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A GUIDE TO THE SCIENCES AT
TJHSST
Opportunities for the motivated student
anish karpurapu
nikhil sardana
joshua lee
franklyn wang
Contributors:
eric lin neil thistlethwaite john kim
justin zhang aaditya singh mihir patel
CONTENTS
1 introduction 4
1.1Disclaimer ..................... 4
1.2Overview...................... 5
1.3The Scope of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4The Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5ThePurpose.................... 8
2 general rules and guidelines 10
3 classes and clubs 12
3.1SummerClasses.................. 12
3.2PlacementTests .................. 13
3.3APPhysics..................... 16
3.4Other Curriculum Information . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5Activities and Clubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 extracurriculars 24
5 carpe diem 31
5.1Corporate Internships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 olympiad camps 34
6.1Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program . . 36
6.2USA Computing Olympiad Camp . . . . . . . 39
6.3USA Biology Olympiad Camp . . . . . . . . . 41
6.4U.S. National Chemistry Olympiad Camp . . . 43
6.5USA Physics Olympiad Camp . . . . . . . . . 46
6.6OtherCamps ................... 48
7 research projects 50
7.1WorkinginaLab ................. 51
7.1.1NIH Summer Internship Program . . . 53
7.1.2ASSIP.................... 57
7.2Research Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2
Contents 3
7.2.1Research Science Institute . . . . . . . . 60
7.2.2PRIMES-USA ............... 61
7.3Independent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4Competing With Your Project . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.4.1Siemens Competition . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.4.2Intel International Science & Engineer-
ing Fair (ISEF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.4.3Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS) 69
7.4.4Davidson Fellows Scholarships . . . . . 71
7.4.5Google Science Fair . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8 research vs.camps 73
9 standardized exams 77
10 resume-boosting activities to avoid 79
11 applying to college 82
11.1Terminology.................... 82
11.2Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
11.3Early Action & Early Decision . . . . . . . . . . 86
11.4In-State vs. Out-of-State . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
11.5Applying to Top Universities . . . . . . . . . . 88
11.5.1College-specific Information . . . . . . 92
11.5.2The Main Takeaway . . . . . . . . . . . 92
11.6FinalThoughts .................. 93
12 factors you can’t control 95
13 conclusion 97
a about 100
1
INTRODUCTION
We are a current group of seniors at Thomas Jefferson High
School (Class of 2018). Given our experiences over the past
four years, and our naive view of high school just a few
short years ago, we wish to highlight some misconceptions
and provide tips to those who may come after us.
This is a terse guide to the sciences at Thomas Jefferson
High School. It is designed for current and future TJ stu-
dents with STEM interests. This guide focuses on many
of the opportunities available to a TJ STEM student both
inside and outside the classroom.
We strongly recommend you read all of Chapter 1before
proceeding.
1.1 disclaimer
Take our advice with a grain of salt. Your experiences may
differ, depending on your specific interests. Facts, figures,
and statistics will change over time; their accuracy is not
guaranteed. All information should be treated as the au-
thors’ opinions. This book is a reflection of our experiences,
which comprise a fraction of the opportunities at TJ. We
are not responsible for the choices you make based on this
4
1.2 overview 5
material, or your admission or rejection to any higher edu-
cation institution.
This book is not endorsed or affiliated with TJHSST or
any related organization. It has not been reviewed or edited
by any member of the TJ faculty or administration.
This guide details some of the options available to STEM
students. It is by no means a complete and thorough overview
of all available opportunities. Furthermore, we encourage
students to choose whatever activities they enjoy the most.
To any parents who may be reading this guide: it is de-
signed for students, and students only. We urge parents
to let their children decide what’s best for them academ-
ically, both inside and out of school. From our personal
experience, little good comes from parents who force their
children to participate in activities they do not truly enjoy.
1.2 overview
The layout of the book is as follows. The next chapter is
simply a list of guiding principles that you should try to
follow over your high school career. Chapter 3provides
information on TJ academic opportunities, and Chapter 4
gives a summary of important STEM clubs at TJ. Chapter 5
gives advice when deciding which activities to pursue.
Chapters 6–8are the meat of the book. They provide
information on two tracks a STEM student can take through
high school: Olympiad camps and research. Each of the
authors has seen some success in camps or research, and
each provides their insight, advice, and words of warning
for your journey.
Chapters 9–12 turn towards the inevitable conclusion of
your TJ career: college. Since most of your success/failure
1.3 the scope of this book 6
in the college admissions process will be determined by
your accomplishments (hence the focus on camps and re-
search in earlier chapters), Chapters 9–12 are fairly short ex-
planations of the other factors (standardized exams, resume-
boosting activities, applying early vs. regular, etc). You
shouldn’t start thinking about colleges until the end of ju-
nior year, so this information is geared towards rising se-
niors. These sections are not designed for younger stu-
dents, as they should not be influenced by college prefer-
ences when choosing their activities.
1.3 the scope of this book
There are plenty of humanities opportunities at TJ. TJ boasts
some of the finest fine arts programs, from nationally rec-
ognized orchestra, band, and choir programs, to the award-
winning yearbook and Teknos publication. Hundreds of TJ
students play instruments outside of school—from the pi-
ano and violin to the saxophone and bagpipes. Hundreds
of others participate in sports, from the relaxed cross coun-
try team to the grueling schedule of basketball and football.
This guide makes no attempt to cover any of these op-
portunities. The authors only have experience and accom-
plishments in fields of science, technology, and mathemat-
ics. This book is a guide for students who enjoy the sciences,
and want to take their academic interests further—into com-
petitions, research, and projects. All of our advice centers
around the basic assumption that you enjoy the sciences,
and want opportunities to further your knowledge and in-
terest in the field. As such, almost none of this book will
be useful for students fully engrossed in the humanities or
athletics. Even our college advice centers around our ex-
1.4 the intended audience 7
periences and knowledge of previous STEM students. We
have no knowledge of which athletic, artistic, literary, or
musical accomplishments and competitions colleges histor-
ically prefer.
Many STEM students who may find parts of this book
useful have interests outside STEM, from the humanities
and arts to athletics. We encourage these students to con-
tinue to pursue all their interests and remain well-rounded
individuals.
1.4 the intended audience
This guide is intended for motivated students looking for
additional opportunities to further their STEM knowledge.
We aim to elucidate various activities available to students
seeking a scientific challenge. We encourage readers to de-
cide for themselves whether or not they fit this description.
Those who find the TJ curriculum alone provides enough
work should simply ignore this guide; it is not applicable
to their experience at TJ. (The fact that we include a lengthy
section on ‘Placement Tests’ should suggest our target de-
mographic.) We advise students just entering TJ take some
time to get situated to the school and coursework and then
revisit the guide if and only if they fit the above description.
This guide is not a novel; it is not intended to be read
in its entirety in one sitting. Most information will only be
applicable to select students at certain times. For example,
the initial sections on classes will be useful to some during
course selection, while the parts on research programs will
be important to others as application deadlines near. The
chapter on Olympiad camps is primarily aimed at fresh-
men/sophomores, since it is nearly impossible for juniors
1.5 the purpose 8
with no prior preparation to attend a camp. On the other
hand, older students are overrepresented in research com-
petitions, so they may find Chapter 7more applicable.
Students interested solely in a particular STEM field may
find different sections of the book useful. For example, a
student focused on computer science may find the sections
on placement tests (13–16), USACO camp (39–41), and in-
dependent research (62–64) handy, and nothing else. Con-
versely, a biology student may find it worthwhile to read
the pages on USABO camp (41–43) and lab opportunities
(51–59). It is exceedingly rare to find a student who par-
ticipates in more than a handful of the opportunities we
outline. Thus, any given student should expect at most a
couple dozen pages of this guide to pertain to him or her.
To conclude: if you’ve ever thought “I enjoy computer
science/biology/chemistry and my courses at TJ, but I wish
there were opportunities for me to delve deeper into the
subject and apply my knowledge", then this guide is for
you. Read the parts that apply to your field.
If this train of thought has never crossed your mind, you
are in the majority of TJ students. Your path will no doubt
be as enjoyable and enlightening as others, and there are
plenty of resources available to you. This book is not one of
them. None of the information contained in this guide will
be relevant to you. Read no further.
1.5 the purpose
The purpose of this guide is not to get you into college.
The purpose is to present a few opportunities available to
students comfortable or bored with their STEM classes at
TJ. Yes, almost every activity or competition outlined in the
1.5 the purpose 9
following chapters will help you in the college admissions
process. However, that’s also true of hundreds of activities
we don’t mention. You should not feel compelled to partic-
ipate in a competition simply because we mention it here—
the purpose of this guide is to simply make you aware of
some opportunities.
Furthermore, should you attempt even one of these activ-
ities for the purpose of improving your admission chances,
and not because you want to advance your knowledge, you
will regret your actions. Your efforts will be fruitless. You
will not succeed. Every single opportunity we cover is dif-
ficult; it takes months at minimum for a chance of victory,
and randomness can snatch success from even the most
prepared. Should you not feel true success is the knowl-
edge imparted in your mind, should you only experience
triumph with a medal around your neck or a check in your
hand, when you inevitably succumb to chance, you will
feel desolate. You cannot will yourself to a podium with
the goal of admission. In these activities, trophies are icing
on the cake of knowledge. They are awarded only to those
who do not truly desire them.
2
GENERAL RULES AND GUIDELINES
1. Don’t cheat.
2. Don’t be complacent.
3. Waste a maximum of half your time. No one expects
you to always be productive, but you probably waste
more time than you realize online or playing games.
4. It is important you have time to relax and unwind.
You should not take on more than you can handle.
5. Get sleep. There will be a tendency to stay up later
and later to finish work.
6. Finish work ahead of time. Or, at the very least, by
midnight the night before.
7. Each year, you will become more efficient at complet-
ing your work. Congratulations! Unfortunately, your
efficiency will increase solely because of a similar in-
crease in your coursework. Thus, the most important
thing you can do to increase your time for outside ac-
tivities is to complete your homework as soon as you
get home from school. Unfortunately, you will most
likely be tired and burned-out by the end of the day.
Work through this.
10
general rules and guidelines 11
8. Try to enjoy your time at TJ.
9. Play a sport if you aren’t bad at it.
10. Don’t feel compelled to join activities because your
friends participate in them. It’s your life, do what
you want.
11. Although we encourage students to try many activi-
ties outside of their comfort zone, quitting after a sea-
son, semester, or year is not an indication of failure.
Don’t flounder around once you realize an activity is
not for you; cut your losses and move on (assuming
you have made no outstanding commitments to oth-
ers).
12. To a certain extent, grades don’t really matter. Try
your best and get your work done on time. Points de-
ducted for late work really do add up. If you feel over-
whelmed, you can always talk to a teacher to move as-
signments. At the end of the day, don’t worry about
maximizing your GPA. Don’t work inefficiently and
avoid doing more than you need to for school. Ex-
tracurricular activities are more important. You will
spend far less time on schoolwork if you have a strong
math background and decent writing/BSing ability.
3
CLASSES AND CLUBS
Many of you were interested in STEM in middle school;
that is why you are here! First, we recommend you identify
what subject you find the most interesting. Some possibili-
ties include math, chemistry, physics, biology, engineering
(rocketry, robotics, etc.), or computer science. Students are
generally introduced to STEM fields through either classes
and clubs. Thus, we provide some advice for choosing your
coursework and which clubs to participate in.
3.1 summer classes
Don’t take classes you aren’t interested in. The only excep-
tions occur in the summer before 9th grade. We recommend
you do one of the following:
•Take Research Statistics. This aligns your math sched-
ule with the school year.
•Get your 4th history credit out of the way. You will
not regret it senior year, and it is a great way to meet
your fellow classmates before September.
Do not take summer chemistry after 9th grade unless one
of the following applies to you:
12
3.2 placement tests 13
•You know ahead of time you really enjoy chemistry.
Maybe it’s from Chemistry Team or Chemistry Soci-
ety. Just know that if you liked 9th grade biology,
you’re not necessarily going to like chemistry. They
are very different courses.
•You want to take AP Physics in 10th grade. Physics
in 10th grade is a great opportunity, especially if you
are strong in math or have attended Physics Team.
•You believe you cannot spend your summer in a more
productive manner, such as working on a fun project,
conducting research, or studying for an Olympiad
camp. In this case, summer chemistry can be benefi-
cial (turning an otherwise unproductive summer into
a learning experience). Still, you must be willing to
work hard while your friends enjoy their lives, know-
ing full well your efforts probably won’t result in any
meaningful benefits long-term, save improved study
habits.
If you only want to take summer chemistry because you get
bored during the summer, see Chapter 5.
Note that you can now take AP Physics in sophomore
year as an elective; instead of taking summer chemistry, you
can take P.E. or a language online (e.g. Spanish 3online) to
free up an elective slot.
3.2 placement tests
If you are bored in your current math class, and want more
of a challenge, you may wish to skip math courses. TJ offers
three options to skip math courses:
3.2 placement tests 14
•TJ Math 4placement test (Offered in June to rising
freshmen, in August to everyone else)
•TJ Math 5placement test (Offered in August to every-
one)
•BC Calculus AP Exam (Get a 5on the Exam + Have
A’s in all other HS math courses)
If you wish to skip a math course, we recommend taking
the BC Calculus AP test, because getting a 5requires a min-
imum of 70% correct, and it allows you to skip an entire
year of math. This may be especially helpful to students
who wish to take AP Physics and Multivariable Calculus
concurrently. The other placement tests only allow you to
skip a semester of math, throwing off your schedule. With
that said, you should only skip a math course if you are
confident in your mathematical ability. If you can’t excel in
a higher level of math, you probably shouldn’t be skipping
in the first place.
If, as a rising freshman, you are keenly interested in com-
puter science, we highly recommend skipping ‘Foundations
of Computer Science’. The placement test is administered
in June, and a disk of material is available once you apply.
You must apply by mid-May, getting signatures from your
math teacher and counselor. The forms can be found on
the TJ CS website in April. You must score ≥90% to skip
Foundations. This will require you to understand basic pro-
gramming logic and Java syntax. You must be motivated
enough to learn this material on your own between your
acceptance in April and the exam in June. The primary
way to learn this material is by working through the seven
packets given on the disk. It is more than doable with no
prior experience and requires only time commitment. How-
3.2 placement tests 15
ever, the exam used to be administered in August, giving
students the summer to learn basic computer science. Now
that the exam is conducted in June, it may be more difficult
for students with no prior computer science experience to
pick up the material.
If you do not pass the exam or are unable to take the
placement test, we highly recommend taking ‘Foundations
of Computer Science Accelerated’, where you will learn
Python for the first three quarters, and then rush through
Java in a quarter. Generally, students who take Accelerated
are already familiar with some Java, but not enough to pass
the placement test. It is still possible to take this class with-
out programming familiarity, and a few students do so. It
is also possible to drop to Foundations if you find your-
self unprepared. That being said, if you aren’t interested in
computer science, or if you haven’t taken the initiative to at
least dabble in computer science, Accelerated is probably
not for you.
There are no other placement tests available at TJ. How-
ever, if you are advanced enough to take an AP exam in
middle school (AP Computer Science A, AP Biology, AP
Chemistry, etc.), TJ will allow you to skip directly to the
Post-AP course (AI, Neurobiology, Organic chemistry, etc.).
This is rare and extraordinarily difficult unless you are a ge-
nius (except for the AP CS test, which is possible to take in
8th grade if you are introduced to computer science early
enough).
Some might ask: Why skip courses when I can enjoy an
easy A? Simply put, you should skip courses only if you
care about learning more than grades. Spending a year in
a class where you already know the curriculum is a waste
of time, so skipping the course allows you to learn more.
Another advantage of taking advanced courses early is to
3.3 ap physics 16
gain knowledge which can then be applied in competitions
or research projects. Although a TJ education alone will cer-
tainly not prepare you for creating research projects or par-
ticipating in Olympiad competitions, having a solid foun-
dation early from a year-long class goes a long way in your
success. This is why most students who do well in USAPhO
take AP Physics C sophomore year, most USACO campers
take AP CS freshman year, and most students who do well
in USNCO take summer chemistry. These students are in-
terested early on in the field, and take steps to accelerate
their in-class experience, which greatly impact their perfor-
mance in outside competitions.
3.3 ap physics
If you are unsure if you want to take AP Physics junior
year, you should keep in mind the following things. If you
are in Multivariable calculus junior year, the topics covered
(gradients, line integrals, flux integrals, etc.) are used in
AP Physics second semester. The vast majority of juniors in
Multivariable calculus take AP Physics concurrently.
If you are in BC Calculus junior year, there are a few
caveats. You should only take AP Physics if you did not
need to study to do well in Precalculus. Math should have
been easy for you through freshman and sophomore year.
In addition, to perform well in AP Physics, you should
learn some of BC Calculus beforehand. Otherwise, you will
have to learn physics concepts and the math behind them
simultaneously—a tall order for most. The BC Calculus
Blackboard site is open to all; download the material be-
fore the end of the previous school year. Work through the
first seven chapters before September junior year. A great
3.4 other curriculum information 17
alternative is to simply work through a Calculus textbook;
the Art of Problem Solving Calculus book is highly recom-
mended because it delves deeper into Calculus than the BC
material in a compact 300 pages.
For all students considering AP Physics, know that physics
differs from the previous science courses in that it is essen-
tially applied math. You should enjoy math and problem-
solving. You do not need to have enjoyed your previous
science courses.
It will become apparent very quickly whether AP Physics
for you or not. The workload is somewhat intensive and
the first tests are very representative of your future perfor-
mance. Unless you significantly change your time commit-
ments or studying habits, do not expect your grade to rise
after first quarter.
If you are on the fence about signing up for AP Physics,
we recommend you try it. You can always drop the course
after the first test with no repercussions. Students can drop
as late as the end of first quarter (but the grade will transfer
with them to Physics 1).
3.4 other curriculum information
Freshmen making their course selections for sophomore
year are often presented with the following elective choice:
AP Biology/AP Chemistry or AP Computer Science. Choose
one, or spend half your summer in summer chemistry to
take both. We would like readers in this situation to be
aware that if neither AP Biology nor AP CS interests you,
some of the tech classes (Engineering Design, Prototyping,
Robotics, etc.) may be more suitable, especially if you en-
joyed Design and Tech. Few sophomores take these courses,
3.4 other curriculum information 18
partially because they do not have a GPA boost (Honors
tech classes vs. AP CS/Bio), but also partially because they
are not emphasized during course selection time. It is cer-
tainly true with technology classes that what you put into it
is what you get out—they are notoriously easy grade-wise,
and it is very easy to spend a year without retaining much
knowledge. However, putting effort into technology classes
will result in long-term practical technology skills.
Junior year is often the most stressful at TJ; students no
longer have a free P.E. period, and physics is much tougher
than biology or chemistry. We highly recommend juniors
take at least one “easy course", that is, a course without
much homework. For most, this means an engineering or
computer science course, but any lab- or project-based class
will do. Even the strongest TJ students eventually feel the
crunch of APs and post-APs junior year; everyone needs at
least one course to relax and unwind in.
Students enrolled in post-AP math courses (Multivariable
Calculus, Linear Algebra, Complex Analysis, or Differen-
tial Equations) have the opportunity to dual enroll. Dual
enrollment allows you to receive credit for the course as
if you were taking it at GMU (the finals for these classes
are GMU-written). Although the cost is significant ($400
per course), dual enrollment is useful, as it allows you to re-
ceive credit for these courses at college, allowing you to take
higher-level math and potentially graduate early. However,
some colleges do not accept dual enrollment credits. Check
with the college you plan to attend to ensure they accept
dual enrollment credits before you dual enroll. If you are
taking one of these courses before you know which college
you will attend, call the schools you intend to apply to and
ask them. When in doubt, assuming cost is not an issue,
dual enroll—you won’t regret it when you reach college.
3.5 activities and clubs 19
3.5 activities and clubs
Even more important than choosing your courses is choos-
ing which activities to participate in. You cannot do them
all. Sorry. It is far better to do 2–3activities very well than
10 activities with mediocre results.
It’s not hard to choose what you are interested in. There
are a million and a half clubs at TJ—try them! Do not go
to study halls. Waste few 8th periods at TJ. Once you find
a club you like, go to meetings every week. If there are
after school meetings, go to those. If you realize you don’t
actually like that club, then stop going.
Note that there will be a tendency to join clubs that align
with your current coursework. For example, joining Biol-
ogy Olympiad as you take 9th grade biology, Chemistry
Team during your 10th grade, or Physics Team during 11th
grade. Before committing weekly to a club, consider the fol-
lowing: would you attend the club if you weren’t currently
taking a course on the subject? Joining Biology Olympiad,
then Chemistry Team, then Physics Team, each for a year,
gets you nowhere in all three subjects. Concentrate on clubs
with subjects that interest you; you should not need a class
to motivate you towards a subject which you are truly inter-
ested in.
Certain clubs provide unique experiences you can’t find
elsewhere. Chess Club, for example, is a great place to play
chess with your friends. However, you can easily do this
outside of the club. Don’t spend every Friday A&B playing
chess, even if you really enjoy chess. Rather, attend clubs
that provide experiences you cannot enjoy readily outside
of the club. Sure, go to chess club, but one block a week
suffices.
3.5 activities and clubs 20
As with every example, there are exceptions. If you are
training for chess tournaments, and want prolonged peri-
ods to play against the best in the school, by all means, at-
tend 90 minutes of Chess Club a week. But for the vast ma-
jority, clubs like Chess Club are opportunities to just hang
out with friends.
Certainly the majority of clubs at TJ fall into this category.
There are a few clubs, however, that provide valuable learn-
ing experiences. We call these clubs academic teams. These
academic teams offer more than your traditional club, and
demand more from you as well. Academic teams are some-
where between a club, a class, and a school team—open to
anyone when they meet during 8th periods like other clubs,
tend to be lecture-based, teaching students material they
won’t find in any class at school, and top club members
often compete in competitions individually or as a school
team. (We previously referred to academic teams as ”le-
git" clubs, but we’ve changed the term since ”legit" clubs is
vague and open to misinterpretation.)
The most important aspect of academic teams is the unique
learning experience they offer. Consider Physics Team. It
is difficult to learn physics independently; Physics Team
provides a unique opportunity for you to learn from expe-
rienced physics students. Obviously, 45 minutes a week of
physics is not nearly enough to learn the subject. However,
it is certainly enough to introduce physics topics to under-
classmen well before they would otherwise encounter them
in their junior year. Students who wish to pursue the sub-
ject further now have a year or two head-start on their peers.
Thus, academic teams serve as starting points for students
entering a field of science or technology, and provide valu-
able experiences even if you never attend after-school ses-
sions or outside competitions.
3.5 activities and clubs 21
By and large, academic teams derive their status from na-
tional competitions. By this, we mean that the national com-
petitions drive students to dedicate significant time to the
club year after year, thus creating a comprehensive learning
experience for younger members. Academic teams provide
an opportunity for you to hone your skills, and then demon-
strate them on a national level. If you want to delve deeper
into a subject and are looking for a group of similar stu-
dents, participate in an academic team. If no academic team
interests you, that’s perfectly fine. That probably means
there’s no national competition in your desired field.
List of some academic STEM teams:
•Math Team
•Physics Team
•Senior Computer Team (open to everyone)
•Intermediate Computer Team (open to everyone)
•Freshman Computer Team (freshmen only)
•Machine Learning Club
•Biology Olympiad
•Chemistry Team
•Science Bowl
•Computer Security
We are certain there are other academic teams. This is
by no means a complete list. However, the authors only
have expertise in the fields of math, physics, computer sci-
ence, and biology. Academic teams in the humanities fields
3.5 activities and clubs 22
(MUN, Quizbowl, Debate, etc.) are outside the scope of this
guide. If you would like to contact the authors regarding
our classification of a club, we are open to suggestions.
Note that you can always found a club if there is no club
in your specific field. We caution against two things:
•Making a “club" version of a niche class. If you are in-
terested in Parallel Computing, there’s already a class.
A club is unnecessary.
•If no national competition exists, it will be very hard
for your club to become an academic team. You will
have to motivate 30 others to join your interest with-
out providing them any tangible benefit.
A few further things to keep in mind about starting your
own club:
•Your club should be centered a topic students will
genuinely come to learn or enjoy.
•You should create rigorous and extensive material to
teach students. This will be a time-consuming pro-
cess, even with multiple officers. It is far more work
to create a new club than to preside over an existing
organization.
•Students are not inclined to learn from their peers.
Lectures will only be attended by students younger
than the lecturers.
•The inaugural year of a club is almost always “BS".
It is very difficult to create new club lectures, compe-
titions, or other presentations while simultaneously
completing your school duties.
3.5 activities and clubs 23
•Forms and paperwork will result in a shorter inaugu-
ral year for clubs. Most new clubs cannot start before
Mid-November as a result.
Most students run for officer positions of a club at the end
of their sophomore or junior year. Occasionally, a lower-
level position (statistician/webmaster) will be filled by an
enterprising sophomore. If you dedicate significant time
to a club, participate (and place well) in the competitions,
and can lecture or teach effectively, you will most likely be
elected to a mid-level lecturer position for junior year, and
from there, captain/president for senior year. When given
the opportunity to guest lecture, make full use of your plat-
form. Ensure your teaching is engaging and informative,
and your presentation is well-planned and thorough.
Many club elections are “elections". The current officers
know which students are most qualified to lead the follow-
ing year, and try to ensure a qualified candidate wins the
“election". Thus, students have little to worry about come
election season if they truly dedicate themselves to a club.
The election mob will not sweep you aside to vote for their
unqualified friends. Nevertheless, you should still try to
make yourself known to the majority of the club. If the
first time you see half your electorate is while giving your
campaign speech, you most likely won’t be successful.
4
EXTRACURRICULARS
We provide a brief description of each of the STEM aca-
demic teams from Chapter 3. This information may be espe-
cially helpful to younger students who are unfamiliar with
many of the clubs, activities, and competitions.
Simply attending one of these clubs during 8th period
won’t help you much. If you want to participate or place
well in the national competitions each club offers, you’ll
need to spend significant time outside of school practicing
and learning. If you don’t care for any of these clubs or
competitions, that’s perfectly fine; we’ve put a small list of
a few other interesting activities at the end of this chapter.
math team
By Akshaj Kadaveru (VMT Captain 16–18)
Math Team meets Wednesday A and B blocks, plus cer-
tain days afterschool. At meetings we give lectures, hold
practices, and participate in regional and national math con-
tests. We also travel to compete in many big-name math
competitions. Any TJ student who enjoys math is welcome
to join the team, regardless of skill level.
24
extracurriculars 25
Competitions we participate in include the Duke Math
Meet (DMM), Princeton University Math Competition (PuMAC),
Carnegie Mellon Informatics and Math Meet (CMIMC), Harvard-
MIT Math Tournament (HMMT), and the American Regions
Math League (ARML).
Website: activities.tjhsst.edu/vmt
physics team
By Franklyn Wang (Physics Team Co-captain 17–18)
Physics Team meets on Friday A blocks. Physics Team is
stratified into A team, B team, and C team. A team’s focus
is to prepare for the USA Physics Olympiad exam. B team’s
focus is to prepare for the F=ma exam as well as the AP
Physics Exam. Lastly, C team’s focus is cool demonstrations
to get students interested in physics.
Physics Team competes in the Physics Bowl, Princeton
University Physics Competition, the F=ma exam, and the
USA Physics Olympiad.
Physics Team officers are decided by appointment, NOT
elections.
Website: activities.tjhsst.edu/physics
senior computer team
By Justin Zhang (SCT Captain 17–18) and Mihir Patel (SCT Co-Captain
17–18)
Senior Computer Team (SCT) meets on Friday A blocks.
SCT, unlike the other two computer teams, focuses heavily
on algorithms and data structures, in preparation for the
extracurriculars 26
USA Computing Olympiad. In addition, SCT sends teams
of four to local algorithmic competitions such as VCU, UMD,
and UVA’s high school programming contests.
Meetings are generally split into beginner and advanced
groups, which cover USACO Bronze/Silver and USACO
Gold/Platinum content, respectively. Practice contests are
occasionally held via the Codeforces platform.
In general, if you only have time to participate in one
computer team, and you enjoy learning advanced algorithms
and data structures, participate in SCT: achievements in US-
ACO are generally valued over those of ACSL. Top USACO
competitors go to USACO Camp, and from there the very
best attend IOI.
With that said, SCT requires a lot of initiative. The vast
majority of competitive programming skill is built off of
lots of practice. SCT gives you lots of resources and op-
portunity, but getting good requires consistent practice and
dedication. The best ways to improve are taking lots of
Codeforces competitions and going through the USACO
training pages.
Prior years’ lectures can be found on the SCT website.
Website: activities.tjhsst.edu/sct
intermediate computer team
By Mihir Patel (ICT Captain 16–17)
Intermediate Computer Team (ICT) meets on Friday B
blocks. ICT primarily focuses on the ACSL competition,
competing in the tier above the freshman team. The lectures
are specifically geared towards content on the upcoming
ACSL competitions and are taught by the officers, who are
extracurriculars 27
almost exclusively juniors. ICT also participates in various
algorithmic competitions.
ACSL is not very prestigious and not useful for resume-
building. As a result, if you are good at competitive pro-
gramming, it is not worth your time to come to ICT. With
that said, if you are still getting into it and genuinely like
ACSL’s competition, ICT is a good club to be in.
The primary benefit from ICT is a fun trip to the ACSL
competition if you make the team (in addition to potential
officer positions). Making the team is not too challenging if
you really care, and a bit of practice easily makes you com-
petitive. As for being an officer, that’s far more dependent
on your charisma, dedication, and ability to teach. This is a
decent position and often helps in being elected for SCT.
The ACSL competition focuses on computer fundamen-
tals. Topics include number systems, bit shifting, etc. and
the test is not complex at all. Even 45 minutes of practice
before each test is more than necessary for preparation.
Website: activities.tjhsst.edu/ict
freshman computer team
By Justin Zhang (Participant 14–15)
Freshman Computer Team meets on Friday A blocks, and
is open exclusively to freshman. Freshman Computer Team
focuses on general computer science knowledge in prepara-
tion for the American Computer Science League program-
ming contest (ACSL).
Based on contests given throughout the year, the Fresh-
man Computer Team selects a team to represent TJ at the
ACSL All-Star Contest (junior division).
extracurriculars 28
Freshman Computer Team does not have officer positions.
machine learning club
By Nikhil Sardana (TJML Captain 16–18)
Machine Learning Club meets on Wednesday A blocks.
Machine Learning Club teaches students the theory behind
various machine learning algorithms. Topics range from
decision trees and SVMs to Convolutional and Generative
Adversarial Networks. ML Club also holds competitions
most weeks, applying theory introduced in the lectures to
real-world datasets. Many of the topics covered are fre-
quently used in research projects at science fairs and com-
petitions nationally, so Machine Learning Club provides a
solid foundation for burgeoning researchers. In addition,
officers actively mentor students with machine learning re-
search projects at their request.
Website: tjmachinelearning.com
biology olympiad
By Anish Karpurapu (TJBO Captain 17–18)
Biology Olympiad meets every Friday B block. During
8th periods, the officers teach advanced biology concepts
to help prepare for competitions such as the USA Biology
Olympiad and University of Toronto Biology Competition.
On most Fridays after school from 4–6, Biology Olympiad
meets to provide an additional opportunity for practice. Af-
ter spending an hour individually working on previous ex-
ams, the officers go through the answers and explanations
for each of the questions at the request of the club members.
extracurriculars 29
Website: tjbio.webs.com
chemistry team
By John Kim (Chemistry Team Captain 17–18)
Chemistry Team meets every Friday B block (though this
is subject to change due to Mr. Kauffman’s busy sched-
ule). The majority of meetings are spent with lectures that
first briefly review AP Chemistry material and then present
more advanced topics that may appear on the Chemistry
Olympiad and the Chem 13 News exam. Since the USNCO
includes a lab section, a lab challenge is often conducted in
lieu of a lecture so that all members can hone their practical
problem solving skills.
Website: activities.tjhsst.edu/chemteam
science bowl
By Franklyn Wang (Science Bowl Captain 16–18)
Science Bowl meets during lunches, and is intended to
select a team for the National Science Bowl competition.
At the beginning of the school year, each student takes an
exam. The top few students advance to a buzzer round,
where the team is decided. There is a Regional competition
in late January and a National Competition in mid-May. TJ
has qualified for Nationals for the past 25 years. Teams
which take first or second at Nationals win an all-expense
paid trip.
extracurriculars 30
computer security club
By Neil Thistlethwaite (TJCSC President 17–18)
Computer Security Club (CSC) meets every Wednesday
A and B block. Officers give a different lecture and asso-
ciated practice problems each week, although the lecture
is the same for A and B block. Topic categories include
File Forensics, Web Exploitation, Binary Exploitation, and
Reversing. CSC members compete in a variety of compe-
titions, primarily Capture-the-Flag (CTF) contests. We also
organize the CyberPatriot teams, and have historically done
very well, netting top finishes in many competitions.
Website: activities.tjhsst.edu/csc
non-traditional clubs
•Sysadmins — Manage/Develop Syslab network and
computer hardware.
•CubeSat — Design/Build TJ’s satellite
other
Other fun activities (which are not necessarily associated
with clubs):
•HackTJ — TJ’s annual hackathon. A fun way to spend
24 hours: eating food and building neat applications.
•MIT Battlecode — Month-long AI/battle strategy com-
petition every January; TJ students frequently partici-
pate.
5
CARPE DIEM
Don’t waste your time. If you like a certain subject in
class, look for the 8th period and after-school opportunities.
Don’t be afraid to join a club in the middle of the school
year—it’s not too late, and you can’t go back in time to join
earlier. Look at club websites for lecture information and
talk to the officers to catch up on what you missed. In gen-
eral, however, try to join clubs as early in the school year as
possible.
Whether it is math or biology or chemistry, we recom-
mend finding at least one activity with a national competi-
tion (see academic teams section in Chapter 3), and work-
ing towards performing well at the national or international
level. For most areas, this will take years of work. Do not
participate or try for a national competition which you are
not truly interested in. Not sure if you want to commit so
much time towards an activity? You can always quit later.
It’s best to try and quit than to never try at all.
During the summers, either work towards a camp or com-
plete some research/project. Look to Chapters 6and 7for
camp and research advice, respectively. If you do not have
the desire to work towards a camp or conduct research, sim-
ply find a friend and complete a project in your area. You
will learn valuable skills and working with a friend (in per-
31
5.1 corporate internships 32
son, not online) is a motivator to hold up your end of the
team and prevent laziness. Long term projects are as much
a test of your ability to solve large problems as they are a
test of planning and execution.
5.1 corporate internships
Some students find internships and work at start-ups or
established companies during the summer (especially be-
tween junior and senior year). Depending on your field of
interest, you may want to pursue a corporate internship.
For example, if you are interested in web/mobile devel-
opment, it can be highly beneficial to gain real-world ex-
perience creating applications in a corporate environment.
With other fields, however, like pure math or physics, you
are far better off conducting research, working towards a
camp, or simply completing your own project. Few compa-
nies have high school internships that allow you to harness
and apply your knowledge of the pure sciences. If you find
one, great! Take full advantage of the opportunity. Regard-
less of your interests, ensure that you will have a meaning-
ful role and gain valuable experience before accepting any
job offers. Do not waste weeks of your precious summer
slaving away on meaningless busywork for an extra line on
your resume.
In terms of your resume, no one cares if you worked for
<insert start-up> for 7weeks between sophomore and ju-
nior year. Company name matters for internships, but few
established companies are willing to hire high school stu-
dents. Thus, choose an internship based on how useful the
experience will be to you.
5.1 corporate internships 33
Before applying, contact older students who worked at
the company in previous years. They will offer you advice
on the application and interview process, as well as what
to expect on the job site. Get multiple opinions whenever
possible.
6
OLYMPIAD CAMPS
The International Science Olympiads are a group of com-
petitions across the scientific fields open to students across
the world. At each Olympiad, the top 4–6students from
each country compete against each other. Students can
be awarded Gold medals, Silver medals, Bronze medals,
or Honourable mentions for their performance. Since the
United States is a large country, in general, we perform very
well at the Olympiads. Most United States Olympiad par-
ticipants walk away with Gold or Silver medals.
Since the United States is so large, simply qualifying for
a U.S. Olympiad team (determining the top 4–6students in
a particular field) is a rigorous process and attending an in-
ternational olympiad is a prestigious and rare accomplish-
ment. For example, the last student from Thomas Jefferson
to attend an international olympiad was Joyce Tian (TJ ’17,
IChO Silver Medal 2016). Before that, Janice Ong (TJ ’15)
won Silver at IChO 2015 and Will Long (TJ ’15) won Gold
at the 2014 IBO. Adam Ardeishar (TJ ’19) will attend IMO
2018, the first IMO participant from TJ since Mitchell Lee
(IMO Gold 11–12). In general, a TJ student qualifies for one
of the Olympiads every 1–2years. It takes years of prepa-
34
olympiad camps 35
ration and intense studying to qualify for an international
olympiad.
Although there are more than 5International Olympiads,
the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), Interna-
tional Physics Olympiad (IPhO), International Olympiad in
Informatics (IOI), International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO),
and International Biology Olympiad (IBO) are far more pop-
ular than the others. Thus, this chapter focuses on the U.S.
selection process for these Olympiads.
Each Olympiad has a different process, but in general
they begin with a few qualifying tests, each far more diffi-
cult than the last, and culminate in a camp, in which the
top 2–3dozen students are sent off to a university for a few
weeks in May/June to determine the 4–6team members
who will represent the United States. Thus, the general
process for reaching an international olympiad looks like
this:
Open Exam →Semifinal Exam →Camp →Olympiad
At each stage, perhaps the top 5% will qualify. Some
camps have more than 2qualifying tests. Others have tests
after the camp to determine the Olympiad team. For most
Olympiads, reaching the “Semifinal Exam" level of the pro-
cess requires about a year of coursework or studying. How-
ever, reaching the camp stage is far more difficult, and
many students study on-and-off for years without ever reach-
ing a camp. The notable exception to this general Exams →
Camp process is the USA Computing Olympiad, which es-
chews exams for 4programming tests through the year.
For high school students, attending a camp in their field
means nearing the pinnacle of achievement. The five camps
listed below have rigorous standards to gain admission,
6.1 mathematical olympiad summer program 36
and just attending a single camp is a significant accomplish-
ment.
Attending the USABO Camp is roughly as difficult as
attending the USNCO Camp. Both are generally more dif-
ficult to reach than the USACO camp, and less difficult to
reach than the USAPhO camp. All aforementioned camps
are less difficult to reach than MOP, because students often
have significant competition math experience before they
reach high school (Mathcounts, AMC 8/10).
6.1 mathematical olympiad summer program
By Joshua Lee (MOP 17) and Akshaj Kadaveru (MOP 15–16)
TJHSST dedicates one day in February for the AMC 10/12
A, a nationwide math competition for high school students.
AMC 10 is only open to freshmen and sophomores, and the
AMC 12 is open to all students, but a student can only take
one of the two. AMC 10/12 B is also offered, but this will
be done during an 8th period instead of during the school
day.
Placing within the top 5% on any AMC 12 or the top 2.5%
on any AMC 10 will qualify a student for the AIME (Ameri-
can Invitational Mathematics Examination). The AIME takes
place in March, and around one hundred TJ students par-
ticipate yearly. A combined USA(J)MO index is then calcu-
lated, and approximately 250 students with the top AIME +
AMC 12 indices qualify for the USAMO, and approximately
250 students with the top AIME + AMC 10 indices qualify
for the USAJMO. If a student qualifies for both, they must
take the USAMO. Qualifying for USA(J)MO is already a sig-
nificant achievement, only done by around 15 TJ students
every year. It is important to know that Olympiad Math
6.1 mathematical olympiad summer program 37
is proof-based, which means that it is quite different from
other competition math (such as the AMC or the AIME).
USA(J)MO is held for two days in mid-late April. The
top 12 performers of JMO (short for USAJMO) are the Win-
ners, and they qualify for Red MOP. The next top 12 per-
formers are given the title of Honorable Mention (HM), but
they aren’t given MOP qualification unless under special
circumstances (for instance, if a JMO winner is in middle
school and placed in the lower half of the winners, then
the top HM is invited to MOP). The top 12 performers of
USAMO are the Winners, and they qualify for Black MOP,
unless they are a senior and did not qualify for the IMO
team. The winners are invited to a ceremony in DC in
June, immediately before MOP, and the top 3performers
are awarded scholarships. The next 12 performers are the
HMs, but it really is just a title. Instead, the top 18 perform-
ing non-winners who are juniors or younger are invited to
Blue MOP, and the next 15 students who are freshmen or
sophomores are invited to Green MOP.
MOP is the training camp for the USA IMO Team, and
is held for 3.5weeks in June. MOP is divided into five
colors: Black, Blue, Green, Red, Pink. Black is the highest
level, containing the members of the IMO, winners of US-
AMO, past winners, and international students (Po-shen in-
vites 10–15 international students to MOP every year). The
next highest level is Blue MOP, serving as a bridge between
Red/Green and Black MOP. The third level is Green/Red.
The two colors are meant to be the same level, with the
difference coming from the fact that Red MOP consists of
JMO winners and Green MOP of high USAMO performers.
Recently, this changed to Red MOP consisting of first-time
MOPpers and Green MOP consisting of returners, although
this rule wasn’t enforced entirely. Rules on Green/Red
6.1 mathematical olympiad summer program 38
MOP change continuously, but the two levels always have
lectures of similar levels and take the same tests. The last
level is Pink MOP, reserved for the top performing girls on
the USA(J)MO who didn’t otherwise qualify for MOP. Pink
MOP serves to train and select students for the EGMO, and
around 10 girls are selected each year. Pink MOPpers usu-
ally attend Red/Green MOP lectures and take Red/Green
MOP tests.
At MOP, students continually take MOP tests, which are
tests similar to the IMO and intended for students to im-
prove both problem-solving and solution-writing. On the
last week, the students are administered the TSTST, and
the top 25-ish contestants are selected to be part of the
TST group for the following school year. These students,
along with the Pink MOPpers, take five additional contests
throughout the school year to determine the national IMO,
RMM and EGMO teams.
Although there are many great books on competition
math out there, there is not one book that will take a stu-
dent right to the doorsteps of MOP. Qualifying for AIME
can mostly be done by continually solving past AMC prob-
lems, and one can get near USA(J)MO qualification by re-
peatedly solving past AIME problems. A student must
have extensive knowledge in all four major fields of compe-
tition math: Algebra, Geometry, Combinatorics, and Num-
ber Theory. USAMO qualification barely requires a student
to solve 10 problems correctly on the AIME, but a student
with great understanding of the topics should easily be able
to solve all 15 problems.
Doing well on the USAMO requires slightly different train-
ing than for the AIME, as the focus is shifted to proving
a mathematical claim rather than solving for an answer.
There are many resources that can help guide a student
6.2 usa computing olympiad camp 39
to learn more both online and in text, but there is nothing
more important than practice. One can know everything
they need to about math and still fail to solve the easiest
USAMO problems without any practice. There is an ex-
tensive problem archive in AoPS, which offers an endless
number of math problems that a student can use for prac-
tice. Varsity Math Team also offers many opportunities to
improve mathematical skills, including lectures and prac-
tice contests. Even with these numerous resources, MOP
qualification requires a combination of dedication, talent,
self-confidence, and luck. Do not take improvement for
granted, regardless of how much effort you put in.
6.2 usa computing olympiad camp
By Franklyn Wang (USACO Camp 17–18)
The USA Computing Olympiad is the premier computer
science competition at the high school level. There are four
contests every year, in December, January, February, and
March, as well as four divisions, which are Bronze, Silver,
Gold, and Platinum. Each contest is three problems, and
you are given four hours to solve them. All students start
in the bronze division. The ways to get promoted to another
division are:
1. to do reasonably well and wait for the contest results
to come out or
2. solve all three questions and be promoted immedi-
ately, allowing you to start with a new clock on the
next contest immediately.
The students who perform the best on the March Platinum
test are typically invited to USACO Camp.
6.2 usa computing olympiad camp 40
At USACO camp (hosted at Clemson), you are either a
Guernsey (lower division, not eligible for IOI) or a Holstein
(upper division, eligible for IOI). The Guernseys receive lec-
tures and take some of the IOI selection contests (3prob-
lems / 4hours), whereas the Holsteins take all of the IOI
selection contests.
Students should be able to reach USACO Gold division
in a couple contests with only knowledge from their AP
CS classes. Many of the lectures in Senior Computer Team
or standard dynamic programming coursework will help
you reach Platinum in less than a year after AP CS. Note
that USACO camp is the easiest to make out all the camps
listed in this document. Most students can make camp with
less than two years of competitive programming experience,
while other camps (like MOP) require far more years of
involvement. In addition, the younger you are, the easier it
is to reach USACO camp; camp selections are not objective,
but rather age-adjusted. Most students from TJ who make
USACO camp do so in their sophomore year.
Starting early is key for USACO success. The majority
of students who do well in USACO contests take AP CS
and start attending SCT in their freshman year. See the sec-
tion on placement tests for more information on skipping
Foundations.
Some good resources to prepare for the USACO compe-
titions include github.com/bqi343/USACO,codeforces.com,
and of course usaco.org. Some good benchmarks for US-
ACO skill:
6.3 usa biology olympiad camp 41
Codeforces Rating USACO
1200 Silver
1400 Gold
1600 Platinum
1950 Guernsey
2200 Holstein
6.3 usa biology olympiad camp
By Anish Karpurapu (USABO Semis 15–18)
Every year, TJ allows for students to take the USA Biol-
ogy Olympiad Open Exam during two 8th period blocks in
February. This exam is open to all students, and signups
occur a month earlier. It is a 50 minute, 50 question multi-
ple choice exam with some questions having more than one
answer. Each question is worth one point, and there is no
penalty for guessing. The exam is split among seven topics,
each of which consist a specific portion of the test:
Topic Portion of Exam
Animal Anatomy/Physiology 25%
Cell Biology 20%
Genetics and Evolution 20%
Plant Anatomy/Physiology 15%
Ecology 10%
Ethology 5%
Biosystematics 5%
Although the exact percentages sometimes deviate, they
generally hold on the whole.
The top 10% of test-takers then advance to the second
round and are eligible to take the USA Biology Olympiad
6.3 usa biology olympiad camp 42
Semifinal Exam. Usually around 20–30 kids from TJ qualify
for this exam every year. This rigorous exam is 2hours long
and consists of three parts. Both Parts A and B consist of 60
multiple choice questions each, but Part B is much more dif-
ficult in that some questions can have multiple answers and
the questions involve a much deeper understanding of biol-
ogy. As a result, each question in Part B is worth two points
as opposed to the one point questions in Part A. However,
this was not true for the 2018 exam, in which all multiple
choice questions were worth one point. Neither section has
a penalty for guessing, although the rules may vary from
year to year. Part C varies greatly from year to year and
can range from one long essay question to numerous short
answer questions.
The top 20 performers on the Semifinal Exam are then in-
vited to the USABO National Finals where they undergo 10
days of instruction from professors, researchers, and other
experts in biology followed by two days of rigorous testing.
The practical exam is six hours and tests laboratory skills
while the theoretical exam is a three hour exam with multi-
ple choice questions in the format of Part B on the semifinal
exam. The top scorers from these exams then go on to rep-
resent the USA at the International Biology Olympiad.
To study for these exams, it is highly recommended to
study Campbell Biology as majority of the content can be
traced back to this book. Although mastery over this book
should be enough to make the semifinal round, ancillary
texts such as Biology of Plants by Peter Raven and Molecu-
lar Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts provide much more
depth and specificity. A website created by former Biol-
ogy Olympiad campers, studyoflife.org, is a great tool
for students as it contains numerous useful handouts and
problem sets. Open and semifinal exams from previous
6.4 u.s.national chemistry olympiad camp 43
years are also available on the internet and can be easily
found with a quick Google search. These are invaluable re-
sources to gain experience with the format and pacing of
the exams.
6.4 u.s.national chemistry olympiad camp
By John Kim and Aaditya Singh (USNCO High Honors 17)
Though officially the Chemistry Olympiad begins in March,
this competition is unique in that it restricts the number
of people who can qualify from each school. To this end,
TJ runs two multiple-choice qualifying tests for prospective
Chemistry Olympiad participants. The first is held in Jan-
uary, with a focus on rapid problem solving for relatively
less complex questions. The second is held in February
and allows for an ample 90 minutes, but features more dif-
ficult problems. Both exams vary in number of questions
from year to year, but the second exam can be expected to
be more questions, but generally easier to complete due to
less computational and more concept questions. The scores
from both exams are added with a 1/3weighting for the
former and 2/3for the latter, and only the top scorers are
permitted to take the Local exam. This is usually around
the top 17–20 scorers, depending on how many spots are
available for TJ students on a given year.
The Local exam is a 60 question, 110 minute multiple-
choice test. The majority of these questions can be prepared
for simply by paying attention in AP Chemistry; the level of
difficulty and depth of knowledge generally does not sur-
pass that of the TJ curriculum, though there are some excep-
tions. The local exam will include 1–2questions regarding
chemical trivia, laboratory techniques, and biochemistry,
6.4 u.s.national chemistry olympiad camp 44
which are not as emphasized in the AP curriculum. How-
ever, these questions are not difficult and can be prepared
for by taking previous exams, as topics are often repeated.
Another key point is that questions come in the same for-
mats from year to year (i.e. question 60 is always biochem-
istry and the 55–59 are always organic chemistry). As a
result for trivia questions are past exams. In terms of text-
book, the AP textbook (Zumdahl) should suffice, although
most experienced campers recommend Atkins Chemistry
for general chemistry review.
As before, the number of participants who advance from
the Local exam to the USNCO per school is restricted. Only
the top two scorers from TJ on the Local exam will be al-
lowed to take the USNCO in April. As a result, it is essen-
tial to be extremely thorough and not make silly mistakes
on the local (practice makes perfect!). From TJ, the differ-
ence in qualifiers can often come down to a single question.
Also, the scores from the first two rounds are not factored
in to picking the two students who take USNCO.
The USNCO exam consists of 3parts. Part I is a 60 ques-
tion, 90 minute multiple-choice test, very similar in style
to the Local exam (except the questions are much harder).
Part II is a free-response exam, consisting of 8problems to
be solved in 105 minutes. As with all previous exams, the
range of topics is unchanged; there are few entirely new
topics that must be learned. However, depth of knowledge
is more important. Part III is the lab practical, which TJ
students are often the least prepared for. This consists of
two problems to be solved by designing and conducting an
experiment with given materials. The top 20 scorers of the
USNCO attend study camp.
Before delving deeper into preparation, it’s important to
take some time to learn about the grading. The grading out-
6.4 u.s.national chemistry olympiad camp 45
lined in this section is not an official statement made by the
USNCO people, but grading is believed to work this way
by most campers. Of the 3part USNCO, only the multiple
choice exams of all students are graded. From these mul-
tiple choice exams, the top 150 students are given Honors.
Furthermore, their free response sections are now graded.
A composite of free response and multiple choice is used
to determine the top 50 students, who receive High Hon-
ors. Then the lab portion is graded, and a composite of
MC/FR/Lab is used to determine the top 20 students who
are invited to the study camp. The multiple choice portion
is worth 75 points (each of the 60 questions being weighted
1.25 points), free response is worth 100 points (with ques-
tion weights, specified on the round, varying based on dif-
ficulty and number of parts), and the lab section is worth
25 points (12.5per lab question). A large part of your com-
posite as a result is free response, and this is what most
prospective campers tend to focus on. However, one should
ensure an ability to perform well on multiple choice (so
that your free response actually gets graded) as well as de-
cent performance on the lab (which pretty much acts like a
tiebreak for borderline campers).
In terms of textbooks/preparation for the USNCO, Atkins
General Chemistry should suffice for most of the test. Most
campers refer to a supplemental textbook for organic chem-
istry (most textbooks are fine, but Clayden is a favorite).
Beyond these, the practice exams on the website are ex-
tremely helpful. In general, the USNCO requires deeper
knowledge of theory (Molecular Orbital Theory, lanthanide
contraction, and other post-AP topics) as well as more ad-
vanced techniques (like steady state equilibria).
Like the local exam, USNCO also follows specific struc-
ture (i.e. multiple choice questions are grouped by topic,
6.5 usa physics olympiad camp 46
with roughly the same number of questions in each topic
from year to year). Free response questions also follow a
structure (the last question, 8, is always organic chemistry).
6.5 usa physics olympiad camp
By Franklyn Wang (USAPhO Gold 17)
The USA Physics Olympiad begins in late January, with
the F=ma exam. The F=ma is a 75-minute, 25-question
multiple choice test. This exam is mostly mechanics, along
with some fluid mechanics and wave mechanics questions,
which is ideal for students who just finished their first semester
of AP Physics. The top 10% of scorers, which is usually
about 300 people, advance to the next round. The cutoff is
usually around 16–17 questions correct, but some years it
has been as low as 14 questions, and sometimes as high as
19 questions.
The next round is the USA Physics Olympiad, which
covers many topics, including Thermodynamics, Relativ-
ity, Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, and occasionally
Quantum Mechanics. There is an A and a B section. The
A section is a ninety-minute test with four problems, each
worth twenty-five points. One will be on Mechanics, and
one will be on electricity and magnetism. The other two
are usually thermodynamics and relativity, but occasionally
there will be a curveball. The B section is a ninety-minute
test with two problems, each worth fifty points. One is Me-
chanics, and one is on electricity and magnetism. These
questions are essay questions, and each is graded primarily
on the accuracy of the ideas, rather than the accuracy of the
answers.
6.5 usa physics olympiad camp 47
Of these contestants, about one-twelfth receive gold medals,
one-sixth receive silver medals, and one-fourth receive bronze
medals. Another one-fourth receive honorable mention sta-
tus. Out of the gold medals (which number thirty to forty),
twenty of them attend the training camp. Multiple factors
are considered, like whether or not they have conflicting
summer camps (like RSI, USACO Camp, or MOP) and their
grade (11th graders are favored).
Finally, at the camp, students take an exam which mocks
the International Physics Olympiad: a theoretical and ex-
perimental exam, each five hours long. The theoretical por-
tion consists of three problems, which include all topics
from the USAPhO, as well as basic fluid dynamics. The
experimental portion requires intimate familiarity with ex-
periments.
In order to study for these contests, we recommend tak-
ing AP Physics in 10th grade, teaching you the basics of
mechanics and E&M. Ideally, you should be able to make
it to the USA Physics Olympiad in 10th grade and get a
medal. Then, the next summer you should spend time care-
fully reading the following three books:
1.Fundamentals of Physics, by Halliday, Resnick, and Walker
10th edition.
2.Electricity and Magnetism, by Morin and Purcell
3.Introduction to Classical Mechanics, by Morin
The second and third books are not as gentle as their titles
sounds. The exercises are very important to work through—
you may very well see the exact same problem on a competi-
tion! The 1st book is more of a catch-all, and would helpful
to read during 10th grade while taking AP Physics. Chap-
ters 1–13 are the core material for the F=ma, but material
6.6 other camps 48
from Chapters 14–17 is becoming more and more frequent,
so we recommend that you read those too. The E&M and
Thermodynamics Chapters are 18–33. There is some cur-
sory introduction to other fields in the later chapters, which
are however deficient.
The second book is recommended for doing well in the
USA Physics Olympiad and beyond. Working through the
problems is incredibly essential, less so reading the content.
The third book is also recommended for doing well in the
USA Physics Olympiad. Other than chapters 9and 10, the
problems are very good and will be greatly useful in devel-
oping good intuition. Furthermore, the relativity chapters
11–14 are the best anywhere.
If you have time, you may also consider reading Ther-
modynamics by Fermi, since it provides a somewhat differ-
ent perspective. Finally, in terms of problems, obviously
you want to work through the past USA Physics Olympiad
problems, but there aren’t many. We recommend doing the
theoretical portions of the International Physics Olympiad
problems for this. Make sure to look up concepts men-
tioned in the solutions that you don’t know.
If you follow these instructions, you will definitely be
able to get a USA Physics Olympiad Gold Medal, and prob-
ably camp as well.
6.6 other camps
The other International Science Olympiads are the Inter-
national Philosophy Olympiad (IPO), International Astron-
omy Olympiad (IAO), International Geography Olympiad
(IGeo), International Linguistics Olympiad (IOL), Interna-
tional Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO), International Earth
6.6 other camps 49
Science Olympiad (IESO), and International Olympiad on
Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA). You will not find sig-
nificant following for the other U.S. Camps/International
Olympiads at TJ. If you are interested in one of the other
Olympiads, know the following things:
•There are fewer students competing nationwide for a
spot on the U.S. team.
•They may have very different procedures than the
ones outlined above. Read the official Olympiad web-
site and U.S. team website for rules before embarking.
•You will have to study entirely independently of TJ.
Few in-school resources exist for the other camps.
7
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Whether no Olympiad camp exists in your field, or you sim-
ply do not care for competitive math/programming/
biology/chemistry/physics, research projects are a great
way to show your depth of knowledge, problem-solving
ability, and long-term planning skills. Performing well on
the national or international stage of research competitions
is comparable to making some of the more difficult camps.
The majority of research projects are conducted during
the summer. This is because it is difficult to maintain your
schoolwork and a full-time research project concurrently. In
addition, most deadlines for competitions occur in the fall
or early winter, and some require research papers. While
it is certainly possible to write a research paper during the
school year, conducting actual research is better suited to
the summer months.
The first section of this chapter covers lab research and
popular internship programs. The second section focuses
on research programs, and the third section covers inde-
pendent research. Lastly, we take a look at popular research
competitions, which allow students to win prize money and
demonstrate the quality of their research on a national or in-
ternational stage.
50
7.1 working in a lab 51
There’s a lot of information in this chapter, and we barely
scratch the surface of research opportunities available to
you. The main takeaway is this: don’t waste your time. Find
a topic you love, whether its building a drone or writing ef-
ficient algorithms or splicing genes, and work for a couple
hours each day (or more during the summer). It doesn’t
matter where you do your project, whether it’s in a lab or
your garage or a research program. Let your work speak
for itself. If you have the resources, embark on the project.
That’s not to say there aren’t advantages of working in
a lab or at a research program. A lab will offer you a
more structured environment, multiple mentors, and pro-
fessional equipment. But your project topic will be at the
whims of your superiors, and you may end up working on
a small part of a much larger research endeavor instead of
your own project.
7.1 working in a lab
If you are interested in the biological or chemical sciences,
unfortunately, you will have to work in a lab to conduct re-
search. There is simply no other way for you to have the re-
sources and equipment to conduct significant research. The
JUMP lab at TJ provides resources for underclassmen labo-
ratory resources, but, as mentioned earlier, conducting re-
search during the school year is exceedingly difficult. It’s
possible, but improbable, for a JUMP lab project to be truly
successful. To be fair, it’s difficult for any project to be suc-
cessful, but having a mentor with years of experience in
the field is generally a good way to choose projects with a
higher likelihood of success.
7.1 working in a lab 52
We provide information on two popular lab programs:
NIH SIP and ASSIP. A third program, SEAP, is also popular
among TJ students, and provides the opportunity to work
at a local naval research lab. Please remember that your
experiences will differ greatly based on your particular field
of interest, lab, and mentor.
Of course, there is always the option of emailing profes-
sors at a local university to see if they are willing to take on
a high school student. Find a professor who’s done work
in an area you are interested in, and keep the email short
and sweet. Since you’re from TJ, they will know you are
somewhat competent, but email quite a few professors re-
gardless, since the vast majority will turn you down.
The tried-and-true saying holds: It doesn’t matter where
you work, it matters what you do there. Keep in mind the
following points when deciding where to work:
•You are truly interested in the project you will be do-
ing over the summer.
•You have a significant role in said project. You should
not be just a lab monkey or data collector.
•Commute time and transportation. A metro for an
hour is far worse than a car for half the time, espe-
cially when you have to do it twice a day, every day.
Last of all, if you plan on submitting research to a re-
search competition, think about how the finished project
would fare at competitions, and which parts you would be
allowed to present. You must be the primary researcher
of a project to present it at a competition, or have worked
on a large part of the project. If you have only worked on
a small part of a larger project, you can only present the
part of the project you worked on, which in general does
7.1 working in a lab 53
not work well. Saying “I pipetted solution for three months
while the rest of the team did the hard stuff" won’t get you
anywhere. A general rule of thumb: if you wouldn’t be
the first author of the research paper, you can’t present the
project at a research competition.
In general, successful biology/chemistry research projects
don’t come from working in a lab with many others, but
rather specialized research programs (like RSI), working
one-on-one with a mentor in a lab, or independent research
after school. That’s not to say that working in a large lab or
a part of a large project won’t give you valuable experience,
it just won’t give you a project that succeeds in research
competitions. Again, all of the advice in this paragraph
only applies if you wish to submit your research. In gen-
eral, it is recommended, since research competitions can
lead to large monetary awards, but submitting is certainly
not required. Most students do not submit their summer
work to research competitions.
7.1.1NIH Summer Internship Program
Nota Bene: NIH SIP has changed significantly start-
ing Summer 2019. The NIH now has two programs,
SIP (for graduating seniors, college students, and be-
yond), and HS-SIP, for high school students. HS-SIP
applications are now viewed by a central committee,
and individual investigators do not have a say in the
process, so the website does not recommend con-
tacting researchers. Because of these changes, much
of the information in the subsection The Application
Process may no longer be relevant.
7.1 working in a lab 54
The NIH Summer Internship Program (SIP) is a popu-
lar place to perform biology-related research during the
summer. The application process begins early (November–
December), and it is up to you to email researchers and ask
them if they have a position available (best results come
from emailing those who have previously taken high school
students). Note that the long commute (>1hour on the
metro, no parking for HS students) and low pay ($12/hour)
are downsides to this program. Some students even work
unpaid if the lab they desire does not have a paid position.
Most students end up performing wet lab research un-
der a mentor, usually a post-doc or staff scientist in the lab,
rather than directly under the Principal Investigator. The
first week of the internship is primarily composed of liter-
ature review and reading past papers produced by the lab
to gain a solid background on the basis of the research per-
formed in the lab. For the next few weeks, students conduct
research, usually performing numerous trials of an experi-
ment after their mentor demonstrates and explains the pro-
cedure. A large portion of the internship then consists of
performing these procedures, which can include qRT-PCR,
gel electrophoresis, PCR, western blotting, and so on. The
internship culminates in a poster day where interns present
their research to PIs, staff scientists, NIH employees, and
other students.
If a student’s work is part of a larger project by their
mentor, which is later published, the student may get their
name on the paper. This is a great accomplishment, es-
pecially if the paper is published in a high-impact journal.
However, whether a student’s name gets on a paper or not
is largely up to the individual mentor. Some mentors are
nice and slap interns’ names on their papers, others will
only do so when interns have significant contributions to
7.1 working in a lab 55
the research. The vast majority of high school interns at the
NIH do not get their name on a publication. Do not apply
to the NIH because you want your name on a publication.
Apply to the NIH if you want to gain experience working
in a lab.
If you are interested in computational biology (as op-
posed to wet lab research), working at the NIH may not
be helpful at all. Although the NIH has a supercomputer
(which high school students can access with a bit of pa-
perwork), TJ’s computer resources will generally suffice for
most computational biology projects. In addition, most
datasets are public, so unless your mentor has access to
private datasets, you will be working with publicly avail-
able data (and thus you may have to beat every previous
algorithm in order to have novel research). However, quite
a few researchers do have private datasets (which are often
later made public), and in general your work will be inter-
esting. As a rule of thumb, if your sole computer science
interest is in computational biology, then the NIH may be
for you. However, if you are interested in computer science,
and computational biology is just an interesting application
of CS, then the NIH is most likely not for you.
The Application Process
Nota Bene: Due to significant changes starting Sum-
mer 2019, this information may no longer be rele-
vant, especially for HS-SIP applications. View the
webpages for SIP and HS-SIP for up-to-date infor-
mation.
The application process is fairly long. Information for the
traditional summer internship program is available here.
7.1 working in a lab 56
Normally it begins in December. You need two teacher rec-
ommendations, and you will need to budget enough time
for you to fill out their forms and for them to write the
recommendation.
However, if all you do is fill out the application, you
won’t get anywhere. No one will find you. Instead, you
have to email people at the NIH who did work in the field
you are interested in. Look through the PDF brochure of the
previous years’ Summer Poster days (2017 available here)
to see which investigators took high school students in the
field you are interested in.
Eventually, if your interest is in a niche, you will run out
of people that took high school students and you should
email researchers who may not have taken high school stu-
dents or who work in tangential fields. Keep in mind that
your greatest chance of success is always with a researcher
who has taken high school students previously.
You won’t hear back from 70% of the researchers you
email. They’re busy people. Roughly 20% will tell you
“Sorry, I’m not looking for high school students", or “Sorry,
my slots are filled this year". If you are lucky, perhaps 10%
will respond positively to you and you might have an inter-
view over Skype/Hangouts (or even in person). Even after
an interview, you may not get the job (tighter funding dur-
ing a Republican administration is an oft-cited reason for
lack of available intern positions). In general, it is recom-
mended to email 30–50 people.
After you are accepted, there are numerous forms to fill
out (this is the government, after all). Once you get to the
NIH, make sure you fill out the metro reimbursement form
as soon as possible, or you will be paying hundreds over
the course of the summer just to commute to work.
7.1 working in a lab 57
7.1.2ASSIP
By Eric Lin (ASSIP 17)
The Aspiring Scientists Summer Institute Program (AS-
SIP) is a 7.5-week-long summer internship held at George
Mason University (predominantly at the Fairfax campus).
Stretching from the last week of June to the first week of Au-
gust, student interns work directly under the mentorship of
George Mason professors and post-doctoral and doctorate
researchers. The disciplines range from computer science
and chemistry to the physical and life sciences; there are 19
different fields of study, each with multiple possible profes-
sors as mentors. Thus, there is a plethora of possibilities.
However, the wide range and massive size of the pro-
gram are a double-edged sword. Since there are so many
mentors, their teaching style and quality covers a wide range
as well. Rest assured, all mentors are professors (you won’t
be paired up with a doctoral student), so they will have
decent experience with guiding college students through
research. Unfortunately, some may view ASSIP interns as
simply interns and not full-fledged researchers, and will
give you simple projects to work on. These may be fun
professors to hang around and work for, but let’s be real—
the reason you’re doing summer research isn’t to primarily
have a fun time. It’s to truly experience research—perhaps
for the first time—and the end goal should be something
tangible—a paper and poster at the very least, preferably
submitted and accepted at research conferences and jour-
nals.
The mandatory end product of all ASSIP research projects
is a standard research poster. At the end of the first or sec-
ond week of August, there will be a showcase of every AS-
7.1 working in a lab 58
SIP project on stage at George Mason. However, as stated
before, this is the minimum requirement. Thousands of
high school students “conduct research" every year. The
vast majority of this research ends up on a poster. Sure,
a poster looks impressive at first glance; it may look far
prettier than a bland research paper. Yet, in my opinion, a
solidly and professionally written research paper is a must
for all legitimate research. Not only does it present your
work in a professional manner, having a research paper
ready to go is extremely useful for your future—you can
upload it to colleges as supplemental material, submit it
to competitions such as STS or Davidson, and even cite it
during job or college interviews. I highly encourage you
to show initiative and ask your professor in the first few
weeks about your intent on writing a legitimate, profes-
sional research paper. This will indicate to your mentor
that you don’t want to be like most high school interns and
piggyback on a graduate student’s project, or run a small,
insignificant experiment, but instead that you truly want to
conduct research and contribute to current research efforts.
The ASSIP Application Process
Regarding the actual ASSIP application, it is not very long
nor time consuming to complete. If you have completed ap-
plications for RSI, SEAP, or similar research programs, the
ASSIP application should be a breeze. First, the entire appli-
cation is on the website (here) pretty much all year-round,
and the application almost never changes from one year to
the next. Moreover, the deadline is in the first week of
February, which is after most other applications. However,
I would highly recommend starting the application process
much earlier. As with NIH, contacting the researchers—
7.2 research programs 59
in this case, GMU professors—is of utmost importance. It
is trivial to search up the emails of professors (all have
GMU-associated web pages) and it doesn’t take long to
send emails to 10 or 15 professors. I suggest emailing ei-
ther right before or after winter break.
The point of reaching out through emails is to give you
a huge advantage in the application process; the professors
are the ones that select and admit interns. Furthermore,
Stage 2of the application process is an interview with the
professors, and if you have already corresponded through
emails, it will be much less stressful than talking to a com-
plete stranger. Think about it this way—if you contact 15
professors and 5like you and would like to take you on
as a student, you have in effect flipped the system. Now,
you get to choose which lab to go to for the summer (this is
similar to the college application process for top students;
in the end they’re the ones choosing colleges, not the other
way around).
7.2 research programs
Most research programs and camps are useless; you are
better off working on your own. Any research camp where
you have to pay any money (except, perhaps travel costs) is,
in general, not recommended. Perhaps the one exception
is the Simons summer research program, which is a worse
version of RSI, and costs $2,000. Research programs at uni-
versities which you may wish to apply to in the future are
useless—they do not meaningfully increase your overall ad-
mission chances. However, a couple research programs are
actually useful.
7.2 research programs 60
7.2.1Research Science Institute
By Franklyn Wang (RSI 17)
The Research Science Institute, held at MIT, is the most
prestigious high school research program. It annually ad-
mits fifty domestic students and thirty international stu-
dents to do research with mentors in the Boston Area, hail-
ing from Harvard, MIT, Northeastern, Boston University, as
well as companies. Students stay at Masseh Hall, at MIT, for
six weeks. The program is entirely expense-paid.
The Application Process
Let’s be real, knowing about RSI is meaningless unless you
can get in. From what we understand, there are two pri-
mary routes to getting in.
1. The first route is the research route. This route likely
requires you to make ISEF as a sophomore or become
published in a journal as a coauthor. Both of these
generally require finding a good internship the sum-
mer before your sophomore year (although indepen-
dent projects can certainly find success in these com-
petitions). The research route is generally the route
taken by most people who attend. However, a word
of caution: if you take this route, you must make it
clear in your application that you think you would
get a lot out of RSI, and that you would rather go to
RSI than continue your winning project.
2. The second route is the competition route. This gener-
ally requires one to qualify for a camp (or just barely
miss it). You also need a strong recommendation let-
ter from a teacher at TJ.
7.2 research programs 61
RSI Itself
During the first week, students are treated to classes from
professors, intended to broaden their perspectives. The
next four weeks are mentorship, where students work to-
gether with their mentors on their projects. The last week
is “Hell Week", when students write their papers and pre-
sentations. Sprinkled throughout are lectures from distin-
guished professors, like Pardis Sabeti (Broad Institute Pro-
fessor) and Eric Maskin (Nobel Laureate in Economics)
Another advantage of RSI is that the adults who direct it
advocate for students to be accepted to the colleges of their
choice. The results show. All but one domestic student
from RSI 2016 who applied to MIT was accepted.
7.2.2PRIMES-USA
By Joshua Lee (PRIMES-USA 17)
PRIMES is an opportunity for high school juniors to ex-
perience research in math, computer science or computa-
tional biology. Students partner up with mentors, who can
be graduate students, lecturers, professors, or other profes-
sionals on the topic. The program is hosted by MIT, and ap-
plications are open until mid-November to early-December
to high school juniors (or younger for those who intend
to graduate early). The computer science programs are
only available to Boston students, while the math program
(PRIMES-USA) is available nationwide.
About 20–30 students nationally are selected annually for
the math program, although this number has grown in re-
cent years. A student is paired up with a mentor in mid-
January soon after they are notified of being selected for
the program, and the first few weeks are meant for read-
7.2 research programs 62
ing, where the student familiarizes themselves with the
subject. They start doing the actual research shortly after-
wards, usually meeting with their mentor at least once or
twice a week, although this number differs greatly from
student to student. There is a convention in May, where all
PRIMES students meet at MIT and present on their prob-
lem, as well as their progress and where they’re headed in
the future. The PRIMES program continues yearlong, al-
though students are given great leniency in their schedules
from this point on, so that it doesn’t conflict with any pos-
sible summer plans.
Math research largely differs from other science fields in
that it can take hours and hours of doing nothing other than
sitting down and thinking to achieve any results. It is ex-
ponentially more difficult to achieve any significant results.
While you should put in your best effort and try to solve
the problem you are faced with, do not expect to reach a
breakthrough worthy of recognition within the math com-
munity. Instead, do the research to get a feel of what it is
like and to see if it’s something you want to pursue in the
future (i.e. going into academia).
Merely being accepted to PRIMES is an indication of ex-
cellence, and it is regarded highly when applying to college,
particularly for MIT. However, PRIMES doesn’t guarantee
you a ticket to MIT; please don’t apply to the program just
to raise your chances to get into MIT. PRIMES also offers
students exposure to math beyond high school, or an alter-
native to competition math, which may help guide the stu-
dent’s choice of career. Lastly, many PRIMES students sub-
mit their research projects to competitions such as Siemens,
and often win prizes (as did Franklyn Wang, a contributor
to this book).
7.3 independent research 63
7.3 independent research
Most labs will be reluctant to hire freshmen or sophomores,
and research programs are geared towards juniors and se-
niors. For example, PRIMES takes place during your junior
year, and RSI the summer after. Thus, your initial research
will generally be independent. Independent research offers
the freedom to choose your topic, but you will often be con-
strained by resources.
Some fields of research are more accessible than others
because they require fewer resources. Computer science
research is especially accessible as a TJ student due to the
free high-performance computing offered at TJ. The GPU
and CPU clusters can be accessed via SSH during the school
year and summer. In addition, several cloud computing
platforms offer free credits. Google Cloud Platform gives
a free $300 in credit to anyone with a credit card (the card
is not billed after the credits run out), and Amazon AWS
gives $150 with a .edu email (however, you must be 18, and
they do ask for verification).
The Github student pack is available to anyone (use your
tjhsst.edu email), which gives you free private repos while
you are a student. The Github student pack gives additional
AWS credit.
Any computer science or computational simulation project
can certainly be conducted from your own home. Any algo-
rithmic research, mathematics research, or theoretical work
which requires little resources can be done independently
(of course, theoretical work is very difficult to conduct with-
out a mentor through a research program like PRIMES-
USA). In addition, if you have the engineering supplies, an
engineering project can be conducted from your own home
(know your equipment and budget restrictions). In general,
7.3 independent research 64
any research which does not require large, expensive equipment
can be done in your own home, independently.
However, it should be noted that no matter your field,
without a research partner to keep you in check, it is very
easy to waste the summer away unless you are extremely
motivated or have previous project experience. Therefore,
we recommend meeting with a research partner in person
for a set time every day during the months of your research
project.
You should enjoy whatever project you pick, and the re-
sults (awards, prizes, recognition, etc.) will follow. Yes, it’s
true: some topics are far more likely to win awards than oth-
ers. Projects involving disease diagnosis or water quality or
computational biology generally lend themselves better to
science fairs and competitions than engineering projects or
pure physics or math. But you shouldn’t choose your topic
based on whether it will win awards, since these research
competitions have a high degree of randomness. Projects
that win a science fair with hundreds of competitors often
walk away with nothing at the next. Be creative, be unique,
and do something you enjoy, or you’ll give up when you
inevitably run into difficulties. And whether it’s in a lab or
your garage or after school or during 8th period, there are
plenty of resources available to you, and you can always ask
a teacher or lab director if you need equipment purchased
or simply a second opinion.
When you embark on an independent project, let your
teachers know, and ask them for advice. If you are trying
to make an algorithm more efficient, talk to your computer
science teacher. They may have experience in the field, or
know someone knowledgeable, or at the very least, encour-
age and critique your idea. If you plan on submitting your
work to a competition, you’ll need a teacher sponsor any-
7.4 competing with your project 65
way (someone to sign off on forms). And when you in-
evitably need a recommendation a year later, now you have
someone who is familiar with your work and ambitions
outside of their classroom.
7.4 competing with your project
Three major research competitions exist. Each of these com-
petitions comes with substantial prizes, and a high place in
any of them is a great achievement. However, all competi-
tions have a certain degree of randomness. Some students
will fare admirably in one competition, only to fail miser-
ably in another with the same project.
7.4.1Siemens Competition
Deadline: Late September
By Franklyn Wang (Siemens 2nd Place, 17)
Nota Bene: The Siemens Competition ended in 2017,
and will not be held in upcoming years.
The Siemens Competition in Math, Science, and Technol-
ogy is a high school research competition. There are both
Individual and Team categories. The Individual category is
open only to seniors, whereas the Team category is avail-
able to anyone.
The submission deadline is in mid- to late-September. It
requires turning in a report (which has meticulous guide-
lines, including citing code, double spacing, and a page
limit of 18 pages), obtaining approval from the principal,
and having mentors fill out forms.
7.4 competing with your project 66
In mid-October, the Semifinalists are announced. Gener-
ally speaking, if you’ve formatted your work correctly, you
should be named Semifinalist. Semifinalists are the top 150
team projects and the top 150 individual projects. Then, the
very next day, the Regional Finalists are announced. These
are five projects in both the team and the individual cate-
gory for each of six regions, so they number sixty projects
total. The Regional Finals occur just in time for the college
early application deadline.
The Regional Finalist stage comes with a $1,000 prize, as
well as numerous goodies. You must make a poster and
slides for your project. These are each due in late October.
Then in November, each of the regional finalists will make
a presentation (via Cisco WebEx) to judges from the spon-
sor university in their region. In order to ensure lack of
bias, the judges are required to be from different universi-
ties than the mentor of the research project. The Regionals
happen at different times, some in early November, some
in late November. The winners of each regional advance
to Nationals, and recieve an additional $2,000 on top of the
$1,000 prize.
The National Finals are in the very beginning of Decem-
ber. Students are taken to a hotel in Washington D.C., where
they enjoy five days of socializing. Judges look at the poster,
the presentations, and the paper. However, the poster is not
presented to the judges, as the judges view the poster in a
private poster session. The prize structure was changed in
2017, so the prize given to 3rd–6th place in both categories
is $25,000, the prize given to 2nd place is $50,000, and the
prize given to 1st place is $100,000.
7.4 competing with your project 67
7.4.2Intel International Science & Engineering Fair (ISEF)
Forms due: Early January
Reaching ISEF requires succeeding at ISEF-affiliated school
and regional fairs. Forms are due in early January for TJ’s
science fair (or much earlier if your project involves human
subjects or sensitive data). The TJ Science Fair is held in late
January or early February, and all judges are TJ parents.
ISEF (and the affiliated regional and school fairs) differ
from other research competitions in that you are judged
relative to other projects in your category. There are ap-
proximately 20 categories, about half of which are biology-
related (Computational Biology, Biochemistry, Animal Sci-
ences, etc.). Projects can be completed individually or in a
team (up to 3people per team).
At the TJ science fair, judges do not necessarily have sig-
nificant expertise in your research field, so good projects
often slip through the cracks and do not win their category.
Only projects that win their category are eligible for the
Fairfax County Regional science fair. NB: the rules change
every year, this was not true in 2018.
However, if your project was awarded Siemens Competi-
tion Semifinalist or Regeneron STS Semifinalist, you are au-
tomatically eligible for the Regional science fair. (Note that
you still have to participate in the TJ science fair.) Thus, the
best way to ensure your project will be judged by qualified
individuals at the regional science fair is to submit your
project to the Siemens competition. Of course, this assumes
you have finished the vast majority of your research by the
September deadline.
At the Regional science fair (held in March each year),
there are approximately 400 projects. For the first half of
7.4 competing with your project 68
judging day, judges with expertise in your category judge
all projects in your category. The judges convene, and around
noon, thirty “Grand Prize Nominee" projects are called out,
and the students of the other projects leave. Note that some
categories may not have a Grand Prize Nominee, while
other categories will have multiple. After lunch, only thirty
projects remain, and a series of Grand Prize judges view the
thirty remaining projects. The top 9projects of the 30 Grand
Prize Nominees move on to Intel ISEF in May. All category
winners (which may or may not be Grand Prize Nominees)
and Grand Prize Nominees move on to the State science fair.
If you qualify for Intel ISEF (top 9), then you do not have
to attend the State science fair. Note that generally, only
2–3of the top 9projects are team projects, and the rest are
individual. From TJ, grand prize winners are generally lim-
ited to two individuals and one team. If your project wins
your category or “first place" (about 75 projects), but is not
in the top 9, you can still qualify for ISEF through the State
science fair. However, only three to five projects out of the
200 at the State science fair qualify for ISEF.
Intel ISEF occurs in mid-May each year, and is a week-
long expense-paid event held in Los Angeles, Phoenix, or
Pittsburgh, depending on the year. Most of the week is
spent setting up posters, meeting fellow competitors, and
attending various speeches, events, and parties. Wednes-
day is judging day, where you will present your project to
16 judges (10 minutes per judge). Unlike previous science
fairs, the judges at ISEF will only allow roughly 30 seconds
for you to go over your project before interrupting your
speech with questions. It is up to you to answer their ques-
tions (and follow-up questions) efficiently, and steer the
conversation towards strong points you wish to highlight.
There are more than sixteen 10 minute blocks throughout
7.4 competing with your project 69
the day; you will have resting periods after some judging
sessions.
After all judging sessions, there is one final session where
no one has any judges scheduled. In this final session,
judges circle back to projects of interest. In general, the
more judges that visit your project during this last session,
the greater your award, but this is not always true. It has
varied from year to year.
Throughout science fair, there are a second set of judges
called organizational judges. These judges are sent by vari-
ous sponsors and decide who receives corporate cash awards.
At ISEF, these cash awards are generally $1,000 to $2,000—
students often win more from corporations than from their
category placement. Whenever you get a judge, you should
quickly discern whether they are organizational or not. Of-
ten, organizational judges have special badges. When deal-
ing with an organizational judge, be careful to not go too
technical and make sure to emphasize your research’s appli-
cations. It is very advantageous to tie in your applications
to the company or group they represent.
7.4.3Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS)
Deadline: Mid-November
Unlike the other competitions, STS is only open to se-
niors. STS is arguably the most rigorous research compe-
tition. Projects must be completed individually (working
with a mentor is acceptable, and the majority do), and can
be started anytime during high school.
Note that the purpose of STS is not to find the best re-
search project, but rather to find “scientific talent". This
means that STS judges a person for their scientific think-
7.4 competing with your project 70
ing and achievement, as well as the project’s merits. Thus,
the STS application is intensive, requiring numerous 300–
500 word essays describing the origin and inspiration of the
project, as well as your view about current scientific prob-
lems and developments. Applicants list all research and
awards they have achieved during the previous four years.
Additionally, a recommendation from a research mentor (if
you have one), and a teacher are required. This process
is comparable to, but far more rigorous than, the college
application process.
Approximately 1800 projects are submitted to STS. 300
projects are awarded Semifinalist honors in early January.
Semifinalist selection is based entirely on research papers.
Of those, 40 projects are awarded Finalist honors roughly
two weeks later, based on previous research, essays, recom-
mendations, and other application information. If you wish
to become a Finalist (minimum $25,000 in prize money),
spend significant time on your essays, and have a previous
research award (ISEF Finalist, Siemens Regional/National
Finalist, Davidson, etc.) or extensive previous research ex-
perience. Finalists spend a week in Washington D.C. to de-
termine the top 10 projects. There, finalists not only present
their project, but also answer a series of questions regarding
scientific basics from any discipline, as well as work out so-
lutions to hypothetical scenarios. Thus, after the announce-
ment of finalists in mid-January, many finalists spend a few
weeks before March reading AP review books for biology,
chemistry, and physics, to brush up on basic facts they may
have forgotten. Winners are decided in early March, and
are based on finalists’ projects and how well they answer
their questions.
In terms of the selection process, your paper is ranked
within your category against all the other papers. The top
7.4 competing with your project 71
300 (Semifinalists) are determined by taking the top xper-
centage of papers from each category. The top 100 projects
are decided in the same way. The judges then look at es-
says and and other submission material to whittle the top
100 down to the 40 finalists.
7.4.4Davidson Fellows Scholarships
Deadline: Mid-February
This competition is open to both humanities and science
research. Like STS, it involves far more than just a research
project, as both recommendations and multiple essays are
required. It takes a decent amount of time, so plan on work-
ing ahead of time. However, the prizes are fairly large
($10,000+ for 20 students). Note that Davidson Scholar-
ships are also available to students in humanities fields. All
projects must be individual, so most students from TJ apply
their senior year, but the application is open to anyone in
high school. Results come out in July. At TJ, Davidson is
the least popular research competition, and only a handful
of students apply each year.
In terms of the application itself, you should contact your
recommenders ahead of time. The recommendation isn’t
really about you, but rather your project, so make sure to
give them a thorough description of your project. The rec-
ommender form is online so you can look at it before giving
them the information. Besides that, make sure your paper
is very, very thorough. In general, Davidson prefers theo-
retical research so make sure to give rigorous proofs and
explanations of your work.
7.4 competing with your project 72
7.4.5Google Science Fair
Submission Window: September to December
Prior to 2016, Google Science Fair was a global science
competition where students between the ages of 13 and 18
submitted projects online between February and May. Stu-
dents could compete as teams of up to 3or as individu-
als, and had to submit a summary of their work, a short
video/presentation, and a research paper. One hundred
Regional Finalists were announced in July. Sixteen Global
Finalists were announced in August, and were invited to
a ceremony in California where the 5winners (including a
grand prize winner) were announced in September. Win-
ners were split evenly between projects from the two age
categories, 13–15 and 16–18. The Grand Prize Winner re-
ceived $50,000; the other winners received various smaller
awards.
Google Science Fair did not occur in 2017 or 2018. A re-
vamped website now appears at googlesciencefair.com,
and offers little information other than the submission win-
dow: September to December 2018. The rules, format, pro-
cedures, and prizes of the new competition may be different
than previous Google Science Fairs. Nevertheless, this com-
petition may serve as a valuable opportunity for students
now that the Siemens Competition has been discontinued.
8
RESEARCH VS. CAMPS
Now that you’ve read through many of the research op-
portunities outlined in the previous chapter, as well as the
Olympiad camp avenues in Chapter 6, you may be won-
dering which path to pursue. Should you work towards a
camp or conduct a research project?
This is a difficult question to answer. In an ideal world,
you should do both, but as time is limited and you will have
other activities (homework, sports), it is very difficult to be
successful in both research and camps. Students who suc-
ceed in both research and camps waste little time and are
extraordinarily motivated. In addition, they tend to pursue
projects in the field of their camp.
Generally speaking, Olympiad camps provide a more
surefire way of demonstrating your knowledge. If you put
in the time, study the books, and do the practice problems
consistently, your performance in qualifying exams will re-
flect your hard work. Of course, nothing is a guarantee.
In every subject, an exam might focus on a particular area
you neglected, or you might just be unlucky and forget a
formula or a fact or make an arithmetic error. But none of
these unplanned errors even begin to compare to the ran-
domness in research competitions.
73
research vs.camps 74
Research competitions contain a great deal of random-
ness. In lower levels of the science fair, parent judging is
horrendous. Organizers have even said themselves that par-
ent judging is poor. At the regional and state level, judges
are slightly better, seeing through towering poster boards
and unnecessary electronics, but they still make mistakes.
Consider it from their perspective. A single judge will never
view every project in a fair. A judge won’t even view every
project in a category. And how does one compare research
in one field to another? When you view one project that is
clearly better than another, it’s easy to tell them apart, but
at the upper echelons of research competitions, projects all
seem similarly complex and competitors make equally bold
claims. By and large, the projects that win a fair are in the
top 5–10%, but they are not guaranteed to be the best.
For competitions requiring a full research paper, judging
is slightly better, but still contains randomness. At least
you can fully flesh out your ideas, and judges (presumably)
read through your full methodology, results and conclusion.
But even then, when it comes to STS, reading through the
top 300 projects won’t help you pick out the forty best—
which is why judges rely on recommendations, essays, and
past research experience.
At the end of the day, Olympiad camps are certainly
more work to reach; expect a minimum of two years of
work to reach any particular camp (save MOP, which is far
more difficult, since students are exposed to competition
math far earlier than they are to biology or chemistry or
physics). But if you truly enjoy the subject, if you really
have a passion for the field, the work will seem enjoyable,
and the knowledge gained will benefit you greatly in sub-
sequent years whether you make camp or not. Plus, there
are always other competitions where you can win prizes
research vs.camps 75
and gain recognition (like the Toronto Exam for biology
students or Chem 13 for chemists), and preparing for camp
will certainly prepare you for these contests.
On the other hand, the majority of research projects (even
winning projects) take less than a year to complete. In ad-
dition, most of the work is concentrated in the summer
months, when students are free from their other commit-
ments. But working longer or putting more effort into your
project doesn’t improve your odds of success. Instead, re-
search success relies on a broad set of skills. It requires
an interesting idea with broad implications, the skills and
resources to complete the problem, and eloquent writing
and speaking. Camps require narrower but deeper knowl-
edge, making it nearly impossible for a student to transition
from research to camps, but certainly possible to move from
camps to research.
Younger students often prefer to pursue camps. Since al-
most no one has any significant biology, chemistry, physics,
or computer science knowledge before 9th grade, freshmen
start off on even footing (except competition math, of course).
Starting early is key for camp success. In addition, younger
students often don’t have the broader skills necessary to
succeed in research competitions, from scientific writing
and poster presenting to basic computer science (many projects
have small algorithmic parts). But by junior year, if you
haven’t made significant headway into your field, it will be
extraordinarily difficult to qualify for a camp, so older stu-
dents tend to prefer research. Nevertheless, these students’
camp efforts are not for naught. Even if you never qualify
for a camp, the knowledge you gain from studying greatly
expands the possible research projects you have the skills
to pursue.
research vs.camps 76
We leave you with the following advice. If you prefer
honing your knowledge in a particular field, diving far
deeper than what TJ will teach you, and want to be one of
the best high school students in the nation in your field, pur-
sue a camp. However, if you would much rather apply your
knowledge from coursework and extra readings, if you pre-
fer to learn on the go and think of interesting ideas and
execute them, then pursue a research project. And when-
ever possible, do both.
9
STANDARDIZED EXAMS
Taking standardized exams should be a fairly straightfor-
ward process. We recommend taking the SAT between sec-
ond semester sophomore year and first semester junior year.
Most students don’t (and shouldn’t) take the SAT more
than twice. Take practice SAT’s, set yourself a realistic tar-
get score, and do not retake the test if it is unlikely that you
will improve by more than 30 points on your next try.
Above a certain point, your SAT score has little bearing
in the college admissions process, but can be useful for Na-
tional Merit Scholarship awards. You should do well on
the SAT math section, provided you make no silly mistakes.
SAT math covers basic topics compared to the TJ curricu-
lum. The SAT essay is also fairly straightforward if you
follow the rubric. We recommend reading the official Col-
legeboard suggestions online, so you know how your essay
will be graded. The SAT essay format (persuasive writing)
is also very similar to that taught by most English 11 teach-
ers at the beginning of junior year.
If you are applying as a STEM major, you will most likely
need to take two (2) SAT II exams. Unless you wish to at-
tend Georgetown, no additional SAT II exams should be
taken. SAT Math 2must be one of your two exams. The
math exam requires little extra preparation and should be
77
standardized exams 78
taken sometime near the conclusion of the school year (prefer-
ably June), as you will have less coursework at this time.
Much of the material overlaps with TJ Math 3and 4cur-
riculum. Many schools require your second exam to be a
science SAT II. There are two SAT II Biology exams, and ei-
ther one should be taken near the conclusion of AP Biology.
The SAT II Chemistry exam should be taken near the end of
Chemistry I or AP Chemistry, since it tests a subset of either
courses’ curriculum. On the other hand, the Physics SAT II
covers material outside the AP Physics curriculum, so you
will need to study for that exam if you choose to take it.
Thus, it is recommended that you take the SAT II Biology
or Chemistry if you have taken AP Biology or Chemistry,
respectively. You should aim to achieve an 800 on all SAT II
exams you take. A lower score won’t hurt you, but an 800
is more than doable with practice.
It goes without saying that you do not need any test
preparation outside of taking a few practice tests during
the weeks before an exam. You can find dozens of practice
test books (Barron’s, Princeton Review, Kaplan) at your lo-
cal library. Any outside services are frivolous, useless, and
expensive wastes of time.
10
RESUME-BOOSTING ACTIVITIES TO AVOID
Many students at TJ perform resume-boosting; they engage
in activities solely for the purpose of inflating their achieve-
ments when applying to college. Counselors and teachers
tell students only to pursue activities they truly enjoy, and
not to worry about their resume. And yet, year after year,
students resume-boost. Resume-boosting often takes the
form of:
•Founding a non-profit
•Founding a start-up
•Paying for science fair projects (This often takes the
form of research camps that cost thousands of dollars)
•Disingenuous volunteer work
•Giving a TEDx talk
•Unproductive internships
•Creating a club
•National Honor Society
•Foreign Language Honor Society (membership; offi-
cer positions have tasks)
79
resume-boosting activities to avoid 80
•Exaggerating hackathon projects (presenting 24-hour
work as multi-week affairs)
Of course, not every non-profit or start-up is founded
for the resume-boost, however, the vast majority of non-
profit organizations and start-ups founded by high school
students go nowhere, and you would be better off joining a
legitimate organization rather than founding your own.
Internships which do not provide you with a meaningful
opportunity to grow and learn are also a form of resume-
boosting. Many students take on a job simply to add an
additional activity to their list (most likely between junior
and senior year, when they realize they don’t have enough
for college applications).
We have already discussed the difficulties in founding a
club in Chapter 3. Creating a useful club is not resume-
boosting, but founding a club that accomplishes nothing
and teaches little while sounding important on paper is cer-
tainly resume-boosting. If a club name is excessively long
or sounds complicated, chances are it was founded for the
resume-boost and lives on as a useless organization.
Unfortunately, resume-boosting, done thoroughly, actu-
ally works. Enough nonprofits and conference talks can
get you into Harvard, nevertheless, you should not take the
path of resume-boosting.
Why, if resume-boosting can get me into Harvard, should
I not pursue it? Why shouldn’t I create a start-up or a
non-profit for the sole purpose of getting me into college?
Simply put, resume-boosting only works when you pick up
news coverage (this does not mean a local paper, like the
Fairfax Times, but rather a national publication or technol-
ogy/science website). Once you have convinced a signifi-
cant publication that your start-up/invention/non-profit is
resume-boosting activities to avoid 81
a legitimate enterprise, others will follow and fairly soon
articles about you and your project will cover the first page
of Google when anyone searches your name.
This is, of course, rare for a TJ student. It is extraordi-
narily difficult to convince a legitimate publication to run
a story on a high school “wiz-kid" without connections. If
successful, however, it will be your ticket to Harvard/Stanford.
If you cannot convince a news outlet to run a story on your
project, all your effort creating a non-profit/start-up will go
to waste. At this point, colleges pretty much assume all of
the activities listed above are BS unless proven otherwise.
And thus, 95% of resume-boosting fails.
Resume-boosting is one reason why Olympiad camps are
significant accomplishments. You cannot boost your way
to a camp, you must achieve the knowledge and skill your-
self. Research competitions can be muddied by projects that
were paid for (usually through expensive research camps),
but paid projects for the most part fail in the early stages of
research competitions.
At the end of the day, if you have a legitimate reason to
form a non-profit, start-up, or club, by all means, do so. But
if your main intention is to inflate your resume, reconsider
your actions. The vast majority of resume-boosters fail.
11
APPLYING TO COLLEGE
Applying to college from TJ is a time-consuming process.
TJ students apply to many colleges (often too many), and
the application process unfortunately tends to dominate
first semester senior year. First, we will cover non-TJ-specific
terminology.
11.1 terminology
•Early: Refers to applications due November 1st (or ear-
lier). Generally, students apply to 1or 2schools early.
Results generally come out the week before December
15th.
•Regular: Refers to applications due January 1st (or
around that time). If students do not gain admission
to their top choice during the early application round,
they apply to the rest of their schools in the regular
round.
•Early Action: Applying to a school early action means
you can apply to other schools early. Popular private
early action schools include MIT and Caltech. Most
public schools (including UVA) have EA programs.
82
11.2 recommendations 83
•Restrictive Early Action: You can only apply to other
public universities early. Popular REA schools include
Stanford, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.
•Early Decision: You can apply to other schools early,
but if you gain admission to an Early Decision school,
you must attend the school. Popular ED schools in-
clude Cornell, Duke, Columbia, and Carnegie Mellon.
•Deferral: An early application that is not accepted but
not rejected. Deferred applications are reconsidered
in the regular round.
•Waitlist: Students who aren’t quite strong enough for
regular admission are offered a spot on a waitlist. Some
waitlisted students will be offered admission in May.
The percentage of waitlisted students offered admis-
sion vary greatly by college, but are generally small
(<10%) for elite colleges.
•Yield Rate: The percentage of students who, once ad-
mitted, decide to matriculate and attend that particu-
lar university. Schools usually want to have a higher
yield rate, as it gives them more control in filling their
class (less risk of under or overfilling).
11.2 recommendations
In second semester junior year, counselors introduce the Ju-
nior Packet, marking the beginning of the arduous college
admissions process. You shouldn’t start thinking about
colleges before this point. Once the Junior Packet is intro-
duced, however, you will begin the first of many essays
on your goals, aspirations, accomplishments, activities, tri-
als, and tribulations. The contents of the Junior Packet vary
11.2 recommendations 84
from counselor to counselor, but the packet has a singu-
lar purpose: to provide your counselor with enough infor-
mation about your life to write a counselor recommenda-
tion. Since most students only interact with their counselor
during freshman IBET, at course selection time sophomore
year, and for a brief one-on-one session junior year, coun-
selors need written information from you to create a com-
prehensive recommendation. Most Junior Packets ask for
your resume (or a list of accomplishments and activities),
answers to a dozen or so open-ended questions (“What is
your biggest weakness?", “What do you look forward to in
college?", etc.), and a parent’s answers to similar questions
about you. You’ll also be asked for a preliminary list of col-
leges you plan to apply to—nothing final, but you should
take the time to consider carefully your preferred academic,
geographic, and cultural environment. Budget at least a
week of time from start to finish—you’ll need time to think,
reflect, and draft your responses. Let your parents know
well ahead of the packet due date so they have enough time
to write their part. Most counselors make the packet due
near the end of junior year (in early June, a few weeks after
AP exams), but others let you turn it in September senior
year.
Many colleges require teacher recommendations. Most
colleges that require teacher recommendations ask for two,
and prefer your recommending teachers be from your ju-
nior year. If you plan to apply to MIT, one of your rec-
ommenders must be a humanities teacher, and one must
be a math or science teacher. Most colleges have no such
requirements, but we advise asking teachers from two dif-
ferent subjects anyway. Most students ask teachers for rec-
ommendations near the end of junior year. When choosing
11.2 recommendations 85
which teachers to ask for recommendations, consider the
following factors:
•How well you’ve performed in the class
•How often you participate in class
•How much effort you put into your work for the class
•How long you’ve known the teacher (e.g. if you’ve
had them multiple years)
•Any outside activities you participate in sponsored by
the teacher
In short, the ideal recommending teacher knows about
your abilities, ambitions, and personality before you ask
them for a rec and fill out their form.
Every teacher has a different recommendation procedure.
Most will give you a form to fill out with open-ended ques-
tions pertaining to their class and your ambitions outside.
Many teachers will make this form due near the beginning
of school senior year if you intend to apply early, or a cou-
ple months later should you choose to only apply regular.
Some students feel their application would be stronger
with a secondary recommendation from a mentor or coach.
It’s unclear how much influence these secondary recom-
mendations have, but chances are it will only be worth the
effort if the adult advocating for you has a unique perspec-
tive your teachers aren’t able to address. For example, if
you’ve spent months working under the tutelage of a sea-
soned researcher, he or she might give colleges insight into
your advanced skills and strong work ethic through a sec-
ondary rec. Even then, a secondary recommendation might
not make much difference. Perhaps the only time one can
11.3 early action &early decision 86
be sure a secondary recommendation will influence a de-
cision is if by some stroke of luck the professor you work
under happens to be employed by the university you apply
to. Please note that some colleges do not accept secondary
recommendations. Colleges usually list their recommenda-
tion requirements on their website.
Recommendations’ influence on a college decision is hard
to quantify. Students never see a word of what their teach-
ers, counselors, or secondary mentors submit. Colleges
themselves are notoriously vague about the influence and
weighting of the aspects of an application. Recommenda-
tions are essentially a black box—you’ll see what you give
to teachers, and you’ll find out the result a few months later
through a paragraph in a college admission portal. Every-
thing in between is a mystery. So answer your teachers’ and
counselor’s questions thoroughly and honestly, and don’t
worry about the rest.
11.3 early action &early decision
Applying Early Decision raises your chances of acceptance,
since fewer people are willing to commit to a school in
November. In addition, Early Decision schools tend to not
be the top institutions, rather, they aim to lock up students
who might otherwise get into (and attend) a different uni-
versity, thus increasing yield rates. For example, Harvard,
Yale, and Princeton are Restrictive Early Action, because
these schools already have high yield rates, whereas the
other five Ivies all have Early Decision programs. Students
who don’t apply Early Decision often use the early round
to apply to a “reach" college (one they don’t expect to get
into), along with a realistic public university. For many, this
11.3 early action &early decision 87
means a selective EA/REA college and a state school (UVA,
UMich, etc.).
Some schools have extremely high deferral rates (up to
80%) for early applicants. These schools are generally insti-
tutions that recieve tens of thousands of applications, but
have only a couple thousand slots, such as Princeton, Har-
vard, and MIT. Notably, Stanford has a low deferral rate,
resulting in a much higher percentage of deferred appli-
cants accepted in the regular round (15%). Some deferred
students may choose to send a “letter of continued interest"
to these colleges, however, some colleges, like MIT, have a
specific “February Update Form” for you to let them know
of any achievements since November. Nevertheless, due to
high deferral rates, the vast majority of deferred applicants
do not receive admission. Treat a deferral like a rejection,
and put your best effort into your regular applications to
maximize your success.
From TJ, roughly 12–16 students make MIT, about 8make
Harvard, Princeton, and Yale, and 5–8make Stanford, al-
though this varies from year to year. This does not mean
that 41–48 students make these colleges, since the “top 5–
10” students will inevitably gain admission to 2–3of these
colleges and thus be double-counted in these figures. For
the early round, expect that no more than 8will make
MIT, and no more than 4for the other colleges listed above.
Please keep in mind that these figures are all based on re-
cent data (within the last 3years), but could easily change
in the next few years. It is also worth noting that several
of these students are recruited for athletics, and thus have
near automatic admission.
11.4 in-state vs.out-of-state 88
11.4 in-state vs.out-of-state
A single university can have different acceptance rates for
in-state vs. out-of-state applicants, or for its different schools.
For example, the UVA acceptance rate for in-state students
was 41.3%, as opposed to a 23.7% acceptance rate for out-
of-state applicants. This benefits TJ students greatly; UVA
admits the vast majority of students with ≥4.3GPA post-
junior year, along with students who have lower GPAs but
significant extracurriculars.
For most universities, the school of engineering tends
to have a lower acceptance rate than the college of arts
and sciences, however, the difference in acceptance rates
between them vary extensively from university to univer-
sity. Carnegie Mellon, for example, has an extremely strong
computer science program, so its school of computer sci-
ence (SCS) has a 5–6% acceptance rate, less than a quarter
of its other schools.
Not only do universities have vastly different acceptance
rates for in-state and out-of-state students, the tuition for
in-state universities can be as low as a quarter of the out-
of-state tuition. This is a major reason why so many TJ
students go to UVA, even though they may have been ac-
cepted to a different institution. For them, its not worth the
extra $150,000 for a slightly “better" education.
11.5 applying to top universities
Dozens of TJ students (sometimes over 100) apply to MIT,
Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, Yale, and
other similarly selective schools each year. Perhaps these
students feel they can get the most out of these colleges, or
11.5 applying to top universities 89
they want an academic challenge, or they simply enjoy pay-
ing $60,000 a year. For whatever reason, if you wish to at-
tend a top university (without resume-boosting), in general,
you will need at least one major award or accomplishment.
In the realm of research and camps, examples of major ac-
complishments include, in no particular order of difficulty:
•STS Finalist
•ISEF Finalist
•Siemens National Finalist
•Siemens Regional Finalist (2×)
•Attending RSI
•Participating in PRIMES-USA
•Davidson Fellow
•Attending MOP, USAPhO, USABO, or USNCO
•Attending USACO twice
•Qualifying for an international olympiad
•Making USAMO 2 −3×
•Coauthor of paper published in high-impact scientific
journal
This is by no means a complete list. Any particularly unique or
noteworthy nationally recognized award—of which there
are too many to count—will find its way onto this list. Ma-
jor STEM awards outside the realm of research and camps
11.5 applying to top universities 90
are rare, because they require exceptional talent and cre-
ativity in competitions often not limited to high school stu-
dents. Thus, the accomplishments listed above are the ones
that pop up amongst TJ students year after year.
Even within this list, some of the accomplishments are
far more difficult than others (attending an international
olympiad vs. attending ISEF or making USAMO a few
times, for example), but they all have one thing in com-
mon: any one of these accomplishments, along with decent
grades, excellent essays, good recommendations, and a few
smaller achievements, can get you into the college of your
choice. Obviously, the less difficult your main accomplish-
ment, the better your essays/recommendations have to be.
In addition, the more recent your main accomplishment,
the more impressive. This is partially because it is more dif-
ficult to make camps as a junior, but also because it shows
growth and a positive trend. Reaching ISEF freshman year
but failing to make it past the regional science fair in sopho-
more and junior year tells colleges your initial research suc-
cess was merely a fluke. For this reason, if you have a
particularly successful sophomore year, you may want to
consider applying to colleges as a junior.
If you have multiple accomplishments and projects, your
essays will write themselves. Just think about an interest-
ing experience you had when solving a problem in your re-
search, or at a research competition, or preparing for/attending
a camp, and you will find that your essay will naturally
highlight and show some of your research or scientific abil-
ity. (Obviously, don’t do this for all your essays.) When
admissions officers read about your research, and then note
that you’ve won awards for it, they view the project as le-
gitimate, rather than something you’ve made up or exag-
gerated. It’s an unfortunate fact that high-quality work is
11.5 applying to top universities 91
easier to overlook without an award attached to it. This is
why we suggest you submit your research to competitions.
You generally don’t write about winning a competition or
award, but rather a snapshot of an experience along the
way.
Some universities favor camps (MIT, for example, is known
for taking campers), while others favor research (Stanford
accepted 10/10 RSI Early applicants into their Class of 2022).
Simply having a high GPA, a leadership position, and a sin-
gle varsity sport is not enough to ensure acceptance to the
most selective institutions, although it is certainly possible
with excellent essays and a bit of luck.
On the other hand, attending any international olympiad
is a surefire way to guarantee admission. STS Finalists
are also near-guarantees for almost all colleges. And a
nationally-ranked athlete (from TJ, these athletes are few
and far between, and generally swimmers, tennis players,
or rowers) will certainly be recruited to one or more institu-
tions. However, given that you are reading this guide, you
probably don’t fit into that last category. A well-rounded
student, however, one who succeeds as both an athlete and
an olympiad camper/finalist or researcher, is perhaps even
rarer.
Speaking of well-rounded, some students may find them-
selves in the position of having mostly STEM accomplish-
ments, along with a few humanities or athletic activities.
Don’t neglect these other achievements and only talk about
your scientific research and camp awards—colleges value
well-rounded individuals. Applications often have numer-
ous supplemental essays, which are generally short (200–
300 words), and perfect for talking about different aspects
of your life. A student who comes across as one-dimensional
will have a difficult time in the application process.
11.5 applying to top universities 92
11.5.1College-specific Information
As we mentioned earlier, MIT is known for taking campers,
while Stanford favors research. The vast majority of campers
apply to (and are accepted by) MIT early. MIT is also
known to be the most ‘resume-based’ college—they often
overlook mediocre essays and recommendations for MOP-
pers and other multi-year campers. Since MIT weighs es-
says and recommendations less than other colleges, its ad-
missions are generally the least ‘random’—one can predict
with great accuracy who will be admitted based on accom-
plishments alone.
Other colleges also exhibit preferences. CMU SCS is known
to like cybersecurity students (CTF competitors, especially
top PicoCTF finishers) and math students (USAMO quali-
fiers, etc.). Harvard tends to accept ‘famous students’, that
is, students who have articles or news stories written about
them. That’s not to say that Harvard only accepts famous
students, or MIT only accepts campers, just that if you are
famous or a camper, you have a very high chance of getting
into Harvard or MIT, respectively.
You may have noticed we haven’t mentioned GPA, grades,
or classes much in this chapter—that’s because they truly
don’t matter, as long as you have mostly A’s and A-’s. Prince-
ton seems to be the only Ivy school that cares—most of their
acceptances have very high GPAs (≥4.5end of junior year).
11.5.2The Main Takeaway
The main takeaway is this: barring any rare circumstances
(such as being from an extremely under-represented minor-
ity), a STEM student who has no major accomplishment
11.6 final thoughts 93
will have a difficult time getting into Harvard/Stanford/MIT.
With so many high-income, high-GPA, high-SAT, numerous-
AP applicants from across the country (and even within
TJ), it’s easy for these colleges to dismiss students with-
out a standout achievement. Research and camps are the
most common and structured ways to gain a major STEM
accomplishment, but there are certainly other avenues one
can take. Princeton, Yale, and other top-tier colleges are a
bit more lenient (since there aren’t that many people with
major research or camp accomplishments, and most go to
H/S/M), but you must have excellent essays and a some-
what unique experience to distinguish yourself from the
horde of other TJ students applying. Again, this advice
is for STEM students; those with humanities accomplish-
ments will have a different experience, since there are a
whole slew of writing/art/fine arts competitions and achieve-
ments which colleges weigh differently.
Finally, it’s worth noting that there is still randomness
involved. Students who have fewer accomplishments than
others may gain admission to more universities. Nothing
is a guarantee. Rest assured, at the end of the day, the
vast majority of TJ students are happy and content with the
college they end up at. College admission is not an end, but
rather a beginning. What matters most of all is what you
do at your university, and every college has research and
work opportunities.
11.6 final thoughts
There are infinite paths to college admission. Should you
not find an activity outlined here enjoyable, forge your own
path. Write apps. Build robots. Synthesize chemicals. If
11.6 final thoughts 94
you truly find something unique, something yours, you
will find time for it, and push yourself to work harder and
think bigger. In fact, you’ll probably have an easier time
getting into college if you succeed in your own unique way.
We’ve only covered some of the more traditional, structured
routes students take. If you intend to follow the advice in
this chapter, know that at the end of the day, it is impossible
to perform well in research or reach an olympiad camp if
your only motivation is college. You should enjoy the field
and your work. Only then will you be willing and able to
put in the time and work necessary.
The only path we discourage you from taking is the route
of resume-boosting. We believe that while the activities out-
lined in previous chapters allow students to develop skills
and experience that may be useful later, the only thing one
can learn from resume-boosting is how to find shortcuts in
life. We recognize a student’s high school accomplishments
and college decision will have little significance in a few
years, but we consider high school a great opportunity to
build tools for life. For better or worse, university admis-
sion is a strong motivator, but resume-boosting is nothing
more than a temporary solution to a temporary pressure.
Finally, it’s worth noting that some students face personal
hardship in their lives. Some students may deal with finan-
cial hardship or medical problems or mental health issues.
Rest assured, colleges consider your application holistically;
they take into account your unique circumstances and eval-
uate your accomplishments with respect to your opportuni-
ties and limitations. College essays and applications are de-
signed to give you space to express your experiences. Much
of our information (especially Section 11.5) won’t apply to
these students. We suggest these students reach out to older
peers with similar backgrounds for advice.
12
FACTORS YOU CAN’T CONTROL
Inevitably, your admission or rejection to college is partially
dependent on factors outside of your control. These in-
clude:
•Legacy
•Family income
•Race
•Gender
•First in family to go to college
•Residence in a state in the middle of nowhere
In addition, your GPA is dependent on your course grades,
and some teachers are harder than others. You have little
control over your teacher selection, but for the most part
over the course of four years you will have a mix of “easy"
and “hard" teachers.
It is possible to partially control your teachers through
course selection. Obviously, selecting APUSH vs. Dumb
HUM or Singleton Lang vs. Teamed will change your teach-
ers. However, you have some control in other courses. For
example, signing up for Multivariable calculus and AMT
95
factors you can’t control 96
will nearly guarantee you Dr. Osborne for both. Selecting
courses with too little interest for even a single class can
guarantee you one of your alternate courses (and you do
not need prerequisites to put down a course as an alter-
nate).
13
CONCLUSION
Your experiences at TJ may differ from the book. TJ poli-
cies will change over time (generally for the worse), as will
Olympiad camp, research competition, and college admis-
sion procedures. Nevertheless, we leave you with the fol-
lowing advice:
1. Find an academic subject you love! Possible subjects
include mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, robotics,
rocketry, computer science, economics, geosystems,
and many more!
2. Delve deeper into the subject. Attend the respective
TJHSST club (or make one, if there is no club!). Go
online and read more about the subject. Sign up for
free online courses or buy books or other material. If
you don’t find learning about the subject interesting, you
chose the wrong subject!
3. Find other areas of interests (academic or nonacademic)
and try to improve at those as well. Again, if you find
yourself not enjoying something, stop doing it.
4. Sign up for a sport at TJ (that you are somewhat de-
cent at) and strive to improve. Exercise helps with re-
97
conclusion 98
lieving stress, which may become an issue (especially
junior year).
5. Be respectful in class, pay attention, and stay on top
of your homework (try not to procrastinate, and use a
planner!). Try to participate in class as well.
6. Give back to the community in some way during your
years at TJ, whether it be through club leadership or
volunteer work. Disingenuous volunteer work (see
resume-boosting chapter) is discouraged.
7. (Optional) Find a friend, and do some sort of research
project in the academic area that you are interested in.
Even though you can enter this project into a competi-
tion, the goal here is for you to learn about research in
your field; in the long run, it doesn’t matter whether
or not you actually win the competition.
8. (Optional) Find an internship in an area you are inter-
ested in. Otherwise, the internship will be pointless
in the long run. The point is for you to learn how
working in your area of interest will feel like.
9. Don’t fall into the resume-boosting trap! Do not apply
to internships just for the sake of having an internship,
do not do a research project just for the sake of having
a research project, and do not do anything just for the
sake of putting it on your college application! Only
do things you enjoy.
10. Put effort into your college essays, and try to finish
as much as you can in the summer. Have multiple
people (friends, family, or teachers) read your essays
and give you feedback. Rewrite your essays many
times!
conclusion 99
11. Know that college admissions results do not define
you or change who you are in any way. They are a
poor indicator of intelligence and ability. Most impor-
tantly, remember that it doesn’t matter where you go;
what matters is what you do there.
A
ABOUT
We are open to any general feedback on the book. If you
have any questions, concerns, or suggestions, please contact
one of the four authors. For some sections of the book, the
author or contributor is explicitly stated. If your question
concerns one of these sections, contact the listed author or
contributor first.
This book was created over the course of six months,
from December 2017 to June 2018. The vast majority of
the book was written during the first and last weeks of this
time frame.
This book was written using the L
A
T
EX document process-
ing system. The book is formatted by a modified version of
the classicthesis package. The font is Palatino.
This guide is version 1.1.10, last updated on April 3,2019.
The most updated version of this guide can always be found
at nikhilsardana.github.io/guide.pdf.
100

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