. While originally limited to shoulder-fired unguided antitank
weapons such as the Russian 40-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-7, the utility of shoulderfired weapons has expanded to include multi-purpose systems such as the Swedish 84-mm
Recoilless Rifle Carl Gustaf M2. This field of weapons is often labeled “antitank” and also
includes “bunker-buster” warheads, and weapons fired from close spaces such as the German 67mm Disposable Antitank Grenade Launcher Armbrust.
Another emerging battle-tested, lethal, shoulder-fired weapon is the Russian Infantry
Rocket Flame Weapon RPO-A Series (RPO-A/D/Z) capable of firing either a smoke, incendiary,
or a thermobaric warhead to 600 meters. At 200 meters it is accurate to 0.5 m2. The thermobaric
warhead has a demolition effect corresponding to a round of 122-mm HE artillery. Due to the
relative low cost, availability, versatility, transportability, trainability, and lethality of this category
of infantry weapons, trainers should expect to encounter these systems in larger numbers with
increasing levels of lethality, penetration, and utility. For information on guided antitank weapon
systems see Chapter 5.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Richard G. McCall
DSN: 552-7960 Commercial (913) 684-7960
e-mail address: mccallr@leav-emh1.army.mil
1-1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
1-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 5.45-mm Assault Rifle AK-74 _____________________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
5.45-mm cartridge
Ball
Ball-tracer
Incendiary-T
AP
300
SYSTEM
VARIANTS
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: Widespread
AKS-74: Folding-stock version with a Y-shaped, tubular stock.
AK-74M: Improves the basic AK-74 design by adding a folding plastic
stock, an improved mount for night vision or other sights.
AKS-74U: Submachinegun: modified version with a much shorter barrel
(207-mm) and a conical flash suppressor instead of a muzzle break. Its
overall length is 492 with stock folded.
AK-101: 5.56x45-mm (NATO) variant of the AK-74M.
AK-102: 5.56x45-mm (NATO) short-barrel (314-mm) variant of the
AK-74M.
AK-103: 7.62x39-mm variant of the AK-74M.
AK-104: 7.62x39-mm short-barrel (314-mm) variant of the AK-74M.
AK-105: 5.45x39-mm short-barrel (314-mm) variant of the AK-74M.
Description:
Weight (kg):
Loaded (with magazine): 3.95
Empty (w/o magazine): 3.4
Length (mm):
Overall: 880 (937 including muzzle brake)
Barrel: 415
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 600
Practical:
Automatic: 100
Semiautomatic: 40
Operation: Gas
Feed: 30-rd detachable box magazine (40-rd used by RPK-74 LMG
is interchangeable)
Fire Mode: Selective, automatic or semi-automatic
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Fore, pillar; rear, U-notch
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: Yes. AK-74M N3 mounts an NSPU-3
AMMUNITION
Name: 7N6
Caliber/length: 5.45x39-mm
Type: Ball
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Maximum: 800
Armor Penetration: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 880
Name: 7N10
Caliber/length: 5.45x39-mm
Type: Armor piercing
Range (m):
Effective: INA for AK-74 (800 for RPK-74)
Armor Penetration (mm): 16 @ 100 m 80% of time
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA for AK-74 (960 for RPK-74)
NOTES
The AK-74 is basically an AKM rechambered and rebored to fire a 5.45-mm cartridge. The AK-74 can mount a 40-mm under-barrel grenade
launcher and a passive image intensifier night sight. The AK-74 is also the basis for other 5.45-mm infantry weapons including the RPK-74 light
machinegun.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 5.45-mm Light Machinegun RPK-74 _______________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical Combat
Load
5.45-mm cartridge
Ball
Ball-tracer
Incendiary-T
AP
SYSTEM
VARIANTS
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: Late 1970s
Proliferation: Widespread
RPKS-74: Folding stock
Description:
Weight (kg):
Loaded (with magazine): 5.0
Empty (w/o magazine): 4.6
Length (mm):
Overall: 1.07 m
Barrel: 590 mm (including flash suppresser)
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 600
Practical:
Automatic: 150
Semiautomatic: 50
Operation: Gas
Feed: 40-rd detachable box magazine (30-rd used by AK-74 is
interchangeable)
Fire Mode: Selective, automatic or semi-automatic
Name: 7N6
Caliber/length: 5.45x39-mm
Type: Ball
Range (m):
Effective: 800
Maximum: 1,000
Armor Penetration: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 960
320
AMMUNITION
Name: 7N10
Caliber/length: 5.45x39-mm
Type: AP
Range (m):
Effective: 800
Armor Penetration (mm): 16 @ 100 m 80% of time
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 960
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Fore, cylindrical post; rear, tangent leaf with U-notch; adjustable to
1,000 m
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: Yes. 1LH51 night sight
NOTES
The RPK-74 is the machinegun version of the AK-74, firing the same ammunition. Instead of the prominent muzzle brake used on the AK-74, the
machinegun is longer than that normally used with the AK-74, but the magazines are interchangeable. The RPK-74 has a bipod and is compatible
with the front firing ports of BMPs. The RPK-74 is the standard squad machinegun in OPFOR infantry units. It generally replaces both the RPK and
PKM 7.62-mm weapons.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 7.62-mm General Purpose Machinegun PKM________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
7.62-mm cartridge
Ball
Ball-tracer
Incendiary-ranging
API
API-T
SYSTEM
SIGHTS
Alternative Designations: (see VARIANTS)
Date of Introduction (PKM/PKT): 1971/1968
Proliferation: Widespread
Name: INA
Type: Open iron sights
Sighting range (PKM/PKT) (m): 1,500/2,000
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: Yes
Description:
Weight (kg):
Empty (w/o magazine) (PKM/PKT) (kg): 8.4/10.66
Loaded (with magazine): Varies with magazine
Ammo box (only) with 100/200-rd belt (kg): 3.9/8.0
Tripod (lightweight) (kg): 4.75
Length (mm):
Overall (PKM/PKT): 1,160/1,080
On tripod (PKS): 1,267
Barrel: 658
Barrel Change: Yes
Mount Type: Pintle, coaxial, bipod or tripod (Stepanov)
Mounted On: (see VARIANTS)
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 650
Practical: 250
Fire Mode: Automatic
Operation: Gas
Feed: Belt, 100-rd belt carried in a box fastened to the right side of the
receiver. 25-rd belts can be joined in several combination lengths
(100/200/250)
INA
VARIANTS
PKM: Squad machinegun
PKT: Tank-mounted coaxial, lacks stock, sights, bipod, has solenoid
electric trigger, longer heavier barrel.
PKS: Lightweight tripod-mounted infantry weapon
PKMS: Lightweight tripod-mounted variant of the PKS
PKB (PKBM): Pintle-mounted on APCs, SP guns, BRDM, BTRs,
has butterfly trigger rather than solenoid, double space grips, and
front and rear sights
AMMUNITION
Name: INA
Caliber and Length: 7.62x54-mm rimmed
Type: Ball
Max Range (PKM/PKT) (m): 3,800/4,000
Practical Range (PKM/PKT) (m):
Day: 1,000/2,000
Night: 300/INA
Armor Penetration @ 0o obliquity @ 500 range (mm): 8
Muzzle Velocity (PKM/PKT) (m/s): 825/855
NOTES
The 7.62-mm general-purpose machinegun (PKM) is a gas-operated, belt-fed, sustained-fire weapon. The basic PKM is bipod-mounted but can also
fit in vehicle firing ports. It is constructed partly of stamped metal and partly of forged steel. Compared to the US M-60, the PK-series machineguns
are easier to handle during firing, easier to care for, and lighter. The 7.62x54R is a more powerful cartridge than the US with a slightly shorter
effective range.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 12.7-mm Heavy Machinegun NSV/NSV-T ___________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
12.7-mm cartridge
API (B-32)
API-T (BZT-44)
HEI
SYSTEM
SIGHTS
Alternative Designations: NSVS (tripod-stand mounted), Utyos
Date of Introduction: Early 1970s
Proliferation: Widespread
Name: INA
Type: Metallic sights, (tangent leaf rear and folding front post)
Sight Range (m): 2,000
Name: 10P50 Optical
Type: Day optical sight
Magnification: 3-6x
Name: 1PN52-1
Type: Night sight
Magnification: 5.3x
Name: 10P80 (used w/ 6U6 mount)
Type: AA collimating sight (aircraft speed to 300 km/h)
Name: 10P81 (used w/ 6U6 mount)
Type: Ground target sight
Name: K10-T (on NSVT for T-72/T-80)
Type: Reflex AA sight
Description:
Weight (kg):
Total System (w/6T7): 43
Empty: 25
Loaded: INA
Tripod (6T7 tripod): 16
Length (mm):
Overall: 1,560
On 6T7 Tripod: 1,900
Width (on 6T7 tripod) (mm): 860
Height (on 6T7 tripod) (mm): 380
Barrel Life (rds): 5,000
Barrel Change Time (sec): 5
Barrel Weight (kg): 9.2
Mount Type: 6T7 (infantry) tripod or 6U6 (w/seat) universal tripod
Mounted On: (see VARIANTS)
Traverse (°): 360
Elevation (°): -5 to +75
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 680-800
Practical: 100
Fire Mode: Automatic; short bursts (four to six) or long bursts (10 to
15) or continuously
Operation: Gas
Feed: Left or right from metal link belt from 50-rd boxes
300
VARIANTS
NSVT: Tank-mounted, (see NOTES)
AMMUNITION
Name: B-32
Caliber and Length: 12.7x108-mm
Type: Armor Piercing Incendiary
Max Range (ground) (m): 7,850
Effective Range (m):
AA: 1,000
Ground: 2,000
Armor: 800
Night (w/1PN52-1): 1,000
Armor Penetration @ 0o obliquity @ 500/1,000m range (mm):
20/13.2
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 860
NOTES
A tripod-mount (6T7) version is available for infantry use in a ground role. However, the NSVT appears more commonly mounted on the turrets of
tanks as an antiaircraft machinegun. On the T-72 and the T-80, it has a rotating mount and can be fired from within the tank. The tank commander
employs the K10-T reflex sight to engage aircraft. On the T-72/T-80 mount he engages ground targets with metallic sights on the gun itself. The T64 tank mounts a modified version with a fixed mount on the commander’s cupola. It fires by means of an electrical solenoid when the tank is
buttoned up. An optic serves this purpose. Instead of the normal 50-round ammunition belt container, the NSVT on the T-64 may use a larger belt
container holding 200 rounds.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher AGS-17 _______________________
Ammunition
Types
30-mm grenade
Frag-HE
SYSTEM
SIGHTS
Alternative Designations: Plamya (Flame)
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: At least 12 countries
Name: PAG-17
Type: Illuminated day optical sight
Sighting Range (m): 1,700
Magnification: 2.7x
Location: Left rear of launcher
Night Sights Available: Yes
Description:
Crew: 3 (see NOTES)
Weight (kg):
Empty (without magazine): 30.71
Loaded (with magazine): 45.05
Launcher: 17.86
Sight: .99
Tripod: 11.86
Magazine (loaded): 14.34
Length (m): 1.28
Height (m): INA
Width (m): INA
Tripod Name: SAG-17
Mounts: Tripod, vehicle, or helicopter
Traverse (°): 30 total
Elevation (°): +7 to +87
Service Life of Barrel (rds): 6,000
Barrel Change Time: Quick disconnect
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Practical: 60-100
Cyclic: 100-400 Adjustable with a thumb safety. May be fired
single shot or in short (< 5 rds) or long (6-10 rds) bursts.
Operation: Blowback
Feed: Drum magazine containing 29 round belt.
Fire Mode: Selective, automatic and semi-automatic
Loader Type: Manual
Typical
Combat Load
(Dismounted)
87
VARIANTS
AG-17: Vehicle mounted.
AG-17A: Helicopter mounted, electric trigger, rate of fire increased to
420-500 rd/min, 300 rd belt.
TKB-722K AGL: Lighter version and possibly the follow-on to the
AGS-17, shoots the same ammunition as the AGS-17
AMMUNITION
Name: VOG-17A, VOG-17M (self-destruct)
Caliber/length: 30x132.8-mm
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m)
Direct Fire Range (m): 700
Effective (m): 1,200
Min Range (m): 50
Max Indirect Range (m): 1,730
Armor Penetration: Lightly armored vehicles.
Accuracy @ 400 m:
Distance: 4.3 m
Deflection: .2 m
Casualty Radius (m): 15 (90% at 7 m)
Complete Round Weight (grams): 350
Grenade Weight (grams): 280
Warhead Explosive Weight (grams): 36
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 185
Fuze Type: Impact, activates after 25 spins.
NOTES
The AGS-17 provides the infantry with an area suppressive capability. One AGL can create a damage zone 15 meters wide. The fire from an AGL
platoon covers a sector approximately 90 m across. Although primarily intended for use against personnel, it has a limited capability to engage lightly
armored vehicles. The crew consists of a gunner and two riflemen-assistant gunners, and may have an additional ammunition bearer. For ground
transport the AGS-17 breaks down into four parts: launcher, sight, tripod, and magazine. When dismounted the gunner carries the sight and launcher,
the first assistant carries the tripod and a magazine, and the second assistant carries two additional magazines. It is very accurate in the semiautomatic
mode and is quite effective in area coverage in the automatic mode. The 50-meter increments in the range table atop the receiver indicate accuracy
against point targets. The AGS-17 is normally organized in a platoon consisting of 6 launchers, carried in pairs in three armored vehicles (they can
also be carried in trucks, or by individuals). The AGS-17 is capable of mounting night vision sights.
1-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 40-mm Under-Barrel Grenade Launcher GP-30 ______________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
40-mm grenade
Frag-HE (impact)
Frag-HE (bounding)
Smoke
SYSTEM
AMMUNITION
Alternative Designations: BG-15 Mukha; GP-25 Koster, GP-30
Obuvka
Date of Introduction: 1980
Proliferation: Widespread
Name: VOG-25
Caliber/length: 40x102-mm
Type: Frag-HE with impact fuze
Weight (kg):
Round: .250
Exposive: .048
Range (m):
Maximum: 400
Minimum: 10–40 (arms itself)
Casualty Radius (m): 6; (90% @ 10)
Self-destruct Time (sec): 14–19
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 76
Description:
Weight (kg):
Loaded: 1.79
Empty: 1.5
Length (mm):
Overall: 323
Barrel: 205
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4-5
Operation: N/A
Feed: Muzzle-loaded
Fire Mode: Single-shot
Accuracy @ 400 m:
Distance: 6.7 m
Deflection: 3 m
Components: Barrel (w/ mounting bracket and sight),
trigger assembly
10
Name: VOG-25P
Caliber/length: 40x122-mm
Type: Bounding Frag-HE, explodes .5 to 1.5 m from impact
Weight (kg):
Round: .278
Exposive: .037
Range (m):
Maximum: 400
Minimum: 10 – 40 (arms itself)
Casualty Radius (m): 6; 90% @ 10
Self-destruct Time (sec): 14 –19
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 75
SIGHTS
Name: N/A
Type: Front post and rear open U-notched
Location: Left side of mounting bracket
Sighting Range (m): Graduated out to 400
Name: GRD-40
Caliber/length: 40x150-mm
Type: Smoke
Effective Against: Visual and infrared
Weight (g): 260
Smoke Screening Range (m): 50, 100, 200
Smoke Screen Dispersion (m):
1 sec............10x10x10
2 sec............20x20x20
3 sec............25x25x25
Smoke Screen Duration @ wind speed of 3-5 m/s: At least 60 sec
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 70-75
VARIANTS
BG-15, GP-25: (see NOTES)
NOTES
The GP-30 Obuvka is a widely proliferated, muzzle-loaded, single-shot, detachable, under-barrel grenade launcher. The BG-15, GP-25 and the GP30 are all basically the same weapon. Variants can be mounted on all models of Kalashnikov assault rifles. The rifleman can fire the launcher only
when the complete weapon is attached to the assault rifle.
1-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 73-mm Recoilless Gun SPG-9 ____________________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
73-mm recoilless gun
RA HEAT
RA HE
SYSTEM
SIGHTS
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1970
Proliferation: Widespread
Name: PGO-9
Type: Optical and iron
Magnification: Optical 4x, 10°field of view
Location: Left side
Sighting Range (m): 1,300
Night Sights Available: IR and passive night, PGN-9
Description:
Crew: 3
Caliber (mm): 73
Weight (kg):
Firing Position: 47.5
Travel Position: 47.5
Tripod: 12
Length (travel) (m): 2.11
Width (travel) (m): .99
Height (travel) (m): .80
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: Interrupted screw
Feed: Breech load
Traverse (°): 30 total
Elevation (°): -3 to +7
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6
Emplacement/displacement time (min): 1
Fire From Inside Building: No
INA
VARIANTS
SPG-9D: Airborne version with detachable wheels
AMMUNITION
Range (m):
Maximum Effective:
HEAT: 1,000
HE: 1,300
Minimum: INA
Armor Penetration (mm) @ 1,000 m: 400 (HEAT any range)
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Length (mm): 1,000
Complete Round Weight (kg):
Rocket-Assisted HEAT: 3.5
Rocket-Assisted HE: 4
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 435
Max Velocity w/rocket assist (m/s): 700
NOTES
The SPG-9 is a recoilless, smooth-bore, single-shot antitank weapon that fires both antiarmor and antipersonnel ammunition. Several generations of
night vision equipment are available for the SPG-9. It is manportable, but a truck or APC normally carries it. It must be dismounted and placed on its
tripod for firing.
1-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Swedish 84-mm Recoilless Rifle Carl Gustaf M2 ____________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
84-mm round
HEAT (tandem)
HEDP
HEAT
HE
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: At least 20 countries
Description:
Crew: 1 or 2 (see NOTES)
Caliber (mm): 84
Weight (kg):
Mount: .8
M2: 14.2
M3: 8.5
Length (mm): 1,065
Rifling: 24 lands/progressive twist
Breech Mechanism Type: Hinged
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6
Fire From Inside Building: INA
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Iron and telescoped
Magnification: 3x
Location: Left side
Weight (kg): 1
Used With Range Finders: Yes, laser
Night Sights Available: May be used with Generation III Image
Intensification Systems.
VARIANTS
M3: Lightweight version of the M2
AMMUNITION
Name: FFV 751
Type: HEAT (tandem )
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Moving: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): +500
Weight (kg): 4
INA
Name: FFV 502
Type: HEDP (with dual mode fuze)
Range (m):
Effective (personnel in open): 1,000
Effective (stationary): 500
Moving: 300
Arming Range: 15-40
Penetration:
Armor (mm): +150
Weight (kg): 3.3
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 230
Name: FFV 551
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 700
Arming Range: 5-15
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 400
Weight (kg): 3.2
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 255
Name: FFV 441B
Type: HE
Range (m):
Effective (unprotected troops, soft-skinned vehicles): 1,100
Arming Range: 20-70
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Weight (kg): 3.1
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): 240
Name: FFV 469B
Type: Smoke
Range (m):
Effective: Up to 1,300
Weight (kg): 3.1
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 240
Name: FFV 545
Type: Illumination
Range (m):
Practical: 300-2,100
Burning Time (sec): 30
Illuminated Area, dia: 400-500
Candle Power: 650,000 cd
Weight (kg): 3.1
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 260
NOTES
The 84-mm Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle is a one-man portable, direct-fire, single-shot, breech-loading weapon. Several versions of the Carl Gustaf are
produced outside Sweden; however, the ammunition is interchangeable among the variants. While the weapon can be operated by one person it is
better to have two— one to fire the gun, and the other to carry and load the ammunition. In addition to its antitank role, the weapon can be used as part
of an illumination plan, to provide smoke, or for bunker busting.
1-10
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 40-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-7V ________________________
Ammunition
Types
40-mm grenade
PG-7V
PG-7VM
PG-7VS
PG-7VL
PG-7VR
TBG-7V
OG-7V
OG-7VM
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1962
Proliferation: At least 40 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Caliber (launcher ) (mm): 40
Weight (kg):
Empty: 7.9
Loaded: Varies with grenade
Length (mm): 950
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6
Fire From Inside Building: No
Grenade Components: Warhead, rocket motor, tail assembly
SIGHTS
Name: PGO-7
Type: Optical w/II
Magnification: 2.7x, 13°field of view
Location: Top of launcher/sight-left side
Sighting Range (m): 500
Night Sights Available: Yes, NSP-3, NSP-2 (IR), NSPU, PGN-1
(II), 1PN58 (II)
VARIANTS
RPG-7D, RPG-7DV1: Folding variants used by airborne troops
AMMUNITION
Name: PG-7V
Caliber (mm): 85
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Moving: 300
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 330
Length (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 2.2
Typical
Combat Load
5
Name: PG-7VM
Caliber (mm): 70.5
Type: INA
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 330
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 140
Length (mm): 950
Weight (kg): 2
Name: PG-7VS
Caliber (mm): 72
Type: INA
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): INA
Brick (m): + 1.5
Reinforced concrete (m): + 1
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA
Length (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 2
Name: PG-7VL
Caliber (mm): 93
Type: INA
Range (m):
Effective: 300
Minimum: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 600
Brick (m): 1.7
Reinforced concrete (m): + 1.1
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 112
Length (mm): 980
Weight (kg): 2.6
NOTES
The RPG-7V is a recoilless, shoulder-fired, muzzle-loaded, reloadable, antitank grenade launcher. It fires a variety of rocket-assisted grenades from a
40-mm smoothbore launcher tube. It is the standard squad antitank weapon in use by the OPFOR. The RPG-7V is light enough to be carried and
fired by one person. However, an assistant grenadier normally deploys to the left of the gunner to protect him from small arms fire. The RPG-7V
requires a well-trained gunner to estimate ranges and lead distances for moving targets. Crosswinds as low as 7 miles per hour can complicate the
gunner's estimate and reduce first-round hit probability to 50% at ranges beyond 180 meters.
1-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-7V continued _____________________
Name: PG-7VR (uses RPG-7V1 launcher sights)
Caliber (mm): 105
Type: Tandem
Range (m):
Effective: 200
Minimum: INA
Sighting Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): +750 (all armor including reactive armor)
Brick (m): 2
Reinforced concrete (m): +1.5
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA
Length (mm): 1,306
Weight (kg): 4.5
Name: TBG-7V (uses RPG-7V1 launcher sights)
Caliber (mm): 105
Type: Thermobaric (similar to RPO-A warhead)
Range (m):
Effective: 200
Sighting Range: 800
Penetration:
Armor (mm): INA
Brick (m): +1.5
Reinforced concrete (m): + 1.5
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA
Length (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 4.5
Name: OG-7V
Caliber (mm): 40
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m):
Effective: 950
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 152
Length (mm): 569
Weight (kg): 1.7
Name: OG-7VM
Caliber (mm): 40
Type: Frag-HE
Range (m):
Effective: 1,000
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 145
Length (mm): 595
Weight (kg): 1.7
1-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
German 60-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher Panzerfaust-3 ___________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
60-mm grenade
HEAT
Multipurpose-FRAG
BASTEG
Illumination
Smoke
Practice
SYSTEM
AMMUNITION
Alternative Designations: Balliste, Pzf 3
Date of Introduction: 1990
Proliferation: At least eight countries
Name: INA
Caliber (mm): 110
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective (moving): 300
Effective (stationary): 500
Penetration:
Armor (mm): + 700
Weight (kg): 3.8
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): 170
Flight Velocity(m/s): 250
Time of Flight to 300 m (sec): 1.3
Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm):
Launch Tube: 60
Warhead: 110
Weight (kg): 12
Length (mm):
Firing Position: 1,200
Travel Position: 1,200
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: N/A
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 5
Fire From Inside Building: Yes
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Optical
Magnification: INA
Location: Left side
Used With Range Finders: Yes
Night Sights Available: Yes
VARIANTS
Panzerfaust 3-T 600: Simrad IS2000 laser gun sight with range of
moving targets out to 600 m. Can be fitted with Simrad KN205F
night sights.
INA
Name: BASTEG (Barricade and Street Encounter Grenade)
Caliber (mm): 110
Type: Shaped-charge w/stand-off fuze
Range (m): INA
Penetration:
Concrete (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): INA
Flight Velocity(m/s): INA
Time of Flight to 300 m (sec): INA
OFF-ROUTE MINE SYSTEM
Target Speed range (km/h): 30-60
Effective Range (m): 150
Operational Time (days): 40
Acquisition: Targets detected by acoustic sensor which activates the
infra-red sensor.
Sensors:
IR Sensor: Passive, two-color
IR Optics: Double parabolic, off-axis
Acoustic: Capacitative microphone.
NOTES
The Panzerfaust 3 is a compact, lightweight, shoulder-fired, unguided antitank weapon. It consists of a disposable cartridge with a 110-mm warhead
and reusable firing and sighting device. The Panzerfaust can be adapted to serve as an off-route mine.
1-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 105-mm Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-29 _______________________
Ammunition
Types
105-mm grenade
HEAT (tandem)
SYSTEM
VARIANTS (see NOTES)
Alternative Designations: Vampir
Date of Introduction: Late 1980s
Proliferation: Former Soviet Union
AMMUNITION
Name: PG-29V
Caliber (warhead): 105
Type: HEAT (tandem)
Range (m):
Effective: 500
Minimum: INA
Penetration (m):
Armor: +750, (650 behind ERA)
Concrete and brick: +1.5
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Length (mm): INA
Complete Round Weight (kg): 6.7
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 280
Description:
Crew: 2
Caliber (tube) (mm): 105
Weight (kg): 11.5
Length (mm): 1,000
Life of Tube/barrel: 300
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
Fire From Inside Building: INA
Maximum Target Speed (km/h): INA
Emplacement/displacement time (min): (see NOTES)
Typical
Combat Load
INA
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Iron, optical, and night
Magnification: INA
Location: Left side
Sighting Range (m): 450
Night Sights Available: Yes, INA
NOTES
For ease of transportation the RPG-29 can be broken down into two parts which one soldier can carry. It can be made ready to fire within a few
seconds. A folding bipod is provided to assist aiming during prone firing. An unnamed variant has a tripod mount and guidance and control system.
The guidance and control system of the mounted variant includes an optical sight, laser rangefinder and ballistic data computer for firing on moving
targets. This increases the effective range of the mounted system to 800 m against a stationary target with a hit probability of 80%.
1-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
German 67-mm Disposable Antitank Grenade Launcher Armbrust _____________
Ammunition
Type
67-mm grenade
HEAT
SYSTEM
VARIANTS (INA)
Alternative Designations: Crossbow
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: At least seven countries
AMMUNITION
Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 67
Weight (kg): 6.3
Length (mm): 850
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: N/A
Rate of Fire (rd/min): N/A (disposable)
Fire From Inside Building: Yes (see NOTES)
Typical
Combat Load
INA
Name: INA
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum: 1,500
Effective AT: 300
Flight Time (sec) @ 300 m: 1.5
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 300
Reinforced Concrete (m): INA
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): 210
SIGHTS
Name: N/A
Type: Reflex
Magnification: None
Location: Left side
Sighting Range (m): INA
Night Sights Available: INA
NOTES
The Armbrust is a preloaded, disposable, shoulder-fired antitank weapon. It has a low signature and low IR detectability and can be safely fired from
small enclosed rooms. The muzzle does not emit smoke or blast and no flash can be seen from the rear. Only .8 m clearance is required between the
rear of the weapon and the wall. It is quieter than a pistol shot. The entire weapon is considered a round of ammunition and the launcher is thrown
away once the weapon is fired. Manufactured by Singapore.
1-15
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 72-mm Disposable Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-22 ______________
Ammunition
Types
72-mm grenade
HEAT
SYSTEM
VARIANTS (None)
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1985
Proliferation: At least three countries
AMMUNITION (see NOTES)
Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 72
Weight (kg): 2.8
Length (mm):
Firing Position: 850
Travel Position: 750
Rifling: None
Breech Mechanism Type: N/A
Rate of Fire (rd/min): N/A (disposable)
Fire From Inside Building: No, backblast out to 30 m behind the
weapon.
Typical
Combat Load
INA
Name: INA
Caliber (mm): 72
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 250
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 390
Brick (m): 1.2
Reinforced Concrete (m): 1
Muzzle Velocity(m/s):
Initial: 133
Maximum: 300
Length (mm): 618
Weight (kg): 1.48
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Iron, calibrated for 50, 150, 200 m
Magnification: None
Location: Top of launcher
Sighting Range (m): 250
Night Sights Available: No
NOTES
The RPG-22 is a lightweight, shoulder-fired, preloaded, disposable antiarmor weapon intended for firing one round, after which the tube is discarded.
It is basically a scaled-up version of the RPG-18 (similar to the US LAW) and has no dedicated grenadier; however, all soldiers train to use the squadlevel disposable weapon.
1-16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Swedish 84-mm Disposable Light Antitank Weapon AT4 _____________________
Ammunition
Types
84-mm round
HEDP
HEAT
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: US M136, Bofors AT 4, FFV AT4
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: At least seven countries
Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 84
Weight (kg): 6
Length (mm):
Firing Position: 1,000
Travel Position: 1,000
Rate of Fire (rd/min): N/A (disposable)
Fire From Inside Building: See AT4 CS
SIGHTS
Name: INA
Type: Popup, preset to 200 m
Location: Top left
Night Sights Available: Yes, INA
VARIANTS (see NOTES)
LMAW: Light Multipurpose Assault Weapon, uses HEDP
AT4 CS: Confined space
AT4 HP: High penetration
AMMUNITION
Name: AT4 HEAT
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: 300
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 420
Weight (kg): 6.7
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): 285
Typical
Combat Load
INA
Name: LMAW (see VARIANTS)
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEDP, modified Carl Gustaf HEPD FFV 502 (with dual mode
fuze)
Range (m):
Effective: 300
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 150
Concrete (m): INA
Casualty Radius (m): INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 235
Name: AT4 CS (confined space) can fire from confined spaces as small
as 22.5 m3
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEAT or HEDP (LMAW) warheads
Range (m):
Effective: INA
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): INA
Name: AT4 HP (high penetration)
Caliber (mm): 84
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Effective: INA
Arming Range: INA
Penetration:
Armor (mm): 600
Weight (kg): Less than 7
Muzzle Velocity(m/s): 290
NOTES
The AT4 is a lightweight, preloaded, disposable antiarmor weapon intended for firing one round, after which the tube is discarded. All AT4 systems
share the same launcher but may contain different preloaded munitions. The variant selected depends on the intended use. The AT4’s average recoil
is comparable to the M16 rifle.
1-17
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon RPO ______________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
Rocket
Rocket-propelled
encapsulated napalm
projectile.
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Rys (Lynx)
Date of Introduction: Late 1970s
Proliferation: FSU
2
SIGHTS
Name: N/A
Type: Open metal, front and rear
Location: Left side, rear is on-line with rear of grip
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: INA
Description:
Crew: 1
Weight (kg):
Empty: 3.5
Pack (launcher and two rounds): 22
Length (ready to fire) (m): 1.44
Rate of Fire (rockets/min): 1
Reaction Time-Travel to Fire (sec): 60
Fire From Inside Building: INA
Tube Life: 100 rounds
Launcher Components: Firing tube, firing mechanism, mechanical
sights, collapsing bipod and sling.
VARIANTS (None)
AMMUNITION
Name: RPO
Type: Incendiary
Warhead Incendiary Fill (liters): 4
Weight of Incendiary in Warhead (kg): 4
Type of Incendiary: Pyrogel
Burn Temperature (°C): 800-1,000
Caliber (mm): 122
Casualty Radius: Fire envelope 10-40 m deep in the direction of
the shot with a spray width of 3-4 m.
Components: Container, warhead canister, propulsion unit
PERFORMANCE
Range (m):
Effective: 190
Maximum: 400
Minimum: INA
Accuracy: INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): INA
NOTES
The RPO is a combat-tested, shoulder-fired reusable weapon that fires a rocket-propelled encapsulated napalm warhead. It was designed to replace the
LPO-50. The RPO is carried in two parts that must be connected to fire. Squeezing the trigger ignites the rocket with an electric spark. Part of the
propellant gas enters the container and pushes the canister, kindling the igniter which in turn, ignites the incendiary mixture. The napalm in the RPO
ignites at the initial stage of the flight and upon impact burning pieces are scattered all over the target. Although still in use by the OPFOR
Flamethrower Bn (Encapsulated) at Corps or Army level (and other armies), the RPO has generally been replaced by the Infantry Rocket Flame
Weapon RPO-A Series (RPO-A/D/Z).
1-18
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Infantry Rocket Flame Weapon RPO-A Series (RPO-A/Z/D) ____________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
Rocket
RPO-A: Thermobaricflammable mixture
RPO-Z: Incendiary
RPO-D: Smoke
SYSTEM
SIGHTS
Alternative Designations: Shmel (Bumblebee)
Date of Introduction: 1984
Proliferation: Widespread
Name: OPO-1
Type: Optical calibrated to 600 m
Location: Left, next to grip
Magnification: None
Night Sights Available: INA
Description:
Crew: 1
Caliber (mm): 93
Number of Weapons in a Package: 2
Weight of Package (kg): 12
Total weapon (1) weight (kg): 11
Length (mm): 920
Rate of Fire (rockets/min): 2
Reaction Time-Travel to Fire (sec): 30
Fire From Inside Building: Yes. It can be fired in enclosures of 60 m3 or
greater or with a barrier behind the weapon.
Components: Container, ejection motor, warhead.
2
VARIANTS (None)
AMMUNITION
Name: RPO-A
Type: Thermobaric
Casualty Radius (m): 50 (personnel in open)
Lightly armored materiel kill probability at 400 m: 0.7
Burn Temperature (°C): 800+
Warhead Explosive Type: Trotyl equivalent (kg) -2
Warhead Mixture Weight (kg): 2.1
PERFORMANCE
Name: RPO-Z
Type: Incendiary
Warhead Mixture Weight (kg): 2.5
Range (m):
Direct Fire: 200
With Optical Sight: 850
Effective: 600
Minimum: 20
Indirect Fire: 1,000
Accuracy @ 200 m: .5 m2
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 125
Name: RPO-D
Warhead Weight (kg): 2.3
Smoke-Incendiary Type: Based on red phosphorous.
Smokescreen:
Time of Formation (min): 2
Length (m): 55 to 90
Depth (m): INA
Height (m): INA
Duration (min): 3 to 5
Effective Against: Visual and infrared
NOTES
Designed as a follow-on to the RPO, the RPO-A, -Z, and -D are one-shot, disposable, shoulder-fired, combat tested (Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
Chechnya), flame weapons. They are reliable and can be ready to fire within 30 seconds. Any soldier, infantryman, or paratrooper can use this closecombat weapon with minimal instruction. The RPO-A comprises three basic components: container, ejection motor, and case which is filled,
depending on its purpose, with thermobaric (enhanced blast explosive), smoke or incendiary rockets. At any range the blast effects of the thermobaric
munitions are much more serious than the thermal effects. The RPO-A is known as the infantryman’s pocket artillery because the demolition effect
corresponds to the 122-mm HE artillery, and 120-mm mortar projectile. The RPO series of flame weapons also serves as an extremely effective
counter-sniper weapon. The armor- and mechanized -based OPFOR usually issues one RPO-A per BMP (mechanized infantry squad). They are also
found in the Flamethrower Bn (Encapsulated) at Corps or Army level. One squad per infantry platoon has a RPO-A in the infantry-based OPFOR.
The RPO-A series of flame weapons are issued more along the lines of ammunition rather than a weapon, therefore the BOI may vary.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
United States 106-mm Recoilless Rifle M40 ________________________________
Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
106-mm recoilless gun
HEAT
HEAT-T
HEP-T
APERS-T
HEAP
SYSTEM
VARIANTS
Alternative Designations: (see VARIANTS)
Date of Introduction: 1953
Proliferation: At least 50 countries
M79 Mount: Tripod, ground, or vehicle
M50 Ontos: Six-barrel mount on small tracked vehicle
PAK-66: Austrian M40 on two-wheel carriage
Description:
Crew: 2
Caliber (mm): 106
Weight (kg):
With Spotting Rifle: 130
Gun Only: 113
Length (m):
Total: 3.40
Barrel: 2.85
Width (on M79 mount) (m):
Legs Spread: 1.524
Legs Closed: .8
Height (on M79 mount) (m): 1.3
Bore: Rifled 36 grooves, rh
Breech Type: Interrupted thread
Recoil System: Vented breech
Feed: Manual
Traverse (°): 360
Elevation (°) (M79 Mount): -17/+65
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 5
Spotting Rifle: .50 cal M8C
Emplacement/displacement time (min): INA
Fire From Inside Building: No
Complete Round Weight (kg): 13
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 570
AMMUNITION
SIGHTS
Name: M581
Type: APERS-T (antipersonnel-tracer) (flechette)
Fill (.5 g ea): 10,000 flechettes
Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 300
Complete Round Weight (kg): 18.73
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 438
Name: INA
Type: Optical
Name: Bofors modernization package
Type: Simrad LP101 laser sight in place of the ranging gun
Magnification: INA
Location: INA
Name: Bofors modernization package
Type: Computerized LASer Sight (CLASS)
Magnification: INA
Location: INA
Night Sights Available: Yes, INA
INA
Name: M344A1
Type: HEAT
Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 1,350
Maximum Range: 2,745
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Complete Round Weight (kg): 16.8
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 503
Name: 3/A-HEAT-T (Bofors upgrade)
Type: HEAT-Tracer
Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 2,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 +
Complete Round Weight (kg): 14.5
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 570
Name: M346A1
Type: HEP-T (HE plastic-tracer)
Range (m):
Maximum: 6,870
Complete Round Weight (kg): 16.95
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 498
Name: HEAP M-DN
Type: HE antipersonnel (steel pellets)
Fill: 1,000 steel pellets
Range (m):
Maximum Effective: 1,500
Lethal Radius: 40
Complete Round Weight (kg): 16.4
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 560
NOTES
The US M40 or M40A1 recoilless rifle is an antitank weapon. It uses a .50 cal spotting rifle mounted along the axis of the barrel to determine proper
elevation for the 106-mm barrel. Upgraded systems may have the Simrad laser sight in lieu of the ranging (spotting) gun.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 2
Infantry Vehicles
Infantry vehicles can vary from general transport assets such as trucks, to specially
designed light armored fighting vehicles (LAFVs). The intensity of combat on the modern
battlefield requires infantry vehicles that are mobile, survivable, and lethal. Many ground forces
have programs underway to field infantry LAFVs for modern requirements. Because of
budgetary constraints, many ground forces continue using infantry vehicles which we might
consider obsolete, but which are well suited for their environment and military role. A number of
forces have aggressive upgrade programs for older systems. The U.S. Army, in its next conflict,
is likely to encounter infantry forces with a mix of older and newer infantry vehicles.
CLASSIFICATION
Infantry LAFVs are generally classed as armored personnel carriers (APCs) or infantry
fighting vehicles (IFVs). The lighter, less protected and less lethal system is the APC. It is
intended to carry soldiers to the close combat zone, then dismount them for their commitment to
the fight. An IFV is designed to fight with soldiers onboard, to carry the soldiers forward without
dismounting them if possible, and to support them with direct fires if they do dismount. The
plethora of upgrade options available is permitting both APCs and IFVs to become more mobile,
survivable, and lethal. Thus we see APCs with IFV survivability or IFV lethality, or with
both which transforms them into IFVs. We also see IFVs with vulnerabilities which ill-suit them
for their mission requirement. This chapter highlights key infantry vehicles, with an emphasis on
their capabilities in mobility, survivability and lethality. Please note that on the modern battlefield,
lack of a capability (swim, night sights, etc.) is in fact a vulnerability.
TRENDS
This chapter highlights infantry LAFV features in terms of mobility, survivability, and
lethality. Armies have been looking at ways to balance the need for increased protection with
limitations that additional armor brings, such as the need to be amphibious. One solution is to
accept a lack of swim capability for a segment of up-armored IFVs, coupled with a distribution of
(less armored) amphibious vehicles within the force. Other armies are looking at limited addition
of applique armor or active protection systems. Several companies have developed light
explosive reactive armor (ERA), which can be used on LAFVs. However, this is a less likely
upgrade, because exploding armor fragments are a hazard to dismounted soldiers.
In the past, higher combat power and cost of tanks justified the wide disparity in firepower
between tanks and IFVs. However, modern IFVs, when fully manned and equipped, may have
equal or higher combat power and similar cost. Therefore, lethality improvements previously
afforded to tanks are being added to selected IFVs. A wide variety of lethality upgrades are
available for LAFVs. These include larger main weapons and antitank guided missile (ATGM)
launchers, and improved fire control systems (FCS), especially night sights. The simplest but
sometimes most costly upgrade is improved ammunition.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Improved secondary armaments for aerial targets permit the main weapon to focus more
on heavy targets. Thus, several countries are adding remote day sights and night sights and
improved ammunition for machineguns (MGs). Others are adding automatic grenade launchers to
supplement MG fires.
The aerial threat to AFVs has prompted ground forces to address that threat. One
response is proliferation of air defense assets, such as shoulder-fired SAMs. A more direct
response which is difficult to counter, is cost-effective, and has long-term benefits for force
effectiveness, is to better equip the vehicles for counterair fires. Some infantry vehicles have been
fitted with high-angle-of-fire turrets (e.g., BTR-80) and antiaircraft sights (BMP-3). Improved
fire control technology has led to more exotic ammunition solutions. The BMP-3 gun-launched
ATGM has a higher velocity for use against helicopters. Another new development is ballistic
computer-based electronically-fuzed frag-HE rounds, including forward- and side-firing rounds,
which can defeat rotary-wing aircraft and ground-based antiarmor positions at stand-off range.
Infantry vehicles offer the most economical armored vehicle chassis for development of
combat support and service support vehicles, including air defense vehicles, artillery, C4,
reconnaissance, etc. Noted variants offer a link to other systems described in the WEG.
This chapter provides a representative sampling of infantry vehicles in use today. The
selection is not comprehensive, rather reflects APCs and IFVs currently available to the OPFOR.
Within this chapter, other types of infantry vehicles are also noted. These include airborne
vehicles and multipurpose transporters. Other armored transport vehicles available to infantry
units are armored trucks (e.g., former Soviet BTR-152), amphibious assault vehicles (such as
U.S. LVTP7), jeep-type vehicles (e.g., HMMWV), and fast-attack vehicles (based on so-called
dune buggy designs). Examples of alternative vehicles will be added in later issues of the WEG.
TECHNICAL NOTES
The following notes apply to infantry LAFVs, and to combat vehicles (in other chapters)
that are used for reconnaissance, tank/assault, antitank, air defense, and artillery roles. Weapon,
fire control, and munition-related narrative applies to towed and ground weapon systems.
On each equipment sheet, the top of the page provides an illustration (line drawing or
photo of the system) and a summary of weapons and munitions. Note that a Typical Combat
Load, when available, may be estimated. In actuality, ammunition load depends on specific
country holdings, on time frame, and on scenario tactical considerations.
System and Variants sections provide basic data to assist in understanding current system
status and proliferation, as well as possible upgrade options. Under Description, to assure
comparability on vehicle dimensions, gun tube length is not included in those dimensions.
In the area, Automotive Performance, the figure max off-road denotes speed on dirt
roads. The figure average cross-country is used for true off-road speed; for selected systems, it
was measured on an approved course. Although some systems have specified radios,
for many OPFOR countries, radios will be replaced to link with their military radio nets.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Protection figures for use in simulation applications must be measured by certifying
agencies in accordance with specific Army standards. Figures on equipment sheets include
published data provided for general information use, and may not coincide with vulnerability data
developed by approved agencies. Protection options are available for upgrading systems. The
wide variety of supplemental protection packages include active and passive armor, active
protection systems and countermeasure systems. Although upgrades are being advertised and are
technically possible, that does not mean that they are tactically sound, or that the application fits
the OPFOR to be portrayed. Other options are generally available for installation; but, because
their applicability has not been noted for specific systems, they were not included. Only a few
countermeasure parameters were included. However, specific protection upgrades and systems
are noted for selected OPFOR systems.
System lethality is determined by a variety of interrelated functions and considerations in
the process of bringing destruction upon enemy forces and equipment. Lethality is addressed on
the equipment sheets under the headings of Armament, Fire Control, Sights, and Main Armament
Ammunition. Lethal fires can be delivered by direct fire, in which weapon systems acquire and
observe their targets, or by indirect fire, in which weapons use remote acquisition assets to direct
their fires. Note that direct-fire systems such as tanks can receive remote acquisition reports and
engage targets by indirect fire; and indirect fire systems (such as artillery) can employ direct-fire
sights to fire in the direct-fire mode. For the WEG, high-angle fires are not interpreted as indirect
fires as long as the firing weapon uses its own sights to acquire and aim.
Factors affecting lethality, which are considered in the WEG, include: rates of fire, various
ranges, accuracy and errors, acquisition/fire control capabilities, lethality effects, ammunition, and
ability to engage targets on the move. Any of these technical factors, and other more subtle ones,
may affect lethality in combat. Note also that various rates of fire are used, with adjusting factors,
such as movement status and type of target. Generally automatic weapon use life dictates that,
for more than a 3-4 second interval, the number of rounds expended will not exceed the practical
rate of fire. However, maximum rate is critical against fast-closing targets, such as flying aircraft.
Range is not a fixed figure for most systems. It can be directly affected by four technical
factors: gun/launcher configuration, mount (how it is fixed to the system), acquisition capability,
and specific munition ballistics. Range is also related to less tangible factors, such as movement
status (moving versus stationary, and movement speed), target type, elevation angle (such as for
air defense weapons), visibility conditions, and terrain. Each weapon can have different ranges
listed by ammunition type and model, where munitions are broken out. Generally, the range of
direct-fire frag-HE rounds is greater than munitions designed for point targets, because the effects
area is much greater than those of shaped-charge or kinetic-energy rounds. With fragmentation
and blast effects, a near miss may be good enough to inflict severe damage. With these
considerations, the WEG provides a figure called maximum aimed range. This range indicates
the farthest range for system-on-system aimed direct fire.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
The maximum aimed range is based on a combination of tactics, techniques and
procedures (TTPs), and on parameters of the technical factors noted above: gun/launcher, mount,
acquisition system, and ammunition ballistics. This direct-fire range significantly exceeds the
weapon’s maximum effective range. The maximum effective range/night denotes the effective
range for a round, given available night acquisition capabilities. The TTPs also call for a "salvo
range" for armored fighting vehicles, which exceeds other ranges and requires one or more volleys
of a platoon against a single point target. These figures are less tangible, are based on TTP, and
are not included in the WEG.
Probability of hit data is included for instructional purposes, not for use in simulations and
models. Accuracy for weapons, munitions, and acquisition systems decreases with range.
Antitank guided missiles are an exception; they usually have a singular probability of hit for all
ranges, based on technical precision capability. Limitations, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures
can affect actual performance. Several of these factors are noted on equipment pages.
Lethality performance given a hit can be measured in terms of radius of effects for
fragmentation/blast effects against soft targets, and penetration distance (through steel) against
hard targets. The fragmentation and blast effects of a frag-HE round mean that it is less lethal
against hard targets, such as heavily armored vehicles. Another consideration is the level of
destruction required. For many possible adversary forces, the critical requirement against
armored vehicles is not a 100% or catastrophic kill. A mobility kill or firepower kill may be
sufficient to render a system combat-ineffective, and may be counted in lethality data. The
OPFOR can employ a mix of lethal and nonlethal methods. Fires of degrading (versus
destructive) munitions such as smoke, mines, and radio frequency jammers can be used to
suppress units and support the effort. Consult other manuals in the FM 100-60 series and other
approved publications for guidance on these tactics, techniques, and procedures.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925
e-mail address: redmant@leav-emh1.army.mil
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-60PA _____________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BTR-60-PK
Date of Introduction: 1963
Proliferation: At least 30 countries (including variants)
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 12
Combat Weight (mt): 10.1
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.22
Height Overall (m): 2.06
Width Overall (m): 2.82
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Drive Formula: 8 x 8
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 2 x 180-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: 60
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 7-9mm hull front (no turret)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7 x 108) heavy MG, DShK
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 (practical)
Loader Type: Belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -10/+80
Fire on Move: Yes
Typical
Combat Load
12.7-mm DShK MG
APDS, API, API-T,
HE-T, HEI, I-T
500
250
250
2 x 7.62-mm PKT MG
Lt Ball, Ball-T
API, API-T
3,000
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 rd bursts
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 3 on each side
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: K10-T
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500 (est)
Night: N/A
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
A variety of armament variants for the vehicle were used, including
single 7.62-mm PKT MG, or 12.7-mm MG, or no MG.
Artillery command and reconnaissance vehicles. ACRV 1V18 is a
command and observation vehicle (COP). ACRV 1V19 is a fire
direction center (FDC).
BTR-60PB: The most widely fielded variant has a one- man turret, a
14.5-mm KPV-T MG, a coaxial 7.62-mm MG and day/night sights.
BTR-60PBK: Company commander variant with 3 additional radios
BTR-60 PU: Armored command vehicle (ACV) variant with a 10-m
mast radio antenna and front-to-rear rail antenna for mobile use
BTR-60 PU-12/ -12M: Air defense associated ACV and its upgrade
BTR-60 R-975: Forward air controller turreted variant.
MTP-2: Armored recovery vehicle
R-145BM: ACV with R-111, R-123, and R-130M radios and the
distinctive Clothesline antenna
Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 2 x 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Vehicle top
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-60PA continued ____________________
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
12.7-mm, APDS Chinese, Type 54
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 vehicles
Night: N/A
Tactical AA Range: 1,600
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: Incendiary-T, HE-T Type MDZ, HEI
Type ZP, Russian Duplex, Russian Duplex-T
12.7-mm, API/API-T Type 54
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 unarmored ground / 800 armored
Night: N/A
Tactical AA Range: 1,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
NOTES
This vehicle is a roofed variant of the BTR-60P open-hatch armored carrier. It is widely fielded in original and modified form. The APC has a topmounted 12.7-mm MG forward of rectangular gunner's hatch. Where an additional two 7.62-mm MGs are mounted, they are right and left of the
hatch. Because of space restriction, no more than one or two gunners can fit in the opening.
A notable vulnerability is that passengers have to exit the vehicle through top hatches, which makes them vulnerable to fires. Also, gunners must be at
least shoulder high out of the vehicle to operate the weapons.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-80 _______________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
14.5-mm turret MG
API, API-T
7.62-mm coax PKT MG
Light ball, Ball-T,
API, API-T, I-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: GAZ-5903
Date of Introduction: 1984
Proliferation: At least 22 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 8
Combat Weight (mt): 13.6
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.55
Height Overall (m): 2.41
Width Overall (m): 2.95
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Drive Formula: 8 x 8
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 260-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):Max Road: 85
Max Off-Road: 60
Average Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 12.7mm
Applique Armor (mm): Available
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: 6 x 81-mm smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 14.5-mm (14.5 x 114) heavy MG, KPVT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 150 practical
Loader Type: Belt-fed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 50/450
Elevation (°): -4/+60
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
500
2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical/650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 3 on each side
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: OU-3GA2M
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1P3-6, 1.2x/4x
Field of View (°): 49/14
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000
Night: N/A
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
BTR-80A: IFV with a stabilized turret containing a 30-mm 2A42
(BMP-2) automatic gun, coax 7.62-mm MG, and TNP-3 day/night
sights. This vehicle is in prototype and offered for export. The drop-in
turret package is also offered for export. A BTR-80S variant includes
the turret/fire control, but with 14.5-mm versus 30-mm gun.
BTR-80K: Command variant w/ added R-173, R-173P, and R-159
(portable) radios, R-174intercom, navigation aids, and an 11-m mast
1V152: Artillery battalion command vehicle
2S23: 120-mm self-propelled combination gun (howitzer/mortar)
BREM-K: Armored recovery vehicle
RKhM-4: NBC reconnaissance vehicle
UNSh: Standardized expanded chassis for current variants, including
Kushetka-B ACRV and BMM vehicle series.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
14.5-mm API-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,500-2,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 20 at 1,000 m/ 30 at 500 m
Other Ammunition Types: API, I-T
NOTES
BTR-80 is superior to BTR-60/70 with a larger chassis, high-angle-of- fire turret, and single more powerful diesel engine (vs gasoline).
Options include the Kliver turret with a 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm coax MG, thermal sights, superior day sights, and (four) Kornet ATGM launchers.
Russian Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-80A___________________________________
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE-T
AP-T, APDS-T,
APFSDS-T
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: GAZ-59034
Date of Introduction: 1994
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 8
Combat Weight (mt): 14.6
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.65
Height Overall (m): 2.80
Width Overall (m): 2.90
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Drive Formula: 8 x 8
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 260-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 800
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 90
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-163-50U VHF, R-163-UP receiver, R-174 intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Can defeat 12.7-mm
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: 6 x 81-mm smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun, 2A72
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 200-330 variable cyclic in bursts
Loader Type: Dual-belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 300/ 0
Elevation (°): -5 to +70
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000 Night: 800+
300
2,000
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical/650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 4 right side, 3 left side
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: OU-5
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1P3-9, 1.2x/4x
Field of View (°): 49/14 (est)
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000
Night: TPN3-42 II/IR
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 800
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
BTR-80S: APC has the same turret with 14.5-mm vs 30-mm gun.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
30-mm APDS-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 2,500
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA) at 1,500 m
30-mm APFSDS-T, M929
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 2,500
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000 m/45 at 2,000 m
30-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 2,500
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm AP-T, HEI-T
NOTES
The drop-in gun/turret package (Modular Weapon System) is offered for export, to upgrade a wide variety of vehicles to BTR-80A standard.
BTR-80A can mount K1-126 bullet-resistant tires.
Russian Airborne Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-D ________________________
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
2x 7.62-mm hatch MG
Lt Ball, Ball-T,
API, API-T,
Incendiary
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BMD M1979
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 1
Troop Capacity: 12 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 6.7
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.88
Height Overall (m): 1.67
Width Overall (m): 2.63
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.5
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 240-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 61
Max Off-Road: 35
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
2,000
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 2 on each side, 1 in left rear door, permit two
5.45-mm RPK-74 light machineguns to be used.
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification: Open, 1x
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
1V118 Reostat/1V119 Spektr: Artillery command and observation
posts for amphibious and airborne forces.
2S9: 120-mm self-propelled combination gun, with a turreted breechloaded mortar/howitzer system.
BMD-KShM: Former Soviet regiment or division command and staff
variant, with large Clothes-line antenna.
BREM-D: Armored repair and recovery variant.
Radio: R-123
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): "Antibullet" (7.62-mm)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Active Protective System: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 2x2 forward firing smoke grenade launchers
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 round bursts
Loader Type: Belt-fed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon: N/A
BTR-RD/Robot: An ATGM variant (AT-4/-5) with 2 launchers,
dismounted or mounted on pintles for vehicle launch.
BTR-ZD: Air defense variant with porteed or towed ZU-23 twin 23mm air defense gun. Vehicle also carries manpad SAM launchers.
BTR-3D: Air defense variant with a rear-mounted ZU-23 gun.
Sterkh (Malakit/Shmel): UAV transporter and launcher vehicle.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
7.62-mm API
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000 m / 400-500 on the move
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 8 (RHA) at 500 m
Other Ammunition Types: 7.62-mm Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball,
API, API-T, Incendiary
NOTES
BTR-D is a variant of the BMD-1, with an additional road wheel, with the turret removed, and with a raised hatch area. The vehicle can be parachute
landed with airborne troops. The BTR-Ds in grenade launcher units will carry one AGS-17 30-mm AGL in the rear.
Options include the Kliver turret with a 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm coax MG, thermal sights, superior day sights, and (four) Kornet ATGM launchers.
2-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
US Armored Personnel Carrier M113A1 ____________________________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
.50 cal cupola MG
Slap, API, API-T,
Ball, Ball-T,
Incendiary, I-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1964
Proliferation: At least 46 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 11 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 11.20
Chassis Length Overall (m): 4.90
Height Overall (m): 1.80
Width Overall (m): 2.70
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): .55
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 215-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 483
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 64
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 5.8
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Radio: Various, including intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): N/A No turret
Applique Armor (mm): Yes anti-mine armor on bottom
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 cal (12.7 x 99) heavy machinegun, M2HB
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 450-550 cyclic
Loader Type: Belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 250/1750
Elevation (°): -20/+60
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon: N/A
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
2,000
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight, 1x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000
Night: N/A
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
More than 100 variants have been produced in numerous countries,
with 7.62-mm MGs, 40-mm automatic grenade launchers, 90-mm
recoilless rifles, and turrets with 20-to-76-mm cannons. The following
are US variants. Command variants are M577 and M114 (C&R).
Self-propelled mortars are M125 (81-mm) and M106A2 (4.2-inch).
The M901/ ITV ATGM launcher vehicle is a common variant. The
M163 SP air defense gun has a 20-mm Vulcan cannon; and M730 is a
Chapparral AD missile launcher. Other variants include ambulances,
recovery and engineer vehicles.
M113A2: This multi-national variant features mobility improvements.
One version is being developed with the Giat TS90 90-mm cannon.
M113A3: Changes for this multi-national variant include a new power
train and increased armor protection.
AIFV: The multi-national IFV variant has M113A3 armor upgrades, a
stabilized turret with 25-mm gun, and a 7.62-mm MG.
VCC-1: Italian M113 copies are supplemented by this variant
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
.50 SLAP (sabot light armor penetrator)
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
.50 Cal Ball
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: Ball-T, Incendiary, I-T, API, API-T
NOTES
The M113A1 is a variant of the gasoline-powered M113. Armors available include Rafael Enhanced Add-on Armor Kit (EAAK), Creusot-Marrel
plate armor, and SNPE explosive reactive armor. Thermal and TV sights are also available.
Russian Light Armored Multi-purpose Vehicle MT-LB________________________
2-10
Worldwide Equipment Guide
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: MT-LB-T
Date of Introduction: 1970, modernized in 1995
Proliferation: At least 9 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 11 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 11.9
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.35
Height Overall (m): 1.87
Width Overall (m): 2.85
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.46 standard track / 0.28 wide track
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 290-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 61.5/70 modernized
Max Off-Road: 30/45 modernized
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 3-4
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-123 or upgrade to -123M/-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 7-14
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): INA
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Main Armament(s):
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
Loader Type: Belt-feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -5/ +35
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon: N/A
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
7.62-mm Turret MG
Lt Ball , Ball-T,
API, API-T, Incendiary
2,000
Firing Ports: 1 on each side and 1 in each rear door.
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: PP-61AM, 2.6x
Field of View (°): 23
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500 (est)
Night: N/A
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
MT-LB Upgrade: 1995 upgrade includes improved steering and a
new engine.
2S1: 122-mm self-propelled howitzer.
9P149/Shturm-S: ATGM launcher vehicle with AT-6 autoloader.
MT-LB "blade": Dozer version with a blade attached to the vehicle.
MT-LBu: Expanded variant for artillery command and reconnaissance
vehicles (ACRVs) and other uses.
MT-LBV: Arctic variant with .57m wide track for snow and improved
flotation.
MTP-LB: Technical support vehicle.
MT-SON: Ground surveillance radar vehicle with Pork Trough/
SNAR-2 radar.
RKhM: Chemical reconnaissance vehicle.
SA-13: Regimental surface-to-air missile launcher vehicle.
SNAR-10: Ground surveillance radar vehicle with Big Fred radar.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
7.62-mm API, API-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/400-500 on the move
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 8 (RHA) at 500 m
Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball,
Incendiary
NOTES
Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is available for use on MT-LB.
Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and
improved fire control system.
US Armored Personnel Carrier V-150 _____________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
2-11
Typical
Combat Load
Worldwide Equipment Guide
7.62-mm cupola MG
Ball-T, Match
API, API-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Commando
Date of Introduction: 1971
Proliferation: At least 20 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 2
Combat Weight (mt): 9.89
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.69
Height Overall (m): 1.98
Width Overall (m): 2.26
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Drive Formula: 4 x 4
3,200
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000
Night: N/A
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 202-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 643
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 89
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 5
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
VARIANTS
Armament options vary widely and include: a turret with 7.62-mm or
12.7-mm MG or turrets with 20-mm, 25-mm, 30-mm, 76-mm, or 90mm gun. Another turret offers a 12.7-mm MG and 40-mm grenade
launcher. An 81-mm self-propelled mortar launcher variant and a
TOW ATGM launcher variant are available. Variants include a cargo
carrier, police and security vehicles, an air defense variant with 20-mm
Vulcan cannon.
Radio: INA
V-100: This earlier 4x4 APC has a gasoline engine.
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 7.62-mm ball
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: Optional
V-150S: This slightly larger 4x4 variant has improved drive train and
the above variety of turret and gun options. A Commando command
variant includes a raised compartment area with external-mount 7.62mm MG. Taiwan has versions with an open-mount 12.7-mm MG and a
107-mm (4.2 inch) mortar.
V-200: Variant sold to Singapore with 20-mm turret, 90-mm turret, air
defense variant with RBS-70 surface-to-air missile and a recovery
variant. Another variant has a 120-mm mortar.
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 51) MG, FN-MAG (example)
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 650-1000 cyclic
Loader Type: Belt feed, box magazines
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): INA
Fire on Move: Yes
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm Ball , NATO
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000 (est)
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Auxiliary Weapon: N/A
Other Ammunition Types: Ball-T, API, API-T, Match
NOTES
The baseline V-150 is equipped with a variety of pintle-mounted 7.62-mm machineguns. Many MGs are installed by user countries from their
inventories. The Belgian FN-MAG general purpose MG is a widely used MG that represents a common capability.
Chinese Armored Personnel Carrier YW-531A ___________________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
12.7-mm MG
2-12
Typical
Combat Load
1,120
Worldwide Equipment Guide
APDS, API, API-T,
HE-T, HEI
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Type 63, North Korean M1967
Date of Introduction: Late 1960s
Proliferation: At least 9 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Troop Capacity: 10 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 12.60
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.48
Height Overall (m): 2.85
Width Overall (m): 2.98
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.44
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 320-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 46
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 6.0
Fording Depths (m): Ampphibious
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 14, front glacis
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Active Protective System: NA
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7 x 108), heavy MG, Type 54
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical/600 air targets in bursts
Loader Type: Belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -4/+82
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon: N/A
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: 1 on each side, and 1 in the rear
500
620
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Open ladder sight, NFI
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000
Night: N/A
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
M1973: North Korean variant, also known as VTT-323, has a turret
with twin 14.5-mm guns. Some versions have Susong-Po (AT-3/
SAGGER variant) ATGM launcher and SA-7/16 manportable SAMs.
Type 54-1: Self-propelled 122-mm open-mount howitzer.
Type 70: Variant is a 130-mm (19-tube) multiple rocket launcher.
Type YW-304: Self-propelled 82-mm mortar.
Type YW-381: Self-propelled 120-mm mortar.
YW-750: Ambulance with a similar box compartment
YW-531C: This variant has a rectangular, three-sided open-topped
shield around the gun, and better vision ports and ventilation. The
C, D and E variants differ in intercom sets and firing ports.
Type YW-701: Command post variant with a box compartment over
rear half of vehicle, and 5 radios. Armament is a 7.62-mm MG.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
12.7-mm, APDS (Tungsten Core), Type 54
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 vehicles /1,600 aircraft
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,600
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
12.7-mm, API, Type 54
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 unarmored ground / 800 armored
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 21 (RHA) at 500 m, 13 at 1,000 m
Other Ammunition Types: API-T, Russian Duplex, Russian DuplexT, Incendiary-T, HE-T Type MDZ, HEI Type ZP
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
NOTES
Type 54 MG is a Chinese copy of former Soviet 12.7-mm DShKM.
2-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
2-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
French Infantry Fighting Vehicle AMX-10P ______________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1973
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 8 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 14.5
Length Overall (m): INA
Height Overall (m): 2.57
Width Overall (m): 2.78
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.53
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 300-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 7
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 12.7-mm frontal
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 4 smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Caliber, Type, Name: 20-mm automatic cannon M693 F1
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 740
Loader Type: Dual belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -8/+50
Fire on Move: INA
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 51) MG, AAT 52 NF1
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Typical
Combat Load
20-mm Cannon
APDS-T, API-T
HEI, HEI-T
760
(est) 260
500
7.62-mm coax MG
Tracer, AP, API,
Incendiary
2,000
Max Effective Range:
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: INA
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: OB 40 Day/ night sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: OB 40 Day/ night sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
AMX-10P: Variant with Milan or HOT ATGM launcher
AMX-10P/Milan: ATGM launcher vehicle, with two launchers
AMX/HOT: ATGM launcher vehicle (Toucan II turret, 4 launchers)
AMX-10 TM: Mortar carrier towing 120-mm RT-61 mortar
AMX-10 PAC 90: Fire support/AT variant with Giat 90-mm gun
AMX-10P Marine: Improved swim variant w/ 12.7/25/90-mm gun
AMX-10 PC: Command variant with varied command stations
AMX-10 RC: Wheeled (6 x 6) fire support vehicle with 90-mm gun
AMX-10 RAC: The same fire support chassis with 105-mm gun
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name: 20-mm (20x139) APDS-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,300
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: API, API-T, HEI, HEI-T
NOTES
A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are available for use on theAMX-10P. However, during dismounted troop movement,
ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely; and ERA application is doubtful.
2-15
Worldwide Equipment Guide
2-16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-1 ______________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
73-mm gun
HEAT
HE
40
(est) 16
24
AT-3/a/b/c/Imp ATGM
HEAT
HE
7.62-mm coax MG
2x 7.62-mm bow MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations:
Date of Introduction: 1969
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 2
Troop Capacity: 5 passengers (+1)
Combat Weight (mt): 13.3
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.74
Height Overall (m): 2.15
Width Overall (m): 2.94
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.57
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 240-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 7
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 23 or Antibullet
Applique Armor (mm): See NOTES
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): See NOTES
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: VEESS
4
3
1
2,000
4,000
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Bow (ball-mounted)
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/ 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P111
Launch Method: Rail-launched
Guidance: MCLOS
Command Link: Wire
Launcher Dismountable: Yes
Firing Ports: 1 on each side, 1 in left rear door
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: Stadiametric
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M1, 8x
Field of View (°): 15
Acquisition Range (m):
Night: 1PN22M1, 6.7x
Field of View (°): 6
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000, based on light
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun, 2A28/Grom
Rate of Fire(rd/min): 7-8
Loader Type: Autoloader
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 40 / 0
Elevation (°): -4/ +33
Fire on Move: Yes, but only 10 km/h or less (est)
VARIANTS
BMD-1K: Command IFV (FSU), with added R-126 and R-107.
Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/400-500 on the move
Night: 800
BMD-2: Widely fielded variant with a 30-mm automatic gun and with
AT-3 ATGM launcher replaced by AT-4/5 ATGM launcher.
BMD-1M: Variant with improved ventilation and road wheels.
BMD-1P: Widely fielded IFV with AT-4/5 replacing AT-3.
BMD-1PK: Company commander variant (FSU) of BMD-1P.
BTR-D: Stretched (6-road wheel) armored multipurpose transporter
variant, with two 7.62-mm MGs but no turret. This chassis has been
used for a variety of other airborne vehicles.
Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-1 continued ____________________________
2-17
Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800, but 600 or less on the move
Night: 800
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 335 (RHA)
73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000, but 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): >400 (RHA)
73-mm HE, OG-9
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300, 600 or less on the move
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,300, but 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor penetration (mm): INA
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-3, -3A, -B
Warhead Type: Tandem HEAT
Armor Penetration (mm): 410 RHA
Range (m): 3,000
Name: AT-3C
Warhead Type: Tandem HEAT
Armor Penetration (mm): 520 RHA
Range (m): 3,000
Name: AT-3C Imp/ Polk (Slovenian)
Warhead Type: Precursor with HEAT
Armor Penetration (mm): 580 RHA
Range (m): 3,000
Name: Malyutka-2 (Russian)
Warhead Type: Tandem HEAT
Armor Penetration (mm): 800 RHA
Range (m): 3,000
Name: Malyutka HE (Russian)
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Armor Penetration (mm): N/A
Range (m): 3,000
73-mm HE, OG-9M1
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,300, but 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: OG-9M
NOTES
Vehicle can be parachute landed with airborne troops onboard. Height can be lowered.
Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4-Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and
improved fire control system. The Russian Volgorod Tractor Plant offers the B30 turret (a drop-in one-man turret with 2A42 30-mm gun, 7.62-mm
coax MG, and a 9P135M launcher for AT-4/-5 ATGM). A Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher is available for BMD-1.
Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine. A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are
available for use on the BMD-1. However, during dismounted troop movement, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely; and
ERA application is doubtful. For amphibious use, additional armor application is unlikely.
The Slovenian TS-M ATGM thermal night sight has a detection range of 4,500m and a recognition range of 2,000m.
The AT-3 HE-Blast ATGM is used for killing personnel and destroying bunkers and other fortifications.
The AT-3C Polk features a nose probe, an improved motor for increased velocity, lower smoke noise signature and a SACLOS launcher with
improved sights.
2-18
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-3 _________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
AP-T, APDS-T,
APFSDS
860
340/240
160/120
ATGM launcher
7.62-mm coax MG
30-mm grenade launcher
5.45-mm light MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: N/A
Date of Introduction: 1992
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: passengers: 4 (+3)
Combat Weight (mt): 12.9
Length Overall (m): 6.00
Height Overall (m): 2.25
Width Overall (m): 3.13
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.32 (wide track) / .48 (standard track)
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 450-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): "Antibullet" (7.62)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 plow or -10 roller
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers, 3 x each side of turret
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun, 2A42
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 550 cyclic in bursts/ 200-300 practical
Loader Type: Dual-belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 500/ 360
Elevation (°): -5 to +74
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic grenade launcher, AG-17
Mount Type: Bow left side
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,700
6
2,000
551
2,325
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,200
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 60-100 practical in short (< 5 rds) or long
(6-10 rd) bursts.
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62 x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: 1,000
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
Caliber, Type, Name: 5.45-mm light machinegun, RPK-74
Mount Type: Bow right side
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 150 automatic/ 50 semiautomatic
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P135
Launch Method: Tube-launched
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Launcher Dismountable: Yes
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: BPK-2-42
Field of View (°): 8
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: BPK-2-42 II/IR
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS None
Russian Airborne Fighting Vehicle BMD-3 continued ________________________
2-19
Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
30-mm AP-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 18 (RHA) at 1,500m
30-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
30-mm APDS
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA) at 1,500m
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-5B/Konkurs-M
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 925 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000m, 45 at 2,000m
Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm HEI-T
Name: AT-5/Spandrel
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
NOTES
BMD-3 has variable height control.
Automatic grenade launcher has 290 ready rounds and 261 in the rack. The ATGM launcher has 3 ready rounds (one on the launcher), and two
stowed.
A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are available for use on the BMD-3. However, during dismounted troop movement,
ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful. For amphibious use, additional armor application is
unlikely. Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine.
The Russian SANOET-1 thermal gunner's sight is available. Thermal sights are available for the ATGM launcher. The Russian Trakt/1PN65
thermal imaging ATGM night sight is optional. Acquisition range is 2,500 m (NFI). For the ATGM launcher in dismount configuration, the Russian
Mulat/1PN86 lightweight thermal ATGM night sight has 3,600 m detection range and 2,000 m identification range.
French-German Flame-V adapter kit permits the BMD-3 to launch Milan, Milan-2 and Milan-3 ATGMs.
Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, a coaxial
7.62-mm MG and improved fire control system.
2-20
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1P _________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
73-mm gun
HEAT-FS
HE
40
(est) 16
24
ATGM
AT-4/-4B/-5/-5B
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BWP-1 (Poland), see NOTES
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: At least 7 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 6 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 13.3
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.74
Height Overall (m): 2.15
Width Overall (m): 2.94
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.57
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 300-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 7
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
4
2,000
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P135M2
Launch Method: Tube-launched
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Launcher Dismountable: Yes
Firing Ports: 4 on each side, 1 in left rear door
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 1PN22M1
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: Stadiametric
Infrared Searchlight: OU-3GK
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M1, 8 x
Field of View (°): 15
Acquisition Range (m): 1,300
Night: 1PN22M1, 6.7x
Field of View (°): 6
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000 based on light
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
Radio: R-123, or R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 19-23
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 plow available
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: Six 81-mm smoke grenade launchers, VEESS
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun 2A28/Grom
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 7-8
Loader Type: Autoloader
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 40 / 0
Elevation (°): -4/+33
Fire on Move: Yes, but only 10 km/h or less (est)
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: No
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
VARIANTS
BMP-1PG: This recently offered Russian upgrade is similar to BMP1P with an added AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher and other
options, including thermal sights.
BMP-1PK: Command variant, with addition of R-126 and R-107
transceiver. A small telescoping antenna is mounted on right rear.
Firing ports and telescopes on right side are blocked off.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800, but 600 or less on the move in 2-4 round bursts
Night: 800-1,000
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 335 (RHA)
73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/ 600 or less on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): >400 (RHA)
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1P continued ________________________
2-21
Worldwide Equipment Guide
73-mm HE, OG-9M1
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,300/ 600-1,000 on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: OG-9, OG-9M
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
Name: AT-5B/Konkurs-M
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 925 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 480 (RHA)
Range (m): 2,000
Name: AT-4B/Factoria
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 550 (RHA)
Range (m): 2,500
NOTES
The prototype IFV, known as BMP, was not fielded. lnitial BMP production variant, BMP-A, was halted with insignificant numbers. The baseline
production IFV, BMP-1, has an AT-3/SAGGER antitank guided missile. The BMP-1P upgrade is widely fielded, with an AT-4/-5 ATGM launcher
replacing the AT-3 launcher. The vehicle also added smoke grenade launchers. This variant should generally be portrayed where OPFOR calls for
the BMP-1. For applications where a robust and modernized OPFOR is expected, use AT-5B ATGM. The AT-4/-4B ATGMs are less likely to be
employed on this vehicle.
Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine. A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are
available for use on the BMD-1. However, during dismounted troop movement, ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely; and
ERA application is doubtful. Additional armor application may jeopardize amphibious capability.
Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is available for use on BMP-1P. Russian KBP offers a drop-in one man turret, called
Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and improved fire control system.
The Russian Alis thermal gunner's sight is available. The Slovenian TS-F ATGM thermal night sight has a detection range of 4,500 m and a
recognition range of 2,000 m.
2-22
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-2 __________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
AP-T, APDS-T,
APFSDS-T
500
340
160
ATGM
AT-5/-5B/-4/-4B
7.62-mm coax MG
5
2,000
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Yozh (Russia), Sarath (India)
Date of Introduction: 1980
Proliferation: At least 20 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 7 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 14.3
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.72
Height Overall (m): 2.45
Width Overall (m): 3.15
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.63
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical/650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 300-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 35
Max Swim: 7
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Firing Port: 4 on left side, 3 on right side
1 in left rear door
Radio: R-123M transceiver or R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 23-33
Applique Armor (mm): On BMP-2D
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available, see NOTES
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 mine plow available
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: 6 smoke grenade launchers, VEESS
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun, 2A42
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 550 cyclic in bursts/ 200-300 practical
Loader Type: Dual-belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 500/0
Elevation (°): -5 to +74
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 9P135M1/M3
Launch Method: Tube-launched
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Launcher Dismountable: Yes
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: BPK-1-42 or BPK-2-42
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: BPK-1-42 or BPK-2-42
Field of View (°): 8
Acquisition Range (m): 2,500-4,000 (est)
Night: BPK-1-42 or BPK-2-42 II/IR
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
BMP-2D: Variant with add-on plate armor, but which cannot swim
BMP-2E: Variant with 6-mm steel plates added and track skirts
BMP-2K: Command variant with additional radio
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
30-mm AP-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 18 (RHA, 60°) at 1,500 m
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-2 continued _________________________
2-23
Worldwide Equipment Guide
30-mm APDS
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA) at 1,500m
30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000m/45 at 2,000m
30-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000/ 2,500 point target
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
Name: AT-5B/Konkurs-M
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 925 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 480 (RHA)
Range (m): 2,000
Name: AT-4B/Factoria
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 550 (RHA)
Range (m): 2,500
Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm HEI-T
NOTES
A French SNPE explosive reactive armor (ERA) kit and others are available for use on the BMP-2. However, during dismounted troop movement,
ERA would be a hazard. Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful. For amphibious use, additional armor application is
unlikely. Other options are spall liners, air conditioning, and a more powerful engine.
Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is offered for BMP-2.
Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, a coaxial
7.62-mm MG and improved fire control system.
ATGM load consists of one ready on the launcher and four stowed. They are readily accessible, but require hand loading from an open hatch. The
AT-5 and AT-5B are more likely than AT-4 and -4B.
French-German Flame-V adaptor kit permits the BMP-2 system to launch Milan, Milan-2, and Milan-3 ATGMs.
Thermal sights are available. The Russian SANOET-1 thermal gunner's sight is available. The Russian Trakt/1PN65 thermal imaging (TI) ATGM
night sight is optional. Acquisition range is 2,500 m (NFI). For the launcher in dismount configuration, the Slovenian TS-F ATGM night sight is
available and has a detection range of 4,500 m and recognition range of 2,000 m. The Russian Mulat/1PN86 lightweight TI ATGM thermal sight has
3,600 m detection range and 2,000 m identification range.
2-24
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-3 __________________________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
100-mm rifled gun
Frag-HE
AT-10/Imp ATGM
40
40
8
30-mm automatic gun
HEI-T, Frag-HE
AP-T, APDS-T or
APFSDS-T
500
340
160
7.62-mm coax MG
2,000
2 x 7.62-mm bow MG
4,000
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Soviet ICV M1990/1
Date of Introduction: 1990
Proliferation: At least 7 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 7 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 18.70
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.73
Height Overall (m): 2.45
Width Overall (m): 3.15
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.62
Elevation (°): -5 to +60
Fire on Move: Yes
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 500-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 35
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Bow left and right
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/400-500 on the move
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 round bursts
Radio: R-173, R-173P
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 30-35 front glacis
Applique Armor (mm): Yes on turret
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available, see NOTES
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: KMT-8 plow available
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: 6 smoke grenade launchers, VEESS
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm rifled gun 2A70
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8-10
Loader Type: Autoloader gun rounds; manual for gun and ATGMs
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/18 for rounds, 3/5 for ATGMs
Elevation (°): -5 to +60
Fire on Move: Yes
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun 2A72
Rate of Fire: 350 rd/min (cyclic) in bursts
Loader Type: Dual-belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 500/ 0
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 round bursts
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A70 100-mm gun
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS, laser-beam rider
Command Link: Encoded infrared laser-beam
Launcher Dismountable: No
Firing Ports: 2 on each side, 1 in left rear door
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 1K13-2
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1K13-2, 8x ; 1P3-10 antiaircraft, 2.6x; PPD-1 stand-by
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 5,200
Night: 1K13-2 II night channel, 5.5x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: Yes
Russian Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-3 continued ___________________________________________
2-25
Worldwide Equipment Guide
VARIANTS
BMP-3F: Amphibious Armored Combat Vehicle developed for Naval
Infantry.
BMP-3 M1995: ATGM launcher vehicle, with Kornet (AT-14)
launcher and autoloader, and thermal sights.
9P157: ATGM launcher vehicle, with Krizantema (AT-15) ATGM
autoloader, MMW and thermal fire control system.
BMP-3K: Command variant, with electronic round fuze system for
100-mm gun. Bow MGs are removed. Added radios are R-159, R143 and R-174.
BREhM-L: Armored recovery vehicle (ARV).
BRM-3K: Combat recon vehicle with radar and 30-mm gun.
BMP-3: UAE upgrade improvements including Namut Thermal
Night sight.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
100-mm HE 3UOF17
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA)
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm HE-Shapnel (HEF/MOD.96)
Focused-fragmentation, electronically-fuzed
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,200
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 5,200
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
30-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
30-mm AP-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 18 (RHA, 60°) at 1,500 m
30-mm APDS
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA) at 1,500 m
Other Ammunition Types: 100-mm HE-I, 30-mm HEI-T
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-10/Basnya
Warhead Type: Shaped charge
Command Link: Encoded laser-beam
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000
Name: AT-10 Improved
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) behind ERA
Range (m): 4,000
Launcher Dismountable: No
30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000 m, 45 at 2,000 m
NOTES
A French SNPE ERA kit and others are available for use on the BMP-3. However, during dismounted troop movement ERA would be a hazard.
Thus, passive armor is more likely and ERA application is doubtful. Other options are spall liners and air conditioning.
Russian AG-17 30-mm automatic grenade launcher modification is available for use on BMP-3.
Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and
improved fire control system.
The Namut thermal gunner's sight is available for use on BMP-3. This uses the French Athos thermal camera. Namut sight has 3x and 10x channels.
Night acquisition range: 2,600 m (NFI)
Stowed rounds and ATGMs can be passed from the passenger compartment to the gunner for hand loading. This includes ATGMs.
The "HEF" (or "HE-Shrapnel") round can be employed in indirect fire mode with air burst to 7,000 m.
2-26
Worldwide Equipment Guide
British Infantry Fighting Vehicle Warrior________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
30-mm auto gun
HEI-T
APDS-T, APSE-T
7.62-mm coax MG
Ball, Ball-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV 511, MCV-80
Date of Introduction: 1988
Proliferation: At least two countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 7 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 24.00
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.34
Height Overall (m): 2.79
Width Overall (m): 3.03
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.65
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 550-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 660
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 75
Max Off-Road: 60
Cross-Country: 48
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.3 Unprepared
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 14.5-mm gun
Applique Armor (mm): Available (see VARIANTS)
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4 each side of turret)
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic cannon, RARDEN L21A1
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-90 cyclic
Loader Type: Feed tray, clip-fed (3-round clips)
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 228/0
Elevation (°): -10/+45
Fire on Move: INA
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm chain gun, L94A1
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range: INA
228
2,200
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 520-570
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: SPAV L2A1 II sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
Command variant is outfitted with radios, mapboards, other staff
support equipment, and Vickers Defence Turret.
Desert Warrior: Variant with the 2-man turret from LAV-25, with a
US M242 Bushmaster 25-mm automatic cannon, coaxial MG and 1-2
ATGM launchers. Other modifications are additional passive armor
and three periscopes for improved vision. Sold to Kuwait.
Desert Storm Variant: Changes included passive armor added to hull
sides and a pintle mount for a Milan-2 ATGM launcher.
Mechanized Artillery Observation Vehicle (MAOV): It resembles
an IFV, but is fitted with a dummy cannon, improved artillery
reconnaissance and automation systems, and land navigation. Options
include an Osprey 8-power optical and thermal sight with Nd:YAG
laser designator for the observer.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
30-mm APDS-T, L14
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,100
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm APSE-T (AP Secondary Effects-T
L5, HEI-T L13
NOTES
Variants available but not in production include engineer, recovery,mortar vehicles, armored fighting vehicles with 90-mm and 105-mm guns, an APC
with 7.62-mm chain gun, ATGM launcher vehicles for Milan, HOT and Trigat, and a low-profile chassis for a reduced signature IFV.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 3
Reconnaissance Vehicles
The modern battlefield is becoming increasingly mobile and lethal. The challenge for
reconnaissance systems is to acquire the enemy, transmit intelligence, and survive for the next
mission. Therefore, ground forces use specialized reconnaissance vehicles. Most will employ a
mix of systems, including tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, dismounted reconnaissance patrols,
aerial reconnaissance, and reconnaissance vehicles. The spectrum of reconnaissance vehicles
currently ranges from older systems ill-suited for modern requirements, to survivable, mobile, and
lethal systems, equipped with complex sensor arrays and communications suites.
A number of forces fielded combat reconnaissance vehicles (CRVs) designed for
operations at or beyond the FLOT, not to initiate combat but to survive if engaged. They may
operate in combat reconnaissance patrols with heavily armed vehicles such as tanks and IFVs.
Many offer sensors no better than those on other armored vehicles, and use optics for a variety of
combat support missions, such as fire support. Examples of these are the British Saladin Armored
Car and the Austrian Pandur armored reconnaissance Fire Support Vehicle. Main guns on these
vehicles can range up to 105 mm (South African Rooikat). A growing trend is for CRVs with
added sensors (such as the Russian BRM-3K). It is a versatile vehicle configured for maneuver
reconnaissance with thermal sights and a 30-mm gun, but is also useful for setting up a stationary
surveillance position with its Tall Mike radar. As a command (-K type) vehicle, it employs a mix
of radios to transmit intelligence across several nets in a combined arms force.
A recent trend is the fielding of vehicles with sophisticated multi-sensor arrays specially
designed to operate behind or near the FLOT and provide continuous data to combined arms
forces. An example is the Czech Snezka, which will be featured in an update. Vehicles designed
to support specific branches are included with those branches (such as PRP-3/4 for artillery).
A class of vehicles widely proliferated for light patrol duties is the armored scout car.
With wheels rather than tracks, light armor, and guns generally of 7.62 - 20 mm, they offer low
cost but are vulnerable to a wide variety of weapons. Examples include the British Ferret and
Russian BRDM-2. A recent category of vehicle which US Army forces will encounter is lightly
armored vehicles on truck or jeep-type chassis with very light armor for security, and patrol.
Some are unarmed; whereas others employ sophisticated weapons stations and lethal firepower
(up to 30-mm guns). Smaller 4x4 scout vehicles (such as French VBL) and ultra-light fast-attack
vehicles have also been built for light patrol and rapid reconnaissance missions.
This chapter provides a representative sampling of reconnaissance vehicles in use today.
The selection is not comprehensive, rather reflects systems currently available to the OPFOR.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925
e-mail address: redmant@leav-emh1.army.mil
3-1
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3-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Armored Scout Car BRDM-2 _____________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
14.5-mm machinegun
API, API-T, I-T
HE-T
7.62-mm coax MG
Heavy ball, I-T, Light
ball, Ball-T, API-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: GAZ 41-08
Date of Introduction: 1963
Proliferation: At least 45 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Troop Capacity: 0 (for this configuration)
Combat Weight (mt): 7.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.75
Height Overall (m): 2.31
Width Overall (m): 2.75
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Drive Formula: 4 x 4 (+ 4 auxiliary wheels)
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 140-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 750
Speed (km/h):Max Road: 95
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
500
160
340
2,000
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: INA
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: PP-61AM
Field of View (°): 23
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000
Night: N/A
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
Radio: R-123
VARIANTS
Polish modernized variant has been offered in five versions, with
upgrades such as: 12.7-mm MG, improved PKT MG mount, roofmounted AT-4 ATGM, surveillance radar, improved fire control, etc.
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 10
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: N/A
Antitank guided missile launcher vehicles:
9P122 variant with 6-rail AT-3 ATGM launcher
9P124 variant with 4-rail AT-2 MCLOS ATGM launcher
9P133 variant with 6-rail AT-3C SACLOS ATGM launcher
9P137 variant with 5-rail AT-5 ATGM launcher
9P148 variant with 5-rail AT-4 or AT-5 ATGM launcher.
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 14.5-mm Machinegun KPVT
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 150 practical/600 cyclic
Loader Type: Belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 500/0
Elevation (°): -5 / +30
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000m / 400-500 on the move
Night: N/A
BRDM-2Rkh: NBC reconnaissance vehicle
BRDM-2U: Command variant without a turret
SA-9: SAM system transporter-erector-launcher vehicle
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
14.5-mm API-T
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: 1,400
Armor Penetration (mm): 20 at 1,000 m/30 at 500 m
Other Ammunition Types: 14.5-mm API, I-T, HE-T Type MDZ
NOTES
Some BRDMs may include an AT-4 launcher and ATGMs for dismounted self-defense.
3-3
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Armored Reconnaissance Command Vehicle BRM-1K________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
73-mm gun
HEAT
HE
20
(est) 10
10
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BMP M1976/2
Date of Introduction: 1976
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Description:
Crew: 4 (with addition of a navigator)
Troop Capacity: 6 passengers
Combat Weight (mt): 13.3
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.74
Height Overall (m): 2.15
Width Overall (m): 2.94
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.57
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 300-hp diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: 40-45
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 7
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-173, R-130, 2x R-148 manportable, R-014D telegraph
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 19-23
Applique Armor (mm): Available
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: VEESS
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 73-mm smoothbore gun, 2A28/Grom
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 7-8
Loader Type: Autoloader
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 20 / 0
Elevation (°) : -4/+33
Fire on Move: Yes, but only 10 km/h or less (est)
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coaxial
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000 / 400-500 on the move
2,000
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 round bursts
Firing Ports: 1 on each side, 1 in left rear door
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: No
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1PN22M2, 8x
Field of View (°): 15 (est)
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: 1PN22M2 II channel, 6x
Field of View (°): 6 (est)
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000, based on light
VARIANTS
BRM-1: Baseline armored reconnaissance vehicle (BMP M1976/1)
without smoke grenade launchers, added comms (R-130, R-014D
telegraph), and Tall Mike radar but with four more passengers.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
73-mm HEAT-FS, PG-9
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800, 600 on the move
Night: 800
Armor Penetration (mm): 335 (RHA)
73-mm HEAT-FS, NFI
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000, 600 on the move
Night: 800-1,000
Armor Penetration (mm): >400 (RHA)
73-mm HE, OG-9
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,300
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,300, 1,000 on the move
Night: 1,000
Armor penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: 73-mm HE, OG-9M
NOTES
Derived from BMP-1, the vehicle has a 2-man turret and additional sensors. Two manportable SAM launchers are included. BMP-1 options fit BRM-1 and -1K.
SENSORS: 1PN22M2 sight, 1D8 laser rangefinder, and Tall-Mike battlefield surveillance radar. Radar characteristics: operating band I (9.0 GHz); detection
ranges 30 km personnel, 12 km vehicles. The Russian Alis or Sanoet thermal gunner's sight can be installed. Passengers may dismount from BRM-1K and will
dismount from BRM-1 to form an alternate reconnaissance post.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle BRM-3K__________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
30-mm auto gun
HE-I & Frag-HE-T
APDS, APFSDS-T
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Lynx, Rys
Date of Introduction: 1990
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 6
Combat Weight (mt): 19.6
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.10
Height Overall (m): 2.65
Width Overall (m): 3.15
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.62
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 500-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 35
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-163-50U UHF, R-163-50K HF, R-163-10U (dismounts)
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 30-35 mm (front glacis)
Applique Armor (mm): Yes on turret
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: 6 Smoke grenade launchers, VEESS
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm automatic gun, 2A72
Rate of Fire: 350 rd/min (cyclic) in bursts
Loader Type: Dual-belt feed
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 500/ 0
Elevation (°): -5 to + 60
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun, PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Max Effective Range:
Day: 2,000 m
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/2,000 active
Fire on Move: Yes
NOTES
BRM-3K is a variant of BMP-3 with a steel hull.
500
340
160
2,000
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, in 2-10 round bursts
Firing Ports: 1 on each side
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: BPK-2-42
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane, 2E52-1
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: BPK-2-42
Field of View (°): 8
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000 (est)
Night: 1PN61 II/IR sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 1,200-1,500/3,000+ active IR
Commander Fire Main Gun: INA
VARIANTS
N/A
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
30-mm APDS
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000 (est)
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,500
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/ 2,500 active
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): 25 (RHA) at 1,500 m
30-mm APFSDS-T M929
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000 (est)
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,500+
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/2,500+ active
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor penetration (mm): 55 (RHA) at 1,000 m, 45 at 2,000 m
30-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: 1,200-1,500 passive/ 3,000+ active
Tactical AA Range: 4,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: 30-mm HEI-T, AP-T
ONBOARD SENSORS: The 1PN71 thermal sight (3.7x/11.5x) has an acquisition range against tanks of 3.0 km. The 1D14 laser rangefinder (73x and 18x
sights) has a day light only acquisition range of 10.0 km. The 1PN61 passive image intensifier night sight uses a laser illuminator. In the passive mode, the
Generation II (7x) sight has a night acquisition range of 1.2-1.5 km. Using the active laser pulse illuminator, the acquisition range can be extended. Tall Mike
Radar has an operating band I (9.0 GHz), and detection ranges: 3.0 km against personnel, 12.0 against moving vehicles.
Brazilian Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle EE-9 ___________________________
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
90-mm cannon
APFSDS-T
HEAT-T, HESH
HE-T
7.62-mm coax MG
.50 cal AA MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Cascavel IV
Date of Introduction: 1977
Proliferation: At least 18 countries (all variants)
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: None
Combat Weight (mt): 13.4
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.19
Height Overall (m): 2.36
Width Overall (m): 2.66
Drive Formula: 6 x 6
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 212-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 880
Speed (km/h):Max Road: 100
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.0 unprepared
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 16
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: 6 smoke grenade launchers
Typical
Combat Load
44
(est) 11
11
22
2,000
500
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 Cal M2 HB MG
Mount Type: Cupola
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: N/A
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: LV3 laser rangefinder
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: SS-123, 10x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: SS-122 II channel, 5.6x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
Cascavel I: Original vehicle had a US M36 37-mm gun turret.
Cascavel II: Variant with a French 90-mm gun from AML-90.
Cascavel III: Uses the 90-mmCockerill gun and new transmission.
Cascavel IV: Has a new engine and transmission, improved day and
night optics with laser rangefinder, and .a 50 cal antiaircraft MG.
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 90-mm gun, Engesa EC-90 (Cockerill-type)
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 24/ 20
Elevation (°): -8/+15
Fire on Move: INA
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
90-mm APFSDS-T, Engequimica-produced
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000+
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Auxiliary Weapons:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, INA
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
90-mm HE-T, Engequimica-produced
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,200
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: HEAT-T, HESH-T, Smoke, Cannister
NOTES
Other ammunition maximum effective ranges are (m): HEAT-T - 1,500, HESH-T - 800.
British Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle Fox ______________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
3-6
Typical
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Types
30-mm auto-cannon
HEI-T,
APDS-T, APSE-T
Combat Load
99
(est) 66
33
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV721
Date of Introduction: 1973
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Troop Capacity: 0
Combat Weight (mt): 6.12
Chassis Length Overall (m): 4.17
Height Overall (m): 2.20
Width Overall (m): 2.13
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Drive Formula: 4 x 4
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 190-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 434
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 104
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 5.23
Fording Depth (m): 1.0 Unprepared
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Resistant to heavy MG (NFI)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: 2 x 4-barrel smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm auto-cannon, Rarden L21
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-90 cyclic (1-6 round bursts)
Loader Type: Feed tray, manual clip-fed (3-round clips)
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -14/+40
Fire on Move: INA
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun L7A2
2,600
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Firing Ports: None
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: SPAV L2A1, 5.8/1.6 x
Field of View (°): 8/28
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: L2A1, II sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
None of the variants have been fielded.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
30-mm APDS-T, L14A2
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 40 (RHA, 45°) at 1,500 meters
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm HE-T, L13A1
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Tactical AA Range: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): N/A
Other Ammunition Types: APSE-T (AP Secondary Effects-T L5A2).
The gun can fire the KCB (Oerlikon) family of munitions.
NOTES
These vehicles have been phased out of British service.
3-7
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3-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 4
Tanks/Assault Vehicles
The lethality and variety of weapons available to armored, mechanized, and infantry forces
for the close fight require a continued and expanded use of heavily armored fighting vehicles
(AFVs). This chapter provides a representative sampling of AFVs in use today and designed for
combat assault. The selection is not comprehensive, rather reflects a mix of systems currently
available for the OPFOR and likely to be encountered in varying levels of conflict. The selection is
also used to highlight trends within this field of weapons.
Vehicles used for combat assault in this Guide are divided into two categories main
battle tanks and light tanks/assault vehicles. Tanks are tracked, heavily armored vehicles with
guns of generally 75 mm or more. Among modern trends in AFVs are: increased variety of
systems worldwide, and a wider application of these systems for varied roles and missions on the
battlefield. As a result, technology sharing and proliferation of upgrade packages have blurred
lines among vehicles used for assault, antiarmor, combat reconnaissance and fire support missions.
Another trend is increased weight for all types of armored vehicles. With heavier armor
protection packages, higher-output engines and larger weapons, a significant proportion of
medium tanks have grown into the heavy tank weight category. Therefore, the term main battle
tank is more relevant than previous weight categories.
There are still light tanks on the battlefield, although increased armor and gun size on
light armored fighting vehicles such as infantry fighting vehicles and armored reconnaissance
vehicles have blurred lines of distinction. A number of AFVs, such as the British Scorpion and
French AMX-13 can be characterized as reconnaissance vehicles, tank destroyers, fire support
vehicles, or assault vehicles; but they have tracks, armor protection, and guns of 60 mm or
greater. Thus, they can also be used for light tank missions. The term assault vehicle currently
represents a narrow category of older vehicles used by (former) Soviet forces - medium-armored
vehicles with medium-heavy guns and no turrets. None of these vehicles were selected for this
initial publication. Some representative systems will be included in the next iteration. With
blurring of lines among roles and missions for heavier LAFVs and light tanks, the term assault
vehicle will likely broaden to reflect a variety of modern programs for light - medium armored
vehicles with medium to heavy guns, for use in the assault role.
Two notable trends for vehicles in this chapter are a reflection of increasing systems costs
and declines or leveling of military budgets - development of variants off of established systems,
and use of equipment/packages to extend the use life of systems and enhance their effectiveness.
As a result, seemingly old and out-of-date tanks, some of which pre-date World War II, can be a
threat to modern armored and mechanized forces. The WEG highlights a variety of upgrades as
well as limitations for selected tanks. Systems-related trends can be divided among mobility,
survivability, and lethality, as noted on the data sheets.
To improve mobility and compensate for weight increases, many forces have replaced older
engines with more powerful diesel engines. Swim capability is limited to a few light tanks.
4-1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Within the area of survivability, the most obvious consideration is increasing armor
protection levels. A prominent trend is the application of additional armor, such as plate armor or
panels on turrets, side-skirts over tracks, and addition of explosive reactive armor (ERA).
Additional protection measures include use of entrenching blades for self-emplacement, mineclearing plows and rollers, nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection, vehicle smoke
emission systems, and smoke grenade launchers. To complement these systems are sensors such
as mine detectors, laser warning receivers, and radar warning receivers. A trend receiving
increasing attention is the use of active measures: electro-optical countermeasures, such as
infrared jammers, and active protection systems (also known as defensive aides suites) designed to
intercept incoming projectiles and destroy them prior to impact.
The area of lethality has seen a variety of upgrades, including: gun replacement, improved
stabilization and fire control systems, additional weapons such as antitank guided missile systems,
and improved ammunition. Critical parameters include fire on the move capability, which can be
linked to stabilization, rate of fire, integrated sights, acquisition ranges, and weapon range. Note,
because weapon range is really a function of sights, gun precision, the type of mount, and specific
round ballistics, the WEG will incorporate those factors in the round data, as maximum aimed
range. That figure conforms to the OPFOR tactics and accounts for technical capabilities (see
Glossary). Maximum effective range is also included (see Glossary).
The WEG notes a variety of new ammunition natures, such as electronically fuzed tank
rounds for use against helicopters, and OPFOR availability of western-style HEAT-multipurpose
rounds, which can be used as both antitank and antipersonnel rounds, for greater flexibility and
lethality. For some systems, the ammunition mix could be determined or estimated. For others,
that data was not available. Within each category, the specific round mix will depend on tactical
considerations, comparative lethality and the intended targets. A general rule for OPFOR is that
tanks will have approximately 50% antitank rounds and 50% rounds for use against soft targets.
Because of the relative increase in protection against HEAT rounds vs kinetic energy rounds, mix
estimates reflect a bias toward KE rounds. The term stowed rounds does not mean rounds which
are not in the tank's autoloader. Rounds in ready reach are ready rounds. Stowed rounds are
those which are in compartments away from the gunner's or loader's positions, requiring a slower
than normal rate of fire (see Glossary). In calculating tank rounds, the figure does not include the
tactical possibility of adding an additional round in the breach.
Secondary arms continue to play an important role for OPFOR tanks, because their use
permits the main gun to focus fires more on heavy and area targets. Tankers will fire main guns at
hovering or slow-flying aircraft; however, the more likely weapon is the antiaircraft machinegun.
Similarly, OPFOR tanks will fire main guns at personnel and other soft targets as required; but the
more efficient weapon for targets at close range is the coaxial machinegun.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925
e-mail address: redmant@leav-emh1.army.mil
4-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
French Light Tank AMX-13 ______________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
90-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
HE
Cannister
7.62-mm coax MG
34
3,600
AMX-13 Model 51/75 mm Gun
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: AMX-13/90
Date of Introduction: 1966
Proliferation: At least 15 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 15.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 4.88
Height Overall (m): 2.28
Width Overall (m): 2.51
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.74
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 250-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 350
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 0.6 unprepared, 2.1 with snorkel
Radio: TR-VP118 and intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 25 at 45°impact angle
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: 2 smoke grenade launchers each side of turret
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 90-mm rifled gun CN-90-F3
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
Loader Type: Autoloader and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 10 in autoloader, 11/13 in hull
Elevation (°): -5.5/+12.5
Fire on Move: N/A
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG, AA52
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: L862, 7.5x and 8x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: OB-11-A, 5x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,000
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
AMX-13 Model 51: Original tank destroyer/recon vehicle, Model 51,
w/75-mm gun. Many variants and upgrades have diesel engines and a
7.62-mm AA MG. Two versions were fitted with 2 x SS-11 or 3 x
HOT ATGM launchers
AMX-13/90: This is the variant portrayed on this data sheet.
AMX-13/105: Variant with a GIAT 105G1 105-mm gun.
AMX-13 CD Model 55: Armored recovery variant.
AMX-13 DCA: Air defense variant with twin 30-mm guns.
AMX-13 with LAR: Multiple Rocket Launcher System.
AMX 105-mm Mk 61: Self-propelled howitzer variant.
AMX F3: 155-mm self-propelled gun.
AMX-VCI: Variant used as an APC.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
90-mm APFSDS-T, NFI
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: 800-1,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
90-mm HEAT, NFI
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Armor Penetration (mm): 160 (RHA) at 60°impact angle
Other Ammunition Types: HE, Cannister, Smoke
NOTES
Israeli EL-OP thermal sights are available for use on the tank.
US Light Tank M41A3 __________________________________________________
4-3
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
76-mm rifled gun M32
APDS-T/APFSDS-T
HEAT -T
Frag-HE
Cannister
65
20
20
20
5
7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm AA MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Walker Tank, Walker Bulldog
Date of Introduction: 1951
Proliferation: At least 18 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 23.5
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.82
Height Overall (m): 2.73
Width Overall (m): 3.20
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.72
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 500-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 161
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 72
Max Off-Road: 48
Average Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.0 Unprepared, 2.4 prepared
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 38
Applique Armor (mm): Available
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun M32
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -9.75/ +19.75
Fire on Move: No
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG, M9194E1
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m):
5,000
2,175
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 (12.7 x 99) AA machinegun, M2HB
Mount Type: Cupola AA mount
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 450-550
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Available
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: M97A1 and M20A1
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Available
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
M41 DK-1: Danish variant with diesel engine and LRF-based fire
control. Other upgrades are side skirts, thermal sights, NBC protection,
smoke grenade launchers and 7.62-mm AA MG.
Brazilian M41: Upgrades are similar to DK-1 except for AA MG and
change to 90-mm gun using Cockerill Mk III ammunition.
Uruguayan M41: M41A3 fitted with Cockerill Mk III gun.
YUNG HU: Taiwanese upgrade with diesel engine.
M42/Duster: Air defense gun system with twin 40-mm AA cannon.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
76-mm APFSDS-T, AAI M464
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy (57°) at 1000 m
Other Ammunition Types: M33A1 and A2 APDS-T, M319 and
M339 AP-T, M496 HEAT-T, HE, Smoke (WP), M363 cannister
NOTES
German Atlas offers the MOLF 1-plane stabilized laser rangefinder fire control system and retrofit kit The FCS includes a thermal night sight. Israeli
EL-OP offers a FCS for the system. Maximum range for the canister round is 155 meters.
Russian Amphibious Tank PT-76B _______________________________________
4-4
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
76-mm rifled gun D-56
HVAP, AP-T/API-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1952
Proliferation: At least 21 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 14.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.91
Height Overall (m): 2.26
Width Overall (m): 3.14
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.46
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 240-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 260
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 44
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: 25
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Radio: R-123
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 20
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: VEESS
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun D-56B
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6-8
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -4/+30
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x54R) machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000/400-500 on the move
Night: 600
40
10
10
20
1,000
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: Available
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner: TShK-66
Day:
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000
Night: TVN-28 IR Available
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 600
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
Polish PT-76: Variant with a separate commander's hatch and 12.7mm MG.
Type 63: Chinese variant with a new turret, 85-mm gun, and 12.7-mm
AA MG.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
76-mm HVAP-T, BM-354P
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,060
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 650
Night: 600
Armor Penetration (mm): 127 at muzzle, 50 at 1,000 m
76-mm HEAT, BK-350M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 650
Night: 600
Armor Penetration (mm): 280 to max range
76-mm, Frag-HE, OF-350
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 600
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: 76-mm AP-T, BR-350 API-T
NOTES
Original PT-76 was produced in limited numbers with a non-stabilized main gun. Some PT-76s are augmented with 12.7-mm AA MGs.
Israel offers an upgrade package with a 90-mm gun, LRF fire control and a 300-hp engine.
British Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle, Tracked Scorpion __________________
4-5
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
76-mm rifled gun
HESH
HE
Cannister
7.62-mm coax MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV101
Date of Introduction: 1972
Proliferation: At least 18 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 8.07
Chassis Length Overall (m): 4.79
Height Overall (m): 2.10
Width Overall (m): 2.24
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.36
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 190-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 650
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 80
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4/6 with propeller
Fording Depth (m): 1.07, amphibious
40
3,600
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG, L8A1
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: Laser rangefinder
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Barr and Stroud Tank Laser Sight, 10x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 2,200
Night: GEC Sensors SS100, II, x5.8/1.6
Field of View (°): 8/28
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 14.5-mm projectiles
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: N/A
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 4 smoke grenade launchers each side of turret
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun L23A1
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6
Loader Type: INA
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -10/ +35
Fire on Move: N/A
VARIANTS
Scorpion 90: Variant with a 90-mm Cockerill Mk III gun.
A number of vehicles use the same Alvis chassis. They include
the Scimitar armored reconnaissance vehicle, Striker armored ATGM
launcher vehicle, Spartan armored personnel carrier or Milan ATGM
launcher, Stormer modernized APC, Samaritan armored ambulance,
and Saber modernized reconnaissance vehicle.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
76-mm HESH, L29
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,200
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: L24A1/2 HE (max effective range-indirect fire: 5,000 meters), L33A1 Cannister (max effective range: 100
meters), L32A5 Smoke (BE), L42 Illumination
NOTES
As a reflection of the vehicle's suitability for a variety of roles, in recent times it is referred to as an armored reconnaissance vehicle or combat vehicle
reconnaissance (tracked)--CVR (T).
A British upgrade program includes a diesel engine, thermal sights, and secure communications. The Tank Laser Sight and Avimo LV10 Day/Night
LRF sight can accept a thermal channel. Thermal sights are available for use on the tank.
4-6
Worldwide Equipment Guide
British Main Battle Tank Chieftain Mk 5 ___________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
120-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HESH
7.62-mm MG
--Coaxial and Stowed
--Cupola AA MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: FV 4201
Date of Introduction: 1967 Original Chieftain
Proliferation: At least 6 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 55.00
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.48
Height Overall (m): 2.90
Width Overall (m): 3.51
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.90
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 750-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 400-500
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 48
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: 30
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.1 Unprepared
Radio: C42/Larkspur VHF
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 300 (RHA)
Applique Armor (mm): ROMOR applique on turret, side skirts
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: Plow variant, and AVLB/engineer variant
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (6 each side of turret)
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm rifled gun, L11A5
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8-10 first minute/6 sustained
Loader Type: Separate-loading manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -10 to +20
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) Machine gun L8A1
Mount Type: Turret Coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA
64
20
44
6,200
6,000
200
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) AA Machine gun L37A1
Mount Type: Cupola
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
ATGM Launcher: N/A
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Improved Fire Control System (IFCS)
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser, Nd-Yag
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Barr and Stroud Tank Laser Sight (TLS), 8x
Field of View (°): 10
Acquisition Range (m): 5,000
Night: 1R18 Thermal sight, 3x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: INA
VARIANTS
Mk 5: Final production variant, with a new engine and NBC system,
modified auxiliary weapons and sights. Mk 6-11 are upgrades to earlier
models, with addition of IFCS. Mk 12 added ROMOR (aka: Stillbrew)
spaced armor boxes. Mk 11 and Mk 12 have Thermal Observation and
Gunnery Sight (TOGS).
A variety of support vehicles were developed from the tank. They
include recovery vehicles, AVLB, dozer, mineclearer, air defense and
155-mm SP artillery systems.
Khalid/Shir 1: Jordanian variant which has chassis, turret and
weaponry of the Chieftain, but which incorporates engine and running
gear upgrades of Challenger I. The fire control has seen a
number of improvements, including a new ballistic computer.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
120-mm APFSDS-T, L23A1
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 3,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
4-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
British Main Battle Tank Chieftain Mk 5 continued __________________________
120-mm High-Explosive Squash-Head (HESH), L31
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 3,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: L15 APDS, L34 WP Smoke
NOTES
Early Chieftains and some later modified tanks mount the 50. Cal M2HB machinegun over the main gun as a ranging gun. Iran and Kuwait retained
the .50 Cal MG.
The HESH round is used for antitank chemical-energy (CE) antiarmor missions, and for HE effects against personnel and materiel.
The Iranians claim to employ a snorkel system on Chieftain, for fording to 5 meters depth.
A variety of fire control systems and thermal sights are available for Chieftain. At 324 Chieftains have been upgraded with the Barr and Stroud TOGS
thermal sight system. The 1R26 thermal camera can be used with the 1R18 thermal night sight. It has wide (13.6°) and narrow (4.75°) fields of view,
and is compatible with TOGS format. GEC Sensors offers a long list of sights including: Multisensors Platform, Tank Thermal Sensor, and
SS100/110 thermal night sight. Marconi, Nanoquest, and Pilkington offer day and night sights for the Chieftain.
Charm Armament upgrade program, with the 120-mm L30 gun incorporated in Challenger 1, is available for Chieftain modification programs.
4-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
German Main Battle Tank Leopard 2 ______________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
120-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT-MP-T
42
7.62-mm machineguns
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Swiss Pz 87, Swedish Strv 121
Date of Introduction: 1979
Proliferation: At least 7 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 55.15
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.69
Height Overall (m): 2.79
Width Overall (m): 3.70
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.83
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 1,500-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 550
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 72
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.0 Unprepared, 4.0 with snorkel
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 700 KE/1,000 against HEAT rounds
Applique Armor (mm): Track skirt
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: Galix (See note Strv 122)
Mineclearing Equipment: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers, 8 each side of turret
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 120-mm smoothbore gun M256
Rate of Fire (rd/min): INA
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 15/27
Elevation (°): -9 to +20
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) Machinegun MG3A1
Mount Type: Turret Coax
Maximum Aimed Range(m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
4750
--Coaxial
2000
--Cupola MG/stowed
2750
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 1,200
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 51) Machinegun MG3A1
Mount Type: Turret Cupola
Maximum Aimed Range(m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 1,200
ATGM Launcher: N/A
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: WNA-H22, 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser neodymium
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Krupp-Atlas EMES-15, 12x / FERO Z18 secondary, 8x
Field of View (°): 5/10
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Zeiss thermal imager
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: Yes
VARIANTS
A variety of MBT variants from 2A1 to 2A4 denote minor changes, as
well as FCS upgrades. Combat support variants include an armored
recovery vehicle.
Pz87: Swiss variant with indigenous machineguns, communications
and FCS, and improved NBC equipment.
Dutch Leopard 2: Uses indigenous equipment as noted above.
Leopard 2A5/Leopard 2 (Improved): Recent upgrade with spaced
armor added to turret front, and increased armor on hull and side skirts.
Other improvements include improved stabilization, suspension,
navigation, fire control, and hatch design.
Strv 122: Swedish-licensed variant resembling 2A5 with an indigenous
turret and other upgrades. The tank features French Galix active
protection system and improved command and control. Sweden
developed an HE-T round designed to range 2,000 meters or more for
its Leopard-2 and Strv-122 tanks. With additional armor, Strv 122 will
weigh 62 mt.
German Main Battle Tank Leopard 2 continued _____________________________
4-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
120-mm APFSDS-T, DM43
Maximum Aimed Range(m): 3,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 450 at 2,000 meters
120-mm APFSDS-T, US Olin GD120
Maximum Aimed Range(m): 3,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 3,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 520 at 2,000 meters
120-mm HEAT-MP-T, DM-12A1/US Olin M830
Maximum Aimed Range(m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: US-produced M829, M829A1
APFSDS-T; US M830A1 HEAT-MP-T (MPAT), GE DM12A1 (US
copy M830) HEAT-MP-T (MPAT)
NOTES
A variety of upgrade programs and options are available for the Leopard 2. These include the Atlas Elektronik Vehicle Integrated Command and
Information System (IFIS), a digital command and information system.
A new longer gun barrel (L55 gun barrel, 1.30 meters longer) is available. It permits effective use of a new APFSDS-T round, DM53 (LKE II), with
a longer rod penetrator, and which is under development. The German Army has decided not to buy the DM43 APFSDS-T round (aka:
LKE 1), rather to wait and upgrade to the DM53.
4-10
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Main Battle Tank T-55AMV_______________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
100-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM
Typical
Combat Load
(mix est) 43
14
3
21
5
7.62-mm coax PKT MG
12.7-mm AA MG
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 rpm practical, 800 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 40.5
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.20
Height Overall (m): 2.32
Width Overall (m): 3.60
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.89
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG DShKM
Mount Type: Turret top
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 620-690 hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 390/600 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 50
Max Off-Road: 35
Average Cross-Country: 25
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.4 Unprepared, 5.5 with snorkel
ATGM Launcher :
Name: D-10T2S gun
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS, Infrared laser-beam rider
Command Link: Encoded laser-beam
Launcher Dismountable: No
Radio: R-173, R-173P, R-124 intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 200 (base T-55 armor)
Applique Armor (mm): Rubber screens and box armor
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): 1st Gen raises to KE/700-900
against HEAT; 2nd Gen raises to 450-480 KE/700-900 HEAT
Active Protective System: Russian Drozd APS available
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set, and plows available
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4x 81-mm each side of
turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm rifled gun, D-10T2S
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 5-7
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -5 to +18
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds only--ATGMs require a short halt)
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT-T
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800
1,250
500
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Volna
Main Gun Stabilization: M1 Tsiklon 2-plane
Rangefinder: KDT-2 Laser
Infrared Searchlight: L-4
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: TShSM-32PV, 3.5x and 7x
Field of View (°): 18 and 8
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000
Night: 1K13
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,300, gun rounds only
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
More than a dozen countries have produced upgraded T-55 variants
with similar capabilities in protection and lethality. Many countries
have upgraded to a larger main gun.
T-55AMV is derived from a line of variants of T-55 MBT. T-55A
added an NBC protection system. T-55M added the Volna fire control
system (with ATGM launcher), improved gun stabilization and sights,
improved engine, new radio, and increased protection. That included
side skirts, smoke grenade launchers, applique armor, and fire
protection. T-55AM added bra armor, an armor band around the turret
for 180°coverage. The -AMV upgrade means substitution of ERA for
the bra armor. Variants ending with -1 denote replacement of the
engine w/V-46 engine from T-72 MBT.
The Ukraine and Syria will upgrade to the T-55AMV standard.
Russian Main Battle Tank T-55AMV continued______________________________
4-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
T-55AM2B: Czech version of T-55AMV with Kladivo fire control.
T-55AM2: Variant does not have ATGM capability or Volna FCS.
T-55AM2P: Polish version of T-55AMV but with Merida FCS.
T-55AMD: Variant with the Drozd APS instead of ERA.
T-55AD Drozd: Variant with Drozd but not Volna FCS and ERA.
100-mm HEAT, BK-17
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,000 (est)
Armor Penetration (mm): 380
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
100-mm BM-8 Russian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 200 at 1,000 meters
100-mm Frag-HE, OF-32
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: <2,500
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
100-mm APFSDS-T, BM-25
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
100-mm APFSDS-T, BM-412M, Romanian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2, 000+ (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 418 at 2,000 m, 380 at 3,000 m
Other Ammunition Types: A variety of other rounds within the range
noted above are available. They include the GIAT NR 322/ NR 352
APFSDS-T and Slovak JPrSv AP-T with ranges beyond 2,000 m.
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-10/BASTION
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650 (RHA)
Range (m): 4,000 (day only, see NOTES)
Name: AT-10 Improved
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) behind ERA
Range (m): 4,000 (day only, see NOTES)
100-mm APFSDS-T, M1000, Belgian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,500 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO triple heavy target, 4,500 m
NOTES
The 1K13 sight is both night sight and ATGM launcher sight; however, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously.
T-55s with "bra armor", semi-circular add-on armor, have turret protection increased to 330 mm (KE) and 400-450 mm (CE). Other improvements
available include a hull bottom reinforced against mines, better engines, rubber track pads, and a thermal sleeve for the gun.
Optional sights and fire control systems include the Israeli El-Op Red Tiger and Matador FCS, Swedish NobelTech T-series sight, and German Atlas
MOLF. The Serbian SUV-T55A FCS, British Marconi Digital FCS, South African Tiger, and Belgian SABCA Titan offer upgraded function. One
of the best is the Slovenian EFCS-3 integrated FCS.
A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian/French ALIS and Namut-type sight from Peleng. There are thermal sights available
for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.
4-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Main Battle Tank T-62M _______________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
115-mm rifled gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM
Typical
Combat Load
(mix est) 40
12
3
20
5
7.62-mm coax PKT MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 41.5
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.63
Height Overall (m): 2.4
Width Overall (m): 3.52
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): INA
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 620-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 450/650 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 45
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.4 Unprepared, 5.5 with snorkel
Radio: R-173, R-173P, R-124 intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 230
Applique Armor (mm): Bra armor (+100 on turret) and track skirts
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available, replaces bra armor
Active Protective System: Russian Drozd APS will fit
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set, and plows
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Nuclear radiation only
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
2 x 4 Smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 115-mm smoothbore gun, 2A20/Sheksna
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 3-5
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -5 to +18
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds only--ATGMs require a short halt)
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800
Night: 800
2,500
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 rpm practical, 800 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A20 gun
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS, Infrared laser-beam rider
Command Link: Encoded laser-beam
Launcher Dismountable: No
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: Volna
Main Gun Stabilization: M1 Meteor 2-plane
Rangefinder: KTD-2 Laser
Infrared Searchlight: L-4
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: TShSM-41U, 3.5x and 7x
Field of View (°): 18 and 8
Acquisition Range (m): 4,000
Night: 1K13-1
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 850-1,300, gun rounds only
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
T-62M is one of a variety of T-62 variants. T-62A: added a 12.7-mm
MG. T-62M adds protection, FCS and ATGM capability. T-62
variants with a V-46 T-72-type engine add -1 to their designation.
T-62M1: Variant with Volna FCS but no missile launch capability.
T-62D: Variant with the Drozd APS vs ERA.
T-62MK: Command variant.
T-62MV: Version with ERA in place of the bra armor. The ERA
includes Kontakt ERA and Kontakt-5 2nd-Generation ERA.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
115-mm APFSDS-T, BD/36-2
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000+ (est)
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 520 (RHA, 71°angle) at 1,000 m
115-mm APFSDS-T, BM-6 Russian
Maximum Aimed Range(m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 237 (RHA) at 1,000 m
Russian Main Battle Tank T-62M _______________________________________________
4-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
115-mm HEAT, BK-4
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500 (est)
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,200
Night: 850-1,200
Armor Penetration (mm): 495 (RHA)
115-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-27
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500-2,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-10/Sheksna
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650
Range (m): 4,000 (day only, see NOTES)
Name: AT-10 Improved
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 behind ERA
Range (m): 4,000 (day only, see NOTES)
Other Ammunition Types: BM-3 APFSDS, BM-4 APFSDS, BK4M HEAT, BK-15 HEAT, OF-11 Frag-HE, OF-18 Frag-HE
NOTES
The 1K13 sight is both night sight and ATGM launcher sight; however, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously.
Other improvements available include a hull bottom reinforced against mines, rubber track pads, and a thermal sleeve for the gun.
Optional sights and fire control systems include the Israeli El-Op Red Tiger and Matador FCS, Swedish NobelTech T-series sight, and German Atlas
MOLF. The British Marconi Digital FCS, South African Tiger, and Belgian SABCA Titan offer upgraded function. One of the best is the Slovenian
EFCS-3 integrated FCS.
A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. There are
thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.
4-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Main Battle Tank T-72B _________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
125-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM
45
(mix est) 15
3
21
6
7.62-mm coax MG
T-72B w/Kontakt ERA
2,000
12.7-mm AA MG
300
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: T-72S (export), SMT M1988
Date of Introduction: 1985
Proliferation: At least 2 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 44.5
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.91
Height Overall (m): 2.19
Width Overall (m): 3.58
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.90
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 840-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500/ 900 with external tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 35
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2 Unprepared/5.0 with snorkel
Radio: R-173 and R-134
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46M
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS, Laser beam rider
Command Link: Encoded infrared laser beam
Launcher Dismountable: No
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 520/950 against HEAT
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull over track skirt, turret top
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Kontakt or Kontakt-5 ERA
Active Protective System: Arena available
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set, and plows available
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (8x 81-mm left side of
turret), and 32 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M/ D-81TM
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4-6/2 in manual mode
Loader Type: Autoloader (separate loading) and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/23
Elevation (°): -6 to +14
Fire on Move: Yes, up to 25 km/h. Depending on the road and
distance to the target, most crews may halt before firing.
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: 800
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG NSVT
Mount Type: Turret top
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500/1,000 antiaircraft
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 200 practical, 600 cyclic in bursts
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 1A40-1
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E42-2, 2-plane
Rangefinder: TPD-K1M laser rangefinder
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: TPD-K1, 8
Field of View (°): 9
Acquisition Range (m): 3,000 with LRF, 5,000 without
ATGM/Night: 1K13-495 5.6x (8x ATGM)
Field of View (°): 6, 40 min (5 ATGM)
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
T-72BK: Commander's variant with additional radios
T-72BM: Version with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armor. This
system is being fielded and is available for export.
T-72S/Shilden: Russian export T-72A upgraded to be comparable to
the T-72BM standard. Although similar to the T-72BM, it may have
less turret front protection. The early T-72S tank has Kontakt ERA, as
shown above.
T-90: Successor to T-72BM. This tank has been tentatively approved
for production and adoption as a standard tank, alongside the T-80U,
for the Russian army. The T-90 uses the gun and 1G46 gunner sights
from T-80U, a new engine, and thermal sights. Protective measures
include Kontakt-5 ERA, laser warning receivers, and the SHTORA
infrared ATGM jamming system.
Russian Main Battle Tank T-72B continued ________________________________
4-15
Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 590-630 at 2,000 meters
125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1300
Armor Penetration (mm): 650-750
125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 700-800
Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-42
and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a version of the
BM-42M with a DU penetrator.
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-11/SVIR
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm ): 700 behind ERA/800 conventional
Range (m): 4,000
Name: AT-11B/INVAR
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm ): 800 behind ERA /870 conventional
Range (m): 4,000
NOTES
The T-72B is the second main variant from the original Russian T-72 tank (after T-72A).
The 1K13-49 sight is both night sight and ATGM launch sight. However, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously. A variety of thermal
sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. Thermal gunner night sights
are available which permit night launch of ATGMs.
The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and increased penetration against conventional armors and ERA. The
BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. If the BK29 HEAT-MP is used, it may substitute for Frag-HE (as with NATO countries) or complement Frag-HE. With three round natures (APFSDS-T,
HEAT-MP, ATGMs) in the autoloader vs four, more antitank rounds would available for the higher rate of fire.
4-16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Polish/Czechoslovakian Main Battle Tank T-72M1___________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
125-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
Typical
Combat Load
44
(mix est) 15
7
22
7.62-mm coax MG
2,000
12.7-mm AA MG
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Russian T-72A
Date of Introduction: 1975
Proliferation: At least 7 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 41.5 (without ERA)
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.91
Height Overall (m): 2.19
Width Overall (m): 3.59
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.90
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG NSVT
Mount Type: Turret top
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500, 1,000 AA
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 200 practical, 600 cyclic in bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 780-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 460/700 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 35
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.2 Unprepared/5.0 with snorkel
ATGM Launcher: N/A
Radio: R-173M
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 500/560 against HEAT
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull over track skirt, turret top
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): 1st or 2nd Gen ERA available
Active Protective System: Arena or Drozd available
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set, and plows available
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (6x 81-mm each side of
turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M/ D-81TM
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4-6/2 in manual mode
Loader Type: Autoloader (separate loading) and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/22 (22 in carousel)
Elevation (°): -6 to +14
Fire on Move: Yes, up to 25 km/h. Depending on the road and
distance to the target, most crews may halt before firing.
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,800
300
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E28M, 2-plane
Rangefinder: TPD-K1 laser rangefinder
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: TPD-K1 laser rangefinder sight, 8 x
Field of View (°): 9
Acquisition Range (m): 3,000 with LRF, 5000 without
Night: TPN-1-49, 5.5 x
Field of View (°): 6
Acquisition Range (m): 800
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
T-72: Original Russian tank from which T-72 variants were derived.
T-72M: Original Polish and former-Czechoslovakian T-72-series tank
from which Polish/Czechoslovakian T-72M1 was derived.
T-72M differs from T-72 in replacing the right-side coincident
rangefinder with a centerline-mounted TPDK-1 LRF.
T-72A: The Russian variant differs from T-72 with the TPDK-1 LRF,
added sideskirts, additional armor on the turret front and top, smoke
grenade launchers, internal changes, and a slight weight increase. The
Russian export version and Polish/Czechoslovakian counterparts are
called T-72M1. Versions with Kontact ERA are known as T-72AV /T72 M1V. Please note that some countries have inventories of T-72, T72M and T-72M1, with different versions of each variant. Also, many
variants were upgraded or modified. Some T-72M1s do not have
smoke grenade launchers or track skirts. Some T-72s/T-72Ms have
smoke grenade launchers. More reliable discriminators are armor and
rangefinder/FCS.
Polish/Czechoslovakian Main Battle Tank T-72M1 continued__________________
4-17
Worldwide Equipment Guide
T-72AK/7T-2M1K: Commander's variant with additional radios
T-72AM/Banan: Ukrainian T-72A upgrade with ERA, a new engine,
and additional smoke grenade launchers. The T-72AG
upgrade has a 1200-hp engine, Shtora-1 ATGM jammer, and 1G46
(T-80U) FCS with thermal night sights.
T-72M1M: T-72M1 variant upgraded to T-72B standard.
T-72M2/Moderna. Slovakian T-72M upgrade with new engine and
fire control, SFIM thermal sight, laser warning receiver, ERA, and 2 x
20-mm AA guns on turret
T-72M4CZ: Czech variant with TURMS FCS with thermal sight,
new engine, increased protection ERA, and 48t weight. T72M3CZ ia
a less radical upgrade-- for instance existing engine is modified.
T-72MP: Ukrainian upgrade with a 1,000-hp engine, added armor,
Shtora-1, and SAGEM FCS and thermal sights.
T-72S/Shilden: Russian export T-72A upgraded to T-72B standard.
M-84: Former Yugoslavian tank upgraded to T-72M1 standard, but
with indigenous sights. With an upgraded engine, the tank is
M-84A. A Croatian improved version of M-84 is M84A4/Sniper,
with improved fire control and thermal night sights. A Slovenian
upgrade uses the state-of-the-art and the well-marketed EFCS-3 FCS.
PT-91/Twardy: Polish upgrade tank with ERA, laser warning
receiver, smoke grenade launchers, and Tiger fire control system.
Sights include a thermal gunner night sight.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 590-630 at 2,000 meters
125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1300
Armor Penetration (mm): 650-750
125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 700-800
Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-42
and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a version of the
BM-42M with a DU penetrator.
NOTES
A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng.
The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and increased penetration against conventional armors and ERA. The
BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. If the BK29 HEAT-MP is used, it may substitute for Frag-HE (as with NATO countries) or complement Frag-HE. With three round natures (APFSDS-T,
HEAT-MP, ATGMs) in the autoloader vs four, more antitank rounds would available for the higher rate of fire.
4-18
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Main Battle Tank T-80B _________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
125-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM
45
(mix est) 15
3
21
6
7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm NSVT AA MG
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: 850-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: See NOTES
Date of Introduction: 1978
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 44.5
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.98
Height Overall (m): 2.22
Width Overall (m): 3.58
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.87
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG NSVT
Mount Type: Turret top
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 ground/1,600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: 800-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 210 practical/ 800 air targets in bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 1,000-hp or 1,100-hpGas turbine (multifuel),
Cruising Range (km): 370/ 500 with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 48
Average Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.8 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel, 12.0 with
BROD-M system
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46-2 tank gun
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Encoded radio frequency
Launcher Dismountable: No
Radio: R-173, R-174 intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Defeat 120-mm rounds (triple layer)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): 1st Generation ERA available
Active Protective System: Available
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine rollers and plows available
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4x 81-mm each side of
turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46-2
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6-8 (lower in manual mode)
Loader Type: KORZINA separate-loading autoloader and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 28 in carousel/17 rounds stowed but readily
available for manual loading
Elevation (°): -7 to +20
Fire on Move: Yes (30 km/h gun rounds/low speed or stop ATGMs)
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
1,250
500
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: FCS 1A33
Main Gun Stabilization: 2E26M 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1G42
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 5,000
Night: 1-4A
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 800-1,300 (est)
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
T-80BV: Variant noted in the above line drawing has ERA mounted.
This variant is more likely for encounter by US forces.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000-4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 590-630 at 2,000 meters
Russian Main Battle Tank T-80B continued ________________________________
4-19
Worldwide Equipment Guide
125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1300
Armor Penetration (mm): 650-750
Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-42
and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a version of the
BM-42M with a DU penetrator.
Antitank Guided Missile:
Name: AT-8/SONGSTER
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) conventional
Range (m): 4,000
125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 700-800
NOTES
The T-80B and -BV variants are often misidentified as T-80. They are visibly different and bear other distinctions, such as T-80B/-BV capability for
launching AT-8/ Songster ATGM.
The night sight cannot be used to launch the ATGM. The daysight can be used at night for launching ATGMs if the target is illuminated.
A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEM-produced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. There are
thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.
The 12.7-mm MG NSVT has both remote electronically operated sight PZU-5 and gun-mounted K10-T reflex sight.
The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and increased penetration against conventional armors and ERA. The
BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. If the BK29 HEAT-MP is used, it may substitute for Frag-HE (as with NATO countries) or complement Frag-HE. With three round natures (APFSDS-T,
HEAT-MP, ATGMs) in the autoloader vs four, more antitank rounds would available for the higher rate of fire.
The ATGM may be launched while moving slowly (NFI). The AT-8 can be auto-loaded with the two halves mated during ramming; but the stub
charge is manually loaded.
4-20
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Main Battle Tank T-80U _________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
125-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
ATGM
45
(mix est) 15
3
21
6
7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm NSVT AA MG
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 800
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: SMT (Soviet Medium Tank) M1989
Date of Introduction: 1987
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 46.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.01
Height Overall (m): 2.20
Width Overall (m): 3.60
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.92
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG NSVT
Mount Type: Turret top
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: 800-1,300
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 210 practical/ 800 air targets in bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 1250-hp Gas turbine (multi-fuel), diesel on T-80UD
Cruising Range (km): 335 km/600 km with extra tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 48
Average Cross-Country: 40
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.8 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel, 12.0 with
BROD-M system
ATGM Launcher:
Name: 2A46M-1 tank gun
Launch Method: Gun-launched
Guidance: SACLOS, Laser-beam rider
Command Link: Encoded infrared laser-beam
Launcher Dismountable: No
Radio: R-173, R-174 intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): Against 120-mm ammunition
Applique Armor (mm): Side of hull , over track skirt
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Kontakt-5 2nd Generation ERA
Active Protective System: ARENA is available
Mineclearing Equipment: Roller-plow set and plows available
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Smoke grenade launchers (4x 81-mm each side of
turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M-1
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 7-8 (lower in manual mode)
Loader Type: KORZINA separate-loading autoloader, and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 28 in carousel/17 stowed (manual loaded)
Elevation (°): -4 to +18
Fire on Move: Yes (gun rounds and ATGMs)
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Turret coaxial
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
1,250
500
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: FCS 1A42
Main Gun Stabilization: 2342, 2-plane
Rangefinder: Laser
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 1G46/PERFECT, 3.6/12x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 5,000 (70%P-hit for ATGM)
Night: AGAVA-2
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 2,600 (gun rounds only)
Commander Fire Main Gun: Yes
VARIANTS
T-80UD: Version produced in the Ukraine with a 1000-hp diesel
engine instead of the turbine engine, and 1st generation ERA.
T-80UK: Command version with R-163-50K and R-163-U radios,
TNA-4 land navigation system, and an electronic fuze-setting device
that permits use of Ainet Shrapnel Round. The AGAVA thermal sight
provides a 2,600-meter night acquisition range.
T-84: Recent Ukrainian upgrade of T-80UD with a welded turret, a
French ALIS thermal sight, a more powerful engine, optional use of
ARENA active protection system (APS) and SHTORA-1 active IR
ATGM jammer system. Prototypes have been demonstrated, and the
tank is available for export.
Russian Main Battle Tank T-80U continued ________________________________
4-21
Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000-4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 590-630 at 2,000 meters
125-mm HE-Shapnel Focused-fragmentation, Ainet
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 4,000
Night: 800-1,300
Tactical AA Range: 4,000-5,000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 700-800
Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian
BM-42 and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a
version of the BM-42M with a DU penetrator.
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-11/SVIR
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) behind ERA/800 conventional
Range (m): 5,000
Name: AT-11B/INVAR
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped charge
Armor Penetration (mm): 800 (RHA) behind ERA /870 conventional
Range (m): 5,000
125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 4,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 800-1300
Armor Penetration (mm): 650-750
NOTES
Line drawing is a T-80UD.
GTA-18A Auxiliary Power Unit is used when the engine is off.
The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. The
more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and 50 mm more penetration.
The electronic round fuzing system for Ainet rounds is available for other tanks. This round uses technology similar to that for French Oerlikon's
AHEAD rouns. The round is specially designed to defeat targets by firing fragmentation patterns forward and radially, based on computer calculated
settings from the laser range-finder and other inputs. Targets are helicopters and dug in or defilade priority ground threats, such as ATGM positions.
Rate of fire is 4 rd/min.
The 12.7-mm MG NSVT has both remote electronically operated sight PZU-5 and gun-mounted K10-T reflex sight.
The original night sight is the II Buran-PA (800-1300 meters range). The sight cannot be used to launch the ATGM. The daysight can be used at
night for launching ATGMs if the target is illuminated. A variety of thermal sights is available. They include the Russian Agava-2, French SAGEMproduced ALIS and Namut sight from Peleng. There are thermal sights available for installation which permit night launch of ATGMs.
4-22
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 59-II ______________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
105-mm rifled gun L7
New CH APFSDS-T
M456 HEAT
L35 HESH
7.62-mm coax MG
7.62-mm bow MG
12.7-mm AA MG
34
12
6
16
2,000
1,000
500
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: WZ 120B
Date of Introduction: 1951
Proliferation: At least 2 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 36.5-37.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.04
Height Overall (m): 2.59
Width Overall (m): 3.30
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.8
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 520-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 440/600 with external tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 50
Max Off-Road: 25
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.4 Unprepared, 5.5 with snorkel
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG Type 54
Mount Type: Turret cupola
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2.000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 ground/1,600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: N/A, II sights available
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 air targets 2-10 rd bursts
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 203
Applique Armor (mm): Track skirts are fitted to some tanks
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine plows and roller-plows available
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: N/A
Smoke Equipment: 8 x 81-mm smoke grenade launchers
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 105-mm rifled gun, similar to L7
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6-10
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: INA
Elevation (°): -5/+18
Fire on Move: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun Type 59T
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: 800
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun Type 59T
Mount Type: Bow ball mount
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: UI light spot fire control system
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: LRF
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Type DC 1024/00 II sights, x7
Field of View (°): 6
Acquisition Range (m): 1,000
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS:
Type 59: Original model is a copy of the Former Soviet T-54 MBT
and has a 100-mm main gun.
T-72Z/ Safir 74: Iranian variant which constitutes state of the art for
upgraded 50s-generation former Warsaw Pact tanks. This tank has a
780-hp diesel engine, track skirts, and smoke grenade launchers. An
Iranian ERA package will fit T-72Z. Armament includes an M68 105mm rifled gun, 7.62-mm Type 59T (PKT) MG, and a 12.7-mm Type
59 (DShKM) MG. The cannon can launch AT-10/ Bastion ATGMs (to
4000 meters) and fire a broad range of NATO 105-mm ammunition.
Fire control includes the robust Slovenian EFCS-3-55 fire control
system with stabilization, a laser rangefinder, and a ballistic computer.
The FCS includes a commander's independent viewer and target
designation system, and II gunner night sights.
Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 59-II continued _____________________________
4-23
Worldwide Equipment Guide
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
105-mm APFSDS, H6/62
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
105-mm APFSDS, UI (New Chinese)
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 460 at 2,000 m
105-mm HEAT, M456 (multinational)
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500-2,500 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 432, NATO single heavy target
105-mm HESH, L35 (UK)
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000 (est)
Night: 800-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): NATO single heavy target
Other Ammunition Types: Chinese Type 83/ UK L64/ US M735
APFSDS, UK L52 APDS, multinational M393 HEP-T, French OE
105-F1 HE, L39 Smoke, cannister
NOTES
GEC-Marconi Centaur fire control system is available. British Barr and Stroud thermal based FCS can be fitted.
4-24
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 85-IIM_____________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
125-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
42
(mix est) 15
6
21
7.62-mm coax MG
12.7-mm cupola AAMG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1991
Proliferation: At least 2 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 41.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 10.28
Height Overall (m): 2.30
Width Overall (m): 3.450
Ground Pressure (kg/cm2): 0.771
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 730-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 700/900 with external tanks
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 57
Max Off-Road: 45
Average Cross-Country: 35
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): 1.4 Unprepared, 2.4 with snorkel
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): INA
Applique Armor (mm): Track skirts. Composite panels available.
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
Mineclearing Equipment: Mine plows and roller-plow set
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 12x 81-mm smoke grenade launchers
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M/ D-81TM
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4-6/2 in manual mode
Loader Type: Autoloader (separate loading) and manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 22/23 (22 in carousel)
Elevation (°): -6 to +14
Fire on Move: Yes, up to 25 km/h. Depending on the road and
distance to the target, most crews may halt before firing.
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machine gun Type 59
Mount Type: Turret coax
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,800
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
2,000
500
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 250 practical, 600 cyclic, 2-10 rd bursts
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG Type 54
Mount Type: Cupola
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500 ground/1600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 80-100 practical, 600 air targets, 2-10 rd bursts
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: ISFCS-212 (Image-Stabilized Fire Control System)
Main Gun Stabilization: 2-plane
Rangefinder: LRF
Infrared Searchlight: Yes
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: UI stabilized gunner sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: 2nd Generation II sights
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Commander Fire Main Gun: No
VARIANTS
Type 85-IIAP: Variant assembled from Type 59s and Type 69-IIs and
upgrade kits, or from licensed production in Pakistan.
Type 85-III: Upgraded variant with 1,000-hp engine and composite
armor panels. Variant is in prototype stage.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000-3,000
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 590-630 at 2,000 meters
125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 5,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Chinese Main Battle Tank Type 85-IIM continued____________________________
4-25
Worldwide Equipment Guide
125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1300
Armor Penetration (mm): 650-750
Other Ammunition Types: Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-42
and BM-32 APFSDS-T. Note: The Russians may have a version of the
BM-42M with a DU penetrator.
125-mm HEAT, BK-27
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: 850-1,300
Armor Penetration (mm): 700-800
NOTES
GEC-Marconi Centaur fire control system is available. British Barr and Stroud thermal based FCS can be fitted.
The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and increased penetration against conventional armors and ERA. The
BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. If the BK29 HEAT-MP is used, it may substitute for Frag-HE (as with NATO countries) or complement Frag-HE. With three round natures (APFSDS-T,
HEAT-MP, ATGMs) in the autoloader vs four, more antitank rounds would available for the higher rate of fire.
4-26
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 5
Antitank
As armored combat vehicles have ascended in importance on the battlefield, so have the
systems designed to stop those vehicles. The umbrella term antitank originally denoted systems
specifically designed to destroy tanks. But today it is also more broadly constructed. Modern
combat is combined arms combat. Mechanized forces include other armored combat vehicles,
such as armored reconnaissance vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers,
etc. Tanks cannot survive or achieve their tactical objectives without support from other armored
systems. The more recent term antiarmor may supplant the current term; because antitank
weapons which cannot penetrate tank armor can still be a formidable threat if they can defeat or
damage more lightly armored fighting vehicles. With upgrades and innovative tactics even older,
seemingly obsolete, weapons can be used as OPFOR antiarmor weapons.
Antitank weapons can include guns of various sizes, antitank guided missile launcher
systems, rocket and grenade launchers, mines and their delivery systems, and other obstacle
systems. The rocket and grenade launchers are described in Chapter 1, Infantry Weapons. Mines
and other obstacle systems are noted at Chapter 8, Engineer Systems. Because the OPFOR place
a high priority on stopping and destroying armored combat vehicles, they will use all other
available assets which can doctrinally support the effort. These include fixed and rotary-wing
aircraft, artillery, NBC assets, etc. A number of recent systems have been fielded seemingly for
other roles, but available for use as antitank weapons: light tanks, heavy armored reconnaissance
vehicles with guns of 60 millimeters or more, assault vehicles, fire support vehicles, and
artillery/mortar-type combination guns, such as Russian 120-mm 2S9, 2S23, and 2S31. Many
OPFOR countries will employ antitank weapons for roles other than antitank, including AT guns
against personnel and soft targets, and ATGMs against personnel and rotary-wing aircraft.
Antitank guns include towed guns and self-propelled antitank guns (also known as tank
destroyers). A number of guns were designed as field guns, with multi-role capability as both
artillery and antitank guns. The modern focus on maneuver warfare has brought a slight decline in
development of uniquely antitank guns. Thus, the 85-mm D-44 gun, which can be used as
artillery, is effective for use in an antitank role. Although recent systems have been developed,
the number fielded has not kept pace with production of armored combat vehicles. Nevertheless,
their effectiveness and selected armies' continued reliance on linear positional battles and
protracted defenses have kept a large number of these systems in inventories. Based on numbers
fielded and likelihood of their threat to US forces, only towed antitank guns were included.
A number of upgrades are available. These include night sights, such as passive image intensifier
sights and thermal sights for the Russian 100-mm MT-12. This is a robust antitank weapon, with
a high rate of fire and rapid mobility. Note the Russian innovation in the MT-12R, an AT gun
with a radar-directed all-weather fire control system. Improved ammunition is critical for
continued effectiveness of antitank weapons. The MT-12 and its variants can fire a variety of
modern ammunition, including the Russian gun-launched ATGM, Kastet.
5-1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
The antitank guided missile (ATGM) is the singular greatest threat to tanks today.
These systems are distinguished from other antitank weapons in that they are guided to the target.
Most employ SACLOS guidance (see Glossary). An operator holds crosshairs on the target, and
the missile tracker directs the missile to that point. There is a wide variety of countermeasures
(such as smoke and counterfire, due to long flight time and operator vulnerability) for use against
ATGMs. Thus, a 90% probability of hit is a technical figure, and does not mean a 90%
probability of success. On the other hand, there is a variety of counter-countermeasures which
the ATGMs, launchers, and operators can use to increase the chance for success. Tactics,
techniques and procedures within the antitank arena are critical to mission success.
As armor protection levels and antitank weapon lethality levels continue to rise, armor
protection for many modern tanks has outpaced most AT weapons. However, ATGMs have been
able to increase their size, range, and warhead configurations to threaten even the heaviest tanks.
Among notable trends in ATGMs is the worldwide proliferation and variety of manportable and
portable antitank guided missile launchers. These include shoulder-launched, short-range
systems, such as the French Eryx, and a variety of copies of former Soviet systems, such as the
AT-3/Malyutka ("Suitcase SAGGER). Another notable trend is in development of upgrade
ATGMs, with increased lethality. The most common type of lethality upgrade is addition of a
nose precursor or tandem warhead. A more recent lethality upgrade has been the use of warheads
that permit the "fly-over, shoot-down" mode. These missiles can over-fly a vehicle behind a hill,
and fire an explosively-formed penetrator (EFP, in the shape of a cannon kinetic-energy
penetrator round) downward through the relatively soft top of armored vehicles. Other
improvements include improved guidance and resistance to countermeasures, reduced smoke and
noise signature, and increased range. A fairly common trend has been addition of night sights,
including thermal sights for the launcher. As the missiles and launchers have been improved,
weight loads have increased. Most of the so-called portable launchers (AT-4 launcher, TOW, and
HOT) have outgrown the portability weight limit, and must be carried in vehicles and only
dismounted short distances from the carriers.
Although there are unique ATGM launcher vehicles with unique ATGMs, most
numerous launcher vehicles are military and commercial vehicles adapted with pintel mounts for
portable ground launchers, with ATGMs manually loaded and launched. Configurations of those
vehicles consist of simply pairing of vehicle and launcher, and can be executed with equipment at
hand; therefore, they were not described in this guide. The number of fielded ATGM launcher
vehicles specially designed for the mission numbers no more than a few dozen systems. They
constitute a high level threat to vehicles and rotary-winged aircraft in the US Army.
Systems selected for this chapter are the more common threat systems, or represent the
spectrum of antitank systems which can threaten US Army forces in the world today.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Tom Redman
DSN: 552-7925 Commercial (913) 684-7925
e-mail address: redmant@leav-emh1.army.mil
5-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 76-mm Towed Antitank Gun ZIS-3 _________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
76-mm rifled gun
HVAP-T
HEAT
APC-T
Frag-HE
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1942
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: At least 14 countries
Description:
Crew: 5-7
Combat Weight (mt): 1.12
Length Overall, Travel (m): 6.10
Height Overall, Travel (m): 1.3
Width Overall, Travel (m): 1.4
Mobility:
Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with twin trails
Prime mover: AT-P tractor, light trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: INA
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Fording Depth (m): N/A
Emplace Time (min): INA
Displace Time (min): INA
Radio: N/A
Protection: Gun shield
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 76-mm rifled gun
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8-10 normal / 15-20 burst indirect fire
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: N/A
Elevation (°): -5/+37
Fire on Move: No
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
INA
VARIANTS N/A
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
76-mm HVAP-T, BR-354P
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 58 at 1,000 meters
92 at 500 meters
76-mm APC-T , BR-350B
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Day: 1,000
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 61 at 1,000 meters
76-mm HEAT, BK-354M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,000
Max Effective Range (m): INA
Day: 500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 120 (RHA)
76-mm Frag-HE, OF-350A
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
76-mm Frag-HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: API-T BZR-350B, Smoke (WP)
NOTES
Although the ZIS-3 is categorized as an antitank gun, some OPFOR forces will employ it for general support, especially against light targets.
Typical combat load is based on the prime mover; and a wide variety of systems can be used as prime movers.
Russian 85-mm Towed Gun D-44 _________________________________________
5-3
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
85-mm rifled gun
HVAP-T
HEAT-FS
AP HE
Frag-HE
Smoke
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: M1945
Date of Introduction: 1944
Proliferation: At least 16 countries
Description:
Crew: 8
Combat Weight (mt): 3.1
Length Overall, Travel (m): 8.34
Height Overall, Travel (m): 1.42
Width Overall, Travel (m): 1.73
Mobility:
Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with twin trails and coaster wheel
Prime mover: AT-P tractor, light trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 35
Average Cross-Country: INA
Fording Depth (m): INA
Emplace Time (min): 2
Displace Time (min): 2
Radio: N/A
Protection: Gun shield
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 85-mm rifled gun
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 8 normal / 15 burst Indirect Fire
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 0 / 140 on prime mover
Elevation (°): -7/+35
Fire on Move: No
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: OP-2-7 Direct Fire, 5.5x / PG-1M Indirect Fire
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 1,500
Night: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
21
(est) 3
3
3
9
3
VARIANTS
D-44-N: Variant with II night sight.
SD-44: Airborne version with auxiliary propulsion unit which permits
self-propulsion for short distances at speeds of up to 25 km/h on the
road, 5.5 km/h off road.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
85-mm HVAP-T, BR-365P/365PK
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,150
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 180 (RHA) at 1,000 meters
113 (RHA, 30°) at 500 meters
85-mm HEAT-FS, BK-2M
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 300
85-mm AP HE
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 950
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 91 (30°angle ) at 500 meters
85-mm Frag-HE, O-365K
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 1,500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1,500
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Other Ammunition Types: HE, BR-365 and -365K AP-T and APCT (obsolete)
NOTES
The gun is variously referred to as artillery, as a field gun or as an antitank gun. It can be used for all roles or specifically for artillery or antitank.
Typical combat load is based on the prime mover; and a wide variety of systems can be used as prime movers.
PG-1M indirect fire sight characteristics are: 4x, 10°field of view. The PG-1 and -M can be used to a limited extent as direct fire sights.
Russian 100-mm Towed Antitank Gun MT-12 _______________________________
5-4
Worldwide Equipment Guide
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: T-12A, 2A29
Date of Introduction: 1972
Proliferation: At least 12 countries
Description:
Crew: 6
Combat Weight (mt): 3.1
Length Overall, Travel (m): 9.65
Height Overall, Travel (m): 1.6
Width Overall, Travel (m): 2.3
Automotive Performance:
Mount: Two-wheeled carriage with twin trails and coaster wheel
Prime mover: MT-LB-T, URAL-375D and other trucks
Towed Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: 25
Fording Depth (m): INA
Emplace Time (min): 2-3
Displace Time (min): 2-3
Radio: N/A
Protection: Gun shield
ARMAMENT
Main Armaments:
Caliber, Type, Name: 100-mm smoothbore gun 2A29
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 6-8/up to 15 indirect fire
Loader Type: Manual
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 0/20
Elevation (°): -7/+20
Fire on Move: No
ATGM Launcher:
Launch Method: Gun-launched, 2A29 smoothbore gun
Guidance: Laser-beam rider
Command Link: Encoded laser-beam
Launcher Dismountable: No
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Rangefinder: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: OP40M-40U direct fire, 5.5x / PG-1M indirect fire
Field of View (°): 11
Acquisition Range (m): 3,000/8,200 indirect fire
Night: APN6-40 II sight, 6.8x
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
100-mm smoothbore gun
APFSDS-T
HEAT
Frag-HE
AT-10 ATGM
20
8
4
4
4
Field of View (°): 7
Acquisition Range (m): 2,000
VARIANTS
T-12: Original version of Russian gun. MT-12 has changes in carriage
and obturator, which do not affect lethality performance.
MT-12R: Russian upgrade with radar-directed fire control system, for
use at night and adverse weather.
Topaz: Former-Yugoslav variant of T-12, with the 2A19M gun
mounted on a D-30 carriage. Some have AT FCS-1 (see NOTE).
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
100-mm APFSDS-T, BM-412M, Romanian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500, 3,000 platoon volley
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 418 at 2,000 m/380 at 3,000 m
100-mm APFSDS-T, M1000, Belgian
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 3,000/platoon volley INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration(mm): Triple heavy target at 4,000 meters
100-mm HEAT, BK-17
Maximum Aimed Range (m): 2,500, 3,000 platoon volley
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Armor Penetration (mm): 380
Other Ammunition Types: Russian BM-2/-20/-25 APFSDS-T; OF15 Frag-HE; BK-5M HEAT-FS
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-10/Kastet
Warhead Type: Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650 (RHA)
Range (m): 5,000
Name: AT-10b/Kan
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 700 (RHA) behind ERA
Range (m): 5,000
NOTES
Russian 2nd generation II sights are available. The daysight can be used at night if the target is illuminated. Thermal sights are available. The MT12R radar FCS can be used for surveillance, acquisition, and tracking. The Serb Iskra AT FCS-1 computerized laser rangefinder FCS is on is offered
for sale. Range is 500-3,000 meters. The ATGM sight and laser guidance device has a 5,000-meter range and is a day sight only.
Ranges (m) for Frag-HE: 8,200 indirect fire/3,000 direct-fire. Rate of fire for indirect fire (Frag-HE) is up to 15 rd/min.
5-5
Worldwide Equipment Guide
5-6
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian ATGM Launcher Vehicle 9P148 __________________________________________
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BRDM-2/AT-5
Date of Introduction: 1977
Proliferation: At least 6 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Platform: BRDM-2M/GAZ-41-08
Combat Weight (mt): 7.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.73
Height (m):
Overall: 2.31
In Firing Position: INA
Width Overall (m): 2.26
Drive Formula: 4 x 4 (+ 4 auxiliary wheels)
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 140-hp Gasoline
Cruising Range (km): 750
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 100
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 10
Fording Depth (m): Amphibious
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Radio: R-123
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 10
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Antitank Guided Missile Launcher
Name: 9P135M3 (recent upgrade)
Launch Method: tube-launched
Number of missiles on launcher: 5
Elevation (°): INA
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2-3, depending on range
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): INA
Displacement Time (min): INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously : NA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 15 (launcher + autoloader)/ 0-5 by mix
Loader Type: Automated
Launcher dismountable: No
Auxiliary Launcher: Yes
Fire on the Move: No
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
Launcher
AT-5/AT-5B ATGM
15-20
15
Mixed (see NOTES)
AT-4/AT-4B ATGM
AT-5/AT-5B ATGM
10
10
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: N/A
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent bulb
Tracker Type: IR, 9S451M1
Susceptible To Countermeasures: EO jammers, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: Electro-optical jamming alarm (See note)
Rangefinder: N/A
Infrared Searchlight: N/A
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 9Sh119M1
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: 1PN65
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 2,500
VARIANTS
9P137: Original launcher vehicle with 5 AT-5 (only) launch rails
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missiles:
Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Alternative Designations: Konkurs
Missile Weight (kg): 25.2 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 200
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 20
Name: AT-5B
Alternative Designations: Konkurs-M
Missile Weight (kg): 26.5 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 925
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 208
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 19
Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Alternative Designations: Fagot
Missile Weight (kg): 13.0 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 480
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 70/2,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 186
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 11
Russian ATGM Launcher Vehicle 9P148 continued _________________________________
5-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Name: AT-4B
Alternative Designations: Factoria, Konkurs M
Missile Weight (kg): 13.4 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 550
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 70/2,500
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 180
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 13.2-14.0
Other Missile Types: N/A
NOTES
A variety of ATGM mixes have been seen with 9P148, between AT-4 and AT-5-type ATGMS. The primary benefit of adaptability is increased
launcher load and adaptability to user countries' inventories of ATGMs. Most common ATGM is AT-5. As AT-5B is produced, it is likely to replace
AT-5 in better-budgeted country inventories.
Reload time for the launcher is 25 seconds.
Russian firms have developed countermeasures, such as encoded-pulse beacons for ATGMs and counter-dazzler adjustments to the 9S451M1
guidance box. Filters can be mounted in front of reticles.
The 1PN66 thermal sight is available for the ATGM launcher. Acquisition range is approximately 2,500 meters.
Russian KBP offers a drop-in one-man turret, called Kliver, with a stabilized 2A72 30-mm gun, a 4 Kornet ATGM launcher, thermal sights, and
improved fire control system.
5-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian ATGM Launcher Vehicle 9P149 ___________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
Launcher
AT-6 HEAT ATGM
AT-9 HEAT ATGM
AT-6 HE ATGM
AT-9 HE ATGM
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Shturm-S
Date of Introduction: 1990
Proliferation: At least 9 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Platform: MT-LB
Combat Weight (mt): 12.3
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.35
Height (m):
Overall: 1.8
In Firing Position: INA
Width Overall (m): 2.85
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 290-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 3-4
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
Radio: R-123M or R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 7-14
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): N/A
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: N/A
ARMAMENT
Antitank Guided Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Launch Method: tube-launched
Number of missiles on launcher: 1
Elevation (°): -5/+15
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2-3, depending on range
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): INA
Displacement Time (min): INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously: N/A
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 12/ 0
Loader Type: Automated
12
Launcher dismountable: No
Auxiliary Launcher: No
Fire on the Move: No
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Radio frequency
Beacon Type: INA
Tracker Type: IR
Susceptible To Countermeasures: Smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: 5 encoded frequencies
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): 5,000
Night: Yes
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
VARIANTS N/A
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-6a/SPIRAL
Alternative Designations: Kokon
Missile Weight (kg): 46.5 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 750, 600 behind ERA
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 400/5,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 345
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 14.5
Name: AT-9
Alternative Designations: Ataka
Missile Weight (kg): 48.3 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 950, 800 behind ERA
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 400/6,000, 5,000 ground use
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 400
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 15.0 (12.5 in ground use)
Other Missile Types: AT-6 HE thermobaric, AT-9 HE thermobaric
NOTES
Other missiles (AT-6b and AT-6c) can be launched from helicopters; but their length exceeds the 1832-mm limit for the Shturm-S autoloader.
A modular AT-6 ATGM launcher system with launcher and autoloader is available for installation on vehicles, fixed sites and boats.
5-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
5-10
Worldwide Equipment Guide
French ATGM Launcher Vehicle AMX-10 HOT_______________________________
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 4-5
Platform: AMX-10P
Combat Weight (mt): 14.1
Chassis Length Overall (m): 5.78
Height (m):
Overall: 2.57
In Firing Position: INA
Width Overall (m): 2.78
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 300-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: 30-40
Max Swim: 7 (with optional water jets)
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Radio: VHF and intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): 12.7-mm frontal (distance NFI)
Applique Armor (mm): N/A
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available (see NOTES)
Active Protective System: N/A
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: 3 smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Antitank Guided Missile Launcher
Name: Lancelot 3
Launch Method: tube-launched
Number of missiles on launcher: 4
Elevation (°): -12/+18
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): INA
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): INA
Displacement Time (min): INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously : INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/14
Loader Type: Manual
Launcher dismountable: No
Auxiliary Launcher: No
Fire on the Move: No
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat load
Total
HOT/ HOT 2, 2T/ HOT 3
18
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: INA
Tracker Type: INA
Susceptible To Countermeasures: Smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: Infrared CM hardening on later ATGMs
Rangefinder: M427 Laser rangefinder
Infrared Searchlight: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: M509, 3x/12x
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Castor Thermal Image System available
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
VARIANTS N/A
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: HOT
Alternative Designations: Euromissile
Missile Weight (kg): 32 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 800
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): 233
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 17.3
Name: HOT 2
Alternative Designations: INA
Missile Weight (kg): 32 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 900
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): 233
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 17.3
Name: HOT 2T
Alternative Designations: INA
Missile Weight (kg): 32 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 1250
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): INA
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): INA
Other Missile Types: HOT 3--similar to HOT 2T, but with improved
countermeasures
French ATGM Launcher Vehicle AMX-10 HOT continued______________________
5-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
NOTES
The HOT Antitank guided missile is produced by a European consortium which includes France and Germany. It can be launched from a ground
launcher, the same launcher mounted on a variety of vehicles, from infantry fighting vehicles and ATGM launcher vehicles, and from helicopters. The
AMX-10 HOT constitutes a high-end application on that spectrum, and has not been widely proliferated.
The cruciform-based single-tube ground launcher system exceeds the weight limit for the portable class of ATGM launchers. An updated launcher for
HOT-2T offers a Thermal Modular System night sight and a dual band tracker. Alternate mounts for the launcher include the ATLAS/Commando
lightweight launcher (140 kg) mounted on the Spanish Santana (4 x 4 Land Rover light truck).
The Lancelot turret used on AMX-10 HOT can be mounted on other armored fighting vehicles.
The French-produced VAB HOT uses a Mephisto retractable twin-tube launcher, and has an onboard load of 10 HOT ATGMs.
The UTM800 turret holds four HOT missiles, with a stabilized sight and Castor thermal night sight. The UTM800 is used on two applications. The
French VCR/TH employs the turret on a Panhard VCR/TT 6 x 6 APC chassis. The other is the UTM turret on a VAB APC chassis.
The German Jaguar 1 Jagdpanzer is a modified Leopard 1 tank chassis with a single-tube HOT launcher.
French SNPE explosive reactive armor can be employed on AMX-10 type vehicles.
5-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
US ATGM Launcher Vehicle M901 ________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
ATGM Launcher
TOW, ITOW, TOW 2,
TOW 2A, TOW 2B
7.62-mm Cupola MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle), ITOW
Date of Introduction: 1978
Proliferation: At least 8 countries
Description:
Crew: 4-5
Platform: M113A1
Combat Weight (mt): 11.79
Chassis Length Overall (m): 4.90
Height (m):
Overall: 2.91
In Firing Position: 3.35
Width Overall (m): 2.70
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 212-hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 483
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 64
Max Off-Road: INA
Average Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 5.8
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Self-Entrenching Blade: N/A
Radio: Various, including intercom
Protection:
Armor, Turret Front (mm): INA
Applique Armor (mm): Available. Anti-mine armor on bottom
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): Available
Active Protective System: No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: 4 smoke grenade launchers on each front corner
ARMAMENT
Antitank Guided Missile Launcher
Name: M27 cupola with launcher head ("Hammerhead")
Launch Method: Tube-launched
Number of missiles on launcher: 2
Elevation (°): -30/+34
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2
Reaction Time (sec): 4.25
Emplacement Time (min): 0.33
Displacement Time (min): INA
Can Launch Missiles Simultaneously : No
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 2/10
Loader Type: Manual
Launcher dismountable: No
Auxiliary Launcher: No
Fire on the Move: No
12
2,000
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm (7.62x51) MG
Mount Type: Cupola
Direct Fire Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: INA
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: INA
Firing Ports: INA
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Xenon (Infrared), thermal on TOW-2 and after
Tracker Type: INA
Susceptible To Countermeasures: Smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures:
Rangefinder: INA
Infrared Searchlight: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: Day sight/tracker, 13x
Field of View (°): 5.5 x
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: AN/TAS-4 thermal sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
VARIANTS
ITOW: Launcher variants have been upgraded with new turrets and
launcher heads to fit the later TOW variants, such as ITOW, TOW 2,
2A and 2B. M901A2: Launcher vehicle fitted for TOW 2.
A variety of M113-based vehicles have incorporated TOW
"hammerhead" launcher for use as ATGM launcher vehicles. These
include the Italian VCC-1-based launcher vehicle, and the Dutch
Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV) -based launcher vehicle.
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: TOW
Alternative Designations: BGM-71
Missile Weight (kg): 25.5 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 600
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 65/3,750
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): 179
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 21
US ATGM Launcher Vehicle M901 continued _______________________________
5-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Name: ITOW
Alternative Designations: BGM-71C
Missile Weight (kg): 25.7 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT, short probe)
Armor Penetration (mm): 800
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 65/3,750
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): 179
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 21
Name: TOW 2
Alternative Designations: BGM-71D
Missile Weight (kg): 28.1 (in tube) / 21.5 (missile only)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (Larger HEAT,
long probe)
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 65/3,750
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 179
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 21
Name: TOW 2A
Alternative Designations: BGM-71E
Missile Weight (kg): 22.65 (missile only)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (Larger HEAT,
long probe)
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 65/3,750
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): 188
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 20
Name: TOW 2B
Alternative Designations: BGM-71F
Missile Weight (kg): 22.60 (missile only)
Warhead Type: Dual explosive-formed penetrators (EFP),
top-attack
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Minimum/ Maximum Range (m): 200/3,750
Probability of Hit (%): INA
Average Velocity (m/s): 179
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 21
Other Missile Types: See NOTES, below
NOTES
The loader has side and overhead protection during loading, which requires 40 seconds.
The Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS) was developed for TOW 2 and later. It includes a laser rangefinder, increased acquisition range,
improved night capabilities (second-generation thermal channel), an automatic boresight and greater hit probability.
The UK-developed Further-Improved TOW (FITOW) program is expected to be similar to TOW 2B, but with two smaller warheads.
The Israeli MAPATS is a TOW missile variant with laser-beam rider guidance and a laser guidance system.
The Israeli TAAS tandem warhead is the same diameter as the warhead on the original TOW missile, and appears to be a candidate for retrofit. The
warhead is claimed to be able to penetrate 1,020 mm of armor.
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian ATGM Launcher AT-3 ___________________________________________
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Malyutka Complex
Date of Introduction: 1963
Proliferation: At least 45 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Primary Mount: Ground mount on "suitcase" launcher
Alternate Mounts: Rail on BMP-1, BMD-1, BRDM, BRDM-2 etc.
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 30.5 launcher + guidance
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 0.86 with AT-3/a/b/c
1.02 with Malyutka-2
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P111 Case launcher
Launch Method: Rail on case
Elevation (°): Fixed for launcher (see NOTES)
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): 1.7 POLK set
Displacement Time (min): INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/0, 3/0 POLK set
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 9S415/9S415M/9S415M1 guidance panel
Guidance: MCLOS (9S415/-M panel), SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent infrared bulb (SACLOS)
Tracker Type: N/A for MCLOS, flare tracker for SACLOS
Susceptible To Countermeasures: EO jammers, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: Offset guidance panel, laser filters
Rangefinder: INA
Frequency: INA
Counter-countermeasures: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 9Sh16, 8x
Field of View (°): 22.5 (see NOTES)
Acquisition Range (m): 4000
Night: Available
Field of View (°): N/A
Acquisition Range (m): N/A
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
ATGM Launcher
AT-3 HEAT ATGM
AT-3 HE ATGM
4/ 3 Polk Set
1 on launcher
VARIANTS
Copies include North Korean Susong-Po, Taiwanese Kun Wu, and the
Chinese copy, Red Arrow-73/HJ-73, with indigenous guidance.
POLK: Slovenian Portable Anti-armor Launching Set includes a new
launcher, guidance panel with binocular sight, and 3 ATGMs similar to
AT-3C Improved (nose probes and lower smoke signature).
With a nose probe and improved propellant, the MCLOS-guided
ATGM can reach maximum range in 25 sec and penetrate 580 mm.
A Russian AT-3c/Improved (SACLOS) has similar capabilities.
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-3, -3a, -3b/SAGGER
Alternative Designations: Malyutka, Malyutka-M
Missile Weight (kg): 10.9
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 400
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 500/3,000
Probability of Hit (%): 70 against moving tanks
Average Velocity (m/s): 115
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 26
Name: AT-3c/SAGGER
Alternative Designations: Malyutka-P
Missile Weight (kg): 11.4
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 520
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 500/3,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90 (SACLOS)
Average Velocity (m/s): 115
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 26
Name: Malyutka-2
Alternative Designations: Malyutka (Modernized)
Missile Weight (kg): 12.5
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 800
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 500/3,00
Probability of Hit (%): 90 (SACLOS)
Average Velocity (m/s): 130
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 23
Other Missiles: Malyutka (Modernized) HE, AT-3c Imp, POLK
NOTES
AT-3 is classed by weight as portable (21-40 kg), rather than manportable (<21 kg). The launcher is also a missile carry case. The guidance panel
can be located up to 15 meters from the launcher, and can control up to four launchers. If target is <1,000 meters from launcher, the operator can
joystick the missile to target without using optics. Guidance elevation (°) is -5/ +10. Because the module is small and can be shifted, elevation and
field of view are operationally unlimited. Improved versions can be used on older launchers, but in the MCLOS mode.
The Slovenian Iskra TS-M thermal sight is available, with detection at 3,000 meters and recognition at 1,800 meters.
Any AT-3 can be modernized to Malyutka-2 with replacement of warhead and or replacement of specific warhead and motor components.
Russian ATGM Launcher AT-4/AT-5_______________________________________
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Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
ATGM Launcher Total
AT-4/AT-4B ATGM
4 or 8
(see NOTES)
AT-5/AT-5B ATGM
9P135M3 w/AT-5B and thermal sight
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9P135M Firing Post, Fagot/Fagot-M
Date of Introduction: 1973
Proliferation: At least 25 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Primary Mount: Ground mount on folding tripod
Alternate Mounts: Pintel (post) on BMP-1P, BTR-D, UAZ-469, etc.
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 22.5
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 1.1/1.3 AT-4/5 tube
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P135 (AT-4 only), 9P135M (AT-4/AT-5), -M1, -M2, -M3
Launch Method: Tube-launched
Elevation (°) (-/+): INA
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): 2-3, depending on range
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): INA
Displacement Time (min): INA
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/0 full dismount, 4/4 on or near vehicle
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 9S451M1 Guidance control box
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Incandescent infrared bulb
Tracker Type: IR, 9S451M1
Susceptible To Countermeasures: EO jammers, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: EO jamming alarm (see NOTES)
Rangefinder: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: 9Sh119M1, 4x
Field of View (°): 4.5
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Available (See NOTES)
VARIANTS
9 P135M3: Konkurs-M Complex. Launcher with 1PN65 thermal sight
and AT-5B/Konkurs-M missiles. Night range is 2,500m.
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-5B/SPANDREL-B
Alternative Designations: Konkurs-M
Missile Weight (kg): 26.5 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 925
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 208
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 19
Name: AT-5/SPANDREL
Alternative Designations: Konkurs
Missile Weight (kg): 25.2 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 650
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 75/4,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 200
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 20
Name: AT-4/SPIGOT
Alternative Designations: Fagot
Missile Weight (kg): 13.0 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 480
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 70/2,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 186
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 11
Other Missiles: AT-4B/Factoria (see NOTES)
NOTES
Because of its weight, the Russians categorize the AT-4/4B system as portable (21-40 kg) rather than manportable. For dismounted carry load is
divided among three packs. Due to the greater weight, AT-5/-5B fits into the "heavy" class (40+ kg), and should only be carried short distances from
vehicles (<500 meters). For crews using both ATGM classes and operating near vehicles, combat load is 8 (4 stowed in the vehicle).
The AT-4B/Factoria is an upgrade ATGM with a 2,500 meter range, 550-mm penetration, and a velocity of 180 m/s (13.2 - 14.0 sec TOF).
Russian firms have developed counter-countermeasures, such as encoded-pulse beacons for ATGMs and counter-dazzler adjustments to the 9S451M1
guidance box. Filters can be mounted in front of reticles.
TPVP/1PN65 thermal sight is available, with the range approximately 2,500 meters (see VARIANTS, above). Weight is 13 kg. Slovenian TS-F
sight and Russian 1PN86-1/1PN86/Mulat have a 3,600 meter detection range.
5-16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian ATGM Launcher AT-7/AT-13 _____________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
ATGM Launcher
AT-7 HEAT ATGM
AT-13 HEAT ATGM
AT-13 HE ATGM
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9P151Firing Post
Date of Introduction: 1978
Proliferation: At least 5 countries
Description:
Crew: 2
Primary mount: Ground mount on tripod
Alternate mounts: Shoulder for launch, UAZ-469 pintel mount
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 10.2
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 0.78 with AT-7/Metis
0.98 with AT-13/Metis-M
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): 0.72 with AT-7/Metis
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P151 Firing Post
Launch Method: Tube
Elevation (°): -5/+10
Rate of Launch (missiles/min): 3-5, depending on range
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Emplacement Time (min): 0.20
Displacement Time (min): 0.33
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 4/0 (1 on launcher )
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: 9S816 Guidance system
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: INA
Tracker Type: IR
Susceptible To Countermeasures: EO jammers, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: INA
4
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: INA
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Available
VARIANTS
Metis-M System: 9P151firing post adapted for and including the
Metis-M missile, IOC 1992.
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missiles
Name: AT-7/Saxhorn
Alternative Designations: Metis
Missile Weight (kg): 6.3 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 460
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 40/1,000
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 180
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 6.2
Name: AT-13
Alternative Designations: Metis-M (often mislabeled Metis-2)
Missile Weight (kg): 13.8 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 1,000/900 behind ERA
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 80/1500
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 287
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 8
Other missiles: Metis-M HE thermobaric
Rangefinder:
Frequency: INA
Counter-countermeasures: INA
NOTES
The Russians characterize the AT-7 ATGM complex as light or manportable (5-20 kg), permitting long-distance carry by dismounted infantry.
Although the AT-13 complex slightly exceeds 20 kg, it is close enough to fit into the category.
Guidance elevation has a 15°span. Because the module is small and can be quickly corrected by shifting, elevation and field of view are operationally
unlimited, and permit use against hovering or stationary helicopters.
The Russian 1PN86V/Mulat-115 thermal sight is available for use on the launcher, with detection at 3,200 meters and recognition beyond the missile's
1,500 meter range. Field of view is 4.6°.
5-17
Worldwide Equipment Guide
French ATGM Launcher Eryx ____________________________________________
Weapons & Ammunition
Types
Typical
Combat Load
ATGM Launcher
Eryx ATGM
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Anti-Char Courtee Portee (ACCP)
Date of Introduction: 1991
Proliferation: At least 5 countries
Description:
Crew: 1
Primary mount: Ground mount on tripod or shoulder launch
Alternate mounts: Shoulder launch--standing, kneeling or prone
Weight Overall, Excluding Missile (kg): 3, 4 with tripod
Length Overall in Firing Position (m): 0.905
Height Overall In Firing Position (m): INA
Width Overall In Firing Position (m): INA tripod, 0.16 on shoulder
Rangefinder: INA
Sights w/Magnification:
Gunner:
Day: INA, 3x
Field of View (°): 3.4
Acquisition Range (m): INA
Night: Sopelem OB50 II sight
Field of View (°): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: Eryx
Launch Method: Tube (disposable canister/ launch tube)
Elevation (°): INA, tripod; unlimited on shoulder launch
Rate of Launch: (missiles/min): INA
Reaction Time (sec): 20-30 (includes emplace time)
Emplacement Time (min): See Reaction Time (above)
Displacement Time (min): < 0.03
Ready/Stowed Missiles: 1/ 0
AMMUNITION
Antitank Guided Missile
Name: Eryx
Alternative Designations: ACCP
Missile Weight (kg): 11 (in tube)
Warhead Type: Tandem Shaped Charge (HEAT)
Armor Penetration (mm): 900
Minimum/Maximum Range (m): 50/600
Probability of Hit (%): 90
Average Velocity (m/s): 162
Time of Flight to Max Range (sec): 3.7
FIRE CONTROL
FCS Name: INA
Guidance: SACLOS
Command Link: Wire
Beacon Type: Infrared laser diode
Tracker Type: Charged couple device (CCD)
Susceptible To Countermeasures: EO jammers, smoke, counterfire
Counter-countermeasures: Flight time less than 4 seconds
1
VARIANTS
N/A
Other missiles: N/A
NOTES
The disposable canister/launch tube is attached to the reusable firing post (which includes sight systems).
Eryx employs a recoil reduction system with reduced back-blast, which permits launch from inside of buildings. Signature reduction includes noise
and smoke reduction.
A rest such as a ledge or sandbag is required for launches beyond 350 meters.
The optional French Mirabel thermal night sight is available for use on Eryx. The Mirabel offers an acquisition range of 1,000 meters, but weighs an
additional 3.4 kg.
5-18
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 6
Artillery
This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected artillery weapon systems either
in use or readily available to the OPFOR. Therefore, the artillery systems discussed in this chapter
are those likely to be encountered by U.S. forces in varying levels of conflict. The selection of
artillery systems is not intended to be all-inclusive, rather a representative sampling of weapons
and equipment supporting various military capabilities.
This chapter is divided into the following categories artillery reconnaissance, towed artillery systems, self-propelled artillery systems, and multiple rocket launchers. Later updates of
this guide will include data sheets addressing the aforementioned categories as well as mortars,
artillery locating radars, sound and flash systems, and surface to surface missiles (SSMs).
OPFOR artillery units begin a battle with a full complement of ammunition to include special types of ammunition. The number and type of rounds vary according to the tactical situation
and mission. Therefore, we have used frag-HE, smoke, and illumination as the default rounds to
represent a typical combat load. Generally, the Typical Combat Load section represents the number and type of rounds carried on the self-propelled artillery system or rocket launcher. The numbers of rounds for the towed artillery systems vary according to the cargo capacity of the prime
mover.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Walter L. Williams
DSN: 552-7923 Commercial (913) 684-7923
e-mail address: williamw@leav-emh1.army.mil
6-1
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6-2
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Russian Artillery Mobile Reconnaissance Vehicle PRP-3/PRP-4M ______________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
7.62 PKT MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1975
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 5
Platform (chassis): BMP-1
Combat Weight (mt): 13.2
Chassis Length Overall (m): 6.73
Height Overall (m): 2.14
Width Overall (m): 2.94
VARIANTS
None
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 293 hp Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 600 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 7
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
left side sensors: none
Radio: R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): 23
Armor Hull (mm): 19
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: coax
Direct Fire Range (m): 1300
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1000 / 400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
2,000
SENSORS/COMPONENTS
PRP-3 Sensors/Components:
navigation: 1G25 gyrocompass and 1G13 gyro course indicator
fire direction: 1V520 Ballistic Computer
right side sensors: 1PN61 Night Vision sensor and 1D11 Laser Rangefinder
Radar: 1RL126 Small Fred Radar
operating band: K (36.2 – 37.0 GHz)
detection range: 20 km
tracking range: 7 –12 km
PRP-4 Sensors/Components:
navigation: 1G25-1 gyrocompass and 1G13 gyro course indicator
fire direction: 1V520 Ballistic Computer
right side sensors: 1PN61 Night Vision sensor and 1D11M-1 Laser
Rangefinder
left side sensors: 1PN59 Thermal Imaging Night Vision Device and
1D14 Laser Rangefinder
Radar: 1RL133M-1 Tall Mike Radar
operating band: I (9.0 GHz)
detection range (personnel): 3.0 km
detection range (vehicle): 12 km
NOTES
The PRP-4M has improved 1PN71 night vision sensors. The vehicles are also equipped with a NBC filtration and overpressure system.
6-3
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6-4
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 122-mm Towed Howitzer D-30A __________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
122-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 122-mm D-30A Lyagushka
Date of Introduction: 1963
Proliferation: At least 13 countries
Description:
Crew: 5 (section of 6)
Carriage: D-30
Combat Weight (mt): 3.2
Chassis Length Overall (m):
Travel Position: 5.4
Firing Position: INA
Height Overall (m): 1.6
Width Overall (m):
Travel Position: 1.9
Firing Position: INA
Towing Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25
Max Cross-Country:
Fording Depths (m): .5
Emplacement Time (min): 1.5
Displacement Time (min): 3.5
Prime Mover: MT-LB; Ural-375, or equivalent
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, 2A18M canon
Barrel Length (cal): 38 (approximately)
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 4
Loader Type: Semi-automatic
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Multi-baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation (°) (-/+): -7/+70°
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 4M-45
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
Saddam: Iraqi produced version of the D-30
D30J: Yugoslavian produced version of the D-30
SP 122: Egyptian self-propelled howitzer (M109A2 chassis and turret
with an Egyptian made D-30 howitzer).
Type 85: Chinese self-propelled howitzer (Chinese Type 85 APC
chassis and a licensed produced version of the D-30 in a semi-open
superstructure.)
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
122-mm Frag-HE, OF-81
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 1000
Maximum Range: 15,300
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (OF-56)
Muzzle Velocity: 680 m/s
Fuze Type: RGM-2 PD
122-mm, HEAT-FS
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): 460 (@ 0°obliquity any range)
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.58
Muzzle Velocity: 740 m/s
Fuze Type: GPV-2 PIBD
122-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 21,900
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (3OF-56)
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: PD
Other Ammunition Types: Incendiary, Chemical, Flechette,
Semi-active laser-guided Kitolov-2M Frag-HE
NOTES
The D-30A is a midlife product improvement of the D-30. The original D-30 was fielded in 1963 and the midlife product improvements occurred in
the mid to late 1970’s. The original D-30 is in use with at least 50 different countries.
6-5
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 130-mm Towed Gun M-46 _______________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
130-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1954
Proliferation: At least 25 countries
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: M-46
Combat Weight (mt): 8.45
Chassis Length Overall (m):
Travel Position: 11.73
Firing Position: 11.10
Height Overall (m): 2.55
Width Overall (m):
Travel Position: 2.45
Firing Position: INA
Towing Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 50
Max Off-Road: 20
Max Cross-Country: 10
Fording Depths (m): INA
Emplacement Time (min): 6
Displacement Time (min): 7
Prime Mover: AT-S 59, KrAZ-255 or equivalent
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 130-mm, canon
Barrel Length (cal): 52 (approximately)
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 5
Loader Type: Manual
Breech Type: Horizontal sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Multiperforated (pepperpot)
Traverse: (°):
Left: 25
Right: 25
Total: 50
Elevation (°) (-/+): -2.5/+45°
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1 Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 4-35
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
130-mm Frag-HE, OF44
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 22,500
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 33.40 (OF33)
Muzzle Velocity: 930 m/s
Fuze Type: V-429 PD
130-mm, APC-T
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1140
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 33.49 (BR-482B)
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: DBR BD
130-mm Frag-HE, OF-43
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 27,500
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 33.40 (OF-33)
Muzzle Velocity: 930 m/s
Fuze Type: V-429 PD
130-mm Frag-HE, ERFB-BB
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 38,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 33.40
Muzzle Velocity: 940 m/s
Fuze Type: ML-5 PD
Other Ammunition Types: Smoke, Chemical, Illumination
NOTES:
The M-46 gun crew is provided limited frontal protections by virtue of a frontal V-shaped shield (approximately 7-mm thick). Otherwise, the crew,
ammunition supply, and equipment are vulnerable to casualties and damage from small arms fire, artillery fire, and bomb shrapnel. The Extended
Range Full Bore-Base Bleed round was specifically designed by NORINCO Industries (China) for use with the Chinese 130-mm Type 59 Field Gun.
However, this round may be fired by the M-46.
6-6
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 152-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer D-20________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
152-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1955
Proliferation: At least 13 countries
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: 122-mm gun D-74
Combat Weight (mt): 5.7
Chassis Length Overall (m):
Travel Position: 8.10
Firing Position: 8.69
Height Overall (m): 2.52
Width Overall (m):
Travel Position: 2.35
Firing Position: INA
Towing Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 30
Max Cross-Country: 15
Fording Depths (m): .5
Emplacement Time (min): 2.5
Displacement Time (min): 2.5
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 4M
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
152-mm Frag-HE, OF32
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 4600
Maximum Range: 17,400
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.56 (OF25)
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: V-90 PD
Prime Mover: AT-S Tracked vehicle; MT-LB; Ural-375; Ural-4320
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, canon
Barrel Length (cal): 25
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 5-6
Normal: INA
Sustained: 1 (65 rounds the first hour)
Loader Type: Manual
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Double flared
Traverse: (°):
Left: 29
Right: 29
Total: 58
Elevation (°) (-/+):-5/+45°
152-mm, HEAT, BP-540
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 27.00
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD
152-mm Frag-HE, OF-96
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 24,400
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.56 (OF-64)
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: PD
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, DPICM-BB, Incendiary, Expendable Jammer, Chemical, Flechette, Semi-active laser-guided Krasnopol-M Frag-HE
NOTES
The D-20 was the first 152-mm cannon system to incorporate a semiautomatic vertical-sliding-wedge breech block. Although the ammunition for the
system was not changed, this modification allowed a slightly higher rate of fire to be achieved (6 rounds per minute rather than 4), although the sustained rate of fire was unchanged. Because the carriage is based on that of the 122-mm gun D-74, the D-20 cannot be elevated above 45°.
6-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
South African 155-mm Towed Gun-Howitzer G5 ____________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
155-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: At least 4 countries
Description:
Crew: 8
Carriage: G5
Combat Weight (mt): 13.75
Chassis Length Overall (m):
Travel Position: 12.1
Firing Position: 11.0
Height Overall (m): 2.3
Width Overall (m):
Travel Position: 3.3
Firing Position: 8.7
Towing Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 90
Max Off-Road: 50
Max Cross-Country: 15
Fording Depths (m): .6
Emplacement Time (min): 2
Displacement Time (min): 1
Auxiliary Propulsion Unit Performance:
Engine Type: 76 hp air-cooled diesel
Cruising Range (km): 100
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 16
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: 3
Max Swim: N/A
Prime Mover: Samil 100 6x6 artillery tractor or a 10 ton equivalent
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 155-mm, canon
Barrel Length (cal): 45
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 3
Normal: 2
Sustained: 2
Loader Type: Semi-automatic
Breech Type: Interrupted screw
Muzzle Brake Type: Single baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 41
Right: 41
Total: 82
Elevation (°) (-/+): -3/+75°
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: Digital Panoramic Telescope
Direct Fire: Trunnion mounted telescopic sight
Collimator: INA
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
G-5 MkIII Upgrade of G-5 (see NOTES)
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
155-mm Frag-HE, M1 HE
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 3000
Maximum Range: 30,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 8.7
Muzzle Velocity: 897 m/s
Fuze Type: PD M841
155-mm Frag-HE BB, M1 HE
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 39,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 8.7
Muzzle Velocity: 895 m/s
Fuze Type: PD M841
Other Ammunition Types: See NOTES
NOTES
The G5 is fully compatible with NATO standard 155-mm ammunition and has a direct fire range of 3000 meters (using a Frag-HE round). The APU,
combined with the tandem walking-beam suspension, gives the G5 excellent self-propelled mobility over short distances. The four wheels are all
powered and give the gun excellent traction over most terrain. But, the APU serves purposes other than mobility. It provides power to open and close
the trails, raise and lower the trail wheels, and raise and lower the firing platform. However, there is no power traverse or elevation. Although designed for an eight-man section, the South African Defense Force normally operates the G5 with a five-man section. However, the G5 can operate
with minimum of two people when all of the powered systems are working. The G-5 MkIII includes 35 reliability modifications and performance
improvements. The improvements include the addition of the AS2000 Gun Monitor, an improved braking system, bigger diameter and wider trail
wheels (specifically designed for sand), and incorporation of the REUTECH ACV 58 Communications System.
6-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 2S1 ______________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
122-mm howitzer
45
Frag-HE
HEAT-FS
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 122-mm 2S1 Gvozdika
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: At least 12 countries
Description:
Crew: 4 (section of 6 with 2 in ammo carrier)
Platform (chassis): MT-LBu
Combat Weight (mt): 15.7
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.26
Height Overall (m): 2.72
Width Overall (m): 2.85
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: V-8, 300 hp, Diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 30
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5
Fording Depths (m): Amphibious
Emplacement Time (min): 2
Displacement Time (min): 1
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): 20
Armor Turret Top (mm): 10
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, canon, 2A31
Barrel Length (cal): 36
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 5
Normal: 4
Sustained: 1-2
Fire from Ground: INA
Loader Type: Semi-automatic
Breech Type: Horizontal sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Double baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation (°) (-/+): -3/+70°
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-2 Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 5-37
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
122-mm Frag-HE, OF-81
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 1000
Maximum Range: 15,300
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (OF-56)
Muzzle Velocity: 680 m/s
Fuze Type: RGM-2 PD
122-mm, HEAT-FS
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): 460 (@ 0°obliquity any range)
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.58
Muzzle Velocity: 740 m/s
Fuze Type: GPV-2 PIBD
122-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 21,900
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 21.76 (3OF-56)
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: PD
Other Ammunition Types: Incendiary, Chemical, Flechette,
Expendable Jammer, Semi-active laser-guided Kitolov-2M Frag-HE
NOTES
The 2S1’s ammunition stowage rack is not mechanized. The 2S1 is manually loaded with a semiautomatic ramming capability. The four-man crew
consists of the commander, driver, gunner, and loader.
6-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer 2S3M ________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
152-mm howitzer
Typical
Combat Load
46
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
7.62 PKT MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 152-mm 2S3M Akatsiya
Date of Introduction: 1973
Proliferation: At least 8 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform (chassis): Modified SA-4 Ganef
Combat Weight (mt): 27.5
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.75
Height Overall (m): 3.13
Width Overall (m): 3.21
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 520-hpV-59 V-12 multi-fuel diesel
Cruising Range (km): 450 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.00
Emplacement Time (min): 3
Displacement Time (min): 3
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): 20
Armor Turret Top (mm): 15
Armor Hull (mm): INA
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
1500
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Bow (ball-mounted)
Direct Fire Range (m): 1000
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1000 /400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 650 (cyclic)
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-4 Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: OP 5-38
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
2S3M1: Upgrade of 2S3M
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
152-mm Frag-HE, OF32
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 4600
Maximum Range: 17,400
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.56 (OF25)
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: V-90 PD
152-mm, HEAT, BP-540
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 27.00
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, 2A33
Barrel Length (cal): 34
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 4
152-mm Frag-HE, OF-96
Normal: 3
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Sustained: 1
Minimum Range: INA
Fire from Ground: INA
Maximum Range: 24,400
Loader Type: Semiautomatic
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.56 (OF-64)
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Muzzle Brake Type: Double baffle
Fuze Type: PD
Traverse: (°):
Left: 360
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, DPICM-BB, Incendiary,
Right: 360
Chemical, Flechette, Semi-active laser-guided Krasnopol-M Frag-HE
Total: 360
Elevation (°) (-/+): -4/+60°
NOTES
The 2S3M is an upgrade version of the 2S3. The 2S3M turret contains the 2A33 cannon, fire-control equipment, ammunition storage space, and work
positions for commander, gunner, and loader. The cannon extends beyond the vehicle front and has an electrical loader/rammer attached to the cradle.
Ammunition is stored in the rear of the chassis and can be replenished through a hatch in the rear panel.
6-10
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun 2S5 _________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
152-mm howitzer
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
7.62 PKT MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 152-mm 2S5 Giatsint-S
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: At least 4 countries
Description:
Crew: 5 (section of 7 with 2 in ammo carrier)
Platform (chassis): Modified 2S3
Combat Weight (mt): 28.2
Chassis Length Overall (m): 8.33
Height Overall (m): 2.76
Width Overall (m): 3.25
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 520-hp V-59-V-12 multi-fuel diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 63
Max Off-Road: 25
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: 4.5
Fording Depths (m): 1.05
Emplacement Time (min): 2
Displacement Time (min): 1
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): INA
Armor Turret Top (mm): 15
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Self-Entrenching Blade: Yes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: None
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, canon, 2A37
Barrel Length (cal): 52
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 6
Normal: 5
Sustained: 1-2
Fire from Ground: INA
Loader Type: Semi-automatic
Breech Type: Horizontal sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Multi baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 15
Right: 15
Total: 30
Elevation (°) (-/+): -2/+57°
30
1500
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm machinegun PKT
Mount Type: Bow (ball-mounted)
Direct Fire Range (m): 1000
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1000 /400-500 on the move
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 650 (cyclic)
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: N/A
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
152-mm Frag-HE, OF-39
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 9100
Maximum Range: 28,400
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.51 (OF-29)
Muzzle Velocity: 945 m/s
Fuze Type: V-429 PD
152-mm, HEAT, BP-540
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 27.00
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD
152-mm Frag-HE, OF-86
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 30,500
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.8 (OF-59)
Muzzle Velocity: 945 m/s
Fuze Type: V-429 PD
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, DPICM-BB, Incendiary,
Chemical, Flechette, Semi-active laser-guided Krasnopol-M Frag-HE
NOTES
The 2S5 is more powerful, has a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the 2S3. However, the 2S5 has a limited main armament traverse and a
narrower elevation range than the 2S3.
6-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 152-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 2S19 _____________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
152-mm howitzer
50
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
12.7-mm MG
Total: 360
Elevation (°) (-/+): -4/+68°
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 152-mm 2S19 Msta-S
Date of Introduction: 1989
Proliferation: At least 4 countries
Description:
Crew: 5 (section of 7 with 2 in ammo carrier)
Platform (chassis): Modified T-72
Combat Weight (mt): 42
Chassis Length Overall (m): 11.91
Height Overall (m): 2.98
Width Overall (m): 3.58
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm NSVT machinegun
Mount Type: PZU-5 AA
Direct Fire Range (m): 2000
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1500 (AA)/1500 (Ground)
Night: N/A
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 800 (cyclic)
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 840-hp V84-A diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 25
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: 1.5
Emplacement Time (min): 1-2
Displacement Time (min): 1-2
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: 1P22 Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Direct Fire: 1P23
Collimator: K-1
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
None
Radio: R-173
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): 15
Armor Turret Top (mm): 15
Armor Hull (mm): 15
Self-Entrenching Blade: Capable of digging a complete firing pit in 4060 minutes
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Six Type 902 smoke grenade launchers and Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS)
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, canon, 2A64
Barrel Length (cal): 48
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 2
Fire from Ground: 6-7
Loader Type: autoloader
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Double baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 360
Right: 360
300
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
152-mm Frag-HE, OF-72
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 6500
Maximum Range: 24,700
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.56 (OF-45)
Muzzle Velocity: 864 m/s
Fuze Type: RGM-2 PD
152-mm, HEAT, BP-540
Direct Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 0
Maximum Range: 1000
Armor Penetration (mm): INA
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 27.00
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: GPV-3 PD
152-mm Frag-HE BB, OF-91
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 6710
Maximum Range: 29,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 42.86 (OF-61)
Muzzle Velocity: 828 m/s
Fuze Type: KZ-88 PD
Other Ammunition Types: All standard 152-mm artillery rounds
NOTES
The 2S19’s gun crew can load the gun at any angle of elevation. The 2S19 can also produce a smokescreen by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust
outlet. The 21-hp gas turbine AP-18D Auxiliary Power Unit provides power for turret operations when the vehicle engine is shut down.
6-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chinese 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer Type 83 ______________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
152-mm howitzer
30
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1984
Proliferation: At least 1 country
Description:
Crew: 5
Platform (chassis): Type 83
Combat Weight (mt): 30.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.33
Height Overall (m): 3.50
Width Overall (m): 3.24
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: Type 12150L, V-12, 520-hp liquid-cooled diesel
Cruising Range (km): 450 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 55
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.3
Emplacement Time (min): 1
Displacement Time (min): 1
Radio: Type 889D
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): INA
Armor Turret Top (mm): INA
Armor Hull (mm): INA
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: No
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 152-mm, Type 66 cannon
Barrel Length (cal): 29
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 4
Normal: INA
Sustained: INA
Fire from Ground: INA
12.7-mm MG
650
7.62-mm MG
650
Loader Type: Semiautomatic
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle Brake Type: Double baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation (°) (-/+): -5/+65°
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG Type 54
Mount Type: Turret top
Direct Fire Range (m): 1500
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1500 ground/1600 for air targets (APDS)
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 80-100 practical, 600 for air targets in 2-10 round
bursts
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62 (7.62 x 54R) Machinegun Type 59
Mount Type: Turret coax
Direct Fire Range (m): 1800
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1000
Night: 800
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 250 practical, 600 cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: Panoramic
Direct Fire: INA
Collimator: INA
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
425-mm Mineclearing Rocket Launcher Type 462: 2-round rocket
launcher for use in clearing minefields.
120-mm SP Anti-Tank Gun: The AT gun is fitted with a 120-mm
smoothbore mounted inside a turret on a Type 83 Gun-Howitzer chassis.
6-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chinese 152-mm Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer Type 83 continued _____________
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
152-mm Frag-HE, Type 66
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 9600
Maximum Range: 17,230
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.6
Muzzle Velocity: 655 m/s
Fuze Type: Liu-4 PD and Proximity
152-mm Frag-HE Type 83
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 30,370
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 46.95
Muzzle Velocity: 955 m/s
Fuze Type: Liu-4 PD and Proximity
Other Ammunition Types: HE-I, Illumination, Smoke
152-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted Projectile
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 21,880
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: PD
NOTES
The Type 83 152-mm SP Gun-Howitzer is capable of firing all standard types of 152-mm rounds. The main armament cannon is based on the Chinese 152-mm Towed Type 66 mounted on a vehicle hull similar to the Russian 152-mm SP Gun-Howitzer 2S3. The crew communicates with each
other using the Type 803 intercom system. There are reports of the Type 83 being equipped with an anti-tank rocket launcher referred to as the Type
40. However, it is suspected that the rocket launcher is really the 40-mm anti-tank rocket launcher Type 69-1 (an upgraded variant of the Russian
RPG-7).
6-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
South African 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer G6 __________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
155-mm howitzer
45
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
.50 Cal. M2 HB MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 155-mm G6 Rhino
Date of Introduction: 1988
Proliferation: At least 2 countries
Description:
Crew: 6
Platform (chassis): Purpose built 6x6 wheeled
Combat Weight (mt): 48
Chassis Length Overall (m): 10.4
Height Overall (m): 3.5
Width Overall (m): 3.4
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 525-hp air-cooled diesel
Cruising Range (km): 700 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 85
Max Off-Road: 30
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 1.00
Emplacement Time (min): 1
Displacement Time (min): 0.5
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): See NOTES
Armor Turret Top (mm): See NOTES
Armor Hull (mm): See NOTES
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 8 81-mm grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 155-mm, canon
Barrel Length (cal): 45
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 3
Normal: 2
Sustained: 1
Fire from Ground: INA
Loader Type: Semi-automatic
Breech Type: Interrupted screw
Muzzle Brake Type: Single baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 40
Right: 40
Total: 80
Elevation (°) (-/+): -5/+75°
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 (12.7x99) heavy machinegun, M2HB
Mount Type: Cupola AA mount
Direct Fire Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 450-550 (cyclic)
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: Digital Panoramic Telescope
Direct Fire: Trunnion mounted telescopic sight
Collimator: INA
Gun Display Unit: None
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
155-mm Frag-HE, M1 HE
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 3000
Maximum Range: 30,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 8.7
Muzzle Velocity: 897 m/s
Fuze Type: PD M841
155-mm Frag-HE BB, M1 HE
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 39,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 8.7
Muzzle Velocity: 895 m/s
Fuze Type: PD M841
Other Ammunition Types: See NOTES
6-15
900
Worldwide Equipment Guide
South African 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer G6 continued _________________
NOTES
The G6 is a three-axle, six-wheeled, heavily armored system mounting a modified version of the G5 cannon. The G6 is fully compatible with NATO
standard 155-mm ammunition and has a direct fire range of 3000 meters (using a Frag-HE round). The rigid chassis is actually divided into two parts,
a driver’s/engine compartment and a crew compartment. In order to distribute its weight and to maintain mobility over sand and soft terrain, the G6
employs large 21x25 run-flat tires. The driver controls a central tire-inflation system to vary the ground pressure. The system
can also be used to maintain some degree of tire pressure in case of air leakage from small punctures. The G6 is equipped with an electronically
controlled hydraulic flick rammer that provides an initial rate of fire of 3 rounds per minute.
The vehicle hull and turret provide protection against 7.62-mm small arms fire and artillery shrapnel. The frontal 60° arc provides protection
against 20-mm type ammunition. Additionally, the shape and armor thickness of the chassis hull allows it to withstand at least three mine detonations
(against TM46 antitank landmine or equivalent) before being immobilized. The separation of the driver/engine compartment from the crew compartment also facilitates survival against mines. The connection between the two is perforated with blowout holes to direct the force of the blast upwards,
away from any personnel compartments. The separation also allows the driver to be beyond the detonation point before the mine is activated. The
driver also has bullet-resistant glass windows that can be further protected by armored shutters, although it limits him to the use of a periscopic viewing
port. The vehicle commander has limited steering and braking capability if the driver becomes a casualty. The crew compartment has four firing ports
(two each side) so the crew can engage targets without exposing themselves to return fire.
A 45-hp (34 kw) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) provides power for turret operations, recharging the batteries, and the driver/crew compartment air
conditioning system. A wide range of optional subsystems is available to increase the efficiency of the G6 and its crew. They include the following:
• Inertial navigation and laying or back-up laying systems
• Night vision equipment
• Barrel cooling and thermal warning systems
• Fire control computer interface
• Muzzle velocity analyzer
• Explosion control for fuel tanks
6-16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
French 155-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer AU-F1 _____________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
155-mm howitzer
42
Frag-HE
Smoke
Illumination
.50 Cal. M2 HB MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 155-mm GCT (Export Version)
Date of Introduction: 1979
Proliferation: At least 4 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Platform (chassis): Modified AMX-30
Combat Weight (mt): 42.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 10.25
Height Overall (m): 3.25
Width Overall (m): 3.15
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: Hispano-Suiza HS110, 720-hp water-cooled multi-fuel
Cruising Range (km): 450 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 40
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depth (m): 2.10
Emplacement Time (min): 1-2
Displacement Time (min): 1
Radio: TRC 559 (VHF-FM)
Protection:
Armor, Turret (mm): See NOTES
Armor Turret Top (mm): See NOTES
Armor Hull (mm): See NOTES
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: 4 grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 155-mm, canon
Barrel Length (cal): 40
Rate of Fire (rpm):
Burst: 8
Normal: 6
Sustained: 2-3 (manual loading)
Fire from Ground: INA
Loader Type: Autoloader
Breech Type: Vertical sliding wedge
800
Muzzle Brake Type: Double baffle
Traverse: (°):
Left: 360
Right: 360
Total: 360
Elevation (°) (-/+): -4/+66°
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 (12.7x99) heavy machinegun, M2HB
Mount Type: Cupola AA mount
Direct Fire Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m)`:
Day: 1000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 450-550 (cyclic)
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: M 589 Optical Gonimeter
Direct Fire: INA
Collimator: INA
Gun Display Unit: ATILA fire direction system
Fire Control Computer: None
VARIANTS
AU-F1T: Ugrade of AU-F1
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
155-mm Frag-HE, OE-155-56/69
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 9600
Maximum Range: 23,000
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): 43.75
Muzzle Velocity: 810 m/s
Fuze Type: PD
155-mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted H3
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: INA
Maximum Range: 31,500
Complete Projectile Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity: 830 m/s
Fuze Type: PD
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, Illumination, Smoke
NOTES
The export version of the AU-F1 is known as the GCT (Grande Cadence de Tir or high rate of fire). The AU-F1T is fitted with the Sagem Cita 20
inertial navigation system as well as a 20-24 hp gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU). A four-man gun crew can reload the AU-F1 in 15 minutes.
A two-man gun crew can reload the AU-F1 in 20 minutes. The AU-F1’s armor provides crew protection against artillery shrapnel and small arms fire.
6-17
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6-18
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 122-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher BM-21 __________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical Combat
Load
122-mm rocket
Frag-HE
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: BM-21 GRAD (Hail) MRL
Date of Introduction: 1963
Proliferation: At least 50 countries
Description:
Crew: 5 (8 with 9K51 Complex)
Chassis/Carriage: Ural 375-D 6x6 wheeled
Combat Weight (mt): 13.7
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.35
Height Overall (m): 3.09
Width Overall (m): 2.40
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: ZIL 375, 180 hp water-cooled, V-8 gasoline engine
Cruising Range (km): 450 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 75
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: 1.5
Emplacement Time (min): 3
Displacement Time (min): 2
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Front (mm): None
Armor Side (mm): None
Armor Roof (mm): None
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: No
ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 122-mm, 9P132
Number of Tubes: 40 (4 rows of 10 tubes)
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: 40 rounds in 20 seconds
Single Rocket Interval: .5 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: 10 minutes
Launcher Drive: Electric
Traverse: (°):
Left: 102
Right: 70
Total: 172
Elevation (°) (-/+): - 0/+55°
40
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Collimator: K-1
Fire Control Computer: None
Position Location System: None
VARIANTS
BM-21V: Russian 12-tube version for airborne divisions
BM-21B: Russian 36-tube MRL on a 6x6 ZIL-131 chassis
Grad-P: Russian 1 round rocket launcher
BM-11: North Korean 30-tube version
Type 81: Chinese 40- rail-launched version
RM-70: Czechoslovakian 40-tube version
Sakr: Egyptian 40- tube version
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
122-mm Frag-HE, 9M22U
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 5000
Maximum Range: 20,380
Warhead Weight (kg): 18.4 (M21OF)
Rocket Length: (m): 2.87
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: MRV-U (PD)
122-mm Frag-HE, 9M28F
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 1500
Maximum Range: 15,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 21.0
Rocket Length: (m): 2.87
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: MRV-U (PD) or AR-6 (proximity)
122-mm Frag-HE, Type 90A (Chinese)
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 12,700
Maximum Range: 32,700
Warhead Weight (kg): 18.3
Rocket Length: (m): 2.75
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: PD
Other Ammunition Types: Smoke, Incendiary, Chemical, RF Jammer, Illumination, Antitank mines, Antipersonnel mines
NOTES
The BM-21 is unquestionably the world’s most widely used MRL. The launcher with supporting equipment is referred to as the complex 9K51. A
special electric generator powers the launcher. The 9V170 firing device is cab mounted. But, the rockets can be fired using a remote-firing device that
has a 64-meter-long cable.
6-19
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6-20
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 220-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9P140 __________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical Combat
Load
220-mm rocket
Frag-HE
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9P140 Uragan
Date of Introduction: 1977
Proliferation: At least 7 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Chassis/Carriage: ZIL-135LM 8x8 wheeled
Combat Weight (mt): 20.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 9.3
Height Overall (m): 3.2
Width Overall (m): 2.8
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 2 each - 177 hp, 8 cylinder, 4-stroke gasoline engines
Cruising Range (km): 500 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 65
Max Off-Road: INA
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: 1.2
Emplacement Time (min): 3
Displacement Time (min): 3
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Front (mm): None
Armor Side (mm): None
Armor Roof (mm): None
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: No
ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 220-mm, 9P140
Number of Tubes: 16 (2 rows of 6 tubes and 1 row of 4 tubes)
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: 16 rounds in 20 seconds
Single Rocket Interval: 1.25 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: 15-20 minutes
Launcher Drive: Electric
Traverse: (°):
Left: 30
Right: 30
Total: 60
Elevation (°) (-/+): -0/+55°
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Collimator: K-1
Fire Control Computer: None
Position Location System: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
220-mm Frag-HE, 9M27F
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 10,000
Maximum Range: 35,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 100
Rocket Length: (m): 4.8
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
220-mm DPICM, 9M27K
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 10,000
Maximum Range: 35,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 90
Rocket Length: (m): 5.1
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
220-mm Antitank, 9M27K2
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 10,000
Maximum Range: 35,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 90
Rocket Length: (m): 5.1
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
6-21
16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 220-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9P140 continued _________________
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION (continued)
Caliber, Type, Name:
220-mm Antipersonnel, 9M27K3
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 10,000
Maximum Range: 35,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 90
Rocket Length: (m): 5.1
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
220-mm Antitank, 9M59
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 10,000
Maximum Range: 35,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 90
Rocket Length: (m): 5.1
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
Other Ammunition Types: None
NOTES
The 9P140 Uragan (previously referred to incorrectly as BM-22 or BM-27) is the world’s first modern fin and spin-stabilized heavy rocket system.
Essentially a scaled-up version of the BM-21, the 9P140 use many of the same design features. The launcher, 9T452 transloader, rockets, and support equipment constitutes the 9K57 complex.
The 9P140 and its transloader are both based on variants of the gasoline-powered ZIL-135LM 8-ton 8x8 chassis. The truck is unusual in that it uses
two engines, each driving the wheels on one side of the truck, and only the front and rear axles steer. The 9P140 cab has a blast shield that is raised
during firing, and the vehicle is stabilized during firing by two manually emplaced hydraulic jacks at the rear of the chassis.
The launcher has electrically powered traversing and elevating mechanisms. During travel, the launcher assembly is oriented rearward and a light
sheet metal cover over the muzzle end of the tubes prevents foreign material from entering the tube. This is a safety feature that is designed for travel
when loaded. There is no such cover for the muzzle end of an unloaded launcher.
6-22
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Brazilian 127-mm, 180-mm, & 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher ASTROS II _____
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical Combat
Load
127-mm rocket
Frag-HE
32
180-mm rocket
Frag-HE
16
300-mm rocket
Frag-HE
4
.50 Cal. M2 HB MG
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: ASTROS II AV-LMU
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: At least 6 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Chassis/Carriage: TECTRAN 10-ton 6x6 wheeled
Combat Weight (mt): 20.0
Chassis Length Overall (m): 8.0
Height Overall (m): 2.6
Width Overall (m): 2.4
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 280 hp, water-cooled turbocharged, diesel engine
Cruising Range (km): INA
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 70
Max Off-Road: 40
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: 1.0
Emplacement Time (min): INA
Displacement Time (min): INA
Radio: INA
Protection:
Armor, Front (mm): None
Armor Side (mm): None
Armor Roof (mm): None
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: 6 smoke grenade launchers
ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 127-mm, 180-mm, 300-mm, ASTROS
Number of Tubes: 127-mm (32), 180-mm (16), 300-mm (4)
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: INA
Single Rocket Interval: INA
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: INA
Launcher Drive: Electric
Traverse: (°):
Left: INA
Right: INA
Total: INA
Elevation (°) (-/+): INA
INA
Auxiliary Weapon:
Caliber, Type, Name: .50 (12.7x99) heavy machinegun, M2HB
Mount Type: Cab AA mount
Direct Fire Range (m): INA
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 1000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rpm): 450-550 (cyclic)
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: INA
Collimator: INA
Fire Control Computer: FIELDGAURD Radar or the FILA System
Position Location System: INA
VARIANTS:
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
127-mm Frag-HE, SS-30
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 9000
Maximum Range: 30,000
Warhead Weight (kg): INA
Rocket Length: (m): 3.9
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: INA
Other Ammunition Types: None
Caliber, Type, Name:
180-mm Frag-HE, SS-40
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 15,000
Maximum Range: 35,000
Warhead Weight (kg): INA
Rocket Length: (m): 4.2
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: INA
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, HE-Incendiary, Antitank mines,
Antipersonnel mines, Runway Denial
6-23
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Brazilian 127-mm, 180-mm, & 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher ASTROS II
continued ____________________________________________________________
Caliber, Type, Name:
300-mm Frag-HE, SS-60
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 20,000
Maximum Range: 60,000
Warhead Weight (kg): INA
Rocket Length: (m): 5.6
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: INA
300-mm Frag-HE, SS-80
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 22,000
Maximum Range: 90,000
Warhead Weight (kg): INA
Rocket Length: (m): 5.6
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: INA
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, HE-Incendiary, Antitank mines,
Antipersonnel mines, Runway Denial
Other Ammunition Types: DPICM, HE-Incendiary, Antitank mines,
Antipersonnel mines, Runway Denial
NOTES
The ASTROS (Artillery SaTuration ROcket System) II is a modular multiple rocket launcher capable of firing three different caliber wrap-around fin
rockets (for improved accuracy) using several types of warheads. The universal modules enable the system to accomplish fire missions with ranges
from 9 to 90 kilometers.
The ASTROS II system consists of the following vehicles:
Universal Multiple Launcher (AV-LMU), Ammunition Supply Vehicle (AV-RMD), Command and Control Vehicle/Fire Control Unit (AV-VCC),
Mobile Workshops (for field maintenance), and the Optional Electronic Fire Control Unit (AV-UCF). All of the ASTROS II vehicles use the Tectran
Enginharia 10 ton, 6x6, wheeled vehicle chassis.
A typical firing battery consists of six AV-LMU launchers, six AV-RMD ammunition supply vehicles, and one AV-VCC fire control unit. A AV-VCC
command and control unit and two mobile workshops are found at battalion level. The battalion level AV-VCC can coordinate and direct fire missions for three ASTROS batteries. The AV-RMD ammunition supply vehicle carries two complete loads for each launcher.
6-24
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 9A52-2__________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical Combat
Load
300-mm rocket
12
Frag-HE
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9A52-2 Smerch-M
Date of Introduction: 1989
Proliferation: At least 4 countries
Description:
Crew: 4 (7 with 9K58 Complex)
Chassis/Carriage: MAZ-543M 8x8 wheeled
Combat Weight (mt): 43.7
Chassis Length Overall (m): 12.1
Height Overall (m): 3.05
Width Overall (m): 3.05
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: 518 hp, V-12 diesel engine
Cruising Range (km): 850 km
Speed (km/h):
Max Road: 60
Max Off-Road: 35
Cross-Country: INA
Max Swim: N/A
Fording Depths (m): Unprepared: 1.1
Emplacement Time (min): 3
Displacement Time (min): 3
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
Armor, Front (mm): None
Armor Side (mm): None
Armor Roof (mm): None
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: No
Smoke Equipment: No
ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Caliber, Type, Name: 300-mm, 9A52
Number of Tubes: 12 (3 rows of 4 tubes)
Launch Rate:
Full Salvo Time: 12 rounds in 38 seconds
Single Rocket Interval: 3 seconds per rocket
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time: 36 minutes
Launcher Drive: Electric
Traverse: (°):
Left: 30
Right: 30
Total: 60
Elevation (°) (-/+): -0/+55°
FIRE CONTROL
Indirect Fire: PG-1M Panoramic Telescope (PANTEL)
Collimator: K-1
Fire Control Computer: None
Position Location System: None
VARIANTS
None
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Caliber, Type, Name:
300-mm Frag-HE, 9M55F
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 20,000
Maximum Range: 70,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 258
Rocket Length: (m): 7.6
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
300-mm DPICM, 9M55K
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 20,000
Maximum Range: 70,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 235
Rocket Length: (m): 7.6
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
300-mm Sensor-fuzed (MOTIV-3M), 9M55K1
Indirect Fire Range (m):
Minimum Range: 20,000
Maximum Range: 70,000
Warhead Weight (kg): 233
Rocket Length: (m): 7.6
Maximum Velocity: INA
Fuze Type: Electronic timing (ET)
Other Ammunition Types: Smoke, Incendiary, Chemical, Leaflet,
Fuel Air Explosive (FAE), R-90 expendable miniature UAV (experimental)
NOTES
The 9A52-2 launcher with all supporting equipment, including the 9T234-2 Transloader, and the 1K123 Vivary Fire Control System, is referred to as
the complex 9K58.
6-25
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6-26
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 7
Air Defense
This chapter provides an overview of selected air defense systems either in use or readily
available to an OPFOR. The selection of weapons is not intended to be all-inclusive, but rather a
representative sampling of weapons and equipment supporting various OPFOR military
capabilities.
This chapter is divided into three categories towed AA guns, self-propelled AA
guns/combination guns and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). Towed AA guns covers, in order,
the KS-19M2 100-mm gun, S-60 57-mm gun and the ZU-23 23-mm gun. The next category,
self-propelled AA guns/combination guns, contains the ZSU-23-4 23-mm gun and the 2S6 30mm gun/missile system. The final category of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) consists of the
SA-7b, SA-8b, SA-14, SA-15b and the SA-18.
Tactical air defense is used to protect ground force units and other potential targets from
attack by enemy fixed-wing aircraft and armed helicopters. Due to increases in performance and
the sheer number of air defense systems, specifically manportable systems, the selected systems
represent some of the most formidable threats to aircraft of all types.
Some trends in air defense development will become more widespread in the near future.
These include the production of authorized and unauthorized copies of existing systems and the
development of hybrid systems. The sensor package may consist of one or more radars, direct
view optics, and electro-optics systems. The sensor package is the single most important aspect
of air defense systems since these devices perform the surveillance and tracking functions. As
the data classification permits, all attempts have been made to provide the user with as much
information as possible in these areas. Radar systems have traditionally been the most popular
sensor for air-defense systems, however, with the latest generation weapons they are usually
supplemented with a variety of optic or electro-optic sensors such as; TV cameras, night vision
sights, and laser rangefinders. As the trends become more defined and more information
becomes available, updates to the systems will be produced.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Penny L. Mellies
DSN: 552-7920, Commercial (913) 684-7920
e-mail address: melliesp@leav-emh1.army.mil
7-1
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7-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 100-mm Towed AA Gun KS-19M2 _________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
100-mm gun
Frag-HE
AP-T
APC-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1949
Proliferation: At least 20 countries
Description:
Crew: 15
Carriage: Towed 2-axle, 4-wheel carriage
Combat Weight (kg): 11,000
Length Overall (m): 9.3
Travel Position: 9.45
Firing Position: INA
Length of Barrel (m): 5.74
Height (m):
Overall: 2.2
Travel Position: INA
Firing Position: 7.62
Width Overall (m): 2.32
Prime Mover: Towing vehicle AT-S or AT-T
Automotive Performance:
Max. Towed Speed (km/h): 35
Emplacement Time (min): 7
Displacement Time (min): 6
ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 100-mm gun
Number of Barrels: 1
Service Life of Barrel (rds): 2,800
Rate of Fire(rd/min):
Maximum: INA
Practical: 10-15
Loader Type: Manual
Reload Time (min): INA
Traverse (o): 360
Traverse Rate (o/sec): 20
Elevation (o) (-/+): -3 to 89
Elevation Rate (o/sec): 12
Reaction time (sec): 30
FIRE CONTROL
On-carriage:
PO-1M telescope
Field of View (o): 14
Power: 5x
PG panoramic telescope:
Field of View (o): 10
Power: 4x
Off-carriage:
Rangefinder: D-49 (off carriage)
Radar:
Name: SON-9/SON-9A (FIRE
CAN)
Function: Fire Control
Detection Range (km): 80
Tracking Range (km): 35
Frequency: 2.7-2.9 GHz
Frequency Band: E
Peak Power (kW): 300
PUAZO 6-19 or 6-19M fire control
director
NOTES
The KS-19M2 may also be employed in a ground support role.
7-3
VARIANTS
Type 59: Chinese variant.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Types: Frag-HE, AP-T, APC-T
Range (m):
With on-carriage sight: 4,000
With off-carriage radar: 12,600
Projectile Weight (kg):
Frag-HE: 15.61
AP-T: 15.89
APC-T: 16
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 900-1,000
Fuze Type: Proximity and Time
Self-Destruct (sec): 30
100
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 57-mm Towed AA Gun S-60 ______________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
57-mm gun
200
FRAG-T
APC-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1950
Proliferation: At least 46 countries
Description:
Crew: 7
Carriage: Four-wheel
Weight (kg): 4,500
Length Overall (m):
Travel Position: 8.50
Firing Position: 8.84
Length of Barrel (m): 4.39
Height (m):
Overall:
Travel Position: 2.37
Firing Position: 6.02
Width Overall (m):
Travel Position: 2.08
Firing Position: 6.9
Prime Mover: Ural-375D
Automotive Performance:
Max. Towed Speed (km/h): 60
Emplacement Time (min): 1
Displacement Time (min): 3
ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 57-mm automatic cannon
Number of Barrels: 1 each
Service Life of Barrel (rds): INA
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 105-120
Practical: 70
Loader Type: 4 rd clip, manual
Reload Time (sec): 4-8
Traverse (o): 360
Traverse Rate (o/sec): 40
Elevation (o) (-/+): -4 to +87
Elevation Rate (o/sec): 34
Reaction time (sec): 4.5
FIRE CONTROL
On-carriage:
Optical mechanical computing sight
AZP-57:
Target Range (m): 5,500
Direct fire telescope
VARIANTS
Type 59: Chinese variant
SZ-60: Hungarian license-built variant
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Type: FRAG-T, APC-T
Range (m):
With on-carriage sight: 4,000
With off-carriage radar: 6,000
Projectile Weight (kg):
FRAG-T: 2.81
APC-T: 2.82
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 1,000
Fuze Type:
FRAG-T: Point detonating
APC-T: Base detonating
Self-Destruct (sec): 13-17
Off-carriage: (see NOTES)
Rangefinder: D-49
Radar:
Name: SON-9/SON-9A
Function: Fire Control
Detection Range (km): 80
Tracking Range (km): 35
Frequency: 2.7-2.9 GHz
Frequency Band: E
Peak Power (kW): 300
PUAZO 6-60 fire control director
NOTES
Some versions may have the FLAP WHEEL as the primary fire control radar. A S-60 battery will generally consist of six guns, a fire-control
radar, and a fire-control director. Four-round clips feed ammunition horizontally into weapon. The S-60 also has an ammunition ready rack that
can hold 4 four-round clips near ammunition feed mechanism on left side of the breech. The S-60 can also be used in a ground support role.
7-4
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 23-mm Towed AA Gun ZU-23 ____________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
2 x 23-mm AA guns
2,400
HE-I
HEI-T
API-T
TP
SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: None
Date of Introduction: 1962
Proliferation: At least 50 countries
Description:
Crew: 5
Carriage: Two-wheeled
Combat Weight (kg): 950
Length Overall (m):
Travel Position: 4.57
Firing Position: 4.60
Length of Barrel (m): 2.01
Height (m):
Overall:
Travel Position: 1.87
Firing Position: 1.28
Width Overall (m):
Travel Position: 1.83
Firing Position: 2.41
Prime Movers: GAZ-69 4 x 4 truck,
MTLB-T, BMD-2
ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type: 23-mm, gas-operated gun
Number of Barrels: 2
Breech Mechanism: Vertical Sliding Wedge
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Cyclic: 800-1,000
Practical: 200
Feed: 50-rd ammunition canisters fitted on
either side of the upper mount assembly
Loader Type: Magazine
Reload Time (sec): 15
Traverse (0): 360
Traverse Rate (0/sec): INA
Elevation (0) (-/+): -10°to +90°
Elevation Rate: (0/sec): 54
Reaction Time (min): 8 (est.)
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/magnification:
Optical mechanical sight for AA fire
Straight tube telescope for ground targets
Automotive Performance:
Max. Towed Speed (km/h): 70
Emplacement Time (sec): 15-20
Displacement Time (sec): 35-40
VARIANTS
ZU-23M: Egyptian produced ZU-23, also
referred to as the SH-23M.
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Type: HE-I, HEI-T, API-T, TP
Range (m):
Max. Range: 2,500
Min. Range: INA
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 1,500
Min. Altitude: INA
Projectile Weight (kg):
HE-I: 0.18
HEI-T: 0.19
API-T: 0.189
TP: 0.18
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 970
Fuze Type:
HE-I: Point detonating
HEI-T: Point detonating
API-T: Base detonating
TP: Dummy
Self-Destruct (sec): 8
NOTES
Highly mobile air dropable system. Fires the same ammunition as the ZSU-23-4. The reload time will depend on the proficiency of the crew to
manually reload. Can fire from the traveling position in emergencies. The ZU-23 can also be used in a ground support role.
7-5
Worldwide Equipment Guide
7-6
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 23-mm SP AA Gun ZSU-23-4 _____________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
4x 23-mm AA guns
2,000
HE-I
HEI-T
API-T
SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: Shilka
Date of Introduction: 1965
Proliferation: At least 28 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 20.5
Chassis: GM-575 Tracked, six road
wheels, no track support rollers
Length (m): 6.5
Height (m):
Radar up: 3.75
Radar down: 2.60
Width (m): 3.1
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: V6R-1 diesel
Cruising Range (km): 450
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 50
Radio: R-123
Protection:
NBC Protection System: Yes
ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type, Name: 23-mm liquidcooled AA 2A7/2A7M
Rate of Fire(rd/min):
Practical: INA
Cyclic: 850-1,000
Reload Time (min): 20
Elevation (o) (-/+):-4° to +85°
Fire on Move: Yes
Reaction Time (sec): 12-18
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/magnification:
Day and night vision devices:
Driver periscope: BMO-190
Driver IR periscope: INA
Commander periscope: TPKU-2
Commander IR periscope: TKH-ITC
IFF: INA
VARIANTS
(see NOTES)
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Types: HE-I, HEI-T, API-T
Range (m):
Max. Range: 2,500
Min. Range: INA
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 5,100 (about 3,500 w/selfdestruct fuzing)
Min. Altitude: INA
Projectile Weight (kg):
HE-I: 0.18
HEI-T: 0.19
API-T: 0.189
Muzzle velocity (m/s): 950-1,000
Fuze Type:
HE-I: Point detonating
HEI-T: Point detonating
APT-T: Base detonating
Radar: 1RL33M1
Name: GUN DISH
Function: Search and Tracking
Detection Range (km): 20
Tracking Range (km): 10
Frequency: 14.8 to 15.6 GHz
Frequency Band: J
Optical-mechanical computing sight: Part
of fire-control subsystem designated
as RPK-2
NOTES
Ammunition is normally loaded with a ratio of three HE rounds to one AP round. ZSU 23-4 Shilka, is capable of acquiring, tracking and
engaging low-flying aircraft (as well as mobile ground targets while either in place or on the move). Resupply vehicles carry an estimated
additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four ZSUs in a typical battery. Recent (October 1997) information details ZSU-23-4
updates/modernization being offered by the Ukrainians that include: a new radar system replacing the GUN DISH radar, plus a sensor pod
believed to include day/night camera, and a laser rangefinder; and mounted above radar/sensor pod is a layer of six fire-and-forget SAMs,
believed to be Russian SA-18/GROUSE.
7-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 30-mm SP AA Gun/Missile System 2S6M ___________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
2 x 30-mm twin barrel
cannons
1,904
AP-T
Frag-T
HE-I
SA-19/GRISON
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 2K22M,
Tunguska-M
Date of Introduction: 1990
Proliferation: At least 2 countries
Description:
Crew: 4
Combat Weight (mt): 34
Chassis: GM-352M tracked vehicle
Chassis Length Overall (m): 7.93
Height (m):
TAR up: 4.02
TAR down: 3.36
Width Overall (m): 3.24
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: V-12 turbo diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 65
Max. Swim: INA
Fording Depths (m): INA
Radio: R-173
Protection:
NBC Protection System: Yes
ARMAMENT
Gun:
Caliber, Type, Name: 30-mm gun, 2A38M
Rate of Fire (rd/min): 4,800 (four gun total)
Reload Time (min): gun ammunition and
missiles in about 16 min.
Elevation (°) (-/+): -10 to + 87°
Fire on Move: Yes
Missile: 9M311
Name: SA-19/GRISON
Range (m):
Max. Range: 8,000-10,000 (see
NOTES)
Min. Range: 2,500
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 3,500
Min. Altitude: 15
Dimensions:
Length (m): 2.83
Weight (kg): 57 (in container)
Missile Speed (m/s): 600-900
Guidance: SACLOS
Seeker Field of View(°) : INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight (kg): 9
Fuze Type: Proximity
Self-Destruct (sec): INA
System Reaction Time (sec): 6-12
Fire on Move: No (must be at a halt to fire
the missile)
8
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/magnification:
Stabilized optical sight 1A29M
Magnification: 8x
Field of View(°): 8o
Commander’s position IR day/night sight
IFF: Yes
Radars: HOT SHOT radar system
Name: 1RL144 (TAR)
Function: Target Acquisition
Detection Range (km): 18-20
Tracking Range (km): INA
Frequency: 2-3 GHz
Frequency Band: E
Name: 1RL144M (TTR)
Function: Target Tracking
Detection Range (km): 16
Tracking Range (km): INA
Frequency: 10-20 GHz
Frequency Band: J
VARIANTS
(see NOTES)
MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION
Type: AP-T, Frag-T, HE-I
Range (m):
Max. Range: 4,000
Min. Range: 200
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 3,000
Min. Altitude: 0
Projectile Weight (kg): INA
NOTES
Range out to 10 km for hovering aircraft and low flying targets. In addition to the 8 mounted ready missiles two additional missiles can be
carried inside. There is a 2S6M1 variant/upgrade, which has improved missile control, range and altitude capabilities of 1.5-10 km, and 0.015-6
km respectively. However, as of November 1997 the 2S6M1 is not known to be fielded.
7-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Manportable SAM System SA-7b/GRAIL ___________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
ready missile
SYSTEM
Alternative Designation:
9K32M Strela-2M
Date of Introduction: 1972
Proliferation: Worldwide
Description:
Crew: 1
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P54M
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.47
Diameter (mm): 70
Weight (kg): 4.71
Reaction Time (acquisition to fire) (sec): 510
Time Between Launches (sec): INA
Reload Time (sec): 6-10
Missile
Name: 9M32M
Range (m):
Max. Range: 5,500
Min. Range: 500
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 4,500
Min. Altitude: 18
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.40
Diameter (mm): 70
Weight (kg): 9.97
Missile Speed (m/s): 580
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster and solid fuel
sustainer rocket motor.
Guidance: Passive IR homing device
(operating in the medium IR range)
Seeker Field of View(o): 1.9°
Tracking Rate(o/sec): 6°
Warhead Type: HE
Warhead Weight (kg): 1.15
Fuze Type: Contact (flush or grazing)
Self-Destruct (sec): 15
1
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification:
Launcher has sighting device and a target acquisition
indicator. The gunner visually identifies and acquires
the target.
Gunner:
Field of View (o): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
IFF: Yes (see NOTES)
VARIANTS
SA-N-5: Naval version
HN-5A: Chinese version
Strela 2M/A: Yugoslavian upgrade
Sakr Eye: Egyptian upgrade
Mounted in several types of vehicles in four, six, and eighttube launcher varieties.
Can be mounted on several helicopters (Mi-24, S-342
Gazelle)
NOTES
The seeker is fitted with a filter to reduce the effectiveness of decoying flares and to block IR emissions. This missile is a tail-chasing heat (IR)
seeker that depends on its ability to lock on to heat sources of usually low-flying fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. An identification friend or foe
(IFF) system can be fitted to the gunner/operator’s helmet. Further, a supplementary early warning system consisting of a passive RF antenna
and headphones can be used to provide early cue about the approach and rough direction of an enemy aircraft. The main difference between the
SA-7 and SA-7b is the improved propulsion of the SA-7b. This improvement increases the speed and range of the newer version.
7-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Manportable SAM System SA-14/GREMLIN__________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
ready missiles
SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: 9K34 Strela-3
Date of Introduction: 1978
Proliferation: Worldwide
Description:
Crew: 1
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P59
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.40
Diameter (mm): 75
Weight (kg): 2.95
Reaction Time (sec): 14
Time Between Launches (sec): 35-40
Reload Time (sec): 25
Missile
Name: 9M36 or 9M36-1
Range (m):
Max. Range: 6,000
Min. Range: 600
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 6,000
Min. Altitude: 50
Dimensions:
Length (m): 1.4 m
Diameter (mm): 75 mm
Fin Span (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 10.3
Missile Speed (m/s): 600
Propulsion: 2-stage solid-propellant
rocket
Guidance: passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight (kg): 1.0
Fuze Type: Contact/grazing
Self-Destruct (sec): 14-17
7-10
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification:
Launch tube has simple sights
Gunner:
Field of View (o): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
IFF: Yes
VARIANTS
Igla 9M39 (SA-N-8): Naval version
1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Manportable SAM System SA-18/GROUSE _________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
ready missiles
SYSTEM
Alternative Designation: 9K38 Igla
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: At least 4 countries
Description:
Crew: 1
ARMAMENT
Launcher
Name: 9P39
Dimensions (m):
Length: 1.708
Diameter: INA
Weight (kg): 1.63
Reaction Time (sec): 6-7
Time Between Launches (sec): 16
Reload Time (sec): 10
Missile
Name: 9M39
Range (m):
Max. Range: 6,000
Min. Range: 500
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 3,500
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 1708
Diameter: 70
Weight (kg): 10.6
Missile Speed: Mach 2
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster and dualthrust solid fuel sustainer rocket
motor.
Guidance: Passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: HE
Warhead Weight (kg): 1.27
Fuze Type: Contact
Self-Destruct (sec): 15
1
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification:
Launcher has fore and rear sights
Gunner:
Field of View (o): INA
Acquisition Range (m): INA
IFF: Yes
VARIANTS
Igla-V: Air-to-air version
Igla-D: Use in airborne forces
Igla-N: Increased lethality
Igla-S: Improved version of Igla-N
NOTES
The SAM gunner is provided information about location and direction of approaching target(s) using a portable electronic plotting board. Two
variants (Igla-D and Igla-N) can be separated in two parts for easier portability, but this adds 60 seconds to the reaction time. Igla-N is heavier
due primarily to the warhead mass increased to 3.5 kg.
7-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian SAM System SA-8b/GECKO______________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical
Combat Load
SA-8b in canisters
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9K33M3 Osa-AKM
Date of Introduction: 1980
Proliferation: At least 25 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
Combat Weight (mt): 9
TELAR: BAZ-5937 6x6 amphibious crosscountry capable vehicle
Length (m): 9.14
Height (m): 4.2 (with surveillance radar folded
down)
Width (m): 2.75
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: D20K300 diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 80
Max. Swim: 8
Radio: R-123M
Protection:
NBC Protection System: Yes
ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: 9P35M2
Dimensions:
Length (m): 3.2
Diameter (mm): INA
Weight (kg): 35
Reaction Time (sec): INA
Time Between Launches (sec): 4
Reload Time (min): 5
Fire on Move: No
Emplacement Time (min): 4
Displacement Time (min): Less
than 4 (est.)
Missile:
Name: 9M33M3
Range (m):
Max. Range: 15,000
Min. Range: 200
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 12,000
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 3158
Diameter: 209.6
Weight (kg): 170
Missile Speed (m/s): 1020
Propulsion: Solid propellant rocket
motor
Guidance: RF CLOS
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Fuze Type: Contact and proximity
Warhead Weight (kg): 16
Self-Destruct (sec): 25-28
6
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification: INA
LLLTV/optical assist (for target tracking in low
visibility and heavy ECM)
IFF: Yes
Radar:
Name: LAND ROLL
Function: Target Acquisition
Detection Range (km): 20-30
Tracking Range (km): 20-25
Frequency: 6-8 GHz
Frequency Band: H
Radar:
Name: Monopulse Target Tracking Radar
Function: Target Tracking
Detection Range (km): 20-25
Tracking Range (km): INA
Frequency: 14.2-14.8 GHz
Frequency Band: J
2 Missile tracking radars:
Frequency: 10-20 GHz
VARIANTS
SA-8a: Initial production model that carries four
missiles on exposed rails.
4K33 Osa-M (SA-N-4): Naval variant
NOTES
The first production version of this system was identified as SA-8a, which only had 4 launcher rails and exposed missiles. The SA-8b typically
has two BAZ-5937 resupply/transloader vehicles, carrying 18 missiles each (boxed in sets of three) that supports a battery of four TELARs. A
target can be brought under fire both with one missile as well as a volley of two missiles. This system is also air transportable.
7-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian SAM System SA-15b/GAUNTLET _________________________________
Weapons &
Ammunition Types
Typical Combat
Load
ready missiles
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: 9K331 Tor-M1
Date of Introduction: 1990
Proliferation: At least 5 countries
Description:
Crew: 3
TLAR: 9A331 combat vehicle
Chassis: GM-355
Combat Weight (mt): 34
Length (m): 7.5
Height (m): 5.1 (TAR up)
Width (m): 3.3
Automotive Performance:
Engine Type: V-12 diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
Max. Road: 65
Radio: INA
Protection:
NBC Protection System: Yes
ARMAMENT
Launcher:
Name: INA
Dimensions: INA
Length (m): INA
Diameter (mm): INA
Weight (kg): INA
Reaction Time (sec): 5-8
Time Between Launches (sec): (see NOTE)
Reload Time (min): 10
Fire on Move: Yes
Emplacement Time (min): 5
Displacement Time (min): Less than 5
Missile:
Name: 9M331
Range (m):
Max. Range: 12,000
Min. Range: 100
Altitude (m):
Max. Altitude: 6,000
Min. Altitude: 10
Dimensions (mm):
Length: 2,900
Diameter: 235
Weight (kg): 167
Missile Speed (m/s): 850
Propulsion: INA
Guidance: Command
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Fuze Type: RF Proximity
Warhead Weight (kg): 15
Self-Destruct (sec): INA
8
FIRE CONTROL
Sights w/Magnification:
Electro-optical (EO) television system:
Range: 20 km
IFF: Yes
Radar:
Name: INA
Function: Target Acquisition
Detection Range (km): 25
Tracking Range (km): INA
Frequency: INA
Frequency Band: H-band Doppler
Radar:
Name: INA
Function: Target Tracking and Guidance
Detection Range (km): INA
Tracking Range (km): 25
Frequency: INA
Frequency Band: K-band Doppler, Phased
Array
VARIANTS
SA-N-9: Naval version
NOTES
SA-15b is designed to be a completely autonomous air defense system (at division level), capable of surveillance, command and control, missile
launch and guidance functions from a single vehicle. The basic combat formation is the firing battery consisting of four TLARs and the Rangir
battery command post. The TLAR carries eight ready missiles stored in two containers holding four missiles each. The SA-15b has the
capability to automatically track and destroy 2 targets simultaneously in any weather and at any time of the day.
7-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
7-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 8
Engineer and Logistics
This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected engineer equipment and logistics vehicles. Engineer equipment covers, in order, obstacle- and route-clearing vehicles, minelaying systems, and mineclearing systems. It does not include engineer equipment designed primarily for civil engineering or construction in the rear areas. Also not included is dredging and
gap crossing equipment. Data sheets addressing some of these systems will be sent with the next
supplement to this guide.
The second category logistics vehicles, provides the basic characteristics of selected
trucks readily available to the OPFOR. It includes a representative vehicle from the light, utility,
medium, and heavy truck categories. Later updates of this guide will include data on a wider selection of trucks, trailers, vans and other logistical equipment.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
Mr. Richard G. McCall
DSN: 552-7960 Commercial (913) 684-7960
e-mail address: mccallr@leav-emh1.army.mil
8-1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
8-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Towed Mechanical Minelayer PMR-3 ______________________________
Mine
Types
Typical
Combat Load
Mines
TM-44
TM-46
TM-57
TM-62 Series
TM-72
TMD-B
(varies, see Prime
Mover)
SYSTEM
MINELAYING EQUIPMENT
Alternative Designations: INA
Date Of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: At least 17 countries
Operating Speed (km/h):
Burying: 2 to 3
Surface Laying: 4 to 10
In Snow: INA
Minelaying Rate (min): 10 to 12
Minelaying Pattern: Straight line
Mine Spacing (m): 3 to 4
Mine Capacity: Prime-mover dependent
Max Burial Depth (cm): 20
Description:
Crew: 6 (commander, driver, four operators)
Weight (mt): 1.3
Length (m): 5.6
Height (m): 2.7
Width (m): 2
Prime Mover:
6x6 ZIL-131 truck (200 mines) or
4x4 URAL-375D (350 mines) or
BTR-152 (120 mines)
VARIANTS
PMZ-4: Lays controlled minefields; uses the same mines as the PMR3 with the exception of the controllable minefield and cable-laying
options; uses the UMP-2 Controlled AT Minefield Set
NOTES
The PMR-3, shown above, (and the similar PMZ-4) consists of a single chute and a plow attachment. Although both systems look similar at first
glance, there are significant differences. Most notably, is the addition of a cable layer on the PMZ-4, used for the laying controlled minefields and the
absence of the conveyer-belt chain drive on the wheels. Additionally, the PMZ-4 is more automated and must be hand loaded only. The towedminelayers are used in sections of three or four and operate 20 to 40 meters apart with each minelayer laying a straight-line row. The mines in different rows are staggered with the distance between mines depending on whether the mines are pressure-initiated or full-width attack (influenced or tiltrod
fuzed).
8-3
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Tracked Minelaying Vehicle GMZ-3________________________________
Mine
Types
Mines
TM-57 w/fuze MVZ-57
TM-62 series w/fuzes
TM-46
TMD-B
MV4-62
MVP-62 & w/prox fuze
MVN-80
7.62-mm PKT MG
Typical
Combat Load
208
3,000
SYSTEM
MINELAYING EQUIPMENT
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: GMZ series-1963
Proliferation: Former Soviet Union
Operating Speed (km/h):
Burying: 6
Surface Laying: 16
In Snow: 10
Minelaying Pattern: Straight line or staggered
Mine Spacing (m): 5 and 10
Burial Depth (mm):
Ground: 120
Snow: 500
Length of Single-row Minefield (m):
Percussion Fuzes: 1,000
Proximity Fuzes: 2,000
Mine Capacity: 208
Mine Weight (kg): up to 12
Time Required to Load Minelayer with One Basic Mine Load (min) (7
men): 15 to 20
Men required to Load Minelayer with Mines: 7 (squad)
Time Required to Load Minelayer with Crew Only (m): 60
Time from Travel to Operating Position (min):
Automatic: Up to 2
Manual: Up to 8
Description:
Crew: 3 (see NOTES)
Chassis: Based on the SA-4 (GANEF) SAM
Weight (mt): 28.5
Length (m): 8.62
Height (m): 2.7
Width (m): 3.25
Ground Clearance (mm): 470
Gradient (°): 30
Fording Depth (m): 1
Vertical Step (m): .7
AUTOMOTIVE
Engine: 4 cyl, 513 hp, muli-fuel diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
On Road: 60
Off Road: 30
Fuel Capacity (liters): INA
Night Driving Equipment: Yes, TVNE-4B for the driver and K3A for the vehicle commander (and PKT)
Navigation Equipment: (see NOTES)
Radio: R-123
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Screening System: VEESS, plus 6 81-mm launchers, 3
on each side.
ARMAMENT
Some GMZ may be armed with either the 12.7 or the 14.5 machineguns.
Main Armament:
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm PKT MG
Mount Type: Cupola (GMZ-3)
Max Effective Range (m):
Day: 2,000
Night: INA
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire (rd/min):
Practical: 250
Cyclic: 650
VARIANTS
GMZ: (shown above)
GMZ-2: (see NOTES)
NOTES
The crew of the GMZ-3 consists of three people the vehicle commander, driver-mechanic, and the minelayer operator. The commander and driver
are located in the forward section while the operator compartment is located in the rear portion of the vehicle. The vehicle commander operates the
7.62-mm PKT machinegun. The GMZ-3 has a digital navigation system allowing precise topographic tie-in of the minefield being laid. The previous
model minelayer (GMZ-2) was not designed for the employment of mines with proximity fuzes.
8-4
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Scatterable Minelaying System UMZ ______________________________
Mine
Types
Mines
PFM-1
PFM-1/S
POM-1 (S)
POM-2S
PTM-1S (PGMDM)
PTM-3
Typical
Combat Load
(varies with type of
mine see below)
SYSTEM
MINELAYING EQUIPMENT
Alternative Designations: Multipurpose Minelayer
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: Former Soviet Union
Operating Speed (km/h): 10 to 40
Distance Mines Launched from Vehicle (m): 30-60
Minefield (m):
Length: 1,000 to 1,200
Depth: 30 to 120
Max Length of Minefield with One Basic Load (m):
AP, PFM-1S: 3,200
AP, POM-2: 5,000
AT, PTM-3: 600
Length of Triple-Row Minefield (m): 150 to 1,500 depending on
mine type
Mine Capacity: From 180 to 11,520 depending on the type of mine
Number of Mines in One Basic Load:
AP, PFM-1S: 11,520
AP, POM-2: 720
AT, PTM-3: 180
Time Required to Load Minelayer (hr) (2 men): 1.5 to 2
Time from Travel to Operating Position (min): 5
Description:
Crew: 2 (driver and operator )
Chassis: ZIL-131 Truck (see VARIANTS)
Weight (mt):
Without Mine Load: 8.3
With Mine Load: 10
Length (m): 7.1
Height (m): 2.5
Width (m): 3
Ground Clearance (mm): 330
AUTOMOTIVE
Engine: V8, 150 hp, gas
Cooling: Water
Cruising Range (km): 525
Speed (km/h): 80
Gradient (°): 30
Fording Depth (m): 1.4
Vertical Step (m): .53
Night Vision Equipment: Yes, PNV-57E
Navigation Equipment: INA
Radio: R-159
VARIANTS
Although primarily mounted on the ZIL-131, the UMZ minelaying
system has been observed mounted on several different carriers such
as a modified MTLB-U chassis or on a PT-S tracked amphibious
personnel carrier.
NOTES
While the UMZ, scatterable, mine system has been disclosed as the likely replacement for the GMZ-series, mechanical mineplanters, it probably will
supplement the role formerly held by the GMZ. The UMZ consists of three launchers mounted on each side of the vehicle for a total of six mine
launchers per vehicle. Each full turn launcher is hexagonally shaped and contains 30 launch tubes totaling 180. It can fire the mines to one or both
sides, or to the rear. Both AP and AT mines are launched from the 140-mm launch tubes. The UMZ uses the same mine canisters as the PKM system.
Depending on the position of the launch tubes, one-, two-, or three-lane mine fields can be laid.
8-5
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Tank-Mounted Mineclearing Roller-Plow KMT-5 _____________________
SYSTEM
MINECLEARING EQUIPMENT
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1960s
Proliferation: At least 20 countries
Type: Roller and plow
Platform: Mounted on T-54, T-55, T-62, other medium tanks
Form: 3 rollers x 2
Number of Rollers Per Set: 2
Total Number of Rollers: 6
Mine Removal Speed (km/h): 8-12
Cleared Lane Width, each (mm): 810 x 2
Mineclearing Track Width (mm): 810
Installation Time (min): 30 to 45
Description:
Weight Total (kg): 7,500
Roller Section: 2,265
Plough: 420
Length (m): 3.2
Width (m): 4
Ditch Crossing (m): 2.5
System Components: Two plows (KMT-4) and two sets of three
rollers
NOTES
The KMT-5M mine roller-plow is very flexible, since it allows for either the plows or the rollers to be used. The rollers function satisfactorily against
mines equipped with simple pressure fuzes, but other mines will defeat this equipment. However, the roller-plow combination also allows the tank to
counter more sophisticated fuzes with plows designed to uncover or push mines aside. The plows and rollers cannot work simultaneously.
The KMT-5M also includes a luminous lane-marking device for night operations. Because plows and rollers do not clear the area between them a
“dogbone” or light chain with rollers is stretched between the roller sections to defeat tilt-rod mines. Quick disconnects allow the operator to drop
either plows or rollers or both; otherwise, the crew can remove the system in 8 to 13 minutes. All current medium tanks have fittings for attaching
mineclearing equipment.
There is one plow per tank platoon and one roller per company. For tanks newer than the T-55/62 the plows are no longer carried in the engineer
company, but are permanently mounted on the tank. Therefore the engineers need only to transport the rollers. One KrAZ-255B truck (with KM-61
crane) or two ZIL-131 trucks can carry one KMT-5M.
8-6
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Tracked Mineclearing Vehicle MTK-2 ______________________________
SYSTEM
MINECLEARING EQUIPMENT
Alternative Designations: UR-77 mineclearing vehicle, M1979
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: FSU and former Warsaw Pact armies
Type: Explosive line
Charges Used: UZP-77, UZ-67
Length of Charge (m): 93
Length of Charge Feed (m):
UZP-77: 200 and 500
UZ-67: 200 and 350
Size of Lane in AT Minefield (m):
Width: Up to 6
Length (USP-77): 80-90
Length (UZ-67): 75-80
Breaching Time (min): 3 to 5
Description:
Crew: 2 (commander-operator, driver-mechanic)
Chassis: Based on the 2S1
Weight (mt): 15.5
Length (m): 8.4
Height (m): 3.1
Width (m): 2.8
System Components: Vehicle and two mineclearing charges
VARIANTS (INA)
AUTOMOTIVE
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h):
On Road: 60
Off Road: 30
Water: 5
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Screening System: No
NOTES
The MTK-2 clears lanes in minefields by using rocket propelled charges. The charges are launched onto the minefield and then detonated by the vehicle commander-operator from within the vehicle. The charge can be fired on land or in the water.
8-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Tracked Route-Clearing Vehicle BAT-M ____________________________
SYSTEM
AUTOMOTIVE
Alternative Designations: Dozer
Date of Introduction: 1967
Proliferation: Widespread
Engine: V12, 415 hp, diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h): 35
Navigation Equipment: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Radio: INA
Description:
Crew: 2
Chassis: AT-T heavy tracked artillery tractor
Weight (mt): 26
Length Overall (m): 10
Height Travel (m): 3.5
Width Overall (m): 4.7
Clearance (mm): 425
Gradient (°): 30
Trench Crossing (m): 1.57
Fording Depth (m): .7
Vertical Step (m): 1
Time from Travel to Operating Position (min): 5 to 7
BLADE
Width (m): 4.8
Blade Rate (m3/hr): 250
Operating Speed (km/h): 10
ROTARY CRANE
Capacity (mt): 2
VARIANTS
BAT
BAT-2: Based on MT-T artillery tractor
NOTES
The BAT tractor dozer is a AT-T heavy tractor with a large dozer blade mounted at the front of the hull. It is designed for general engineer use, road
and trail clearing and construction. The BAT-M is an improved model (over the BAT) and is electrohydraulic, whereas the BAT is electropneumatic.
The BAT-M also has a hydraulic crane, and the dozer blade can be swung to the rear improving the vehicle's load distribution when in travelling
mode.
8-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Obstacle Clearing Vehicle IMR-2M ________________________________
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: N/A
Date of Introduction: 1982
Proliferation: FSU and former Warsaw Pact armies
Description:
Crew: 2
Chassis: T-72A
Weight (mt): 44.3
Length (traveling) (m): 9.55
Height (traveling) (m): 3.68
Width (traveling) (m): 3.73
Gradient (°): 25
Fording Depth (m): 1.2
System Components: Multipurpose dozer equipment, boom,
treadway mine exploder
AUTOMOTIVE
Engine: 12 cyl, 840 hp, diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h): 60
Night Driving Equipment: Yes
Radio: R-173 radio, R-174 intercom
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Screening System: INA
BLADE
Can be used as a dozer, grader and V-blade, vertical plane skew ability.
Operating Speed (bulldozer) (km/h): 8-12
Earth Displacement (m3/hr): 300
Lane Clearing Rate (km): .35
ALL-PURPOSE TOOL:
Trench Digging (1.1 to 1.3m deep)(m 3/hr): 8-10
Pit Digging (up to 2.5m deep) (m3/hr): 12-16
BOOM
Capacity (mt): 2
Reach (m): 8.4
MINE SWEEPING SPEED (km):
AT pressure mines: 6-15
Tilt Rod mines: 7
VARIANTS
IMR: The IMR is a NBC-protected, combat engineer vehicle based on
the T-54/55 tank chassis. It is fitted with an articulating dozer blade
and a telescoping crane that fits a number of attachments.
IMR-2: Equipped with mine sweepers and mine-clearing extended
charges. Line drawing is of IMR-2.
NOTES
The IMR-2M differs from the IMR-2 in that the IMR-2M has no line-launched mineclearing charge. The IMR-2M has more armor, hydraulic equipment and a scraper-ripper.
8-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
8-10
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 0.6 mt 4 x 4 Utility Truck UAZ-469 _________________________________
SYSTEM
AUTOMOTIVE
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1973
Proliferation: Widespread
Engine: Inline 4, 70 hp, gasoline
Cooling: Water
Cruising Range (road) (km): 730
Speed (km/h): 100
Fuel Capacity (liters):
Left Tank: 39
Right Tank: 39
Towing Capability (kg):
Off Highway: 850
On Highway: 850
Gradient (loaded) (°): 60
Fording Depths (m): .58
Trench Crossing Width (mm): INA
Description:
Troop Capacity: 2 in front, 5 in rear
Weight (mt):
Gross Vehicle Weight: 2.4
Curb: 1.6
Length Overall (m): 4
Height Overall (m): 2
Width Overall (m): 1.8
Payload on/off Highway (kg): 600
Number of Axles: 2
Ground Clearance (mm): 300
Turning Radius (m): 6.5
Wheels:
Size (in): 8.40x15
Central Tire Pressure Regulation System: No
Run Flat: No
CARGO SPACE
Height (mm): 400
Width (mm): 1,400
Length (mm): 1,000
Cargo Bed Area (m2): 1.6
VARIANTS
UAZ-469B: Export; lower off-road performance
Ambulance: 1 stretcher patient and 1 attendant
NOTES
The UAZ-469 replaces the earlier UAZ-69.
8-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 2 mt 4 x 4 Cargo Truck GAZ-66 ___________________________________
SYSTEM
AUTOMOTIVE
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1964
Proliferation: Widespread
Engine: V8, 115 hp, gasoline
Cooling: Water
Cruising Range (road) (km): 875
Speed (km/h): 95
Fuel Capacity (liters):
Left Tank: 105
Right Tank: 105
Towing Capability (kg):
Off Highway: 2,000
On Highway: 2,000
Gradient (loaded) (°): 39
Fording Depths (m): .8
Description:
Troop Capacity: 3 in cab, 18 in rear
Weight (mt):
Gross Vehicle Weight: 5.8
Curb: 3.6
Length Overall (m): 5.65
Height Overall (m): 2.44
Width Overall (m): 2.32
Payload on/off Highway (kg): 2,000
Number of Axles: 2
Ground Clearance (mm): 315
Turning Radius (m): 10
Wheels:
Size (in): 12x18
Central Tire Pressure Regulation System: Yes
CARGO SPACE
Height (mm): 890
Width (mm): 2,050
Length (mm): 3,330
Cargo Bed Area (m2): 6.8
VARIANTS
GAZ-66B: Canvas-top cab for air transport or airdrop
GAZ-66A: Steelcab
Numerous other variants for various duties.
NOTES
Besides functioning as a general cargo carries, the GAZ-66 is used as a prime mover for 120-mm mortar. The DDA-66 variant is an NBC decontamination truck.
8-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 4.5 mt 6 x 6 Cargo Truck Ural-375D _______________________________
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1965
Proliferation: Widespread
Description:
Troop Capacity: 3 in cab, 24 in rear
Weight (mt):
Gross Vehicle Weight: 13.2
Curb: 8.4
Length Overall (m): 7.36
Height Overall (m): 2.68
Width Overall (m): 2.67
Number of Axles: 3
Ground Clearance (mm): 410
Turning Radius (m): 10.8
Side Slope (°): 32
Vertical Step (mm): 800
Gradient (loaded) (°): 65
Fording Depths (m): 1.49
Trench Crossing Width (mm): 875
Wheels:
Size (in): 14x20
Central Tire Pressure Regulation System: Yes
Run Flat: INA
AUTOMOTIVE
Engine: V8, 180 hp, gasoline
Cooling: Liquid
Cruising Range (road) (km): 650
Speed (km/h): 75
Fuel Capacity (liters):
Main Tank: 300
Aux Tank: 60
Towing Capability (kg):
Off Highway: 5,000
On Highway: 10,000
CARGO SPACE
Height (mm): 872
Width (m): 2.43
Length (m): 3.9
Cargo Bed Area (m2): 9.5
VARIANTS
URAL-375: Observation hatch and unimproved powertrain
URAL-375E: Decontamination vehicle
URAL-375N: 2,000 kg additional payload
URAL-375S: Truck-tractor
URAL-375T: Equipped with winch
NOTES
Besides functioning as a general cargo carrier, the Ural-375D is used as a prime mover for light and medium artillery. The Ural-375 chassis also
serves as a base for the BM-21 MRL, POL tankers, vans, and cranes. The Ural-4320 began to replace the Ural-375D around 1978.
8-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian 7.5 mt 6 x 6 Cargo Truck KrAZ-255B_______________________________
SYSTEM
AUTOMOTIVE
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1967
Proliferation: Widespread
Engine: V8, 265 hp, diesel
Cooling: Water
Cruising Range (road) (km): 850
Speed (km/h): 70
Fuel Capacity (liters):
Right Tank: 165
Left Tank: 165
Towing Capability (kg):
Off Highway: 10,000
On Highway: 50,000
Gradient (loaded) (°): 30
Fording Depths (m): 1
Description:
Troop Capacity: 3 in cab, 16 in rear
Weight (mt):
Gross Vehicle Weight: 19.7
Curb: 12
Length Overall (m): 8.64
Height Overall (m): 2.94
Width Overall (m): 2.75
Payload (kg): 7,500
Number of Axles: 3
Ground Clearance (mm): 360
Turning Radius (m): 14
Wheels:
Size (in): 20x21
Central Tire Pressure Regulation System: Yes
Run Flat: INA
CARGO SPACE
Length (m): 4.56
Width (m): 2.5
Height (m): .92
Cargo Bed Area (m2): INA
VARIANTS
KrAZ-258: Tractor-truck
Numerous other variants for various duties.
NOTES
Primarily designed as a cargo truck, the KrAZ-255B is also used as a prime mover for various equipment including a tank-transporter trailer and PMP
pontoon bridge.
8-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Chapter 9
Rotary-Wing Aircraft
This chapter provides the basic characteristics of selected rotary-wing aircraft readily
available to the OPFOR. Both FM 100-60, Armor- and Mechanized-Based Opposing Force:
Organization Guide and FM 100-63, Infantry-Based Opposing Force: Organization Guide, use
generic descriptors to indicate helicopter capabilities. This enables the trainer to structure
OPFOR air support requirements by capability rather that specific equipment type. Rotary-Wing
Aircraft, cover systems classified as light, attack, utility, and heavy aircraft systems. Some multirole aircraft will be able to support missions across each of the categories. Therefore, they are
listed in each of the above categories by their initial design, and their planned application. This
chapter encompasses many aircraft which may have a dual civil/military history. It does not include however, aircraft designed and used primarily for civil aviation.
This initial sampling of systems was selected because of their wide proliferation across
numerous countries or because of their already extensive use in training scenarios. Additional
data sheets addressing other widely proliferated helicopter systems will be sent with further supplements to this guide.
Because of the increasingly large numbers of variants of each aircraft, only the most common variants produced in significant numbers were addressed. If older versions of helicopters
have been upgraded in significant quantities to the standards of newer variants, the older versions
were not addressed.
The munitions available to each aircraft are mentioned, but not all may be employed at the
same time. The weapon systems inherent to the airframe are listed under armament. The most
probable weapon loading options are also given, but assigned mission dictates actual weapon
configuration. Therefore, any combination of the available munitions may be encountered.
Chapter 10, Fixed-Wing Aircraft, will be constructed with future supplements to this
guide. It will provide the basic characteristics of selected fixed-wing aircraft readily available to
the OPFOR. It will initially focus on the aircraft commonly employed by the OPFOR when in
close proximity to enemy ground forces. Sample aircraft included will be categorized by the missions of reconnaissance, interdiction, strike, direct air support, and transport.
Questions and comments on data listed in this chapter should be addressed to:
CPT Michael Kubala
DSN: 552-7922, Commercial (913) 684-7922
e-mail address: kubalam@leav-emh1.army.mil
9-1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
9-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
European Light Helicopter BO-105 _______________________________________
Weapon & Ammunition Types
Combat
Load
Other Loading Options
7.62-mm or 12.7-mm MG pods
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1972
Proliferation: At least 40 countries
Description: Variants in “( )”
Crew: 1 or 2 (pilots)
Blades:
Main rotor: 4
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 2x 420-shp Allison 250-C20B
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 2,500
Normal Takeoff: 2,000
Empty: 1,301, 1,913 (PAH1)
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 242
Cruise: 205
Ceiling (m):
Service: 3,050
Hover (out of ground effect): 457
Hover (in ground effect): 1,525
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 7.5
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 570
Internal Aux Tank: 200 ea. (max 2x)
Range (km):
Normal Load: 555
With Aux Fuel: 961
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 11.9
Length (fuselage): 8.8
Width: 2.5
Dimensions continued (m):
Height: 3.0
Main Rotor Diameter: 9.8
Tail Rotor Diameter: 1.9
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 1.9
Width: 1.4
Height: 1.3
Standard Payload (kg):
Internal load: 690
External on sling only: 1,200
Transports 3 troops or 2 litters, or cargo.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotors electrically deiced.
Infrared signature suppressors can be mounted on
engine exhausts.
Rotor brake.
ARMAMENT
Most Probable Armament:
BO-105P/PAH1: Outriggers carry 6x HOT
antitank missiles, or rocket pods.
2.75-in rocket pods (7 or 12 ea.)
2
68-mm SNEB rocket pods (12ea)
2
50-mm SNIA rockets (28 ea.)
2
TOW ATGM pods (4 ea.)
2
HOT ATGM
6
AS-12 ASM pods (2 ea.)
2
Stinger AAM pod (4 ea.)
1
Night/Weather Capabilities:
Available avionics include weather radar,
Doppler and GPS navigation, and an
autopilot. It is capable of operation in day,
night, and instrument meteorological conditions.
VARIANTS
The BO 105 was developed initially by
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm in Germany.
Others are built in Chile, the Philippines,
Indonesia (NBO-105), and Spain (CASA
BO-105/ATH).
BO-105CB: The standard production variant.
BO-105CBS: VIP version with a slightly
longer fuselage to accommodate 6 passengers, some used in a SAR role.
BO-105LS: Upgraded to 2x 550-shp Allison
250-C28 turboshaft engines for extended
capabilities in high altitudes and temperatures. Produced only in Canada.
CASA BO-105/ATH: The Spanish produced
variant rigidly mounts 1x Rh 202 20-mm cannon under the fuselage.
BO-105M/VBH: Standard reconnaissance
version.
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
BO-105P/PAH1: Standard antitank version.
The BO-105P has a roof-mounted direct-view,
daylight-only sight to allow firing of HOT
ATGMs. Options exist to fit a thermal imaging
system for night operations, and a laser designator.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all will be employed at the same time, mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are mounted
on weapons “outriggers” or racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has one hardpoint. This helicopter is produced by the Eurocopter Company.
It was formed as a joint venture between Aerospatiale of France, and Daimler-Benz Aerospace of Germany. Other missions include: direct air support,
antitank, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and transport. Clamshell doors at rear of cabin area open to access cargo area. Cargo floor has tiedown
rings throughout.
9-3
Worldwide Equipment Guide
United States Light Helicopter MD-500/Defender ____________________________
Weapon & Ammunition Types
Combat
Load
Other Loading Options
M134 7.62-mm 6x barrel, Gatling
type twin MG pods
2000
M260 2.75-in Hydra 70 rocket
pods (7 or 12 each)
2
.50 cal MG pods
2
M75 40-mm grenade launchers
2
MK19 40-mm grenade launcher
2
TOW missile pods (2 each)
2
Hellfire ATGM
Stinger AAM
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Hughes model 369,
Cayuse, Loach
Date of Introduction: 1977 (MD-500 MD)
Proliferation: At least 22 countries
Description: Variants in “( )”
Crew: 1 or 2 (pilots)
Blades:
Main rotor: 4 or 5 (see VARIANTS)
Tail rotor: 2 or 4 (see VARIANTS)
Engines: (see VARIANTS)
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 1,361 (500), 1,610 (530)
Normal Takeoff: 1,090
Empty: 896
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 241 (500), 282 (530)
Cruise: 221 (500), 250 (530)
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,635 (500), 4,875 (530)
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,830 (500),
3,660 (530)
Hover (in ground effect): 2,590 (500), 4,360
(530)
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 8.4 (500), 10.5 (530)
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 240
Internal Aux Tank: 80
Range (km):
Normal Load (est.): 485 (500), 430 (530)
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 9.4 (500), 9.8 (530)
Length (fuselage): 7.6 (500), 7.3 (530)
Width: 1.9
Height: 2.6 (500), 3.4 (530 over mast-mounted
sight)
Dimensions continued (m):
Main Rotor Diameter: 8.0 (500), 8.3 (530)
Tail Rotor Diameter: 1.4
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 2.4
Width: 1.3
Height: 1.5
Standard Payload (kg):
Internal load: INA
External load: 550
Transports 2 or 3 troops or cargo internally, or 6 on
external platforms in lieu of weapons.
Night/Weather Capabilities:
Optional avionics include GPS, ILS and full
instrument weather conditions packages.
The more advanced variants are fully capable
of performing all missions under any conditions.
VARIANTS
OH-6A/Cayuse: Developed initially by the
Hughes Aircraft company (later McDonnell
Douglas Helicopter Company) in the mid1960s for the US Army. Fitted with 1x 253Survivability/Countermeasures:
shp Allison T63-A-5A turboshaft, 4 bladed
Some models have radar warning receivers.
main rotor, and an offset “V” tail.
Chaff and flare systems available.
Hughes 500M: Military export version of
Infrared signature suppressors can be mounted on
OH-6 in mid-1970s with upgraded 278engine exhausts.
shp Allison 250-C18 turboshaft engine,
“V” tail.
ARMAMENT
MD-500MD/Scout and TOW Defender:
Improved military version of the model 500
Most Probable Armament: (MD-500D pictured)
with 5 main rotor blades, 375-shp Allison
MD-500MD/Scout Defender: Fitted with guns,
250-C20B turboshaft engine, and T-tail.
rockets, grenade launchers, or a combination on 2x MD-500E/MD-500MG/Defender II: Had a
fuselage hardpoints.
more elongated nose for streamlining, and an
optional 4x blade tail rotor for reduced
acoustic signatures. Possible mast-mounted
MD-500MD/TOW Defender: Twin TOW missile
sight.
pods on 2x fuselage hardpoints; mounts missile
sight in lower-left front windshield.
OH-6A/MD-530F Super Cayuse/Lifter:
Upgraded engine to a 425-shp Allison 250C30 turboshaft, and avionics in 1988 for the
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
US Army.
The MD-500 allows for the mounting of a stabilized, MD-530MG/Defender: Has a mast-mounted
direct-view optical sight in the windshield. Options
sight, and incorporated upgrades of all preexist to fit a mast-mounted, multiple field of view
vious variants.
optical sight, a target tracker, a laser rangefinder,
AH/MH-6J: US Army Special Operations
thermal imager, a 16x FLIR for night navigation
variant derived from the MD-530MG.
and targeting, and autopilot.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all will be employed at the same time, mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are mounted
on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has one hardpoint. Other missions include: direct air support, antitank, reconnaissance,
observation, and light utility.
Russian Light Helicopter Mi-2/HOPLITE ___________________________________
9-4
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapon & Ammunition Types
Combat
Load
1x 23-mm automatic cannon
1x 7.62-mm or 12.7-mm MG
Other Loading Options:
AT-3c/SAGGER ATGM
4
57-mm Rocket pods (16 each)
2
Twin or single fixed 7.62-mm or
12.7-mm MG
External fuel tanks (liters)
238
SA-7b/GRAIL missile
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1965
Proliferation: Widespread
Description:
Crew: 1 (pilot)
Blades:
Main rotor: 3
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 2x 400-shp PZL GTD-350 (series
III and IV) turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 3,700
Normal Takeoff: 3,550
Empty: 2,372
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 220
Cruise: 194
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,000
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,000
Hover (in ground effect): 2,000
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 4.5
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 600
Internal Aux Tank: N/A
External Fuel Tank: 238 ea.
Range (km):
Maximum Load: 580
Normal Load: 340
With Aux Fuel: 790
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 17.4
Length (fuselage): 11.9
Width: 3.2
Height: 3.7
Main Rotor Diameter: 14.6
Tail Rotor Diameter: 2.7
Standard Payload:
Transports 6-8 troops or 700 kg internal
cargo or 800 kg external load on 4x external
hardpoints.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotor blades electrically deiced.
ARMAMENT
23-mm Automatic Cannon, NS-23KM:
Range: (practical) 2,500 m
Elevation/Traverse: None (rigidly-mounted)
Ammo type: HEFI, HEI, APT, APE, CC
Rate of Fire (rpm): (practical) 550
7.62-mm or Pintle-mounted Machinegun:
(may be mounted in left-side cabin door)
Range: (practical) 1,000 m
Ammo type: HEFI, HEI, APT, APE, CC
Rate of Fire (rpm): (practical) 250
OR
12.7-mm or Pintle-mounted Machinegun:
(may be mounted in left-side cabin door)
Range: (practical) 1,500 m
Ammo type: API, API-T, IT, HEI
Rate of Fire (rpm): (practical) 100
4
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
The cannon is pilot sighted, and fire is adjusted
by controlling the attitude of the aircraft.
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The Mi-2 is primarily a daylight only aircraft.
VARIANTS
Mi-2R: Ambulance version that carries 4x
litter patients.
Mi-2T: Transport version that carries 8
personnel.
Mi-2URN: Armed reconnaissance variant,
employs 57-mm unguided rockets, and
mounts a gunsight in the cockpit for aiming
all weapons.
Mi-2URP: The antitank variant. Carries 4x
AT-3 Sagger wire-guided missiles on external weapons racks, and 4x additional missiles in the cargo compartment.
Mi-2US: The gunship variant, employs an
airframe modification that mounted a 23mm NS-23KM cannon to the portside fuselage. Also employs 2x 7.62-mm gun pods
on external racks, and 2x 7.62-mm pintlemounted machineguns in the cabin.
PZL Swidnik: A Polish-produced variant
under license from Russia. Same performance, characteristics, and missions.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all will be employed at the same time, mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are mounted
on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. Additional missions include; direct air support, antitank, armed reconnaissance, transport, medevac, airborne command post, smoke generating, minelaying, and training. The cabin door is
hinged rather than sliding, which may limit operations. There is no armor protection for the cockpit or cabin. Ammo storage is in the aircraft cabin, so
combat load varies by mission. Some Mi-2USs currently employ fuselage-mounted weapon racks rather than the 23-mm fuselage-mounted cannon
which is removed. Some variants however, still employ the cannon.
9-5
Worldwide Equipment Guide
French Light Helicopter SA-341/GAZELLE _________________________________
Weapon & Armament Types
Combat
Load
7.62-mm MG or
20-mm GIAT M.621 cannon or
2x 7.62-mm AA-52 FN MG pods
100
1,000
Other Loading Options
2.75-in rocket pods (7 ea.)
2
68-mm SNEB rocket pods (12 ea)
2
57-mm rockets (18 ea.)
2
HOT ATGM
4-6
AT-3 SAGGER ATGM
AS-11 ASM, or AS-12 ASM
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 11.9
Length (fuselage): 9.5
Alternative Designations: SA-342
Width: 2.0
Date of Introduction: 1973
Height: 3.1
Proliferation: At least 23 countries
Main Rotor Diameter: 10.5
Tail Rotor Diameter: 0.7
Description: Variants in “( )”
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Crew: 1 or 2 (pilots)
Floor Length: 2.2
Blades:
Width: 1.3
Main rotor: 3
Height: 1.2
Tail rotor: 13 (fenestron enclosed in tail)
Engines: 1x 590-shp Turbomeca Astazou IIIB Standard Payload (kg):
Internal load: 750
turboshaft
External on sling only: 700
Weight (kg):
Transports 3 troops or 1 litter, or cargo.
Maximum Gross: 1,800 (SA 341), 1,900
(SA 342K), 2,000 (SA 342L/M)
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Normal Takeoff: 1,800
IR signature suppressor on engine exhaust.
Empty: 998
Speed (km/h):
ARMAMENT
Maximum (level): 310
Cruise: 270
Most Probable Armament:
Ceiling (m):
SA 341F: A GIAT M.621 20-mm cannon is
Service: 4,100 (SA 341), 5,000 (SA 342)
installed on starboard side of some aircraft.
Hover (out of ground effect): 2,000 (SA
Rate of fire is selectable at 300 or 740 rpm.
341), 2,370 (SA 342)
Hover (in ground effect): 2,850 (SA 341), SA 341H: Can carry 4x AT-3 ATGMs, and 2x
SA-7, or 128-mm or 57-mm rockets, and 7.623,040 (SA 342)
mm machinegun in cabin.
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 12.2
SA 342K: Armed antitank version with 4-6x
Fuel (liters):
HOT ATGMs.
Internal: 445
Internal Aux Tank: 90
SA 342L: Either rocket pods or machineguns.
Additional Internal Aux Tank: 200
SA 342M: Armed with 4-6x HOT antitank
Range (km):
missiles, and possibly fitted with Mistral air
Normal Load: 670 (SA 341), 735 (SA 342)
to air missiles.
SYSTEM
4
4 or 2
SA-7 GRAIL AAM
2
MISTRAL AAM
2
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
The SA 342M has a roof-mounted stabilized
direct view/infrared/laser sight to allow
night firing of HOT ATGMs.
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The aircraft is NVG compatible; and by its
instruments, avionics, autopilot, and nav
computer, is capable of flight in day, night,
and instrument meteorological conditions.
VARIANTS
AS 341 Gazelle: Developed by Aerospatiale
in France. Others were built in the UK by
Westland, and in Yugoslavia.
SA 341B/C/D/E: Production versions for the
British military. Used in training and communications roles.
SA 341F: Production version for the French
Army. Upgraded engine to Astazou IIIC.
SA 341H: Export variant.
SA 342K: Armed SA 341F with upgraded
870-shp Astazou XIVH engine, mostly exported to the Middle East.
SA 342L: Export light attack variant with
Astazou XIVM engine.
SA 342M: Improved ground attack variant for
the French Army. Similar to SA 342L, but
with improved instrument panel, engine
exhaust baffles to reduce IR signature, navigational systems, Doppler radar, and other
night flying equipment.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all will be employed at the same time, mission dictates weapons configuration. External stores are mounted
on weapons “outriggers” or racks on each side of the fuselage. Each rack has one hardpoint. Other missions include: attack, antitank, antihelicopter,
reconnaissance, utility, transport, and training. The bench seat in the cabin area can be folded down to leave a completely open cargo area. Cargo
floor has tiedown rings throughout.
United States Attack Helicopter AH-1F/COBRA _____________________________
9-6
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapon & Ammunition Types
20-mm 3x barrel Gatling gun
Combat
Load
750
Other Loading Options
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Hueycobra, Bell
209
Date of Introduction: 1986 (AH-1S)
Proliferation: At least 11 countries
Description:
Crew: 2 (pilots in tandem seats)
Blades:
Main rotor: 2
Tail rotor: 2
Engines: 1x 1,800-shp AlliedSignal Engines
T-53-L-703 turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 4,535
Normal Takeoff: 4,524
Empty: 2,993
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 315
Cruise: 227
Max “G” Force: INA
Ceiling (m):
Service: 3,720
Hover (out of ground effect): INA
Hover (in ground effect): 3,720
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 8.5
Internal Fuel (liters): 991
Range (km):
Normal Load: 610
With Aux Fuel: N/A
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 16.3
Length (fuselage): 13.6
Width (including wing): 3.2
Height: 4.1
Main Rotor Diameter: 13.4
Tail Rotor Diameter: 2.6
Cargo Compartment Dimensions: negligible
Standard Payload (kg): 1,544
TOW missile pods (4 each)
0-2
2.75-in Hydra 70 rocket pods (19
each)
2-4
7.62-mm 6x barrel rotary MG
pods
0-2
The Cobra also uses a digital ballistic comSurvivability/Countermeasures:
puter, a HUD, Doppler nav, and a low speed
Infrared signature suppressors mounted on engine
air data sensor on the starboard side for firexhaust.
ing, and has in-flight boresighting.
Radar warning receivers, IFF, Infrared jammer,
Available Israeli-made upgrades include an
chaff and flares.
integrated FLIR with laser rangefinder,
Armored cockpit.
GPS, automatic boresighting, and the ability
to fire both TOW II and Hellfire missiles.
ARMAMENT
The chin-mounted turret accepts Gatling-type
guns ranging from 7.62-mm to 30-mm.
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The AH-1 is fully capable of performing its
Some aircraft have been modified to accept
attack mission in all weather conditions.
Stinger missiles (air-to-air Stinger or ATAS).
20-mm 3x barrel Gatling gun, M197:
Range: (practical) 1,500 m
Elevation: 21°up to 50°down
Traverse: 220o
Ammo Type: AP, HE
Rate of Fire: burst 16+4, continuous 730+50
VARIANTS
Most older Cobra variants still in operation
have been upgraded to the AH-1F standard.
Also produced in Romania and Japan under
license from Bell Textron in the U.S.
AH-1G: Initial production model in 1966
Most Probable Armament:
AH-1G: Either 2x 7.62-mm miniguns with 4,000 AH-1S: Upgraded 1960s produced aircraft
in late 1980s to the standard TOW carryrounds or 2x 40-mm grenade launchers with
ing version.
300 rounds (one each is possible) in chin turret.
Also on underwing hardpoints, 2.75-in. FFAR,
AH-1P: A set of AH-1S aircraft fitted with
minigun pods, or 20-mm automatic cannons.
composite rotors, flat plate glass cockpits,
and NVG capabilities.
AH-1S: M197, 3x barrel 20-mm Gatling gun in
chin turret. Also on underwing hardpoints, 8x
BMG71 TOW antitank missiles, and 2x 2.75- AH-1E: A set of AH-1S aircraft upgraded
with the Enhanced Cobra Armament System
in FFAR rocket pods.
incorporating the universal turret, 20-mm
gun, automatic compensation for off-axis
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
gun firing, and weapon management system.
The TOW missile targeting system uses a telescopic sight unit (traverse 110º, elevation –
60º/+30º), a laser augmented tracking
AH-1F: Current standard Cobra. Also
capability, thermal sights and a FLIR to allow
referred to as the “Modernized Cobra”.
for acquisition, launch, and tracking of all types
Incorporated all past upgrades.
of TOW missiles in all weather conditions.
AH-1J/-1T/-1W: See separate AH-1W entry.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted on
underwing external stores points. Each wing has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. A representative mix when targeting armor formations
would be eight TOW missiles, two 2.75-in rocket pods, and 750x 20-mm rounds. The gun must be centered before firing underwing stores. Additional missions include direct air support, antitank, armed escort, and air to air combat. Armored cockpit can withstand small arms fire, and composite
blades and tailboom are able withstand damage from 23-mm cannon hits.small arms fire, and composite blades and tailboom able to withstand damage
from 23-mm cannon hits.
9-7
Worldwide Equipment Guide
9-8
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Attack Helicopter Ka-50/HOKUM
Weapon & Ammunition Types
1x 2A42 30-mm cannon
HE-Frag
AP
Total
Combat
Load
250
250
500
Other Loading Options
AT-16 VIKhR ATGM (6 each)
2
80-mm rockets (20 each)
2
Twin 23-mm gun pods
500-kg bombs
4
AA-11/ARCHER AAM
2
External fuel tanks (liters)
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Black Shark,
Werewolf
Date of Introduction: N/A
Proliferation: Preproduction. An initial
fielding plan is for 2 per year for 14 years.
Description:
Crew: 1 (pilots, 2 in Ka-52)
Blades:
Main rotor: 6 (2 heads, 3 blades each)
Tail rotor: None
Engines: 2x 2,200-shp Klimov TV3-117VK
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 10,800
Normal Takeoff: 9,800
Empty: 7,692
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 340 (est.)
Cruise: 270
Sideward: 100+, Rearward: 100+
Turn Rate: unlimited
Max “G” Force: +3 to +3.5 g
Ceiling (m):
Service: 5,500
Hover (out of ground effect): 4,000
Hover (in ground effect): 5,500
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 10
Fuel (liters):
Internal: INA
External Fuel Tank: 500 ea. (max 4x)
Range (km):
Maximum Load: INA
Normal Load: 460
With Aux Fuel: INA
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 16
Length (fuselage): 15.0
Width (including wing): 7.34
Height (gear extended): 4.93
Height (gear retracted): 4
Main Rotor Diameter: 14.5
Cargo Compartment Dimensions: Negligible
Standard Payload:
External weapons load: 2,500 kg on 4 underwing stores points.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main rotors and engines electrically deiced.
Infrared signature suppressors can be mounted on
engine exhausts.
Radar warning receivers, IFF, chaff and flares.
Armored cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks.
Pilot ejection system.
(see NOTES)
ARMAMENT
30-mm Automatic Cannon, 2A42:
Range: effective 3,000 m
Elevation: -45° to +10°
Traverse: ±15°
Ammo type and rate of fire is selectable by pilot
(HE or AP, 350 or 600)
Most Probable Armament: (shown above)
HOKUM A/N: Fuselage-mounted 30-mm
cannon on right side, 80-mm rockets, AT-16
VIKhR ATGMs.
HOKUM B: Same as above.
ATGM, AT-16/VIKhR:
Guidance: Laser Beam Rider SACLOS
Range: 10,000 m
Warhead: HEAT
Penetration: 900 mm
Effective against ground & air targets at converging speeds to 800 km/h.
ATGM racks can depress to 12°.
940
500
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
The HOKUM uses a low-light level TV or
thermal sighting, a laser range-finder (10
km), FLIR, air data sensor, and digital datalink which interface with a fire control computer, an autopilot, a helmet sighting system
and HUD for target location, acquisition,
designation, and firing.
Night/Weather Capabilities:
This aircraft’s avionics package ensuring a full
day/night, all weather capability. If it is to
be employed at night in an attack role, it
must be fitted with a night targeting pod.
This pod includes a FLIR, a millimeter wave
radar, and an electro-optical sight takes up
one of the underwing pylons.
The Ka-50N, and Ka-52 are capable of performing attack missions in day/night, and
all-weather conditions.
The French companies Thomson-CSF, and
Sextant Avionique offer nav/attack systems,
which can be fitted to export variants.
VARIANTS
Ka-50A/HOKUM A: Standard direct air
support variant.
Ka-50N/HOKUM N: Night attack variant
fitted with a nose-mounted FLIR. The
cockpit is fitted with an additional TV display, and is NVG compatible.
Ka-52/HOKUM B: The “Alligator” is a sideby-side, two-seat cockpit variant of the Ka50. The gross weight of the aircraft is
greater, so the performance is marginally
degraded. But airframe characteristics, dimensions, and armaments are relatively
similar. It includes a mast-mounted millimeter wave radar covering the front quadrant only. It is used as an attack aircraft,
and as a trainer for the Ka-50.
Russian Attack Helicopter Ka-50/HOKUM continued_________________________
9-9
Worldwide Equipment Guide
NOTES
This aircraft is not fielded. Only a handful of prototypes exist, and it has not yet been approved for full-scale production.
The fully armored pilot’s cabin can withstand 23-mm gunfire, and the cockpit glass 12.7-mm MG gunfire. The Zvezda K-37-800 pilot ejection system functions at any altitude. Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapons configuration.
External stores are mounted on underwing external hardpoints. Each wing has two hardpoints for a total of four stations. A typical mix for targeting
armor formations is 12x AT-16 ATGMs, 500x 30-mm cannon rounds, and 2x 20-round pods of 80-mm folding fin unguided rockets. It was designed
for remote operations, and not to need ground maintenance facilities for 2 weeks. The 30-mm cannon is the same as on the BMP-2. The firing computer will turn the aircraft to keep the gun on target. A coaxial counter-rotating rotor system negates the need for a tail rotor and its drive system.
Because of this, this aircraft is unaffected by wind strength and direction, has an unlimited hovering turn rate, and gives a smaller profile and acoustic
signature, while allowing a 10-15% greater power margin. The airframe is 35% composite materials with a structural central 1m2 keel beam of kevlar/nomex that protects critical systems and ammunition. The HOKUM is fully aerobatic. It can perform loops, roll, and “the funnel”, where the
aircraft will maintain a concentrated point of fire while flying circles of varying altitude, elevation, and airspeed around the target.
Russian Attack Helicopter Mi-24/HIND ____________________________________
Weapon & Ammunition Types
9-10
Combat
Load
Worldwide Equipment Guide
1x twin 30-mm gun or
12.7-mm 4 barrel turret gun
750
1,470
Other Loading Options
AT-2C or AT-6C ATGMs
80-mm S-8 rocket pods (20 ea.)
2-4
57-mm S-5 rocket pods (32 ea.)
2-4
GSh-23L twin 23-mm MG pods
940
250-kg bombs
4
500-kg bombs
2
External fuel tanks (liters)
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1976 (HIND D)
Proliferation: At least 34 countries
Description:
Crew: 2 (pilots in tandem cockpits)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 3
Engines: 2x 2,200-shp Klimov TV3-117VMA
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 11,500
Normal Takeoff: 11,100
Empty: 8,500
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 335
Cruise: 295
Max “G” Force: 1.75 g
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,500
Hover (in ground effect): 2,200
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 15
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 1,840
Internal Aux Tank (in cabin): 1,227
External Fuel Tank: 500 ea.
Range (km):
Normal Load: 450
With Aux Fuel: 950
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 21.6
Length (fuselage): 17.5
Width (including wing): 6.5
Height (gear extended): 6.5
Main Rotor Diameter: 17.3
Tail Rotor Diameter: 3.9
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 2.5
Width: 1.5
Height: 1.2
2-12
500
Standard Payload:
Internal load: 8 combat troops or 4 litters
External weapons load: 1,500 kg
External load (no weapons): 2,500 kg
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
The ATGM targeting system uses a low-level
light TV, a laser designator, FLIR, air data
sensor, and a missile guidance transmitter.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotors electrically deiced.
Infrared signature suppressors can be mounted on
engine exhausts.
Radar warning receivers, IFF, Infrared jammer,
rotor brake, chaff and flares.
Armored cockpit.
Night/Weather Capabilities:
HIND D versions are primarily daytime
aircraft only. Some HIND E and Mi-35
series export versions have upgraded night
and weather capabilities, better avionics,
weather radar, autopilot, HUD, GPS, NVG
compatibility, more armor, and an increased
weapons load provided by the French company Sextant Avionique.
ARMAMENT
Loaded combat troops can fire personal weapons
through cabin windows.
12.7-mm 4x Barrel Machinegun, YaKB-12.7:
Range (m): (practical) 1,500
Elevation/Traverse: 20°up to 60°down/ 120o
Ammo Type: HEFI, APT, Duplex, DuplexT
Rate of Fire (rpm): up to 4,500 (pilot selectable)
OR
30-mm Twin Barrel Cannon, GSh-30K:
Range (m): (practical) 4,000
Elevation/Traverse: None (rigidly mounted)
Ammo Type: HEFI, HEI, APT, APE, CC
Rate of Fire (rpm): 300, or 2,000 to 2,600
VARIANTS
Nearly all of the older HIND A, B and C
variants have been upgraded or modified to
the HIND D or E standard.
Mi-24D/HIND D: Direct air support.
Mi-24V/HIND E: Direct air support. Most
proliferated version.
Mi-24P/HIND F: Direct air support. The
fixed twin gun cut the turret profile, and
empty weight to 8,200 kg, while boosting
maximum gross weight to 12,000 kg.
Mi-24R/HIND G-1: NBC sampling. It has
Most Probable Armament: (HIND F pictured)
mechanisms to obtain soil and air samples,
filter air, and place marker flares.
HIND D: Turret-mounted 4-barrel 12.7-mm
Gatling type machinegun, 57-mm rockets, AT2C/SWATTER ATGMs.
Mi-24K/HIND G-2: Photo-recon, and
artillery spotting. Has a camera in cabin,
gun, rocket pods, but no targeting system.
HIND E: Turret-mounted 4-barrel 12.7-mm
Gatling type machinegun or twin barrel 23-mm
turret gun, 57-mm rockets, AT-6C/ SPIRAL
Mi-25: Export version of the HIND D.
ATGMs.
Mi-35: Export version of the HIND E. The
HIND F: Fixed 30-mm twin gun on the right
Mi-35M has a twin barrel 23-mm gun.
fuselage side, 57-mm rockets, AT-6C/
SPIRAL ATGMs.
Mi-35P: Export version of the HIND F.
Russian Attack Helicopter Mi-24/HIND continued ___________________________
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time. Mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted on
underwing external stores points. Each wing has three hardpoints for a total of six stations. A representative mix when targeting armor formations
would be eight AT-6 ATGMs, 750x 30-mm rounds, and two 57-mm rocket pods. Additional missions include direct air support, antitank, armed
9-11
Worldwide Equipment Guide
escort, and air to air combat. The aircraft can store an additional ammunition basic load in the cargo compartment in lieu of carrying troops. Armored
cockpits and titanium rotor head able to withstand 20-mm cannon hits. Every aircraft has an overpressurization system for operation in a NBC environment.
The HIND’s wings provide 22% to 28% of its lift in forward flight. In a steep banking turn at slower airspeeds, the low wing can lose lift while it is
maintained on the upper wing, resulting in an excessive roll. This is countered by increasing forward airspeed to increase lift on the lower wing. Because of this characteristic, and the aircraft’s size and weight, it is not easily maneuverable. Therefore they usually attack in pairs or multiple pairs,
and from various directions.
9-12
Worldwide Equipment Guide
European Utility Helicopter AS-532/COUGAR ______________________________
Weapon & Ammunition Types
Combat
Load
7.65-mm MG
2
Other Loading Options
20-mm twin gun pods
2
68-mm rocket pods (22 each)
2
2.75-in rocket pods (19 each)
2
External fuel tanks (liters)
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: AS 332 Super
Puma, SA 330 Puma
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: At least 38 countries
Description: Variants in “( )”
Crew: 2 (pilots)
Blades:
Main rotor: 4
Tail rotor: 5, 4 (U2/A2)
Engines: 2x 1,877-shp Turbomeca Makila
1A1 turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 9,000 (Mk I), 9,750
(Mk II)
Normal Takeoff: 8,600 (Mk I), 9,300
(Mk II)
Empty: 4,330 (UC/AC), 4,460 (UL/AL),
4,760 (U2/A2)
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 275 (Mk I), 325 (Mk II)
Cruise: 270
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,100
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,650 (Mk I),
1,900 (Mk II)
Hover (in ground effect): 2,800 (Mk I),
2,540 (Mk II)
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 7
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 1,497 (UC/AC), 2,000 (UL/AL),
2,020 (U2/A2)
Internal Aux Tank: 475 ea. (4x Mk I, 5x
Mk II)
Range (km):
Normal Load: 620 (UC/AC), 840
(UL/AL), 800 (U2/A2)
With Aux Fuel: 1,017 (UC/AC), 1, 245
(UL/AL), 1,176 (U2/A2)
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 18.7-19.5 (U2/A2)
Dimensions continued (m):
Length (fuselage): 15.5 (UC/AC), 16.3
(UL/AL), 16.8 (U2/A2)
Width: 3.6-3.8 (U2/A2)
Height: 4.6
Main Rotor Diameter: 15.6-16.2 (U2/A2)
Tail Rotor Diameter: 3.1-3.2 (U2/A2)
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 6.5 (AC/UC), 6.8 (UL/AL),
7.9 (U2/A2)
Width: 1.8
Height: 1.5
Standard Payload (kg):
Internal load: 3,000
External on sling only: 4,500
Transports 20-29 troops or 6-12 litters (variant dependant), or cargo.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotor blades electrically deiced.
A radar warning receiver is standard, while a
laser warning receiver, missile launch detector, missile approach detector, infrared jammer, decoy launcher, and flare/chaff dispensers are optionally available.
ARMAMENT
The Mk I variants may employ 2x 7.65-mm
machine guns on pintle-mounts in the cabin
doors when employed in a transport role.
Most Probable Armament
The armed versions have side-mounted 20-mm
machineguns and/or axial pods fitted with 68mm rocket launchers.
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The aircraft is NVG compatible, and through its
instruments, avionics, full autopilot, and nav
computer, is capable of operation in day, night,
and instrument meteorological conditions.
600
VARIANTS
SA 330 Puma: Developed in the late 1960s
by Aerospatiale in France. Others were built
in the UK, Indonesia, Romania.
AS 332 Super Puma: Differs from the SA
330 Puma through an improved rotor system, upgraded engines, stretched fuselage,
and a modified nose shape.
The Cougar name was adopted for all military
variants, and in 1990, all Super Puma designations were changed from AS 332 to AS
532 to distinguish between civil and military
variants. The “5” denotes military, “A” is
armed, “C” is armed-antitank, and “U” is
utility. The second letter represents the level
of “upgrading”.
AS-532 Cougar UC/AC Mk I: The basic
version with a short fuselage to carry 20
troops.
AS-532 Cougar UL/AL Mk I: This version
has an extended fuselage, which allows it to
carry 25 troops and more fuel. It is also
capable of carrying an external load of
4,500 kg.
AS-532 Cougar U2/A2 Mk II: This 1992
version is the longest variant of the Cougar
line. It has an improved Spheriflex rotor
system with only 4x tail rotor blades, and 2x
2,100-shp Turbomeca Makila 1A2 turboshaft engines that allow an increased
cargo carrying capability. It can transport
29 troops or 12 litters, or an external load of
5,000 kg. Primarily used for combat search
and rescue, and as an armed version. It may
be armed additionally with a 20-mm cannon
or pintle-mounted .50 caliber machine guns.
NOTES
This helicopter is produced by the Eurocopter company. It was formed as a joint venture between Aerospatiale of France, and Daimler-Benz Aerospace of Germany. Additional missions include: VIP transport, electronic warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.
9-13
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Russian Utility Helicopter Mi-8/HIP _______________________________________
Weapon & Ammunition Types
Combat
Load
2x 7.62-mm or 1x 12.7-mm MG
Other Loading Options
AT-2C or AT-3 ATGMs
4-6
57-mm rocket pods (16 each)
4-6
80-mm rocket pods (20 each)
2
250-kg bombs
4
500-kg bombs
2
12.7-mm MG pod
2
Twin 23-mm gun pods
2
Additional fuel tanks (liters)
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1967
Proliferation: At least 54 countries
Description:
Crew: 3 (2x pilots, 1x flight engineer)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 3
Engines: 2x 1,700-shp Isotov TV2-117A
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 12,000
Normal Takeoff: 11,100
Empty: 6,990
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 250
Cruise: 225
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Hover (out of ground effect): 800
Hover (in ground effect): 1,900
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 9
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 445
Internal Aux Tank: 915 ea.
External Fuel Tank: 745 in port tank,
680 in starboard tank
Range (km):
Maximum Load: INA
Normal Load: 460
With Aux Fuel: 950
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 25.2
Length (fuselage): 18.2
Width: 2.5
Height: 5.6
Main Rotor Diameter: 21.3
Tail Rotor Diameter: 3.9
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 5.3
Width: 2.3
Height: 1.8
Standard Payload:
HIP C: 24 troops, or 3,000 kg internal or
external loads on 4x hardpoints.
HIP E: 24 troops, or 4,000 kg internal or
3,000 kg external on 6x hardpoints.
HIP J/K: antennas on aft section of
fuselage.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotor blades electrically deiced.
Infrared jammer, chaff and flares.
1,830
VARIANTS
Mi-8T: The HIP C is a medium assault/
transport version. The probable armament
is 57-mm rockets, bombs, or AT-2C/
SWATTER ATGMs.
Mi-8VPK: The HIP D is an airborne communications platform with rectangular
communication canisters mounted on
weapons racks.
Mi-8TVK: The HIP E is used as a gunship
or direct air support platform. Airframe
modifications add 2x external hardpoints
for a total of 6, and mount a flexible 12.7mm machinegun in the nose. The probable
armament is 57-mm rockets, bombs, or
AT-2/SWATTER ATGMs.
Mi-8MT/MTV/MTB/-171-17: The HIP H
is an upgraded medium assault/ transport
version. See separate Mi-17 entry.
ARMAMENT
Loaded combat troops can fire personal weapons
through windows from inside cabin.
The HIP E mounts a flexible 12.7-mm machinegun in the nose.
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The Mi-8 is equipped with instruments and
avionics allowing operation in day, night, and
instrument meteorological conditions.
Mi-8SMV: The HIP J is an airborne jamming
platform characterized by small boxes on the
left side of the fuselage.
Mi-8PPA: The HIP K is an airborne jamming
platform characterized by 6x “X”-shaped
antennas on the aft fuselage.
Mi-9: The HIP G is an airborne command
post characterized by antennas, and Doppler radar on tailboom.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time, mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted on
weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. The HIP C has four external hardpoints; the HIP E, HIP H, have six; other variants have none. Interior
seats are removable for cargo carrying. The rear clamshell doors open, an internal winch facilitates loading of heavy freight. Floor has tiedown rings
throughout. The aircraft carries a rescue hoist capable to 150 kg, and a cargo sling system capable to 3,000 kg. The Mi-8 is capable of single-engine
flight in the event of loss of power by one engine (depending on aircraft mission weight) because of an engine load sharing system. If one engine fails,
the other engine’s output is automatically increased to allow continued flight. See also Mi-17.
Russian Utility Helicopter Mi-17/HIP ______________________________________
9-14
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Weapon & Ammunition Types
Combat
Load
2x 7.62-mm or 1x 12.7-mm MG
Other Loading Options
AT-2C or AT-3 ATGMs
4-6
57-mm rocket pods (16 each)
4-6
80-mm rocket pods (20 each)
2
250-kg bombs
4
500-kg bombs
2
12.7-mm MG pod
Twin 23-mm gun pods
Additional fuel tanks (liters)
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Mi-8MT HIP H
Date of Introduction: 1981 (as Mi-17)
Proliferation: At least 22 countries
Description:
Crew: 3 (2x pilots, 1x flight engineer)
Blades:
Main rotor: 5
Tail rotor: 3
Engines: 2x 1,950-shp Isotov TV3-117MT
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 13,000
Normal Takeoff: 11,100
Empty: 7,100-7,370 (variant dependant)
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 250
Cruise: 240
Ceiling (m):
Service: 5,000-5,700 (variant dependant)
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,760
Hover (in ground effect): 1,900-3,980
(variant dependant)
Vertical Climb Rate (m/s): 9
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 445
Internal Aux Tank: 915 ea.
External Fuel Tank:
Port Tank: 745
Starboard Tank: 680
Range (km):
Normal Load: 495
With Aux Fuel: 1,065
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 25.4
Length (fuselage): 18.4
Width: 2.5
Height: 5.7
Main Rotor Diameter: 21.3
Tail Rotor Diameter: 3.9
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 5.3
Width: 2.3
Height: 1.8
Standard Payload (kg):
Internal load: 4,000
External on sling only: 3,000
Transports 24 troops and cargo, or armaments on 6x external hardpoints.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotor blades electrically deiced.
Infrared jammer, chaff and flares.
ARMAMENT
2
1,830
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The Mi-17 is equipped with instruments,
avionics, Doppler radar, and a fully functioning autopilot for operation in day, night,
and instrument meteorological conditions.
VARIANTS
Mi-17: A mid-life upgrade of the widely
proliferated Mi-8 HIP H medium assault/
transport helicopter. Initially, only the export version was known as the Mi-17. The
only visible differences between this variant and the older Mi-8s is that the tail rotor
is on the portside rather than the starboard
side, and crew armor plating.
Mi-17P: A descendent of the HIP K airborne
jamming platform characterized by large
rectangular antennas along the aft fuselage.
Loaded combat troops can fire personal weapons
through cabin windows from inside cabin.
Mi-171/-17M/-17V: Also known as
Mi-8MTV, and a descendent of the
Most Probable Armament:
HIP H. The engines are upgraded to
HIP H: Fitted with 2x 7.62-mm machineguns or
2x 2,070-shp Klimov TV3-117VMAs
possibly 2x 23-mm GSh-23 gun packs in cabin,
to allow greater rates of climb and
57-mm rockets, and AT3/SAGGER ATGMs.
hover ceilings, yet performance characteristics remain virtually unchanged
from the baseline Mi-17.
Mi-8: See separate entry.
NOTES
Available munitions are shown above; not all may be employed at one time, mission dictates weapon configuration. External stores are mounted on
weapons racks on each side of the fuselage. The Mi-17 has six external hardpoints. Additional missions include; attack, direct air support, electronic
warfare, airborne early warning, medevac, search and rescue, and minelaying. Interior seats are removable for cargo carrying. The rear clamshell
doors open, an internal winch facilitates loading of heavy freight. Floor has tiedown rings throughout. The aircraft carries a rescue hoist capable to
150 kg. The Mi-17 is capable of single-engine flight in the event of loss of power by one engine (depending on aircraft mission weight) because of an
engine load sharing system. If one engine fails, the other engine’s output is automatically increased to allow continued flight. See also Mi-8.
Russian Transport Helicopter Mi-26/HALO________________________________
9-15
Worldwide Equipment Guide
SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: At least 5 countries
Description:
Crew: 5 (2x pilots, 1x navigator, 1x flight
engineer, 1x loadmaster)
Blades:
Main rotor: 8
Tail rotor: 5
Engines: 2x 11,400-shp Lotarev D-136
turboshaft
Weight (kg):
Maximum Gross: 56,000
Normal Takeoff: 49,500
Empty: 28,240
Speed (km/h):
Maximum (level): 295
Cruise: 255
Ceiling (m):
Service: 4,500
Hover (out of ground effect): 1,800
Hover (in ground effect): 4,500
Vertical Climb Rate: INA
Fuel (liters):
Internal: 11,900
Range (km):
Maximum Load: 800
Normal Load: INA
With Aux Fuel: 1200 km
Dimensions (m):
Length (rotors turning): 40
Length (fuselage): 33.5
Width: 8.2
Height: 8.1
Main Rotor Diameter: 32
Tail Rotor Diameter: 7.6
Cargo Compartment Dimensions (m):
Floor Length: 12
Width: 3.3
Height: variable from 2.9 to 3.2
Standard Payload:
Internal or external load: 20,000 kg
Transports over 80 troops, 60 litters, or 2x
BRDM-2 scout cars, or 2x BMDs, or 1x BMP
or, 1x BTR-60/70/80 or, 1x MT-LB.
Survivability/Countermeasures:
Main and tail rotor blades electrically deiced.
Infrared signature suppressors on engines.
Infrared jammers and decoys; flares.
Self-sealing fuel tanks.
ARMAMENT
None
AVIONICS/SENSOR/OPTICS
Night/Weather Capabilities:
The avionics and navigational package, a
Doppler weather radar, and a fully functioning autopilot allow for day/night allweather operation.
VARIANTS
Mi-26MS: Medical evacuation version.
Mi0-26T: Freight transport.
Mi-26TZ: Fuel tanker with an additional
14,040 liters of fuel in 4x internal tanks and
1,040 liters of lubricants, pumped through
4x 60-meter long refueling nozzles for refueling aircraft, and 10x 20-meter long hoses
for refueling ground vehicles. Fuel transfer
rate is 300 liters/minute for aviation fuel,
and 75-150 liters/minute for diesel fuel. The
refueling system can easily be removed to
allow the aircraft to perform transport missions.
NOTES
The HALO A has no armament. The load and lift capabilities of the aircraft are comparable to the U.S. C-130 Hercules transport aircraft. The length
of the landing gear struts can be hydraulically adjusted to facilitate loading through the rear doors. The tailskid is retractable to allow unrestricted
approach to the rear clamshell doors and loading ramp. The cargo compartment has two electric winches (each with 2,500 kg capacity) on overhead
rails can move loads along the length of the cabin. The cabin floor has rollers and tie-down rings throughout. The HALO has a closed-circuit television system to observe positioning over a sling load, and load operations. The Mi-26 is capable of single-engine flight in the event of loss of power by
one engine (depending on aircraft mission weight) because of an engine load sharing system. If one engine fails, the other engine’s output is automatically increased to allow continued flight.
9-16
Worldwide Equipment Guide
Glossary
AA - antiaircraft
acquisition range - sensor range against a category of targets. Targets are usually categorized as
infantry, armored vehicles, or aircraft. Acquisition includes four types (or levels of clarity, in
ascending order of clarity): detection, classification, recognition, and identification. Where the
type of acquisition is not specified, the acquisition range will be regarded as sufficient for
accurate targeting. This range is comparable to the former Soviet term sighting range.
AAM - air-to-air missile
AGL - automatic grenade launcher
AIFV- airborne infantry fighting vehicle
aka - also known as
antitank - functional area and class of weapons characterized by destruction of tanks. In the
modern context, used in this guide, the role has expanded to the larger one of "antiarmor".
Systems and munitions employed against light armored vehicles may be included within the
category of antitank.
AP - antipersonnel
APE - armor-piercing explosive (ammunition)
APC - armored personnel carrier
APC-T - armor-piercing capped tracer (ammunition)
AP HE - armor-piercing high explosive (ammunition)
API-T - armor-piercing incendiary tracer (ammunition)
APERS-T - antipersonnel tracer (ammunition)
APT - armor-piercing tracer (ammunition)
APU - auxiliary power unit; auxiliary propulsion unit
ASM - air-to-surface missile
AT - antitank
ATGL - antitank grenade launcher
ATGM - antitank guided missile
average cross-country (speed) - vehicle speed (km/hr) on unimproved terrain without a road.
burst (rate of fire) - artillery term: the greatest number of rounds that can be fired in 1 minute.
caliber - munition diameter (mm or inches), used to classify munition sizes; barrel length of a
cannon (howitzer or gun), measured from the face of the breech recess to the muzzle.
canister - close-range direct-fire ammunition which dispenses a fan of flechettes forward
CC - cargo-carrying (ammunition)
CCM - counter-countermeasure
CE - chemical energy: the class of ammunition which employs a shaped charge for the lethal
mechanism. Ammunition types which employ CE include HEAT and HESH (see below).
CM - countermeasure
coax - coaxial
CRV - combat reconnaissance vehicle
cyclic (rate of fire) - maximum rate of fire for an automatic weapon (in rd/min)
G-1
Worldwide Equipment Guide
decon - decontamination
direct-fire range - maximum range of a weapon, operated in the direct-fire mode, at which the
bullet's trajectory will not rise above the height of the intended point of impact on the target.
At this range, the gunner is not required to adjust for range in order to aim the weapon. The
comparable Russian term is point blank range.
DPICM - dual-purpose improved conventional munitions (ammunition)
DPICM-BB - dual-purpose improved conventional munitions, base-bleed (ammunition)
DU - depleted uranium (ammunition)
DVO - direct-view optics
ECM - electronic countermeasures
EO - electro-optic, electro-optical
ERA - explosive reactive armor
ERFB - extended range full-bore (ammunition)
ERFB-BB - extended range full-bore, base-bleed (ammunition)
est - estimate
ET - electronic timing (ammunition fuze type)
European - from a consortium of firms located or headquartered in several European countries
FAE - fuel-air explosive (ammunition). This munition technology is employed in aerial bombs
and artillery munitions, and uses a dispersing explosive fill to produce intense heat, a longduration high-pressure wave, and increased HE blast area
FCS - fire control system
FFAR - folding-fin aerial rockets
flechette - former-Soviet artillery ammunition which dispenses flechettes forward over a wide
area. Unlike canister rounds, these rounds use a time fuze, which permits close-in direct fire,
long-range direct fire, and indirect fire.
FLIR - forward-looking infrared (thermal sensor)
FLOT - forward line of own troops
FOV - field of view
frag-HE - fragmentation-high explosive (ammunition)
FSU - former Soviet Union
gen - generation. Equipment such as APS and (thermal and II) night sights are often categorized
in terms of 1st, 2nd or 3rd generation of development, with different capabilities for each.
GP MG - general purpose machinegun
GPS - global positioning system
HE - high explosive (ammunition)
HEAT - high-explosive antitank (also referred to as shaped-charge ammunition)
HEAT-FS - high-explosive antitank, fin-stabilized (ammunition)
HEAT-MP - high-explosive antitank, multi-purpose
HEFI - high-explosive fragmentation incendiary (ammunition)
HEI - high-explosive incendiary (ammunition)
HEP-T - high explosive plastic-tracer (ammunition)
G-2
Worldwide Equipment Guide
HESH - high-explosive squash head (ammunition)
HUD - head-up display
HVAP-T - hypervelocity, armor-piercing tracer (ammunition)
I-T - incendiary - tracer (ammunition)
IFF - identification friend-or-foe
IFV - infantry fighting vehicle
II - image intensification (night sighting system)
ILS - instrument landing system
INA - information not available
IR - infrared
K-kill - catastrophic kill (simulation lethality data)
KE - kinetic energy: class of ammunition which transfers energy to the target for the lethal
mechanism. Ammunition types which employ KE include AP, APFSDS-T, and HVAP-T.
LAFV - light armored fighting vehicle
LLLTV - low-light-level television
LMG - light machinegun
LRF - laser rangefinder
max - maximum
maximum aimed range - maximum range of a weapon (based on firing system, mount, and
sights) for a given round of ammunition, while aiming at a ground target or target set with
sights in the direct-fire mode. The range is not based on single-shot hit probability on a point
target, rather on tactical guidance for firing multiple rounds if necessary to achieve a desired
lethality effect. One writer referred to this as range with the direct laying sight. Even greater
ranges were cited for salvo fire, wherein multiple weapons (e.g., tank platoon) will fire a salvo
against a point target.
max effective range - maximum range at which a weapon may be expected to achieve a high
single-shot probability of hit (50%) and a required level of destruction against assigned
targets. This figure may vary for each specific munition and by type of target (such as
infantry, armored vehicles, or aircraft).
max off-road (speed) - vehicle speed (km/hr) on dirt roads.
MCLOS - manual command-to-line-of-sight
MG - machinegun
Mk - Mark
MRL - multiple rocket launcher
N/A - not applicable
NBC - nuclear, biological, and chemical
Nd - neodymium, type of laser rangefinder
NFI - no further information
normal (rate of fire) - artillery term: rate (in rd/min) for fires over a 5-minute period.
NVG - night-vision goggle
NVS - night-vision system
G-3
Worldwide Equipment Guide
PD - point-detonating (ammunition fuze type)
Ph - probability of hit (simulation lethality data)
PIBD - point-initiating base-detonating (ammunition fuze type)
pintel - post attached to a firing point or vehicle, used to replace the base for a weapon mount
Pk - probability of kill (simulation lethality data)
practical (rate of fire) - maximum rate of fire for sustained aimed weapon fire against point
targets. The rate includes reload time and reduced rate to avoid damage from overuse.
Former Soviet writings also refer to this as the technical rate of fire.
recon - reconnaissance
Rd - round
ready rounds - rounds available for use on a weapon, whether in autoloader or in nearby
stowage, which can be loaded within the weapon's stated rate of fire.
RF - radio frequency
RHA - rolled homogeneous armor, often used as a standard armor hardness for measuring
penetration of anti-tank munitions.
RHAe - RHA equivalent, a standard used for measuring penetrations against various type armors
SACLOS - semiautomatic command-to-line-of-sight
SAM - surface-to-air missile
SP - self-propelled
stadiametric - in this guide, a method of range-finding using stadia line intervals in sights and
target size within those lines to estimate target range.
stowed rounds - rounds available for use on a weapon, but stowed and requiring a delay greater
than that for ready rounds (and cannot be loaded within the weapon's stated rate of fire).
sustained (rate of fire) - artillery term: rate (in rd/min) for fires over the duration of an hour.
tactical AA range - maximum targeting range against aerial targets, aka: slant range.
TAR - target acquisition radar
TELAR - transporter-erector-launcher and radar
thermobaric - HEI volumetric (blast effect) explosive technology similar to fuel-air explosive and
used in shoulder-fired infantry weapons and ATGMs.
TLAR - transporter-launcher and radar
TOF - time of flight (seconds)
TTP - tactics, techniques, and procedures
TTR - target tracking radar
UI - unidentified
VEESS - vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
vs - versus
w/ - with (followed by associated item)
WP - white phosphorus (ammunition)
G-4
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