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CAMEO.Manual.1.1b3

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CAMEO
Conflict and Mediation Event Observations
Event and Actor Codebook
Event Data Project
Department of Political Science
Pennsylvania State University
Pond Laboratory
University Park, PA 16802
http://eventdata.psu.edu/
Philip A. Schrodt (Project Director):
< schrodt@psu.edu >
(+1)814.863.8978

Version: 1.1b3
March 2012

Contents
1 Introduction
1.0.1 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0.2 Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 VERB CODEBOOK
2.1 MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 APPEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE . . . . . . . . .
2.4 CONSULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION . . . . .
2.6 ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION . . . . . .
2.7 PROVIDE AID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 YIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 INVESTIGATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10 DEMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11 DISAPPROVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.12 REJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.13 THREATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.14 PROTEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.15 EXHIBIT MILITARY POSTURE . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.16 REDUCE RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.17 COERCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.18 ASSAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.19 FIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.20 ENGAGE IN UNCONVENTIONAL MASS VIOLENCE

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3 ACTOR CODEBOOK
3.1 HIERARCHICAL RULES OF CODING . . . .
3.1.1 Domestic or International? . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Domestic Region . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 Primary Role Code . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 Party or Speciality (Primary Role Code)
3.1.5 Ethnicity and Religion . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.6 Secondary Role Code (and/or Tertiary)
3.1.7 Specialty (Secondary Role Code) . . . .
3.1.8 Organization Code . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.9 International Codes . . . . . . . . . . .

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CONTENTS
3.2

OTHER RULES AND FORMATS . . .
3.2.1 Date Restrictions . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Actors and Agents . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 Automatically-coded Celebrities
3.2.5 Coding Conventions . . . . . . .

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4 CAMEO Religious Coding Scheme
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 Self-Identification . . . . . . .
4.1.2 Individualism . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3 Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 First trio of letters . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Second trio of letters . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 Denominations . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Generic terms . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 Generic, or Denominational?
4.3.4 Region . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5 Nothing . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Third trio of characters . . . . . . .
4.5 Religion-specific coding issues . . . .
4.5.1 Christianity . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2 Hinduism . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.4 Shintoism . . . . . . . . . . .

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5 CAMEO Ethnic Coding Scheme
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Identification of Ethnic Groups
5.3 CAMEOECS Components . . .
5.3.1 Ethnic Group Names . .
5.3.2 Ethnic Group Codes . .
5.3.3 Selected Countries . . .

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6 CAMEO EVENT CODES

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7 KEDS Project Actor Codes

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8 CAMEO Religious Classification System

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9 ISO-3166 Codes

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10 Regional Dictionaries
10.0.4 Ethnicity and Religion
10.0.5 The Middle East . . .
10.0.6 Turkey . . . . . . . . .
10.0.7 West Africa . . . . . .
10.0.8 The Balkans . . . . .

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CONTENTS

iii

11 SUPPLEMENTS
187
11.1 Actor Coding Cheatsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11.2 Ten (or Eleven) Commandments on Verb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

List of Tables
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Generic Domestic Role Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
International/Transnational Generic Codes . . . . . .
International Region Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
International/Transnational Actors with Special Codes

4.1
4.2

Religious Codes: First Three Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Religious Codes: Second Three Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

5.1

CAMEO Ethnic Group Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

7.1

List of Keds Project Actor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

8.1

Directory of all Religious Codes (v.1.0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

9.1

United Nations Country Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

Main Ethnic Group Codes in Keds Regional Dictionaries
Main Religious Group Codes (from HURIDOCS) . . . . .
Special Actor Codes for the Middle East . . . . . . . . . .
Ambiguous Actors and Idiosyncratic Codes for Turkey . .
Special Actor Codes for Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigerian States/Regions with Special Codes . . . . . . . .
Liberian Counties/Regions with Special Codes . . . . . .
West African Actors with Special Codes . . . . . . . . . .
Special Actor Codes for the Balkans . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Acknowledgments
The CAMEO event coding ontology has been developed over a period of more than a decade and
has benefitted from substantial contributions by a number of people. At the risk of missing some
people, the major contributors have been:
Initial development of verb and actor ontology (2000-2003): Deborah J. Gerner, Ömür Yilmaz,
Philip A. Schrodt
Refinements of actor ontology (2004-2007): Dennis Hermrick, Baris Kesgin, Peter Picucci, Joseph
Pull, Almas Sayeed, Sarah Stacey
Organized Religion (2009-2011): Matthias Heilke
Ethnic Groups (2011): Jay Yonamine, Benjamin Bagozzi
Funding for CAMEO has been provided by the National Science Foundation (SES-0096086, SES0455158, SES-0527564, SES-1004414)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Latest update: March 16, 2012

Preface: About This Manual

In the early days of the web, one would frequently encounter pages highlighted with the phrase
“Under Construction” along with some icon, at varying levels of cleverness, invoking roadwork, .
These have become less frequent since as the norms of the Web evolved, and the community came
to collectively recognize that almost every web site is always “Under construction.”
As is this manual. The CAMEO system has been a work-in-progress since it began in 2000,
and this manual has been an effort to track and codify those efforts, but is now, and always has
been, a working document that has been primarily intended to be used internally at the event data
projects first at Kansas, and then at Penn State. Nonetheless, it has information that other people
have found useful, and given that one of the first things that seems to get lost in coding projects is
the manual, making an imperfect manual available seemed to be the better course of action than
waiting to write the perfect manual.
Over the years, we have tried to make it more systematic, and in fact parts have gone through
extensive re-writes. But other parts—notably a number of the region-specific codes—weren’t really
finished (or, to an extent, have been superseded) but still contained information we weren’t ready
to throw out. The original event coding scheme, and the newer religious and ethnic classification
schemes are quite systematic; the actor scheme is very uneven, and we are still working on a separate
section on agents.
It is what is it.

Chapter 1

Introduction
For several decades, two coding frameworks dominated event data research: Charles McClelland’s
WEIS [8, 9] and the Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB) developed by Edward Azar [3, 1, 2].
Both were created during the Cold War and assumed a “Westphalian-Clausewitzian” political world
in which sovereign states reacted to each other primarily through official diplomacy and military
threats. While innovative when first created, these coding systems are not optimal for dealing with
contemporary issues such as ethnic conflict, low-intensity violence, organized criminal activity,
and multilateral intervention. McClelland [10, pg. 177] viewed WEIS as only a “first phase”; he
certainly did not anticipate that it would continue to be used, with only minor modifications, for
four decades.
CAMEO was originally intended merely to support an NSF-funded project on the study of interstate conflict mediation. It was also originally intended to be finished in six months of part-time
work. It has, instead, developed as a “next generation” coding scheme designed both to correct
some of the long-recognized problems in WEIS and COPDAB, but more importantly, designed
both for automated coding and for the detailed coding of sub-state actors. The system was used
extensively in the DARPA-funded Integrated Conflict Early Warning System (ICEWS) project [11]
and proved surprisingly robust in that environment. Additional detail on the development of the
system can be found in
• http://eventdata.psu.edu/papers.dir/ISA08.pdf
• http://eventdata.psu.edu/papers.dir/Gerner.APSA.02.pdf
A published version is at [15], and a detailed history of the KEDS project can be found in [13] or
http://eventdata.psu.edu/utilities.dir/KEDS.History.0611.pdf.

1.0.1

Events

Event categories present in WEIS and COPDAB have both conceptual and practical shortcomings.
For instance, WEIS has only a single subcategory for “Military engagement” that must encompass
everything from a shot fired at a border patrol to the strategic bombing of cities. COPDAB contains
just 16 event categories, spanning a conflict-cooperation continuum that many researchers consider
inappropriate. Although there have been efforts to create alternative coding systems—most notably
Lengs Behavioral Correlates of War (BCOW) [7]—WEIS and COPDAB remain the predominant
frameworks in the published literature.
The lock-in of these early coding systems is readily explained by the time consuming nature of
human event coding from paper and microfilm sources. Because human coders typically produce
1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

between five and ten events per hour, and a large data set contains tens of thousands of events,
experimental recoding is simply not feasible. Established protocols for training and maintaining
consistency among coders further constrained efforts to improve WEIS and COPDAB once these
were institutionalized. As a consequence, endeavors such as Tomlinson’s modification of WEIS
[16] and the Global Event Data System (GEDS) project extensions of COPDAB [6] produced only
marginal changes.
In contrast to human coding, automated coding allows researchers to experiment with alternative coding rules that reflect a particular theoretical perspective or interest in a specific set of
issues. The effort involved in implementing a new or modified coding system, once it has been
developed, is relatively small because most of the work can be done within the dictionary of verb
phrases. In most cases verb phrases can be unambiguously assigned to appropriate new categories,
while obscure phrases are either removed or modified. This elimination of questionable phrases itself represents an improvement in the coding system. Even a long series of texts spanning multiple
decades can then be recoded in a few minutes. This allows researchers to focus on maximizing
the validity of the coding scheme for their particular research program since the automated coding
process itself guarantees the reliability of the system. Consequently in the mid-1990s, the Protocol
for the Analysis of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA) [4] was developed in an initial experiment
with the combination of automated coding and a new ontology focused on sub-state actors, followed
by the development of the Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA) [5] system, designed as a
super-set of several existing ontologies along with innovations such as the use of tertiary (4-digit)
event categories and codes for non-human events such as natural disasters.
In the early stages of the KEDS research, we felt it was important to work with an existing
framework so that we could directly compare human-coded and machine-coded data [14]. For a
variety of reasons, we selected WEIS, which despite some obvious drawbacks was good enough
for our initial analyses. However, we eventually decided to abandon WEIS. Several considerations
motivated this choice. First and foremost was our long-standing concern regarding numerous
ambiguities, overlaps, and gaps within the WEIS framework. In addition, the distribution of events
in WEIS is quite irregular and several of the 2-digit cue categories generate almost no events;
we hoped we could improve on this. Third, we wanted to eliminate distinctions among actions
that, while analytically discrete, could not be consistently and reliably differentiated using existing
news source materials. Finally, as indicated above, the Cold War perspective that permeates WEIS
makes it an inappropriate tool for studying contemporary international interactions. Consequently,
we developed CAMEO, which is specifically designed to code events relevant to the mediation of
violent conflict but can also be used for studying other types of international interactions.
Problems encountered with WEIS are exacerbated due to the lack of a fully specified standard
codebook. We based our development of coding dictionaries on the version of the WEIS codebook
available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) [9] .
The section of the codebook dealing with event categories is quite short—about five pages—and
provides only limited guidance. Since McClelland never intended that WEIS would become a de
facto coding standard, the ICPSR WEIS codebook was meant to be primarily a proof-of-concept.
We initially intended CAMEO to be an extension of WEIS. Consequently, the first phase of
the development of CAMEO involved adding cue and subcategories that we found theoretically
necessary for the study of mediation and conflict, while keeping most of the WEIS framework
intact. The next phase involved looking for examples of each category and writing definitions for
the codebook. This process led to the realization that some of the distinctions we wanted to make
for theoretical reasons were simply not possible given the nature of the news leads.
For instance, Promise (WEIS 07) is almost indistinguishable from Agree (WEIS 08) unless the
word “promise” is used in the sentence. Therefore, we eventually ended up merging the two into

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

a single cue category—Agree (CAMEO 06)—that includes codes representing all forms of future
positive commitment. Similarly, because verbs such as call for, ask for, propose, appeal, petition,
suggest, offer, and urge are used interchangeably in news leads to refer to closely related activities,
we combined Request and Propose into a single cue category—Request/Propose (CAMEO 05).
We made similar decisions with respect to other WEIS categories such as Grant and Reward,
and Warn and Threaten. We also rearranged the WEIS subcategories, both to reflect these changes
and to create more coherent cue categories. As a result, Nonmilitary demonstration (WEIS 181) is
now part of cue category Protest (CAMEO 14) as Demonstrate (CAMEO 141) while Armed force
mobilization, exercise and/or displays (WEIS 182) is modified and falls under the new cue category
Exhibit Military Power (CAMEO 15).
While developing CAMEO, we paid significant attention to creating a conceptually coherent
and complete coding scheme. Having the cue category of Approve (CAMEO 03), therefore, necessitated the addition of Disapprove (CAMEO 11), which incorporated Accuse (WEIS 12) and our
new addition Protest officially (CAMEO 113). Maintaining the cue category of Reduce Relations
from WEIS, albeit in a modified fashion, directed us to create a parallel category that captures
improvements in relations: Cooperate (CAMEO 04). In other words, we tried to insure that conceptual opposites of each cue and subcategory exist within the coding scheme, although they might
not be represented by exact antonyms. We also revised or eliminated all actor-specific event codes:
that is, codes that were dependent on who was engaged in the event, not just what was being done.
In addition, we made CAMEO consistent with respect to the numerical order of its main cue
categories. Unlike WEIS and IDEA, we start with the most neutral events and move gradually
from cooperation to conflict categories. While the initial coding category in WEIS and IDEA is
Yield, CAMEO starts with Comment and locates Yield between Provide Aid (CAMEO 07) and
Investigate (CAMEO 09). Technically, all three of these systems use nominal categories so that
the placement of each category is irrelevant; in reality, however, the categories are often treated
as ordinal or even interval variables. Therefore, CAMEO categories have an ordinal increase in
cooperation as one goes from category 01 to 09, and an ordinal increase in conflict as one goes from
10 to 20.
Finally, we developed a formal codebook for CAMEO with descriptions and extensive examples
for each category. Following the model of the IDEA codebook, the CAMEO codebook exists in
both printed and web-based formats. We have also followed the lead of IDEA in introducing
4-digit tertiary subcategories that focus on very specific types of behavior, differentiating, for
instance, between agreement to, or rejection of, cease-fire, peacekeeping, and conflict settlement.
We anticipate that the tertiary categories will be used only rarely, not be used but they are available
if a researcher wants to examine some very specific behaviors that might be useful in defining
patterns. The tertiary categories also clarify further the types of event forms included in the
secondary and primary categories, leading to more precise and inclusive coding.
Despite CAMEO originally being intended specifically to code events dealing with international
mediation, it has worked well as a general coding scheme for studying political conflict. This is
probably due to the fact that while CAMEO was originally going to involve a minor, six-month revision of WEIS for a single NSF grant, we ended up spending almost three years on the project, with
several complete reviews of the dictionaries, and hence effectively created a more comprehensive
ontology.
Somewhat to our surprise, the .verbs dictionaries—which involved about 15,000 phrases—also
needed relatively little work to produce useable data for ICEWS. This was surprising in the sense
that those dictionaries had been developed for an entirely different part of the world than was coded
for ICEWS, but was consistent with our earlier experiments in extending the data sets, which have
always used a shared .verbs dictionary despite using specialized .actors dictionaries. We did one

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

experiment where we looked at a sample of sentences where Tabari had not identified a verb
phrase, and this produced a few new candidate phrases, but only a few.
In the long run, it might be possible to re-define the entire CAMEO coding ontology using
the standardized WordNet synsets, rather than using the current categories that were developed
inductively. This would again help align the event coding with the larger NLP community, and
probably simplify its use in languages other than English.

1.0.2

Actors

One of the major changes in the post-Cold War environment has been the emergence of substate actors as major forces in both domestic and international politics. Many have argued that
the proliferation of sub-state, non-state, multi-state, and trans-state actors has blurred almost
completely the traditional separation of “international” and “comparative” politics. At times these
groups exercise coercive force equal to or greater than that of states, whether from within, as in the
case of “failed states”, or across borders, as with Israel’s attempts to control Hizbollah in Lebanon
and Hamas in Gaza, or the near irrelevance of borders in many of the conflicts in central and
western Africa. Irrespective of the effectiveness of their coercive power, these non-state actors may
also be a source of identity that is more important than that of an individual’s state-affiliation—
the ability of al-Qaeda to attract adherents from across the Islamic world is a good example—or
provide examples of strategies that are imitated across borders, as has been seen in the numerous
non-violent popular revolutions in Eastern Europe or the more recent “Arab Spring.”
Because they were state-centered, WEIS and COPDAB paid relatively little attention to nonstate actors. A small number of long-lived opposition groups that were active in the 1960s such
as the Irish Republican Army, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the National Liberation
Front of Vietnam (Viet Cong) were given state-like codes, as were major international organizations
such as the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross/Red Crescent. From
the perspective of coding, these actors were treated as honorary states. Beyond this small number
of special cases, sub- and non-state actors were ignored.
A major breakthrough in the systematic coding of sub-state actors came with the PANDA
project [4], which introduced the concept of sub-state “agents”—e.g.media, politicians, labor unions—
as part of their standard actor coding. PANDA’s primary focus was on contentious politics within
states, and consequently needed to distinguish, for example, between police and demonstrators, or
between government and opposition political parties.
Unlike PANDA, which coded the entire world, the KEDS project focused specifically on regions
that have experienced protracted conflicts. As a consequence, rather than using the PANDA/IDEA
of introducing new agent fields, we initially maintained the WEIS/COPDAB convention of using
a single “source” and “target” field. However, because the areas we were coding involved quite
a few sub-state actors, we eventually developed a series of standard codes that were initially a
composite of the WEIS nation-state codes concatenated with PANDA agent codes. Under this
system, for example, ISRMIL would be “Israel military”, “LIBOPP” would be Liberian opposition
parties, “SIEGOV” would be Sierra Leone government and so forth. After realizing that the simple
actor-agent model did not accommodate all of the actors we wished to code, we extended this to a
more general hierarchical system that was adopted, with modifications, by ICEWS.
Three principles underlie the CAMEO actor coding system. First, codes are composed of one
or more three-character elements: In the present system a code can consist of one, two or three of
these elements (and therefore three, six, or nine character codes), although this may be extended
later. These code elements are classified into a number of broad categories, such as state actors,
sub-state actor roles, regions, and ethnic groups.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Second, the codes are interpreted hierarchically: The allowable code in the second element
depends on the content of the first element, and the third element depends on the second. This
is in contrast to a rectangular coding system, where the second and third elements would always
have the same content. The most familiar analogy to a hierarchical coding system is the Library
of Congress cataloguing system, where the elements of the catalog number vary—systematically—
depending on the nature of the item being catalogued, and consequently may contain very different
information despite being part of a single system. The event coding system used in BCOW [7] is
another example of a hierarchical scheme in the event data literature.
Third, we are basing our work on standardized codes whenever these are available. This
is most obvious in our use of the United Nations nation-state codes (ISO-3166-1 ALPHA 3)
(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm). This contrasts to the Russett-SingerSmall codes [12] used in WEIS, which are specific to the North American quantitative international
relations community. We have generally adopted the IDEA agent codes for sub-state actors. We
originally used the HURIDOCS (http://www.huridocs.org/) classifications for world religions, but
subsequently expanded this to the much more comprehensive and systematic list found in the
CAMEO “Religious Classification System.” Similarly, we were unable to locate any systematic list
of ethnic minority groups, and instead assembled our own from various sources.
Unfortunately, standard codes are generally not available. For example, most IGOs are known
by acronyms of varying lengths, so we need to decide how to truncate these to three characters.
We spent considerable time trying to determine whether the U.S. government had a standard list
of militarized non-state actors; as best we can tell, this does not exist (or at least not in a form we
can access), and the situation for ethnic groups is similar.

Chapter 2

VERB CODEBOOK
This chapter gives the extended version of the codebook with annotated examples of each code. A
condensed version can be found in Chapter 6.

2.1

MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

010
Make statement, not specificed below
All public statements expressed verbally or in action not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among 011
to 017 cannot be made. Note that statements are typically subordinate
events; events such as comments are coded as mere statements only when
they do not further imply appeals, agreements, support, apologies, demands,
disapprovals, rejections, threats, etc.
U.S. military chief General Colin Powell said on Wednesday NATO would
need to remain strong.
011
Decline comment
Explicitly decline or refuse to comment on a situation.
This event form is a verbal act. The target could be who the source actor
declines to make a comment to or about.
NATO on Monday declined to comment on an estimate that Yugoslav army
and special police troops in Kosovo were losing 90 to 100 dead per day in
NATO air strikes.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

012
Make pessimistic comment
Express pessimism, negative outlook.
This event form is a verbal act. Only statements with explicit pessimistic
components should be coded as 012; otherwise, default to 010.
Former West Germany Chancellor Willy Brandt said in a radio interview
broadcast today he was skeptical over Moscow’s will to agree on limiting
European-based nuclear weapons.
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak said Friday he was very pessimistic about
the chances of resuming peace talks with Syria, Israel radio reported.
013
Make optimistic comment
Express optimism, assurance, confidence.
This event form is a verbal act. Only statements with explicit optimistic
components should be coded as 013; otherwise, default to 010.
Turkish President Turgut Ozal said on Wednesday he was confident that the
United States would remove irritants damaging relations between the two
NATO allies.
The European Community said on Thursday it hoped the lifting of martial
law in Beijing would lead to an improvement in human rights.
014
Consider policy option
Review, reflect upon, or study policy option.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. There is
no limitation on types of policies that could be under consideration.
Europe’s leading security forum is exploring the possibility of international
patrols to monitor the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia’s border with
Serbia, its envoy said on Friday.
Malaysia is considering giving money to 20,000 Vietnamese boat people in
the country to entice them to return home, foreign minister said on Tuesday.
015
Acknowledge or claim responsibility
Non-apologetically claim responsibility, admit an error or wrongdoing, or
retract a statement without expression of remorse.
This event form is a verbal act. Remorseful acknowledgements should be
coded as ‘Apologize’ (055) instead.
A Damascus-based Palestinian guerrilla group claimed responsibility on Saturday for attacks on Israeli troops from Jordan in the past two days.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

016
Reject accusation, deny responsibility
Discard or deny accusations or charges.
This event form is a verbal act. The target for this event type is the party
that introduces some accusation or charge against the source actor who
denies responsibility.
The government of Liberia denied on Thursday charges by Ivory Coast that
Monrovia is committing genocide.
South Korea on Friday rejected as “totally baseless” accusations by Amnesty
International that it had carried out mass arrests of political prisoners, but
church human rights groups here supported the accusations.
017
Engage in symbolic act
Engage in symbolic activities such as holding vigils, attending funerals, and
laying wreath.
Use this event form for all symbolic acts, including those that imply empathy.
Use 018 to code only empathetic comments (i.e. not actions).
018
Make empathetic comment
Express empathy, condolences, sympathy, understanding.
This event form refers exclusively to verbal acts or comments. Empathetic
and other symbolic actions should be coded as 017 instead.
Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali on Saturday expressed condolences to the United States for the death of three American diplomats.
019
Express accord
Express common understanding, agreement, or accord.
This event form refers exclusively to verbal acts or comments. Use this code
when actors indicate that they simply agree or concur on an issue but do not
imply commitment or intent to cooperate on that issue. These are typically
reciprocal events (see example below) and require coding of more than one
019 event with actors reversed.
President Reagan and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak agreed today
there was an urgent need for progress towards a Middle East settlement and
that a freeze on Israeli settlements in occupied territories was also needed.
Two reciprocal events (both 019) are coded with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

2.2

APPEAL

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

020
Make an appeal or request, not specified below
All requests, proposals, suggestions and appeals not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among 021
through 028 cannot be made. Events coded under this category refer to
pleas made either on the source actor’s own behalf or on behalf of another
party (i.e. the source asks that the target does something either for self or
for a third party). Note that this and all the subcategories are distinct from
demands, which are more forceful, and from pledges, which imply commitments, agreements, or promises on the part of the source actor.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

021
Appeal for material cooperation
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest material cooperation.
This event form is typically, though not exclusively, a verbal act. It refers
to appeals for material cooperation specifically; appeals for diplomatic cooperation, such as for the provision of support on a particular policy, are
coded as 022 instead. (Note that the actual events of material cooperation
are coded under category 06.)
Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi on Monday urged Uganda to to repatriate “all Kenyan criminals hiding there” to face trial, accusing them of killing
Kenyan policemen in cross-border raids recently.
Outspoken Serbian ultra-nationalist leader Vojislav Seselj called on Arab
countries to join forces against a possible US-led attack on Iraq, Tanjug
news agency reported Wednesday.

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

0211
Appeal for economic cooperation
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding economic
ties.
Use this code for requests to develop or expand trade and other forms of economic exchange. Appeals for provision of economic aid-not mutual exchangeare coded as 0231 instead. Actual events of economic cooperation are coded
as 061.
Indian business leaders Friday called for greater impetus towards free trade
despite mounting tensions between India and Pakistan.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

0212
Appeal for military cooperation
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding military ties.
Use this code for requests to develop or expand military relations by engaging
in acts such as joint military maneuvers or exercises. Appeals for provision of
military aid-not mutual exchange-are coded as 0232 instead. Actual events
of military cooperation are coded as 062.
South Korea has requested to lease a Russian military training ground, military officers in Seoul said on Thursday.
0213
Appeal for judicial cooperation
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding cooperation
in judicial matters.
Use this code for requests to develop or expand cooperation in such matters
as extraditions. Appeals for information or other investigative tools, even if
to be used in courts of law, are coded as 0214 instead. Note that in case of
extraditions, the target for this event type is not the subject but the country
he would be extradited to. Actual events of judicial cooperation are coded
as 063.
Turkey renewed an appeal to Belgium to extradite a far-left militant wanted
for murder, Justice Minister Cemil Cicek said Thursday, slamming what he
called lax international cooperation against terrorism.
0214
Appeal for intelligence cooperation
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest sharing of intelligence.
Use this code for requests to develop or expand intelligence and information
sharing. Actual events of intelligence cooperation are coded as 064.
Turkey said Monday it had asked Tehran and Damascus to provide urgent
information about arms and ammunition seized last week in southeastern
Turkey aboard six trucks travelling from Iran to Syria.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note

022
Appeal for diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest expansion of diplomatic ties or cooperation.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. It refers to
appeals for expanded diplomatic ties and non-tangible support on particular
policies. Appeals for more specific forms of diplomacy, such as mediation
and negotiation, are coded elsewhere within category 02.
North Korean state media have called on the United States to forge “ties of
confidence” with Pyongyang ahead of six-party nuclear talks expected to be
held in Beijing on July 26.
Charles Taylor called on Liberians to stand by him during these difficult
days, “Soon this bad wind shall pass,” he moaned.
Lebanese President Amin Gemayel has asked President Reagan for full
United States support for Lebanon’s cause, the White House said today.
023
Appeal for material aid, not specified below
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest provision of material assistance not
otherwise specified.
This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
The source could be requesting aid for itself or on behalf of a third party;
in either case, the actor whom the request is directed to should be coded
as the target. Note that only requests for or suggestions of material aid are
coded under this category; events coded under 023 imply neither the receipt
or delivery of material aid nor a commitment on the part of the source actor
to provide such aid. For the latter two cases, refer instead to categories 07
and 033, respectively.
Romania has asked the European Community for immediate delivery of additional aid, EC sources said on Thursday.
0231
Appeal for economic aid
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest economic assistance.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Requests
or suggestions for loans or debt relief are also coded here. Appeals for reciprocal economic exchange, such as trade, should be coded as 0212 instead.
The source could be requesting support for itself or on behalf of another
party.
Russia and China will ask Asian banks to help finance construction of an $8
billion Trans-Siberian natural gas link to China.
Because of the compound source (Russia and China), two events are coded.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

0232
Appeal for military aid.
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest military assistance.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Requests
for or suggestions of joint military actions, rather than unilateral military
aid, should be coded as 0212 instead.
Angola has asked Portugal for military aid, especially instructors for its
Soviet- and Cuban-trained armed forces, a Lisbon newspaper said today.
0233
Appeal for humanitarian aid
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest humanitarian assistance.
Requests for or suggestions of food, medicine, and related personnel, as well
as shelter and protection, are all coded as 0233. Calls by refugees to be let
into the territories of other countries (which should be coded as targets) and
asylum requests all fit here.
Oxfam Canada today called on the world community to help save tens of
thousands of Afghan civilians threatened with starvation.
0234
Appeal for military protection or peacekeeping
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest deployment of peacekeepers or other
military forces to preserve peace, enforce ceasefires, or protect civilians.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The
source actor could be making the appeal for itself or on behalf of another
party; the target should represent the actor who is expected to provide the
forces.
A group of prominent Liberians have written to President George Bush
urging him to send U.S. peacekeeping troops to their capital Monrovia.
024
Appeal for political reform, not specified below
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest political change not otherwise specified.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for political change are coded under 104; expressions that
take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14.
Source actors can be local citizens as well as international actors; they could
be making the appeal on their own behalf or on behalf of others. Note that
when the requested reform clearly constitutes some form of concession or
yielding by the target such as the easing of administrative sanctions, a more
appropriate ‘Appeal’ code might be found under 025.
About 300 representatives from Egyptian civil society organizations submitted the most recent in a series of reform petitions, under the title “In Defense
of the Nation” to the Saudi royal family.
European ministers had called for Burma to institute reforms before joining
the ASEAN.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

0241
Appeal for leadership change
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest change in leadership or power.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for leadership change are coded as 1041; demonstrations,
protests, etc. demanding change in leadership/power are coded under category 14. Note that even though calls for the target to resign or relinquish
power are forms of yielding, they are still coded here. Also code appeals for
elections here.
Members of parliament from Kenya’s Liberal Democratic Party called on
Energy Minister Kiraitu Murungi to resign in the wake of new evidence over
the $7 billion scandals.
The UN Security Council has called on Haiti’s interim government to hold
elections by 7 February.
0242
Appeal for policy change
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest change in any particular policy.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful
“demands” for policy change are coded as 1042; demonstrations, protests,
etc. demanding change in leadership/power are coded under category 14.
Just like the source actor, the policy in question can also be domestic or
international in nature. If it is clear from the lead that by requesting certain
policy changes the source is in fact appealing to the target to yield or concede,
the event might be better coded under 035.
U.S. President George W. Bush said Friday that he will tell Japanese Prime
Minister Junichiro Koizumi that Japan needs to enact significant economic
reforms.
Carl Bildt called for three urgent reforms in Swedish politics—tax reform,
business reform and welfare reform—and stressed the creation of new jobs
as the principal task for the future.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

0243
Appeal for rights
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest provision or expansion of social,
political, or other rights.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for rights are coded as 1043; demonstrations, protests, etc.
demanding certain rights are coded under category 14. If it is clear from
the lead that by requesting certain rights the source is in fact appealing
to the target to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under
025. Appeals for provision of compensation for previously violated rights,
for instance, are coded as 025.
The UN urged the Maoists rebels in Nepal to honor human rights, according
to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR).
The international committee of the Lebanese Living Abroad movement is
contacting a number of Lebanese legislatures to propose a new addendum
incorporating the right to vote abroad into the electoral law adopted for the
upcoming parliamentary elections.
0244
Appeal for change in institutions, regime
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest major institutional, constitutional,
or regime change.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for institutional change are coded as 1044; demonstrations,
protests, etc. demanding such change are coded under category 14. Institutional change is different from policy change in that the former directly
alters the rules of the game. Requests for fundamental changes in the political system (e.g. democratization) as well as for more limited institutional
changes (e.g. changing electoral law) are coded here.
President Emile Lahoud has pushed the Lebanese Parliament for a new election law two days before he is to call parliamentary elections.
Scandal-plagued President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on Monday urged
Congress in the Philippines to change the constitution to shift to a parliamentary form of government to ease the country’s constant political instability.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

025
Appeal to yield, not specified below
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target yields or concedes; not
otherwise specified.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The
source for this event type may or may not be one of the adversaries; a third
party could also be appealing to one or more of the parties in conflict (who
are coded as targets) to yield. When the source itself expresses its intent
to yield—rather than requesting it from another party—the event should
be coded under 035 instead. When yielding actually takes place, use the
appropriate code under category 08.
Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon wants Germany to pay more compensation to the families of 11 Israeli athletes killed at the 1972 Munich Olympic
Games, a statement from his office said Tuesday.
0251
Appeal for easing of administrative sanction
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target relaxes administrative
restrictions.
Use this code when a government is requested to undertake some political
changes that clearly constitute some form of concession or yielding, such as
relaxing or removing bans or other restrictions that are already in place.
Dozens of journalists at Sudan’s most respected daily newspaper appealed
to the Sudanese government on Wednesday to let them resume publishing
and compensate them for lost wages.
Human Rights Watch also called on Yemen, Algeria andMalaysia to immediately lift bans on newspapers closed in recent days for printing the
caricatures.
Because of the compound target, three separate events are coded.
0252
Appeal for easing of political dissent
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target stops political protest
activities.
Use this code for requests for the target to stop engaging in protests, demonstrations, strikes, etc.
Islamic fundamentalist leaders appealed to their Muslim followers for an end
to anti-government agitation, authorities said Monday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example Note

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description

Usage Notes
Example
Example Note

0253
Appeal for release of persons or property
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target releases persons or property.
Use this code for requests for the target to release prisoners, hostages, and
any confiscated property.
The United States called on Israel to move forward with its “courageous and
historic” disengagement plan as fast as possible.
While “disengagement” does not necessarily involve any kind of release of
persons or property, in the case of Israel we can safely assume that any
mention of the “disengagement plan” refers primarily to the withdrawal of
settlements, hence, the return of land to the Palestinians; phrases involving “disengagement” or “settlements” can be entered into verb dictionaries,
particularly the Middle East dictionary, as the appropriate codes pertaining
to the release of property.
0254
Appeal for easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target stops or eases economic
sanctions, boycott, or embargo.
Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Iraq on Saturday appealed to the U.N. to bring an end to their trade embargo, which it said is causing huge shortages of medicine and food.
0255
Appeal to allow international involvement (non-mediation)
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target allows the entry of international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping
forces.
Requests for adversaries to allow mediation are coded as 028 instead.
An international aid agency appealed to the Sudanese government on Friday
to urgently reconsider its ban on relief flights to southern Sudan.
Because the identity of the agency is not provided, the general NGO code
will be used.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example Note
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

0256
Appeal for target to de-escalation of military engagement
Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target stops fighting or takes
measures to ease military conflict or tension.
Use this code for appeals for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
The presidents of Iraq and Egypt called on Tuesday for the withdrawal of
Syrian and other foreign forces from Lebanon to end 14 years of civil war
there.
Because of the compound source (governments of Iraq and Egypt), two
events are coded.
Leaders of the 16-member Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) called on Wednesday for an immediate ceasefire in war-torn
Liberia.
026
Appeal to others to meet or negotiate
Propose or suggest meeting, negotiation, or discussion among other parties.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The
source for this event cannot be the actors whose meeting or negotiation is
called for ; it has to be third parties who appeal to one or more actors—
target actors—to meet and/or negotiate. When parties themselves express
their intent to meet and/or negotiate, use 036 instead. When meetings or
negotiations do take place, use the appropriate code under category 04.
El Salvador on Monday requested an urgent Security Council meeting on
Wednesday to deal with what it called violations by Nicaragua of the Central
American peace accords.
027
Appeal to others to settle dispute
Propose or suggest that others reach a settlement, agreement, or resolution
of conflict.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Note that
the source for this event cannot be the adversaries themselves. When one or
more parties to a conflict call for ending the conflict, that is taken to be an
expression of intent on the part of that source actor to reach a settlement
and is thus coded as 037 instead.
The Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said here Saturday that he urges
Iran and the EU trio (France, Germany, and Britain) to reach an agreement
in their talks on Iran’s nuclear program.
Given the presence of four different targets, four events are coded.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

2.3

028
Appeal to others to engage in or accept mediation
Propose or suggest that target mediates or accepts the mediation of others.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Note that
the source for this event cannot be the potential mediator or parties to the
conflict. When an actor proposes to play the role of mediator himself, this is
assumed to be a commitment on his part and is coded as 039 instead. When
one or more of the adversaries request that another party plays the role of
a mediator, this is understood to be a commitment on their part to accept
mediation and is thus coded as 038. The target can either be a potential
mediator (whose mediation is being requested) or one of the adversaries (who
is requested to allow involvement of mediators).
The International Crisis Group has called on the UN stabilization mission
in Haiti to broker an agreement among Haitians that “establishes common
objectives for the next government.”

EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

030
Express intent to cooperate, not specified below
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
cooperate not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
031 through 039 cannot be made. All cooperative actions reported in future
tense are also taken to imply intentions, if not promises or commitments,
to cooperate and are hence coded under this category. These events can be
reciprocal or unilateral.
Senior Hungarian and Romanian officials agreed on Wednesday that their
countries should cooperate to encourage Romanian refugees in Hungary to
return home.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note

031
Express intent to engage in material cooperation, not specified
below
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
engage in or expand material cooperative exchange not otherwise specified.
This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. This event form refers to commitments or indications of intent by
parties to boost their material exchange; they could be reciprocal or unilateral agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to
cooperate. Pledges to provide unilateral material aid, however, are coded
under category 033. Expressions of intent to engage in or further diplomatic
cooperation, such as negotiations, settling disputes, or provision of policy
support are coded elsewhere under category 03. Note that events coded
here are intents and commitments, and not actual events of cooperation,
which should be coded under 06.
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum has agreed to set
up an energy research center in Tokyo to further develop its regional energy
projections, officials said Thursday.
0311
Express intent to cooperate economically
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
engage in or expand economic ties.
This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand trade and other forms of economic
exchange. Offers, promises, or commitments by one actor to provide economic aid to another should be coded as 0331 instead.
The United States and Jordan have agreed upon a new free-trade pact between the two countries, the White House announced Tuesday.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
0312
Express intent to cooperate militarily
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
engage in or expand military ties.
This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand military relations by engaging in such
acts as joint military maneuvers or exercises. Offers, promises, or commitments by one actor to provide military aid to another should be coded as
0332 instead.
Jordan and Britain have agreed to undertake joint military exercises this
month, a Jordanian official confirmed.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
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Example

Example Note
Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note
Example

Example Note

0313
Express intent to cooperate on judicial matters
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
engage in or expand judicial cooperation.
This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand judicial cooperation by engaging in
such acts as extraditions.
Libya has offered to hand over to an Arab country two of its nationals
suspected by the West of blowing up a Pan Am plane in 1988, a state-owned
Egyptian newspaper said.
0314
Express intent to cooperate on intelligence
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
engage in or expand intelligence sharing.
This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand intelligence cooperation by providing
or exchanging intelligence or information.
Israel and the Palestinians reached a consensus to exchange information on
water resources on the second day of a multilateral conference on water
problems in the Middle East here Thursday, the meeting’s co-chairman said.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
The Turkish-Cypriot and Greek-Cypriot sides of this divided Mediterranean
island have agreed to share information Friday on missing people from both
communities, a UN official said on Monday.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
032
Express intent to engage in diplomatic cooperation (such as policy
support)
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
expand diplomatic ties or cooperation.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The
offered or promised support should be non-material, such as supporting or
backing particular policies and/or goals. Note that agreements or promises
to engage in more specific forms of diplomatic cooperation, such as negotiations and mediation, are coded elsewhere under category 03. The target
should be the recipient of the potential support.
Portugal will support Turkey’s efforts to become a full member of the European Community, Portuguese President Mario Soares said on Tuesday.
Note that the future tense used in the lead indicates future commitment.
Hungary has said it will support a U.N. Security Council resolution that
aims to tighten sanctions and impose a naval blockade against neighboring
Yugoslavia.
Note that the future tense used in the lead indicates future commitment.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
Example
Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

033
Express intent to provide material aid, not specified below
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
provide some form of material support not otherwise specified.
This event category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever
possible. Note that more general commitments to broaden material exchange
or cooperation are coded under 031 instead. Reported deliveries of material
support are coded under category 07. The target should be the prospective
recipient of aid.
NATO-member Norway is willing to send material to help defend Saudi
Arabia if it is attacked, Norway’s foreign minister said.
0331
Express intent to provide economic aid
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
provide economic support.
Code commitments to provide financial support, in form of grants, loans, or
debt relief under this event code. Trade commitments should be coded as
0311 instead.
Finland will give Tanzania a grant of 580 million shillings (64.45 million
dollars) over the next three years to finance several projects in the country,
a statement issued by the ministry of finance said today.
Note that the future tense used in the lead indicates future commitment.
European Community foreign ministers agreed in principle on Saturday to
provide about 70 million dollars of aid for Romania and Poland.
Due to the compound target actor, two events are coded.
0332
Express intent to provide military aid
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
provide military support.
Use this event form to code commitments to provide all forms of military aid.
Promises to engage in bilateral or multilateral military cooperation should
be coded as 0312 instead.
British Defence Secretary Tom King has promised to continue military aid
to war-torn Mozambique.
Syria has again offered its troops to Lebanon’s new President Elias Hrawi
to help him oust General Michel Aoun from the Christian enclave Aoun
controls.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

0333
Express intent to provide humanitarian aid
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
provide humanitarian support.
Use this code for commitments to provide all forms of humanitarian aid, including evacuations from dangerous zones and shelter for refugees. However,
note that expressions of intent to provide military security or peacekeeping
forces are coded as 0334 instead. Actual provisions of humanitarian aid are
coded as 073.
The United Nations will provide nearly 25,000 tons of emergency food aid
to refugees fleeing the civil war in Liberia, the World Food Program (WFP)
said on Monday.
0334
Express intent to provide military protection or peacekeeping
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
deploy peacekeeping or other military forces for security.
Source actor for this event is the party making the commitment to provide
forces, while the target represents the prospective location of deployment.
Actual deployments should be coded as linked events ‘Provide military protection or peacekeeping’ (074) and ‘Receive deployment of peacekeepers’
(0861) with actors reversed. Commitments by adversaries to accept peacekeepers should be coded as 0355.
France is ready to contribute up to 4,000 troops to an international peacekeeping force in Yugoslavia, Defence Minister Pierre Joxe said on Monday.
The Security Council today agreed to a six-month extension of the mandate
for the peacekeeping force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) despite Israel’s wish for a
shorter period.
034
Express intent to institute political reform, not specified below
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
institute political change not otherwise specified.
If the promised reforms clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the source, such as the easing of existing administrative sanctions, a
more appropriate code might be found under 035. If there are specific groups
or individuals asking for that change and that information is codeable given
the structure of the lead, those actors should be coded as targets; otherwise,
the country in general or actors to be affected by the change should be coded
as the target.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note

0341
Express intent to change leadership
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
change leadership or relinquish power.
Commitments to resign or hand over power, as well to hold elections that
might open the way for change in leadership, are coded here. Note that while
commitments for other forms of yielding are coded under 035, commitments
to give up power are coded here.
Ousted President Askar Akayev has agreed to resign without returning to
the Kyrgyzstan, the Parliament speaker said Saturday.
Because no specific group is mentioned, the country alone is coded as the
target.
0342
Express intent to change policy
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment
for policy change.
Use this code for commitments to bring policy change—political, economic,
military, social, or otherwise. If the policy change in question clearly represents a form of yielding, the appropriate code under 035 should be used
instead.
Planning and Investment Minister Tran Xuan Gia said Vietnam is committed to opening up the economy but will not be rushed, in a rare interview
late on Friday.
Vietnam can be coded as the target since the country in general is obviously
going to be affected from such a change in policy.
0343
Express intent to provide rights
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
provide social, political, economic, or other rights and freedoms.
If it is clear from the lead that by promising to provide certain rights the
source is in fact committing to yield, the event might be better coded under
035. Commitments to provide compensation for previously violated rights,
for instance, are coded as 035.
Turkey will allow up to 13,000 Turkish Kurd refugees who have lived in Iraq
for more than a decade to return home as part of a UN-brokered deal.
Allowing the voluntary repatriation of refugees constitutes provision of the
right to go home.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description

Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

0344
Express intent to change institutions, regime
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment
to make fundamental political changes, such as moving from one type of
political system to another and reforming political institutions or key laws.
Note the difference between institutional/regime changes and policy reforms.
Serbian President Vojislav Kostunica promised to democratize Serbia and
establish the rule of law as he succeeded Milosevic.
035
Express intent to yield, not specified below
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
yield not otherwise specified.
This event form refers to general expressions of willingness or commitment to
concede; use the subcategories for more detailed coding. The actual events
of yielding are coded under category 08.
A Soviet official offered concessions last November that U.S. negotiator Paul
Nitze believed could lead to an agreement on reducing nuclear missiles in
Europe, according to a senator who acted as a go-between at the talks.
0351
Express intent to ease administrative sanctions
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
ease administrative sanctions, such as censorship, curfew, state of emergency,
and martial law.
In an interview this weekend, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika said he is prepared to lift ban on Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) but not with its historical
leadership.
0352
Express intent to ease popular dissent
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
reduce or stop political protest activities, such as demonstrations and rallies.
Leaders of the Azadliq (Freedom) opposition coalition agreed to postpone
the demonstration in Baku until 9 November.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description

Usage Notes
Example

Example

Example Note

0353
Express intent to release persons or property
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
release or return persons or property.
Commitments to release or exchange prisoners and hostages, as well as commitments to return previously confiscated properties, are coded here.
The Fijian rebels said they will release Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry
and more than 30 members of his government, whom they had taken hostage
two weeks ago, on the weekend.
The rebel Revolutionary United Front (RUF) announced it will return
weapons and military equipment seized last year from United Nations peacekeepers, according to reports reaching here from the country’s capital Freetown.
Under the disengagement plan, Isreal will evacuate all 21 settlements in the
Gaza Strip in mid-August, said spokesperson for the Israeli prime minister.
0354
Express intent to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
reduce or eliminate economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
The US Congress agreed to lift embargoes on pharmaceutical sales in late
February to Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and with strings attached,
Cuba.
Due to the compound target, five separate events are coded.
0355
Express intent to allow international involvement (non-mediation)
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
allow access to international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Prospective peacekeepers, observers, etc. are coded as targets. Commitments to accept mediation by third parties are coded as 038 instead.
Ethopia has agreed to re-open its borders to UN peackeepers, who are depolyed in the region to oversee a ceasefire between Ethiopia and its neighbor,
Eritrea.
In a letter handed over to the United Nations on Monday, Iraq said it would
allow the return of U.N. weapons inspectors “without conditions” to “remove
any doubts Iraq still possesses weapons of mass destruction.”
With the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Cessation
of Hostilities, the Sudanese government and SPLM/A have agreed to allow
“unimpeded humanitarian access to all areas and for people in need.”
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example Note
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

Example
Example Note

0356
Express intent to de-escalate military engagement
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
stop fighting or take measures to ease military conflict or tension.
Use this code for appeals for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Yugoslavia and Slovenia agreed to a ceasefire after two days of fierce fighting
but media reports said sporadic clashes were still continuing.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
Shefket Musliu said on 21 May in Konculj, in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that his forces will lay down their weapons and disband by the
end of the month because “the time has come. . . to seek changes through
political means,” AP reported.
Syria says it is willing to withdraw its troops from neighboring Lebanon,
after fifteen years of effective military occupation.
036
Express intent to meet or negotiate
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
meet, visit, or engage in talks or negotiations.
This event code refers to future commitments to meet and/or negotiate;
when meetings, negotiations, or other talks do take place, those are coded
under category 04 instead. When mediation is mentioned specifically, appropriate mediation-related codes take precedence over meetings or negotiations.
East German Foreign Minister Oskar Fischer will visit Albania in June, the
first Warsaw Pact foreign minister to do so since Tirana split with Moscow
in 1961, the Albanian embassy said.
Given the wording of this lead, which implies that Albania has already committed to receive the German minister, two reciprocal events of 038 are coded
with actors reversed. This example fits under this category since the future
tense used implies a future commitment to meet.
On September 29, Putin offered to negotiate with Chechen President Aslan
Maskhadov following the invasions of Dagestan.
Unlike the previous example, this lead does not suggest that Maskhadov has
also committed to meeting with Putin, hence only one 036 event is coded
with the Russian government as the source actor.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

037
Express intent to settle dispute
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
reach a comprehensive settlement, agreement, or resolution to conflict.
Note that specific commitments to yield, which might be present steps to
settling disputes, are coded elsewhere under category 03. Both the source
and the target for this event type should be adversaries themselves. When
other parties make appeals to end disputes in which they are not directly
involved, use ‘Appeal to others to settle dispute’ (027) instead.
Denmark today accepted a formula for ending its fisheries dispute with its
European common market partners, government officials said.
038
Express intent to accept mediation
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
accept mediation.
This code represents adversaries’ commitments to receive mediation by third
parties. The latter should be coded as targets, while the source has to be
one or more of the parties in conflict for this event. Note that when reports
involve references to mediation specifically, mediation-related codes such as
this take precedence over others, such as ‘Agree to meet or negotiate,’ ‘Make
a visit,’ ‘Host a visit,’ and ‘Meet at a third location.’ For commitments by
third parties to mediate refer to code 039 instead. For simple suggestions by
actors other than adversaries and potential mediators that mediation occurs,
use ‘Appeal to others to engage in or accept mediation’ (028).
Afghan rebel leaders said on Wednesday they would meet U.N. mediator
Diego Cordovez if he gave them a veto over any settlement reached in peace
talks.
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak has agreed to US mediation in the final
status talks with the Palestinians, a senior Israeli official said.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

Example

Example Note

2.4

039
Express intent to mediate
Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
play the role of a mediator.
This code represents a commitment by third parties to mediate between parties in conflict. The former should be coded as source and the later as targets
for this event. Note that when reports involve references to mediation specifically, mediation-related codes such as this take precedence over others, such
as ‘Agree to meet or negotiate,’ ‘Make a visit,’ ‘Host a visit,’ and ‘Meet at
a third location.’ For commitments of adversaries to accept mediation by
actors other than the adversaries and potential mediators that mediation
occurs, refer to ‘Appeal to others to engage in or accept mediation’ (028).
Gambian President Dawda Jawara will visit Mauritania and Senegal to mediate in a border dispute between the two West African neighbors, diplomatic
sources said on Wednesday.
Given the wording used in this particular lead, which implies that Mauritania and Senegal have already agreed to Gambia’s mediation, two types of
linked events are coded—‘Express intent to mediate’ (039) with the Gambian president as the source, and ‘Express intent to accept mediation’ (038)
with Mauritania and Senegal as sources. Two different events are coded for
each of these event types since Mauritania and Senegal are compound actors.
King Hassan of Morocco was quoted today as saying he would be ready
to host a meeting between an Israeli peace movement and the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO).
Unlike the previous example, this lead does not imply that either the Israeli
or the Palestinian parties have accepted King Hassan’s offer to mediate,
hence no ‘Agree to mediation’ event is coded. Given the compound target,
two separate 039 events are coded.

CONSULT

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note

040
Consult, not specified below
All consultations and meetings not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among 041
through 046 cannot be made. Note that events coded under 04 are typically,
although not always, reciprocal events.
A group of African diplomats held their first meeting with President Parvanov at a lunch hosted by the Ambassador of Kingdom of Morocco.
This lead is coded as 040 since the place of the meeting is not explicit in the
lead, hence we cannot code it as a visit made or hosted, and no negotiations
are implied (so, we cannot code it as ‘Engage in negotiation’).

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note
Example
Example Note

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
Example

Example Note

041
Discuss by telephone
Consult, talk on the telephone.
This is typically a reciprocal event. The nature of the phone conversation is
not of significance.
U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher telephoned Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev on Tuesday to discuss efforts to forge a peace settlement
in former Yugoslavia, Itar-Tass news agency said.
Two events of the same type are coded with actors reversed.
042
Make a visit
Travel to another location for a meeting or other event.
All visits and travels should be coded under this category. Note that this
event is typically accompanied by the linked event ‘Host a visit’ (043). If mediation or negotiation is mentioned specifically as having taken place, those
events take precedence over unspecified visits or meetings.
Taiwan’s Vice Foreign Minister visited Russia today, becoming the island’s
highest ranking government official to go there.
Two events are coded: 042 with the Taiwanese government as the source
and Russia as the target, and 043 with actors reversed.
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein arrived in Amman on a previously unannounced visit on Wednesday.
Two events are coded: 042 with the Iraqi government as the source and
Jordan as the target, and 043 with actors reversed.
043
Host a visit
Host or receive a visitor at residence, office or home country.
This event is typically accompanied by the linked event ‘Make a visit’ (042).
If mediation or negotiation is mentioned specifically as having taken place,
those events take precedence over unspecified visits or meetings.
Russian President Boris Yeltsin on Saturday hosted Japanese Prime Minister
Ryutaro Hashimoto in this Siberian city for an informal meeting aimed at
establishing close personal relations between the two leaders.
Two events are coded: 043 with the Russian government as the source and
the Japanese government as the target, and 042 with the actors reversed.
President Francois Mitterand gave a warm welcome on Thursday to South
African leader F.W. de Klerk who is attempting to break his country’s international isolation.
Two events are coded: 043 with the French government as the source and
the South African government as the target, and 042 with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description

Usage Notes

Example

Example Note

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note
Example

Example Note

044
Meet at a ‘third’ location
Meet, come together, gather with others at a neutral location—some place
with which none of the attending parties are associated. If mediation or
negotiation is mentioned specifically as having taken place, those events take
precedence over unspecified visits or meetings.
This event type is typically accompanied by two other linked events, ‘Make
a visit’ (042) and ‘Host a visit’ (043), and the event itself is reciprocal. For
044, the source and the target are the actors who are meeting; the location
of the meeting is ignored.
U.S. and Soviet negotiators return to Geneva this week for talk on limiting
the number of European-based nuclear missiles, an issue likely to dominate
East-West relations this year.
Six events are coded: two reciprocal ‘Meet at a third location’ events with US
and the Soviet Union as actors; two ’‘Make a visit’ events with Switzerland
as the target, and the US and the Soviet Union as the two different sources;
and two ‘Host a visit’ events with Switzerland as the source and the US and
the Soviet as the two different targets.
045
Engage in mediation
Mediate between two or more parties.
This event code should be used only when a party meets with others explicitly as a mediator. The source is always the mediator and adversaries are
the targets. All other cases of meetings and negotiations, where the purpose of the meeting or the role of the source actor is not specified, should
be coded elsewhere under category 04. If meetings, discussions, or negotiations are explicitly reported as involving mediators, the mediation code takes
precedence as long as the party acting as the mediator is identified in the
lead.
Arab League Secretary General Chadli Klibi undertook mediation mission
between Syria and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.
Because of the compound target actor, two events are coded.
Quatar’s emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani launched a mediation
effort on Saturday between the Emirates and Saudi Arabia whose ties have
been strained by Riyadh’s new friendship with Tehran.
Because of the compound target actor, two events are coded.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note
Example

Example Note

2.5

046
Engage in negotiation
Negotiate or bargain with others.
This event code should be used only when the report makes clear that negotiations, bargaining, or discussions are involved in the meetings or consultations in question. “Holding talks” and “discussions” are treated as
negotiations. These are reciprocal events.
Israel and Lebanon renewed negotiations today on an Israeli troop pullback
from Lebanon and their future relations.
Two 046 events are coded with actors reversed.
French National Assembly president Laurent Fabius and a group of deputies
held talks with leaders of Romania’s new government on Tuesday, the first
high level Western delegation to visit Bucharest since last month’s revolution.
Two 046 events are coded with actors reversed.

ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example

050
Engage in diplomatic cooperation, not specified below
Initiate, resume, improve, or expand diplomatic, non-material cooperation
or exchange not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when the support in question
cannot be further specified and codes 051-057 cannot be used.
Czechoslovakia and Albania have upgraded their diplomatic ties back up to
ambassadorial level after an 18-year break, the official CTK news agency
said on Wednesday.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
051
Praise or endorse
Express support for, commend, approve policy, action, or actor.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act.
A top U.S. official today praised Haiti’s efforts to improve its record on
human rights and said it was an important partner for the United States.
The West German government today welcomed President Reagan’s latest
policy statement as proof of Washington’s earnest wish for a settlement to
be reached in U.S.-Soviet nuclear talks.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

052
Defend verbally
Defend verbally, justify policy, action or actor.
This event form is a verbal act. Use this code only for political, diplomatic,
and non-material defense; military cooperation or defense should be coded
elsewhere.
The United States on Thursday defended the right of Soviet troops to fire
protectively on militants in Azerbaijan and insisted unrest there reflected
age-old ethnic tensions, not a fight for political independence.
Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat defended Iraq and Libya on Friday against
Western criticism of their arms industries and said the West was applying
double standards on human rights.
Because of the compound target, two events are coded.
053
Rally support on behalf of
Call on other parties to support the target.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Use
this event form to code instances where one party (the source) solicits the
support of third parties for another party (the target).
Arab League Secretary-General Chedli Klibi today urged the European Community to support the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), which he
said would create a favorable climate for peace talks.
Saudi Arabia has mobilized pressure groups in the United States to help support the rights of Palestinians in their struggle against Israel, a top minister
said in comments published Thursday.
054
Grant diplomatic recognition
Grant diplomatic recognition, initiate diplomatic relations with a state or a
government.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Recognition of newly independent states, new governments that might have come to
power through unconventional means, and initiation of diplomatic ties with
an entity for the first time are all coded here.
Sri Lanka has established diplomatic ties with and opened an embassy in
Tehran, the foreign ministry said on Wednesday.
055
Apologize
Express regret or remorse for an action or situation.
Although this event form is typically a verbal act, it should also be used to
code all nonverbal acts that express remorse.
Argentina has apologized to Brazil for one of its gunboats intercepting a
Brazilian ship in the Beagle Channel, disputed by Argentina and Chile.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example Note
Example

Example Note

2.6

056
Forgive
Express forgiveness, pardon.
Use this event form to code verbal and nonverbal gestures of forgiveness
and explicitly conciliatory actions or announcements. Formal pardons and
amnesties of arrested persons, as well as the release or exchange of prisoners,
should be coded as CAMEO 0841 instead.
A group of Yoruba leaders announced yesterday that they are willing to
forgive President Olusegun Obasanjo and queue behind him for a second
term.
057
Sign formal agreement
Ratify, sign, finalize an agreement, treaty.
This category excludes promises to sign or ratify agreements and treaties.
Events should be coded under this category only when agreements are reportedly finalized or signed. This event code is typically reciprocal. Even
when the agreement in question implies a formal commitment to boost material cooperation, provide aid, or yield in some way, the event of signing the
agreement or treaty is still coded here since signing of an agreement or treaty
represents diplomatic cooperation but does not guarantee implementation—
whatever its terms.
Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and Bulgarian President Todor Zhivkov
today signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation, the BTA reported.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
Czechoslovakia and China signed an agreement today to increase trade in
1983 by 50 percent compared with last year, the official Czechoslovak news
agency Ceteka said today.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example Note

060
Engage in material cooperation, not specified below
Initiate, resume, improve, or expand material cooperation or exchange, not
otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
061-064 cannot be made.
Taliban ruled Afghanistan has been sharing expertise with the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam according to a special report submitted to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example Note

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

061
Cooperate economically
Initiate, resume, improve, or expand economic exchange or cooperation.
Trade relations and other economic exchanges that are reciprocal in nature—
event if the particular event in question cannot be coded as reciprocal—
should be coded here. Unilateral and potentially altruistic provisions of
economic aid should be coded as 071 instead.
European foreign direct investment flows in Latin America and the
Caribbean rose more than eightfold during the second half of the 1990s
compared with the first half of that decade, according to a study presented
in Paris by the Inter-American Development Bank.
Two 061 events are coded due to the compound target.
062
Cooperate militarily
Initiate, resume, improve, or expand military exchange or cooperation.
Military exchanges such as joint military games and maneuvers should be
coded here. Unilateral and potentially altruistic provisions of aid should be
coded under ‘Provide Aid’ (07) instead.
French and Egyptian warships on Monday launched 10 days of war games in
the Mediterranean Sea, expected to be joined later by Italian and German
vessels, the French embassy said Monday.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
063
Engage in judicial cooperation
Initiate, resume, improve, or expand judicial cooperation.
This code represents cooperation on judicial matters, such as extraditions
and war crimes.
Zambia extradited suspected British militant Haroon Rashid Aswad to
Britain on Sunday, a senior Zambian government official said.
Given that this is a cooperative code, the location where the subject is being
extradited to—and not the identity of the suspect—should be coded as the
target.
064
Share intelligence or information
Provide, share, or exchange intelligence or information.
Voluntary exchanges or sharing of intelligence and other significant information should be coded here.
Israeli intelligence officials have shared evidence with the U.S. about contacts
between al Qaeda and senior members of Saddam Hussein’s Ba’ath Party,
according to governmental officials.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

2.7

PROVIDE AID

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example

070
Provide aid, not specified below
All provisions, extension of material aid, not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
071-075 cannot be made. In order to be coded under this category, the leads
must report the delivery of aids; promises to provide aid should be coded
under category 033 instead.
Doctors from two American aid groups donated and personally delivered
$50,000 worth of goods to Baghdad University Medical School, risking as
much as 12 years in prison and $500,000 in fines.
071
Provide economic aid
Extend, provide monetary aid and financial guarantees, grants, gifts and
credit.
The lead must report the delivery of such aid; promises to provide aid should
be coded under 033 instead. Debt relief should also be coded as 071.
The European Community on Monday gave the Ivory Coast 5.1 million
dollars of aid for agricultural development projects.
072
Provide military aid
Extend, provide military and police assistance including arms and personnel.
The lead must report the delivery of such aid; promises to provide aid should
be coded under category 033 instead.
The United States continued to send arms to Pakistan last year, a State
Department Spokesman said Wednesday.
The United States is providing aerial photographs and other military intelligence to Macedonia which is preparing a major offensive against ethnic
Albanian guerrillas, the Washington Post said Wednesday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

073
Provide humanitarian aid
Extend, provide humanitarian aid, mainly in the form of emergency assistance.
This code refers to events such as provisions of shelter, food, medicine,
and evacuation of victims. The lead must report the delivery of such aid;
promises to provide aid should be coded under category 033. Note that
provisions of peacekeeping or other military forces are coded as 074 instead.
Swiss doctors handed over 700 kg of medicine to the Red Crescent in Bam,
Iran, according to the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
Benin opened its borders today to most West Africans ordered out of Nigeria
as illegal aliens, but was still refusing admittance to Ghanaians, by far the
biggest group involved, Benin police said.
U.N. helicopters evacuated the wounded from the besieged Bosnian town of
Gorazde on Friday.
074
Provide military protection or peacekeeping
Provide peacekeepers or other military forces for protection, extend or expand their mandates.
Code here reported deployment of forces; verbal promises and commitments
to provide peacekeepers should be coded as 0334. Note that this event form
is accompanied by the linked event ’Receive deployment of peacekeepers’
(0861).
The first deployment of NATO peacekeeping troops have arrived in Bosnia,
Defense Secretary William Perry said.
Two linked events—074 and 0861—should be coded with actors reversed.
075
Grant asylum
Provide, grant asylum to persons.
Asylum is typically granted by states to persons in its territories (territorial asylum) and it constitutes a legal protection awarded to those persons
against other states. Diplomatic asylum, protection typically accorded on
the premises of an embassy, can also be granted and is similarly coded here.
Not that ‘Grant asylum’ refers to a specific legal event type; informal provisions of shelter or opening of borders to masses of refugees should be coded
as ‘Provide humanitarian aid’ (073) instead.
Peru has granted diplomatic asylum to five Panamanian army officers holed
up in a diplomatic residence since last month’s U.S. invasion, the Peruvian
embassy said on Tuesday.
Uganda has granted political asylum to 18 Zairean rebels who entered the
country illegally two years ago and are wanted at home on treason charges,
a United Nations official said on Friday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

2.8

YIELD

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080
Yield, not specified below
All yieldings, concessions not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
081-087 cannot be made. Not that all of the event forms under this category
refer to reported yieldings and tot to future commitments, agreements, or
promises.
Uganda said on Sunday it had paid compensation to 67 elderly British nationals, most of the Asians, for assets they lost when former dictator Idi
Amin expelled them 18 years ago.
081
Ease administrative sanctions, not specified below
Relax or remove all administrative non-force sanctions and penalties, not
otherwise specified.
This event category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever
possible.
President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, following the partial peace deal, has taken
several tentative steps to enhance political freedoms and promote an image
of openness and tolerance in Sudan.
0811
Ease restrictions on political freedoms
Relax or remove administrative restrictions on fundamental political freedoms such as freedoms of speech, expression, and assembly.
The Latvian Constitutional Court cancelled restrictions on the use of the
Russian language on national radio and television.
0812
Ease ban on political parties or politicians
Relax or remove administrative restrictions on the establishment or activities
of political parties or certain politicians.
The Ivory Coast’s Supreme Court decided to allow candidate Alassane Ouattara to participate in the country’s upcoming elections.
0813
Ease curfew
Relax or remove regulations that require people to be off the streets at a
given hour.
Yugoslavia lifted a night curfew in Kosovo where 28 people have been killed
in ethnic riots this year and the province was reported quiet on Sunday.
President Omar El Bashir on Thursday shortened by one hour the nightly
curfew imposed in Sudan after a June 30 coup toppled the civilian government.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

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0814
Ease state of emergency or martial law
Relax or remove emergency regulations that suspend certain given rights, or
relax or remove temporary rule by military authorities.
Yugoslavia eased emergency measures on Wednesday in Kosovo province,
the scene of ethnic violence last March, as authorities in Croatia cracked
down on Serbian nationalists.
Sudan’s government on Sunday lifted a state of emergency in West Darfur
State that was imposed six months ago after bloody tribal clashes there,
Omdurman radio reported Sunday.
082
Ease political dissent
Cancel, suspend, or postpone any (non-war) activity that constitutes political dissent.
Use this code for concessions by opposition groups in form of ending or
putting on hold demonstrations, protests, rallies, etc.
The Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT), the umbrella union for primary
school teachers, announced Thursday that it has called off a four-day strike
after deliberations with the Nigerian government.
083
Accede to requests or demands for political reform, not specified
below
Yield by instituting requested political changes.
Note that this event type is different from ‘Express intent to institute political reform’ (034) as it involves the actual event of change—not just its
promise. Just like military forms of yield, these could be voluntary concessions or involuntary surrenders.
The Rwandan government on Thursday accepted demands from Hutu rebels
that it initiate political reforms.
0831
Accede to demands for change in leadership
Yield by relinquishing political power.
Use this code when source surrenders power after being challenged through
legitimate institutional channels (e.g. elections) or other coercive strategies
(e.g. military coups). The target can either be the challenger(s) or the
country as a whole.
Tuesday the Serbian parliament approved a “special law” recognizing victories by Zoran Djindjic’s opposition coalition in November 17 municipal
elections in 14 of the 18 most important Serbian cities, including Belgrade.
Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned Sunday as the opposition
threatened to storm his residence in Tbilisi.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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0832
Accede to demands for change in policy
Yield by instituting demanded policy changes.
Note the difference between policy and institutional change; the former can
relate to any issue (economic, social, etc.) but it does not change the rules
by which the political system functions. If another code within category 08
fits the policy in question more specifically, that code should take precedence
(e.g. changing policy on economic sanctions should be coded as 085 instead).
More often than not policies that fit under this particular code will be on
domestic issues.
As part of its fight to eradicate poverty, the governing Labour Party has
introduced a legally-binding minimum rate of pay in Britain for the first
time.
0833
Accede to demands for rights
Yield by establishing, providing, or respecting political, social, or other
rights.
Allowing repatriation of refugees should also be coded here. If another code
within category 08 fits the rights in question more specifically, that code
should take precedence (e.g. respecting property rights by returning confiscated property should be coded as 0842 instead).
The Federal Minister for Interior Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao allowed opposition leader Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman to bring out ‘Shan-e-Mustafa (SAW)’
Rally after an agreement on carrying out a violence free protest demonstration, according to the Pakistani Federal Secretary Interior.
0834
Accede to demands for change in institutions, regime
Yield by undertaking major reforms that change how the political system
functions.
Changes from one type of a political system to another (e.g. from military
dictatorship to multiparty democracy), as well as less comprehensive institutional changes that nevertheless modify the rules of the game (e.g. political
party laws, electoral laws, powers and functions of different branches) are
coded here.
President Dos Sontas has reportedly conceded at last to demands from National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) to overhaul the
judiciary.
Lt. Gen. Prosper Avril resigned yesterday to allow Haiti’s first democratic
elections to take place.
The political change in this lead is more fundamental than leadership change
given the mention of “first” democratic elections, which points to potential
change in the overall political system (i.e. democratization).

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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084
Return, release, not specified below
All acts of releasing or returning not otherwise specified.
This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
According to a zoo spokesperson Malaysian authorities have initiated the
process of returning the four baby gorillas to Nigeria, amid speculations
they were illegally captured in the wild.

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0841
Return, release persons
Release people, including prisoners and hostages, from detention or arrest.
Formal pardons, amnesties, commutations, and exchanges of prisoners
should all be coded here.
Polish police today released the correspondent of the American news agency
United Press International, who was detained for 23 hours and questioned
in connection with an inquiry into alleged illegal activities.
Bosnian Serb forces Tuesday let free six French UN peacekeepers held captive
inside a UN armored personnel carrier since Friday, a UN spokesman said.

Example

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0842
Return, release property
Return or release previously controlled, confiscated property, including land.
When confiscated property or other rights are not returned but compensation
is provided instead, those incidents should be coded as 080.
French maritime authorities today release an impounded ship operated by
the Greenpeace ecology movement, port officials said.
An Egyptian court released a Lebanese millionaire’s assets of nearly 19 million dollars on Saturday six years after they were frozen in a major bank
scandal.
085
Ease economic sanction, boycott, or embargo
Lift, relax, or lessen economic sanctions, boycott, embargoes, or penalties.
Use this event form to code state activities that imply easing of limitations
to normal economic relations.
Germany on Wednesday lifted sanctions against gold from South Africa
in recognition of the country’s moves to abolish apartheid, a government
spokesman said.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has lifted its boycott of trade in oil on
Namibia, effective since March 31.
The European Union failed Wednesday to renew sanctions against Zimbabwe, with the fate of an EU-Africa summit scheduled for April hanging in
the balance.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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086
Allow international involvement, not specified below
Allow entry of or intervention by international actors not further specified.
Use the following sub-categories whenever possible. The types of international involvement covered in this category require physical access to territories under the source’s control. Note that accepting international involvement in the form of mediation is coded under 04. The target should be the
international actor whose involvement is allowed or received.
Kyrgyz Prime Minister Nikolai Tanaev received a mission of observers from
the OSCE, informing them in detail on the economic situation of the country.
0861
Receive deployment of peacekeepers
Allow, receive peacekeeping forces in territories controlled by the source.
Code here reported deployment of peacekeeping forces (with location of deployment as the source); mere promises or agreements by fighting parties
or a country to accept deployment of peacekeeping forces in its territories
should be coded as 0355, and commitments to provide peacekeepers should
be coded as 0334. The target for an 084 event should be the actor providing
the peacekeepers. Note that this event form is accompanied by the linked
event ‘Provide military protection or peacekeeping’ (074).
A first patch of Bangladeshi peacekeeping troops arrived in Sierra Leone
Tuesday, joining 12 unarmed military observers as the first element of an
800-strong Bangladeshi contingent due here, U.N. officials said.
Two linked events (0861 and 074) are coded with actors reversed.
0862
Receive inspectors
Allow, receive inspectors in territories controlled by the source actor.
Code here reported deployment or arrival of inspectors; mere promises or
agreements to accept their deployment should be coded as 0355 instead.
The target for an 085 event should be the inspectors or the country/agency
providing them. This event form is typically accompanied by code under
category 09.
The IAEA has dispatched inspectors to Esfahan Uranium Conversion Facilities (UCF) in central Iran to monitor resumption of peaceful nuclear work
at the plant.
Two linked events (0862 and 090) are coded with actors reversed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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0863
Allow for humanitarian access
Allow access to, receive humanitarian agencies in territories controlled by
the source actor.
Mere promises to allow such access should be coded as 0355. Note that
this event form is accompanied by the linked event ‘Provide humanitarian
aid’ (073) if the target is the humanitarian agency; in some cases the target
would be the particular area that is given access.
Humanitarian access for the Darfur region has improved significantly since
September as the Khartoum government tried to secure international favor.
Uzbekistan finally opened the Friendship Bridge after four years to allow the
delivery of 1,000 tons of grain and flour to Afghanistan, where millions of
people are at risk of starvation as winter sets in, reports aid agencies.
087
De-escalate military engagement, not specified below
Concede militarily, stop fighting, or take measures to ease military conflict
or tension not further specified.
Use sub-categories for more detailed coding whenever possible. Note that
only real manifestations of de-escalation are coded here, expressions of intent
to de-escalate are not.
0871
Declare truce, ceasefire
Declare or observe truce or ceasefire to interrupt fighting.
Although mere declarations of ceasefire, or agreements to commence a ceasefire, do not guarantee that military engagement is actually halted, they are
still coded here. The target could be the location for the ceasefire or the
opponent.
The pro-Iranian Hizbollah (Party of God) group declared a unilateral ceasefire on Wednesday in south Lebanon after 12 days of battles with the Syrianbacked Amal militia.
0872
Ease military blockade
Lessen or halt use of armed (military, police, or security) forces to seal off a
territory to prevent exit or entry of goods and/or people.
The Israeli army lifted Friday a day-old blockade on Palestinian lorries passing through this crossing point between the Gaza Strip and the Jewish state,
officials told AFP.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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2.9

0873
Demobilize armed forces
Hand over or otherwise reduce or eliminate arms, weapons; discharge soldiers
or other armed personnel.
The source actor for this event is the demobilizing party; the target is either
the party against whom the source was formerly fighting or the actor to
whom weaponry is turned in.
One third of ethnic Albanian guerrillas operating in Macedonia have been
demobilized since the August 13 peace accord between Macedonian and ethnic Albanian political parties, two rebel commanders told AFP by phone
Sunday.
0874
Retreat or surrender militarily
Retreat, withdraw, yield control of a location or territory by pulling out
armed forces.
Note that the yielding should involve a comprehensive military disengagement, at least from a certain area of contention.
Five hundred Ugandan rebels surrendered last week in the eastern town in
Soroti followin a government offensive in the area, a local official said.
The United States speeded up the withdrawal of some invasion forces from
Panama on Wednesday, but defence officials cautioned that no deadline had
been set for complete removal of the troops.
Bosnian Serbs said on Tuesday their forces had completed their withdrawal
from the beseiged Bosnian town of Gorazde.

INVESTIGATE

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090
Investigate, not specified below
All non-covert investigations not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
091-094 cannot be made. Also note that category 09 should be used only
when investigations are being or have been carried out. Investigation of
historical cases should also be coded here.
The United Nations has sent 21 military and civilian personnel to Yugoslavia
on Wednesday to investigate the feasibility of a 10,000-member peacekeeping
force, a U.N. spokesman said on Monday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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091
Investigate crime, corruption
Question or inquire criminal (theft, killing, etc) or corruption cases.
Judge Alejandro Rivera opened fraud investigations against 28 Chilean government officials suspected of taking kickbacks, the court said Friday.
A US national has been put under investigation in Italy for her possible
role in rioting during a G8 summit in Genoa last month, Ansa news agency
reported.
092
Investigate human rights abuses
Inquire or search into human rights abuses such as rape, torture, targeted
assassinations, and violations of basic freedoms.
Investigations of war crimes are coded as 094 instead. Alleged or potential
perpetrators should be coded as targets.
Members of the Association of African Jurists, a body linked to the Organization of African Unity, investigated welfare of nearly 2,000 Libyans, some
of whom have been held as long as seven years.
Israel’s high court opened a landmark hearing Wednesday into the legality
of secret interrogation techniques used against Palestinian detainees.
093
Investigate military action
Inquire or search into military activities such as violations of ceasefire,
seizures, and invasions.
If military actions in question involve potential human rights violations or
war crimes specifically, code them as 092 or 094 instead. The perpetrator of
the questionable military action should be coded as the target.
The Ceasefire Violations Committee (CFVC) has completed its investigation
into an allegation by the Liberian Peace Council (LPC) that the NPFL had
taken over the city of Greenville.
094
Investigate war crimes
Inquire or investigate potential war crimes or look into allegations of war
crimes.
If the question surrounding a military action is not specified to be potential
war crimes, 093 should be used instead. The perpetrator of the questionable
military action should be coded as the target.
Croatia is investigating alleged war crimes by Croatian extremists against
Serb civilians and prisoners and will bring suspects to trial, a Croatian official
said.
Serbian military police have launched an investigation into alleged crimes
committed by Croat forces against ethnic Serb civilians and Montenegrin
prisoners of war during the 1991-1995 Serbo-Croatian conflict, the newspaper
Jutarnji list reported Thursday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

2.10

DEMAND

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100
Demand, not specified below
All demands and orders not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
101-108 cannot be made. Note that demands are stronger or more forceful
and potentially carry more serious repercussions—although not as much as
threats—than simple appeals. We rely primarily on the language used by
reporters to make this distinction. All demands are verbal acts.
Poland’s parliament has demanded an immediate admission by Moscow that
Soviet NKVD security forces murdered more than 15,000 captive Polish officers during World War Two.
101
Demand material cooperation, not specified below
Require, demand that target engages in some form of material exchange.
Use the following sub-categories whenever possible. Demands for judicial cooperation, such as extradition of criminals, or compliance with requirements
of an investigation are coded here.
French President Jacques Chirac issued a stern reminder Saturday to Iraq
that it must cooperate fully with UN inspectors probing suspect sites for
weapons of mass destruction.
An Argentine judge has ordered former president Carlos Menem to appear
October 16 for questioning in an investigation of illegal arms sales to Croatia
and Ecuador in the 1990s, court sources said Wednesday.
1011
Demand economic cooperation
Require, demand that target engages in economic exchange or expands such
ties.
Use this code for demands for economic activities such as trade and investment. Demands for provision of economic aid—not mutual exchange—are
coded as 1031 instead.
The Bush administration declared Tuesday that China must drop barriers
to U.S. exports or face tariff penalties for maintaining unfair trade practices.

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1012
Demand military cooperation
Require, demand that target engages in or expands military relations.
Use this code for demands that target engages in military cooperation, such
as through joint exercises or weapon sales. Demands for provision of military
aid—not mutual exchange—are coded as 1032 instead.
The PRC on Tuesday demanded that the US cancel plans to sell air-tosurface anti-tank weapons to Taiwan to avoid “new damage” to US-PRC
relations.
While the requested policy does not directly involve material exchange between the source and the target, the former is clearly demanding cooperation
on military issues.
1013
Demand judicial cooperation
Require, demand that target engages in or expands cooperation in judicial
matters.
Use this code for demands that target engages in judicial cooperation, such
as through extraditing wanted individuals.
A senior British minister reiterated that Libya must hand over alleged
bombers of the U.S. airliner as he embarked on a trip to North Africa to
seek Arab support for the demand.
1014
Demand intelligence cooperation
Require, demand that target exchanges intelligence or information.
Use this code for demands that target engages in intelligence cooperation,
including but not limited to the exchange of information in security matters.
The rebel Kurdistan Workers’ Party issued a declaration demanding that the
Turkish government provide information on the safety of its leader Abdullah
Ocalan.
102
Demand for diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)
Require, demand expansion of diplomatic ties or cooperation.
This code refers to demands for expanded diplomatic ties and non-tangible
support on particular policies. Demands for more specific forms of diplomacy, such as mediation and negotiation are coded elsewhere within category
10.
Kosovo Municipality Association (AKK) officials demanded support from
the Kosovo Assembly in regaining control over the properties that belonged
to them before.
Greece bluntly demanded that its European Community partners refuse to
recognize the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, on Greece’s northern
border, as long as it keeps that name.
Palestinian officials demanded Friday that the United States match the European Union’s support for Palestinian statehood.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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103
Demand material aid, not specified below
Require, demand provision of material assistance not otherwise specified.
This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
The source could be demanding aid for itself or on behalf of a third party; in
either case, the actor who is expected to provide assistance should be coded
as the target.
The Third World Water Forum concluded on Saturday that the US and other
developed nations must allocate greater financial resources to help with the
battle against the global water and sanitation crisis.
1031
Demand economic aid
Require, demand provision of economic assistance.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Demands
for loans or debt relief are also coded here. Demands for reciprocal economic
exchange, such as trade, should be coded as 1011 instead.
According to reports the UK is pushing hard for the US support its debt
relief plan to tackle poverty in Africa.

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1032
Demand military aid
Require, demand provision of military assistance.
Note that demands for military security and deployment of peacekeepers are
coded as 1034 instead.

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1033
Demand humanitarian aid
Require, demand provision of humanitarian aid.
Demands by refugees to be let into the territories of other countries (which
should be coded as targets) and asylum demands all fit here. These are not
necessarily verbal acts; refugees could be actively seeking shelter or refuge
in target countries or regions.
Some 800,000 Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Germany last month.

Example

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1034
Demand military protection or peacekeeping
Require, demand that the target provides military protection or peacekeeping forces.
The source that demands peacekeepers could demand that for itself or on
behalf of another party.
Ethnic Albanians in south Serbia are demanding a U.N. military presence
to protect them against a heavily armed ruling Serb minority and prevent a
Bosnia-style civil war, but some foreign monitors are skeptical.
The Red Cross operating in Iraq said US and British forces must ensure
security to allow emergency water, food, and medical supplies to reach the
needy.
Two events are coded due to the compound target.
104
Demand political reform, not specified below
Require, demand political change not otherwise specified.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that
take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14
instead. Source actors can be local citizens as well as international actors;
they could be making the appeal on their own behalf or on behalf of others. Note that when the requested reform clearly constitutes some form of
concession or yielding by the target, such as the easing of administrative
sanctions, a more appropriate “Demand” code might be found under 105.
At the end of a seminar on reform, around 100 Arab intellectuals and activists published a declaration demanding wide-ranging political changes in
the Arab world.
1041
Demand leadership change
Require, demand change in leadership or power.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that
take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14
instead. Note that even though demands for the target to resign or relinquish
power are forms of yielding, they are still coded here. Also code demands
for elections here (unless they are first-time elections and hence constitute
major institutional change).
Sunnis have demanded that control of the Interior Ministry be taken away
from Shiite religious parties in the next government.
Rwandan rebels demanded the removal of President Juvenal Habyariman
and his ruling party at the fourth round of talks aimed at ending a 23-month
civil war.
Former Socialist prime minister Andreas Papandreou demanded immediate
elections after a special court cleared him of all charges in Greece’s biggest
corruption trial this century.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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1042
Demand policy change
Require, demand change in any particular policy.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening demands. Demands
that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category
14 instead. Just like the source actor, the policy in question can also be
domestic or international in nature. If it is clear from the lead that by
demanding certain policy changes the source is in fact demanding that the
target yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 105 (e.g.
demands for military withdrawal should be coded as 1056).
Opposition groups in Zimbabwe are demanding that President Mugabe abandon his controversial policy of land confiscations.
1043
Demand rights
Require, demand provision or expansion of social, political, or other rights.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening demands. Demands
that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category
14 instead. If it is clear from the lead that by demanding certain rights the
source is in fact demanding that the target yield or concede, the event might
be better coded under 105. Demands for provision of compensation for
previously violated rights, for instance, are coded as 105.
The main Hutu rebel group, Forces for Defence of Democracy (FDD), insisted on its demands that Burundi’s government grant the Hutu majority
more rights.
1044
Demand change in institutions, regime
Require, demand major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening demands. Demands
that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead. Institutional change is different from policy change in that
the former directly alters the rules of the game. Demands for fundamental
changes in the political system (e.g. democratization) as well as more limited
institutional changes (e.g. changing electoral law) are coded here.
Rwandan rebels announced that President Kagame and his Rwandan Patriotic Front must agree to major constitutional changes before they demobilize.
The Albanians of southern Serbia are demanding political and territorial
autonomy from Serbian authorities.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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105
Demand that target yield, not specified below
Require, demand that target yields or concedes, not otherwise specified.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The
source for this event type may or may not be one of the adversaries; a third
party could also be demanding that one or more of the parties in conflict
(who are coded as targets) to yield. When a threat is attached to a demand
for yielding, the appropriate code under category 13 should be used instead.
Also, if accompanied by some form of protest activity, codes under category
14 should be used. When yielding actually takes place, use the appropriate
code under category 08.
The United States on Thursday demanded that the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea (DPRK) forsake its nuclear program.
Because no military engagement has yet occurred, this default code is used
instead of 1056.
1051
Demand easing of administrative sanctions
Require, demand that target relaxes administrative restrictions.
Use this code when a government is pushed to undertake some political
changes that clearly constitute some form of concession or yielding, such as
relaxing or removing bans, curfews, or other restrictions that are already
in place. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are
coded under category 14 instead.
Human rights organization Amnesty International demanded that the Sudanese government end curbs on press freedom.
The International Labor Office (ILO) reiterated its demand today that Israel
ease restrictions on the movement of Palestinian workers.
1052
Demand easing of political dissent
Require, demand that target stops political protest activities.
Use this code for demands that the target stop engaging in protests, demonstrations, strikes, etc. Note that this code refers exclusively to verbal demands; if the source actively seeks to stop activities through repressive measures, 175 is used instead.
Iranian authorities have been pressuring workers of the United Bus Company
of Tehran (Sharekat-e Vahed) to cancel the strike they have been planning
for better pay and working conditions.
1053
Demand release of persons or property
Require, demand that target releases persons or property.
Use this code for demands that the target release prisoners, hostages, and
any confiscated property.
Russia said on Tuesday that Sudan must return a Mi-26 helicopter that was
captured by the Sudanese authorities last week.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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1054
Demand easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
Require, demand that target lifts or eases economic sanctions, boycott, or
embargo.
Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
The 106th Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference stressed the obligation of
the international community to take immediate action to lift embargoes and
other sanctions which have negatively affected children in different parts of
the world.
1055
Demand to allow international involvement (non-mediation)
Require, demand that target allow access to international actors, such as
observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Demands for adversaries to allow mediation are coded as 108 instead.
Kenzo Oshima, the United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator, demanded parties to the conflict in Iraq to allow humanitarian workers the
freedom of movement necessary for discharging their mandate.
1056
Demand de-escalation of military engagement
Require, demand that target stops fighting or takes measures to ease military
conflict or tension.
Use this code for demands for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Washington along with its allies demanded that Hamas renounce its armed
struggle against Israel.
European Community foreign ministers demanded the withdrawal of Yugoslav federal forces from Bosnia-Herzogovina on Monday calling them an
occupying army, diplomats quoted an EC declaration as saying.
Bosnian Serbs demanded a truce with Moslem forces in east Bosnia before
allowing U.N. aid conveys to feed starving Moslem civilians in the region.
106
Demand meeting, negotiation
Require, order party(ies) to meet, negotiate.
This event form can be initiated by either the adversaries or other third
parties.
Yugoslavia on Tuesday demanded a meeting of the U.N. Security Council
to discuss Croatia’s military advance into the Serb-held Krajina region, describing it as “a serious challenge to the world community.”

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
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2.11

107
Demand settling of dispute
Order parties to a conflict to reach a settlement, agreement, or resolution of
conflict.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Note
that the source for this event cannot be the adversaries themselves. When
one or more parties to a conflict call for ending the conflict, that is taken to
be an expression of intent on the part of that source actor and is thus coded
as 037 instead.
Jack Straw said on Friday that the Sudanese government and the rebels
in Darfur must reach an agreement that stops the conflict for good before
developmental assistance to the region is released.
Because of the compound target, two separate events are coded.
108
Demand mediation
Require or demand that a third party mediates a conflict or that adversaries
accept mediation of another party.
This event form is a verbal act. It specifically refers to demands by actors other than potential mediators; either the adversaries or a prospective
mediator can be coded as the target.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said here Wednesday that the US must
be ready to mediate between Israelis and Palestinians as soon as the Israeli
elections of January 28 are finalized.

DISAPPROVE

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110
Disapprove, not specified below
Express disapprovals, objections, and complaints not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
111-116 cannot be made. Disapprovals are typically verbal events.
On Tuesday, Nigerian junior foreign minister Dubem Oniya summoned
Niger’s ambassador Brah Mohamane to complain of inaction over the gangs.
111
Criticize or denounce
Condemn, decry a policy or an action; criticize, defame, denigrate responsible parties.
Albania on Friday denounced as an ugly crime Yugoslavia’s suppression of
ethnic Albanian unrest in the southern Yugoslav province of Kosovo.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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112
Accuse, not specified below
Charge, blame, incriminate for allegations not otherwise specified.
This event category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever
possible. Note that events coded under 112 are allegation made by actors
and do not in any way imply that the alleged events have taken place.
Zimbabwean Prime Minister Robert Mugabe today accused the United
States of restoring the blackmail in the negotiations on independence for
Namibia.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1121
Accuse of crime, corruption
Allege, charge the target with, or blame for engaging in crime or corruption.
Ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide has been accused of misusing up
to US $50 million ($73 million) in public funds, much of it believed to have
been embezzled, by current Haitian government officials.

CAMEO
Name
Description

1122
Accuse of human rights abuses
Allege, charge the target with, or blame for human rights violations, such as
arbitrary detentions for prosecutions, torture, and slavery.
Human rights watchdog Amnesty International accused the United States of
violating human rights, ignoring international law and sending a “permissive
signal to abusive governments”.

Example

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1123
Accuse of aggression
Allege, charge the target with, or blame for initiating hostilities or engaging
in questionable or unjustifiable military actions such as violations of ceasefire.
If the nature of the military action in question relates to human rights abuses
or war crimes, they should be coded elsewhere within this category.
The Sudanese government has accused Darfur rebels of violating a monthold ceasefire, a member of the Chadian team trying to broker a peace pact
has said.
Palestinians blamed Israel for the bombing of Raed Karmi in the West Bank
City of Tulkarm, which has set off a renewed wave of violence.
1124
Accuse of war crimes
Allege, charge the target with, or blame for participation in war crimes/
Kosovo’s prime minister has been indicted by the U.N. war crimes court for
his alleged part in atrocities during the fight against Serb forces and will
resign.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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Example

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Name
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Example

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1125
Accuse of espionage, treason
Allege, charge the target with, or blame for spying, espionage, or treason.
A Christian missionary from Calgary was arrested in Lebanon for collaborating with Israel, according to the Canadian Press.
Nigerian authorities jailed 52 members of the banned Movement for the
Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) on allegations of
treason for playing in a youth football tournament in Lagos.
113
Rally opposition against
Mobilize other parties against the target.
This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Use
this event form to code instances where one party (the source) solicits
third parties to express disapproval of, protest against, or punish another
party (the target). Note that only diplomatic solicitations—not military
mobilizations—should be coded here.
An official Syrian newspaper called Thursday on Arabs to unite and “mobilize” against Israeli right-winger Ariel Sharon, who has vowed not to return
the Golan Heights to Syria if he is elected prime minister February 4.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu on Sunday called for sanctions against Nigeria
in the wake of the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa.
114
Complain officially
Written and institutionalized protests, appeals, and all petition drives and
recalls.
Yugoslavia lodged an official protest with Albania today, charging its neighbor with supporting dissidents here in what is said was tantamount to inciting revolution.
Lebanon complained to the United Nations on Tuesday over two Israeli air
raids last Friday in which it said 20 people were killed or wounded.
115
Bring lawsuit against
Sue, file civil or criminal lawsuit at domestic or international courts.
Source must be the plaintiff or the state, and target must be the defendant.
A Saudi businessman is suing the United States for damages to his pharmaceutical plant which were caused by a missile attack in August, his American
lawyer said.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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Name
Description
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Example

2.12

116
Find guilty or liable (legally)
Find guilty or liable at a court of law.
Source must be the court in question, which could be domestic or international, and target must be the defendant. This event form refers typically to
rulings against non-individuals, where imprisonment is not an issue. When
individuals are found guilty and are therefore detained, use 173 instead.
A European court convicted Turkey of ”inhuman acts” Thursday for destroying the home of a Kurdish citizen in the country’s southeast.

REJECT

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120
Reject, not specified below
All rejections and refusals not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
121-129 cannot be made. All rejections coded under this category should
imply refusals to cooperate or yield in some way.
The Palestinians reject proposed Israeli changes to the Wye River land-forsecurity deal, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erakat said.
121
Reject material cooperation, not specified below
Refuse to engage in or expand material exchange.
This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Refusals to provide unilateral material assistance—not mutual exchange—
are coded as 122 instead. Note the difference between refusing to establish
or expand material cooperation and reducing or eliminating existing ties
(category 16).
Yemen has rejected a U.S. request to interrogate detainees held after the
escape of 23 al-Qaida prisoners, a security official said Tuesday.
1211
Reject economic cooperation
Refuse to engage in or expand economic ties.
Use this code for rejections of mutual economic exchange, such as trade and
investment; rejection to provide financial aid (or cancel debt) is coded as
1221 instead.
Bangladesh has once again outright rejected an Indian proposal for signing
Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with her, urging the counterpart to sign the
proposed South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) instead.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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1212
Reject military cooperation
Refuse to engage in or expand military ties.
Use this code for rejections of mutual military exchange; rejection to provide
military aid is coded as 1222 instead.
South Korea has rejected North Korea’s consistent demand to sever a
decades-long military alliance with Washington, which keeps troops here
under a mutual defense pact.
1213
Reject judicial cooperation
Refuse to engage in or expand cooperation in judicial matters.
Use this code when the source actor refuses to cooperate in extraditions or
other matters pertaining to legal proceedings.
Yugoslavia on Thursday flatly rejected an Australian ultimatum to handover
a guard involved in a shooting in front of the Yugoslav consulate in Sydney.
1214
Reject intelligence cooperation
Refuse to engage in or expand cooperation in intelligence or information
sharing.
Use this code when the source actor refuses to investigate or share information.
The UN on Tuesday imposed a de facto information blackout on the withdrawal, collection and monitoring of heavy weapons around Sarajevo.
122
Reject request or demand for material aid, not specified below
Refuse to extend material aid not otherwise specified.
Use this event form to code refusals to provide material assistance. Use
sub-categories whenever possible.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1221
Reject request for economic aid
Refuse to extend financial assistance.
Bonn rejected recent calls by East Germany’s Communist rulers for immediate economic aid, saying it was withholding it until a democratically-elected
government takes over.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1222
Reject request for military aid
Refuse to extend military assistance.
The Turkish government has refused to commit to any direct assistance to
the US-led war against Iraq, citing domestic opposition.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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1223
Reject request for humanitarian aid
Refuse to extend humanitarian assistance.
Refusals to provide shelter or refuge should also be coded here. When source
refuses to grant humanitarian agencies access (instead of refusing to provide
assistance itself), 1245 should be used instead.
Syria says it will not accept any more refugees if war starts in Iraq.
1224
Reject request for military protection or peacekeeping
Refuse to provide peacekeeping forces or other form of military protection.
Refusals by prospective providers of protection and peacekeeping should be
coded here; refusals by adversaries to grant access to peacekeepers should
be coded as 1245 instead.
The United Nations on Tuesday rejected a call for its peacekeeping forces to
be deployed in East Timor.
Pakistan, a key U.S. ally in the war against terrorism, has refused to deploy
peacekeepers in Iraq and has urged its citizens to avoid coming here.
123
Reject request or demand for political reform, not specified below
Refuse to institute political change not otherwise specified.
If the reform in question clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the source, such as the easing of existing administrative sanctions, a
more appropriate code might be found under 124 (’Refuse to yield’). Actors
requesting the demand or those (the country or the people) that will be affected by the rejection should be coded as target depending on availability
of information in the lead.
The US on Thursday rejected calls by Kofi Annan, UN secretary-general, to
adopt far-reaching United Nations reforms as a comprehensive package.
1231
Reject request to change leadership
Refuse to change leadership or relinquish power.
Rejections to resign or hand over power, as well as to hold elections that
might open the way for change in leadership, are coded here. Note that
while refusals to undertake other forms of yielding are coded under 124,
refusals to give up power are coded here.
Vice-President Moody Awori has declined to resign despite growing pressure
by the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commision after he was implicated in a major
scandal.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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Name
Description
Usage Notes

1232
Reject request to change policy
Refuse to change a given policy.
Use this code for refusals to acquiesce to demands for policy change—
political, economic, military, social, or otherwise. If the policy change in
question clearly represents a form of yielding, the appropriate code under
124 should be used instead.

CAMEO
Name
Description

1233
Reject request for rights
Refuse to provide or respect social, political, economic or other rights and
freedoms.
If it is clear from the lead that by rejecting certain rights the source is in
fact refusing to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 124.
Ankara’s Çankaya district administration has denied land allocation for the
construction of an Alevite temple, Cemevi, in the district.

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1234
Reject request for change in institutions, regime
Refuse to make fundamental political changes, such as moving from one type
of a political system to another and reforming political institutions or key
laws.
Note the difference between institutional/regime changes and policy reforms.
In what has been described as a policy u-turn, President Levy Mwanawasa
has reneged on his commitment to the Zambian people for holding elections
under a new constitution.
124
Refuse to yield, not specified below
Reject requests, refuse, or decline to yield not otherwise specified.
This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
1241
Refuse to ease administrative sanctions
Reject requests, refuse or decline to ease administrative sanctions, such as
censorship, curfew, state of emergency, and martial law.
Despite warnings of starvation by humanitarian agencies, the Israeli government is refusing to lift the curfew on Palestinians living in the West Bank
and Gaza.
1242
Refuse to ease popular dissent
Reject requests, refuse, or decline to reduce or stop political protest activities, such as demonstrations and rallies.
Around 1,800 of 2,200 Serbian teachers will not end their strike unless their
demands for wage increases are met by textcolorblueBelgrade, a union official
announced after three weeks of striking.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

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1243
Refuse to release persons or property
Reject requests, refuse, or decline to release or return persons or property.
Refusals to release or exchange prisoners and hostages, as well as to return
previously confiscated properties, are coded here.
The U.S. said it would not meet hostage-takers demands to release prisoners
in Iraq, including a number of females.
In an ideal scenario, the identity of the hostage-takers would have been
codeable here.
1244
Refuse to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
Reject requests, refuse, or decline to reduce or eliminate economic sanctions,
boycotts, or embargoes.
Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
US authorities said yesterday that removing the sanctions on Burma is currently out of the question as that would reward the regime for doing nothing.
1245
Refuse to allow international involvement (non-mediation)
Reject requests, refuse or decline to allow access to international actors such
as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Prospective peacekeepers, observers, etc. are coded as targets.
The UNITA militarist wing refused to allow United Nations planes to land
and evacuate 15 of its observers who were taken hostage, the United Nations
Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) said.
Beirut again rejected Thursday a United Nations appeal for deploying army
troops along its borders with Israel.
1246
Refuse to de-escalate military engagement
Reject requests, refuse, or decline to stop fighting or take measures to ease
military conflict or tension.
Use this code for rejections of ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Iran’s religious leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini today rejected Iraqi
President Saddam Hussein’s proposal for a cease-fire during the Moslem
holy month of Ramadan.
Rebels in the Ivory Coast on Wednesday dismissed an appeal from President
Laurent Gbago to lay down their arms, saying they had lost all trust in the
government they rose up against on September 19.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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125
Reject proposal to meet, discuss, negotiate
Refuse to meet, discuss, or negotiate.
Note that specific refusals to accept involvement of mediators or refusals to
meet with mediators are coded as 126 instead.
Israeli President Moshe Katsav has refused to meet Jordan’s visiting King
Abdullah II in Tel Aviv, saying he would only welcome him in Jerusalem,
his office said Tuesday.
The radical Palestinian Islamic Jihad movement rejected an invitation to
attend a meeting next week of Palestinian factions to debate plans for independence from Israel, the group said Wednesday.
Pakistan President Mohammad Zia-Ul-Haq today rejected a fresh offer from
Afganistan for direct talks between the two neighbors.
126
Reject mediation
Refuse involvement of mediators or mediation initiatives.
The target for this event should be the potential mediators.
Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat Wednesday rejected a US offer to host a
summit in mid-July to hammer out a framework agreement for peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
Israel is opposed to French mediation in peace negotiations with Syria, a
close aide to Prime Minister Ehud Barak said Wednesday.
127
Reject plan, agreement to settle dispute
Reject a proposal or request for a final, comprehensive settlement, peace
proposal, or resolution.
This event form refers typically, although not exclusively, to written and/or
formal proposals of comprehensive settlements that seek to resolve a conflict.
The target should be the opponent with whom the source is involved in a
conflict.
Ivory Coast rebels on Friday again rejected a west African peace plan, and
said they also opposed the deployment of a regional peacekeeping force until
their political demands are met.
Newly appointed Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh has refused to
respond to a demand from the US President to adhere to interim peace deals
reached with Israel.
128
Defy norms, law
Disobey, challenge, or resist laws or norms.
This event category covers both civilian disobedience and official defiance.
The republic of Slovenia defied Yugoslav federal authority on Wednesday
and was set to declare its right to secede from the country.
A newspaper based in Christian east Beirut has violated a ban by General
Michel Aoun and described his rival Elias Hrawi as president.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

2.13

129
Veto
Refuse to assent or formally reject legislative proposal, recommendation, or
resolution.
The United States on Wednesday vetoed a Security Council resolution censuring as a violation of international law its military sweep of the Nicaraguan
ambassador’s home in Panama on December 29.

THREATEN

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Name
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130
Threaten, not specified below
All threats, coercive or forceful warnings with serious potential repercussions,
not otherwise specified.
Threats are typically verbal acts. This residual category is not coded except
when distinctions among codes 131-139 cannot be made. When any conflictual behavior is forecasted using future tense, it is treated as a “threat” (e.g.
’will attack’ is coded as ’Threaten to attack’).
President Reagan has threatened further action against the Soviet Union
in an international television program beamed by satellite to more than 50
countries.
131
Threaten non-force, not specified below
All non-force threats not otherwise specified.
This event form is a verbal act. It contains sub-forms for more detailed
coding whenever possible. When non-force threats are actually carried out
codes 160-166 should be used instead. Threats of administrative sanctions,
such as bans or curfews, should be coded under 132.
Iran on Tuesday threatened to cut off electricity to the autonomous Azerbaijani republic of Nakhichevan over non-payment of bills, the official IRNA
news agency reported.
1311
Threaten to reduce or stop aid
Threaten to reduce or stop providing material aid.
Use this code for threats to reduce or eliminate provision of material
assistance—economic, military, humanitarian, and peacekeeping.
African states today announced that they will withdraw their peacekeeping
force from Chad unless President Goukouni Oueddei arranged a ceasefire
with rebels fighting to topple his government and held elections within four
months.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

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1312
Threaten to boycott, embargo, or sanction
Threaten to restrict normal economic interactions by imposing sanctions,
boycotts, or embargoes.
Use this code for the imposition of restrictions or restraints on economic
exchange, typically on commerce and similar transactions as a way to protest
or punish the target.
A French minister threatened today to impose import restrictions against
West German goods today as the leaders of the two countries sought to ease
tensions in Franco-German relations.
1313
Threaten to reduce or break relations
Threaten to reduce or formally sever ties.
Non-force threats to declare independence, resign, withdraw diplomats, reduce or break diplomatic ties, etc. are all coded here.
The Azerbaijani parliament threatened on Monday to secede from the Soviet
Union unless the Kremlin withdrew its troops from the republic.
Pakistan today threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Zaire and
Costa Rica over their ties with Israel on the eve of a visit here by Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat.
Because of the compound target, two events are coded in this example.
Palestinian leaders said they would boycott all official contact with the
United States.
132
Threaten with administrative sanctions, not specified below
Threaten to impose or expand non-force administrative restrictions and
penalties not otherwise specified.
Use sub-categories for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Greece, like most other existing members, plans to impose restrictions on its
labour market for new EU members for at least two years from 1 May.
1321
Threaten with restrictions on political freedoms
Threaten to impose or expand restrictions on fundamental freedoms, such
as freedoms of speech, expression, and assembly.
Note that if a threat indicates potential use of coercive repressive tactics as
a way of enforcing the restrictions in question, 137 should be used instead.
Israel threatened to ban voting in East Jerusalem if Hamas, which advocates
Israel’s destruction, ran in the election.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

1322
Threaten to ban political parties or politicians
Threaten to ban political activities of particular parties or individuals.
If the target is being threatened with imprisonment or other measures of
repression, 137 should be used instead.
Israel’s Cabinet met Sunday and decided to approve a plan that will not
allow candidates from the militant group Hamas on the ballots there.
President Yoweri Museveni has threatened to ban Ugandan opposition candidates from participating in the upcoming elections.

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1323
Threaten to impose curfew
Threaten to enforce a deadline beyond which inhabitants of an area are not
permitted to be on the streets or in public places.
President Laurent Gbagbo announced on Sunday that he will extend the
night-time curfew in Algiers in response to recent unrest within the city.
Note that the future tense used in the lead implies a threat.
President Abdelaziz Bouteflicka threatened to institute a curfew in Algiers
in response to recent unrest within the city.

1324
Threaten to impose state of emergency or martial law
Threaten with suspending certain given rights or the whole constitution by
imposing state of emergency or military rule.
Iraq’s interim government announced that it is prepared to impose martial law as street battles raged in central Baghdad between insurgents and
security forces.
133
Threaten political dissent
Threaten to mobilize or engage in actions of political dissent such as protest
demonstrations, hunger strikes, strikes or boycotts, physical obstructions
into buildings or areas, and riots.
Radical French farmers said on Friday they would blockade Paris from Monday night to demand an end to the European Community’s drastic farm
reform.
Druze inhabitants of the Syrian Golan Heights threatened today to hold a
general strike unless Israel rescinded its annexation of the region within 10
days.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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134
Threaten to halt negotiations
Threaten to break-up or withdraw from discussion, negotiation, or meeting.
Use this code for threats and warnings by source actors to stop negotiations,
typically presented as protests against particular actions or policies of target
actors.
The Soviet Union has threatened to stop negotiations to reduce long-range
nuclear weapons if the United States goes ahead with the planned deployment of new medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe, the Washington Post
reported today.
135
Threaten to halt mediation
Threaten to stop mediation activities.
This event form is a verbal act. Use this event form to code threats and
warnings by source actors—mediators or adversaries—to stop mediating or
engaging in mediated talks.
The European Community may halt mediation efforts among Yugoslavia’s
feuding republics if cooperation by all parties founders, Dutch Foreign Minister Hans Van den Broek said on Tuesday.
136
Threaten to halt international involvement (non-mediation)
Threaten to reduce or stop international intervention by expelling or withdrawing observers, humanitarian agencies, peacekeepers, etc.
Threats by international agencies to withdraw their involvement as well as
threats by host countries to expel such actors are coded here. Note that
mediation related threats are coded as 135 instead.
U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan announced on Monday that he will withdraw weapons inspectors and humanitarian workers from Iraq.
Future tense in the lead indicates threat (i.e. it has not yet taken place).
137
Threaten with repression
Threaten dissidents with forcible subjugation.
Threats to imprison as well as to use force to clamp down on opposition
activities are coded here. Note that even though it might involve use of
violence by police or other security forces, repression of dissidents is different from use of military force against another armed group; threats to use
military force or to engage in battle are coded under 138 instead.
Cairo’s security chief has warned that police will no longer tolerate rallies
by the Kifaya (“Enough”) group.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
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138
Threaten with military force, not specified below
Threaten to use force not otherwise specified.
This event form is a verbal act and it contains sub-forms for more detailed
coding whenever possible. More active expressions of threat to use force are
coded under category 15.
Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda terror network has threatened to deliver devastating blows to the United States and Israel, a Saudi-owned weekly reports.
Because of the compound target, two events are coded.
1381
Threaten blockade
Threaten to prevent entry into and/or exit from a territory using military
measures.
This event form is typically a verbal act.
NATO confirmed on Wednesday it would tighten the naval blockade of the
rump Yugoslav state in the Adriatic with Albania’s help.
1382
Threaten occupation
Threaten to occupy, seize control of the whole or part of a territory.
This event form is typically a verbal act and is distinct from 192, which
refers to military occupations that have been or are being carried out.
Ethnic Albanians have sworn to fight until they gain control of villages near
Macedonia’s border with Kosovo, Macedonian officials said Wednesday.
1383
Threaten unconventional attack
Threaten to use unconventional violence, including terrorist activities.
This event form is typically a verbal act and is distinct from unconventional
attacks that are actually carried out (category 18).
The Hamas threatened Monday to resume terrorist activities in Israel in an
escalation of the intifada (uprising).
1384
Threaten conventional attack
Threaten to attack, use conventional weapons against a party.
This event form is typically a verbal act.
Iran today threatened to launch a new military offensive in its Gulf war
with Iraq unless Baghdad accepted its conditions for ending the 28-monthold conflict.
Iran threatened to shell Iraqi towns today in retaliation for an air raid on
the southern city of Susangerd where, it said, 100 people were killed.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description

Usage Notes
Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

2.14

1385
Threaten unconventional mass violence
Threaten to use force potentially affecting large masses of people, including the use of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear or chemical-biologicalradiological attacks), mass expulsions or killings, as well as ethnic cleansing.
This event form is typically a verbal act. Use this code for threats to carry
out actions best represented in cue category 20.
A terror group based in Trinidad claims to be manufacturing chemical and
biological weapons to use against the United States and Britain, according
to a media report Sunday.
Because of the compound target, two events are coded.
139
Give ultimatum
Give a final warning, ultimate demand or order.
This event form is typically a verbal act. Use it to code final demands, rejection of which carries the risk of some form of retaliation by the party issuing
the ultimatum. Use of this code depends primarily on the terminology used
by reporters—look for the word ’ultimatum’, otherwise, it is simply a threat.
Peru has issued an ultimatum to Ecuador to halt attacks across their disputed jungle border.

PROTEST

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

140
Engage in political dissent, not specified below.
All civilian demonstrations and other collective actions carried out as
protests against the target actor not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
141-145 cannot be made. Note that any form of civilian individual or collective action that is undertaken as a symbol of support—rather than protest—
for the target actor should be coded elsewhere (potentially under category
05).
The Homeland Union (Conservatives) began collecting signatures in part of
a drive to convince the Lithuanian Parliament to amend the constitution so
that same-sex marriages are banned.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
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Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
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CAMEO
Name
Description
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Example

141
Demonstrate or rally, not specified below
Dissent collectively, publicly show negative feelings or opinions; rally, gather
to protest a policy, action, or actor(s).
Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. The
target for this event form is the party that the protest is directed against; the
location of a demonstration sometimes represents the identity of the target.
Up to 100 ethnic Albanians demonstrated on Tuesday in the Yugoslav
province of Kosovo, where 24 people were killed in nationalist riots last
March, Belgrade radio said.
1411
Demonstrate or rally for leadership change
Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding leadership change.
Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Demonstrations that demand new elections should also be coded here.
Angry activists from the defeated Fatah Party have staged rallies in the Gaza
Strip against the party’s leader Mahmoud Abbas, saying he must resign.
1412
Demonstrate or rally for policy change
Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding policy change.
Use this code when demonstrators demand specific policy changes or unspecified political reforms.
Tens of thousands of university students throughout Indonesia staged mass
demonstrations Saturday to demand political reforms by President Suharto’s
government.
1413
Demonstrate for rights
Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding political, social, economic,
or other rights.
Use this code for demonstrations that demand new rights or protest the
violation of existing ones.
Thousands of Nigerians from throughout the country were converging Thursday for a rally in Lagos to protest the rights violations under the recently
imposed Sharia law by Islamic fundamentalists in the northern districts.
1414
Demonstrate for change in institutions, regime
Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy
reforms. Demonstrations that call for independence or autonomy essentially
demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Thousands of Iraqi Kurds demonstrated in the northern city of Kirkuk on
Sunday calling for independence from Iraq, witnesses said.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

142
Conduct hunger strike, not specified below
Protest by refusing to eat until certain demands are met, not further specified.
Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. The
target for this event form is the party against which the hunger strikers
protest.
Up to 1,000 ethnic Turks began a hunger strike on Monday to protest against
Sweden’s decision to send them back to Bulgaria, where they say they face
imprisonment, homelessness and persecution.
1421
Conduct hunger strike for leadership change
Refuse to eat until demands for leadership change are met.
Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Hunger
strikes that demand new elections should also be coded here.
Islamic fundamentalists continued their hunger strike to demand the resignation of Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella.
1422
Conduct hunger strike for policy change
Refuse to eat until demands for policy reform are met.
Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified
political reforms.
A member of the Syrian parliament, Mohammed Mamoun, started a hunger
strike yesterday to protest President Assad’s failure to usher in meaningful
political reforms.
1423
Conduct hunger strike for rights
Refuse to eat until demands for political, social, economic, or other rights
are met.
Use this code for hunger strikes that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Algerian landowners began a hunger strike outside Parliament to demand
the return of property seized by Algerian government forces in the 1970s,
APS news agency said.
Salaheddine Sidhoum, Algeria’s leading human rights activist, staged a 24hour hunger strike in prison on Sunday in protest against the widespread
human rights violations by Algerian security forces, his lawyer said on Tuesday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

1424
Conduct hunger strike for change in institutions, regime
Refuse to eat until demands for major institutional, constitutional, or regime
change.
Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy
reforms. Hunger strikes that call for independence or autonomy essentially
demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
A group of Chenchen refugees are continuing a hunger strike in protest of
the Russian government’s refusal to accept the independence of Chechnya.
143
Conduct strike or boycott, not specified below
Protest by refusing to work or cooperate until certain demands are met, not
specified further.
Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. The
target for this event form is the party against which the hunger strikers
protest. This event form does not refer to military strikes, which are coded
under category 19 instead.
Palestinians of the Israeli-occupied West Bank shunned work on Monday to
protest at settlement of Soviet Jewish immigrants on Arab land.
1431
Conduct strike or boycott for leadership change
Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for leadership change are met.
Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Strikes or
boycotts that demand new elections should also be coded here.
The fundamentalist Umma (Nation) party has said it will boycott Algeria’s
first multi-party elections unless the president agrees to step down.
Ideally the Algerian president would have been coded as the target.
1432
Conduct strike or boycott for policy change
Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for policy reform are met.
Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified
political reforms.
Some 500,000 workers affiliated with the Serbian Workers’ Union (SSS)
stopped work on the first day of an open-ended strike on Monday over a
controversial employment bill signed in by Serbian Labour Minister Dragan
Milovanovic.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

1433
Conduct strike or boycott for rights
Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for political, social, economic, or
other rights are met.
Use this code for strikes or boycotts that demand new rights or protest the
violation of existing ones.
Seven opposition parties in Nepal have organized a general strike that shut
down Khatmandu in protest of last week’s arrest of a number of activists.
1434
Conduct strike or boycott for change in institutions, regime
Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy
reforms. Strikes that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand
major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
144
Obstruct passage, block, not specified below
Protest by blocking entry and/or exit into building or area, not otherwise
specified.
Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. Use
this event form to code protest activities that seek to disrupt routine and
normal proceedings by blocking roads, buildings, etc. When the blockade in
question includes military forces, use 191 instead.
Angry French paper workers blocked the Europe Bridge spanning the Rhine
from France to West Germany for more than three hours by dumping sawdust on the roadway, French border police said.
1441
Obstruct passage to demand leadership change
Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand leadership change.
Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Obstructions
that demand new elections should also be coded here.
About 200 supporters of former President Ahmed Ben Bella blocked roads
in the capital city of Algiers demanding that he be reinstated as leader of
the Algerian government.
Rebels in the Ivory Coast on Tuesday blocked transport into Abidjan as
they continued their effort to overthrow the government of President Laurent
Gbagbo.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
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Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

1442
Obstruct passage to demand policy change
Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand policy reform.
Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified
political reforms.
Demonstrators in Baghdad blocked a road to show their disapproval for the
United States’ military policies, a newspaper reported Tuesday.
1443
Obstruct passage to demand rights
Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand political, social, economic, or
other rights.
Use this code for obstructions that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Young Algerians blocked roads leading to the city centre on Sunday to press
their demands for greater freedom and opportunities from President Bouteflika’s government.
1444
Obstruct passage to demand change in institutions, regime
Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy
reforms. Obstructions that call for independence or autonomy essentially
demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Hundreds of thousands of people blocked streets in Hong Kong in defiance
of Chinese authorities to demand democratic reforms.
145
Protest violently, riot, not specified below
Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, not further specified.
Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. Use
this event form to code demonstrations and protests that turn violent. When
the use of force to cause casualties is the primary purpose, use categories 18,
19, or 20 instead.
Palestinian prisoners rioted Monday at this jail in northern Israel, setting
fire to their mattresses and smashing furniture, police sources said.

CAMEO

1451

Name
Description

Engage in violent protest for leadership change
Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand leadership
change.
Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Riots that
demand new elections should also be coded here.
Egyptian demonstrators rioted following a peaceful demonstration calling
for the immediate removal of President Hosni Mubarak from office.

Usage Notes
Example

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

1452
Engage in violent protest to demand policy change
Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand policy
reform.
Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified
political reforms.
Palestinian riots against Israeli military policies are still continuing with no
end in sight.
1453
Engage in violent protest to demand rights
Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand political,
social, economic, or other rights.
Use this code for riots that demand new rights or protest the violation of
existing ones.
Palestinian youths resorted to throwing stones during demonstrations
against the alleged human rights violations by the Israeli military, officials
said on Thursday.
1454
Engage in violent protest to demand change in institutions, regime
Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand major
institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy
reforms. Riots that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand
major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Prisoners rioted at a jail in East Timor’s capital Dili on Monday joining
thousands of demonstrators in demanding a referendum on independence
from Indonesian rule, locals said.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

2.15

EXHIBIT MILITARY POSTURE

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

150
Exhibit military or police power, not specified below
All military or police moves that fall short of the actual use of force, not
otherwise specified.
This category is different from cue categories 18, 19, and 20, as they refer to
uses of force, while military posturing falls short of actual use of force and is
typically a demonstration of military capabilities and readiness. Category 15
is also distinct from category 13 in that the latter refers merely to threats,
is typically verbal, and does not involve any activity that is undertaken
to demonstrate military power. Note that source actors for codes 150-153
are not necessarily militaries affiliated with states but any organized armed
groups. Targets are actors against whom the source mobilizes its military
capabilities in a threatening manner.
The Macedonian army prepared to resume shelling Albanian rebel-held territory as attempts to resolve the crisis on the political front were deadlocked.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

151
Increase police alert status
Need new description.
Need new usage notes.
NEED EXAMPLE.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

152
Increase military alert status
Heighten military readiness and caution; be prepared to use force.
Use this event form to code formal military orders to go on alert. The party
against whom the military move is directed is the target actor.
Israeli troops remained on alert in the occupied West Bank today to forestall
more violence after a week of unprecedented Palestinian civil unrest.

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

153
Mobilize or increase police power
Increase the number of military personnel and/or weapons.
Use this code when the government mobilizes police power to demonstrate
strength, mostly as a scare tactic.
The government of Sindh province has ordered patrols by police and paramilitary soldiers after violent protests by Muslim groups.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

2.16

154
Mobilize or increase armed forces
Increase the number of military personnel and/or weapons.
The party against whom the military move is directed is the target actor.
Israel has strengthened its forces in Lebanon following the discovery of
Soviet-made Katyusha rockets in the area last week, military sources said
today.
Britain mobilized army reservists for a possible war against Iraq on Tuesday
while UN arms inspectors said they needed more time.
155
Mobilize or increase cyber-forces
Increase the capacity to wage cyber-warfare.
This event can only be coded when the move is directed against a specific
target or targets, whether as an offensive or defensive move.
North Korea has trained more than 500 computer hackers capable of launching cyber warfare against the United States, South Korea’s defense ministry
said Monday.

REDUCE RELATIONS

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

160
Reduce relations, not specified below
All reductions in normal, routine, or cooperative relations not otherwise
specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
161-166 cannot be made.
Italy announced a suspension of air links with Yugoslavia on Wednesday,
one day after a Yugoslav army jet shot down a helicopter carrying EC truce
monitors.
161
Reduce or break diplomatic relations
Curtail, decrease, break, or terminate diplomatic exchange.
Cancellation of meetings, withdrawal, or expulsion of diplomats and termination of other diplomatic activities (excluding negotiations and mediations
which are coded as 164 and 165 respectively) should be coded here.
A French minister has cancelled a planned visit to Haiti after a state of siege
was declared in the one-time French colony, the Foreign Affairs Ministry said
on Sunday.
Switzerland said today it had expelled two Soviet diplomats based in Geneva
for spying, adding to a long series of espionage scares.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example

162
Reduce or stop material aid, not specified below
Reductions or terminations of aid not otherwise specified.
This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
The United States announced Wednesday it would prohibit all aid to Albanian rebels in Macedonia and would deny entry to the United States to all
individuals undermining stability there.
Red Cross officials suspended aid deliveries in Baghdad on Wednesday after
two of their vehicles were hit by gunfire and a staff member went missing.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1621
Reduce or stop economic assistance
Decrease or terminate provision of economic aid.
Japan said on Tuesday it had halted economic aid to Yugoslavia in line with
Western efforts to end the fighting there.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1622
Reduce or stop military assistance
Decrease or terminate provision of military aid.
The United States suspended part of a military aid program for Bosnia aimed
at bringing Bosnian Croat and Moslem armed forces together as a unified
identity, the New York Times reported on Friday.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1623
Reduce or stop humanitarian assistance
Decrease or terminate provision of humanitarian aid.
The United Nations on Tuesday reduced food supplies to the biggest Cambodian refugee camp in Thailand because rice was being diverted to outside
users, relief officials said.

CAMEO
Name
Description

163
Impose embargo, boycott, or sanctions
Stop or restrict commercial or other material exchange as a form of protest
or punishment.
President Bill Clinton has imposed sanctions on the Taliban religious faction
that controls Afghanistan for its support of suspected terrorist Osama bin
Laden, the White House said Tuesday.

Example

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

164
Halt negotiations
Terminate discussions, negotiations.
Use this event form to code failed negotiations and walk-outs, as well as
other disruptions of planned negotiations. Note that the termination can be
either unilateral or bi/multi-lateral.
Palestinians and Israelis failed to reach agreement on the fate of Palestinian
offices in east Jerusalem Sunday, despite hours of tense negotiations, sources
on both sides reported.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
165
Halt mediation
Terminate mediation activities.
The source for this event form is typically the mediating party(ies). Use this
event form to code failed mediation activities.
Syrian officers today ended mediation efforts between rival militias in Tripoli
as shells continued crashing into the north Lebanese port and the death toll
rose to more than 200.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

166
Expel or withdraw, not specified below
Terminate the presence of groups or organizations not otherwise specified.
Use this category to code both expulsions by host authorities and withdrawals by guest groups or organizations. Note that expulsions or deportations of individuals—typically a legal matter—are coded as 174 instead.
Mass expulsions of peoples are coded as 201. Withdrawal of hostile military forces constitutes a form of yielding and is thus coded as 0874. When
diplomats are withdrawn or expelled, use 161.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

1661
Expel or withdraw peacekeepers
Terminate the deployment or presence of peacekeeping forces.
Use this event form to code both expulsions of peacekeeping forces by host
countries and voluntary withdrawals by actors providing the peacekeeping
forces. Note that while the host country should be coded as the source actor
when coding an expulsion of peacekeeping forces, the provider of the forces
becomes the source when coding withdrawals.
Eighty UN peacekeepers were shipped out of the eastern Bosnian enclave
of Gorazde Friday, leaving just 100 UN troops to follow them out later this
month.

Example

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

2.17

1662
Expel or withdraw inspectors, observers
Terminate the presence of inspectors or other observers.
Use this event form to code both expulsions by host countries and withdrawals by providers of inspectors or observers.
North Korea expelled inspectors of the International Atomic Energy Agency,
or IAEA, from frozen nuclear facilities at Yongbyon after U.S. officials alleged
that the North admitted it had a uranium-based program in late 2002.
1663
Expel or withdraw aid agencies
Terminate the presence of aid agencies or other non-governmental organizations helping civilians.
Use this event form to code both expulsions by host countries and withdrawals by providers of humanitarian aid. When aid is simply reduced or
halted but the expulsion or withdrawal of the provider is not mentioned, use
1623 instead.
Jakarta forced the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, out of the country following
the relief operation, although it had more than £12m of unspent donations.

COERCE

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

170
Coerce, not specified below
Repression, violence against civilians, or their rights or properties not otherwise specified.
Turkish police prevented the demonstration staged by students at
Cumhuriyet University near AKP offices in Sivas on 15 October to protest
the decision of sending troops to Iraq.
171
Seize or damage property, not specified below
Use of force against property or violation of property rights not otherwise
specified.
This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Croatian authorities are failing to uphold the property rights of Croatian
Serb refugees, a human rights group protested here Wednesday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

1711
Confiscate property
Use force to take control of somebody else’s property, confiscate, expropriate.
Use this event form to code raids and lootings as well as other confiscations.
In an unprecedented move, Palestinian police in Jericho confiscated weapons
and explosives from Palestinian armed groups, the Israeli army said Friday.
1712
Destroy property
Use force to destroy, demolish property.
Afghan guerillas blew up three main electric power lines leading into Kabul
last month and nearly one third of the city’s power supply is still down, the
Czechoslovak news agency Ceteka reported from Kabul today.
Jewish settlers in the West Bank city of Hebron set fire to the offices of
the Palestinian administrators of Muslim property overnight following the
killing of an Israeli man, Palestinian residents said Sunday.
Israeli army bulldozers demolished Palestinian homes and civilian buildings
in southern Gaza on Sunday, Palestinian officials and US witnesses said.
172
Impose administrative sanctions, not specified below
Formal decrees, laws, or policies aimed at curbing the rights of civilians not
otherwise specified.
This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
1721
Impose restrictions on political freedoms
Violate or impose limitations on fundamental political rights such as freedoms of speech, expression, and assembly.
Restrictions on media and activities of political dissent are coded here. Note
that if the event is about the actual enforcement of such restrictions through
repressive tactics, such as imprisonments and dispersion of demonstrations,
175 should be used instead.
The British government on Monday outlawed the largest Protestant extremist organization in Northern Ireland because of what it called its direct involvement in killing in the strife-torn province.
Nicaragua’s Sandinista government today ordered the opposition newspaper
La Prensa to suspend publication indefinitely, a spokesman for the paper
said.
1722
Ban political parties or politicians
Prevent establishment or activities of political parties or politicians.
President Yoweri Museveni has banned Ugandan opposition candidates from
participating in the upcoming elections.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

1723
Impose curfew
Set a deadline beyond which inhabitants of an area are not permitted to be
on the streets or in public places.
Turkish authorities have imposed a curfew in the town of Cizre in southeastern Turkey after a demonstration over fraud allegations in Sunday’s local
elections, security sources said here Tuesday.
1724
Impose state of emergency or martial law
Suspend normal constitutional rights and provisions by installing state of
emergency or military rule.
The military government of President Prosper Avril declared a 30-day state
of siege in Haiti on Saturday, suspending parts of the constitution and arresting political opponents, a spokeswoman for the U.S. embassy said.
173
Arrest, detain
Legal or extrajudicial arrests, detentions, or imprisonments.
Use this code for both criminal and political detentions. Note, however, that
taking of hostages is coded as 181 instead, and charges or lawsuits are coded
as 115.
Israeli soldiers arrested more than 100 Palestinians on Saturday in a security
sweep of the Hebron area of the occupied West Bank, military sources said.
174
Expel or deport individuals
Formal removal or expulsion of individuals from territories, typically following legal proceedings.
Expulsion of diplomats constitute reduction of diplomatic relations and
should be coded as ’Reduce or break diplomatic relations’ (161). Expulsion of peacekeepers, inspectors, or aid agencies refer to category 166. Mass
political expulsions, with the purpose of ethnic cleansing for instance, are
coded as 201 instead.
Ghanaian authorities have deported 168 Liberians for traveling without
proper documents on a Swedish-registered vessel, a port official said Monday.
175
Use repression
Actively repress collective actions of dissent by forcing subjugation through
crowd control tactics, arrests, etc.
Note the difference between repression of dissidents and military engagements.
Liberian riot police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators protesting election results in Monrovia.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

2.18

176
Attack cybernetically
Illegal or unauthorized attack on computers, networks, or accounts.
Cyberattacks can be any of a wide range of acts, with an even wider range
of motives. Vandalism of websites, theft of private electronic information,
and the hostile shutting-down of networks all fit under this category.
North Korea has tried to hack into the computers of South Korean army
officers, officials said Tuesday.
Muslim hackers angered by the publication of cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed have defaced nearly 3,000 Danish Web sites over the past month in
the biggest politically motivated cyber attack long-time observers have ever
seen.

ASSAULT

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

180
Use unconventional violence, not specified below
Use of unconventional forms of violence which do not require high levels of
organization or conventional weaponry, not otherwise specified.
Use this event form to code use of forms of force and violence that do not require high levels of organization typical of state-military establishments. Terrorist attacks, if not further specified, should be coded here. Use this default
code also for use of knives, rocks and other such unsophisticated weapons.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
181-186 cannot be made.
A temporary camp for Congolese refugees was attacked by Burundian militiamen armed with machetes, killing at least 156 people, the UN refugee
agency reported.
181
Abduct, hijack, take hostage
Kidnap, take hostage, hijack, or forcibly seize control of an aircraft, car, bus,
ship, etc.
Afghan rebels have kidnapped up to 16 Soviet civilian advisers from a town
bazaar and exploded a series of bombs in the capital Kabul, western diplomatic sources in neighboring Pakistan said today.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

182
Physically assault, not specified below
Attack physical well-being of individuals without the use of weaponry, not
otherwise specified.
This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. Beatings are coded here.
Israeli soldiers routinely beat up Palestinian detainees on the occupied West
Bank with the knowledge of senior officers, a court martial was told today.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

1821
Sexually assault
Sexually abuse, assault sexual integrity of individuals.
Use this event form to code rapes and other sexual assaults.
U.S. border patrol agents sexually abused illegal Mexican immigrants with
impunity, a human rights organization charged on Saturday.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

1822
Torture
Torture, inflict extreme pain on individuals.
The distinction between 1822 and the default code 182 depend primarily on
the particular terminology used by reporters. This code is used typically
when “torture” is mentioned in the lead.
Security forces in Guinea have tortured scores of Sierra Leonean and Liberian
refugees, whom authorities blame for a border conflict, Human Rights Watch
(HWR) said Thursday.

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

1823
Kill by physical assault
Kill individuals by physically assaulting them without the use of weaponry,
through beating, torture, lynching, etc.
When a physical assault—beating, torture, lynching, etc.–is specifically mentioned to have caused death, this code takes precedence over other codes for
physical assault.
A Palestinian prisoner died as a result of torture while in Israeli police custody, according to a report by a pathologist sent to Israel by Physicians for
Human Rights.
183
Conduct suicide, car, or other non-military bombing, not specified
below
The use of explosive devices or improvised explosives outside of military
engagements.
This residual category is not coded except where distinctions among codes
1831-1834 cannot be made. Aerial bombings that involve the use of aircraft
are coded as 195 instead.
Irish nationalist guerrillas wounded two British soldiers in a bomb attack on
Thursday, police said.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

1831
Carry out suicide bombing
Carry out bomb attack with the intention of causing own death as well as
other casualties.
Not every attack that results in the assailant’s death is necessarily a suicide
attack; we rely on the terminology used by reporters to make that call—we
code bombings as suicide bombings if the report identifies it as such.
Two Palestinian suicide bombers killed 23 people as well as themselves late
Sunday when they blew themselves up in Tel Aviv in the second-worst attack
in the current Palestinian uprising, police said.
At least three Iraqi civilians have been killed in a suicide car bombing in
central Baghdad, Iraqi police said.
1832
Carry out vehicular bombing
Blow up a car or other vehicle to cause damage to surroundings.
If a car bombing is also known to have been a suicide attack, the suicide
component takes precedence and the event is coded as 1831.
A prominent anti-Syria journalist has been killed in a car bomb explosion in
a residential sector of mostly Christian eastern Beirut.
1833
Carry out roadside bombing
Detonate explosives on the roadside to cause damage and casualties to
passers-by.
These bombs or explosives are typically left along the roads by assailants long
before they are detonated, hence reports of such attacks can rarely credibly
identify the actors responsible for placing those explosives. Therefore, the
particular locations of such attacks are typically coded as source actors.
A roadside bombing near the town of Samarra on Sunday killed one U.S.
soldier and wounded two others, the military said.
1834
Carry out location bombing
The use of pre-placed explosive device(s) with the intent of causing casualties
and or/structural damage.
The distinguishing factors for this code are the presence of placed munitions
detonated either remotely or according to pre-set conditions (time, proximity, movement of the device, etc.). Suicide, vehicular bombing components,
or roadside locations take precedence and are coded 1831, 1832 and 1833 respectively. Minefield casualties and the deployment of mines are specifically
excluded from this code and are coded as 193 (Fight with small arms and
light weapons) instead.
Three US servicemen were killed by an improvised explosive device outside
of the Iraqi city of Basra.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

184
Use as human shield
Use civilians as buffer on the front lines or in other dangerous environments.
The Sri Lankan army has been holding thousands of Tamil civilian refugees
as human shields in the battle zones of the southern sector of the Jaffna
peninsula, according to a press release by the Liberation Tigers.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example
Example Note

185
Attempt to assassinate
Attempt but fail to kill politically significant and influential persons.
Use this code only when an assassination attempt or targeted killing is foiled;
when assassinations are successfully carried out, 186 is used instead. This
distinction is made because consequences of these two types of events could
be significantly different. The source of this event would ideally be the
assailant; however, in many cases this information will not be available and
the location of the attack would be coded as the source instead.
An attempt to assassinate deputy governor of the Tyumen region, Oleg
Chemezov, was thwarted in Khanty-Mansiysk (Siberia), the city’s police
reported.
Militants loyal to Iraq’s Al-Qaeda frontman Abu Musab al-Zarqawi said
they attempted to assassinate outgoing Prime Minister Iyad Allawi, in a
statement posted on the internet.
186
Assassinate
Kill politically significant and influential persons.
Use this event form to code targeted killings and assassinations of politically
influential elites or leaders.
Hezbollah guerrillas killed the deputy chief of Israel’s militia ally in southern
Lebanon Sunday sources on both sides said.
This example is coded as an assassination because of the position the victim
held (which is explicitly reported).

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

2.19

FIGHT

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example
Example Note
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

Example Note

190
Use conventional military force, not specified below
All uses of conventional force and acts of war typically by organized armed
groups not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
191-196 cannot be made. In addition to unspecified acts of fighting,
“killings” of any kind when the weapons used are not specified should also be
coded here. When news leads refer to acts of killing that take place during
an attack or some form of military engagement as “murders”, those should
still be coded here. However, murders in general—as criminal acts with no
political connotations—are not coded under the CAMEO framework. The
first example below illustrates how one can differentiate between these two
different uses of the verb “murder”.
One Serb policeman was murdered in an attack on a police patrol by Kosovo
Albanians near the border with Kosovo, state agency Tanjug reported Sunday.
Vietnamese and Kampuchean forces were battling for control of a strategic
base near the border today, Thai military sources said.
Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.
Palestinian gunmen attacked an Israeli village close to the West Bank Sunday
and killed an Israeli, public television reported.
191
Impose blockade, restrict movement
Prevent entry into and/or exit from a territory using armed forces.
Note that this event form is different from code 144 (‘Obstruct physically’),
which refers to civilian protest activities that seek to disrupt routine and
normal proceedings.
Israel Friday reimposed blockades in the West Bank following the shooting
deaths of two Israelis a day earlier, a military spokesman announced.
The Soviet Union closed its southern borders with Iran and Turkey because
of fighting between Azerbaijanis and Armenians, an editor at the official
Armenian news agency said.
Due to the compound target, two events are coded.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Example

Example
Example

192
Occupy territory
Occupy, seize control of a territory using armed forces.
Vietnamese-led forces have retaken a strategic village in Western Kampuchea
after fierce fighting with guerrillas who overran it late last month, Thai
military sources said today.
Burmese troops have captured part of a Karen guerrilla stronghold on the
Thai border after five days of fighting, Thai police here said on Monday.
Israel today mounted its long-threatened invasion of South Lebanon, ploughing through the United Nations lines on the coast of south of Tyre and
thrusting forward in at least to inland areas.

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

Example Note
Example

193
Fight with small arms and light weapons
Attack using small arms and light weapons such as rifles, machine-guns, and
mortar shells.
Small arms include revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines,
sub-machine guns, assault rifles and light machine-guns. Light weapons include heavy-machine guns, hand-held under-barrel and mounted grenade
launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, portable anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-tank missile and rocket systems, portable
launchers of anti-aircraft missile system, and mortars of calibers less than
100 mm.
Sudanese rebels shelled the southern regional capital Juba for the first time
in a year on Sunday and Monday, killing about 20 people, relief officials in
Nairobi said.
Egyptian police opened fire to disperse Moslem fundamentalist demonstrators on Monday night, killing one person and arresting 12, security sources
said.
Serb forces killed three ethnic Albanians in a gunbattle in southeastern Serbia Friday, a political council representing ethnic Albanians in the region
said in remarks published here Sunday.
Note that because the type of weapon used is specified, this code is used
instead of the default code 190.
A minefield explosion near the town of Samarra killed two Iraqi youths and
wounded five others on Sunday.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example
Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

194
Fight with artillery and tanks
Attack using artillery, tanks, and rocket fire.
Use this event form to code military engagements that involve the use of
guns of large caliber that are too heavy to carry, such as cannon or missile
launchers that are not portable, and tanks and/or warships. When both
small arms or light weapons and heavy weaponry are used, this code takes
precedence.
Vietnamese-led forces launched artillery, mortar, and rocket fire against
Kampuchean guerrilla camps near the eastern Thai border today, killing
or wounding 50, Thai military sources said.
Israeli tanks fired four shell bombs at targets in Jericho, witnesses said, in a
rare incident in the West Bank city.
195
Employ aerial weapons, not specified below
Attack, bomb from air, not specified below.
Use this event form to code bombings that involve the use of military aircraft.
When both aerial and other small types of weapons are used, this code takes
precedence. This residual category is not coded except where distinctions
among codes 1951-1952 cannot be made.
Soviet aircraft including helicopter gunships killed 46 Afghan civilians in an
attack on a village in the western province of Heart.
Israeli helicopters and tanks shelled positions of the Palestinian security
forces and residential areas near the town of Rafah.
1951
Employ precision-guided aerial munitions
The use of aerial weapons that utilize internal and/or remote sensing and
guidance controls to strike specific targets.
The distinction between 1951 and the default 195 depends on whether the
particular terminology used by reporters is indicative of guided or precision
weapons. The weapons themselves must have guidance capability and should
be differentiated from ”surgical aerial attacks” which are otherwise coded
under the default 195.
British aircraft using precision guided missiles killed 4 Iraqis in an attack on
a suspected weapons supply in Basra.

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK
CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes
Example

Example Note

2.20

1952
Employ remotely piloted aerial munitions
The use of remotely piloted or unmanned aerial platforms for the delivery
or ordinance.
Use this event form to code aerial attacks that involve the use of unmanned
or remotely piloted vehicles. This code takes precedence over the use of
precision guided munitions (1951).
Recent US Predator attacks, occurring about once every three days, have
killed at least eight top al-Qaeda leaders since last July, according to Pentagon sources.
196
Violate ceasefire
Reinitiate fighting in the midst of a formal or informal ceasefire or truce.
Regardless of how the ceasefire is broken and what kinds of weapons are
used, all ceasefire and truce violations are coded here.
Both the Phillippines military and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front are
guilty of violating the ceasefire agreement signed in March 2001, according to a group that conducted simultaneous fact-finding missions in Lanao,
Maguindanao, and Cotabato provinces last week.
Two reciprocal events of the same type are coded.

ENGAGE IN UNCONVENTIONAL MASS VIOLENCE

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

200
Use massive unconventional force, not specified below
All uses of unconventional force that are meant to cause mass destruction,
casualties, and suffering not otherwise specified.
This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes
201-204 cannot be made.

CAMEO

201

Name
Description
Usage Notes

Engage in mass expulsion
Force large groups of people or populations out of some territory.
Note that this event form is different from expulsions of diplomats and international or non-governmental groups (166), and legal deportations (174).
Mass expulsions coded here are typically carried out with the intention of
clearing out a particular group of people out of a specific area.
The Israeli army forced out on Wednesday more than 1,000 Palestinian
refugees from their homes in a West Bank refugee camp during a 48-hour
search for militants, residents said.

Example

CHAPTER 2. VERB CODEBOOK

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

CAMEO
Name
Description
Usage Notes

Example

202
Engage in mass killings
Kill a substantial number of people, typically with the intention of ridding
a territory of a particular group of people.
Politically motivated mass killings and genocides are coded here, relying
primarily on the specific terminology used by reporters to identify an event
that involves “mass” killings.
Sudan’s government is responsible for mass killings and other atrocities in
the Darfur region, according to a United Nations report.
203
Engage in ethnic cleansing
Use mass expulsions and/or mass killings targeting a specific ethnic group.
When a report identifies mass expulsions or mass killings as being motivated
by ethnic cleansing, use this code instead. The only way we can code ethnic
cleansings as such is only if reporters use that particular terminology; therefore, we will need to rely on careful analysis of our event data, whereby we
would focus on particular dyads, to reliably measure ethnic cleansings.
Serb forces were engaged in ethnic cleansing in Kosovo against the majority
Albanian population of the province, according to the US government.

CAMEO
Name
Description

204
Use weapons of mass destruction, not specified below
Attack with unconventional weapons that are meant to cause massive destruction and casualties.

CAMEO
Name
Description

2041
Use chemical, biological, or radiological weapons
Attack using chemical, biological, or radiological weapons.

CAMEO
Name
Description

2042
Detonate nuclear weapons
Attack using nuclear weapons.

Chapter 3

ACTOR CODEBOOK
Actor and agent dictionaries are developed to systematically assign codes to names (of individuals,
countries, identity groups, organizations, etc.) that refer to source or target actors in news reports.
Several regional dictionaries have been developed within the framework of the CAMEO project. In
addition to laying out the format and the rules that apply commonly to the creation of new codes
in actor and agent dictionaries, this codebook documents the shared and region-specific actors that
existed in the dictionaries at the time of this codebooks compilation (as well as some updates from
subsequent revisions). It does not contain an exhaustive list of all agent and actor codes utilized
in the various KEDS/CASCADE projects that make use of the CAMEO coding schemes. Coders
who modify CAMEO or add new codes (not names, but general types) should record the changes
made.
As projects have demanded more specificity from CAMEO codes, the complexity and length of
CAMEO codes have increased. Early CAMEO codes may be simpler than strict adherence to the
rules below would imply.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

3.1

HIERARCHICAL RULES OF CODING
?

COUNTRY

INTERNATIONAL

UN country code

IGO, IMG, MNC, NGO, < null >,
etc.

Domestic Region

Location

Primary role code

Ethnicity
?

Party

Specialty (P.R.C.)

Religion
?

Role code (any)
?

Ethnicity
?

Religion
?

Secondary role code
?

Specialty (S.R.C.)

Organization code
?

Specialty
?

Suborganization code
?

Specialty

Organization code

Actor codes are composed of a series of three-letter groups, written in the order pictured above.
The length of the code given to any actor depends on the number of these groups applicable to
an actor and necessary for the needs of the coding group, but TABARI currently limits the total
number of characters to fifteen, i.e. five three-letter codes. Some actors may be deemed important
enough to warrant a three character code unique to themselves, but most just use a combination
of specific and generic codes.
Coding of any actor follows two basic rules:
1. Proceed from the general to the specific.
2. Maintain a consistent pattern (ideally the one above) in choosing the hierarchical placement
of appropriate three letter classifications.
No actor will use all the categories listed, but rules and hierarchy provide the coder with a clearer
path of how an actor’s coding scheme should break down and ensures some level of consistency

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

across studies.

3.1.1

Domestic or International?

There are two types of actor in the CAMEO coding scheme: domestic and international. How an
actor is coded depends on which of those types the actor is.
For a domestic actor, the first three characters of the CAMEO code indicate the actor’s country. The United Nations list of standard three-letter country codes is used to identify countries.
The current list, as well as a list of changed and added codes, can be found at the UN website
(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm). A list of UN country codes is also presented
in Chater ??.
Actors that cannot readily accept a single national identifier may instead take an international
code. Different generic codes are used to differentiate between various kinds of international and
transnational actors. IGO (international governmental organization), IMG (international militarized
group), NGO (non-governmental organization), NGM (non-governmental movement), and MNC (multinational corporation) are the main generic codes. They can either be used on their own or as the
first three characters of more detailed codes. A few special cases—religious groups, ethnicities,
and international regions—are handled as international actors but do not begin with international
codes.
In addition, we have the code UIS (unidentified state actor), which is used when an actor is
known to be a country or government—or it is known to act on behalf of a country or state—but
the identity of the particular country is not revealed in the report (e.g. “foreign diplomat”). Similarly, if an international actor cannot be categorized for whatever reason, INT can be used as the
last-resort, catch-all code. UIS and INT are typically used as three-letter codes on their own.
The following subsections describe how a domestic actor is coded, in order from left to right in
the code. The differences for international codes are described in subsection 3.1.9.

3.1.2

Domestic Region

In countries with federal systems, autonomous regions, other forms of decentralization, or any other
idiosyncratic facts that render regional distinctions politically significant, our codes link actors to
sub-state regions as well as countries. Assigning actors domestic region codes (as the second three
characters) allows researchers to code and study intrastate events which might have domestic as
well as international significance. Sub-state codes are often essential components of a regional
dictionary—the Balkans is one such case. Serbia during 2003-2006, for example, is assigned the
code [SCGSRB], where SCG is the UN code for the state of Serbia and Montenegro and SRB denotes
the Republic of Serbia, which was a sub-state entity within Serbia and Montenegro.
In some cases, we have assigned geographic regions within a country their own three character
codes because the distinction was important for demographic or other political reasons, even though
these regions did not have legal status. For Turkey, we have given Southeast Turkey its own code
([TURSOE]), which has allowed us to capture many domestic events (particularly between Kurdish
insurgents and the Turkish state) that we otherwise could not. A comprehensive list of all sub-state
region codes can be found in the respective region-specific sections of this codebook.

3.1.3

Primary Role Code

Generic role codes are assigned to actors in order to indicate their roles and statuses, when known
and relevant, within their respective countries. They are appended to the initial country and

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

regional codes.
A comprehensive list of generic role codes can be found in Table 3.1. We make a crucial
distinction between primary, secondary, and tertiary role codes. Coders should use primary codes
to identify the role of a domestic actor wherever reasonable; among those, GOV, MIL, OPP, and INS
or SEP (formerly REB) are in fact the most commonly used.
REB has been, for most of CAMEO’s history, the catch-all term for violent opposition groups.
SEP and INS were added in late 2009, and they have more or less replaced that code for specific
actors. However, REB still is used to code cases where a violent opposition group’s aims are unclear,
or where the group has very plainly limited goals (i.e. not involving separating from or overthrowing
the government.) Also, older projects using CAMEO use only the REB code, and, depending on the
project, coders may choose not to use SEP or INS. Coders should be sure, however, to distinguish
between these kinds of actors and those assigned a secondary role code of CRM (see subsection 3.1.6).
While CRM actors may utilize violent operations, they primarily exist for the purpose of achieving
monetary profit or other self-gratification and not for the achievement of political aims through
violent efforts.
UAF should be used as a last resort when an armed group cannot be identified either as MIL
or REB. This situation tends to arise when the association of a given armed group with the state
it operates in is unclear (e.g. whether it is an independent rebel group or a paramilitary), or the
group is accepted but not controlled by the state. If the link between a paramilitary and a state is
common knowledge, however, MIL should still be used—even though the group might not officially
be part of the state military institution. The Serb Volunteer Guard, also known as Arkan’s Tigers,
for instance, should be coded as [SRBMIL].
Note that actor codes with domestic roles will often need date restrictions to reflect changing
roles of actors through the span of the dataset. This is especially true when coding countries that
experience frequent power changes. Section 3.2.1 details how such restrictions are added.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

Table 3.1: Generic Domestic Role Codes
Primary
Role Codes
COP
GOV
INS
JUD
MIL
OPP
REB
SEP
SPY
UAF
Secondary
Role Codes
AGR
BUS
CRM
CVL
DEV
EDU
ELI
ENV
HLH
HRI
LAB
LEG
MED
REF
Tertiary
Role Codes
MOD
RAD

Description
Police forces, officers, criminal investigative units, protective agencies
Government: the executive, governing parties, coalitions partners, executive divisions
Insurgents (rebels): all rebels who attempt to overthrow their national government
Judiciary: judges, courts
Military: troops, soldiers, all state-military personnel/equipment
Political opposition: opposition parties, individuals, anti-government activists
Rebels: armed and violent opposition groups, individuals
Separatist rebels: all rebels who try to emancipate their region from its country
State intelligence services and members including covert operations groups
as well as intelligence collection and analyses
Armed forces aligned neither with nor against their government
Description
Agriculture: individuals and groups involved in the practices of crop cultivation
including government agencies whose primary concern is agricultural issues
Business: businessmen, companies, and enterprises, not including MNCs
Criminal: corresponding to individuals involved in or allegedly involved in the
deliberate breaking of state or international laws primarily for profit
Civilian individuals or groups sometimes used as catch-all for individuals or
groups for whom no other role category is appropriate
Development: individuals or groups concerned primarily with development
issues of varying types including infrastructure creation, democratization et al.
Education: educators, schools, students, or organizations dealing with education
Elites: former government officials, celebrities, spokespersons for organizations
without further role categorization (George Soros, former Secretary of Defense, Bono)
Environmental: entities for whom environmental and ecological issues are
their primary focus, includes wildlife preservation, climate change, etc.
Health: individuals, groups and organizations dealing with health and social
welfare practices (doctors, Doctors Without Borders)
Human Rights: actors for whom their primary area of operation or expertise
is with documenting and/or correcting human rights concerns
Labor: specifically individuals in or elements of organized labor, organizations
concerned with labor issues
Legislature: parliaments, assemblies, lawmakers, references to specific
legislative entities or sub-entities such as committees
Media: journalists, newspapers, television stations also includes providers of
internet services and other forms of mass information dissemination
Refugees: also refers to agencies or MNCs dealing with population migration
and relocation issues
Description
Moderate: “moderate,” “mainstream,” etc.
Radical: “radical,” “extremist,” “fundamentalist,” etc.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

3.1.4

Party or Speciality (Primary Role Code)

The PTY (party) distinction is a special role code that comes after primary role codes but before
anything else. Political organizations receive the designation PTY when they field candidates for
local or national elections, they are considered legal/legitimate by the current political regime, and
they are not, at an organizational level, armed or violent. Individuals receive the designation PTY if
they are members of qualified political organizations but are not members of the national or local
executive. The PTY designation, whenever possible, comes immediately after OPP or GOV. Whether
a party is in opposition or government depends solely on whether it is a member of the executive
at the highest level of government for which it fields candidates.
Alternatively, a second primary role code can be appended to the first to represent an actor’s
area of power or concern. This happens, for example, with secretaries and ministers of defence;
though they are part of the government, they exercise control over military affairs and are thus
coded [XXXGOVMIL]. This case is discussed in more detail in section 3.2.5.

3.1.5

Ethnicity and Religion

In the latest version of the system, we have a detailed, global classification system for both religious
and ethnic groups: these are discussed in Chapters 10.0.4 and ??. These have not, however, been
systematically incorporated into all of the dictionaries.

3.1.6

Secondary Role Code (and/or Tertiary)

If none of the primary codes applies to the actor in question, coders should choose from secondary
role codes. Hence, for instance, a labor union would have the LAB code and a given journalist
would have the MED code only if they cannot be identified as OPP. However, this restriction does
not preclude the addition of secondary role codes to the primary code if such distinctions would be
valuable to the coders. An opposition labor union, for example, would code as XXXOPPLAB.
Although we have a code for the legislative branch (LEG), it is identified as a secondary code
and used sparingly. When a given legislative body is mentioned as an organization (e.g. the
parliament, the House of Commons, the Senate), LEG is always used. When a particular political
party or individual member of the legislature is in question, however, the convention has been to use
GOVPTY or OPPPTY, depending on whether the relevant party has control of the executive branch. If
the coders are more interested in the differentiation between the executive and legislative branches
of a government or if control of the executive is separate from control of the legislature it may be
more useful to code these actors as LEG.
Outside of religious applications, tertiary role codes should be used only as last resort. RAD
captures ambiguous identifiers such as “radical,” “extremist,” and “fundamentalist” which can be
encountered in news reports but do not refer to any systematically identifiable group or role. We felt
compelled to create the code to systematize the the coding of such ambiguous labels, the meaning
of which could vary from reporter to reporter and across regions: Does the term “extremist” refer
simply to the conservative nature of a group or does it imply that the group in question is armed and
violent? In order to avoid bias and to ensure reliability, RAD (and not REB) should be used in such
cases. For example, “extremist Serbian nationalist” should be coded as [SERRAD]. Similarly, MOD
should be used when ambiguous identifiers such as “moderate” and “mainstream” are encountered.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

3.1.7

Specialty (Secondary Role Code)

Secondary role codes can also be included in a CAMEO code to indicate an actor’s specialty
(much like in subsection 3.1.4. They can be added not only to primary role codes, but also to
ethnicities, religions, or even other secondary role codes. For example, a legislative committee
concerned with education would be coded as [XXXLEGEDU], while a Muslim student dissident would
be [XXXOPPMOSEDU].
Tertiary role codes are used in this position as additional modifiers to facilitate the grouping
of specific types of actors if one’s analysis requires such a distinction, for example applying the
designation of RAD to specific actors associated with known fringe or extremist groups. However,
use of these codes should be driven by necessity, either because of the specificity required for the
analysis or because of limitations in the source texts.

3.1.8

Organization Code

In cases where the coder wants to and can—given the amount of information available in the news
lead—distinguish between different actors of the same generic domestic role, different groups can
each be given their own three-character codes, which are then be used as the last three-characters.
For example, the Likud and Meretz Parties in Israel are assigned the nine character codes of
[ISRGOVLKD] or [ISROPPLKD] and [ISRGOVMRZ] or [ISROPPMRZ], respectively. 1
Organization codes, especially for IGOs and NGOs, restart the cycle of role codes. Hence, a
subunit of the specially coded actor may receive a code for its specialty. For example, the High
Commission for Refugees is a suborganization within the United Nations, which has a special actor
code (IGOUNO). The High Commission’s code is simply added onto the U.N.’s code, becoming
IGOUNOREFHCR: “REF” for refugee, “HCR” as its own special actor code.

3.1.9

International Codes

International codes apply to all actors who identify with more than one state. Most international
actors’ codes begin with a generic international code.
Table 3.2 defines the major international codes, along with examples. Notice that some of these
examples are simply assigned the three character generic codes, while others are further specified
with both generic and specific codes.
The distinction between NGO and NGM is meant to capture the theoretical difference between
well-structured, formal non-governmental organizations and anomic or non-associational social
movements. Although the line dividing the two is often fuzzy, we believe that the distinction
is theoretically important—perhaps more so for some research questions than others. Greenpeace,
for instance, is one of those difficult cases: although it is typically thought to be an NGO, it actually
functions more as a loose and informal movement with some more formal organizations, such as
the Greenpeace Foundation and Greenpeace USA, associated with it.
The IMG code is intended to identify those non-governmental groups, organizations, and movements on the international or regional level for whom militarized operations are their primary means
of interacting within the international system. The distinction between an IMG and a domestic rebel
group can be subtle. We define a militarized group to be international only if both its goals and
its activities are substantially international.
1

Note that both of these codes need to be date-restricted appropriately since their roles as ‘government’ versus
‘opposition’ change regularly. Also, the project using these codes predated the introduction of the PTY code; were
they coded now, they would be [ISRGOVPTYLKD], [ISROPPPTYLKD], and so-on.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

Sometimes news articles refer to unnamed actors such as “human rights advocates,” “antiWTO protesters,” and “supporters of Palestine”. Such actors are best coded as NGM since they
clearly belong to some non-governmental collective effort but, at the same time, are not explicitly
associated with specific organizations. “Aid workers,” on the other hand, are coded as NGOs,
since participation in aid distribution generally requires an organization—even if the identity of the
group is not specified in the news lead.
Some international actors do not always need a generic international code—namely, transnational regions, ethnicities, and religions. Moreover, the ordering and use of codes is slightly different
for international actors than for domestic actors. We list these differences below.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

Table 3.2: International/Transnational Generic Codes
Generic
Code
IGO
IMG
INT

Actor Type

Example

International or regional
Inter-governmental organization
International or regional
International Militarized Groups
International or transnational actors
who cannot be further specified as
IGO, UIS, NGO, NGM, or MNC

“the United Nations”
“World Trade Organization”
“al-Qaeda”
“Abu Sayaaf”
“international envoy”
“international observer”
“world community”
“Halliburton”
“multinational firm”
“Shell oil company”
“Greenpeace”
“anti-WTO activists”
“human rights advocate”
“aid worker”
“Amnesty International”
“Red Cross”
“foreign diplomat”
“world governments”

MNC

Multi-national corporations

NGM

Non-governmental movements

NGO

Non-governmental organizations

UIS

Unidentified state actors

Full
Code
IGOUNO
IGOWTO
IMGMOSALQ
IMGSEAMOSASF
INT
INT
INT
MNC
MNC
MNC
NGMENVGRP
NGM
NGM
NGO
NGOHRIAMN
NGOHLHIRC
UIS
UIS

Location Sometimes news reports do not specify a group of countries separately and instead
refer to them using the general geographical region they are associated with, such as Latin America
(LAM), the Middle East (MEA), Eastern Europe (EEU), etc. In such cases, where exact identification
of the countries involved is not possible, international region codes laid out in Table 3.3 can be
used as the first three characters, which then typically constitutes the entire code.
In some cases, actors are primarily transnational/international in nature, yet their country
affiliations are also known. Coders can include both pieces of information by attaching country
codes to the generic transnational/international codes. This could be particularly valuable if, given
the research agenda, the country distinction becomes key at the analysis stage. (For example,
actors with codes NGOUSA, NGMUSA, and MNCUSA can all be combined with other USA actors at that
stage, while still preserving the full codes/information in the dictionaries for alternative groupings.)
(See sections 2D and 2E.) Attaching the country code does not indicate that the actor is officially
identified with or that he acts on behalf of that state. The same technique can be used when only
a regional affiliation is known—NATO’s code, for example, includes “WST” to indicate that it is a
Western organization.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

Table 3.3: International Region Codes
Region
Africa
Asia
Balkans
Caribbean
Caucasus
Central Africa
Central Asia
Central Europe
East Indies
Eastern Africa
Eastern Europe
Europe
Latin America
Middle East
Mediterranean
North Africa
North America
Persian Gulf
Scandinavia
South America
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Southern Africa
West Africa
“the West”

Code
AFR
ASA
BLK
CRB
CAU
CFR
CAS
CEU
EIN
EAF
EEU
EUR
LAM
MEA
MDT
NAF
NMR
PGS
SCN
SAM
SAS
SEA
SAF
WAF
WST

Ethnic and Religious Codes Some ethnic or religious identity groups are not strictly associated
with single countries, thereby requiring their own three character codes. These codes are assigned
as the first three character codes when not explicitly linked to a specific location or country. Even
groups connected to a country may not be domestic actors. Albanians are significant not only in
the state of Albania but in other Balkan countries as well; therefore, when news reports specifically
mention ethnic Albanians and not the state of Albania, we distinguish between the two by assigning
the code ABN as opposed to ALB, which corresponds to Albania.
However, some international organizations have distinct ethnic or religious identities—especially
IMG’s—in which case, an identity code can be used in conjunction with a generic international code
and any number of other codes. Hence, Al Qaeda is coded as [IMGMOSALQ].
Role Code (Any) International organizations can be coded to show their composition, purpose,
or area of expertise. For instance, a multinational media corporation would code as [MNCMED], with
perhaps the interjection of the country where it is headquartered. Coders may use more than one
role code, if they feel they must—only be sure to maintain the order of primary before secondary
before tertiary.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

Organization Code Some international/transnational actors get their own special three character codes (e.g. UNO for the United Nations, AMN for Amnesty International, IRC for the Red Cross),
but these are used only as suffixes to these generic actor codes and any other specifying codes
(i.e.[IGOUNO], [NGOHRIAMN], [NGOHLHIRC]). Table 3.4 lists such actors who are currently assigned
their own special codes in our regional dictionaries; both regionally and globally relevant actors are
listed, but note that this list need not be final and coders/researchers can give other actors their
own codes.
As an exception, we also have a six-character generic code used for peacekeeping forces when
the particular organizational affiliation is not known: IGOPKO. This code is assigned even when
the national identity of the peacekeepers in question is specified. Hence, for instance, “Senegalese
peacekeepers” are coded as IGOPKO since they operate as part of an inter-governmental organization
and they might be representing the United Nations or ECOWAS.
Second Specialty and Suborganization Code Often, an important IGO or NGO, worthy of
its own organization code, is actually part of another important actor (usually the United Nations).
When this situation arises, the overarching organization is coded first, and the specialty of the
suborganization (if there is one) is added on the end, followed by its specific code. For example,
the High Commission for Refugees is a suborganization within the United Nations, which has a
special actor code (IGOUNO). The High Commission’s code is simply added onto the U.N.’s code,
becoming IGOUNOREFHCR: “REF” for refugee, “HCR” as its own special actor code. Be sure to avoid
accidentally breaking the “primary before secondary” rule—the suborganization’s specialty cannot
be a primary role code if the organization’s specialty is a secondary role code.
Third Specialty A third specialty code can occasionally be used when the spokesperson for an
organization is identified (coded MED).

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

100

Table 3.4: International/Transnational Actors with Special
Codes
Africa

Middle East

Asia, Europe

Global

International/Transnational Actors
African Development Bank
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
Bank of Central African States (BEAC)
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD)
Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank
Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa (UEMOA)
Economic Community of Central African States
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Franc Zone Financial Community of Africa
Inter-African Coffee Organization (IACO)
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa
New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Pan-African Parliament
Southern African Development Community
West Africa Development Bank
West Africa Monetary and Economic Union
Arab Cooperation Council
Arab Economic Unity Council
Arab League
Arab Maghreb Union
Arab Monetary Fund for Economic and Social Development
Gulf Cooperation Council
Org. of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
Asian Development Bank
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Commonwealth of Independent States
Council of Europe
Council of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
European Free Trade Association
European Union
South Asian Association
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO)
Amnesty International
Association of Coffee Producing Countries
Bank for International Settlements
Cocoa Producer’s Alliance
Commonwealth of Nations
Group of Eight (G-8) (G-7 plus Russia)
Group of Seven (G-7)
Group of Seventy-Seven (G-77)

Code
IGOAFB
IGOABD
IGOBCA
IGOCEM
IGOCSS
IGOATD
IGOUEM
IGOECA
IGOWAS
IGOCFA
IGOIAC
IGOIAD
IGOCEM
IGONEP
IGOOAU
IGOPAP
IGOSAD
IGOWAD
IGOWAM
IGOACC
IGOAEU
IGOARL
IGOAMU
IGOAMF
IGOGCC
IGOAPE
IGOADB
IGOASN
IGOCIS
IGOCOE
IGOSCE
IGOEBR
IGOEFT
IGOEEC
IGOSAA
IGOSOT
NGOAMN
IGOCPC
IGOBIS
IGOCPA
IGOCWN
IGOGOE
IGOGOS
IGOGSS

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK
International/Transnational Actors
Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
Human Rights Watch
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)
International Commission of Jurists
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
International Criminal Court
International Crisis Group
International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH)
International Fed. of Red Cross and Red Crescent (ICRC)
International Grains Council
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
International Labor Organization
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Organization for Migration
International War Crimes Tribunals
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Interpol
Islamic Development Bank
Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Organization of American States
Organization of Islamic Conferences (OIC)
Organization of Non-Aligned Countries
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Oxfam
Paris Club
Red Cross
Red Crescent
United Nations
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
UN High Commission for Human Rights
UN High Commission for Refugees
World Bank
World Economic Forum
World Food Program
World Health Organization
World Trade Organization (WTO)

101
Code
IGOHIP
NGOHRW
IGOUNOIAE
IGOICO
NGOJUR
IGOUNOICJ
IGOICC
NGOICG
NGOFID
NGOCRC
IGOIGC
NGOIHF
IGOUNOILO
IGOIMF
NGOIOM
IGOUNOWCT
IGOIPU
IGOITP
IGOIDB
NGOMSF
IGONAT
IGOOAS
IGOOIC
IGONON
IGOOPC
NGOXFM
IGOPRC
NGOIRC
NGORCR
IGOUNO
IGOUNOKID
IGOUNOFAO
IGOUNOHCH
IGOUNOHCR
IGOUNOWBK
NGOWEF
IGOUNOWFP
IGOUNOWHO
IGOWTO

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

3.2
3.2.1

102

OTHER RULES AND FORMATS
Date Restrictions

Many actor codes require date-restrictions to limit the period for which TABARI will assign that
code to the actor. The format of these codes do not deviate from the framework laid out below
except for the inclusion of specific dates, which indicate the periods that correspond to each of the
different codes. The need for date restrictions arise when the dataset covers a long period and the
roles of individuals/groups/organizations—even the names and structures of states—change during
this span.
Political power frequently changes hands in Israel. Hence, we cannot give the Israeli Labor
Party, for example, a single code that specifies its domestic role. Instead, we code it as daterestricted, capturing when the party was part of the administration and when it played the role of
opposition.2
ISRAELI LABOR PARTY [ISRGOVLBA <770622][ISRGOVLBA 840814-861020]
[ISRGOVLBA 920713-960618][ISRGOVLBA 990706-010307][ISROPPLBA]
This entry indicates that the Labor Party acted as part of the Israeli government for all of the
specified periods and as the opposition during all other times. Furthermore, due to its prominent
role in Israeli politics, the party is given its special three-character code (LBA), which sets it apart
from other opposition groups or coalition partners in case the researcher wishes to make that
distinction at the analysis stage.
Even states sometimes need to be date-restricted when previously sovereign states (or parts of
other states) merge (e.g., East and West Germany, North and South Yemen, and North and South
Vietnam) or existing states breakup to create multiple new ones (e.g. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia,
and Ethiopia/Eritrea). For instance, Serbia has the code
SERBIA [YUGSRB <920427][FRYSRB 920427-030204][SCGSRB 030205-060605][SRB]
which indicates that Serbia was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia up until it
gained its independence in 1992, after which it formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (with
Montenegro), which became the new state—a looser federation—of Serbia and Montenegro after
February, 2003. On 5 June 2006, the union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved and they each
became separate sovereign states.
For a more comprehensive explanation of date-restrictions, readers should refer to Chapter 5 of
the TABARI manual (available at http://eventdata.psu.edu/software.dir/tabari.html).

3.2.2

Actors and Agents

TABARI makes use of two different types of dictionary in order to appropriately code sources and
targets of event data. Actor dictionaries came first, containing singular pattern-matchable entries
with specific actor codes. Each actor had to be given its own entry into the appropriate actor dictionary. In early 2009, this process was augmented by the creation and addition of agent dictionaries.
Rather than list specific actors explicitly, the agent dictionaries use commonly recurring words to
categorize actors and help alleviate the need for redundancy in the actor dictionaries. For example,
the word “admiral” indicates that an actor should be classified MIL. Once ADMIRAL is added to the
agents dictionary, TABARI will automatically add the code MIL to the end of the actor’s code in
2

Recall that the project in which Israel was coded preceded the addition of the PTY code.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

103

the output file when admiral is found near the actor’s name. (This is subject to being overridden
by specific entries in the actor dictionaries. For example, the entry ADMIRAL NELSON would be read
before the agent, allowing him to be identified as a historical figure, rather than a military actor.)
Actor entries take precedence over agent entries, as the actor codings are presumed to be
more specific. Where the agent and actor codings would result in duplication of classifications,
the duplicate is ignored. Therefore, if ANTRIM is in the actor dictionary coding as [USAMIL] and
ADMIRAL is in the agent dictionary (coding as [~MIL]), then TABARI on seeing the actor “Admiral
Antrim” will code the resulting as [USAMIL] and not [USAMILMIL]. TABARI does not combine
agent codings. Hence, for example, while both “STUDENT” (coding as [~EDU]) and “DISSIDENT”
(coding as [~OPP]) may be present in agent dictionaries, TABARI will not read “student dissident”
as [~EDUOPP]. Instead, STUDENT DISSIDENT must be explicitly entered into the agent dictionary.
This was done to avoid situations in which “student dissident” and “dissident student” would
code differently (EDUOPP and OPPEDU respectively). Implementation of a hierarchical system for
combining multiple agents into a single actor coding may be part of future implementations of
TABARI as a further effort to cut down on the need for seemingly redundant dictionary entries.

3.2.3

Dictionaries

Currently the agent dictionaries are comprised of separate dictionaries for the GOV, MIL, OPP, and
REB codes as well as a generic agent dictionary that handles references for secondary and tertiary
role codes. As indicated previously there are also two agent dictionaries for the correct capture of
religious codings (differentiated by their level of specificity). Additional helpful dictionaries to the
coder are the NGO actor, the Elite actor, and the IMG dictionaries.
The elite actor dictionary has entries for a number of prominent organizations or individuals
that would code with the ELI designation. Unfortunately most of the entries are specific to the
US making it of limited value to those coding other regions. The IMG dictionary is a work in
progress capturing actors that would be associated with several groups that fall under the IMG
classification. In some cases only the name of the organization and known other appellations are
listed but for some prominent members or leaders are also listed and provided with appropriate
codes. For example ”Osama bin Laden” is captured by this dictionary and assigned the appropriate
IMGMOSALQ coding.
The NGO actor dictionary covers a wide variety of NGOs that a coder might want to capture.
Rather than assign specific three character codes for every NGO/IGO efforts have been made to
capture these actors with the appropriate International/Transnational actor code followed by a
state or geographic region code (indicating either home country of the actor or primary region of
its activities) and role codes (usually secondary) that indicate its primary area of expertise. Ethnic
or religious identifications have also been captured where they were deemed appropriate.

3.2.4

Automatically-coded Celebrities

TABARI will code elites automatically in certain sentences. One will note that within the secondary
role codes the code ELI specifically mentions former government officials. This is implemented
within TABARI by recognizing that the word ”former” as part of an agent or actor coding will
cause the recognized pattern to be discarded in favor of the ELI secondary role code. Hence,
”former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan” will code as USAELI instead of USAGOV. Should
TABARI fail at deleting double-codes, a Grep filter of the results can do the same task.

CHAPTER 3. ACTOR CODEBOOK

3.2.5

104

Coding Conventions

A number of examples have already been provided in the above sections but it seems worthwhile
to point out a few additional as well as examples of coding conventions that can be utilized so as
to standardize actor coding across coders.
One such convention is used to distinguish between various members of the US Department of Defense. Most actors in the Defense Department should be coded with the designation MIL followed
by either SPY (if connected to military intelligence) or GOV if they are service specific or below (the
Commandant of the Marine Corp or Secretary of the Navy for instance). All DoD personnel above
this level that are responsible for policy setting code as GOVMIL as they are primarily associated
with the government but their role within the government is military oriented.

Chapter 4

CAMEO Religious Coding Scheme
4.1

Introduction

CAMEORCS provides a greater level of detail for coding religion than the shorter CAMEO format by systematically assigning alphanumeric codes to individual religious groups and generalized
religious terms. It was created during the summer of 2010 as a part of a larger, CAMEO-based
project, and is thus intended as an optional supplement to CAMEO codes. The longer codes are
used in actor codes in the exact same place and manner as the simple religious codes. Further, at
every level of coding, CAMEORCS grandfathers in the religious codes used by CAMEO’s shorter
format.
The CAMEORCS directory includes a relatively comprehensive list of religious groups. However, projects may require adding more—and more specific—codes. Adding and coding new religious groups follows the same two rules from actor coding and adds two more.
• Proceed from the general to the specific.
• Maintain the hierarchical ordering prescribed by the manual.
• As far as it is possible, code religious groups by their defining and distinguishing characteristics.
• The manual describes which codes to prioritize; follow its prioritization.
CAMEORCS is restricted to three spaces (i.e. nine letters), so coders must be picky about
which codes they use.

4.1.1

Self-Identification

CAMEORCS is not intended to be a grand theological treatise on who’s who in the spiritual world.
Coding must balance how a group regards itself and how it is regarded by others—especially its
coreligionists. In the same vein, this scheme gives groups religious codes whenever plausible. Many
organizations today have been called religious but do not regard themselves in this way. These
groups nonetheless receive religious codes. Codeable groups include any organizations, communities, and fraternities based around a common philosophy, faith, or ethic. However, do not code
religious groups that are dead during the time period of study.

105

CHAPTER 4. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CODING SCHEME

4.1.2

106

Individualism

Each religious group, down to the lowest plausible level, is given its own distinct code. In addition,
some relevant generic terms, e.g. ”conservative Anglican”, receive their own codes. However, the
coder must choose the level of detail to which he or she codes—coding individual congregations
would not be plausible. Consistency is not needed; for example, the original directory includes
individual Catholic monastic orders, but only denominations (or even associations of national denominations) within Protestantism. In short, include everything worth coding.

4.1.3

Hierarchies

Often, groups would apparently take different code than the category above them. For example, non-trinitarian Christians are generally coded as CHRMAY, but a few trinitarian congregations
nonetheless have constituent groups that are not. In this type of case, coherency may overrule
accuracy; when a subgroup is accepted by its group, code it with that group.

4.2

First trio of letters

The first three letters of a religious code identify a specific religion or family of religions. Every
religion that claims five million adherents or more receives its own code, as designated by prior
coding (see Table 4.1.) Offshoots of a religion are given the code of their parent religion, unless
they themselves have an individual code (e.g. Christianity, Sikhism, etc.)
Smaller religions are not given their own three-letter codes. Instead, they are categorized within
families of religions. We use the common division annotated in the list below. A given religion
may have strong influences from more than one of these families, in which case the coder must
choose the best fit. Of the families of religions, new religious movements (NRM) hold a special place.
They describe religious or philosophical movements, communities and companies created in the
last century-and-a-half. The NRM code has lowest priority. For example, the code for a new Indian
religious movement would begin with INR, not NRM.

CHAPTER 4. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CODING SCHEME

107

Table 4.1: Religious Codes: First Three Letters

First Priority:
Named
Religions

Second
Priority:
Religious
Families

Third Priority

4.3

Group/Religion
Atheism/Agnosticism
Bahai Faith
Buddhism
Christianity
Confucianism
Hinduism
Jainism
Judaism
Islam
Shintoism
Sikhism
Taoism
Abrahamic religions
African diasporic religions
East Asian religions
Indian religions
Iranic religions
Indigenous tribal religions
new religious movements

Code
ATH
BAH
BUD
CHR
CON
HIN
JAN
JEW
MOS
SHN
SIK
TAO
ABR
ADR
EAR
INR
IRR
ITR
NRM

Second trio of letters

The second trio of letters divides the first category further.

4.3.1

Denominations

First, if the first trio is a a named religion, the second trio can indicate a significant denomination
or movement of that religion, e.g. Protestantism from Christianity, Shiism from Islam, or Zen from
Buddhism. A complete collection of these codes can be found in the CAMEORCS directory.

4.3.2

Generic terms

Alternatively, the second trio can be a generic religious code. Such codes, listed in Table 4.2,
simply serve to divide the first groupings into more manageable chunks, and generally apply across
religions and family groups. These generic codes are ranked in priority in the table.
MAY, OFF, and NRM serve special roles within named religions, and we define them closely to handle
delicate religious issues. MAY is used when a religious group considers itself a part of the parent
religion, but the parent religious at least in large part rejects its inclusion. OFF applies to religious
groups who do not consider themselves a part of the religion from which they are derived. (Whether
the parent religion agrees is disregarded.) New religious movements (NRM) refer to movements that
are widely regarded as being within the religion but outside any named sudivision, and were created
in roughly the last century-and-a-half. Within religious families, NRMs have the same meaning as
they would if used as the first three letters (see Section 4.2).

CHAPTER 4. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CODING SCHEME

4.3.3

108

Generic, or Denominational?

Since CAMEORCS is designed to code actors, generic terms can sometimes override named denominations. Unitarian-Universalism, for example, comes from the Protestant tradition but does not
self-identify as Christian—hence, it is only sensible to code it as CHROFF. The same phenomenon
can occur with any generic codes that might describe heterodoxy, but it always occurs with OFF.

4.3.4

Region

For all indigenous tribal religions (ITR), the second set of letters should be a transnational region,
taken from the listings in [the CAMEO actors manual]. Hence, indigenous tribal religions are
organized by their geographic origins. This system will inevitably result in the occasional odd code,
like [USAITRSEA###] (USA for United States and SEA for Southeast Asia), thanks to immigration.

4.3.5

Nothing

Finally, when there are no applicable specific or generic codes, the second trio can simply be left
blank. Ecumenical organizations will usually skip secondary codes, as will general groupings like
“conservative [religion]”.
Table 4.2: Religious Codes: Second Three Letters

First Priority
Second Priority
Third Priority:
Specific Items

Fourth Priority
Fifth Priority

4.4

Group/Religion
offshoot
named denominations
African diasporic religions
gnostic
millenarian
pagan
racialist
syncretic
extraterrestrial
wellness-centric
controversial status
new religious movements

Code
OFF
ADR
GNO
MLN
PAG
RAC
SYN
UFO
WLN
MAY
NRM

Third trio of characters

[CAMEORC] codes are completed by a number between 001 and 999. Once again, some codes
will skip this trio, namely general categories (“Protestant” as opposed to “Lutheran”). The earliest numbers in a set (001-009 or 001-099) are reserved for generic terms, e.g. “conservative” or
“evangelical” or “moderate”, etc. The header of categories can describe both the group described
and the mainstream of that group. For example, [CHRLDS000] refers to both any unknown group
or person within the Latter Day Saints movement and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints (e.g. mainstream Mormons, as opposed to splinter groups.)
After the generic terms, the numerical codes can be manipulated to form subcategories. For

CHAPTER 4. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CODING SCHEME

109

example, we divide Judaism in the tens column: Liberal Judaism is [JEW050], Neolog Judaism
is [JEW060], Orthodox Judaism is [JEW070], and so-on. Subsets of Liberal Judaism would be
[JEW051], [JEW052], [JEW053], etc. New Japanese Religions (which come from Shinto) are divided
in the hundreds column, into Sect Shinto [SHNNRM100-200] and Shinshukyo [SHNNRM300-400].
Sect Shinto is then subdivided in the tens column, because it has relatively few subgroups, whereas
Shinshukyo is divided in the singles column.
Initially, the religious directory has been arranged in alphabetical order (within subsets). However, when adding to the directory, add to the end of whatever category is desired. Creating an
alphabetized directory of codes is a matter of a few minutes in Excel, whereas reconciling earlier
work to a newly-numbered version of the coding scheme is much trickier. Thus, do not change the
order of entries.
Giving an organization its own numerical code ameliorates the effect of coding mistakes and
subjectivity. To use a silly hypothetical, suppose the dictionary writer were to mistakenly code
Scientology as a form of Orthodox Christianity. In practice, so long as the codes are not combined
in the analytical level, Scientology will be [CHRDOX###] (remember, this is a hypothetical!) and
generic Orthodoxy will be [CHRDOX000]—so the two can be distinguished, and someone looking at
the behaviour of the actors will see that the two are distinct (and potentially catch the miscode.)
When in doubt, add a number!

4.5

Religion-specific coding issues

Religions tend to be as comparable as apples and oranges. As such, different religions are divided
slightly differently, we list the major differences below.

4.5.1

Christianity

A coder must exercise considerable restraint in adding religious groups to the directory of Christianity - as a both institutionally fractious and very large religion, the number of identifiable Christian
groups and denominations vastly outnumber the spaces available for coding. The MAY code sees
extensive use in Christianity. We place groups in this category if they follow a non-trinitarian
doctrine, worship their leaders, or add new scriptures to the Biblical canon.

4.5.2

Hinduism

Hinduism is rarely treated by scholars as a single religion, but instead as a group of related religions.
Simultaneously, it may be plausibly divided by two methods: by denomination/deity or by philosophy. Hence, instead of denominations, Hinduism’s named subcategories are purely taxonomical:
HINAST for its Astika (“orthodox”) schools, and HINDEN for its denominations. The hundreds place
within these sectarians indicate which denomination or school is coded. Most Hindu organizations
will be alphabetized within their denomination or philosophy, rather than placed under another
level of hierarchy—the requisite information for coding often is absent.

4.5.3

Judaism

Judaism can best be divided into its movements. However, we also provide a section for the quasiethnic distinctions of Ashkenazi, Sephardic, etc. The former categorization always takes priority.

CHAPTER 4. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CODING SCHEME

4.5.4

110

Shintoism

Shintoism was especially profoundly affected by the worldwide religious shift that started in the
mid-nineteenth century, with hundreds of new religious movements being birthed since then. The
standing of these organizations in regard to Shinto is not always well-defined. Rather than dividing
these “Japanese new religions” into NRM, MAY, and OFF, we categorize them all as “NRM”.

Chapter 5

CAMEO Ethnic Coding Scheme
5.1

Introduction

CAMEOECS systematically assigns three-letter (lower-case) alphabetic codes to individual ethnic
groups and generalized ethnic terms. It was created in 2011 as a part of a larger, CAMEObased project, and is thus intended to serve as an optional supplement to CAMEO codes. The
CAMEOECS directory includes a relatively comprehensive list of 603 ethnic groups; and a slightly
less comprehensive list of each ethnic group’s primary countries of settlement. CAMEOECS is distinct from CAMEORCS in that (i) religious groups are not treated as ethnic groups by CAMEOECS
(unless there is a clear ethnic dimension) and (ii) the group entries within CAMEOECS are nonhierarchical.
The three primary components of CAMEOECS are Ethnic Group Names, Ethnic Group Codes,
and Selected Countries. Ethnic Group Names reports the most common English-language name of
each ethnic-group entry in CAMEOECS. Ethnic Group Codes provides a unique three-letter (lower
case) alphabetic code for each ethnic group entry included within CAMEOECS. Selected Countries
lists the primary countries of settlement (by UN Country Code) for each ethnic group included in
CAMEOECS. What follows is a more detailed description of each of these three components, as
well as a discussion of the coding decisions that were used to create each.

5.2

Identification of Ethnic Groups

To create a comprehensive list of ethnic groups, CAMEOECS drew from two primary sources: (1)
the International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) Codes for the Representation of Names
of Languages (ISO-639.2; http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/) and (2) the Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) dataset 3.1 (http://www.epr.ucla.edu/). The creation of a CAMEOECS ethnic groups
list from these two sources unfolded in the following four steps:
1. First, the subset of all ISO 639.2 Languages that corresponded to specific ethnic groups were
identified, and this list was then used as the baseline-set of ethnic groups for inclusion in
CAMEOECS.
2. ISO 639.2 Languages that did not correspond to a specific ethnic group were discarded.
Examples of ISO 639.2 Languages that were discarded include language-entries that were
determined to be extinct (e.g. “Phoenician”), artificial (e.g. “Klingon”) or representative of
general language families that encompassed multiple ethnic groups (e.g. “Baltic languages”).

111

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME

112

3. The ethnic groups included in the EPR 3.1 dataset were then matched by hand to the verified,
ISO-639.2-derived baseline-set of ethnic group (described in step one).
4. After this matching exercise was completed, roughly 200 additional ethnic groups were found
to uniquely exist within the EPR 3.1 dataset, and these groups were then added to the
matched CAMEOECS ethnic group list to create the final CAMEOECS list of ethnic groups.
Altogether, this coding scheme identified 603 unique ethnic groups.

5.3
5.3.1

CAMEOECS Components
Ethnic Group Names

Each CAMEOECS ethnic group identified through the process described above was then assigned
a unique Ethnic Group Name for identification and referencing purposes. These Ethnic Group
Names, which appear in Table 5.1 below (column one), report the primary English name of each
CAMEOECS ethnic group entry. An ethnic group’s “primary” name is defined as that group’s
most commonly used name within modern (spoken) English. In order to systematically determine
each ethnic group’s most common (spoken) English name, an ethnic group’s default Wikipedia
(http://www.wikipedia.org/) name entry was used as its primary Ethnic Group Name. As a result,
many of the Ethnic Group Names that are used in Table 5.1 differ from the names given to these
“groups” by ISO 639.2 (which instead lists the “English Name of Language” corresponding to
each groups) or by the EPR 3.1. Where applicable, alternative (English-language) ethnic group
names—based largely on the EPR 3.1’s ethnic group name(s)—appear in parentheses after the
primary Ethnic Group Name in Table 5.1 (column one). Note however that these alternative
spoken-English Ethnic Group Names are by no means comprehensive. Lastly, in instances where
more than one ethnic group was found to use the same primary Ethnic Group Name, groups are
distinguished by the inclusion of their region of settlement within their Ethnic Group Name.

5.3.2

Ethnic Group Codes

In addition to an Ethnic Group Name, each ethnic group entry in Table 5.1 was assigned a unique
three-letter (lower case) alphabetic actor-code (column 2), hereafter referred to as Ethnic Group
Code. Ethnic groups were assigned unique Ethnic Group Codes based either on (i) an ethnic group’s
three letter (lower case) ISO 639.2 Language code (in cases where ethnic groups were found to have
a matching ISO 639.2 Language in Step 1 of section 5.2 above) or—in instances where ethnic groups
did not have a matching ISO 639.2 Language code—(ii) a mnemonically assigned three letter-code
derived from that group’s Ethnic Group Name. Regarding case (i), several ISO 639.2 Languages
have two unique ISO 639.2 Language code entries—one for bibliographic purposes and one for
terminology purposes—and in these instances the bibliographic ISO 639.2 codes were used for
Ethnic Group Name. Regarding case (ii), care was taken to ensure that the mnemonically assigned
Ethnic Group Codes did not conflict with any existing ISO 639.2 Language codes; including the
ISO 639.2 codes for ISO 639.2 Language entries that were discarded in in Step 2 of section 5.2 above
(i.e. extinct, overly general, or artificial ISO 639.2 Languages). Note that as a result of this latter
consideration, some ethnic groups were assigned mnemonic Ethnic Group Codes that were not the
“ideal” mnemonic abbreviations of their corresponding Ethnic Group Name. In sum, the Ethnic
Group Codes in Table 5.1 perfectly correspond to ISO 639.2 Language codes in instances where
CAMEOECS ethnic groups have matching ISO 639.2 Languages, and distinctly correspond to newly

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME

113

created, mnemonic codes in instances where CAMEECS ethnic groups did not have existing ISO
639.2 Language entries.

5.3.3

Selected Countries

Selected Countries reports the primary countries of settlement for each ethnic group entry in Table
5.1. A “country of settlement” is defined as any country where an ethnic group is deemed to
be politically relevant (based on the EPR 3.1’s definition of political relevancy) or have a sizable
population (roughly greater than 1,000 ethnic group members).1 Selected Countries are listed in
Table 5.1 by (comma-separated, alphabetized) United Nations Country Codes (as defined in Table
9.1), and were collected from two primary sources.
First, all of an ethnic group’s countries of relevance (for years 1946-2005) were identified within
the EPR 3.1. If a country was indicated as being a relevant for a given ethnic group—for any year
within the EPR 3.1’s 1946-2005 sample frame—it was added as a Selected Country for that ethnic
group’s entry in Table 5.1 below. While the EPR 3.1 deems some countries to be relevant to specific
ethnic groups in some years but not others, the goal of CAMEOECS is to capture every country
where an ethnic group could potentially be active, and therefore the EPR 3.1’s year/relevance
constraints were not applied to a given ethnic group’s Selected Country listings below. Note that
not all ethnic groups included within CAMEOECS had a matching EPR 3.1 entry, and accordingly,
the use of EPR 3.1 countries of relevance in coding Selected Countries applies to some CAMEOECS
ethnic groups but not others.
Second, ethnic groups’ Wikipedia entries were used to assess these groups’ “regions of significant
populations.” Where these regions were listed with specific population numbers, any country with
greater than 1,000 members of a given ethnic group was included as a Selected Country for that
ethnic group in Table 5.1. Note that this coding scheme has a moderate bias towards large developed
countries with significant histories of immigration (e.g. Australia, France, the United States of
America). For Wikipedia entries that did not report specific population numbers, or that did not
contain a “regions of significant populations” section at all, any country included on that ethnic
group’s Wikipedia page was added as a Selected Country for that group. Note that, irrespective of
whether a given ethnic group had a “regions of significant populations” section or not, Wikipedia
entries for ethnic groups were often incomplete and are thus likely missing many countries with
significant populations of CAMEOECS ethnic groups. Selected Country is therefore very much a
work-in-progress. Also note that the use of ethnic groups’ Wikipedia page entries to code Selected
Countries was applied both to groups that had no relevant-country entries in the EPR 3.1 and to
ethnic groups with relevant countries listed by the EPR 3.1. Regarding the latter, there was often
a high degree of correspondence between the countries listed under Wikipedia and those included
in the EPR 3.1. However, when additional countries were listed in one source but not the other,
these additional countries were always included within Selected Countries, so as to create the most
compressive list of ethnic groups’ countries of settlement as was possible at this time.

According to the EPR 3.1. codebook (pg. 2), “An ethnic category is politically relevant if at least one significant
political actor claims to represent the interests of that group in the national political arena, or if members of an ethnic
category are systematically and intentionally discriminated against in the domain of public politics. By ‘significant’
political actor we mean a political organization (not necessarily a party) that is active in the national political arena.
We define discrimination as political exclusion directly targeted at an ethnic communitythus disregarding indirect
discrimination based, for example, on educational disadvantage or discrimination in the labor or credit markets.”

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME

114

Table 5.1: CAMEO Ethnic Group Codes
Ethnic Group Name
Abkhaz (Abkhazians)
Aboriginal-Australians (Aborigines)
Acehnese (Achinese)
Achang
Acholi
Adivasi
Adjarians (Adzhars)
Adyghe (Circasians)

Code
abk
abr
ace
acg
ach
adi
adj
ady

Afar
Afrikaners

aar
afr

Ahmadis
Ainu
Aja
Akan (Asante)

ahm
ain
aja
aka

Aku (Creoles)
Albanians

aku
alb

Aleut
Algonquian
Altay (Altai)
Alur
Ambonese (Amboinese)
Americo-Liberians
Amhara

ale
alg
alt
alu
amb
ame
amh

Angika speakers
Ankole
Apache
Arab

anp
nyn
apa
ara

Aragonese
Arapaho
Arawak
Argentinians

arg
arp
arw
atg

Selected Countries
GEO, DEU, RUS, SYR, TUR, UKR
AUS
IDN, MYS
CHN, MMR
SDN, UGA
IND, NPL
GEO, TUR
BGR, DEU, IRQ, ISR, JOR, LBY, NLD,
RUS, SYR, TUR, USA
DJI, ERI, ETH
BWA, LSO, MWI, SWZ, ZAF, ZMB,
ZWE
BGD, IND, IDN, PAK
JPN, RUS
BEN, TGO
BEN, BFA, CAN, CIV, FRA, GBR, GHA,
JAM, LBR, MLI, NGA, SUR, TGO, USA
GMB
ALB, CAN, CHE, DEU, DNK, GBR,
GRC, HRV, ITA, MKD, MTN, NLD,
NOR, ROM, SRB, SWE, TUR, UKR,
USA
RUS, USA
USA
RUS
COD, UGA
IDN
LBR
CAN, DJI, EGY, ERI, ETH, ISR, NOR,
SDN, SOM, SWE, USA, YEM
IND, NPL
UGA
USA
DZA, EGY, ISR, IRN, IRQ, JOR, KWT,
LBN, LBY, MAR, MLI, SAU, SDN, SOM,
SYR, TCD, TUN, USA, YEM
ESP
USA
COL, GUY, SUR, VEN
ARG, AUS, BOL, BRA, CAN, CHE,
CHL, DEU, ESP, FRA, GBR, ISR, ITA,
JPN, MEX, PER, PRY, URY, USA, VEN
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Armenian

Code
arm

Aromanians
Ashanti
Asian

rup
twi
asa

Assamese
Assyrian

asm
asy

Asturian
Atacamenos
Athabaskan
Australians
Austrians

ast
ata
ath
aus
auu

Awadhi
Aymara
Azande (Azande-Mangbetu)
Azerbaijani (Azeri)

awa
aym
znd
aze

Baganda
Bai
Bakongo
Bakweri
Balanta
Balinese
Balkars
Baloch (Baluchis)
Bamar (Barman)

bad
bii
bkn
bkw
bln
ban
blk
bal
bmr

Bambara
Bamileke
Bantu

bam
bai
bnt

Banyarwanda
Bari
Bariba
Bashkirs
Basoga (Bassa/Duala)
Basque

bny
bar
brb
bak
bas
baq

115

Selected Countries
ARG, ARM, AUS, AZE, BRA, CAN,
CYP, FRA, GEO, GRC, RN, LBN, POL,
RUS, SYR, TUR, UKR, USA
ALB, BGR, GRC, MKD, ROM, SRB
CIV, GHA
AUS, CHN, GBR, JPN, KOR, LAO,
MMR, PRK, THA, UGA, USA, VNM,
ZAF
IND
AUS, BEL, CAN, CHE, DEU, DNK,
FRA, IRN, IRQ, ITA, JOR, LBN, NLD,
RUS, SWE, TUR, USA
ESP
CHL
CAN, USA
AUS
AUS, AUT, ARG, CAN, CHE, CZE,
DEU, GBR, GRC, HUN, ITA, NZL, SWE,
USA, ZAF
IND
BOL, CHL, PER
CAF, COD, SDN
AUT, AZE, BLR, CAN, DEU, GBR, IRN,
KAZ, KGZ, LVA, NLD, RUS, TUR, UKR,
USA, UZB
CAN, GBR, SWE, UGA, ZAF, USA
CHN
AGO, COD, COG
CMR
GMB, GNB, SEN
IDN
KAZ, RUS
AFG, ARE, IRN, OMN, PAK
AUS, GBR, MMR, THA, SGP, MYS,
GBR, AUS, USA
BFA, GIN, MLI, NER, SEN
CMR
AGO, CMR, COD, NAM, TZA, ZAF,
ZMB
COD, UGA
SDN
BEN
BLR, KAZ, KGZ, RUS, TJK, UKR, UZB
CMR, UGA
ARG, CHL, CRI, CUB, BOL, BRA, ESP,
FRA, MEX, URY, USA, VEN
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Baster
Batak
Bateke
Beja
Belarusians (Byelorussians)

Code
bst
btk
bke
bej
bel

Bemba
Bengali-Hindu (Bengali)

bem
ben

Beni-Shugal-Gumez
Berber

bni
ber

Beti-Pahuin (Beti)
Beydan (White Moors)
Bhojpuri
Bicolano
Bihari

bte
bey
bho
bik
bih

Bilen
Black-African (Africans)

byn
afa

Blang
Bodo
Bolivia
Bonan
Bosniaks

blg
bod
bol
bon
bos

Brahui
Breton
Brijwasi
Bugis
Bulgarian

brh
bre
bra
bug
bul

Burakumin
Buryat
Bushmen (San)
Buyei
Cabindan-Mayombe
Caddo
Cape Verdean

brk
bua
bsh
bou
cab
cad
cap

116

Selected Countries
NAM
IDN
COD, COG, GAB
EGY, ERI, SDN
ARG, BEL, BLR, BRA, CAN, EST,
GBR, ISR, KAZ, LTU, LVA, MDA, POL,
RUS, UKR, USA
ZMB
BGD, GBR, IND, NPL, MMR, MYS,
PAK, SWE, THA, USA
ETH
CAN, DZA, EGY, LBY, MAR, MLI,
NER, TUN, USA
CMR, COG, GAB, GNQ, STP
DZA, LBY, MRT, MAR, TUN
FJI, GUY, IND, MUS, NPL, SUR, TTO
PHL
BGD, FJI, GBR, GUY, IND, MUS, NPL,
PAK, SUR, TTO, USA
ERI
BRA, COL, CRI, CUB, DZA, ECU, GBR,
HTI, LBY, MEX, MLI, MRT, NIC, PER,
TTO, USA, VEN, ZAF, ZWE
CHN, MMR, THA
IND
BOL, CHL, PER, PRY
CHN
AUS, AUT, BEL, BIH, DEU, DNK, HRV,
ITA, MKD, MTN, NOR, SRB, SVN,
SWE, TUR, USA
AFG, IRN, PAK
CAN, FRA
IND
IDN, MYS, SGP
ALB, ARE, AUT, BEL, BGR, CAN,
CZE, DEU, ESP, FRA, GBR, GRC, HUN,
ITA, KAZ, MDA, PRT, ROM, RUS, SRB,
TUR, UKR, ZAF
JPN
KAZ, MNG, RUS, UZB, UKR
BWA, NAM, ZAF
CHN, VNM
AGO
USA
CPV, GNB
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Catalan

Code
cat

Caucasian Avars (Avars)
Cebuano
Chagatai
Cham

ava
ceb
chg
cmc

Chamorro
Chechen

cha
che

Cherokee
Chewa
Chewa (Nyanja speakers)
Cheyenne
Chileans

chr
chw
nya
chy
chl

Chinese (Mainland Chinese)

chi

Chinook
Chipewyan
Choctaw
Ch’orti’ (Chorti)
Chukchi
Chuukese
Chuvash

chn
chp
cho
cht
chc
chk
chv

Colombian

col

Cook Islands Maori
Cornish
Corsican
Costa Ricans
Cotiers
Cree
Creole

rar
cor
cos
csr
cot
cre
crp

Crimean Tatar
Croats

crh
hrv

Cushitic

cus

117

Selected Countries
AND, ARG, CHL, CUB, DEU, ESP,
FRA, ITA, MEX, VEN
AZE, GEO, RUS
PHL
UZB
FRA, KHM, LAO, MYS, THA, USA,
VNM
FSM, MNP, USA
AZE, EGY, GEO, IRN, IRQ, JOR, KAZ,
RUS, SYR, TUR
USA
MWI
MOZ, MWI, ZMB, ZWE
USA
ARG, BRA, CHL, DEU, ESP, FRA,
SWE, USA, VEN
AUS, BRA, CAN, CHN, ESP, FRA, GBR,
IDN, IND, ITA, KHM, KOR, LAO, MMR,
MYS, NLD, NZL, PER, PHL, PRK, SGP,
THA, USA, VNM, ZAF
USA
CAN
USA
GTM, HND
RUS
FSM
BLR, KAZ, KGZ, MDA, RUS, TKM,
UZB
ARG, AUS, BRA, CAN, COL, CRI, ESP,
GBR, ISR, ITA, MEX, USA, VEN
COK, NZL
AUS, CAN, GBR, MEX, NZL, USA, ZAF
FRA
CRI, NIC, PAN
MDG
CAN, USA
BLZ, CPV, DMA, GLP, GMB, GNB,
GNQ, HTI, JAM, LCA, MTQ, NGA,
SEN, SLE, STP, TTO
BGR, ROM, TUR, UKR, UZB
ARG, AUS, AUT, BIH, CAN, CHE, CHL,
DEU, DNK, FRA, HRV, HUN, ITA,
MTN, NOR, ROM, SRB, SVN, SWE,
USA, ZAF
EGY, KEN, SDN, SOM, TZA
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Czech

Code
cze

Dai
Dalit (Backward classes/castes)
Damara
Danes

dai
dal
dam
dan

Dargwa (Dargins)
Daur
Dayak
Dinka
Djerma-Songhai
Dogras
Dogrib
Dominicans
Dong
Dongxiang
Dravidian
Druze

dar
dau
day
din
dje
doi
dgr
dom
don
dox
dra
dru

Duala
Dutch (Flemings)

dua
dut

Dyula
East Indian
East Timorese
Ecuadorians

dyu
ein
eat
ecu

Edo
Efik
Ekajuk
English
English-Creole
Eshira (Bapounou)
Estonian

bin
efi
eka
eng
cpe
esh
est

Europeans
Evenks
Ewe
Ewondo
Fang (Estuary Fang)
Fante
Faroese

eur
eve
ewe
ewo
fan
fat
fao

118

Selected Countries
ARG, AUS, AUT, BRA, CAN, CHE,
CZE, DEU, ESP, FRA, GBR, HRV, ISR,
IRL, ITA, MEX, NLD, POL, ROM, RUS,
SRB, SVK, SVN, SWE, UKR, USA, ZAF
CHN, LAO, THA
BGD, IND, LKA, NPL, PAK
NAM
AUS, AUT, BRA, CAN, CHE, DEU,
DNK, ESP, FRA, GBR, IRL, ISL, NOR,
NZL, SWE, USA
RUS
CHN
BRN, IDN, MYS
SDN
NER
IND, PAK
CAN
DOM, HTI, USA
CHN, VNM
CHN
IND, LKA, PAK
AUS, CAN, ISR, JOR, LBN, SYR, USA,
VEN
CMR
AUS, CAN, BEL, BRA, NLD, NZL, USA,
ZAF
BFA, GNB, MLI, SEN
MYS, TTO
IDN, TMP
CHL, COL, ECU, ESP, PER, PRY, USA,
VEN
NGA
CMR, NGA
NGA
CAN, GBR, IRL, NZL, ZAF
BLZ, JAM, NGA, SLE
GAB
BEL, CAN, EST, FIN, GBR, IRL, LVA,
NOR, RUS, SWE, UKR, USA
ZWE
CHN, RUS
BEN, GHA, TGO
CMR
COG, GAB, GNQ
GHA
DNK, ISL, NOR
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Fijian
Filipino

Code
fij
fil

Finno-Ugric

fiu

Finns

fin

Fon
French
French-Creole
Frisians
Friulan
Fula (Fulani)

fon
fre
cpf
frr
fur
ful

Fur
Ga (Ga-Adangbe)
Gaels
Galician

fru
ada
gla
glg

Garifuna (Garifs)
Gayo
Gbaya (Baya)
Gelao (Gelo)
Georgian

gar
gay
gba
gel
geo

German

ger

Gia Rai
Gin (Jing)
Gio
Gondi
Gorontalonese (Gorontalos)
Grassfielders
Grebo
Greek

gia
gin
gio
gon
gor
gra
grb
gre

119

Selected Countries
AUS, FJI, GBR, NZL, USA
ARE, AUS, CAN, CHN, ESP, ISR, ITA,
JPN, KOR, KWT, MYS, NGA, NLD,
NOR, NZL, PAK, PHL, QAT, SAU, USA
CAN, EST, FIN, HUN, NZL, ROM, RUS,
SVK, SWE, USA
ARE, AUS, CAN, CHE, DEU, DNK, ESP,
EST, FIN, FRA, NLD, NOR, RUS, SWE,
USA
BEN, NGA
BEL, BRA, CAN, CHE, FRA, GBR, USA
DMA, GLP, HTI, LCA, MTQ, TTO
DEU
ITA
BEN, BFA, CAF, CIV, CMR, GIN, GMB,
GNB, LBR, MRT, NER, NGA, SDN,
SEN, SLE, TCD, TGO
SDN
CAN, DEU, GBR, GHA, TGO, USA
GBR, IRL
AND, ARG, BRA, CHE, CUB, DEU,
ESP, FRA, GBR, MEX, NLD, PRT, URY,
USA, VEN
BLZ, GTM, HND, NIC
IDN
CAF, CMR, COD, COG
CHN
ARM, AZE, BRA, CAN, FRA, GBR,
GEO, GRC, ISR, ITA, KAZ, RUS, SGP,
TUR, UKR, USA
ARG, AUS, AUT, BEL, BOL, BRA,
CAN, CHE, CZE, DEU, DNK, ECU, ESP,
FRA, GBR, GRC, HUN, ISR, ITA, KAZ,
NAM, NOR, POL, ROM, RUS, URY,
ZAF
VNM
CHN
CIV, LBR
IND
IDN
CMR
CIV, LBR
ALB, ARG, AUS, BEL, BRA, CAN,
CHE, CYP, DEU, FRA, GBR, GER,
GRC, KAZ, ROM, RUS, SWE, UKR,
USA, UZB
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Guan
Guarani
Guatemalan
Gujarati

Code
gun
grn
gua
guj

Gwich’in
Hadjerai
Haida
Haitian
Hani
Harari
Haratin (Black Moors)
Hausa (Hausa-Fulani)

gwi
had
hai
hat
hni
har
hrt
hau

Hawaiian
Hazara
Herero
Hiligayon
Hill Tribes
Himachali
Hiri Motu
Hmong

haw
haz
her
hil
hgh
him
hmo
hmn

Hoa
Hondurans
Hui
Hungarian

hoa
hon
hui
hun

Hupa
Hutu
Iban
Icelanders
Igbo

hup
hut
iba
ice
ibo

Ijaw
Ilocono
Indian

ijo
ilo
idn

Indigenous
Indonesian

idg
ind

Ingush
Inuit

inh
iku

120

Selected Countries
GHA
ARG, BOL, BRA, PRY
BLZ, CRI, GTM, HND, MEX, NIC, USA
AUS, CAN, GBR, IND, KEN, MDG,
MUS, MWI, MYS, SGP, TTO, TZA,
UGA, USA, ZAF
CAN, USA
TCD
CAN, USA
DOM, ESP, FRA, HTI, USA
CHN, VNM
ETH
MRT, MAR
BEN, BFA, CIV, CMR, ERI, GHA, NER,
NGA, SDN, TCD, TGO
USA
AFG, PAK
AGO, BWA, NAM
PHL
MDG, THA
IND
PNG
AUS, CAN, CHN, DEU, FRA, LAO,
THA, USA, VNM
VNM
GTM, HND, MEX, SLV, USA
CHN
BRA, CAN, CHL, CZE, GBR, HRV,
HUN, IRL, MKD, ROM, RUS, SRB,
SVK, SVN, TUR, UKR, USA
USA
BDI, COD, RWA
IDN
CAN, ISL, NOR, USA
CMR, GBR, GHA, GNQ, JAM, JPN,
NGA, SLE, TTO, USA
NGA
PHL, USA
ARE, AUS, BHR, CAN, FRA, GBR,
GUY, IND, KWT, MMR, MUS, NPL,
SGP, OMN, SAU, USA, TTO, ZAF
PHL, MEX, COL, ECU, LBR, CAN, USA
ARE, AUS, CAN, IDN, JPN, KOR, MYS,
NLD, PHL, SAU, SGP, SUR, USA
KAZ, RUS, TUR
CAN
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Inupiat
Iranian

Code
ipk
ira

Irish
Iroquois
Itallian

gle
iro
ita

Japanese

jpn

Javanese
Jewish
Jino (Jinuo)
Jola (Diola)
Kabarday (Kabardins)
Kabye (Kabre)
Kabyle
Kachin
Kadazan
Kakwa-Nubian
Kalaallit
Kali’na
Kalmyk
Kamba
Kannada
Kanuri (Kanouri)
Kaonde
Kapampangan
Karachays (Karachai)
Karakalpak
Karamojong
Karelians
Karen (Kayin)
Kashmiri
Kashubian
Kavango
Kazakhs

jav
jew
jin
jol
kbd
kby
kab
kac
kad
kak
kal
car
xal
kam
kan
kau
kao
pam
kch
kaa
krm
krl
kar
kas
csb
kav
kaz

Khakas
Khasi
Khmer (Khmer Loei)

khk
kha
khm

Khmu

khu

121

Selected Countries
CAN, USA
ARE, AUS,AUT, CAN, CHE, BHR,
DEU, DNK, ESP, FRA, GBR, IRN, ISR,
ITA, JPN, KWT, MYS, NLD, NOR, PHL,
RUS, TUR, SWE, USA
ARG, AUS, CAN, GBR, IRL, MEX
CAN, USA
AUT, CHE, DEU, ESP, FRA, HRV, ITA,
SVN, USA
ARG, AUS, BOL, BRA, CAN, CHL,
CHN, DEU, FSM, GBR, IDN, ITA, JPN,
KOR, MEX, NZL, PER, PHL, PRY, SGP,
THA, USA, VNM
IDN, MYS, NLD, SUR
ARG, CAN, ISR, IRN, POL, RUS, USA
CHN
GMB, GNB, SEN
GEO, JOR, RUS, TUR
TGO
CAN, DZA, FRA, USA
CHN, IND, MMR
MYS
UGA
DNK
BRA, GUY, SUR, VEN
CHN, MNG, RUS
KEN
IND
CMR, NER, NGA, TCD
COD, ZMB
CAN, PHL, USA
KAZ, RUS, SYR, TUR, USA
KAZ, RUS, TKM, TUR, UZB
UGA
BLR, EST, FIN, RUS
MMR, THA
GBR, IND, PAK
CAN, DEU, POL
NAM
CHN, DEU, IRN, KAZ, KGZ, MNG,
RUS, TKM, UKR, UZB
RUS
IND
AUS, BEL, CAN, FRA, KHM, KOR,
LAO, MYS, NZL, THA, USA, VNM
CHN, LAO, MMR, THA, USA, VNM
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Khoikhoi
Kikuyu
Kinyarwanda Speakers
Kiribati
Kisii
Kokani
Komi (Komi-Permyaks)
Kongo (Bakongo)
Kono
Korean

Code
khi
kik
kin
gil
kis
kok
kom
kon
kno
kor

Kosraean
Kouyou
Kpelle (Guerze)
Krahn (Guere)
Kru
Ktunaxa
Kumyks
Kurd

kos
kou
kpe
krh
kro
kut
kum
kur

Kurichiya (Hill Barhmins)
Kurukh
Kwanyama
Kyrgyz (Kirghis/Kirgiz)
Lahu
Lak (Russia)
Lamba
Lao

brm
kru
kua
kir
lhu
lak
lam
lao

Lari
Latinos
Latoka
Latvian

lar
ltn
ltk
lav

Lenape
Lenca
Lezgian (Lezgins)
Li
Limba
Limburgian
Lingala
Lisu

del
len
lez
lii
lba
lim
lin
lsu

122

Selected Countries
NAM, ZAF
KEN
COD
FJI, KIR, MHL, NRU, SLB, TUV, VUT
KEN
IND
RUS
AGO, COD, COG
SLE
ARG, AUS, BRA, CAN, CHN, DEU,
FRA, GBR, IDN, IND, JPN, KAZ, KGZ,
KHM, KOR, MYS, NZL, PHL, PRK,
RUS, SGP, THA, UKR, USA, UZB, VNM
FSM
COG
GHA, LBR
LBR
CIV, LBR
CAN, USA
RUS
ARM, AZE, DEU, FRA, GBR, IRN, IRQ,
ISR, LBN, NLD, SWE, SYR, TKM, TUR
IND, NPL
BGD, IND
AGO, NAM
CHN, KGZ, RUS, TJK, TUR, UKR, UZB
CHN, LAO, MMR, THA, VNM
RUS
BEN, TGO
CHN, KHM, LAO, MMR, MYS, THA,
VNM
COG
CAN, USA
SDN
BRA, CAN, DEU, ESP, EST, GBR, IRL,
KAZ, LTU, LVA, NOR, NZL, RUS, SWE,
UKR, USA
CAN, USA
HND, SLV
AZE, RUS
CHN
CMR, SLE
BEL, DEU, NLD
COD, COG
CHN, IND, MMR, THA
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Lithuanian

Code
lit

Lomwe (Nguru)
Lovale
Lower Sorbian
Lozi (Barotse)
Luba-Kasai
Luba-Katanga
Lugbara
Luhya
Luiseno
Lulua
Lumad
Lunda
Luo
Lusei
Luxembourgers
Maasai
Macedonian

lom
lov
dsb
loz
lua
lub
lgb
luh
lui
lul
mno
lun
luo
lus
ltz
mas
mac

Madhesi
Madi
Madurese (Madura)
Mafwe
Magahi
Maithili
Makassarese
Makonde (Makonde-Yao)
Malagasy
Malayalam

mdh
mdi
mad
maf
mag
mai
mak
mok
mlg
mal

Malays
Maldivian
Maltese
Mananja-Nayanja
Manchu
Mandar
Mande

may
div
mlt
mng
mnc
mdr
mnd

Mandinka (Mandigo/Mandingue)

man

Manipuri

mni

123

Selected Countries
AUT, BLR, BRA, CAN, DEU, ESP, FRA,
IRL, ISL, LTU, LVA, POL, RUS, USA,
ZAF
MOZ, MWI
AGO, ZAM
DEU
AGO, BWA, NAM, ZMB
COD
COD
COD, UGA
KEN, TZA, UGA
USA
COD
PHL
AGO, COD, ZMB
COD, ETH, KEN, SDN, TZA, UGA
BGD, IND, MMR
ARG, BEL, BRA, FRA, LUX, USA
KEN, TZA
ALB, AUS, BEL, BIH, CHE, CZE, DEU,
DNK, FRA, GBR, GRC, HRV, HUN,
ITA, MKD, NOR, SRB, SVK, SVN, SWE,
TUR, USA
NPL
SDN, UGA
IDN
IDN, NAM
IND
IND, NPL
IDN
MOZ, TZA
MDG
AUS, CAN, IND, PAK, SAU, THA, USA,
ZAF
BRN, IDN, MYS, SGP, THA
MDV
AUS, CAN, GBR, MLT, USA
MWI
CAN, CHN, JPN, PRK, RUS, USA
IDN
BEN, BFA, CIV, GHA, GIN, GMB, GNB,
LBR, MLI, MRT, NER, NGA, SEN, SLE,
TCD
BFA, CIV, GIN, GNB, LBR, MLI, MRT,
NER, SEN, SLE, TCD
IND
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Manjack (Manjaco)
Mano
Manx
Manyika
Maonan
Maori
Mapuche
Marathi
Mari
Marshallese
Marwaris
Maya
Mayangnas
M’Baka
Mbandja
Mbere (Mbede)
Mbochi
Mbundu-Mestico
Mende
Mestizo
Miao
Mijikenda
Mi’kmaq
Minahasa
Minangkabau
Mirandese
Miskito
Mizo
Mohajirs
Mohawk
Mokshas
Mole-Dagbani
Mon
Mongo
Mongol (Mongolians)
Mongour (Tu)
Montenegrins

Code
mnj
mnn
glv
mny
mon
mao
arn
mar
chm
mah
mwr
myn
mya
mbk
mba
mbe
mbo
mbu
men
mtz
mia
mij
mic
mnh
min
mwl
msk
miz
moh
moh
mdf
mld
mns
lol
mon
tuu
mtn

Mordvins (Mordva)
Moro
Mossi
Mulao
Mulatto
Munda
Muong
Muscogee

myv
mro
mos
mlo
mla
mun
muo
mus

124

Selected Countries
GMB, GNB, SEN
LBR
GBR, USA
MOZ, ZWE
CHN
AUS, CAN, GBR, NZL, USA
ARG, CHL
AUS, IND, ISR, MUS, USA
RUS
MHL, NRU
IND
BLZ, GTM, HND, MEX, SLV
HND, NIC
CAF, COD
CAF, COD, COG
COG, GAB
COG
AGO
SLE
MEX
CHN, FRA, LAO, THA, VNM
KEN, SOM, TZA
CAN, USA
IDN
IDN, MYS
PRT
HND, NIC
BGD, IND, MMR
PAK
USA
RUS
GHA
MMR, THA
COD
CHN, CZE, JPN, KOR, MNG, RUS
CHN
ALB, ARG, AUS, BIH, BRA, CAN, HRV,
ITA, MKD, MTN, SRB, SVN, TUR
RUS
BRN, IDN, MYS, PHL
BFA, CIV, GHA
CHN
HTI
IND
VNM
USA
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Myene
Naga
Nahua
Nakhi (Naxi)
Nama
Native American
Nauruan
Navajo
Ndonga
Neapolitan
Nepali

Code
mye
nag
nah
nax
nam
nai
nau
nav
ndo
nap
nep

New Zealanders

nze

Newars
Ngalop
Ngbandi
Ngoni
Niari
Niasans
Nibolek
Nicaraguan
Niuean
Nkomi
Nogais

new
dzo
ngn
ngo
nir
nia
nib
nca
niu
nkm
nog

North Mbundu
Northern Ndebele
Northern Sotho
Norwegians

kmb
nde
nso
nor

Nu
Nuba
Nubian
Nuer
Nung
Nuristani
Nyakyusa
Nyamwezi
Nyoro
Nzema
Occitanians
Ogoni
Ojibwe
Okinawan

nuu
nba
nub
ner
nng
nur
nyk
nym
nyo
nzi
oci
ogo
oji
oki

125

Selected Countries
GAB
IND, MMR
MEX
CHN
BWA, NAM, ZAF
CAN, USA
NRU
USA
AGO, NAM
ITA
ARE, AUS, BTN, CAN, CHN, GBR,
IND, JPN, KOR, MMR, MYS, NPL,
PAK, QAT, SAU, USA
ARE, AUS, CAN, DEU, FRA, GBR, IRL,
JPN, NLD, NZL, USA
BTN, CHN, IND, NPL
BTN, IND
CAF, COD, COG
MWI, TZA, ZMB
COG
IDN
COG
CRI, GTM, HND, MEX, PAN, NIC, SLV
NIU
GAB
BGR, KAZ, POL, ROM, RUS, TUR,
UKR, UZB
AGO
BWA, ZWE
ZAF
AUS, BRA, CAN, GBR, NOR, SWE,
USA
CHN
SDN
EGY, SDN
ETH, SDN
CHN, VNM
AFG
MWI, TZA
TZA
UGA
CIV, GHA
ESP, FRA, ITA, MCO
NGA
CAN, USA
JPN
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Orgunu
Oriya
Oromo

Code
oru
ori
orm

Osage
Ossetians (Ossetes)

osa
oss

Otomi
Ovambo
Pacific Islanders
Pahari Rajput (Rana/Thakuri)
Palauan
Palestinian

oto
ova
pac
ran
pau
pal

Panamanians
Pangasinan
Papel
Papiamento-Creole
Papuan (Papua)
Paraguayan

pnm
pag
ppl
pap
paa
par

Pashayi (Pashai)
Pashtun

psh
pus

Pehnpeian
Persian

pon
per

Peruvian
Poles

pru
pol

Pomaks
Portuguese

pom
por

Portuguese-Creole
Pumi
Punjabi

cpp
pum
pan

Puthai (Phuthai)

phu

126

Selected Countries
GAB
IND
AUS, CAN, DEU, DJI, EGY, ETH, GBR,
KEN, SAU, SOM, USA, YEM
USA
AZE, GEO, KAZ, RUS, SYR, TJK, TKM,
UKR, UZB
MEX
AGO, NAM
FJI, FSM, KIR, NRU, NZL, PLW, USA
IND, NPL
PLW
ARE, AUS, CAN, CHL, COL, DEU,
EGY, GBR, ISR, IRQ, JOR, KWT, LBN,
MEX, PAK, PER, QAT, SAU, SLV, SWE,
SYR, USA, YEM
COL, CRI, GTM, HND, NIC, PAN
PHL
GNB
ABW, NLD
IDN, PNG
ARG, BOL, BRA, CHL, ESP, PRY, URY,
USA
AFG
AFG, ARE, CAN, GBR, IND, IRN, MYS,
PAK, SGP, USA
FSM
AFG, ARE, AUS, BEL, BHR, CAN,
CHN, DEU, FRA, GBR, GRC, IND, IRN,
ISR, ITA, JPN, KGZ, KOR, KWT, NOR,
OMN, PAK, QAT, RUS, SWE, TJK,
TUR, UZB, ZAF
BOL, BRA, CHL, ECU, PER, PRY, USA
AUT, AUS, BLR, CAN, CZE, DEU, ESP,
FIN, FRA, GRC, IRL, ISL, ITA, KAZ,
LTU, LVA, MDA, NLD, NOR, POL,
ROM, RUS, SWE, UKR, USA, ZAF
ALB, BGR, GRC, MKD, TUR
AGO, AUS, BEL, BRA, CAN, CHE, ESP,
FRA, GBR, GUY, LUX, MOZ, PRT,
USA, VEN, ZAF
CPV, GMB, GNB, GNQ, SEN, STP
CHN
ARE, CAN, CHN, GBR, IND, MYS,
PAK, RUS, SAU, USA, ZAF
LAO
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Qiang
Qizilbash
Quechua
Rajasthani
Rakhine (Buddist Arakanese)
Rapa Nui
Romani (Roma)

Code
qia
qiz
que
raj
bda
rap
rom

Romanian

rum

Romansh
Rundi
Russian

roh
run
rus

Salar
Salish
Sami
Samoans
Sandawe
Sango
Santals
Sara
Sardinian
Sasak
Scottish (Scots)
Selkup
Sena
Serbs

slr
sal
smi
smo
sad
sag
fri
sar
srd
sas
sco
sel
sen
srp

Serer
Shaigiya
Shan
She
Shilluk
Shona (Ndau)
Sicilian
Sidama
Siksikawa
Sindhi
Sinhalese

srr
shy
shn
she
shl
sna
scn
sid
bla
snd
sin

127

Selected Countries
CHN
AFG, IND, PAK
ARG, BOL, CHL, COL, ECU, PER
IND
BGD, IND, MMR
CHL
BGR, BIH, CZE, ESP, FRA, GBR, GRC,
HRV, HUN, MKD, POL, ROM, RUS,
SVK, TUR
AUS, AUT, CAN, DEU, ESP, FRA, GBR,
GRC, HUN, KAZ, MDA, ROM, RUS,
SRB, SWE, UKR, USA
CHE
BDI
ARM, AUS, BLR, BRA, CAN, CHN,
EST, FIN, GBR, GEO, ISR, ITA, KAZ,
KGZ, LTU, LVA, MDA, RUS, TJK, TKM,
UKR, USA, UZB
CHN
CAN, USA
FIN, NOR, RUS, SWE
AUS, NZL, USA, WSM
TZA
CAF, COD, TCD
BGD, BTN, IND, NPL
CAF, TCD
ARG, DEU, ITA, USA
IDN
ARG, AUS, CAN, CHL, GBR, NZL, USA
RUS
MWI
ALB, BIH, CHE, DEU, DNK, FRA, GBR,
GRC, HRV, HUN, ITA, MKD, MTN,
ROM, RUS, SRB, SVN, SWE, TUR, USA
GMB, MRT, SEN
SDN
KHM, MMR, THA
CHN
SDN
MOZ, ZWE
ITA
ETH
CAN
CHN, IND, PAK
AUS, CAN, GBR, IND, ITA, LKA, MYS,
NZL, SGP, USA
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Siouan
Sioux
Slavic

Code
sio
dak
sla

Slovaks

slo

Slovenes

slv

Somali

som

Songhai
Soninke
Sorbs
Sotho
South Ndebele
Southern Mbundu
Spanish

son
snk
wen
sot
nbl
umb
spa

Sranan Tongo
Subiya (Basubia)
Sudanese
Sui
Sukama
Susu
Swahili
Swazi
Swedes

srn
bsu
sat
sui
suk
sus
swa
ssw
swe

Swiss French
Swiss Germans
Swiss Italian
Tabasaran
Tagalog
Tahitian
Tai (Tha/Tai-Lu/Tai-Yuan)
Taiwanese
Tajik (Pamir Tajiks)

swf
gsw
swt
tab
tgl
tah
tai
twn
tgk

Tama
Tamil
Tatars

tms
tam
tat

Tawahka

taw

128

Selected Countries
CAN, USA
USA
BIH, BLR, CZE, HRV, MKD, MTN,
POL, RUS, SRB, SVK, SVN, UKR
AUS, AUT, BEL, CAN, CZE, DEU, FRA,
GBR, HRV, HUN, IRL, POL, ROM, SRB,
SVK, UKR
ARG, AUT, BEL, BIH, BRA, CAN, CHE,
DEU, FRA, HUN, NLD, ITA, SRB, SVN,
URY, USA
ARE, CAN, DJI, DNK, ETH, GBR, KEN,
SAU, SOM, SWE, USA, YEM
MLI, NER
GHA, GMB, GNB, MLI, MRT, SEN
DEU
LSO, ZAF
ZAF
AGO
ARG, AUS, BRA, CHE, CUB, DEU, ESP,
FRA, GBR, MEX, PER, URY, VEN
SUR
BWA, NAM, ZMB
IDN, SDN
CHN, VNM
TZA
GIN, SEN, SLE, MLI
TZA, KEN, MOZ, COM
LSO, MOZ, SWZ, ZAF
AUS, CAN, DEU, DNK, ESP, FIN, FRA,
GBR, ITA, NOR, SWE
CHE
AUT, CHE, DEU, ITA
CHE
RUS
PHL
PYF
CHN, LAO, MMR, THA, VNM
AUS, CAN, CHN, JPN, KOR, PHL, SGP
AFG, CAN, CHN, DEU, IRN, KGZ,
PAK, QAT, RUS, TJK, UZB, USA
SDN, TCD
IND, LKA, MYS
AZE, BLR, CHN, EST, FIN, GEO, KAZ,
LTU, LVA, MDA, POL, ROM, RUS, TJK,
TKM, TUR, UKR, USA, UZB
HND
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Tay
Telugu
Temne
Terenan
Ternate
Teso
Tetum
Thai

Code
tay
tel
tem
ter
trn
tes
tet
tha

Tibetan
Tigray-Tigrinya (Tigry)
Tigre
Tiv
Tlingit
Tok Pisin
Tokelauan
Tonga (Africa)
Tonga (Pacific)
Tooro
Toubou
Transnistrians
Tripuri
Tsimshian
Tsonga (Tsonga-Chopi)
Tswana
Tuareg
Tujia
Tumbuka
Tupi (Tupi-Guarani)
Turkish (Turks)

tib
tir
tig
tiv
tli
tpi
tkl
tog
ton
tor
tou
tra
tri
tsi
tso
tsn
tmh
tuj
tum
tup
tur

Turkmen
Tutsi (Tutsi-Banyamulenge)
Tuvaluans
Tuvans (Tuvinians)
Udmurt
Ukranian

tuk
tts
tvl
tyv
udm
ukr

Upper Sorbian
Urban ni-Vanautu
Urdu
Uyghur (Uighur)

hsb
bis
urd
uig

129

Selected Countries
VNM
IND
SLE
BRA
IDN
KEN, UGA
AUS, IDN, PRT, TMP
AUS, CHN, FRA, JPN, KHM, LAO,
MMR, MYS, SGP, THA, VNM, USA
BTN, CAN, CHE, CHN, IND, NPL, USA
DJI, ERI, ETH, ISR, ITA, SDN, YEM
ERI, SDN
CMR, NGA
CAN, USA
PNG
TKL
MOZ, MWI, ZMB
TON
UGA
LBY, NER, SDN, TCD
MDA, RUS
BGD, IND
CAN, USA
MOZ, SWZ, ZAF, ZWE
BWA, ZAF
BFA, DZA, LBY, MLI, NER
CHN
MWI, TZA, ZMB
ARG, BRA, PRY, URY
AUS, AUT, AZE, BEL, BGR, BIH, CAN,
CHE, CYP, DEU, DNK, EGY, FRA,
GBR, GRC, IRQ, KAZ, LBN, MKD,
NLD, ROM, RUS, SAU, SWE, SYR,
TUR, USA
AFG, IRN, IRQ, SYR, TKM
BDI, COD, RWA
TUV
CHN, MNG, RUS
RUS
ARG, ARM, AZE, BLR, EST, GEO,
GRC, ITA, KAZ, KGZ, LTU, LVA, MDA,
POL, RUS, UKR, USA
DEU
VUT
IND, PAK
CHN, KAZ, KGZ, RUS
continued on next page

CHAPTER 5. CAMEO ETHNIC CODING SCHEME
Ethnic Group Name
Uzbeks

Code
uzb

Va (Wa)
Vai
Venda
Venezuelan
Vietnamese (Kinh)

vaa
vai
ven
vnz
vie

Vili
Votes
Wakashan
Walloons
Waray
Washoe
Welayta
Welsh
Whites

vil
vot
wak
wln
war
was
wal
wel
whi

Wolof
Xhosa
Xibe
Xinca
Yakuts
Yao (Africa)
Yao (Asia) (Dao)
Yapese
Yi
Yoruba
Yugur
Yupik
Zaghawa
Zaidiyya (Zaydis)
Zapotec
Zaza
Zenaga
Zhuang
Zomi (Chins)
Zulu
Zuni

wol
xho
xib
xnc
sah
yao
dao
yap
iii
yor
yug
ypk
zag
zay
zap
zza
zen
zha
zom
zul
zun

130

Selected Countries
AFG, CHN, KGZ, MNG, PAK, RUS,
TKM, TJK, USA, UZB
CHN, MMR
LBR, SLE
ZAF, ZWE
CAN, COL, ESP, GBR, USA, VEN
AUS, CAN, CHN, CZE, FIN, FRA, JPN,
KHM, LAO, MYS, NLD, NOR, PHL,
POL, RUS, THA, USA, VNM
COG
EST, RUS
CAN
ARG, BEL, BRA, USA
CAN, DEU, PHL, USA
USA
ETH
ARG, AUS, CAN, GBR, IRL, NZL, USA
ARG, AUS, BRA, CAN, CHL, CRI, CUB,
DEU, MEX, MLI, NAM, PER, URY, USA
GMB, MRT, SEN
ZAF
CHN
GTM
CAN, CHN, RUS, UKR, USA
MWI
CHN, LAO, THA, VNM
FSM
CHN
BEN, GHA, NGA, TGO
CHN
RUS, USA
SDN, TCD
SAU, YEM
MEX
DEU, GEO, KAZ, NLD, TUR
MAR, MRT
CHN
BGD, IND, MMR
ZAF
USA

Chapter 6

CAMEO EVENT CODES
01: MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT
010: Make statement, not specified below
011: Decline comment
012: Make pessimistic comment
013: Make optimistic comment
014: Consider policy option
015: Acknowledge or claim responsibility
016: Deny responsibility
017: Engage in symbolic act
018: Make empathetic comment
019: Express accord

02: APPEAL
020: Make an appeal or request, not specified below
021: Appeal for material cooperation, not specified below
0211: Appeal for economic cooperation
0212: Appeal for military cooperation
0213: Appeal for judicial cooperation
0214: Appeal for intelligence
022: Appeal for diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)
023: Appeal for aid, not specified below
0231: Appeal for economic aid
0232: Appeal for military aid
0233: Appeal for humanitarian aid
0234: Appeal for military protection or peacekeeping
024: Appeal for political reform, not specified below
0241: Appeal for change in leadership
0242: Appeal for policy change
0243: Appeal for rights
0244: Appeal for change in institutions, regime
025: Appeal to yield, not specified below
0251: Appeal for easing of administrative sanctions
0252: Appeal for easing of political dissent

131

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES
0253: Appeal for release of persons or property
0254: Appeal for easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
0255: Appeal for target to allow international involvement (non-mediation)
0256: Appeal for de-escalation of military engagement
026: Appeal to others to meet or negotiate
027: Appeal to others to settle dispute
028: Appeal to engage in or accept mediation

03: EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE
030: Express intent to cooperate, not specified below
031: Express intent to engage in material cooperation, not specified below
0311: Express intent to cooperate economically
0312: Express intent to cooperate militarily
0313: Express intent to cooperate on judicial matters
0314: Express intent to cooperate on intelligence
032: Express intent to engage in diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)
033: Express intent to provide material aid, not specified below
0331: Express intent to provide economic aid
0332: Express intent to provide military aid
0333: Express intent to provide humanitarian aid
0334: Express intent to provide military protection or peacekeeping
034: Express intent to institute political reform, not specified below
0341: Express intent to change leadership
0342: Express intent to change policy
0343: Express intent to provide rights
0344: Express intent to change institutions, regime
035: Express intent to yield, not specified below
0351: Express intent to ease administrative sanctions
0352: Express intent to ease popular dissent
0353: Express intent to release persons or property
0354: Express intent to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
0355: Express intent to allow international involvement (non-mediation)
0356: Express intent to de-escalate military engagement
036: Express intent to meet or negotiate
037: Express intent to settle dispute
038: Express intent to accept mediation
039: Express intent to mediate

04: CONSULT
040: Consult, not specified below
041: Discuss by telephone
042: Make a visit
043: Host a visit
044: Meet at a ”third” location
045: Mediate
046: Engage in negotiation

132

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES

05: ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION
050: Engage in diplomatic cooperation, not specified below
051: Praise or endorse
052: Defend verbally
053: Rally support on behalf of
054: Grant diplomatic recognition
055: Apologize
056: Forgive
057: Sign formal agreement

06: ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION
060: Engage in material cooperation, not specified below
061: Cooperate economically
062: Cooperate militarily
063: Engage in judicial cooperation
064: Share intelligence or information

07: PROVIDE AID
070: Provide aid, not specified below
071: Provide economic aid
072: Provide military aid
073: Provide humanitarian aid
074: Provide military protection or peacekeeping
075: Grant asylum

08: YIELD
080: Yield, not specified below
081: Ease administrative sanctions, not specified below
0811: Ease restrictions on political freedoms
0812: Ease ban on political parties or politicians
0813: Ease curfew
0814: Ease state of emergency or martial law
082: Ease political dissent
083: Accede to requests or demands for political reform, not specified below
0831: Accede to demands for change in leadership
0832: Accede to demands for change in policy
0833: Accede to demands for rights
0834: Accede to demands for change in institutions, regime
084: Return, release, not specified below
0841: Return, release person(s)
0842: Return, release property
085: Ease economic sanctions, boycott, embargo
086: Allow international involvement, not specified below

133

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES
0861: Receive deployment of peacekeepers
0862: Receive inspectors
0863: Allow humanitarian access
087: De-escalate military engagement
0871: Declare truce, ceasefire
0872: Ease military blockade
0873: Demobilize armed forces
0874: Retreat or surrender militarily

09: INVESTIGATE
090: Investigate, not specified below
091: Investigate crime, corruption
092: Investigate human rights abuses
093: Investigate military action
094: Investigate war crimes

10: DEMAND
100: Demand, not specified below
101: Demand material cooperation, not specified below
1011: Demand economic cooperation
1012: Demand military cooperation
1013: Demand judicial cooperation
1014: Demand intelligence cooperation
102: Demand diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)
103: Demand material aid, not specified below
1031: Demand economic aid
1032: Demand military aid
1033: Demand humanitarian aid
1034: Demand military protection or peacekeeping
104: Demand political reform, not specified below
1041: Demand change in leadership
1042: Demand policy change
1043: Demand rights
1044: Demand change in institutions, regime
105: Demand that target yields, not specified below
1051: Demand easing of administrative sanctions
1052: Demand easing of political dissent
1053: Demand release of persons or property
1054: Demand easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
1055: Demand that target allows international involvement (non-mediation)
1056: Demand de-escalation of military engagement
106: Demand meeting, negotiation
107: Demand settling of dispute
108: Demand mediation

134

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES
11: DISAPPROVE
110: Disapprove, not specified below
111: Criticize or denounce
112: Accuse, not specified below
1121: Accuse of crime, corruption
1122: Accuse of human rights abuses
1123: Accuse of aggression
1124: Accuse of war crimes
1125: Accuse of espionage, treason
113: Rally opposition against
114: Complain officially
115: Bring lawsuit against
116: Find guilty or liable (legally)

12: REJECT
120: Reject, not specified below
121: Reject material cooperation
1211: Reject economic cooperation
1212: Reject military cooperation
122: Reject request or demand for material aid, not specified below
1221: Reject request for economic aid
1222: Reject request for military aid
1223: Reject request for humanitarian aid
1224: Reject request for military protection or peacekeeping
123: Reject request or demand for political reform, not specified below
1231: Reject request for change in leadership
1232: Reject request for policy change
1233: Reject request for rights
1234: Reject request for change in institutions, regime
124: Refuse to yield, not specified below
1241: Refuse to ease administrative sanctions
1242: Refuse to ease popular dissent
1243: Refuse to release persons or property
1244: Refuse to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo
1245: Refuse to allow international involvement (non mediation)
1246: Refuse to de-escalate military engagement
125: Reject proposal to meet, discuss, or negotiate
126: Reject mediation
127: Reject plan, agreement to settle dispute
128: Defy norms, law
129: Veto

13: THREATEN
130: Threaten, not specified below
131: Threaten non-force, not specified below
1311: Threaten to reduce or stop aid

135

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES
1312: Threaten with sanctions, boycott, embargo
1313: Threaten to reduce or break relations
132: Threaten with administrative sanctions, not specified below
1321: Threaten with restrictions on political freedoms
1322: Threaten to ban political parties or politicians
1323: Threaten to impose curfew
1324: Threaten to impose state of emergency or martial law
133: Threaten with political dissent, protest
134: Threaten to halt negotiations
135: Threaten to halt mediation
136: Threaten to halt international involvement (non-mediation)
137: Threaten with repression
138: Threaten with military force, not specified below
1381: Threaten blockade
1382: Threaten occupation
1383: Threaten unconventional violence
1384: Threaten conventional attack
1385: Threaten attack with WMD
139: Give ultimatum

14: PROTEST
140: Engage in political dissent, not specified below
141: Demonstrate or rally, not specified below
1411: Demonstrate for leadership change
1412: Demonstrate for policy change
1413: Demonstrate for rights
1414: Demonstrate for change in institutions, regime
142: Conduct hunger strike, not specified below
1421: Conduct hunger strike for leadership change
1422: Conduct hunger strike for policy change
1423: Conduct hunger strike for rights
1424: Conduct hunger strike for change in institutions, regime
143: Conduct strike or boycott, not specified below
1431: Conduct strike or boycott for leadership change
1432: Conduct strike or boycott for policy change
1433: Conduct strike or boycott for rights
1434: Conduct strike or boycott for change in institutions, regime
144: Obstruct passage, block, not specified below
1441: Obstruct passage to demand leadership change
1442: Obstruct passage to demand policy change
1443: Obstruct passage to demand rights
1444: Obstruct passage to demand change in institutions, regime
145: Protest violently, riot, not specified below
1451: Engage in violent protest for leadership change
1452: Engage in violent protest for policy change
1453: Engage in violent protest for rights
1454: Engage in violent protest for change in institutions, regime

136

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES

15: EXHIBIT FORCE POSTURE
150: Demonstrate military or police power, not specified below
151: Increase police alert status
152: Increase military alert status
153: Mobilize or increase police power
154: Mobilize or increase armed forces
155: Mobilize or increase cyber-forces

16: REDUCE RELATIONS
160: Reduce relations, not specified below
161: Reduce or break diplomatic relations
162: Reduce or stop material aid, not specified below
1621: Reduce or stop economic assistance
1622: Reduce or stop military assistance
1623: Reduce or stop humanitarian assistance
163: Impose embargo, boycott, or sanctions
164: Halt negotiations
165: Halt mediation
166: Expel or withdraw, not specified below
1661: Expel or withdraw peacekeepers
1662: Expel or withdraw inspectors, observers
1663: Expel or withdraw aid agencies

17: COERCE
170: Coerce, not specified below
171: Seize or damage property, not specified below
1711: Confiscate property
1712: Destroy property
172: Impose administrative sanctions, not specified below
1721: Impose restrictions on political freedoms
1722: Ban political parties or politicians
1723: Impose curfew
1724: Impose state of emergency or martial law
173: Arrest, detain, or charge with legal action
174: Expel or deport individuals
175: Use tactics of violent repression
176: Attack cybernetically

18: ASSAULT
180: Use unconventional violence, not specified below
181: Abduct, hijack, or take hostage
182: Physically assault, not specified below
1821: Sexually assault

137

CHAPTER 6. CAMEO EVENT CODES
1822: Torture
1823: Kill by physical assault
183: Conduct suicide, car, or other non-military bombing, not specified below
1831: Carry out suicide bombing
1832: Carry out vehicular bombing
1833: Carry out roadside bombing
1834: Carry out location bombing
184: Use as human shield
185: Attempt to assassinate
186: Assassinate

19: FIGHT
190: Use conventional military force, not specified below
191: Impose blockade, restrict movement
192: Occupy territory
193: Fight with small arms and light weapons
194: Fight with artillery and tanks
195: Employ aerial weapons, not specified below
1951: Employ precision-guided aerial munitions
1952: Employ remotely piloted aerial munitions
196: Violate ceasefire

20: USE UNCONVENTIONAL MASS VIOLENCE
200: Use unconventional mass violence, not specified below
201: Engage in mass expulsion
202: Engage in mass killings
203: Engage in ethnic cleansing
204: Use weapons of mass destruction, not specified below
2041: Use chemical, biological, or radiological weapons
2042: Detonate nuclear weapons

138

Chapter 7

KEDS Project Actor Codes
This is a list of all actor codes present in the dictionaries for the Keds project, circa 2003. This
alphabetically ordered list of codes can be utilized to identify different actors that might appear
in TABARI outputs. “(d.r.)” denotes that the actor identified is date-restricted and is present in
the dictionary under a different code for a different period. This listing now includes generic role
codes however only the individual role codes are listed not the various permutations of actor and
role codes. Therefore AGR (indicating an actor concerned with the field of agriculture) is listed but
there are not separate listings for each XXXAGR where XXX represents a unique actor code.
Table 7.1: List of Keds Project Actor Codes
Code
AFG
ABN
ABW
AFG
AFGGOVTAL
AFGREBTAL
AFR
AGO
AGOCAB
AGOREBUNI
AGR
AIA
ALA
ALB
AND
ANT
ARB
ARBBTH
ARE
ARG
ARM
ASA

Actor
Afghanistan
ethnic Albanian
Aruba
Afghanistan
Taliban (d.r.)
Taliban (d.r.)
Africa
Angola
Cabinda Enclave
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
Agriculture (secondary role code)
Anguilla
Åland Islands
Albania
Andorra
Netherlands Antilles
Arab (ethnic group)
Baath Party
United Arab Emirates
Argentina
Armenia
Asia (region)
Continued on next page
139

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
ASM
ATG
ATH
AUS
AUT
AZE
BAH
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR
BHR
BHS
BIH
BIHBHF
BIHSRP
BLK
BLR
BLZ
BMU
BOL
BRA
BRB
BRN
BTN
BUD
BUS
BWA
CAF
CAN
CAS
CAU
CEU
CFR
CHE
CHL
CHN
CHNTIC
CHR
CHRCPT
CHRCTH
CHRDOX
CHRJHW
CHRLDS

Actor
American Samoa
Antigua and Barbuda
Agnostic/Atheist
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahai
Burundi
Belgium
Benin
Burkina Faso
Bangladesh
Bulgaria
Bahrain
Bahamas
Bosnia and Herzegovina (d.r.)
Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (d.r.)
Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska (d.r.)
Balkans
Belarus
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Barbados
Brunei Darussalam
Bhutan
Buddhist
Business (secondary role code)
Botswana
Central African Republic
Canada
Central Asia
Caucasus
Central Europe
Central Africa
Switzerland
Chile
China
Tibet
Christian
Coptic
Catholic
Orthodox
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Latter Day Saints
Continued on next page

140

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
CHRMRN
CHRPRO
CHRRAD
CIV
CMN
CMR
COD
COG
COK
COL
COM
CON
COP
CPV
CRB
CRI
CRM
CRO
CUB
CVL
CYM
CYP
CYPGRK
CYPTRK
CZA
CZE
DEV
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZA
DZAGOVFLN
DZAGOVMSP
DZAGOVRND
DZAOPPENN
DZAOPPFIS
DZAOPPFLN
DZAOPPMSP
DZAREBFIS
DZAREBGIA
DZAREBGSP
EAF
ECU
EDU

Actor
Maronite
Protestant
“fundamentalist” Christian
Cte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Communist Party
Cameroon
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
People’s Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)
Cook Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Confucian
Cop (primary role code)
Cape Verde
Caribbean
Costa Rica
Criminal (secondary role code)
ethnic Croat
Cuba
Civilian (secondary role code)
Cayman Islands
Cyprus
Greek Cypriot
Turkish Cypriot
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic
Development (secondary role code)
Germany
Djibouti
Dominica
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Algeria
National Liberation Front (FLN)
Movement of the Society for Peace
Democratic National Rally
Ennahda Movement
Islamic Salvation Front
National Liberation Front (FLN)
Movement of the Society for Peace
Islamic Salvation Army
Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
Salafist Group
Eastern Africa
Ecuador
Education (secondary role code)
Continued on next page

141

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
EEU
EGY
EGYREBMBR
EIN
ELI
ENV
ERI
ESH
ESP
ESPBSQ
EST
ETH
EUR
FIN
FJI
FLK
FRA
FRO
FRY
FRYKSV
FRYMTN
FRYSRB
FRYVVD
FSM
GAB
GBR
GBRREBIRA
GEO
GHA
GIB
GIN
GLP
GMB
GME
GMW
GNB
GNQ
GOV
GRC
GRD
GRL
GTM
GUF
GUM
GUY
GYP

Actor
Eastern Europe
Egypt
Muslim Brotherhood
East Indies (region)
Elites (secondary role code)
Environment (secondary role code)
Eritrea
Western Sahara
Spain
Basque
Estonia
Ethiopia
Europe
Finland
Fiji
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
France
Faeroe Islands
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Kosovo (d.r.)
Montenegro (d.r.)
Serbia (d.r.)
Vojvodina (d.r.)
Micronesia
Gabon
United Kingdom
Irish Republican Army
Georgia
Ghana
Gibraltar
Guinea
Guadeloupe
Gambia
Democratic Republic of Germany (East Berlin)
Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn)
Guinea-Bissau
Equatorial Guinea
Government (primary role code
Greece
Grenada
Greenland
Guatemala
French Guiana
Guam
Guyana
Gypsy
Continued on next page

142

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
HIN
HKG
HLH
HND
HRV
HTI
HUN
HUT
IDN
IGO
IGOAGRCPA
IGOAGRCPC
IGOAGRICO
IGOAGRIGC
IGOAFRAFU
IGOAFRAGRIAC
IGOAFRBUSCES
IGOAFRBUSCFA
IGOAFRDEVAFB
IGOAFRDEVATD
IGOAFRDEVNEP
IGOAFROAU
IGOAFRPAP
IGOARBAPE
IGOARBDEVABD
IGOBUSBIS
IGOBUSGOE
IGOBUSGOS
IGOBUSGSS
IGOBUSHIP
IGOBUSIMF
IGOBUSOPC
IGOBUSPRC
IGOBUSWTO
IGOCAFBCA
IGOCAFECA
IGOCAFCEM
IGOCASCIS
IGOCOPITP
IGOCWN
IGOEAFDEVIAD
IGOEAFEAC
IGOEURBUSEFT
IGOEURCOE
IGOEURDEVEBR
IGOEUREEC

Actor
Hindu
Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)
Health (secondary role code)
Honduras
Croatia (d.r.)
Haiti
Hungary
Hutu (ethnic group)
Indonesia
Inter-governmental organizations
Cocoa Producer’s Alliance
Association of Coffee Producing Countries
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)
International Grains Council
African Union
Inter-African Coffee Organization (IACO)
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Franc Zone Financial Community of Africa
African Development Bank
Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank
New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Pan African Parliament
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
Bank for International Settlements
Group of Eight (G-8)
Group of Seven (G-7)
Group of Seventy-Seven (G-77)
Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Paris Club
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Bank of Central African States (BEAC)
Economic Community of Central African States
Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)
Commonwealth of Independent States
Interpol
Commonwealth of Nations
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
East African Community
European Free Trade Association
Council of Europe
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
European Union
Continued on next page

143

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
IGOEURSCE
IGOJUDICC
IGOLEGIPU
IGOMEAAEU
IGOMEAACC
IGOMEAAMF
IGOMEAAMU
IGOMEAARL
IGOMOSDEVIDB
IGOMOSOIC
IGONAFCSS
IGONON
IGOOAS
IGOPGSGCC
IGOPKO
IGOSAFDEVSAD
IGOSASSAA
IGOSEAASN
IGOSEASOT
IGOSEADEVADB
IGOUNO
IGOUNOAGRFAO
IGOUNOAIE
IGOUNODEVWBK
IGOUNOHLHWHO
IGOUNOHRIHCH
IGOUNOIAE
IGOUNOJUDICJ
IGOUNOJUDWCT
IGOUNOKID
IGOUNOLABILO
IGOUNOREFHCR
IGOUNOWFP
IGOWAFDEVWAM
IGOWAFUEM
IGOWAFWAD
IGOWAFWAS
IGOWEU
IGOWSTNAT
IMGMOSALQ
IMGSEAMOSASF
IMGSEAMOSJMA
IMY
IND
INDKAS
INT

Actor
Council of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
International Criminal Court
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Arab Economic Unity Council
Arab Cooperation Council
Arab Monetary Fund for Economic and Social Development
Arab Maghreb Union
Arab League
Islamic Development Bank
Organization of Islamic Conferences (OIC)
Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD)
Organization of Non-Aligned Countries
Organization of American States
Gulf Cooperation Council
Peacekeeping force (organization unknown)
Southern African Development Community
South Asian Association
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO)
Asian Development Bank
United Nations
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
International Energy Agency
The World Bank
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations High Commission for Human Rights (OHCHR)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
International War Crimes Tribunals
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
International Labor Organization
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (OHCR)
World Food Program
West Africa Monetary and Economic Union
Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa (UEMOA)
West Africa Development Bank
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Western European Union
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Al Qaeda
Abu Sayyaf
Jemaah Islamiya
Isle of Man
India
Indian-controlled Kashmir
Ambiguous international or transnational actor
Continued on next page

144

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
IRL
IRN
IRQ
IRQBAG
IRQKURKDP
ISL
ISR
ISRGOVCMN
ISRGOVLBA
ISRGOVLKD
ISRGOVMRZ
ISRGOVSHA
ISRGOVCMN
ISROPPLBA
ISROPPLKD
ISROPPMRZ
ISROPPSHA
ISRSET
ITA
JAM
JAN
JEW
JEWHSD
JEWUDX
JOR
JOROPPIAF
JPN
JUD
KAS
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KHMREBKMR
KIR
KNA
KOR
KUR
KWT
LAB
LAM
LAO
LBN
LBNREBAML
LBNREBASL
LBNREBHEZ

145

Actor
Ireland
Iran
Iraq
Baghdad
Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP)
Iceland
Israel
Israeli Communist Party (d.r.)
Israeli Labor Party (d.r.)
Likud Party (d.r.)
Meretz Party (d.r.)
Shas Party (d.r.)
Israeli Communist Party (d.r.)
Israeli Labor Party (d.r.)
Likud Party (d.r.)
Meretz Party (d.r.)
Shas Party (d.r.)
Israeli Settlers
Italy
Jamaica
Jain
Jew
Hasidic Jew
Ultra-Orthodox Jew
Jordan
Islamic Action Front
Japan
Judiciary (primary role code)
Kashmir
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Cambodia
Khmer Rouge
Kiribati
Saint Kitts-Nevis
Republic of Korea (Seoul)
Kurd (ethnic group)
Kuwait
Labor (secondary role code)
Latin America
Laos
Lebanon
Amal Militia
South Lebanon Army
Hezbullah
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
LBR
LBRBOM
LBRBON
LBRCAP
LBRGBA
LBRGGC
LBRGOVLAP
LBRGOVNDP
LBRGOVNPF
LBRGOVUPP
LBRKRH
LBRKRU
LBRLOF
LBRMAN
LBRMNT
LBRMRG
LBRMRY
LBRNIM
LBROPPALC
LBROPPLAP
LBROPPNDM
LBROPPNDP
LBROPPUPP
LBRREBAFL
LBRREBINP
LBRREBLPC
LBRREBLUR
LBRREBNPF
LBRREBULM
LBRRVC
LBRSIN
LBY
LCA
LEG
LIE
LKA
LKAREBJVP
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MAC
MAR
MARREBPLS
MCO
MDA

Actor
Liberia
Bomi (Liberia)
Bong (Liberia)
Grand Cape Mount (Liberia)
Grand Bassa (Liberia)
Grand Gedeh (Liberia)
Liberia Action Party (d.r.)
National Democratic Party of Liberia (d.r.)
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) (d.r.)
United People’s Party (d.r.)
Krahn (ethnic group)
Grand Kru (Liberia)
Lofa (Liberia)
Mandingo, Mandingoe (ethnic group)
Montserrado (Liberia)
Margibi (Liberia)
Maryland (Liberia)
Nimba (Liberia)
All Liberia Coalition Party
Liberia Action Party (d.r.)
New Deal Movement
National Democratic Party of Liberia (d.r.)
United People’s Party (d.r.)
Armed Forces of Liberia (d.r.)
Independent NPFL
Liberia Peace Council
Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD)
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) (d.r.)
United Liberation Front for Democracy
Rivercess (Liberia)
Sino (Liberia)
Libya
Saint Lucia
Legislature (secondary role code)
Liechtenstein
Sri Lanka
People’s Liberation Front
Lesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Latvia
Macao (Special Administrative Region of China)
Morocco
Polisario Guerillas
Monaco
Moldova
Continued on next page

146

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
MDG
MDT
MDV
MEA
MED
MEX
MHL
MIL
MKD
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNC
MNG
MNP
MOD
MOS
MOSALE
MOSDRZ
MOSRAD
MOSSFI
MOSSHI
MOSSUN
MOZ
MRT
MSR
MTN
MTQ
MUS
MWI
MYS
MYT
NAF
NAM
NCL
NER
NFK
NGA
NGAABI
NGAABU
NGAADA
NGAAKI
NGAANB
NGABAU
NGABAY
NGABIA

Actor
Madagascar
Mediterranean
Maldives
Middle East
Medical (secondary role code)
Mexico
Marshall Islands
MIlitary (primary role code)
Macedonia
Mali
Malta
Myanmar (Burma)
Multi-national corporation
Mongolia
Northern Mariana Islands
Moderate (tertiary role code)
Muslim
Alewi
Druze
“Fundamentalist,” “radical,” “extremist” Muslim
Sufi
Shia
Sunni
Mozambique
Mauritania
Montserrat
Montenegro
Martinique
Mauritius
Malawi
Malaysia
Mayotte
North Africa
Namibia
New Caledonia
Niger
Norfolk Island
Nigeria
Abia (Nigeria)
Abuja (Nigeria)
Adamawa (Nigeria)
Akwa Ibom (Nigeria)
Anambra (Nigeria)
Bauchi (Nigeria)
Bayelsa (Nigeria)
Biafra (Nigeria)
Continued on next page

147

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
NGABNU
NGABOR
NGACRR
NGADEL
NGAEBO
NGAEKI
NGAENU
NGAGOM
NGAHAU
NGAIBO
NGAIJW
NGAIMO
NGAJIG
NGAKAD
NGAKAN
NGAKAT
NGAKEB
NGAKOG
NGAKWA
NGALAG
NGANAS
NGANDR
NGANGR
NGANNG
NGAOGO
NGAOGU
NGAOND
NGAOPPANP
NGAOPPCFD
NGAOPPNDC
NGAOSU
NGAOYO
NGAPLA
NGAREBMAD
NGARIV
NGASOK
NGATAR
NGATIV
NGAYOB
NGAYRB
NGAZAM
NGM
NGMGRP
NGO
NGOCHRCSI
NGOHLHCRC

Actor
Benue (Nigeria)
Borno (Nigeria)
Cross River (Nigeria)
Delta (Nigeria)
Edo (Nigeria)
Ekiti (Nigeria)
Enugu (Nigeria)
Gombe (Nigeria)
Hausa (ethnic group)
Ibo, Igbo (ethnic group)
Ijaws (ethnic group)
Imo (Nigeria)
Jigawa (Nigeria)
Kaduna (Nigeria)
Kano (Nigeria)
Katsina (Nigeria)
Kebbi (Nigeria)
Kogi (Nigeria)
Kwara (Nigeria)
Lagos (Nigeria)
Nassarawa (Nigeria)
Niger Delta Region (Nigeria)
Niger (Nigeria)
North Nigeria (Nigeria)
Ogoni (ethnic group)
Ogun (Nigeria)
Ondo (Nigeria)
All Nigeria People’s Party
Campaign for Democracy
National Democratic Coalition of Nigeria (NADECO)
Osun (Nigeria)
Oyo (Nigeria)
Plateu State (Nigeria)
Movement for the Advancement of Democracy (MAD)
Rivers (Nigeria)
Sokoto (Nigeria)
Taraba (Nigeria)
Tiv (ethnic group, language)
Yobe (Nigeria)
Yoruba (ethnic group)
Zamfara (Nigeria)
Non-governmental movements
Greenpeace
Non-governmental organizations
Christian Solidarity International
International Fed. of Red Cross and Red Crescent (ICRC)
Continued on next page

148

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
NGOHLHIRC
NGOHLHMSF
NGOHLHRCR
NGOHRIAMN
NGOHRIFID
NGOHRIHRW
NGOHRIIHF
NGOICG
NGOJUDJUR
NGOREFIOM
NGOUAJ
NGOWEF
NGOXFM
NIC
NIU
NLD
NMR
NOR
NPL
NRU
NZL
OMN
OPP
PAG
PAK
PAKKAS
PAL
PALPLO
PALREBANO
PALREBPLF
PAN
PCN
PER
PGS
PHL
PLW
PNG
PNGBOU
POL
PRI
PRK
PRT
PRY
PSE
PSEGOVFTA
PSEGOVHMS

Actor
Red Cross
Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders)
Red Crescent
Amnesty International
International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH)
Human Rights Watch
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
International Crisis Group
International Commission of Jurists
International Organization for Migration
Union of Arab Journalists
World Economic Forum
Oxfam
Nicaragua
Niue
Netherlands
North America
Norway
Nepal
Nauru
New Zealand
Oman
Opposition (primary role code)
Animist/Pagan
Pakistan
Pakistani-controlled Kashmir
Palestinian
Palestine Liberation Organization
Abu Nidal Organization
Palestine Liberation Front
Panama
Pitcairn
Peru
Persian Gulf
Philippines
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Bougainville
Poland
Puerto Rico
Democratic People’s Rep. of Korea (Pyongyang)
Portugal
Paraguay
Palestinian Occupied Territories
Fatah (d.r.)
Hamas (d.r.)
Continued on next page

149

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
PSEGZS
PSEREBAAM
PSEREBDFL
PSEREBHMS
PSEREBISJ
PSEREBPFL
PSEWSB
PYF
QAT
RAD
REB
REF
REU
ROM
RUS
RUSCNY
RWA
RWAGOVRPF
RWAUAFRPF
SAF
SAM
SAS
SAU
SCG
SCGKSV
SCGMTN
SCGSRB
SCGVVD
SCN
SDN
SDNDFR
SDNREBNDA
SDNREBSPL
SEA
SEN
SENREBMDF
SER
SGP
SHN
SIK
SJM
SLA
SLB
SLE
SLEREBKAM
SLEREBRUF

Actor
Gaza Strip
Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)
Hamas (d.r.)
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
People’s Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
West Bank
French Polynesia
Qatar
Radical (tertiary role code)
Rebel (primary role code)
Refugee (secondary role code)
Runion
Romania
Russia
Chechnya
Rwanda
Rwandan Patriotic Front (d.r.)
Rwandan Patriotic Front (d.r.)
Southern Africa
South America
South Asia
Saudi Arabia
Serbia and Montenegro (d.r.)
Kosovo (d.r.)
Montenegro (d.r.)
Serbia (d.r.)
Vojvodina (d.r.)
Scandinavia
Sudan
Darfur
National Democratic Alliance
Sudan People’s Liberation Army
Southeast Asia
Senegal
Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance
ethnic Serb
Singapore
Saint Helena
Sikh
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
Slav
Solomon Islands
Sierra Leone
Kamojor militia
Revolutionary United Front
Continued on next page

150

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
SLV
SMR
SNL
SOM
SPM
SPY
SRB
SRBKSV
SRBVVD
STP
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TAM
TAO
TCA
TCD
TER
TGO
THA
TJK
TKL
TKM
TMP
TON
TRG
TRK
TTO
TUN
TUR
TURANK
TURGOVAKP
TURGOVANP
TURGOVCHP
TURGOVDSP
TURGOVDYP
TURGOVMHP
TURGOVREP
TURIST
TURIZM
TUROPPAKP
TUROPPANP

Actor
El Salvador
San Marino
Sinhalese (ethnic group)
Somalia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Spy (primary role code)
Serbia (d.r.)
Kosovo (d.r.)
Vojvodina (d.r.)
Sao Tome and Principe
Suriname
Slovakia
Slovenia
Sweden
Swaziland
Seychelles
Syria
Tamil (ethnic group)
Taoist
Turks and Caicos Islands
Chad
Terai (region in northern India/southern Nepal)
Togo
Thailand
Tajikistan
Tokelau
Turkmenistan
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Tonga
Tuareg (ethnic group)
ethnic Turk
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ankara
Justice and Development Party (AKP) (d.r.)
Motherland Party (ANAP) (d.r.)
Republican People’s Party (CHP) (d.r.)
Democratic Left Party (DSP) (d.r.)
True Path Party (DYP) (d.r.)
National Action Party (MHP) (d.r.)
Welfare Party (Refah) (d.r.)
Istanbul
Izmir
Justice and Development Party (AKP) (d.r.)
Motherland Party (ANAP) (d.r.)
Continued on next page

151

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
TUROPPCHP
TUROPPDSP
TUROPPDTP
TUROPPDYP
TUROPPFAZ
TUROPPHDP
TUROPPMHP
TUROPPREP
TURREBDSL
TURREBPKK
TURSOE
TUT
TUV
TWN
TZA
UAF
UGA
UGAREBADF
UGAREBLRA
UIG
UIS
UKR
URY
USA
USR
UZB
VAT
VCT
VEN
VGB
VIR
VNM
VUT
WAF
WLF
WSM
WST
YEM
YMN
YMS
YUG
YUGBSN
YUGCTA
YUGKSV
YUGMCD
YUGMTN

Actor
Republican People’s Party (CHP) (d.r.)
Democratic Left Party (DSP) (d.r.)
Democratic Society Party (DTP)
True Path Party (DYP) (d.r.)
Virtue Party (Fazilet)
Democratic People’s Party (DEHAP/HADEP)
National Action Party (MHP) (d.r.)
Welfare Party (Refah) (d.r.)
Dev-Sol
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)
Southeast Turkey
Tutsi (ethnic group)
Tuvalu
Taiwan
Tanzania
Unidentified Armed Force (tertiary role code)
Uganda
Allied Democratic Forces
Lord’s Resistance Army
Uighur (Chinese ethnic minority)
Unidentified state actors
Ukraine
Uruguay
United States
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Uzbekistan
Holy See (Vatican City)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Venezuela
British Virgin Islands
U.S. Virigin Islands
Vietnam
Vanuatu
West Africa
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Samoa
“the West”
Yemen
North Yemen
South Yemen
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (d.r.)
Yugoslavia’s Republic of Bosnia (d.r.)
Yugoslavia’s Republic of Croatia (d.r.)
Kosovo (d.r.)
Yugoslavia’s Republic of Macedonia (d.r.)
Montenegro (d.r.)
Continued on next page

152

CHAPTER 7. KEDS PROJECT ACTOR CODES
Code
YUGSLN
YUGSRB
YUGVVD
ZAF
ZMB
ZRO
ZWE

Actor
Yugoslavia’s Republic of Slovenia (d.r.)
Yugoslavia’s Republic of Serbia (d.r.)
Vojvodina (d.r.)
South Africa
Zambia
Zoroastrian
Zimbabwe

153

Chapter 8

CAMEO Religious Classification
System
The comprehensive list of all religious codes is arranged by its subsections as follows: first into
named religions, followed by religious categories, each alphabetically arranged; second alphabetically; and third, numerically. The newest version of the CAMEORCS directory will be made
available on http://cameocodes.wikispaces.com/.
The current version is 0.1.1, finalized on May 27, 2011.
Table 8.1: Directory of all Religious Codes (v.1.0)

Heirarchical Code

Religion and Comments

REL

Unspecified Religious

ATH

Agnostic/Atheist

ATH010

BAH
BAH010
BAH020
BAH030
BAH040
BAH050
BAH060
BAH070

BUD
BUDMAH
BUDMAH100
BUDMAH110
BUDMAH111
BUDMAH112
BUDMAH113
BUDMAH114
BUDMAH115
BUDMAH116
BUDMAH117
BUDMAH118
BUDMAH120
BUDMAH121
BUDMAH130
BUDMAH140
BUDMAH200
BUDMAH210
BUDMAH211
BUDMAH212
BUDMAH213
BUDMAH214
BUDMAH215
BUDMAH220
BUDMAH221
BUDMAH223
BUDMAH230
BUDMAH231
BUDMAH240
BUDMAH300
BUDMAH301

Freethought

Bahai Faith

inc. all non-schismatic Bahai

Baha’is Under the Provisions of the Covenant
Faith of God a.k.a. the House of Mankind and the Universal Palace of Order
Free Baha’i Faith
Orthodox Baha’i Faith a.k.a. Mother Baha’i Council
Orthodox Baha’i Faith Under the Regency
Charles Mason Remey Society
The Friends Newsletter

Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism
Pure Land Buddhism a.k.a. Amidism
Jodo Shinshu a.k.a. Shin Buddhism
Hongan-ji School a.k.a. Jodo Shinshu Hompa Hongwanji-ha, Nishi Hongan-ji
Otani School a.k.a. Jodo Shinshu Otani-ha, Higashi Hongan-ji
Takada School
Bukkoji School
Kosho School
Kibe School
Izumoji School
Joshoji School
Jodo Shu (mainline group: ”Chinzei” branch)
Seizan branch
Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism (specifically, Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism Association)
Yuzu Nembutsu
Zen Buddhism a.k.a. Chan Buddhism
Classic Zen
Caodong school inc. Soto sect (Japanese line)
Fayan school
Guiyang school
Linji school inc. Rinzai school (Japanese line)
Yunmen school
Japanese Zen (excluding classical schools)
Obaku
Soto
Seon Buddhism a.k.a. Korean Zen
Jogye Order
Thien Tong a.k.a. Thien Buddhism, Vietnamese Zen
Nichiren Buddhism (note that a number of names are shared by multiple schools/sects)
Fuji Taisekiji Kenshokai
Continued on next page

154

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
BUDMAH302
BUDMAH303
BUDMAH304
BUDMAH305
BUDMAH306
BUDMAH307
BUDMAH308
BUDMAH309
BUDMAH310
BUDMAH311
BUDMAH312
BUDMAH313
BUDMAH314
BUDMAH315
BUDMAH316
BUDMAH317
BUDMAH318
BUDMAH319
BUDMAH320
BUDMAH321
BUDMAH322
BUDMAH323
BUDMAH324
BUDMAH400
BUDMAH410
BUDMAH420
BUDMAH500
BUDMLN
BUDMLN010
BUDMLN011
BUDNRM
BUDNRM010
BUDSYN
BUDSYN010
BUDTHR
BUDTHR400 (+500)
BUDTHR410
BUDTHR420
BUDTHR430
BUDTHR440
BUDTHR441
BUDTHR450
BUDTHR460
BUDTHR470
BUDTHR480
BUDTHR490
BUDTHR500
BUDVAJ
BUDVAJ100
BUDVAJ200
BUDVAJ210
BUDVAJ220
BUDVAJ300
BUDVAJ400
BUDVAJ410
BUDVAJ420
BUDVAJ421
BUDVAJ422
BUDVAJ423
BUDVAJ424
BUDVAJ425
BUDVAJ426
BUDVAJ430
BUDVAJ440
BUDVAJ450
BUDVAJ451
BUDVAJ452

CHR
CHR001
CHR002
CHR003
CHR004
CHR005
CHR100
CHR101
CHRANG
CHRANG001
CHRANG002
CHRANG011
CHRANG012
CHRANG013
CHRANG014
CHRANG015
CHRANG900
CHRANG901
CHRANG902
CHRCTH
CHRCTH001
CHRCTH200 (+300)

155

Religion and Comments
Fuju-fuse Nichiren Komon Shu
Hokke Nichiren Shu
Hokkeshu
Hompa Nichiren Shu
Honke Nichiren Shu
Honmon Butsuryu Shu Ja
Honmon Hokke Shu
Honmon Kyoo Shu
Honmon Shoshu
Kempon Hokke Shu
Kokuchukai— a.k.a. Kokuchukai ja
Nichiren Hokke Shu
Nichiren Honshu
Nichiren Komon Shu
Nichiren Shoshu
Nichiren Shu
Nichiren Shu Fuju-fuse-ha a.s.a. Nichirenshu Fuju-fuse-ha
Nipponzan Myohoji
Reiyukai a.k.a. Spiritual-Friendship-Association
Rissho Kosei Kai
Shobo Hokke Shu
Shoshinkai
Soka Gakkai
Tiantai and regional variants thereof
Cheontae
Tendai
Shinnyo-en
millenarian Buddhist movements
Aum Shinrikyo a.k.a. Aleph
Hikari No Wa
new Buddhist movements
Santi Asoke
syncretic Buddhism
Tara Center
Therevada Buddhism
Therevada monastic orders
Amarapura Nikaya
Dhammayuttika Nikaya
Dvara Nikaya
Maha Nikaya
Dhammakaya Movement
Mahasthabir Nikaya
Ramanna Nikaya
Sangharaj Nikaya
Shwekyin Nikaya
Siam Nikaya
Thudhamma Nikaya
Vajrayana Buddhism a.k.a. Tantra, Diamond Vehicle, Esoteric Buddhism,
Newar Buddhism
Shingon Buddhism a.k.a. Orthodox Esoteric Buddhism, Japanese Esoteric Buddhism
Kogi Shingon School a.k.a. Ancient Shingon School
Shingi Shingon School a.k.a. Reformed Shingon School
Shugendo
Tibetan Buddhism (N.B. all forms of Tibetan Buddhism other than Gelug are called ”Red Hat sects”)
Gelug a.k.a. Gelug-pa, dGe Lugs Pa, dge-lugs-pa, Dgelugspa, Yellow Hat Sect; includes Dalai Lama
Kagyu a.k.a. Kagyupa, Kagyud
Barom Kagyu
Drubgyu Karma Kamtsang a.k.a. Karma Kagyu, Karma Kamtsang, Karmapa Sect
Drikung Kagyu
Drukpa Kagyu
Shangpa Kagyu
Taklung Kagyu
Nyingma a.k.a. Nyingmapa
Rime Movement (ecumenical/”eclectic” movement)
Sakya a.k.a. Sakyapa
Ngor
Tshar

Christianity
Charismatic Christianity
conservative Christianity
evangelical Christianity
liberal Christianity
Prosperity theology
ecumenical Christian movements
World Council of Churches
Anglican Communion
Anglican
Episcopalian
”conservative” Anglican
”liberal” Anglican
”high” Anglican
”low” Anglican
”Catholic” Anglican
schismatic Catholics within the Anglican Communion
Philippine Independent Church
(Old Catholic Church inc. Union of Utrech and any other Old Catholic members of the Anglican Communion)
Roman Catholic
(Latin Rite is defined as the mainstream)
Liberation Theology
Roman Catholic laity
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
CHRCTH201
CHRCTH202
CHRCTH203
CHRCTH204
CHRCTH205
CHRCTH206
CHRCTH207
CHRCTH208
CHRCTH209
CHRCTH210
CHRCTH211
CHRCTH212
CHRCTH213
CHRCTH214
CHRCTH400 (+500)
CHRCTH401
CHRCTH402
CHRCTH403
CHRCTH404
CHRCTH405
CHRCTH406
CHRCTH407
CHRCTH408
CHRCTH409
CHRCTH410
CHRCTH411
CHRCTH412
CHRCTH413
CHRCTH414
CHRCTH415
CHRCTH416
CHRCTH417
CHRCTH418
CHRCTH419
CHRCTH420
CHRCTH421
CHRCTH422
CHRCTH423
CHRCTH424
CHRCTH425
CHRCTH426
CHRCTH427
CHRCTH428
CHRCTH429
CHRCTH430
CHRCTH431
CHRCTH432
CHRCTH433
CHRCTH434
CHRCTH435
CHRCTH436
CHRCTH437
CHRCTH438
CHRCTH439
CHRCTH440
CHRCTH441
CHRCTH442
CHRCTH443
CHRCTH444
CHRCTH445
CHRCTH446
CHRCTH447
CHRCTH448
CHRCTH449
CHRCTH450
CHRCTH451
CHRCTH452
CHRCTH453
CHRCTH454
CHRCTH455
CHRCTH456
CHRCTH457
CHRCTH458
CHRCTH459
CHRCTH460
CHRCTH461
CHRCTH462
CHRCTH465
CHRCTH466
CHRCTH467
CHRCTH468
CHRCTH469
CHRCTH470
CHRCTH471
CHRCTH472
CHRCTH473
CHRCTH474
CHRCTH475
CHRCTH476
CHRCTH477

156

Religion and Comments
Apostolate for Family Consecration
Catholic Charismatic Renewal
Catholic Worker Movement
Communion and Liberation
Community of Sant’Egidio
Cursillo Movement
Focolare Movement
L’Arche
Legion of Mary
Madonna House Apostolate
Neocatechumenal Way
Regnum Christi
Schoenstatt Movement
Worldwide Marriage
Roman Catholic monastic orders
Adorers a.k.a. Adorers of the Blood of Christ
Adornos a.k.a. Clerics Regular Minor
Assumptionists a.k.a. Augustinians of the Assumption
Society of the Atonement a.k.a. Atonement Friars/Graymoor Friars/Sisters
Augustinians a.k.a. Order of Saint Augustine
Baladites a.k.a. Order of Lebanese Maronite
Barnabites a.k.a. Clerics Regular of Saint Paul
Basilians a.k.a. Congregation of St. Basil
Benedictines a.k.a. Order of Saint Benedict
Bridgettines a.k.a. Order of Our Savior
Brothers of Christian Instruction of St Gabriel
Brothers of the Christian Schools a.k.a. Lasallian Brothers or Christian Brothers
Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help
Camaldolese a.k.a. Camaldolese Benedictines
Camillians a.k.a. Order of Saint Camillus
Canossians a.k.a. Canossian Daughters and Sons of Charity
Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem
Capuchins a.k.a. Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Carmelites a.k.a. Order of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel
Carmelites of Mary Immaculate
Carthusians
Celestines defunct
Cistercians
Claretians a.k.a. Claretian Missionaries
Columbans a.k.a. Missionary Society of St. Columban
Congregatio Immaculatae Cordis Mariae a.k.a. Scheutfathers, Scheutists, Missionhurst
Congregation of the Disciples of the Lord
Congregation of Holy Cross
Congregation of Notre Dame
Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
Conventual Franciscans a.k.a. Conventuals or Order of Friars Minor Conventual
Crosiers a.k.a. Canons Regular of the Holy Cross
Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul
Dehonians a.k.a. Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
Divine Word Missionaries
Discalced Carmelites
Dominicans a.k.a. Order of Friars Preachers
Dottrinari a.k.a. Congregazione dei Preti della Dottrina Cristiana
Eudists a.k.a. Congregation of Jesus and Mary
Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn
Franciscans a.k.a. Order of Friars Minor
Franciscan Missionaries of Divine Motherhood
Franciscan Missionaries of Mary
Franciscan Friars of the Third Order Regular
Fransalians a.k.a. Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales
Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart
Good Shepherd Sisters
Handmaids of the Blessed Sacrament and of Charity
Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
Holy Cross Fathers a.k.a. Congregation of Holy Cross
Order of Hospitalers a.k.a. Hospitaler Brothers of St. John of God
Infant Jesus Sisters a.k.a. Nicolas Barre
Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest
Jesuits a.k.a. Society of Jesus
Josephines of Asti a.k.a. Oblates of St. Joseph
Josephite Fathers and Brothers a.k.a. St. Joseph’s Society of the Sacred Heart
Lazarists a.k.a. Vincentians, Congregation of the Mission
Legionaries of Christ
Little Sisters of the Poor
Loreto Sisters a.k.a. Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Marian Fathers
Marianists a.k.a. Marists, Daughters of Mary Immaculate, Society of Mary
Marist Brothers
Maryknoll a.k.a. Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America
Mercedarians a.k.a. Order of Our Lady of Mercy
Missionaries of Charity
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
Missionary Contemplative Movement ”P. de Foucauld” a.k.a. Centro Missionario ”P. de Foucauld”
Norbertines or Premonstratensians a.k.a. Canons Regular of Prmontr
Olivetans a.k.a. Order of Our Lady of Mount Olivet
Oblates Of Mary Immaculate
Oblate Sisters of Providence
Oratorians a.k.a. Oratory of St. Philip Neri
Order of St. Elisabeth
Pallottines a.k.a. Society of the Catholic Apostolate
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
CHRCTH478
CHRCTH479
CHRCTH480
CHRCTH481
CHRCTH482
CHRCTH483
CHRCTH484
CHRCTH485
CHRCTH486
CHRCTH487
CHRCTH488
CHRCTH489
CHRCTH490
CHRCTH491
CHRCTH492
CHRCTH493
CHRCTH494
CHRCTH495
CHRCTH496
CHRCTH497
CHRCTH498
CHRCTH499
CHRCTH500
CHRCTH501
CHRCTH502
CHRCTH503
CHRCTH504
CHRCTH505
CHRCTH506
CHRCTH507
CHRCTH508
CHRCTH509
CHRCTH510
CHRCTH511
CHRCTH512
CHRCTH513
CHRCTH514
CHRCTH515
CHRCTH517
CHRCTH518
CHRCTH600
CHRCTH601
CHRCTH602
CHRCTH603
CHRCTH800
CHRCTH810
CHRCTH811
CHRCTH812
CHRCTH820
CHRMRN
CHRCTH822
CHRCTH823
CHRCTH830
CHRCTH831
CHRCTH840
CHRCTH841
CHRCTH842
CHRCTH850 (+860)
CHRCTH851
CHRCTH852
CHRCTH853
CHRCTH854
CHRCTH855
CHRCTH856
CHRCTH857
CHRCTH858
CHRCTH859
CHRCTH860
CHRCTH861
CHRCTH862
CHRCTH863
CHRCTH864
CHRCTH865
CHRCTH900
CHRCTH901
CHRCTH902
CHRCTH903
CHRCTH904
CHRCTH905
CHRCTH906
CHRCTH907
CHRCTH908
CHRCTH909
CHRCTH910
CHRDOX
CHRDOX100
CHRDOX101
CHRDOX102
CHRDOX103
CHRDOX104

157

Religion and Comments
Paris Foreign Missions Society a.k.a. Missions Etrangres de Paris
Passionists a.k.a. Congregation of the Passion
Paulists a.k.a. Congregation of St. Paul
Piarists a.k.a. Clerics Regulars Poors of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools
Poor Clares a.k.a. Nuns of the Order of St. Clare/(Order of Poor Ladies
Presentation Brothers
Presentation Sisters a.k.a. Sisters of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter
Redemptorists a.k.a. Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer
Religious of the Cenacle
Resurrectionists
Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus
Rosminians a.k.a. Institute of Charity
Sacramentines a.k.a. Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament
Salesians of St. John Bosco a.k.a. Salesian Society, Salesians of John Bosco, Society of St. Francis de Sales
Salesian Sisters a.k.a. Daughters of Mary Help of Christian, (Daughters of St. Francis de Sales?)
Salvatorians a.k.a. Society of the Divine Savior
Scalabrians a.k.a. Congregation of the Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
School Sisters of Notre Dame
Servites a.k.a. Order of Friars, Servants of Mary
Sisters of Charity
Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary
Sisters of Mercy or Religious Sisters of Mercy
Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy
Sisters of St Joseph
Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart
Society of the Precious Blood a.k.a. Precious Blood Fathers
Spiritans or Holy Ghost Fathers a.k.a. Congregation of the Holy Ghost
Stigmatines a.k.a. Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata
Sulpician Fathers a.k.a. Society of Saint Sulpice
Theatines a.k.a. Congregation of Clerics Regular
Trappists a.k.a. Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance
Trinitarians a.k.a. Order of the Most Holy Trinity
Ursulines a.k.a. Ursuline Nuns of the Roman Union, also Ursuline Sisters of Tildonck
Verbum Dei Missionary Fraternity
Viatorians a.k.a. Clerics of Saint Viator
Vocationists a.k.a. Clerics of the Divine Vocation
Xaverians or Xaverian Brothers a.k.a. Missionary Society of St. Francis Xavier
miscellaneous Roman Catholic organizations
Opus Dei
personal ordinariates of former Anglicans
Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta a.k.a. Order of Malta
Eastern Catholic Church
Alexandrian liturgical tradition
Coptic Catholic Church
Ethiopian Catholic Church
Antiochan liturgical tradition
Maronite Church (could also call it ”CHRCTH921”)
Syriac Catholic Church
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
Armenian liturgical tradition
Armenian Catholic Church
Chaldean/East Syrian liturgical tradition
Chaldean Catholic Church
Syro-Malabar Church
Byzantine liturgical tradition
Albanian Catholic Church
Belarusian Catholic Church
Bulgarian Catholic Church
Eparchy of Krizevci
Eucharistic Catholic Church
Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
Hungarian Catholic Church
Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
Macedonian Catholic Church
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Romanian Church United with Rome
Russian Catholic Church
Ruthenian Catholic Church
Slovak Catholic Church
Ukrainian Catholic Church
schismatic Catholics
African Church Incorporated
Antiochian Catholic Church in America (we can reserve the 100’s for Catholic schisms)
Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches (led by Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church)
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
Heenum Catholic Church
Independent Catholic Churches
Liberal Catholic Church
Mariavite Church
Polish National Catholic Church (and Polish Catholic Church)
Society of Saint Pius X
Orthodox Christian (Note: category includes all non-Catholic forms of ”Eastern” Christianity)
Orthodox Communion (listed in order of seniority, rather than alphabetized)
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Orthodox Church of Alexandria
Orthodox Church of Antioch
Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
CHRDOX105
CHRDOX106
CHRDOX107
CHRDOX108
CHRDOX109
CHRDOX110
CHRDOX111
CHRDOX112
CHRDOX113
CHRDOX114
CHRDOX115
CHRDOX200
CHRDOX201
CHRDOX202
CHRDOX203
CHRDOX204
CHRDOX205
CHRDOX206
CHRDOX207
CHRDOX208
CHRDOX209
CHRDOX210
CHRDOX211
CHRDOX212
CHRDOX213
CHRDOX214
CHRDOX215
CHRDOX216
CHRDOX217
CHRDOX218
CHRDOX219
CHRDOX220
CHRDOX221
CHRDOX222
CHRDOX223
CHRDOX224
CHRDOX300
CHRDOX301
CHRCPT
CHRDOX303
CHRDOX304
CHRDOX305
CHRDOX306
CHRDOX400
CHRDOX500
CHRDOX900
CHRDOX910
CHRDOX911
CHRDOX912
CHRDOX913
CHRDOX914
CHRDOX915
CHRDOX916
CHRDOX920
CHRDOX921
CHRDOX922
CHRGNO
CHRGNO010
CHRGNO020
CHRGNO030
CHRGNO040 (041-059)
CHRGNO041
CHRGNO042
CHRGNO043
CHRGNO044
CHRGNO045
CHRGNO046
CHRGNO060
CHRJHW
CHRJHW010
CHRJHW020
CHRJHW030
CHRJHW040
CHRJHW041
CHRJHW042
CHRJHW050
CHRJHW070
CHRJHW080
CHRJHW090
CHRJHW100
CHRLDS
CHRLDS010
CHRLDS020
CHRLDS030
CHRLDS040
CHRLDS050
CHRLDS060
CHRLDS061
CHRLDS070
CHRLDS080

158

Religion and Comments
Orthodox Church of Russia
Orthodox Church of Serbia
Orthodox Church of Romania
Orthodox Church of Bulgaria
Orthodox Church of Georgia
Orthodox Church of Cyprus
Orthodox Church of Greece
Orthodox Church of Poland
Orthodox Church of Albania
Orthodox Church of the Czech lands and Slovakia
Orthodox Church in America
autonomous, unrecognized, and separated Orthodox
American World Patriarchs
Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
Chinese Orthodox Church
Croatian Orthodox Church
Estonian Orthodox Church
Finnish Orthodox Church
Greek Old Calendarists
Japanese Orthodox Church
Latvian Orthodox Church
Macedonian Orthodox Church
Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia
Moldovan Orthodox Church
Montenegrin Orthodox Church
Old Believers
Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Old Calendar Romanian Orthodox Church
Orthodox Church in Italy
Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)
Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric
Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Russian True Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate)
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
Oriental Orthodox Oriental Orthodox
Armenian Apostolic Church
Coptic Orthodox (could also call it ”CHRDOX202”)
Eritrean Orthodox
Ethiopian Orthodox
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (also known as Indian Orthodox)
Syriac Orthodox
Assyrian Church of the East
Ancient Church of the East
schismatic Orthodox
Old Believers - Bespopovtsy
Pomortsy a.k.a. Danilovtsy
Novopomortsy a.k.a. New Pomortsy
Staropomortsy a.k.a. Old Pomortsy
Fedoseevtsy a.k.a. Society of Christian Old Believers of the Old Pomortsy Unmarried Confession
Fillipovtsy
Chasovennye a.k.a. Semeyskie
Old Believers - Popovtsy
Belokrinitskaya hierarchy a.k.a. Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church
Novozybkovskaya hierarchy a.k.a. Russian Old-Orthodox Church
gnostic Christianity
Anthroposophy
Foundation for Inner Peace i.e. A Course in Miracles
Order of the Solar Temple
Rosecrucianism (maybe? Esoteric knowledge Gnosticism?)
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
Antiquus Ordo Rosicrucianis a.k.a. Ancient Order of the Rosicrucians
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis
Lectorium Rosicrucianum
Rosicrucian Fellowship
Societas Rosicruciana
Summum
Bible Student Movement (mainline group: Jehovah’s Witnesses)
Chicago Bible Students
Christian Millennial Fellowship
Dawn Bible Students
Free Bible Students
Berean Bible Students Church
Christian Millennial Fellowship a.k.a. Free Bible Students
Friends of Man a.k.a. Philanthropic Assembly of the Friends of Man, The Church of the Kingdom of God
Goshen Fellowship
Independent Bible Students
Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement hostile to JW church
True Faith Jehovah’s Witnesses Association
Latter Day Saints a.k.a. Mormonism
Aaronic Order numbering Aaronic Order isn’t mainstream, right?
Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
Church of Christ with the Elijah Message
Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times
Church of the Lamb of God
Community of Christ a.k.a. Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Restoration Branches
Confederate Nations of Israel
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints a.k.a. FLDS
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
CHRLDS090
CHRLDS100
CHRLDS110
CHRLDS120
CHRLDS130
CHRLDS140
CHRMAY
CHRMAY001
CHRMAY110 (111-139)
CHRMAY111
CHRMAY112
CHRMAY113
CHRMAY114
CHRMAY115
CHRMAY116
CHRMAY117
CHRMAY118
CHRMAY119
CHRMAY120
CHRMAY121
CHRMAY122
CHRMAY123
CHRMAY124
CHRMAY125
CHRMAY126
CHRMAY127
CHRMAY128
CHRMAY120
CHRMAY130
CHRMAY140
CHRMAY150
CHRMAY151
CHRMAY160
CHRMAY170
CHRMAY180
CHRMAY190
CHRMAY200
CHRMAY210
CHRMAY220
CHRMAY230
CHRMAY231
CHRMAY232
CHRMAY233
CHRMAY240
CHRMAY241
CHRMAY242
CHRMAY250
CHRMAY251
CHRMAY252
CHRMAY253
CHRMAY254
CHRMAY255
CHRMAY260
CHRMAY270
CHRMAY271
CHRMAY272
CHRMAY273
CHRMAY280
CHRMLN
CHRMLN010
CHRMLN020
CHRMLN030
CHRNRM
CHRNRM010
CHRNRM020
CHRNRM030
CHRNRM040
CHRNRM050
CHRNRM060
CHROFF
CHROFF010
CHROFF020
CHROFF030
CHROFF031
CHROFF032
CHROFF033
CHROFF040
CHRPRO
CHRPRO010
CHRPRO011
CHRPRO012
CHRPRO013
CHRPRO014
CHRPRO015
CHRPRO110 (111-139)
CHRPRO111
CHRPRO112
CHRPRO113
CHRPRO114
CHRPRO115

159

Religion and Comments
Latter-day Church of Christ a.k.a. Kingston Clan, Kingston Group, Davis County Cooperative, The Co-op Society
Rigdonites
Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
Zion’s Order
”maybe” Christian churches of controversial status
esoteric Christianity
Armstrongism (the ”mainline” group is Grace Communion International)
Christian Churches of God
Christian Educational Ministries
Church of God, 21st Century
Church of God, an International Community
Church of God International (USA)
Church of God, The Eternal
Church of God Preparing for the Kingdom of God
Church of the Eternal God
Church of the Great God
Global Church of God (and offshoots)
Intercontinental Church of God
Living Church of God
Philadelphia Church of God
Restored Church of God
Church of God Fellowship
Church of the Great God
Sabbath Church of God
United Church of God
Assemblies of Yahweh
Bethel Ministerial Association
Christadelphianism a.k.a. Thomasites
Christian Conventions a.k.a. Two-by-Twos, the Workers and Friends
Cooneyites
Christian Science a.k.a. Church of Christ, Scientist
Church of the Blessed Hope
Friends of Man
Iglesia ni Cristo
The Local Church a.k.a. Little Flock
Members Church of God International
Mita Congregation
New Thought Movement inc. only the Christian, official New Thought movements
Church of Divine Science
Religious Science
Unity School of Christianity a.k.a. Unity Church
Oneness Pentecostalism (maybe delete some members
United Pentecostal Church International
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
Spiritual Christianity
Molokans
Dukhobors a.s.a. Doukhobors
Khlysts
Skoptsy
Ikonobortsy
Swedenborgianism a.k.a. The Lord’s New Church, Church of the New Jerusalem
The Way International
American Fellowship Services
Great Lakes Fellowship
Pacific West Fellowship
Unification Church (Moonies)
millenarian Christianity
Branch Davidians
The Brethren a.k.a. The Body of Christ, The Garbage Eaters
Concerned Christians
new Christian movements
The Body of Christ
Church of the Living Word a.k.a. The Walk
The Family International
Foundation of Human Understanding
International Community of Christ
Shepherding Movement
offshoots of Christianity
National Spiritualist Association of Churches
Spiritualism
Unitarian-Universalism
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans
Unitarianism
Universalism
Urantia Foundation
Protestant
(Protestant - generic terms/non-denominational movements)
charismatic Protestantism
cyberchurch
dispensationalism
evangelical Protestantism
pietism
Adventism
Advent Christian Church
Church of God (Seventh Day)
Church of God and Saints of Christ
Church of God General Conference
Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
CHRPRO116
CHRPRO117
CHRPRO118
CHRPRO119
CHRPRO120
CHRPRO121
CHRPRO122
CHRPRO123
CHRPRO124
CHRPRO140 (141-159)
CHRPRO141
CHRPRO142
CHRPRO143
CHRPRO144
CHRPRO145
CHRPRO160 (161-179)
CHRPRO161
CHRPRO162
CHRPRO163
CHRPRO164
CHRPRO165
CHRPRO166
CHRPRO167
CHRPRO168
CHRPRO169
CHRPRO170
CHRPRO180 (181-189)
CHRPRO181
CHRPRO182
CHRPRO183
CHRPRO190 (191-209)
CHRPRO210 (211-229)
CHRPRO211
CHRPRO212
CHRPRO213
CHRPRO214
CHRPRO215
CHRPRO230 (231-239)
CHRPRO240 (241-249)
CHRPRO250 (251-269)
CHRPRO251
CHRPRO252
CHRPRO253
CHRPRO270 (271-279)
CHRPRO280 (281-299)
CHRPRO281
CHRPRO282
CHRPRO283
CHRPRO284
CHRPRO300 (301-309)
CHRPRO310 (311-319)
CHRPRO320 (321-329)
CHRPRO330 (331-349)
CHRPRO331
CHRPRO332
CHRPRO333
CHRPRO334
CHRPRO350 (351-389)
CHRPRO351
CHRPRO352
CHRPRO353
CHRPRO354
CHRPRO355
CHRPRO356
CHRPRO357
CHRPRO358
CHRPRO359
CHRPRO360
CHRPRO361
CHRPRO362
CHRPRO363
CHRPRO364
CHRPRO365
CHRPRO366
CHRPRO367
CHRPRO368
CHRPRO370
CHRPRO371
CHRPRO900
CHRPRO901
CHRPRO902
CHRPRO903
CHRPRO904
CHRPRO905
CHRPRO906
CHRPRO907
CHRPRO908
CHRPRO909
CHRPRO910
CHRPRO911

160

Religion and Comments
Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
Seventh-day Adventist Church
United Church of God
Worldwide Church of God
Assembly of Yahweh
Primitive Advent Christian Church
United Seventh-Day Brethren
True and Free Adventists
United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church
African-initiated churches and denominations
Ethiopian churches
Zionist churches
Messianic churches
Apostolic churches
Aladura Pentecostal Churches
Anabaptism
Amish
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean)
Brethren in Christ
Bruderhof
Church of God in Christ, Mennonite
Church of the Brethren
Hutterites a.k.a. ”New Baptists”
Mennonites
Old German Baptist Brethren a.k.a. Hutterian Brethren, Hutterian Society of Brothers
Schwarzenau Brethren
Baptist churches
Free and General Baptists
Seventh Day Baptists
Strict and Particular Baptists
Congregationalism
Lutheranism
Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference
Evangelical Catholic Lutheranism a.k.a. High Church Lutheranism
International Lutheran Council
Lutheran World Federation
Unaffiliated Lutheran denominations
Methodism and Wesleyanism
Nazarene Church
Pentecostalism
Independent Pentecostalism
Reformed/Higher Life Pentecostalism (most prominent group: Assemblies of God)
Wesleyan/Holiness Pentecostalism
Plymouth Brethren
pre-Lutheran Protestants
Czechoslovak Hussite Church
Moravian Church
Unity of the Brethren
Waldensian Evangelical Church
Presbyterianism
Quakerism a.k.a. Religious Society of Friends or Society of Friends
Reformed Church
Restoration Movement
Churches of Christ (mainline)
Disciples of Christ a.k.a. Christian Church
Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ
International Churches of Christ
united and uniting churches
China Christian Council
Church of Christ in Thailand
Church of North India
Church of Pakistan
Church of South India
Evangelical Church in Germany
Evangelical Free Church
Indonesia Christian Church a.k.a. Gereja Kristen Indonesia
International Council of Community Churches
Protestant Church in the Netherlands
Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches
United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands
United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
United Church of Canada
United Church of Christ
United Church of Christ in Japan a.k.a. Nihon Kirisuto Kyodan
United Church of Christ in the Philippines
United Free Church of Scotland
United Reformed Church
Uniting Church in Australia
otherwise excluded denominations, associations, churches or movements
American Evangelical Christian Churches
Apostolic Christian Church of America
Association of Vineyard Churches
Born Again Movement a.k.a. Word of Life Church/Movement
British New Church Movement
Brunstad Christian Church
Calvary Chapel
Charismatic Episcopal Church (not an offshoot of Anglicanism, but mostly uses its doctrines and materials)
Christian World Liberation Front a.k.a. the Spiritual Counterfeits Project
Community of Jesus
Followers of Christ Church
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
CHRPRO912
CHRPRO913
CHRPRO914
CHRPRO915
CHRPRO916
CHRPRO918
CHRPRO919
CHRPRO920
CHRPRO921
CHRPRO922
CHRPRO923
CHRRAC
CHRRAC010
CHRRAC011
CHRRAC020
CHRRAC021
CHRRAC022
CHRRAC023
CHRRAC024
CHRRAC025
CHRRAD
CHRSYN
CHRSYN010 (010-129)
CHRSYN011
CHRSYN020
CHRSYN030
CHRSYN031
CHRSYN032
CHRSYN033
CHRSYN034
CHRSYN035
CHRSYN036
CHRSYN040
CHRSYN050

CON
CONSYN
CON200

HIN
HIN100
HIN101
HIN102
HIN103
HIN104
HIN105
HIN106
HIN108
HIN109
HINAST
HINAST100
HINAST200
HINAST300
HINAST400 (401-699)
HINAST410
HINAST420
HINAST430
HINAST440
HINAST450
HINAST460
HINAST470
HINAST700 (701-999)
HINAST710
HINAST711
HINAST720
HINAST730
HINAST740
HINAST750
HINAST751
HINAST752
HINAST760
HINAST770
HINAST771
HINAST780
HINAST790
HINAST791
HINAST792
HINDEN
HINDEN100
HINDEN110
HINDEN111
HINDEN112
HINDEN113
HINDEN114
HINDEN115
HINDEN121
HINDEN122
HINDEN123
HINDEN124
HINDEN125

161

Religion and Comments
Great Commission church movement
Greater Grace World Outreach
Independent Fundamental Churches of America
Jews for Jesus
Moody Church
Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus
New Apostolic Church
New Life Fellowship
The Christian Community a.k.a. Christian Community Church, Christengemeinschaft
True Jesus Church
United Church of Christ
Christian groups with racial theologies
British Israelism a.k.a. Anglo-Israelism
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America
Christian Identity
Aryan Nations Church
Assembly of Christian Soldiers
Christian Identity Church
Church of Israel
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord
fundamentalist Christian
syncretic Christianity
Messianic Jews
Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations
Native American Church
Sacred Name Movement a.k.a. Yahwehism
Assemblies of the Called Out Ones of Yah”
Assemblies of Yahweh
Yahwehs Assembly in Messiah
Yahweh’s Assembly in Yahshua
Yahweh’s Restoration Ministry
Yahweh’s Philadelphia Truth Congregation
Spiritual Baptist
Uniao do Vegetal

Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism (or CON100)
New Confucianism

Hinduism
ecumenical Hindu movements
Hindu Aikya Vedi
Hindu Forum of Britain
Vishva Hindu Parishad
Malaysia Hindudharma Mamandram
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Sanatan Sanstha
Hindu Munnani (”of Tamilnadu”)
Hindu Youth Network
Hinduism by school of astika (orthodox) philosophies
Mimamsa
Nyaya-Vaisheshika (inc. either of the parts separately)
Samkhya
Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta
Vishishtadvaita
Dvaita
Dvaitadvaita
Shuddhadvaita
Achintya Bhedabheda
Purnadvaita a.k.a. Integral Advaita
Yoga
Bhakti Yoga
Hanuman Foundation
Hatha Yoga
Jnana Yoga
Karma Yoga
Kriya Yoga
Self-Realization Fellowship
Yogoda Satsanga Society of India
Natya Yoga
Purna Yoga a.k.a. Integral Yoga
Aurobindo Ashrama
Raja Yoga
named Yogic organizations
Kripalu Yoga Retreat
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy
Hinduism by denomination prioritize this categorization
Shaivism
Kashmir Shaivism
Krana
Kula
Pratyabhijna
Siddha Yoga
Spanda
Shaiva Siddhanta
Lingayatism
Visishtadvaita
Agama Hindu Dharma
Arsha Vidya Gurukulam
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
HINDEN126
HINDEN200
HINDEN210
HINDEN211
HINDEN300
HINDEN310
HINDEN311
HINDEN312
HINDEN313
HINDEN314
HINDEN320
HINDEN321
HINDEN322
HINDEN331
HINDEN332
HINDEN333
HINDEN334
HINDEN335
HINDEN336
HINDEN337
HINDEN339
HINDEN340
HINDEN341
HINDEN342
HINDEN343
HINDEN345
HINDEN346
HINDEN347
HINDEN348
HINDEN350
HINDEN400
HINDEN410
HINDEN411
HINDEN412
HINDEN420
HINDEN421
HINDEN422
HINDEN430
HINDEN431
HINDEN432
HINDEN433
HINDEN434
HINDEN435
HINDEN450
HINDEN451
HINDEN452
HINDEN453
HINDEN451
HINDEN452
HINDEN453
HINDEN454
HINDEN456
HINDEN457
HINDEN458
HINDEN500
HINDEN510
HINDEN520
HINMAY
HINMAY010
HINNRM
HINNRM010
HINOFF
HINOFF010
HINOFF011
HINSYN
HINSYN010
HINSYN011
HINSYN012
HINWLB
HINWLB010

JAN
JAN100
JAN110
JAN120
JAN200
JAN210
JAN220
JAN230
JAN240

JEW
JEW001
JEW010
JEW011
JEW012
JEW020
JEW030
JEW050
JEW060

162

Religion and Comments
Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University
Shaktism
Hindu tantra
Ananda Marga
Smartism
Ramakrishna Movement (a.k.a. Vedantic Movement)
Ramakrishna Mission (the aid work portion of the Movement)
Ramakrishna Math
Sri Sarada Math
Ramakrishna Sarada Mission
(Smarta) Advaita Vedanta
Ramachandrapura Math a.k.a. Sri Sri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamstanam SriSamstana Gokarna
Sri Ramana Ashram a.k.a. Sri Ramanasramam
Sharada Pitha a.k.a. Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Sringeri Mutt
Jyotirmatha Pitha
Govardhana Pitha
Dwaraka Pitha
Kanchi Kamakoti Pitha
Vivekananda Kendra
Divine Life Society
Transcendental Meditation movement a.k.a. International Meditation Society
Sivananda Yoga
Divine Life Society
Sathya Sai Baba
Art of Living Foundation
Dwaraka Pitham
Govardhana Matha
Jyotirmath
Swarnavalli Mutt
Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham
Vaishnavism
Brahma sampradaya inc. Gaudiya Vaishnavism (sole subset)
Gaudiya Math
International Society for Krishna Consciousness a.k.a. ISKON, or Hare Krishnas
Halumatha
Kaginele Kanaka Guru Peetha
Mata Amritanandamayi Math
Shri Vaishnava a.k.a. Sri Sampradaya
Andavan Ashramam
Ahobila Matha
Parakala Matha
Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
Sree Narayana Dharma Sangham
Swaminarayan Hinduism
Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
Swaminarayan Maninagar
Swaminarayan Sampraday
Astha Mathas
Kumara sampradaya
Mahapuruxiya Dharma
Rudra sampradaya inc. Shree Vallabha Nidhi (sole subset)
Sri Narasingha Caitanya Matha (Dvaita philosophy)
The Ramanandi movement
Vaisnava-Sahajiya
Other Hindu denominations
Ganapatya
Saura
Hindu groups of controversial status
Ayyavazhi
New Hindu Movements
Arya Samaj
offshoots of Hinduism
Brahmoism
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
syncretic Hindu movements
Sant Mat and related movements
Radha Soami a.k.a. Radhasoami
Divine Light Mission
wellbeing-related Hindu movements
Chopra Center

Jainism
Digambar
Digambar Terapanthi
Taran Panth
Svetambara
Baissamprada a.k.a. Bastola
Murtipujaka
Sthanakvasi
Svetambar Terapanth

Judaism
(any) ecumenical Jewish organization
Conservative Judaism (should we have a Sephardic Jewish code, too?)
Conservadox Judaism (could also go under Orthodoxy)
Masorti Judaism
Humanistic Judaism
Jewish Renewal
Liberal Judaism
Neolog Judaism
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
JEW070
JEW071
JEWUDX
JEWUDX010
JEWHSD
JEWHSD010
JEWHSD020
JEWUDX030
JEW073
JEW074
JEW075
JEW080
JEW090
JEW800
JEW810
JEW820
JEW830
JEWNRM
JEWNRM010
JEWOFF
JEWOFF010
JEWRAC
JEWRAC010
JEWRAC011
JEWRAC012
JEWRAC013
JEWRAC014

MOS
MOSMAY
MOSMAY010
MOSMAY011
MOSMAY012
MOSMAY020
MOSMAY030
MOSOFF
MOSOFF010
MOSOFF020
MOSOFF021
MOSRAC
MOSRAC100
MOSRAC110
MOSRAC120
MOSRAC130
MOSRAC140
MOSRAC141
MOSRAC142
MOSRAC150
MOSRAC160
MOSRAD
MOSSFI
MOSSFI010
MOSSFI020
MOSSHI
MOSSHI100
MOSSHISFI
MOSSHI200
MOSSHI300
MOSSHI310
MOSSHI320
MOSSHI330
MOSSHI331
MOSSHI332
MOSSHI340
MOSSHI350
MOSDRZ
MOSALE
MOSSUN
MOSSUNI010
MOSSUN011
MOSSUN012
MOSSUN020
MOSSUN030
MOSSUN040
MOSSYN
MSSYN010

SHN
SHN
SHN010
SHN020
SHN030
SHN040
SHNNRM
SHNNRM100 (+200)
SHNNRM110
SHNNRM120
SHNNRM130
SHNNRM140
SHNNRM150

163

Religion and Comments
Orthodox Judaism
Chief Rabbinate of Israel
Haredi/Ultra-orthodox a.s.a. Chareidi, Charedi
Central Rabbinical Congress of the United States and Canada
Hasidic Judaism
Chabad a.k.a. Chabad-Lubavitch
Satmar
Lithuanian/Yeshiva Haredi Judaism
Modern Orthodoxy inc. three subgroups: Edah; Orthodox Union; and Religious Zionist Movement
Union of Orthodox Rabbis
World Agudath Israel inc. any type of Orthodox Jew
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reform/Progressive Judaism
quasi-ethnic divisions of Judaism
Ashkenazi Judaism
Mizrahi Judaism
Sephardic Judaism
Jewish Science
offshoots of Judaism
Samaritanism
Judaism with racial theologies
Black Hebrew Israelites
African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
Church of God and Saints of Christ
Commandment Keepers a.k.a. Holy Church of the Living God
Nation of Yahweh

Islam
Muslims of controversial status
Ahmadiyya (check this one again)
Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
United Submitters International
Zikri
offshoots of Islam
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship
Universal Sufism
Dances of Universal Peace
racialist Islam
Black Muslim movements
American Society of Muslims (make a Black Islam section)
Moorish Science Temple of America
Nation of Islam
Nuwaubianism
United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors
Yamassee Native Americans
The Nation of Gods and Earths
United Nations of Islam
fundamentalist Muslim
Sufi
Mawlawi Order a.k.a. Whirling Dervishes
Naqshbandi
Shia
Twelver
Bektashi the Twelver Sufis
Zaidi/Zaiddiyah
Ismaili
Alavi Bohra
Dawoodi Bohra
Mustaali
Hebtiahs Bohra
Abta-i-Malak
Nizari
Sulaimani Bohra
Druze
Alawi/Alewi
Sunni
Hanafi school
Berailvi
Deobandi
Hanbali school
Maliki school
Shafi’i school
syncretic Islam
Moorish Science Temple of America

Shinto
Old Shinto Schools
folk Shinto or Ko Shinto
Imperial Shinto
Koshinto
Shrine Shinto
”New Japanese Religions”
Sect Shinto
Fusokyo
Izumo Oyashirokyo
Jikkokyo
Konkokyo
Kurozumikyo

(note, many groups in this section are offshoots)

Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
SHNNRM160
SHNNRM170
SHNNRM180
SHNNRM190
SHNNRM200
SHNNRM210
SHNNRM220
SHNNRM230
SHNNRM300 (+400)
SHNNRM301
SHNNRM302
SHNNRM303
SHNNRM304
SHNNRM305
SHNNRM306
SHNNRM307
SHNNRM308
SHNNRM309
SHNNRM310
SHNNRM311
SHNNRM312
SHNNRM313
SHNNRM314
SHNNRM315
SHNNRM316
SHNNRM317
SHNNRM318
SHNNRM319
SHNNRM320
SHNNRM321
SHNNRM322
SHNNRM323
SHNNRM324
SHNNRM325
SHNNRM326
SHNNRM327
SHNNRM328
SHNNRM329
SHNNRM330
SHNNRM331
SHNNRM332
SHNNRM333
SHNNRM334
SHNNRM335
SHNNRM336
SHNNRM337
SHNNRM338
SHNNRM339
SHNNRM340
SHNNRM341
SHNNRM342
SHNNRM343
SHNNRM344
SHNNRM345
SHNNRM346
SHNNRM347
SHNNRM348
SHNNRM349
SHNNRM350
SHNNRM351
SHNNRM352
SHNNRM353
SHNNRM354
SHNNRM355
SHNNRM356
SHNNRM357
SHNNRM358
SHNNRM359
SHNNRM360
SHNNRM361
SHNNRM362
SHNNRM363
SHNNRM364
SHNNRM365
SHNNRM366
SHNNRM367
SHNNRM368
SHNNRM369
SHNNRM370
SHNNRM371
SHNNRM372
SHNNRM373
SHNNRM374
SHNNRM375
SHNNRM376
SHNNRM377
SHNNRM378
SHNNRM379
SHNNRM380
SHNNRM381

164

Religion and Comments
Kyoha Shinto Rengokai
Misogikyo
Ontakekyo
Shinrikyo (N.B. This is not the same as Aum Shinrikyo)
Shinto Shuseiha
Shinto Taikyo
Shinto Taiseikyo
Tenrikyo
Shinshukyo (the second category of new religions based on Shinto)
Ananaikyo
Byakko Shinkokai
Chikakusan Minshukyo Kyodan
Chushinkai
Daihizenkyo
Ennokyo
Hachidai Ryuo Daishizen Aishinkyodan
Hachidai Ryuojin Hakko Seidan
Hachirakukai Kyodan
Hi no Oshie
Hikari Kyokai
Hizuki no Miya
Honbushin
Honmichi
Ishinkyo
Izumo Shinyu Kyokai
Izumokyo
Jieido
Jingukyo
Kakushin Shukyo Nipponkyo
Kannagarakyo
Kikueikai Kyodan
Kogi Shinto
Koshinto Senpokyo
Koso Kotai Jingu Amatsukyo
Kuzuryu Taisha
Kyuseishukyo
Makoto no Michi
Makoto no Michikyo
Maruyamakyo
Misogikyo Shinpa
Mitamakyo
Miyaji Shinsendo
Nihon Jingu Honcho
Nihon Seido Kyodan
Nikkokyo
Okanmichi
Omiwakyo (Kojima)
Omiwakyo (Sako)
Omoto a.k.a. Oomoto
Omoto Hikari no Michi
Oyamanezu no Mikoto Shinji Kyokai
Perfect Liberty Kyodan a.k.a. PL Kyodan, Church of Perfect Liberty
Reiha no Hikari Kyokai
Renmonkyo
Renshindo Kyodan
Samuhara Jinja
Seicho no Ie
Seikokyo
Seimeikyo
Seishin Myojokai
Sekai Kyuseikyo
Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan
Sekai Shindokyo
Shidaido
Shin Nihon Shukyo Dantai Rengokai
Shindo Tenkokyo
Shinji Shumeikai
Shinmei Aishinkai
Shinreikai Kyodan
Shinreikyo
Shinri Jikko no Oshie
Shinsei Tengan Manaita no Kai
Shinto Shinkyo
Shinto Shinshinkyo
Shizensha
Shoroku Shinto Yamatoyama
Shukyo Hojin Shiko Gakuen
Shuyodan Hoseikai
Soshindo
Soshindo Kyodan
Subikari Koha Sekai Shindan
Sukui no Hikari Kyodan
Sukyo Mahikari
Sumerakyo
Taiwa Kyodan
Tamamitsu Jinja
Tenchikyo
Tengenkyo
Tenjokyo
Tenjokyo Hon’in
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
SHNNRM382
SHNNRM383
SHNNRM384
SHNNRM385
SHNNRM386
SHNNRM387
SHNNRM388
SHNNRM389
SHNNRM390
SHNNRM391
SHNNRM392
SHNNRM393
SHNNRM394
SHNNRM395
SHNNRM396
SHNSYN
SHNSYN010

SIK
SIK000
SIK010
SIK011
SIK020
SIK100
SIKNRM
SIKNRM010

TAO
TAO100
TAO200

ABR
ABR010
ABR011
ABR012
ABRNRM
ABRNRM010
ABRNRM020
ABRNRM030
ABRRAC
ABRRAC010
ABRRAC011
ABRRAC012
ABRRAC013

INR
INR010
INR020
INRNRM
INRNRM010
INRNRM020
INRNRM040
INRNRM050
INRNRM060
INRSYN
INRSYN010

EAR
EAR010
EARMLN
EARMLN010
EARNRM
EARNRM010
EARSYN
EARSYN010
EARSYN020
EARSYN030
EARSYN040

ADR
ADR010
ADR020
ADR021
ADR022
ADR023
ADR030
ADR040
ADR050
ADR060
ADR070
ADR080
ADRSYN
ADRSYN010
ADRSYN020
ADRSYN030
ADRSYN040
ADRSYN050
ADRSYN060

165

Religion and Comments
Tenkokyo
Ten’onkyo
Tensei Shinbikai
Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto Honcho
Tenshin Seikyo
Tenshindo Kyodan
Tenshinkyo Shin’yuden Kyokai
Tensho Kotai Jingukyo
Tenshokyo
Tenshukyo
Tokumitsukyo
Worldmate f.k.a. Cosmomate
Yamakage Shinto
Yamatokyo
Zenrinkyo
syncretic Shinto
Shinbutsu shugo a.k.a. Shinbutsu konko (combines Shinto and Buddhism)

Sikh
mainline Sikh
Khalsa
Nihang
Sahajdhari Sikh
Namdhari or Kuka Sikhs
new religious movements of Sikh origin
3HO a.k.a. Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization

Taoist
organized Taoism
folk Taoism

(other) Abrahamic religions
Freemasonry
Prince Hall Freemasonry
Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine
new Abrahamic movements
Builders of the Adytum
House of Yahweh
Pilgrims of Ares
racial Abrahamic religions
Rastafarianism
Bobo Shanti
Nyahbinghi Order
Twelve Tribes of Israel

a.k.a. Shriners

(other) Indian religions
Ravidasi
Din-i-Ilahi
Indian NRMs
Adidam
Adventures in Enlightenment
Elan Vital
Meher Baba followers
Sant Nirankari Mission
Syncretic Indian religions
Radha Soami Satsang Beas

(other) East Asian religions
Chinese Folk Religion
Jeung San Do
Falun Gong
Caodaism
Chondogyo a.k.a. Chendogyo, Chendoism, Chondoism
I-Kuan Tao
Kejawen/Kebatinan

African diasporic religions
Arara
Candomble (Animism, Batuque)
Ketu Candomble
Bantu/Angola Candomble
Jeje Candomble
Kumina
Macumba
Mami Wata (the name refers to the deity, not the religion)
Obeah (can also be used to describe some folk practices within local Protestant denominations)
Palo/Las Reglas de Congo
Winti
syncretic African diasporic religions
Hoodoo
Quimbanda
Santera a.k.a. Lukum
Santo Daime
Umbanda
Vodou
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
ADRSYN061
ADRSYN062

IRR
IRR010
IRR020
IRRGNO
IRRGNO010
ZRO

ITR
ITRCRB
ITRCRB010
ITRCRB011
ITRCRB012
ITRCRB013
ITRCRB020
ITRNAM
ITRNAM010
ITRWAF
ITRWAF010

NRM
NRM010
NRM020
NRM030
NRM040
NRM050
NRM060
NRM070
NRM071
NRM080
NRM090
NRM100
NRM110
NRM120
NRM130
NRM140
NRM150
NRM160
NRM170
NRM171
NRM172
NRM173
NRM174
NRM175
NRM176
NRM177
NRM178
NRM180
NRM190
NRM200
NRM210
NRM220
NRM230
NRMGNO
NRMGNO100
NRMGNO200
NRMGNO300
NRMGNO310
NRMGNO320
NRMGNO321
NRMGNO322
NRMGNO330
NRMGNO331
NRMGNO400
NRMMLN
NRMMLN010
NRMPAG
NRMPAG010
NRMPAG011
NRMPAG020 (020-039)
NRMPAG021
NRMPAG022
NRMPAG023
NRMPAG024
NRMPAG025
NRMPAG026
NRMPAG027
NRMPAG028
NRMPAG029
NRMPAG030
NRMPAG031
NRMPAG032
NRMPAG030
NRMPAG040
NRMPAG041
NRMPAG050
NRMPAG060

166

Religion and Comments
Louisianan Voodoo
Haitian Vodou

(other) Iranic religions
Ahl-e Haqq/Yarsan
Yazidism
gnostic Iranic religion
Mandaeanism
Zoroastrianism

indigenous tribal religions
indigenous Caribbean religions
Espiritismo
Espiritismo de Cordon
Puerto Rican Espiritismo
Table Espiritismo
Santerismo (syncretizes Espiritsmo and Santera)
North American First Nations religions
Native American Church (Peyotism)
indigenous West African religions
West African Vodun

new religious movements

(category of last resort)

Agasha Temple of Wisdom
Amica Temple of Radiance
Arica School
Arcane School
Association for Research and Enlightenment
Breatharians
Eckankar
Ancient Teachings of the Masters
Esalen Institute
Foundation for Higher Spiritual Learning
Institute of Noetic Sciences
Kerista
Landmark Education
Lucis Trust a.k.a. Lucifer Trust
Philosophical Research Society
Rainbow Family
Rama computer cult
Satanism
Casual/Adolescent Satanism
LaVeyan Satanism
Luciferianism
Order of Nine Angels
Our Lady of Endor Coven/Ophite Cultus Satanis
Palladists
Symbolic Satanism
Temple of Set
Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship
Subud
Universal Faithists of Kosmon
Universal Great Brotherhood
Universal Life Church
White Eagle Lodge
new gnostic religious movements
Fraternity of the Inner Light
Ordo Templi Orientis
Theosophy and offshoots
Aquarian Christine Church Universal
Ascended Master Teachings
I AM Activity a.k.a. I AM Movement, Saint Germain Foundation
Summit Lighthouse inc. Church Universal and Triumphant
Theosophy proper (mainstream is Theosophical Society)
United Lodge of Theosophists
The Word Foundation
Adelphi Organization
modern paganism a.k.a. Neopaganism
ecumenical Paganism
Council of Magickal Arts
Celtic Neopaganism a.k.a. Neo-Druidism
Ancient Order of Druids
r nDraocht Fin
British Druid Order
Celtic Neoshamanism
Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism
Celtic Wicca
Church of the Universal Bond
Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids
Reformed Druids of North America
The Druid Order a.k.a. An Druidh Uileach Braithreachas
Baltic Neopaganism
Eco-paganism
Church of Aphrodite
Finnish Neopaganism
German Neopaganism a.k.a. Asatru, Heathenism, Heathenry, Odinism, Forn Sior, Vor Sior, Theodism
Continued on next page

CHAPTER 8. CAMEO RELIGIOUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Heirarchical Code
NRMPAG061
NRMPAG062
NRMPAG070
NRMPAG071
NRMPAG072
NRMPAG073
NRMPAG074
NRMPAG080
NRMPAG081
NRMPAG082
NRMPAG083
NRMPAG084
NRMPAG085
NRMPAG086
NRMPAG087
NRMPAG090
NRMPAG100
NRMPAG101
NRMPAG110
NRMPAG120
NRMPAG130
NRMPAG131
NRMPAG132
NRMPAG133
NRMPAG140
NRMPAG141
NRMPAG142
NRMPAG143
NRMRAC
NRMRAC010
NRMRAC020
NRMRAC021
NRMRAC022
NRMRAC030
NRMRAC040
NRMSYN
NRMSYN010
NRMSYN020
NRMSYN021
NRMSYN030
NRMSYN040
NRMSYN041
NRMSYN042
NRMSYN050
NRMSYN060
NRMUFO
NRMUFO010
NRMUFO020
NRMUFO030
NRMUFO040
NRMUFO050
NRMUFO051
NRMUFO060
NRMUFO070
NRMWLN
NRMWLN010
NRMWLN020
NRMWLN030
NRMWLN040
NRMWLN041
NRMWLN050
NRMWLN060
NRMWLN070

Religion and Comments
Asatruarfelagio
Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft
Hellenic Neopaganism
Church of All Worlds
Feraferia
Hellenion
Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes
Kemetism
Ausar Auset
Church of the Eternal Source
Fellowship of Isis
Kemetic/Tameran Wicca
Kemetic Orthodoxy
Kemetic Reconstructionism/Revivalism
Neo-Atenism
Neoshamanism
Norse paganism a.k.a. Forn Sed, Nordisk Sed, Folktro
Core Shamanism
Polytheistic Reconstructionism
Roman Neopaganism
Slavic Neopaganism
Native Faith Association of Ukraine
Native Polish Church
RUNVira
Wicca
Covenant of the Goddess
Dianic Wicca
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn
new racial religious movements
Ansaaru Allah Community a.k.a. Nuwaubiansm
Creativity
Creativity Movement
Creativity Alliance
Esoteric Nazism
Wotanism
syncretic NRMs
Astara, Inc.
Lucis Trust
Arcane School
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness
Oceaniaic cargo cult
John Frum
Johnson Cult
Thelema
Vale do Amanhecer
UFO cults
Aetherius Society
Chen Tao a.k.a. God’s Salvation Church, God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation
Heaven’s Gate
Raelism
Scientology
Process Church of the Final Judgement
Unarius Academy of Science
Universal Faithists of Kosmon
wellbeing-related new religious movements
Alcoholics Anonymous
Erhard Seminar Training
Heart Consciousness Church inc. New Age Church of Being
Human Potential Movement
Silva Mind Control
Lifespring (and offshoots)
Narcotics Anonymous
White Dove International

167

Chapter 9

ISO-3166 Codes
The following table lists the ISO-3166-Alpha3 codes, which are the core of our state-level coding
system. To translate between these and various other coding systems, you can use
• CountryInfo.txt, which contains ISO-3166 numeric, alpha2 and alpha3 codes, FIPS-10 code,
IMF code, COW alpha and numeric codes, http://eventdata.psu.edu/software.dir/dictionaries.html
• Vincent Arel-Bundock’s countrycode package for R includes a set of regular expressions
which can be used to match country names in character strings to country codes,
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/countrycode/index.html

• kountry Stata module by Rafal Raciborski, http://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s453301.html
Table 9.1: United Nations Country Codes
Country
Afghanistan
Åland Islands
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados

UN Code
AFG
ALA
ALB
DZA
ASM
AND
AGO
AIA
ATG
ARG
ARM
ABW
AUS
AUT
AZE
BHS
BHR
BGD
BRB
Continued on next page
168

CHAPTER 9. ISO-3166 CODES
Country
UN Code
Belarus
BLR
Belgium
BEL
Belize
BLZ
Benin
BEN
Bermuda
BMU
Bhutan
BTN
Bolivia
BOL
Bosnia and Herzegovina
BIH
Botswana
BWA
Brazil
BRA
British Virgin Islands
VGB
Brunei Darussalam
BRN
Bulgaria
BGR
Burkina Faso
BFA
Burundi
BDI
Cambodia
KHM
Cameroon
CMR
Canada
CAN
Cape Verde
CPV
Cayman Islands
CYM
Central African Republic
CAF
Chad
TCD
Chile
CHL
China
CHN
Columbia
COL
Comoros
COM
Congo, Democratic R. of the (Kinshasa)
COD
Congo, People’s R. of the (Brazzaville)
COG
Cook Islands
COK
Costa Rica
CRI
Cte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
CIV
Croatia
HRV
Cuba
CUB
Cyprus
CYP
Czech Republic
CZE
Denmark
DNK
Djibouti
DJI
Dominica
DMA
Dominican Republic
DOM
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
TMP
Ecuador
ECU
Egypt
EGY
El Salvador
SLV
Equatorial Guinea
GNQ
Eritrea
ERI
Estonia
EST
Continued on next page

169

CHAPTER 9. ISO-3166 CODES
Country
UN Code
Ethiopia
ETH
Faeroe Islands
FRO
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
FLK
Fiji
FJI
Finland
FIN
France
FRA
French Guiana
GUF
French Polynesia
PYF
Gabon
GAB
Gambia
GMB
Georgia
GEO
Germany
DEU
Ghana
GHA
Gibraltar
GIB
Greece
GRC
Greenland
GRL
Grenada
GRD
Guadeloupe
GLP
Guam
GUM
Guatemala
GTM
Guinea
GIN
Guinea-Bissau
GNB
Guyana
GUY
Haiti
HTI
Holy See (Vatican City)
VAT
Honduras
HND
Hong Kong Special Adm. Region of China
HKG
Hungary
HUN
Iceland
ISL
India
IND
Indonesia
IDN
Iran
IRN
Iraq
IRQ
Ireland
IRL
Isle of Man
IMY
Israel
ISR
Italy
ITA
Jamaica
JAM
Japan
JPN
Jordan
JOR
Kazakhstan
KAZ
Kenya
KEN
Kiribati
KIR
Korea, Democratic People’s R. (Pyongyang) PRK
Korea, Republic of (Seoul)
KOR
Kuwait
KWT
Continued on next page

170

CHAPTER 9. ISO-3166 CODES
Country
UN Code
Kyrgyzstan
KGZ
Laos
LAO
Latvia
LVA
Lebanon
LBN
Lesotho
LSO
Liberia
LBR
Libya
LBY
Liechtenstein
LIE
Lithuania
LTU
Luxembourg
LUX
Macao Special Adm. Region of China
MAC
Macedonia
MKD
Madagascar
MDG
Malawi
MWI
Malaysia
MYS
Maldives
MDV
Mali
MLI
Malta
MLT
Marshall Islands
MHL
Martinique
MTQ
Mauritania
MRT
Mauritius
MUS
Mayotte
MYT
Mexico
MEX
Micronesia
FSM
Moldova
MDA
Monaco
MCO
Mongolia
MNG
Montenegro
MTN
Montserrat
MSR
Morocco
MAR
Mozambique
MOZ
Myanmar
MMR
Namibia
NAM
Nauru
NRU
Nepal
NPL
Netherlands
NLD
Netherlands Antilles
ANT
New Caledonia
NCL
New Zealand
NZL
Nicaragua
NIC
Niger
NER
Nigeria
NGA
Niue
NIU
Norfolk Island
NFK
Northern Mariana Islands
MNP
Continued on next page

171

CHAPTER 9. ISO-3166 CODES
Country
UN Code
Norway
NOR
Occupied Palestinian Territory
PSE
Oman
OMN
Pakistan
PAK
Palau
PLW
Panama
PAN
Papua New Guinea
PNG
Paraguay
PRY
Peru
PER
Philippines
PHL
Pitcairn
PCN
Poland
POL
Portugal
PRT
Puerto Rico
PRI
Qatar
QAT
Runion
REU
Romania
ROM
Russia
RUS
Rwanda
RWA
Saint Helena
SHN
Saint Kitts-Nevis
KNA
Saint Lucia
LCA
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
SPM
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
VCT
Samoa
WSM
San Marino
SMR
Sao Tome and Principe
STP
Saudi Arabia
SAU
Senegal
SEN
Serbia
SRB
Seychelles
SYC
Sierra Leone
SLE
Singapore
SGP
Slovakia
SVK
Slovenia
SVN
Solomon Islands
SLB
Somalia
SOM
South Africa
ZAF
Spain
ESP
Sri Lanka
LKA
Sudan
SDN
Suriname
SUR
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
SJM
Swaziland
SWZ
Sweden
SWE
Switzerland
CHE
Continued on next page

172

CHAPTER 9. ISO-3166 CODES
Country
Syria
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
United States Virgin Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

173
UN Code
SYR
TJK
TZA
THA
TGO
TKL
TON
TTO
TUN
TUR
TKM
TCA
TUV
UGA
UKR
ARE
GBR
USA
VIR
URY
UZB
VUT
VEN
VNM
WLF
ESH
YEM
ZMB
ZWE

Chapter 10

Regional Dictionaries
At various points in the Keds project we developed dictionaries focused on specific geographical
regions. We currently have three main regional dictionaries—the Middle East, the Balkans, and
West Africa. We have also developed a unique, separate dictionary for Turkey. In addition to
following the same format and rules, these dictionaries also have a chunk of entries—actors and
corresponding codes—in common. Most countries and major international actors, for instance, are
found in all of the dictionaries. They differ from each other only in that each contains additional
entries that are relevant only for the issues and the countries in that particular region; the difference
occurs because we develop separate dictionaries—verbs and actors—for each region using leads
relevant for that region. However, because the creation of dictionaries is systematic and consistent
process, the regional dictionaries can be compared and merged at any time to build comprehensive
main dictionaries. (We do merge our dictionaries periodically; hence, the initial dictionaries we use
in our regional dictionary developments were at one time created from the merging of a number
of smaller and more regional dictionaries.) The following sub-sections describe and list the special
actor codes—those that have special suffixes attached to make them more specific than the generic
codes, as well as the special group identity codes—that are found in respective dictionaries.
A major difference that sets the actors dictionary for Turkey apart from our other actor dictionaries is its incorporation of idiosyncratic codes—typically dealing with generic agents who are
assumed to be Turkish (see Table 10.4)—that make the dictionary unsuitable for use in coding other
countries. Its merging with other dictionaries would therefore require the elimination of certain
entries. See the sub-section on Turkey for more details.
Note that the actual dictionaries are much longer than what are listed in this codebook; what
is listed here are the codes that one encounters in our dictionaries or in the output at the analysis
stage, and not all the entries that correspond to each code. In many cases, domestic actors are
also simply assigned generic codes (such as country or identity code plus the domestic role code)
when they are entered in the dictionaries. It is only when one wants to make a distinction between
different actors with the same generic code-for instance, between two or more coalition partners in a
government-that special codes are created. It is important to continually update this codebook and
include new special codes, if any are created; otherwise, the analysis stage would be complicated
since what the different codes refer to will not have been documented (except in the dictionary
itself).

10.0.4

Ethnicity and Religion

In the regional dictionaries, some identity groups are specifically identified as residing in particular
countries, generally explicitly (e.g. “Canadian Tamils” or “Christians in Baghdad”). In such cases,
174

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

175

religious/ethnic identity codes are added to the country codes (e.g. HRVSER for ethnic Serbs living
in Croatia).
These identity codes can in some cases also be composed of six letters, instead of three. For
example, the code for the Druze is MOSDRZ, and when an actor is specifically known to be a Lebanese
Druze, then the code becomes LBNMOSDRZ. In instances where the actor is known to be religious in
nature (such as a reference to priest, monk, abbot, etc.) but the religious affiliation is not identified
the Generic Religious (REL) code should be used. Lists of such identity codes exist in Tables 10.1
and 10.2.
The original religious codes were adapted from HURIDOCS but are very general and give uneven
levels of specificity. We eventually intend to replace this with the far more detailed religious group
classification in CAMEORCS (Chapter but the older system will be found in many of the regional
dictionaries.
By convention, ethnicity always precedes religion in a CAMEO code.
Table 10.1: Main Ethnic Group Codes in Keds Regional
Dictionaries
Ethnic Group
Albanian
Arab
Bedouin
Chakma
Croat
Gypsy
Hausa
Hutu
Ibo
Ijaws
Krahn
Kurd
Mandingoe
Ogoni
Palestinian
Serb
Slav
Sinhalese
Tamil
Tuareg
Turk
Tutsi
Uighur
Yoruba

Code
ABN
ARB
BED
CKM
CRO
GYP
HAU
HUT
IBO
IJW
KRH
KUR
MAN
OGO
PAL
SER
SLV
SNL
TAM
TRG
TRK
TUT
UIG
YRB

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

176

Table 10.2: Main Religious Group Codes (from HURIDOCS)
Religious Group
Unspecified Religious
Agnostic/Atheist
Alewi
Animist/Pagan
Bahai
Buddhist
Christian
Catholic
Coptic
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Latter Day Saints
Maronite
Orthodox Christian
Protestant
Confucian
Hindu
Jain
Jew
Hasidic
Orthodox/Ultra-Orthodox Jew
Muslim
Druze
Shi’a
Sikh
Sufi
Sunni
Taoist
Zoroastrian

Code
REL
ATH
MOSALE
PAG
BAH
BUD
CHR
CHRCTH
CHRCPT
CHRJHW
CHRLDS
CHRMRN
CHRDOX
CHRPRO
CON
HIN
JAN
JEW
JEWHSD
JEWUDX
MOS
MOSDRZ
MOSSHI
SIK
MOSSFI
MOSSUN
TAO
ZRO

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

10.0.5

177

The Middle East

The Arab-Israeli conflict, particularly the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, has been
our primary focus in coding the Middle East. Hence, our dictionary is most developed with respect
to domestic political actors in Israel and Palestine. As part of a separate project, we have also
extensively coded Algeria, and the actors dictionary from that project has been merged with our
Levant dictionary. We started coding Turkey using this more general Middle East dictionary. Due
to the presence of idiosyncratic codes, we have not merged the actors dictionary we developed for
Turkey back into this dictionary; this could still be done, however, selectively.
Table 10.3 shows a list of the actors with special codes in the Middle East dictionary. Note that
because of the dynamic nature of the domestic positions of many of these actors (for instance, an
opposition party yesterday but a government coalition party today), many are date-restricted, so
that the domestic generic codes that specify their positions can vary depending on the date of each
news report. ’d.r.’ refers to ’date-restricted’; for the exact dates refer to the dictionary itself.
While the code PSE (UN code) refers to the Occupied Palestinian Territories of the West Bank
and the Gaza Strip, PAL refers to Palestinians as an identity group. Therefore, Palestinian government and other state actors are coded as PSEGOV, PSECOP, etc. depending on their respective roles.
The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), however, is coded as PALPLO as it represents the
Palestinian people in general; because of its unusual status, the PLO could not be assigned one of
the generic domestic role codes. The organizations underneath the PLO are each assigned codes
based on their spheres of influence. Hence, Yasser Arafat and Fatah are date restricted as PALPLO
before the Oslo Accords of 1993-which marked the establishment of the Palestinian Authority-and
as PSEGOV thereafter. (Fatah itself is in fact further specified as PSEGOVFTA.)

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178

Table 10.3: Special Actor Codes for the Middle East
Actor/Domestic Region
Abu Nidal Organization
Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade
Al Qaeda
Amal Militia
Arab (ethnic group)
Arab Israeli
Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
Baath Party
Baghdad
Democratic Front for the Lib. of Palestine (DFLP)
Democratic National Rally
Ennahda Movement
Fatah
Gaza Strip
Hamas
Hezbullah
Islamic Action Front
Islamic Salvation Army
Islamic Salvation Front
Israeli Communist Party
Israeli Labor Party
Israeli Settlers
Kurd (ethnic group)
Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP)
Likud Party
Meretz Party
Movement of the Society for Peace
Muslim Brotherhood
National Liberation Front (FLN)
Occupied Palestinian Territories
Palestine Liberation Front
Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestinian
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
People’s Mujahedeen
Polisario Guerillas
People’s Front for the Lib. of Palestine (PFLP)
Salafist Group
Shas Party
South Lebanon Army
Taliban
West Bank

Code
PALREBANO
PSEREBAAM
IMGMOSALQ
LBNREBAML
ARB
ISRARB
DZAREBGIA
ARBBTH
IRQBAG
PSEREBDFL
DZAGOVRND
DZAOPPENN
PALPLO, PSEGOVFTA (d.r.)
PSEGZS
PSEREBHMS, PSEGOVHMS (d.r.)
LBNREBHEZ
JOROPPIAF
DZAREBFIS
DZAOPPFIS
ISROPPCMN
ISRGOVLBA, ISROPPLBA (d.r.)
ISRSET
KUR (TURKUR, IRQKUR, etc.)
IRQKURKDP
ISRGOVLKD, ISROPPLKD (d.r.)
ISRGOVMRZ, ISROPPMRZ (d.r.)
DZAGOVMSP, DZAOPPMSP (d.r.)
EGYREBMBR
DZAGOVFLN, DZAOPPFLN (d.r.)
PSE
PALREBPLF
PALPLO
PAL
PSEREBISJ
IRNREBPMD
MARREBPLS
PSEREBPFL
DZAREBGSP
ISRGOVSHA, ISROPPSHA (d.r.)
LBNREBASL
AFGGOVTAL, AFGREBTAL (d.r.)
PSEWSB

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

10.0.6

179

Turkey

As mentioned above, CAMEO’s actor dictionary for Turkey is unique in that it includes idiosyncratic codes which require that it not be used without certain modifications when coding other
countries. The reason is that it gives vaguely identified actors codes that identify them as actors
associated specifically with Turkey (even if the information is not explicit in the new leads). For
example, “rebels” who are not further specified are coded as TURREB and “soldiers” similarly unspecified are coded as TURMIL. We were able to do that since Turkey was the only country included
in that project and it was the only country listed in our search string for news leads; we could
reasonably assume that the insufficiently specified actors we come across would in most cases be
associated with Turkey.
Table 10.4 shows a list of these unique codes which are present only in our special actors
dictionary for Turkey. Note that because TABARI gives precedence to longer patterns over less
specified, shorter entries, when news leads further specify the identity of these actors and they are
entered into the dictionary as such, these idiosyncratic codes are trumped. For example, “Kurdish
rebels” are coded as KURREB and “Iraqi police” is coded as IRQCOP.
In the context of Turkey, “village guards” refer to Kurdish locals in Southeast Turkey recruited
by the military to fight Kurdish guerrillas, mainly the rebels associated with the Kurdistan Workers’
Party (PKK)–coded TURREBPKK. Hence, although they are not officially associated with the Turkish
state and the Turkish military, village guards are coded as TURMIL; this is how we would code statesponsored paramilitaries.
We also deviate from the normal CAMEO protocol in coding what are called “State Security
Courts” (Devlet Guvenlik Mahkemeleri, DGMs) in Turkey. Until June 1999, these courts included
military judges and were commonly regarded as being controlled by the Turkish Armed Forces.
Therefore, although court systems are typically coded as JUD (or TURJUD in case of Turkey), we
code “State Security Courts” as TURMIL for dates prior to 990618. These courts were finally
abolished in May 2004.
Unlike Table 10.4, Table 10.5 presents a list of special actor codes which could be integrated
into other dictionaries. Again, note that what is listed here are the codes that one encounters in
the dictionary or in the output at the analysis stage, and not all the entries that correspond to
each code. The key for coding Turkey is to get the date-restrictions right; with the exception of
post-2003, the multi-party period in Turkey has been marked by short-lived coalition governments
and frequent elections. Furthermore, the banning of political parties and their rebirths with slightly
changed names have been commonplace in Turkey, thereby requiring date-restrictions to null-code
closed parties.
Also, while Turkey is a unitary state and there was little legal basis for giving geographic
regions or cities their own special codes, it proved essential to introduce certain regions and cities
as different actors in order to facilitate the coding of domestic contentious politics events.

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180

Table 10.4: Ambiguous Actors and Idiosyncratic Codes for
Turkey
Ambiguous Actor
“Activist(s)”
“Guerilla(s)”
“Gunman/Gunmen”
“Police”
“Prisoner(s)”
“Protester(s)”
“Rebel(s)”
“Soldier(s)”
“State Security Court(s)”
“Village Guard(s)”

Code
TUROPP
TURREB
TURREB
TURCOP
TUROPP
TUROPP
TURREB
TURMIL
TURMIL
TURMIL

Table 10.5: Special Actor Codes for Turkey
Actor/Domestic Region
Ankara
Democratic People’s Party (DEHAP/HADEP)1
Democratic Left Party (DSP)
Democratic Society Party (DTP)
Dev-SOL
Istanbul
Izmir
Justice and Development Party (AK Party)
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)
Kurds in Turkey
Motherland Party (ANAP)
National Action Party (MHP)
Republican People’s Party (CHP)
Southeast Turkey
True Path Party (DYP)
Virtue Party (Fazilet)
Welfare Party (Refah)

Code
TURANK
TUROPPHDP
TUROPPDSP, TURGOVDSP (d.r.)
TUROPPDTP
TURREBDSL
TURIST
TURIZM
TUROPPAKP, TURGOVAKP (d.r.)
TURREBPKK
TURKUR
TUROPPANP, TURGOVANP (d.r.)
TUROPPMHP, TURGOVMHP (d.r.)
TUROPPCHP, TURGOVCHP (d.r.)
TURSOE
TUROPPDYP, TURGOVDYP (d.r.)
TUROPPFAZ
TUROPPREP, TURGOVREP (d.r.)

1
DEHAP and HADEP are in fact different political parties, both representing the Kurdish opposition in Turkey.
DEHAP, which later joined DTP in 2005, is seen as the continuation of HADEP, which was banned in 2003.

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

10.0.7

181

West Africa

In addition to coding West Africa in general with CAMEO, we also coded Liberia and Nigeria for
separate projects. Therefore, the West Africa dictionary is most developed for these two countries.
Also, because of the level of political decentralization and the importance of intra-state ethnic
interactions in these countries, numerous special region codes have been developed particularly to
represent the federal states within Nigeria and the counties of Liberia. The domestic region codes
for Nigeria are listed in Table 10.6 and those for Liberia are listed in Table 10.7. Note that some
of these regions, such as the Niger Delta Region in Nigeria, do not constitute legal boundaries but
still represent politically important divisions within their respective countries.
Other region-specific special codes are listed in Table 10.8. Ethnic groups are coded as six
character codes if the exact location of the actors is not specified: the Ogoni people of Nigeria, for
example, are coded as NGAOGO as long as the news report does not associate the actor with a more
specific region within the country, but as NGAABUOGO if the specific actor in question is identified
as being from Abuja. The same applies to other ethnic groups and other regions. Note that most
of the political and militant groups and organizations in this region are not being assigned special
codes; this is not because they are not important enough to warrant special codes, but because
the first six characters are typically the codes for the country and the region/the ethnic group
(NGAHAU, NGAAGU, LBROGO, etc.), and the last three characters are then generally used to specify the
roles of the actors. For example, the O’odua Peoples Congress (a Yoruba rebel group) in Nigeria is
assigned the code NGAYRBREB—Nigeria, Yoruba, rebel group—which is not a special code (i.e., any
Yoruba rebel group would be assigned the same code). Also, note that only a few of the special
political organization codes are date-restricted; this reflects the current state of the dictionary, but
this could, and should, change as coding continues and the roles of these actors change.

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

182

Table 10.6: Nigerian States/Regions with Special Codes
Region
Abuja
Abia
Adamawa
Akwa Ibom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Biafra
Borno
Cross River
Delta
Ebonyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nassarawa
Niger
Niger Delta Region
North Nigeria
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateu State
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara

Full Code
NGAABU
NGAABI
NGAADA
NGAAKI
NGAANB
NGABAU
NGABAY
NGABNU
NGABIA
NGABOR
NGACRR
NGADEL
NGAEBO
NGAEDO
NGAEKI
NGAENU
NGAGOM
NGAIMO
NGAJIG
NGAKAD
NGAKAN
NGAKAT
NGAKEB
NGAKOG
NGAKWA
NGALAG
NGANAS
NGANGR
NGANDR
NGANNG
NGAOGU
NGAOND
NGAOSU
NGAOYO
NGAPLA
NGARIV
NGASOK
NGATAR
NGAYOB
NGAZAM

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

183

Table 10.7: Liberian Counties/Regions with Special Codes
Region
Bomi
Bong
Grand Cape Mount
Grand Gedeh
Grand Bassa
Grand Kru
Lofa
Margibi
Maryland
Montserrado
Nimba
Rivercess
Sino

Full Code
LBRBOM
LBRBON
LBRCAP
LBRGGC
LBRGBA
LBRKRU
LBRLOF
LBRMRG
LBRMRY
LBRMNT
LBRNIM
LBRRVC
LBRSIN

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

184

Table 10.8: West African Actors with Special Codes
Actor
All Liberia Coalition Party
All Nigeria People’s Party
Armed Forces of Liberia
Campaign for Democracy
Hausa (ethnic group)
Ibo, a.k.a. Igbo (ethnic group)
Ijaws (ethnic group)
Independent NPFL
Kamajor militia
Krahn (ethnic group)
Liberia Action Party
Liberia Peace Council
Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy
Mandingoe (ethnic group)
Movement for the Advancement of Democracy (MAD)
National Democratic Party of Liberia
National Democratic Coalition of Nigeria (NADECO)
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL)
National Union for the Total Ind. of Angola (UNITA)
New Deal Movement
Ogoni (ethnic group)
Revolutionary United Front
Tiv (ethnic group)
United Liberation Front for Democracy
United People’s Party
Yoruba (ethnic group)

Code
LBROPPALC
NGAOPPANP
LBRREBAFL, LBRMIL (d.r.)
NGAOPPCFD
NGAHAU
NGAIBO
NGAIJW
LBRREBINP
SLEREBKAM
LBRKRH
LBROPPLAP, LBRGOVLAP (d.r.)
LBRREBLPC
LBRREBLUR
LBRMAN
NGAREBMAD
LBROPPNDP, LBRGOVNDP (d.r.)
NGAOPPNDC
LBRREBNPF, LBRGOVNPF (d.r.)
AGOREBUNI
LBROPPNDM
NGAOGO
SLEREBRUF
NGATIV
LBRREBULM
LBROPPUPP, LBRGOVUPP (d.r.)
NGAYRB

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

10.0.8

185

The Balkans

Our focus in coding the Balkans has primarily been on the conflict and conflict resolution events
during the first half of 1990s. The Balkans actors dictionary is, therefore, most developed with
respect to ethnic and territorial divisions (as opposed to specific political parties or organizations).
The Former Yugoslavia
The state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated by 1992 with the breaking
away of its constituents republics, eventually forming the states of Slovenia (UN code SVN), Croatia
(HRV), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (MKD), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), and Serbia
and Montenegro (SCG).
Bosnia and Herzegovina, created with the Dayton Agreement of 14 December 1995 which
brought three years of civil war to an end, has a federal structure that consists of two republics: the
Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIHBHF) and the Bosnian Serb Republica
Srpska (BIHSRP). Generic role codes (such as GOV, MIL, OPP, etc.) for actors associated with BIHBHF
and BIHSRP become the last three characters of the actor codes. In order to differentiate between
the states/republics and the people as ethnic groups, Bosnian Muslims are coded as BIHMOS (not
BIHBHF), Bosnian Croats as BIHCRO, and Bosnian Serbs as BIHSER (not BIHSRP). More generally,
CRO and SER refer to Croat and Serb ethnic groups. If an actor with a given ethnicity is associated with either one of the federal units specifically, the ethnicity code can be attached to the
six-character unit code (e.g. BIHBHFSER). Generic role codes (such as GOV, MIL, OPP, REB) can also
be used as the last three-character.
After the fellow constituent republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina
declared independence in 1991, Serbia and Montenegro-the remaining federal states of the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia-formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (then UN code FRY).
On February 4, 2003, however, a new constitution was accepted, abdicating this self-proclaimed
successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and replacing it with a loose federation
called Serbia and Montenegro (UN code, hence the CAMEO code, becomes SCG). The new federation consisted of the two states of Serbia (SCGSRB) and Montenegro (SCGMTN), as well as the two
autonomous provinces of Kosovo (SCGKSV) and Vojvodina (SCGVVD). With Montenegro’s unilater
declaration of independence on 3 June 2006, followed by Serbia’s declaration on 5 June 2006, SCG
also ceased to exist and gave way to two independent states: MTN and SRB (with SRBKSV and SRBVVD
as autonomous provinces).
Note that the state of Serbia has a code that is different from that of the ethnic group of Serbs,
who might or might not be living in Serbia. When an actor is associated with the ethnic group of
Serbs and its country of origin is not specified, the actor is assigned the code SER; if the Serb in
question is associated with a certain location such as Bosnia-Bosnian Serb-then the code becomes
BIHSER (not BIHSRB or BIHSCG). The same rule applies to the other ethnic groups.
A more comprehensive list of major actor groups in the region and their respective codes can
be found in Table 10.9. Note that actors with generic codes are not listed; the point here is to
document the different codes-not to list all actor entries, which would mean replicating the whole
dictionary-that exist in the dictionaries so that codes which show up in the output can be easily
identified during analysis. Actors listed in the last group are derivations of different ethnic groups
living in different countries. This list is not exhaustive; those listed here are meant as examples of
how state/country codes and codes for ethnic groups living in those countries are merged to create
special group codes.

CHAPTER 10. REGIONAL DICTIONARIES

186

Table 10.9: Special Actor Codes for the Balkans

States,
Federal
Units,
Autonomous
Regions

Main
Ethnic
Groups

Examples of
Ethnic Group
Derivations

Actor
Albania
Croatia
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Bosnia and Hercegovina
Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina
Republika Srpska
Serbia
Montenegro
Kosovo
Vojvodina
Albanian
Croat
Serb
Turk
Gypsy
Slav
Bosnian Croat
Croatian Serb
Kosovar Albanian
Bosnian Muslim
Bosnian Serb
Kosovar Serb

Full Code
ALB
HRV
MKD
BIH
BIHBHF
BIHSRP
SRB
MTN
SRBKSV
SRBVVD
ABN
CRO
SER
TRK
GYP
SLV
BIHCRO
HRVSER
SRBKSVABN
BIHMOS
BIHSER
SRBKSVSRB

Chapter 11

SUPPLEMENTS
11.1

Actor Coding Cheatsheet

Sarah Stacey,
KEDS Project Coder
2010
• Underscore, underscore, underscore.
• Never use “a”, “an”, or “the” in the beginning of an entry in the actors dictionary.
• When entering just a name (e.g. KOFI ANNAN) without a job title (specifying organization,
ethnicity, etc.), always date restrict! The entry U.N. SECRETARY GENERAL KOFI ANNAN does
not require a date restriction, because you can assume he is [IGOUNO] by definition.
• Do not use only first or last names such as ROBERTS or ABDULLAH that can be confused with
other actors. In 99% of cases, you need to use the full name and/or attach the title (for
example, SAUDI KING ABDULLAH).
• Remember to include all information given.
GOVERNMENT_OWNED_BUSINESS [~GOVBUS]
MILITARY_COURT [~MILJUD]
STATE_OWNED_NEWS [~GOVMED]
• Use your judgment on when one identity supersedes another.
AMERICAN_U.N._OBSERVER [IGOUNO]
FIJIAN_PEACEKEEPING_SOLDIER [IGOPKO].
• Dont confuse ethnicity with territory. Be careful with [PAL] vs. [PSE], and [ARB] vs. [MEA].
• Dont be fooled when the title is not in the code.
ARAB_ALLY_JORDAN [JOR]
ARAB_CAPITALS [MEA]
187

CHAPTER 11. SUPPLEMENTS

188

• Any political party should be opposition or government with date restrictions. This also goes
for Labor and Communist parties (not [ LAB] OR [CMN]).
• When entering nouns and adjectives, only add an “s” if necessary. For example, never add
“negotiations”, but rather “negotiation” so that you do not have add it again when the
singular form comes up.
• Never inject your own bias.
EGYPTIAN_FUNDAMENTALIST_GROUP [EGYMOSRAD] ;*** 7/17/01
This entry assumes that all fundamentalist groups in Egypt are also Islamic.

11.2

Ten (or Eleven) Commandments on Verb Phrases

1. There are some verbs that innately express intent such as plan, prepare, promise, pledge, vow
etc. But most all others, like “provide” or “sign”, need a WILL, IS TO etc. in order to code
in the [030]’s to differentiate betweens events that have taken place and those that have not.
Instead of individualized codes for each, use brackets to cover your bases:
ACCEPT
- { WOULD | IS_TO_ | WILL } *
(Express intent to mediate)

MEDIATION [039]

2. When there is a formal agreement between two actors that describes a specific form of cooperation, always be as specific as possible, instead of always coding it as [057:057].
SIGN
- % * MILITARY ACCORD [062:062]
It is most accurate to say the parties are engaging in military cooperation.
3. Only use the code [139] (give ultimatum) if cannot you specify another type of threat:
ATTEND
- WILL_NOT_* TALKS UNLESS +
In this case, use [134] (Threaten to halt negotiations) instead of [139].
4. Codes such as RECEIV → + * SUPPORT FROM $ produce miscodes because they can be so
many different ones: [070], [051], etc. Add (the minimally needed number of) words to
give such vague phrases context.
RECEIV
- + * FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM $ [071]
5. Especially with problematic verbs like strike, always be sure to include necessary contextual
information.
SAID WOULD * AGAINST +
This could be [138] (threaten with military force) or [133] (threaten with
political dissent). Instead, make the code

CHAPTER 11. SUPPLEMENTS

189

SAID WORKERS WOULD GO_ON_* AGAINST + [133]
to erase the ambiguity.
6. Restoring diplomatic relations is coded as [050:050] (Engage in diplomatic cooperation),
but establishing diplomatic relations is coded as [054:054] (Grant diplomatic recognition).
7. When Peacekeepers arrive and are received, it is a reciprocal event: [074:0861].
8. Use [175] (Use tactics of violent repression), instead of [173] (Impose curfew),
for events where protesters/demonstrators/etc. are arrested, as we are capturing the fact
that the government is using repression to restore order.
9. Adding nouns as verbs gets messy. Try to avoid this at all cost.
10. When in doubt, consult the CAMEO or TABARI codebook!
11. Whenever sensible, file a verb pattern under the first verb to appear in the pattern. The first
verb in a pattern is almost always the conjugated verb.
ATTACK
- PROMIS TO_*
PROMIS
- * TO_ATTACK
These two verb patterns are essentially identical—there’s no reason to have both.
However, the second is preferable, because it will be read first in a sentence. Hence,
if we have the sentence “Gondor promised to attack Mordor with tanks”, and
the verb pattern
PROMIS
- * TANKS [1384]
the second verb pattern will overwrite the third, but the first pattern will not.

Bibliography
[1] Edward E. Azar. The conflict and peace data bank (COPDAB) project. Journal of Conflict
Resolution, 24:143–152, 1980.
[2] Edward E. Azar. The Codebook of the Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB). Center for
International Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1982.
[3] Edward E. Azar and Thomas Sloan. Dimensions of Interaction. University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 1975.
[4] Doug Bond, Brad Bennett, and William Vogele. Data development and interaction events
analysis using keds/panda: an interim report. Paper presented at the International Studies
Association, Washington, 1994.
[5] Doug Bond, Joe Bond, Churl Oh, J. Craig Jenkins, and Charles L. Taylor. Integrated data for
events analysis (IDEA): An event typology for automated events data development. Journal
of Peace Research, 40(6):733–745, 2003.
[6] John L. Davies and Chad K. McDaniel. The global event-data system. In Richard L. Merritt,
Robert G. Muncaster, and Dina A. Zinnes, editors, International Event-Data Developments:
DDIR Phase II. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1993.
[7] Russell J Leng. Behavioral Correlates of War, 1816-1975. (ICPSR 8606). Inter-University
Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, 1987.
[8] Charles A. McClelland. World-event-interaction-survey: A research project on the theory and
measurement of international interaction and transaction. University of Southern California,
March 1967.
[9] Charles A. McClelland. World Event/Interaction Survey Codebook (ICPSR 5211). InterUniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, 1976.
[10] Charles A. McClelland. Let the user beware. International Studies Quarterly, 27(2):169–177,
1983.
[11] Sean P. O’Brien. Crisis early warning and decision support: Contemporary approaches and
thoughts on future research. International Studies Review, 12(1):87–104, 2010.
[12] Bruce M. Russett, J. David Singer, and Melvin Small. National political units in the twentieth
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[13] Philip A. Schrodt. Twenty years of the Kansas event data system project. The Political
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[14] Philip A. Schrodt and Deborah J. Gerner. Validity assessment of a machine-coded event data
set for the Middle East, 1982-1992. American Journal of Political Science, 38:825–854, 1994.
[15] Philip A. Schrodt, Deborah J. Gerner, and Ömür Yilmaz. Conflict and mediation event
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[16] Rodney G. Tomlinson. World event/interaction survey (WEIS) coding manual. Mimeo, Department of Political Science, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, 1993.

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