3395 Apa Style6

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Dalhousie University Libraries

APA Style (6th) Quick Guide

This guide provides examples for selected research sources based on the style recommended in the Publication Manual of

the American Psychological Association (APA) (6th ed., 2010). In-text citations indicate the exact location for sources of

information used in the text of the paper; the reference list describes the works from which the citations are taken.

NOTE: APA requires double-spacing between ALL text lines, including references. In an

attempt to save space, this document has been formatted in single spacing.

Formatting your paper

APA style requires that you use parenthetical citations to document quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and other material

from a source used in your paper corresponding to the full bibliographic entries found in a list of references included at the

end of your paper. To cite a source in the text of the paper, indicate in parentheses the last name of the author(s), or if there

is no author, the first few words of the document title (in quotation marks), followed by the year of publication, and the

page number. The following paragraphs show sample in-text citations. Please note that the footnotes in the example below

are only used to provide explanations about the citations.

In his classic study, Gardner (2004) summarizes the scepticism of current researchers and observers about whether the

messages presented in the Fourth Assessment Report were really about the end of the World as we know it. His conclusion is that

“anthropogenic global warming is occurring” (p. 22)

and human activities are to blame. But four renowned researchers (Tannenbaum,

Leung, Sudha, & White, 2005)

who re-analysed published data have rejected the likelihood of human influence on recent climate and

concluded that:

The current climate change is natural. The close of the millennium was marked by a deep suspicion of the natural world and an

increasing reliance upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused hysteria with their doom-laden

forecasts of the end of humanity (p. 184).

This has prompted some key influential organisations to hold non-committal positions on this issue. But in a recent publication

Cooper et al. (2009) positively identified the "human fingerprints" associated with climate changes stating that “temperatures have risen

compared to pre-1800 levels, and humans significantly influence the global temperature” (p. 19). This is echoed by Al Gore in his recent

presentation at Dalhousie University when he concluded that “we're in for a planetary emergency unless we change the way we live

now” (personal communication, May 3, 2010).

References

Cooper, M., Engelbart, D., Furuta, R., Hiltz, S. R., Noll, J., Preece, J., … Van de Walle, B. (2009). Human finger-prints: a knowledge

evolution. Journal of Global Warming, 18(4), 11-35. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706147104

Gardener, S. (2004). Anthropogenic global warming: How the world is changing. New York: Morrow.

Tannenbaum, R. V., Leung, K., Sudha, J. R., & White, M. A. (2005). A re-examination of the notion of global warming. Journal of the

Environment, 20, 168-196.

APA recommends including page numbers for quotations, not necessarily for paraphrases or summaries (N.B. ask your instructor when to

include page numbers). If there are no page numbers, then include paragraph numbers, e.g., (Jones, 2007, para. 4).

When a source that has 3 to 5 authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. If that source is cited again, include

the first author's surname and "et al.", e.g., (Tannenbaum et al., 2005). When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname

and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first time), e.g., (Cooper at al., 2009).

Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks.

Personal communications, including an interview, email, or lecture is not included in the list of references.

Start the reference list on a new page, after the body of the paper.

In-text citations and references

NOTE: See page 6 for author variations, e.g., how to cite a reference by more than one

author, by a corporate author, or when no author is listed.

1. JOURNAL ARTICLES

In-text citations:

(Ashe & McCutcheon, 2001, p. 101)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic with DOI:

Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research, 29(4), 535-555.

doi:10.1006/_ssre.2000.0680

Electronic without

DOI:1

Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities.

Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9). Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu

/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htm

Posted on an open-

access or personal

website:

Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving.

Retrieved from http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its/mobile_phone_text.htm

Print:

Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin,

66(3), 178-200.

Notes:

1Give the URL of the journal home page.

2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

With Author:

No Author:

(Gleick, 2000, p. 156)

(“Bahrain streets,” 2011, para. 3)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic from a

database: 1

Altman, L. K. (2001, January 18). Mysterious illnesses often turn out to be mass hysteria. New

York Times. Retrieved from the Factiva database.

Electronic from the

website:

Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from

http://www.latimes.com

Print:

Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-

Urbana News-Gazette, pp. 1, 8.

Review:

Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of the book The last samurai,

by H. DeWitt]. Time, 156, p. 171.

Editorial: 2

Sovereignty in the human presence. [Editorial]. (2010, February 21). The Globe and Mail, p. A9.

Article with no

author: 3

Bahrain streets calm but tense. (2011, February 21) The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved from

http://thechronicleherald.ca/World/1229146.html

Notes:

1Give as full a date as possible. Use the full names of months, e.g., (2000, March 14).

2Editorials must be acknowledged in your references.

3Articles without authors are referenced by their titles.

3. INTERNET MATERIALS

In-text citations1:

(National Park Service, 2003, para. 1)

REFERENCE LIST

Personal homepage:

Duncan, D. (1998, August 1). Homepage. Retrieved July 30, 2007 from http://www.geocities

.com/SoHo/Coffeehouse/1652/

Posting to an online

discussion group or

listserv:

Marcy, B. (1999, April 3). Think they'll find any evidence of Mallory & Irvine [electronic

mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://everest.mountainzone.com/99/forum

Social media,

including blog posts,

etc.: 2

MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning

your mind [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula

/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

Website of an

organization or

government:

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas.

Retrieved from http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm

Midwest League. (n.d.). Pitching, individual records. Retrieved from http://www

.midwestleague.com/indivpitching.html

An online video:

Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

A PowerPoint

presentation:

Geist, M. (2010). The truth about ACTA [Presentation slides]. Retrieved from http://www

.slideshare.net/mgeist/the-truth-about-acta

Notes:

1For in-text citations, a page or paragraph number should be included if available on the web site.

2Only use screen names or pseudonyms when the author’s real name is not known.

4. REPORTS

In-text citations

(Datamonitor, 2010)

REFERENCE LIST

Industry report from

a database:

Datamonitor. (2010, March 12). Global Banks: Industry profile. Retrieved from Datamonitor 360

database.

Company report

from a database:

Global Data. (2010, October 25). Nortel Networks Corporation (NRTLQ) - Financial and

Strategic Analysis Review. Retrieved from Investext database.

From a company

Website

Microsoft Corp. (2006). Annual report. Retrieved from http://www.microsoft.com/msft/reports

/ar06/

5. BOOKS

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Standard:

With no date:

A translation:

(Avgerou, 2003, p. 42)

(Smith, n.d.)

(Freud, 1940/1970)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic with DOI:

Avgerou, C. (2003). Information systems and global diversity. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso

/9780199263424.001.0001

Electronic without

DOI:

Glosser, S. L. (2003). Chinese visions of family and state, 1915-1953. Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.04248.0001.001

Print:

Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic

Books.

Print, with an editor: 1

Updike, J. (Ed.). (1999). The best American short stories of the century. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin.

Print, when citing a

chapter:

Rubenstein, J. P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B. F. Kane (Ed.),

Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York: American

Psychological Society.

Print, a translation:

Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psycho-analysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton.

(Original work published 1940).

No publication date: 2

Smith, J. (n.d.). Morality in masquerade. London: Churchill.

Notes:

1Use (Eds.) instead of (Ed.) when there is more than one editor.

2Use (n.d.) in place of a year when your work has no known date of publication.

6. DISSERTATIONS AND THESES

In-text citations:

(Makani, 1998)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic from a

database:

Mancall, J. C. (1979). Resources used by high school students in preparing independent study

projects: A bibliometric approach (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest

Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. AAT 7905069)

Print obtained from a

university: 1

Carlson, W. R. (1977). Dialectic and rhetoric in Pierre Bayle. (Unpublished doctoral

dissertation). Yale University, USA.

Print abstract from

DAI:

Delgado, V. (1997). An interview study of Native American philosophical foundations in

education. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social

Sciences, 58(9), 3395.

Notes:

1Dissertations and theses which haven’t been indexed in a database are “unpublished.”

7. ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

In-text citations:

(MacKintosh, 2010, p. 856)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic with DOI: 1

Levi, D. M. (2010.) Amblyopia. In D. A. Dartt, et al. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of the eye (2010

ed., pp. 63-66). doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374203-2.00243-8

Electronic without

DOI: 1

Tolan, J. (2011.) Petrus Alfonsi. In P. Bearman, et al. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam (New

ed.). Retrieved from http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=7560

Print: 2

MacKintosh, N. J. (2010). Animal learning. In D.H. Hoiberg (Ed.), Encyclopaedia Britannica

(15th ed., Vol. 22, pp. 854-869). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Notes:

1Provide volume and page information when provided.

2Find the editor’s name in the first volume of the series. If the author of the entry is identified only by initials,

then look for a list of author names in the encyclopaedia index. If neither a name nor initials appear in the

entry, then cite the entry according to its title (

8. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

In-text citations:

(Miller, 2000, p. 65)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic with DOI: 1

Heerikhuisen, J., Pogorelov, N., & Zank, G. (2010). IBEX ribbon from outer heliosheath pick-

up Ions. AIP Conference Proceedings, USA, 1302(1), 98-103. doi:10.1063/1.3529997

Electronic without

DOI:

Miller, S. (2000). Introduction to manufacturing simulation. Proceedings of the 2000 Winter

Simulation Conference, USA, 33, 63-66. Retrieved from http://www.informs-

sim.org/wsc00papers/011.PDF

Print:

Etoroma, E.E. (1997). Black community building in Hamilton: Problems and aspects. In J.

Cohnstaedt & Y. Frenette (Eds.), Canadian cultures and globalization: Selected

proceedings of the 23rd annual conference of the Association for Canadian Studies.

Montreal: Association for Canadian Studies.

Notes:

1Annual conference proceedings should list location and volume information when available.

Proceedings published in book format are cited like a book chapter.

9. FILM AND TELEVISION

In-text citations:

(Wallace & Curitz, 1942)

REFERENCE LIST

Film:

Wallace, H. B. (Producer), & Curtiz, M. (Director). (1942). Casablanca [Motion Picture].

United States: Warner Bros.

Television broadcast:

Sorkin, A. (Writer), & Buckland, M. (Director). (1999). A proportional response [Television

series episode]. In A. Sorkin (Producer), The west wing. Los Angeles: Warner Bros.

Television.

10. PATENTS

In-text

citations:1

(U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338, 1981)

REFERENCE LIST

Electronic:

Lemelson, J.H. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338. Retrieved from http:// http://patft.uspto.

gov/

Print:

Lemelson, J.H. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark

Office.

Notes:

1Patents are cited according to their numbers as opposed to their inventors.

11. AUTHOR VARIATIONS

In-Text

Citations

First citation with 2 authors:

(Smith & Jones, 2003)

Subsequent citations with 2 authors:

(Smith & Jones, 2003)

First citation with 3 to 5 authors:

(Harper, McKay & Kenney, 2006)

Subsequent citations with 3 to 5 authors:

(Harper et al., 2006)

First citation with 6 or more authors:

(Ignatieff et al., 2009)

Subsequent citations with 6 or more authors:

(Ignatieff et al., 2009)

Organization as author:

(U.S. Census Bureau, 2000)

No author (books, brochures, and reports): 1

(Experimental Psychology, 1938)

No author (chapters, articles, or web pages): 2

(“Study Finds”, 2007)

An anonymous author:

(Anonymous, 1933)

A text cited by another source:

(Bandura, 1982, as cited in Feist, 1998)

Reference

List

2 to 7 authors:

Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Ganis, G. (2010). The case for mental

imagery. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179088.001.0001

8 or more authors:

Bieber, M., Engelbart, D., Furuta, R., Hiltz, S. R., Noll, J., Preece, J., . . . Van de

Walle, B. (2002). Toward virtual community knowledge evolution. Journal

of Management Information Systems, 18(4), 11-35.

Organization as

author:

U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington,

DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

No author (books,

brochures, and

reports):

Experimental Psychology. (1938). New York: Holt.

No author (chapters,

articles, or web

pages):

Senate passes bill to stop shark finning in U.S. (2011, January). Sea Technology,

52(1), 51.

An anonymous

author:

Anonymous. (1933). The Spanish republic; a survey of two years of progress.

London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.

Notes

1Use the name of the book, brochure, or report in your in-text citation when it has no identifiable author or editor.

2Use the first few words of the title for chapters, articles, or web pages that have no identifiable author or editor.

3395 Apa Style6

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