Con Struct Manual

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Package ‘conStruct’
September 12, 2018
Version 1.0.0
Title Models Spatially Continuous and Discrete Population Genetic
Structure
Description A method for modeling genetic data as a combination of discrete
layers, within each of which relatedness may decay continuously with geographic
distance. This package contains code for running analyses (which are implemented
in the modeling language 'rstan') and visualizing and interpreting output. See the
paper for more details on the model and its utility.
License GPL-3
Encoding UTF-8
LazyData true
ByteCompile true
Depends R (>= 3.4.0), Rcpp (>= 0.12.18), methods
Imports rstan (>= 2.17.3), rstantools (>= 1.5.0), caroline, gtools,
foreach, parallel, doParallel
LinkingTo StanHeaders (>= 2.17.2), rstan (>= 2.17.3), BH (>=
1.66.0-1), Rcpp (>= 0.12.18), RcppEigen (>= 0.3.3.4.0)
SystemRequirements GNU make
NeedsCompilation yes
RoxygenNote 6.1.0
Suggests knitr, rmarkdown, maps
VignetteBuilder knitr
Author Gideon Bradburd [aut, cre]
Maintainer Gideon Bradburd 
RemoteType local
RemoteUrl /Users/bburd/Dropbox/conStruct
RemoteSha NA
RemoteBranch master
RemoteUsername gbradburd
RemoteRepo conStruct
1

2

calculate.layer.contribution

R topics documented:
conStruct-package . . . . .
calculate.layer.contribution
compare.two.runs . . . . .
conStruct . . . . . . . . .
conStruct.data . . . . . . .
data.block . . . . . . . . .
make.admix.pie.plot . . . .
make.all.the.plots . . . . .
make.structure.plot . . . .
match.layers.x.runs . . . .
structure2conStruct . . . .
x.validation . . . . . . . .

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Index

conStruct-package

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14

The ’conStruct’ package.

Description
A method for modeling genetic data as a combination of discrete layers, within each of which
relatedness may decay continuously with geographic distance. This package contains code for
running analyses (which are implemented in the modeling language ’rstan’) and visualizing and
interpreting output. See the associated paper (doi: 10.1534/genetics.118.301333) for more details
on the model and its utility.
References
G.S. Bradburd, G.M. Coop, and P.L. Ralph (2018). Inferring continuous and discrete population
genetic structure across space. Genetics. doi: 10.1534/genetics.118.301333
Stan Development Team (2018). RStan: the R interface to Stan. R package version 2.17.3.
http://mc-stan.org

calculate.layer.contribution
Calculate layer contribution

Description
calculate.layer.contribution
Usage
calculate.layer.contribution(conStruct.results, data.block,
layer.order = NULL)

compare.two.runs

3

Arguments
conStruct.results
The list output by a conStruct run for a given MCMC chain.
data.block

A data.block list saved during a conStruct run.

layer.order

An optional vector giving the order in which the layers of conStruct.results
are read.

Details
This function takes the results of a conStruct analysis and calculates the relative contributions of
each layer to total covariance.
This function calculates the contribution of each layer to total covariance by multiplying the withinlayer covariance in a given layer by the admixture proportions samples draw from that layer. The
relative contribution of that layer is this absolute contribution divided by the sum of those of all other
layers. A layer can have a large contribution if many samples draw large amounts of admixture from
it, or if it has a very large within-layer covariance parameter (phi), or some combination of the two.
Layer contribution can be useful for evaluating an appropriate level of model complexity for the
data (e.g., choosing a value of K or comparing the spatial and nonspatial models).
Value
This function returns a vector giving the relative contributions of the layers in the analysis.

compare.two.runs

Compare two conStruct runs

Description
compare.two.runs makes figures comparing the output from two conStruct analyses.
Usage
compare.two.runs(conStruct.results1, data.block1, conStruct.results2,
data.block2, prefix, layer.colors = NULL)
Arguments
conStruct.results1
The list output by a conStruct run.
data.block1
A data.block list saved during a conStruct run.
conStruct.results2
The list output by a second conStruct run.
data.block2

A data.block list saved during a second conStruct run.

prefix

A character vector to be prepended to all figures.

layer.colors

A vector of colors to be used in plotting results for different layers. Users
must specify one color per layer. If NULL, plots will use a pre-specified vector of
colors.

4

conStruct

Details
This function takes the outputs from two conStruct analyses and generates a number of plots for
comparing results and diagnosing MCMC performance.
This function produces a variety of plots that can be useful for comparing results from two conStruct
analyses. The runs must have the same number of independent MCMC chains, but may have different values of K. The spatial and nonspatial models can be compared. If the runs were executed
with different values of K, the run with the smaller value of K should be specified in the first set of
arguments (conStruct.results1 and data.block1).
The plots made are by no means an exhaustive, and users are encouraged to make further plots, or
customize these plots as they see fit. For each plot, one file is generated for each MCMC chain in
each analysis (specified with the n.chains argument in the function conStruct. For clarity, the
layers in the second are matched to those in the first using the function match.clusters.x.runs
The plots generated (as .pdf files) are:
• Structure plot - STRUCTURE-style plot, where each sample is represented as a stacked bar
plot, and the length of the bar plot segments of each color represent that sample’s admixture
proportion in that layer. Described further in the help page for make.structure.plot.
• Admixture pie plot - A map of samples in which each sample’s location is denoted with a pie
chart, and the proportion of a pie chart of each color represents that sample’s admixture in
each layer. Described further in the help page for make.admix.pie.plot
• model.fit.CIs - A plot of the sample allelic covariance shown with the 95% credible interval
of the parametric covariance for each entry in the matrix.
• layer.covariances - A plot of the layer-specific covariances overlain unto the sample allelic
covariance.
• Trace plots - Plots of parameter values over the MCMC.
–
–
–
–
–

lpd - A plot of the log posterior probability over the MCMC.
nuggets - A plot of estimates of the nugget parameters over the MCMC.
gamma - A plot of estimates of the gamma parameter over the MCMC.
layer.cov.params - Plots of estimates of the layer-specific parameters over the MCMC.
admix.props - A plot of estimates of the admixture proportions over the MCMC.

Value
This function has only invisible return values.

conStruct

Run a conStruct analysis.

Description
conStruct runs a conStruct analysis of genetic data.
Usage
conStruct(spatial = TRUE, K, freqs, geoDist = NULL, coords,
prefix = "", n.chains = 1, n.iter = 1000, make.figs = TRUE,
save.files = TRUE)

conStruct

5

Arguments
spatial

A logical indicating whether to perform a spatial analysis. Default is TRUE.

K

An integer that indicates the number of layers to be included in the analysis.

freqs

A matrix of allele frequencies with one column per locus and one row per
sample. Missing data should be indicated with NA.

geoDist

A full matrix of geographic distance between samples. If NULL, user can only
run the nonspatial model.

coords

A matrix giving the longitude and latitude (or X and Y coordinates) of the
samples.

prefix

A character vector giving the prefix to be attached to all output files.

n.chains

An integer indicating the number of MCMC chains to be run in the analysis.
Default is 1.

n.iter

An integer giving the number of iterations each MCMC chain is run. Default
is 1e3. If the number of iterations is greater than 500, the MCMC is thinned so
that the number of retained iterations is 500 (before burn-in).

make.figs

A logical value indicating whether to automatically make figures once the
analysis is complete. Default is TRUE.

save.files

A logical value indicating whether to automatically save output and intermediate files once the analysis is complete. Default is TRUE.

Details
This function initiates an analysis that uses geographic and genetic relationships between samples
to estimate sample membership (admixture proportions) across a user-specified number of layers.
This function acts as a wrapper around a STAN model block determined by the user-specified model
(e.g., a spatial model with 3 layers, or a nonspatial model with 5 layers). User-specified data are
checked for appropriate format and consistent dimensions, then formatted into a data.block, which
is then passed to the STAN model block. Along with the conStruct.results output described
above, several objects are saved during the course of a conStruct call (if save.files=TRUE).
These are the data.block, which contains all data passed to the STAN model block, model.fit,
which is unprocessed results of the STAN run in stanfit format, and the conStruct.results,
which are saved in the course of the function call in addition to being returned. If make.figs=TRUE,
running conStruct will also generate many output figures, which are detailed in the function
make.all.the.plots in this package.
Value
This function returns a list with one entry for each chain run (specified with n.chains). The entry
for each chain is named "chain_X" for the Xth chain. The components of the entries for each are
detailed below:
• posterior gives parameter estimates over the posterior distribution of the MCMC.
– n.iter number of MCMC iterations retained for analysis (half of the n.iter argument
specified in the function call).
– lpd vector of log posterior density over the retained MCMC iterations.
– nuggets matrix of estimated nugget parameters with one row per MCMC iteration and
one column per sample.
– par.cov array of estimated parametric covariance matrices, for which the first dimension
is the number of MCMC iterations.

6

conStruct.data
– gamma vector of estimated gamma parameter.
– layer.params list summarizing estimates of layer-specific parameters. There is one entry for each layer specified, and the entry for the kth layer is named "Layer_k".
* alpha0 vector of estimated alpha0 parameter in the kth layer.
* alphaD vector of estimated alphaD parameter in the kth layer.
* alpha2 vector of estimated alpha2 parameter in the kth layer.
* mu vector of estimated mu parameter in the kth layer.
* layer.cov vector of estimated layer-specific covariance parameter in the kth layer.
– admix.proportions array of estimated admixture proportions. The first dimension is
the number of MCMC iterations, the second is the number of samples, and the third is
the number of layers.
• MAP gives point estimates of the parameters listed in the posterior list described above.
Values are indexed at the MCMC iteration with the greatest posterior probability.
– index.iter the iteration of the MCMC with the highest posterior probability, which is
used to index all parameters included in the MAP list
– lpd the greatest value of the posterior probability
– nuggets point estimate of nugget parameters
– par.cov point estimate of parametric covariance
– gamma point estimate of gamma parameter
– layer.params point estimates of all layer-specific parameters
– admix.proportions point estimates of admixture proportions.

conStruct.data

Example dataset used in a conStruct analysis

Description
A simulated dataset containing the allele frequency and sampling coordinate data necessary to run
a conStruct analysis.
Usage
conStruct.data
Format
A list with two elements:
allele.frequencies a matrix with one row for each of the 36 samples and one column for each of
10,000 loci, giving the frequency of the counted allele at each locus in each sample
coords a matrix with one row for each of the 36 samples, in the same order as that of the allele
frequency matrix, and two columns, the first giving the x-coordinate (or longitude), the second
giving the y-coordinate (or latitude)

data.block

data.block

7

Example data.block generated by a conStruct analysis

Description
An example data.block object generated in a conStruct analysis from the raw data supplied by
the user. This object is automatically saved and is used in several subsequent plotting functions.
Usage
data.block
Format
A list with 7 elements:
N the number of samples included in the analysis
K the number of clusters/layers included in the model
spatial a boolean indicating whether the spatial model has been specified
L the number of loci included in the analysis
coords a matrix with one row for each of the N samples, in the same order as that of the obsCov
matrix, and two columns, the first giving the x-coordinate (or longitude), the second giving
the y-coordinate (or latitude)
obsCov the sample allelic covariance matrix, in the same order as that of the coords matrix, with
N rows and columns
geoDist a matrix of pairwise geographic distance between , samples in the same order as that of
the obsCov, with N rows and columns
sd.geoDist the standard deviation of the raw geographic distance matrix, used for normalizing
geoDist within the stan model
varMeanFreqs the variance of the mean allele frequencies, averaged over choice of counted allele
(passed to the model as a prior on the global covariance parameter)

make.admix.pie.plot

Make admixture pie plot

Description
make.structure.plot makes a map of pie plots showing admixture proportions across layers.
Usage
make.admix.pie.plot(admix.proportions, coords, layer.colors = NULL,
radii = 2.7, add = FALSE, x.lim = NULL, y.lim = NULL,
mar = c(2, 2, 2, 2))

8

make.all.the.plots

Arguments
admix.proportions
A matrix of admixture proportions, with one row per sample and one column
per layer.
coords

matrix of sample coordinates, with one row per sample and two columns giving
(respectively) the X and Y plotting coordinates.

layer.colors

A vector of colors to be used in plotting results for different layers. Users must
specify one color per layer. If NULL, the plot will use a pre-specified vector of
colors.

radii

A vector of numeric values giving the radii to be used in plotting admixture pie
plots. If the number of values specified is smaller than the number of samples,
radii values will be recycled across samples. The default is 2.7.

add

A logical value indicating whether to add the pie plots to an existing plot.
Default is FALSE.

x.lim

A vector giving the x limits of the plot. The default value is NULL, which
indicates that the range of values given in the first column of coords should be
used.

y.lim

A vector giving the y limits of the plot. The default value is NULL, which
indicates that the range of values given in the second column of coords should
be used.

mar

A vector giving the number of lines of margin specified for the four sides
of the plotting window (passed to par). Default value, which is only used if
add=FALSE, is c(2,2,2,2).

Details
This function takes the output from a conStruct analysis and makes a map of pie plots showing
admixture proportions across layers, where each sample is represented as a pie chart, and the proportion of the pie of each color represent that sample’s admixture proportion in that layer.
Value
This function has only invisible return values.

make.all.the.plots

Make output plots

Description
make.all.the.plots makes figures from the output from a conStruct analysis.
Usage
make.all.the.plots(conStruct.results, data.block, prefix,
layer.colors = NULL)

make.structure.plot

9

Arguments
conStruct.results
The list output by a conStruct run.
data.block

A data.block list saved during a conStruct run.

prefix

A character vector to be prepended to all figures.

layer.colors

A vector of colors to be used in plotting results for different layers. Users
must specify one color per layer. If NULL, plots will use a pre-specified vector of
colors.

Details
This function takes the output from a conStruct analysis and generates a number of plots for visualizing results and diagnosing MCMC performance.
This function produces a variety of plots that can be useful for visualizing results or diagnosing
MCMC performance. The plots made are by no means an exhaustive, and users are encouraged to
make further plots, or customize these plots as they see fit. For each plot, one file is generated for
each MCMC chain (specified with the n.chains argument in the function conStruct. The plots
generated (as .pdf files) are:
• Structure plot - STRUCTURE-style plot, where each sample is represented as a stacked bar
plot, and the length of the bar plot segments of each color represent that sample’s admixture
proportion in that layer. Described further in the help page for make.structure.plot.
• Admixture pie plot - A map of samples in which each sample’s location is denoted with a pie
chart, and the proportion of a pie chart of each color represents that sample’s admixture in
each layer. Described further in the help page for make.admix.pie.plot
• model.fit.CIs - A plot of the sample allelic covariance shown with the 95% credible interval
of the parametric covariance for each entry in the matrix.
• layer.covariances - A plot of the layer-specific covariances overlain unto the sample allelic
covariance.
• Trace plots - Plots of parameter values over the MCMC.
–
–
–
–
–

lpd - A plot of the log posterior probability over the MCMC.
nuggets - A plot of estimates of the nugget parameters over the MCMC.
gamma - A plot of estimates of the gamma parameter over the MCMC.
layer.cov.params - Plots of estimates of the layer-specific parameters over the MCMC.
admix.props - A plot of estimates of the admixture proportions over the MCMC.

Value
This function has only invisible return values.

make.structure.plot

Make STRUCTURE output plot

Description
make.structure.plot makes a STRUCTURE-style plot from the output from a conStruct analysis.

10

match.layers.x.runs

Usage
make.structure.plot(admix.proportions, mar = c(2, 4, 2, 2),
sample.order = NULL, layer.order = NULL, sample.names = NULL,
sort.by = NULL, layer.colors = NULL)
Arguments
admix.proportions
A matrix of admixture proportions, with one row per sample and one column
per layer.
mar

A vector of plotting margins passed to par. Default is c(2,4,2,2), which
tends to look good.

sample.order

A vector giving the order in which sample admixture proportions are to be
plotted, left to right. If NULL, samples are plotted in the order they occur in
admix.proportions.

layer.order

A vector giving the order in which layers are plotted, bottom to top. If NULL,
layers are plotted in the order they occur in admix.proportions.

sample.names

Vector of names to be plotted under each sample’s admixture proportion bar plot.
The index of a sample’s name should be the same as the index of the sample’s
row in admix.proportions. If NULL, no names are printed.

sort.by

An integer giving the column index of the admix.proportions matrix to be
used in determining sample plotting order. If specified, samples are plotted from
left to right in increasing order of their membership in that layer. If NULL, samples are plotted in the order they occur in admix.proportions.

layer.colors

A vector of colors to be used in plotting results for different layers. Users must
specify one color per layer. If NULL, the plot will use a pre-specified vector of
colors.

Details
This function takes the output from a conStruct analysis and makes a STRUCTURE-style plot,
where each sample is represented as a stacked bar plot, and the length of the bar plot segments of
each color represent that sample’s admixture proportion in that layer.
Value
This function has only invisible return values.

match.layers.x.runs

Match layers up across independent conStruct runs

Description
match.layers.x.runs
Usage
match.layers.x.runs(admix.mat1, admix.mat2, admix.mat1.order = NULL)

structure2conStruct

11

Arguments
admix.mat1

A matrix of estimated admixture proportions from the original conStruct analysis, with one row per sample and one column per layer.

admix.mat2

A matrix of estimated admixture proportions from a second conStruct analysis, with one row per sample and one column per layer, for which the layer order
is desired. Must have equal or greater number of layers to admix.mat1.

admix.mat1.order
An optional vector giving the order in which the layers of admix.mat1 are
read.
Details
This function takes the results of two independent conStruct analyses and compares them to identify which layers in a new analysis correspond most closely to the layers from an original analysis.
This function compares admixture proportions in layers across independent conStruct runs, and
compares between them to identify the layers in admix.mat2 that correspond most closely to those
in admix.mat1. It then returns a vector giving an ordering of admix.mat2 that matches up the order
of the layers that correspond to each other. This can be useful for:
1. Dealing with "label switching" across independent runs with the same number of layers;
2. Plotting results from independent runs with different numbers of layers using consistent colors
(e.g., the "blue" layer shows up as blue even as K increases);
3. Examining results for multimodality (i.e., multiple distinct solutions with qualitatively different patterns of membership across layers).
The admix.mat1.order argument can be useful when running this function to sync up plotting
colors/order across the output of more than two conStruct runs.
Value
This function returns a vector giving the ordering of the layers in admix.mat2 that maximizes
similarity between admix.mat1 and re-ordered admix.mat2.

structure2conStruct

Convert a dataset from STRUCTURE to conStruct format

Description
structure2conStruct converts a STRUCTURE dataset to conStruct format
Usage
structure2conStruct(infile, start.loci, missing.datum, outfile)

12

x.validation

Arguments
infile

The name and path of the file in STRUCTURE format to be converted to conStruct
format.

start.loci

The index of the first column in the dataset that contains genotype data.

missing.datum

The character or value used to denote missing data in the STRUCTURE dataset
(often -9).

outfile

The name and path of the file containing the conStruct formatted dataset to be
generated by this function.

Details
This function takes a population genetics dataset in STRUCTURE format and converts it to conStruct format. The STRUCTURE file must have one row per individual and two columns per locus,
and can only contain bi-allelic SNPs.
This function takes a STRUCTURE format data file and converts it to a conStruct format data
file. The STRUCTURE dataset should be in the ONEROWPERIND file format, with one row
per individual and two columns per locus (this function therefore can only be applied to diploid
organisms). The first column of the STRUCTURE dataset should be individual names. There may
be any number of other columns that contain non-genotype information before the first column that
contains genotype data, but there can be no extraneous columns at the end of the dataset, after the
genotype data. The genotype data should be bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Value
This function returns an allele frequency data matrix that can be used as the freqs argument in a
conStruct analysis run using conStruct. It also saves this object as an .RData file so that it can be
used in future analyses.

x.validation

Run a conStruct cross-validation analysis

Description
x.validation runs a conStruct cross-validation analysis
Usage
x.validation(train.prop = 0.9, n.reps, K, freqs = NULL,
data.partitions = NULL, geoDist, coords, prefix, n.iter,
make.figs = FALSE, save.files = FALSE, parallel = FALSE,
n.nodes = NULL)
Arguments
train.prop

A numeric value between 0 and 1 that gives the proportions of the data to be
used in the training partition of the analysis. Default is 0.9.

n.reps

An integer giving the number of cross- validation replicates to be run.

K

A numeric vector giving the numbers of layers to be tested in each crossvalidation replicate. E.g., K=1:7.

x.validation
freqs

13
A matrix of allele frequencies with one column per locus and one row per
sample. Missing data should be indicated with NA.

data.partitions
A list with one element for each desired cross-validation replicate. This argument can be specified instead of the freqs argument if the user wants to provide
their own data partitions for model training and testing. See the model comparison vignette for details on what this should look like.
geoDist

A matrix of geographic distance between samples. If NULL, user can only run
the nonspatial model.

coords

A matrix giving the longitude and latitude (or X and Y coordinates) of the
samples.

prefix

A character vector giving the prefix to be attached to all output files.

n.iter

An integer giving the number of iterations each MCMC chain is run. Default
is 1e3. If the number of iterations is greater than 500, the MCMC is thinned so
that the number of retained iterations is 500 (before burn-in).

make.figs

A logical value indicating whether to automatically make figures during the
course of the cross-validation analysis. Default is FALSE.

save.files

A logical value indicating whether to automatically save output and intermediate files once the analysis is complete. Default is FALSE.

parallel

A logical value indicating whether or not to run the different cross-validation
replicates in parallel. Default is FALSE. For more details on how to set up runs
in parallel, see the model comparison vignette.

n.nodes

Number of nodes to run parallel analyses on. Default is NULL. Ignored if parallel
is FALSE. For more details in how to set up runs in parallel, see the model comparison vignette.

Details
This function initiates a cross-validation analysis that uses Monte Carlo cross-validation to determine the statistical support for models with different numbers of layers or with and without a spatial
component.
Value
This function returns (and also saves as a .Robj) a list containing the standardized results of the
cross-validation analysis across replicates. For each replicate, the function returns a list with the
following elements:
• sp - the mean of the standardized log likelihoods of the "testing" data partition of that replicate
for the spatial model for each value of K specified in K.
• nsp - the mean of the standardized log likelihoods of the "testing" data partitions of that
replicate for the nonspatial model for each value of K specified in K.
In addition, this function saves two text files containing the standardized cross-validation results
for the spatial and nonspatial results (prefix_sp_xval_results.txt and prefix_nsp_xval_results.txt,
respectively). These values are written as matrices for user convenience; each column is a crossvalidation replicate, and each row gives the result for a value of K.

Index
∗Topic datasets
conStruct.data, 6
data.block, 7
calculate.layer.contribution, 2
compare.two.runs, 3
conStruct, 4, 12
conStruct-package, 2
conStruct.data, 6
data.block, 7
make.admix.pie.plot, 7
make.all.the.plots, 8
make.structure.plot, 9
match.layers.x.runs, 10
structure2conStruct, 11
x.validation, 12

14



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