Python Tutorials Ation Manual
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python-tutorials Documentation
Release 1.1.1
Jose A. Lerma III
Dec 14, 2018
GETTING STARTED
1 Introduction
1.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Building Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 AutomateTheBoringStuffWithPython . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 AutomateTheBoringStuffWithPython Corrections
1.3 CrackingCodesWithPython . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 CrackingCodesWithPython Corrections . . . . .
1.4 wikibook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Udacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 CS101: Intro to Computer Science . . . . . . . .
1.6 books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 CrackingCodesWithPython package . . . . . . .
1.7 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Python Module Index
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Persistent Python practice produces prodigious productivity.
GETTING STARTED
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2
GETTING STARTED
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Python is a great language for getting things done quickly; however, a good deal of resources (mainly RAM
(Random Access Memory)) are recommended. There are ways to incorporate C/C++ from within Python,
but some may find it easier to port it over.
For more thorough intros, get lost in Python’s Beginner’s Guide or Wikipedia’s Python page for a day or so
and come back.
Looks up, then puts down Steam Controller
You’re back? Alright, let’s continue.
1.1 Installation
There are many ways to install and use Python depending on platform and IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) (if any). These docs cover the methods I frequently use.
1.1.1 Windows
For Windows, I use but one editor: Atom; however, I give PyCharm an honorable mention. The Atom setup
is lightweight and portable while the Pycharm setup is extensible and full-featured.
I have Pycharm on a Windows 10 Technical Preview VM (Virtual Machine), and it works well, but is quite
bloated for a Windows VM running in Windows (Windows-ception?).
Atom
From the Atom.io page:
Atom is a text editor that’s modern, approachable, yet hackable to the core—a tool you can
customize to do anything but also use productively without ever touching a config file.
Personally, I have had to edit a config file to setup a proxy, so YMMV (Your Mileage May Vary).
Atom is also surprisingly full-featured (e.g. plugins, themes, file system browsing) given that it can be
installed in a portable configuration and is multi-platform.
Windows Setup
While Atom is multi-platform, I only use it on Windows.
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As aforementioned, I tend to use the zipped Atom files along with the PortableApps.com Platform to create
a portable base environment. Next, I extract the zipped Atom files into X:\PortableApps\Atom\, as an
example.
Then, you’ll need to get the atom-runner package so that you can run the Python programs with an ALT
+ R key combo. However, atom-runner will not work if you have to input data from terminal, so you will
need either the built-in Command Prompt or a PA.com portable enhancement like Console Portable. When
you first open Atom, an .atom folder will be created in %USERPROFILE%, this folder will need to be moved
into X:\PortableApps\ to keep your settings.
As
for
Python,
I
get
the
embeddable
zip
files
and
extract
them
into
X:\PortableApps\CommonFiles\python3\ to continue with the portable theme. If you want different versions of Python, you can make different folders e.g. python2.7, python3.6, python3.5
Finally, the easiest way to get Atom to find your portable Python installation is to use a shebang on the
first line of code #! X:\PortableApps\CommonFiles\python3\python.exe
1.1.2 Linux
For Linux, I have two main IDEs: Vim and PyCharm. The Vim setup is lightweight and available without
too much effort while the PyCharm setup is extensible and full-featured.
While I have a couple of Linux boxes (at the moment), I am very security minded when it comes to my
Linux machines, so I prefer to run a Development VM of Linux on Windows. Excessive, yes, but taking
snapshots, cloning, and reinstalling on VMs is easier than on physical machines.
I’ve read that some python bots can be run on a Raspberry Pi. I would like to tinker with this concept a
bit, but I am concerned that Raspberry Pis do not have enough RAM, so I will be sticking with VMs until
I can get more tests done.
Vim
Vim is a configurable, open source, and cross platform text editor that is an improvement of the vi editor in
most Linux distros.
It has nifty things like syntax highlighting, colorization, and a scripting language to make your own plugins,
etc.
Setup
As aforementioned, it is cross platform (and open source), so it can run on anything (even Potato). Personally,
I prefer to use it on Linux only because it is usually in the default repository and has both syntax highlighting
and colorization, which are a great improvement upon vi in CLI.
Linux
If your distro does not have vim in its default repo, then I fear you will have to compile from source code.
Windows
If you should want to use Vim on Windows, and not use gVim at PA.com, then both binaries and executables
are available for you.
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Other
Believe it or not, Vim is available on even more architectures: Amiga, OS2, Macintosh, Android, iOS,
WindowsCE, Cygwin, and others.
Plugins/Scripts
Vim has a library of thousands of powerful scripts that are easy to make if it is missing something you want.
Personally, I do not use any since I mainly use Vim as a quick, light editor.
PyCharm
PyCharm is very much like Python itself: quick to develop on, full-featured, and resource heavy. PyCharm
is a true IDE: a console and debugger are all built-in. I especially like the PEP8 checks.
Linux Setup
Though Pycharm is multi-platform, I mainly use it on Linux.
Unless you are willing to pay for a license, you are probably going to want the free community edition.
Download the tar.gz file wherever you like, then extract the pycharm-community-20xx.x.x folder. Therein,
run the pycharm-community-20xx.x.x/bin/pycharm.sh file from within terminal.
Once setup is complete, on the menu bar, go to “Tools>Create Desktop Entry…” to make it easier to open
later. Do not delete the pycharm-community-20xx.x.x folder because that is where it is running from.
Upgrades follow the same procedure, except that you can delete the previous pycharm-community-20xx.x.x
version folder.
Python Binaries
Installing Python will depend on your Linux distro. Most will have some version of Python either built-in
or available from the package manager. PyCharm can auto-detect and use these installed versions. The
Ubuntu Setup of my ClashCallerBot is an example of how easy setting up Python can be.
However, if you are unlucky, you will have to download the source and compile it yourself.
Windows Setup
Windows installation is very straightforward:
• Install Python with the Python executable installer.
• Install PyCharm using the Community Edition executable installer.
Any extra packages or modules would have to be added, but most programs can be run with the base
installations.
1.1. Installation
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1.1.3 Building Documentation
Note: Building the documentation is not needed or recommended unless contributing to the documentation. The latest version of the documentation is available at josealermaiii@github.io/python-tutorials
or as a PDF in the source code. You have been warned.
Building the docs requires a few more pip packages:
• sphinx
• sphinxcontrib-napoleon
• sphinx-rtd-theme
Now, we can build the docs in HTML format:
cd absolute_path_here/python-tutorials/docs
make html
This will save the docs website in ../../python-tutorials-docs/.
Building the PDF is even more involved. First, LaTeX must be installed on the OS. For example, in Ubuntu
18.04:
sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-recommended texlive-latex-extra texlive-fonts,→recommended texlive-xetex
Installing these dependencies is not recommended, if not needed, because they require > 330 MB of disk
space.
We also install XeLaTeX, texlive-xetex, because some of the book corrections contain code snippets with
unicode characters that are not supported by the default LaTeX engine.
Now, we can build the docs in PDF format:
cd absolute_path_here/python-tutorials/docs
make latexpdf
This will save the doc’s PDF in ../manual.pdf.
1.1.4 Disclaimer
Though covered by the MIT License, I reiterate: executable programs written from code on the Internet can
end up doing bad things.
Read and understand all code you copy and paste before running it.
1.2 AutomateTheBoringStuffWithPython
You’ll be seeing a lot of Al Sweigart’s books because he provides them for free online at his website. Please
consider donating to show your support.
Automate the Boring Stuff with Python is his iconic book for beginners and largely covers automating
common computer tasks.
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From file manipulation, spreadsheets, and PDFs to web scraping, e-mails, and texts - a little of everything
is covered.
I use the .epub format of the book, so rather than pages, I provide locations.
1.2.1 AutomateTheBoringStuffWithPython Corrections
I don’t expect to find many more, but I’ll update this post if I do.
Note: It’s an EPUB copy, published: 2016-01-14T10:12:21-08:00 Also, no page numbers, just reference
numbers (refNum/949).
In Chapter 10, on reference number 368.7, paragraph 19.30, the code block:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
podBayDoorStatus = 'open'
assert podBayDoorStatus == 'open', 'The pod bay doors need to be "open".'
podBayDoorStatus = 'I\'m sorry, Dave. I\'m afraid I can't do that.''
assert podBayDoorStatus == 'open', 'The pod bay doors need to be "open".'
should be:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
podBayDoorStatus = 'open'
assert podBayDoorStatus == 'open', 'The pod bay doors need to be "open".'
podBayDoorStatus = 'I\'m sorry, Dave. I\'m afraid I can\'t do that.' # Changed
assert podBayDoorStatus == 'open', 'The pod bay doors need to be "open".'
July 23, 2018 Update
In Chapter 11, on reference number 447.4, paragraph 20.247, the code block:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com')
try:
elem = browser.find_element_by_class_name('bookcover')
print('Found <%s> element with that class name!' % (elem.tag_name))
except:
print('Was not able to find an element with that name.')
outputs Was not able to find an element with that name.
The following does give the intended output:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com')
try:
elem = browser.find_element_by_class_name('card-img-top') # changed
print('Found <%s> element with that class name!' % (elem.tag_name))
except:
print('Was not able to find an element with that name.')
On reference number 448.7, paragraph 20.249, the code block:
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>>> from selenium import webdriver
>>> browser = webdriver.Firefox()
>>> browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com')
>>> linkElem = browser.find_element_by_link_text('Read It Online')
>>> type(linkElem)
>>> linkElem.click() # follows the "Read It Online" link
should be:
>>> from selenium import webdriver
>>> browser = webdriver.Firefox()
>>> browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com')
>>> linkElem = browser.find_element_by_link_text('Read Online for Free') # changed
>>> type(linkElem)
>>> linkElem.click() # follows the "Read Online for Free" link # changed
On reference number 449.3, paragraph 20.252, the line:
As long as Gmail hasn’t changed the id of the Username and Password text fields since this book
was published…
“Gmail” should be “Yahoo Mail” because of line >>> browser.get('https://mail.yahoo.com') in the
code block
Aug. 5, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, on reference number 459.8, paragraph 21.47, the codeblock:
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')
>>> sheet
>>> type(sheet)
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet3'
>>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
should be:
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
>>> sheet = wb['Sheet3'] # changed
>>> sheet
>>> type(sheet)
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet3'
>>> anotherSheet = wb.active # changed
because those methods are now depreciated (using OpenPyXL 2.5.5).
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Aug. 6, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, on reference number 463.0, paragraph 21.56, the codeblock:
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> sheet.get_highest_row()
7
>>> sheet.get_highest_column()
3
should be:
>>> sheet = wb['Sheet1'] # changed
>>> sheet.max_row # changed
7
>>> sheet.max_column # changed
3
because those methods are also depreciated.
On reference number 463.6, paragraph 21.58, the codeblock:
>>> from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column())
'C'
should be:
>>> from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> sheet = wb['Sheet1'] # changed
>>> get_column_letter(sheet.max_column) # changed
'C'
# changed
because the functions were relocated and methods depreciated. The lines with openpyxl.cell in
the paragraphs above and below should also be changed. In paragraph 21.59, the line “method like
get_highest_column() to get an integer” should be changed to “property like max_column to get an integer.”
Aug. 7, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, on reference number 465.0, paragraph 21.60 is another
get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1') that ought to be >>> sheet = wb['Sheet1'].
>>> sheet = wb.
On reference number 466.8, paragraph 21.64, the codeblock:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> sheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> sheet.columns[1]
(, , , ,
, , )
>>> for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]:
print(cellObj.value)
1.2. AutomateTheBoringStuffWithPython
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outputs TypeError: 'generator' object is not subscriptable
The best way to fix it is debatable, but the easiest was to use the list function:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> sheet = wb.active # changed
>>> list(sheet.columns)[1] # changed
(, , , ,
, , )
>>> for cellObj in list(sheet.columns)[1]: # changed
print(cellObj.value)
On reference number 468.0, paragraph 21.67 the list item 4. Call the get_active_sheet() or
get_sheet_by_name() workbook method. ought to be something like 4. Use the .active property or
the ["UseThisSheet"] workbook key.
On reference number 470.6, paragraph 21.90 the codeblock:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
� sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Population by Census Tract')
countyData = {}
# TODO: Fill in countyData with each county's population and tracts.
print('Reading rows...')
� for row in range(2, sheet.get_highest_row() + 1):
--snip-- # omitted to save space
ought to be:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
� sheet = wb['Population by Census Tract']
countyData = {}
# changed
# TODO: Fill in countyData with each county's population and tracts.
print('Reading rows...')
� for row in range(2, sheet.max_row + 1): # changed
because of depreciated methods. The codeblock on paragraph 21.96 ought to be updated as well.
Aug. 8, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, on reference number 477.4, paragraph 21.111, the codeblock:
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet']
>>> sheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet'
>>> sheet.title = 'Spam Bacon Eggs Sheet'
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
ought to be:
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>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
['Sheet']
>>> sheet = wb.active # changed
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet'
>>> sheet.title = 'Spam Bacon Eggs Sheet'
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
In paragraph 21.113 (codeblock directly below) another >>> sheet = wb.get_active_sheet() ought to be
>>> sheet = wb.active.
On reference number 478.6, paragraph 21.116, the codeblock:
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet']
>>> wb.create_sheet()
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet', 'Sheet1']
>>> wb.create_sheet(index=0, title='First Sheet')
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['First Sheet', 'Sheet', 'Sheet1']
>>> wb.create_sheet(index=2, title='Middle Sheet')
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['First Sheet', 'Sheet', 'Middle Sheet', 'Sheet1']
ought to be:
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
['Sheet']
>>> wb.create_sheet()
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
['Sheet', 'Sheet1']
>>> wb.create_sheet(index=0, title='First Sheet')
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
['First Sheet', 'Sheet', 'Sheet1']
>>> wb.create_sheet(index=2, title='Middle Sheet')
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
In paragraph 21.118 (codeblock directly below):
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['First Sheet', 'Sheet', 'Middle Sheet', 'Sheet1']
>>> wb.remove_sheet(wb.get_sheet_by_name('Middle Sheet'))
>>> wb.remove_sheet(wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1'))
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
ought to be
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>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
['First Sheet', 'Sheet', 'Middle Sheet', 'Sheet1']
>>> wb.remove(wb['Middle Sheet']) # changed
>>> wb.remove(wb['Sheet1']) # changed
>>> wb.sheetnames # changed
Aug. 11, 2018 Update
In paragraph 21.121 (codeblock directly below), and on reference number 483.6, paragraph 21.144 (updateProduce.py) are more >>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet') that should be >>> sheet =
wb['Sheet'].
On reference number 484.8, paragraph 21.146 (updateProduce.py), the line � for rowNum in range(2,
sheet.get_highest_row()): # skip the first row ought to be � for rowNum in range(2, sheet.
max_row): # skip the first row.
On reference number 486.5, paragraph 21.158, the line:
To customize font styles in cells, important, import the Font() and Style() functions from the
openpyxl.styles module.
Unless, of course, that’s an intended pun.
On reference number 486.8, paragraph 21.158, the codeblock:
>>> import openpyxl
>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font, Style
>>> wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet')
� >>> italic24Font = Font(size=24, italic=True)
� >>> styleObj = Style(font=italic24Font)
� >>> sheet['A1'].style = styleObj
>>> sheet['A1'] = 'Hello world!'
>>> wb.save('styled.xlsx')
should be:
>>> import openpyxl
>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font, NamedStyle # changed
>>> wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
>>> sheet = wb['Sheet'] # changed
� >>> italic24Font = NamedStyle(name="italic24Font") # changed
� >>> italic24Font.font = Font(size=24, italic=True) # changed
� >>> sheet['A1'].style = italic24Font # changed
>>> sheet['A1'] = 'Hello world!'
>>> wb.save('styled.xlsx')
because the Style class is now depreciated.
Aug. 12, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, on reference number 488.9, paragraph 21.178, the codeblock:
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>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
import openpyxl
from openpyxl.styles import Font, Style
wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet')
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
fontObj1 = Font(name='Times New Roman', bold=True)
styleObj1 = Style(font=fontObj1)
sheet['A1'].style/styleObj
sheet['A1'] = 'Bold Times New Roman'
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
fontObj2 = Font(size=24, italic=True)
styleObj2 = Style(font=fontObj2)
sheet['B3'].style/styleObj
sheet['B3'] = '24 pt Italic'
>>> wb.save('styles.xlsx')
should be:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
import openpyxl
from openpyxl.styles import Font, NamedStyle
wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
sheet = wb['Sheet'] # changed
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
fontObj1 = Font(name='Times New Roman', bold=True)
styleObj1 = NamedStyle(name="styleObj1") # changed
styleObj1.font = fontObj1 # added
sheet['A1'].style = styleObj1 # changed
sheet['A1'] = 'Bold Times New Roman'
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
fontObj2 = Font(size=24, italic=True)
styleObj2 = NamedStyle(name="StyleObj2")
styleObj2.font = fontObj2 # added
sheet['B3'].style = styleObj2 # changed
sheet['B3'] = '24 pt Italic'
# changed
# changed
>>> wb.save('styles.xlsx')
Aug. 13, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, reference number 491.5, paragraphs 21.185 and 21.187 are more >>> sheet = wb.
get_active_sheet() that should be >>> sheet = wb.active. However, the formula evaluation doesn’t
work for me:
>>> import openpyxl
>>> wbFormulas = openpyxl.load_workbook('writeFormula.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wbFormulas.active # changed
>>> sheet['A3'].value
'=SUM(A1:A2)'
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>>> wbDataOnly = openpyxl.load_workbook('writeFormula.xlsx', data_only=True)
>>> sheet = wbDataOnly.active # changed
>>> sheet['A3'].value # not working with LibreOffice 6.0.3.2
500
From what I’ve researched on openpyxl.load_workbook(),
data_only controls whether cells with formulae have either the formula (default) or the value
stored the last time Excel read the sheet.
TODO: can someone else confirm with another LibreOffice version?
Reference numbers 493.3, 495.0, 496.2, and 497.6 have more >>> sheet = wb.get_active_sheet() that
should be >>> sheet = wb.active.
Aug. 17, 2018 Update
In Chapter 12, reference number 500.4, paragraph 21.234, the codeblock:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
sheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
for i in range(1, 11):
sheet['A' + str(i)] = i
# create some data in column A
>>> refObj = openpyxl.charts.Reference(sheet, (1, 1), (10, 1))
>>> seriesObj = openpyxl.charts.Series(refObj, title='First series')
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
chartObj = openpyxl.charts.BarChart()
chartObj.append(seriesObj)
chartObj.drawing.top = 50
# set the position
chartObj.drawing.left = 100
chartObj.drawing.width = 300
# set the size
chartObj.drawing.height = 200
>>> sheet.add_chart(chartObj)
>>> wb.save('sampleChart.xlsx')
works slightly better as:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
sheet = wb.active # changed
for i in range(1, 11):
sheet['A' + str(i)] = i
# create some data in column A
>>> refObj = openpyxl.chart.Reference(sheet, min_row=1, min_col=1, max_row=10, max_
,→col=1)
# changed
>>> seriesObj = openpyxl.chart.Series(refObj, title='First series')
,→Chart layout is wrong (LibreOffice 6.0.3.2)
14
# changed FIXME:␣
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>>> chartObj = openpyxl.chart.BarChart() # changed
>>> chartObj.append(seriesObj)
>>> chartObj.anchor = "B3" # set the position; changed
>>> chartObj.width = 7.94 # set the size (in centimeters, where 1 cm = 37.8 pixels);␣
,→changed
>>> chartObj.height = 5.29 # changed
>>> sheet.add_chart(chartObj)
>>> wb.save('sampleChart.xlsx')
but the layout of the chart is all wrong. TODO: can someone else confirm it works in Excel?
Aug. 19, 2018 Update
In Chapter 13 (I made it! Woot!), reference number 511.7, paragraph 22.13, the line:
PyPDF2 uses a zero-based index for getting pages: The first page is page 0, the second is
Introduction, and so on.
“Introduction” links to the introduction of the book. Maybe “page 1” was auto-referenced?
On reference number 513.2, paragraph 22.15, the codeblock:
� >>> pdfReader.decrypt('rosebud')
1
>>> pageObj = pdfReader.getPage(0)
gave me an IndexError, but the following works:
>>> pdfReader = PyPDF2.PdfFileReader(open("encrypted.pdf", "rb"))
� >>> pdfReader.decrypt('rosebud')
1
>>> pageObj = pdfReader.getPage(0)
# added
Aug. 21, 2018 Update
In Chapter 13, reference number 524.8, paragraph 22.60, the codeblock:
#! python3
# combinePdfs.py - Combines all the PDFs in the current working directory into
# into a single PDF
import PyPDF2, os
# Get all the PDF filenames.
pdfFiles = []
for filename in os.listdir('.'):
if filename.endswith('.pdf'):
�
pdfFiles.append(filename)
� pdfFiles.sort(key = str.lower)
should be:
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#! python3
# combinePdfs.py - Combines all the PDFs in the current working directory into
# a single PDF # changed
import PyPDF2, os
# Get all the PDF filenames.
pdfFiles = []
for filename in os.listdir('.'):
if filename.endswith('.pdf'):
�
pdfFiles.append(filename)
� pdfFiles.sort(key=str.lower) # changed
Aug. 22, 2018 Update
In Chapter 13, reference number 531.0, paragraph 22.79, the codeblock:
� >>> len(doc.paragraphs[1].runs)
4
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[0].text
'A plain paragraph with some '
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[1].text
'bold'
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[2].text
' and some '
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[3].text
'italic'
outputs the following in LibreOffice 6.0.3.2 with Python-Docx 0.8.7:
� >>> len(doc.paragraphs[1].runs)
5
# changed
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[0].text
'A plain paragraph with'
# changed
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[1].text
' some ' # changed
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[2].text
'bold'
# changed
� >>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[3].text
' and some '
# changed
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[4].text
# added
'italic'
TODO: can someone confirm in Word on Windows?
On reference number 540.1, paragraph 22.163, the codeblock:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[0].style = 'QuoteChar'
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[1].underline = True
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[3].underline = True
>>> doc.save('restyled.docx')
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gives a UserWarning: style lookup by style_id is deprecated. Use style name as key instead.
return self._get_style_id_from_style(self[style_name], style_type) but the following fixes it:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[0].style = 'Quote Char'
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[1].underline = True
>>> doc.paragraphs[1].runs[3].underline = True
>>> doc.save('restyled.docx')
# changed for python-docx 0.8.7
Aug. 23, 2018 Update
In Chapter 13, reference number 540.1, paragraph 22.164, the line:
We can see that it’s simple to divide a paragraph into runs and access each run individiaully.
On reference number 546.9, paragraph 22.183, the codeblock:
� >>> doc.paragraphs[0].runs[0].add_break(docx.text.WD_BREAK.PAGE)
>>> doc.add_paragraph('This is on the second page!')
>>> doc.save('twoPage.docx')
ought to be:
� >>> doc.paragraphs[0].runs[0].add_break(docx.enum.text.WD_BREAK.PAGE)
>>> doc.add_paragraph('This is on the second page!')
>>> doc.save('twoPage.docx')
# changed
Aug. 31, 2018 Update
In Chapter 13, reference number 552.0, paragraph 22.228, the line:
You should try both the uppercase and lower-case form of each word.
In Chapter 14, reference number 561.2, paragraph 23.33, the codeblock:
>>> import csv
>>> csvFile = open('example.tsv', 'w', newline='')
� >>> csvWriter = csv.writer(csvFile, delimiter='\t', lineterminator='\n\n')
>>> csvWriter.writerow(['apples', 'oranges', 'grapes'])
24
>>> csvWriter.writerow(['eggs', 'bacon', 'ham'])
17
>>> csvWriter.writerow(['spam', 'spam', 'spam', 'spam', 'spam', 'spam'])
32
outputs:
>>> import csv
>>> csvFile = open('example.tsv', 'w', newline='')
� >>> csvWriter = csv.writer(csvFile, delimiter='\t', lineterminator='\n\n')
>>> csvWriter.writerow(['apples', 'oranges', 'grapes'])
23 # changed
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
>>>
16
>>>
31
csvWriter.writerow(['eggs', 'bacon', 'ham'])
# changed
csvWriter.writerow(['spam', 'spam', 'spam', 'spam', 'spam', 'spam'])
# changed
Sept. 1, 2018 Update
In Chapter 14, reference number 565.5, paragraph 23.54, the codeblock:
#! python3
# removeCsvHeader.py - Removes the header from all CSV files in the current
# working directory.
--snip-# Read the CSV file in (skipping first row).
csvRows = []
csvFileObj = open(csvFilename)
readerObj = csv.reader(csvFileObj)
for row in readerObj:
if readerObj.line_num == 1:
continue
# skip first row
csvRows.append(row)
csvFileObj.close()
# TODO: Write out the CSV file.
needs to be indented to match the previous codeblock:
#! python3
# removeCsvHeader.py - Removes the header from all CSV files in the current
# working directory.
--snip-print('Removing header from ' + csvFilename + '...')
# added
# Read the CSV file in (skipping first row).
csvRows = []
csvFileObj = open(csvFilename)
readerObj = csv.reader(csvFileObj)
for row in readerObj:
if readerObj.line_num == 1:
continue
# skip first row
csvRows.append(row)
csvFileObj.close()
# TODO: Write out the CSV file.
On reference number 568.2, paragraph 23.58:
The CSV Writer object will write the list to a CSV file in headerRemoved using csvFilename
(which we also used in the CSV reader). This will overwrite the original file.
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I thought the original file won’t be overwritten because the new file is in the headerRemoved folder? TODO:
Can someone please confirm?
On reference number 575.4, paragraph 23.98, the link http://api.openweathermap.org /data/2.5/
forecast/daily?q=%3CLocation%3E&cnt=3 no longer works. The OpenWeatherMap.org API now needs
an API key. So, sign up if you really want to run quickWeather.py.
Alternatively, the Weather.gov API (United States only, at the moment) does not require an API key (only
a User Agent), but it will require one in the future.
Sept. 4, 2018 Update
In Chapter 14, reference number 582.0, paragraph 23.130, the codeblock:
for excelFile in os.listdir('.'):
# Skip non-xlsx files, load the workbook object.
for sheetName in wb.get_sheet_names():
# Loop through every sheet in the workbook.
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name(sheetName)
# Create the CSV filename from the Excel filename and sheet title.
# Create the csv.writer object for this CSV file.
# Loop through every row in the sheet.
for rowNum in range(1, sheet.get_highest_row() + 1):
rowData = []
# append each cell to this list
# Loop through each cell in the row.
for colNum in range(1, sheet.get_highest_column() + 1):
# Append each cell's data to rowData.
# Write the rowData list to the CSV file.
csvFile.close()
should be:
for excelFile in os.listdir('.'):
# Skip non-xlsx files, load the workbook object.
for sheetName in wb.sheetnames: # changed
# Loop through every sheet in the workbook.
sheet = wb[sheetName] # changed
# Create the CSV filename from the Excel filename and sheet title.
# Create the csv.writer object for this CSV file.
# Loop through every row in the sheet.
for rowNum in range(1, sheet.max_row + 1): # changed
rowData = []
# append each cell to this list
# Loop through each cell in the row.
for colNum in range(1, sheet.max_column + 1): # changed
# Append each cell's data to rowData.
# Write the rowData list to the CSV file.
(continues on next page)
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csvFile.close()
Sept. 5, 2018 Update
In Chapter 15, reference number 595.7, paragraph 24.42, the codeblock:
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1000000)
datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 12, 5, 46, 40)
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 27, 11, 13, 0, 604980)
might need to be:
>>> import time # added
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1000000)
datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 12, 5, 46, 40)
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())
datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 27, 11, 13, 0, 604980)
In case IDLE was closed to write the stopwatch.py program.
Sept. 6, 2018 Update
In Chapter 15, reference number 598.0, paragraph 24.47, the str line in codeblock needs bolding:
--snip-- # omitted to save space
>>> str(delta) # bold me, pls
'11 days, 10:09:08'
On reference number 599.5, paragraph 24.49, the line:
Finally, passing the timedelta object to str() returns a string clearly explaning the duration.
Sept. 7, 2018 Update
In Chapter 15, reference number 612.3, paragraph 24.125, the line:
To make sure the keyword argument sep=’ & ‘ gets passed to print() in the new thread, we pass
kwargs={‘sep’: ‘& ‘} to threading.Thread().
On reference number 616.0, paragraph 24.136 (multidownloadXkcd.py), the codeblock:
�
20
--snip-- # omitted
if comicElem == []:
print('Could not find comic image.')
else:
comicUrl = comicElem[0].get('src')
# Download the image.
print('Downloading image %s...' % (comicUrl))
--snip-- # omitted
Chapter 1. Introduction
python-tutorials Documentation, Release 1.1.1
should be:
�
--snip-- # omitted
if comicElem == []:
print('Could not find comic image.')
else:
comicUrl = 'http:' + comicElem[0].get('src') # changed
# Download the image.
print('Downloading image %s...' % (comicUrl))
--snip-- # omitted
On reference number 627.6, paragraph 24.161, the codeblock:
>>> subprocess.Popen(['C:\\python34\\python.exe', 'hello.py'])
might need to be:
>>> subprocess.Popen(['C:\\python34\\python.exe', 'hello.py']).communicate()
# changed
I could not get it to accept input without it in Ubuntu 18.04. TODO: Can someone confirm they got it to
work in Windows?
Sept. 8, 2018 Update
In Chapter 15, reference number 631.7, paragraph 24.183 (countdown.py), the codeblock:
--snip-- # omitted
� timeLeft = 60
while timeLeft > 0:
�
print(timeLeft, end='')
�
time.sleep(1)
--snip-- # omitted
may need to be:
--snip-- # omitted
� timeLeft = 60
while timeLeft > 0:
�
print(timeLeft) # changed
�
time.sleep(1)
--snip-- # omitted
It wouldn’t print remaining time in Python 3.6.5 (Ubuntu 18.04) until the while loop finished. It seemed
to wait until the line was done before printing it. TODO: Can someone else please confirm?
Sept. 14, 2018 Update
In Chapter 16, reference number 648.4, paragraph 25.52, the line:
Install imapclient and pyzmail from a Terminal window. Appendix A has steps on how to install
third-party modules.
I had to install pyzmail36 (possibly because I’m using Python 3.6.5). Appendix A may have to be updated.
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Sept. 15, 2018 Update
In Chapter 16, reference number 658.7, paragraph 25.115, the lines:
imapObj.search(['ON 05-Jul-2015']). Returns every message sent on July 5, 2015.
imapObj.search(['SINCE 01-Jan-2015', 'BEFORE 01-Feb-2015', 'UNSEEN']). Returns every␣
,→message sent in January 2015
that is unread. (Note that this means on and after January 1 and up to but not including␣
,→February 1.)
imapObj.search(['SINCE 01-Jan-2015', 'FROM alice@example.com']). Returns every message␣
,→from alice@example.com sent
since the start of 2015.
imapObj.search(['SINCE 01-Jan-2015', 'NOT FROM alice@example.com']). Returns every␣
,→message sent from everyone except
alice@example.com␣
,→since the start of 2015.
imapObj.search(['OR FROM alice@example.com FROM bob@example.com']). Returns every␣
,→message ever sent from
alice@example.com or␣
,→bob@example.com.
imapObj.search(['FROM alice@example.com', 'FROM bob@example.com']). Trick example! This␣
,→search will never return
any messages,␣
,→because messages must match all
search keywords.␣
,→Since there can be only one
“from” address, it␣
,→is impossible for a message
to be from both␣
,→alice@example.com and
bob@example.com.
should be:
imapObj.search(['ON', '05-Jul-2015']). Returns every message sent on July 5, 2015.
imapObj.search(['SINCE', '01-Jan-2015', 'BEFORE', '01-Feb-2015', 'UNSEEN']). Returns␣
,→every message sent in January
2015 that␣
,→is unread. (Note that this
means on␣
,→and after January 1 and up to
but not␣
,→including February 1.)
imapObj.search(['SINCE', '01-Jan-2015', 'FROM', 'alice@example.com']). Returns every␣
,→message from alice@example.com
sent since the␣
,→start of 2015.
imapObj.search(['SINCE', '01-Jan-2015', 'NOT', 'FROM', 'alice@example.com']). Returns␣
,→every message sent from
everyone␣
,→except alice@example.com
since the␣
,→start of 2015.
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imapObj.search(['OR', 'FROM', 'alice@example.com', 'FROM', 'bob@example.com']). Returns␣
,→every message ever sent
from␣
,→alice@example.com or
␣
,→bob@example.com.
imapObj.search(['FROM', 'alice@example.com', 'FROM', 'bob@example.com']). Trick example!␣
,→This search will never
return any␣
,→messages, because messages
must match all␣
,→search keywords. Since
there can be␣
,→only one “from” address, it
is impossible␣
,→for a message to be from
both␣
,→alice@example.com and
bob@example.
,→com.
because criteria should be a sequence of items. Plus, trying imapObj.search(['SINCE 01-Jan-2015',
'NOT FROM alice@exmaple.com']) outputs imaplib.error: SEARCH command error: BAD [b'Error
in IMAP command UID SEARCH: Unexpected string as search key: SINCE 01-Jan-2015 (0.001 +
0.088 + 0.087 secs).']
Alternatively, imapObj.search('SINCE "01-Jan-2015" NOT FROM "alice@exmaple.com"') works, but
isn’t recommended according to the docs.
On reference number 664.6, paragraph 25.141, the line >>> message = pyzmail.PyzMessage.
factory(rawMessages[40041]['BODY[]']) gave me a KeyError (even after using proper
UIDs) that was only fixed by changing it to >>> message = pyzmail.PyzMessage.
factory(rawMessages[40041][b'BODY[]'])
On reference number 668.9, paragraph 25.148, the line � >>> UIDs = imapObj.search(['ON
09-Jul-2015']) should be � >>> UIDs = imapObj.search(['ON', '09-Jul-2015'])
Sept. 16, 2018 Updates
In Chapter 16, reference number 674.0, paragraph 25.168 (sendDuesReminders.py), the codeblock:
import openpyxl, smtplib, sys
--snip-- # omitted
� sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
� lastCol = sheet.get_highest_column()
� latestMonth = sheet.cell(row=1, column=lastCol).value
--snip-- # omitted
should be:
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import openpyxl, smtplib, sys, datetime
--snip-- # omitted
� sheet = wb['Sheet1']
# changed
# changed
� lastCol = sheet.max_column # changed
� latestMonth = sheet.cell(row=1, column=lastCol).value
latestMonth = datetime.datetime.strftime(latestMonth, '%b %Y')
,→LibreOffice 6.0.3.2
--snip-- # omitted
# added for␣
Sept. 17, 2018 Update: In LibreOffice, latestMonth = 2018-06-01 00:00:00, so I had to use datetime to
format it as Jun 2018. TODO: Can someone please confirm it works in Excel?
On reference number 676.3, paragraph 25.170, the line � for r in range(2, sheet.get_highest_row()
+ 1): should be � for r in range(2, sheet.max_row + 1):
On reference number 678.1, paragraph 25.174, the line body = "Subject: %s dues unpaid.\nDear
%s,\nRecords show that you have not paid dues for %s. Please make this payment as soon as
possible. Thank you!'" % (latestMonth, name, latestMonth) should be body = "Subject: %s
dues unpaid.\nDear %s,\nRecords show that you have not paid dues for %s. Please make this
payment as soon as possible. Thank you!" % (latestMonth, name, latestMonth)
Sept. 17, 2018 Update
In Chapter 16, reference number 682.8, paragraph 25.190, the codeblock:
� >>> from twilio.rest import TwilioRestClient
--snip-- # omitted
� >>> twilioCli = TwilioRestClient(accountSID, authToken)
should be:
� >>> from twilio.rest import Client # changed
--snip-- # omitted
� >>> twilioCli = Client(accountSID, authToken)
# changed
because TwilioRestClient has been depreciated (using twilio 6.16.4).
On reference number 685.5, paragraph 25.195, the line � >>> updatedMessage = twilioCli.messages.
get(message.sid) should be � >>> updatedMessage = twilioCli.messages(message.sid).fetch() because the attributes of messages.get() were changed.
Sept. 18, 2018 Update
In Chapter 16, reference number 687.8, paragraph 25.201 (textMyself.py), the codeblock:
--snip-- # omitted
from twilio.rest import TwilioRestClient
� def textmyself(message):
�
twilioCli = TwilioRestClient(accountSID, authToken)
--snip-- # omitted
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should be:
--snip-- # omitted
from twilio.rest import Client
# changed
� def textmyself(message):
�
twilioCli = Client(accountSID, authToken)
--snip-- # omitted
# changed
In paragraph 25.202, the line:
It then defined textmyself() to take on argument �, make a TwilioRestClient object �, and call
create() with the message you passed �.
Sept. 27, 2018 Update
In Chapter 17, reference number 724.1, paragraph 26.122, the line � im = im.resize((width, height)) is
over indented.
On reference number 734.5, paragraph 26.163, the codeblock:
--snip-- # omitted
>>> fontsFolder = 'FONT_FOLDER' # e.g. 'Library/Fonts'
� >>> arialFont = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join(fontsFolder, 'arial.ttf'), 32)
� >>> draw.text((100, 150), 'Howdy', fill='gray', font=arialFont)
--snip-- # omitted
will need to be changed for those on Ubuntu, specifically:
--snip-- # omitted
>>> fontsFolder = '/usr/share/fonts/truetype' # e.g. 'Library/Fonts' # modified
� >>> liberationFont = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join(fontsFolder, '/liberation/
,→LiberationSerif-Regular.ttf'), 32)
# modified
� >>> draw.text((100, 150), 'Howdy', fill='gray', font=liberationFont) # modified
--snip-- # omitted
However, everyone will have to modify it for their system.
Sept. 28, 2018 Update
In Chapter 17, reference number 738.6, paragraph 26.194, the line:
Other wise, it should skip adding the logo.
Sept. 29, 2018 Update
In Chapter 17, reference number 739.4, paragraph 26.198, the codeblock:
#! python3 #
Import modules and write comments to describe this program.
--snip--
# omitted
may need to be:
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#! python3
# Import modules and write comments to describe this program.
--snip--
# omitted
On reference number 740.0, paragraph 26.200, the line:
For each of the guests listed in the guests.txt file from the resources at http://nostarch.com/
automatestuff/, generate an image file with the guest name and some flowery decoration.
may need to be:
For each of the guests listed in the guests.txt file from the resources at http://nostarch.com/
automatestuff/, generate an image file with the guest’s name and some flowery decoration.
I couldn’t find the public domain flower image mentioned in the book, so I used this one.
Oct. 2, 2018 Update
For Chapter 18, if running Ubuntu 18.04.1 in a VirtualBox virtual machine, mouse integration needs to be
turned off so that the pyautogui module can control the mouse. Remember that the Host Key will need to
be pressed to manually toggle keyboard/mouse capture.
Oct. 3, 2018 Update
In Chapter 18, reference number 764.0, paragraph 27.77, the codeblock:
#! python3
# mouseNow.py - Displays the mouse cursor's current position.
--snip-positionStr = 'X: ' + str(x).rjust(4) + ' Y: ' + str(y).rjust(4)
pixelColor = pyautogui.screenshot().getpixel((x, y))
positionStr += ' RGB: (' + str(pixelColor[0]).rjust(3)
positionStr += ', ' + str(pixelColor[1]).rjust(3)
positionStr += ', ' + str(pixelColor[2]).rjust(3) + ')'
print(positionStr, end='')
--snip-may need to be:
#! python3
# mouseNow.py - Displays the mouse cursor's current position.
import pyautogui, os # changed
--snip-positionStr = 'X: ' + str(x).rjust(4) + ' Y: ' + str(y).rjust(4)
pixelColor = pyautogui.screenshot().getpixel((x, y))
positionStr += ' RGB: (' + str(pixelColor[0]).rjust(3)
positionStr += ', ' + str(pixelColor[1]).rjust(3)
positionStr += ', ' + str(pixelColor[2]).rjust(3) + ')'
print(positionStr, end='')
print('\b' * len(positionStr), end='', flush=True)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
files = os.listdir('./') # added
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(continued from previous page)
for file in files: # added
if file.startswith('.screenshot'): # added
os.remove(os.path.join('./', file)) # added
print('\nDone.')
to cleanup all the .screenshot### files left behind in Ubuntu 18.04. This could be because the exception
handler doesn’t give PyAutoGUI a chance to do it.
Oct. 4, 2018 Update
In Chapter 18, reference number 765.5, paragraph 27.81, the line:
… replacing ‘submit. png’ with the filename of your screenshot:
Oct. 7, 2018 Update
In Chapter 18, reference number 781.5, paragraph 27.192, the line:
… then mouse over the Name field to figure out its the x- and y-coordinates.
Setting up formFiller.py coordinates
To set up the coordinates for formFiller.py, you need to open a terminal window (or command prompt),
run the mouseNow.py script, resize it to something small, keep it in the foreground, and hover over the
maximized browser in the background as you note the mouseNow.py data.
As you enter data in the form, you may need to keep bringing back the mouseNow.py window into the
foreground. For some reason, that wasn’t explained clearly enough for me.
Tip: If “This is a required question” appears below the Name field, it will affect the coordinates of the
Submit button.
On reference number 791.8, paragraph 27.213, the lines:
… whether it has gotten offtrack. You can even give PyAutoGUI a screen-shot and …
On reference number 793.8, paragraph 27.236, the line:
Your program will have to take screen-shots to guide…
1.3 CrackingCodesWithPython
You’ll be seeing a lot of Al Sweigart’s books because he provides them for free online at his website. Please
consider donating to show your support.
Cracking Codes with Python is his latest release and largely covers how to use and compromise various
ciphers with Python.
Granted, most of the ciphers are old enough to be broken with a Raspberry Pi, but the general idea is how
they are implemented and what about them are easy to break.
For detailed answers to Practice Questions, check the No Starch Press Website.
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1.3.1 CrackingCodesWithPython Corrections
Note: My PDF copy was created 12/1/2017 7:03:06PM and was last modified 12/4/2017 5:30:14PM
• Chapter 1 Practice Questions:
The answer for Practice Question 1, part b:
Encrypt “GUILLOTINE: A machine which
makes a Frenchman shrug his shoulders with good reason.”
with a key of 17 should
be “XlZccfkZeV:NRN4rtyz5vN.yztyN4r2v0NrNW9v5ty4r5N0y9!xNyz0N0y6!3u v90N.z yNx66uN9vr065Q”,
not “bpdggjodiZ:RVR8vx349zRD34x3R8v6z.RvRa?z9x38v9R.3?B2R34.R.30B7yz?.RD4A3R200yR?zv.09U”
(that’s key of 21)
Scratch that, with SYMBOLS = “ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ”, even the messages should be
in all caps with totally different outputs, like the decryption in question 2.
Question 1 answers should be:
a. EQFMHIBXVSYW: EFPI XS TMGO AMXL IUYEP WOMPP E VMKLX-LERH TSGOIX SV E
PIJX.
b. XLZCCFKZEV: R DRTYZEV NYZTY DRBVJ R WIVETYDRE JYILX YZJ JYFLCUVIJ NZKY
XFFU IVRJFE.
c. DHKDZOT: TJPM DMMZQZMZIXZ OJRVMY HT YZDOT.
and Question 3 should be using all caps as well.
• On page 57, the final paragraph reads:
“Just as in the reverse cipher in Chapter 5, …”
However, the reverse cipher was in chapter 4 because chapter 5 is the Caesar cipher!
• On page 84, end of the third-to-last paragraph:
“(All the variables in the reverse cipher and Caesar cipher programs in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively, were global.)”
Chapter 6 was the Caesar cipher hacker program!
• On page 166, the fourth paragraph:
Line 30 uses string interpolation to print the key currently being tested using string interpolation
to provide feedback to the user.
• On page 236, the code block:
>>> letterMapping1 = simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping1, 'OLQIHXIRCKGNZ',
,→ candidates[0])
>>> letterMapping1
Should be
>>> simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping1, 'OLQIHXIRCKGNZ', candidates[0])
>>> letterMapping1
• On page 237, the code blocks:
>>> letterMapping1 = simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping1, 'OLQIHXIRCKGNZ',
,→ candidates[1])
>>> letterMapping1
and
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>>> letterMapping2 = simpleSubHacker.getBlankCipherletterMapping()
>>> wordPat = makeWordPatterns.getWordPattern('PLQRZKBZB')
>>> candidates = wordPatterns.allPatterns[wordPat]
>>> candidates
['CONVERSES', 'INCREASES', 'PORTENDED', 'UNIVERSES']
>>> for candidate in candidates:
...
letterMapping2 = simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping2, 'PLQRZKBZB',
,→ candidate)
...
>>> letterMapping2
should be
>>> simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping1, 'OLQIHXIRCKGNZ', candidates[1])
>>> letterMapping1
and
>>> letterMapping2 = simpleSubHacker.getBlankCipherletterMapping()
>>> wordPat = makeWordPatterns.getWordPattern('PLQRZKBZB')
>>> candidates = wordPatterns.allPatterns[wordPat]
>>> candidates
['CONVERSES', 'INCREASES', 'PORTENDED', 'UNIVERSES']
>>> for candidate in candidates:
...
simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping2, 'PLQRZKBZB', candidate)
...
>>> letterMapping2
• On page 238, the code block:
>>> letterMapping3 = simpleSubHacker.getBlankCipherletterMapping()
>>> wordPat = makeWordPatterns.getWordPattern('MPBKSSIPLC')
>>> candidates = wordPatterns.allPatterns[wordPat]
>>> for i in range(len(candidates)):
...
letterMapping3 = simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping3, 'MPBKSSIPLC
,→', candidates[i])
...
>>> letterMapping3
should be
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
...
...
>>>
letterMapping3 = simpleSubHacker.getBlankCipherletterMapping()
wordPat = makeWordPatterns.getWordPattern('MPBKSSIPLC')
candidates = wordPatterns.allPatterns[wordPat]
for i in range(len(candidates)):
simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping3, 'MPBKSSIPLC', candidates[i])
letterMapping3
May 14, 2018 Update
• On page 253, the code block:
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>>> building = ''
>>> for c in 'Hello world!':
>>>
building += c
>>> print(building)
should be
>>> building = ''
>>> for c in 'Hello world!':
...
building += c
...
>>> print(building)
• On page 254, the code block:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
building = []
for c in 'Hello world!':
building.append(c)
building = ''.join(building)
print(building)
should be
>>>
>>>
...
...
>>>
>>>
building = []
for c in 'Hello world!':
building.append(c)
building = ''.join(building)
print(building)
May 15, 2018 Update
• On page 260, the last line:
Similarly, the letters that appear least often in the ciphertext are more likely to have been
encrypted from to X, Q, and Z in plaintext.
May 18, 2018 Update
• On page 298, the code:
>>> set([1, 2, 3, 3, 4])
set([1, 2, 3, 4])
outputs
>>> set([1, 2, 3, 3, 4])
{1, 2, 3, 4}
for me, but that may be the interactive shell or OS I’m using (Ubuntu 16.04 with Python 3.5.2). TODO:
Can anyone else confirm?
• On page 306, the code:
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>>> def printStuff():
print('Hello', end='\n')
print('Howdy', end='')
print('Greetings', end='XYZ')
print('Goodbye')
>>> printStuff()
should be
>>> def printStuff():
...
print('Hello', end='\n')
...
print('Howdy', end='')
...
print('Greetings', end='XYZ')
...
print('Goodbye')
...
>>> printStuff()
May 19, 2018 Update
• On page 318, the code block:
>>> import secrets
>>> otp = ''
>>> for i in range(55):
otp += secrets.choice('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
>>> otp
should be
>>>
>>>
>>>
...
>>>
import secrets
otp = ''
for i in range(55):
otp += secrets.choice('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
otp
I think. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS doesn’t have Python 3.6 or above. TODO: Can someone confirm?
• On page 326, the code block:
>>> primeNum.isPrime(13)
True
should be
>>> primeNum.isPrime(13)
False
Here’s the thing: isPrime() checks a number for divisibility by low prime numbers (which would make it
not prime). Therefore, 13 is divisible by the low prime number 13 and is not prime by that definition.
You’d have to add something like:
if num in LOW_PRIMES:
return True # Low prime numbers are still prime numbers
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to isPrime() to keep it from doing that.
May 20, 2018 Update
• On page 341 and 347, the code:
64. print('The private key is a %s and a %s digit number.' % (len(str(publicKey[0])),␣
,→len(str(publicKey[1]))))
should be
64. print('The private key is a %s and a %s digit number.' % (len(str(privateKey[0])),␣
,→len(str(privateKey[1]))))
1.4 wikibook
This is a set of examples from Wikibook’s Non-Programmer’s Tutorial for Python 3.
I like the concept of an open tutorial for users to learn from and add to so I went along with it and typed
up all the relevant examples from all the chapters with code.
They are a great resource to follow along with and contain some notes I added.
1.5 Udacity
It is fantastic that classes can be taken for free, though a machine does all the grading. The only downside
is there is little feedback, but that may be what the forums are for.
Included are my answers to the given problems. As I learn more about Python, I will go back and make
corrections/improvements. Regardless, given these are tutorials, feedback is welcome.
1.5.1 CS101: Intro to Computer Science
These are sets of problems given in Udacity’s CS101 Course. Unfortunately, Python 2.x is used in the
course, so these problem sets may not be forwards compatible.
The goal of the CS101 class is to create an Internet search engine from scratch in Python. The final is
creating a social network in Python. Although the basics of Python are covered, I still recommend reading
a primer on Python programming to better understand how programs are written.
To that end, I recommend Cracking Codes with Python by Al Sweigart because it demonstrates in-depth
usage of strings, lists, and dictionaries with full explanations in a short-form book.
1.6 books
1.6.1 CrackingCodesWithPython package
Subpackages
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Chapter 1. Introduction
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 1 Practice Questions.
Answers Chapter 1 Practice Questions via Python code.
Notes
• Contains spoilers from Chapter 5 (caesar cipher), Chapter 6 (caesar hacker), and Chapter 7 (functions)
• Corrections submitted for Questions 1, 3, 4, and 5
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarCipher module
Caesar Cipher improved.
Rewritten as function with wrapper functions for importing.
Note: Contains spoilers from Chapter 5 (caesarCipher) and Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarCipher.caesarCipher(key: int, message: str, mode:
str) → str
Implement caesar cipher.
Encrypts or decrypts given message with given key depending on given mode.
Parameters
• key – Key to use for [de|en]cryption.
• message – Message to encrypt/decrypt.
• mode – Specifies encryption or decryption.
Returns Encrypted/decrypted message string.
Example
>>> from pythontutorials.books.CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarCipher␣
,→import caesarCipher
>>> caesarCipher(4, 'IMPIETY: YOUR IRREVERENCE TOWARD MY DEITY.', 'encrypt')
'MQTMIXc:AcSYVAMVVIZIVIRGIAXSaEVHAQcAHIMXcD'
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarCipher.decryptMessage(key: int, message: str) →
str
Decrypts encrypted caesar cipher.
Wrapper function that calls caesarCipher() to decrypt given message with given key.
Parameters
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• key – Key to use to decrypt message.
• message – Message to decrypt.
Returns Decrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarCipher.encryptMessage(key: int, message: str) →
str
Encrypts message with caesar cipher.
Wrapper function that calls caesarCipher() to encrypt given message with given key.
Parameters
• key – Key to use to encrypt message.
• message – Message to encrypt.
Returns Encrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarHacker module
Caesar Hacker improved.
Rewritten as function for importing.
Note: Contains spoilers from Chapter 6 (caesarHacker) and Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarHacker.hackCaesar(message: str) → None
Hacks caesar cipher.
Loops through and displays every possible key.
Parameters message – Message to be decrypted.
Returns Prints each decryption with every possible key.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.constants module
Configuration file with global variables.
Mainly contains definition of every possible encryptable symbol.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.constants.SYMBOLS
Every possible symbol that can be encrypted.
Type str
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter02 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter02.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 2 Practice Questions
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Answers Chapter 2 Practice Questions via Python code.
Note: To check these questions, they should be entered in IDLE; otherwise print statements would be
needed.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter02.PracticeQuestions.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 3 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 3 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03.hello module
Asks for name and says hello.
This program says hello and asks for my name.
Notes
• Using double quotes for strings because I’m a nitpicker - author admits that he uses single quotes
because it is easier to type and it technically doesn’t matter.
• Nov. 22, 2018 Update: Switching back to single quotes because a system was compromised because of
double quotes.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03.hello.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 4 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 4 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04.PracticeQuestions.main()
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04.reverseCipher module
Reverse Cipher
https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
Note: Pretty much the same, except I use double quotes, expand variable names for readability, simplify
the while loop, and use fancier operators
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04.reverseCipher.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05 package
Subpackages
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question1 module
Chapter 5 Practice Question 1
Using caesarCipher.py, encrypt the following sentences with the given keys.
Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question1.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question2 module
Chapter 5 Practice Question 2
Using caesarCipher.py, decrypt the following ciphertexts with the given keys
Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question2.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question3 module
Chapter 5 Practice Question 3
Which Python instruction would import a module named watermelon.py?
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Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question3.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question4 module
Chapter 5 Practice Question 4
What do the following pieces of code display on the screen?
Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question4.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.watermelon module
Watermelon.py
Demonstration for CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question3
Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.watermelon.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.watermelon.nutrition() → None
Watermelon nutrition info.
Contains nutrition facts of a serving of watermelon.
Returns Prints a series of strings containing the nutrition facts of a serving of watermelon.
Module contents
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.caesarCipher module
Caesar Cipher
Demonstrates the use of a caesar cipher. Prints output and copies to clipboard.
Note: https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.caesarCipher.main()
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.checkPw module
Password checker.
Checks given input to saved password.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.checkPw.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06.PracticeQuestion module
Chapter 6 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 6 Practice Questions via Python code.
Break the following ciphertext one line at a time because each line has a different key. Remember to escape
any quote characters
Note: Contains spoilers for chapter 7 (functions)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06.PracticeQuestion.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06.caesarHacker module
Caesar Cipher Hacker
Demonstrates how to implement a program that hacks a caesar cipher.
Note: https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06.caesarHacker.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07 package
Subpackages
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions package
Submodules
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question1 module
Chapter 7 Practice Question 1
Encrypt the following with the transposition cipher (with paper and pencil, cough).
Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 9 (importing transpositionEncrypt)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question1.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question2 module
Chapter 7 Practice Question 2
Is each spam a global or local variable?
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question2.foo() → None
Prints spam.
Prints the contents of the spam variable.
Returns Prints spam variable.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question2.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question3 module
Chapter 7 Practice Question 3
What value does each of the following expressions evaluate to?
Note: aka “The power of lists”
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question3.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question4 module
Chapter 7 Practice Question 4
What value does each of the following expressions evaluate to?
Note: aka “Lists are OP”
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question4.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question5 module
Chapter 7 Practice Question 5
What are the four augmented assignment operators?
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Note: Hint: Table 7-1 on pg 92
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Question5.main()
Module contents
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.addNumbers module
Addition function
Contains a function that adds two numbers.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.addNumbers.addNumbers(a: int, b: int) → int
Adds two numbers.
Performs addition operation to two numbers.
Parameters
• a – Input to add to
• b – Input to be added
Returns Result of addition of two inputs.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.addNumbers.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.helloFunction module
Hello function.
Contains function that prints hello to given name.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.helloFunction.hello(name: str) → None
Prints hello.
Prints hello to given name.
Parameters name – Name to say hello to.
Returns Prints hello to given name.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.helloFunction.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.transpositionEncrypt module
Transposition Cipher Encryption
Demonstrates how to implement a transposition cipher.
Note: https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.transpositionEncrypt.encryptMessage(key: int, message:
str) → str
Transposition Cipher Encrypt
Encrypts given message using a transposition cipher with given key.
Parameters
• key – Numeric key to encrypt with.
• message – Message to encrypt.
Returns Message encrypted in a string.
Example
>>> encryptMessage(9, 'Underneath a huge oak tree there was of swine a huge company,
,→')
'Uhot on ahoamdakef pe r harhtesunnur wgyegewie,aeean t sec'
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.transpositionEncrypt.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08 package
Subpackages
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question1 module
Chapter 8 Practice Question 1
Using paper and pencil (cough), decrypt the following messages with the key 9.
Note: Contains spoilers for Chapter 9 (importing transpositionDecrypt)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question1.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question2 module
Chapter 8 Practice Question 2
When you enter the following code into the interactive shell (cough), what does each line print?
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question2.main()
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question3 module
Chapter 8 Practice Question 3
Draw the complete truth tables for the and, or, and not operators.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question3.andTruthTable() → None
And truth table.
Prints a truth table for the and operator.
Returns None. Only prints out a table.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question3.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question3.notTruthTable() → None
Not truth table.
Prints a truth table for the not operator.
Returns None. Only prints out a table.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question3.orTruthTable() → None
Or truth table.
Prints a truth table for the or operator.
Returns None. Only prints out a table.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question4 module
Chapter 8 Practice Question 4
Which of the following is correct?
if __name__ == ‘__main__’: if __main__ == ‘__name__’: if _name_ == ‘_main_’: if
_main_ == ‘_name_’:
Note: answer variable needs to be decrypted with the specified key
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Question4.main()
Module contents
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.transpositionDecrypt module
Transposition Cipher Decryption
Decrypts transposition cipher messages.
Note: https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.transpositionDecrypt.decryptMessage(key: int, message:
str) → str
Decrypt transposition cipher.
Decrypts transposition cipher messages with given key.
Parameters
• key – Numeric key to use for decryption.
• message – Message string to decrypt.
Returns Decrypted message in a string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.transpositionDecrypt.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 9 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 9 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.passingReference module
Passing references in a function
Demonstrates how to pass a reference to a function.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.passingReference.eggs(someParameter: list) → None
Append to a parameter.
Appends ‘Hello’ to a given parameter.
Parameters someParameter – List of elements.
Returns None. Only appends a string to a provided parameter.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.passingReference.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.transpositionTest module
Transposition Cipher Test
Demonstrates a unit test for the transposition encrypt and decrypt functions.
Note: https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.transpositionTest.main()
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Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 10 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 10 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10.transpositionFileCipher module
Transposition Cipher Encrypt/Decrypt File
Implements a transposition cipher that can encrypt/decrypt a file.
Note: https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10.transpositionFileCipher.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 11 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 11 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish module
Detect English Module
Provides functions to determine whether a given string is in the English language.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.UPPERLETTERS
String containing all latin-based letters in uppercase.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.LETTERS_AND_SPACE
String containing upper and lowercase letters as well as space, newline, and tab.
Type str
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.DICTIONARY_FILE
String containing absolute path of dictionary.txt file.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.ENGLISH_WORDS
Dictionary containing all words from dictionary.txt as keys.
Type dict
Example
>>> import pythontutorials.books.CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish as␣
,→detectEnglish
>>> someString = 'Enthusiasm is contagious. Not having enthusiasm is also contagious.'
>>> detectEnglish.isEnglish(someString) # Returns True or False
True
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
• There must be a “dictionary.txt” file in this directory with all English words in it, one word per line.
You can download this from https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.getEnglishCount(message: str) → float
Get count of English words
For given message, counts number of words in English dictionary and returns ratio of English words
out of total words.
Parameters message – String with message to check for English words.
Returns Ratio of number of English words / total number of words.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.isEnglish(message: str, wordPercentage:
int = 20, letterPercentage: int
= 85) → bool
Determines whether message is English
Using given word percentage and letter percentage, determines if a given message is in the English
language.
Parameters
• message – String containing message to determine if it is English.
• wordPercentage – Integer representing percentage of words in message that must
be English.
• letterPercentage – Integer representing percentage of characters in message that
must be letters or spaces.
Returns True if message is in English language, False otherwise.
Note:
• By default, 20% of the words must exist in the dictionary file, and 85% of all the characters in
the message must be letters or spaces (not punctuation or numbers).
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.loadDictionary() → dict
Load dictionary file
Loads dictionary.txt file and creates a dictionary with all words as keys.
Returns Dictionary with all words in dictionary.txt as keys.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish.removeNonLetters(message: str) → str
Removes non-letters
Removes non-letter characters from given message.
Parameters message – String with message to remove non-letter characters from.
Returns New string with non-letter characters removed.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 12 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 12 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.transpositionHacker module
Transposition Cipher Hacker
Implements a function that can hack a transposition cipher encrypted message.
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.transpositionHacker.hackTransposition(message: str)
Hacks transposition cipher encrypted messages
Brute-forces a given encrypted message by looping through all the keys, checking if the result is English,
and prompting the user for confirmation of decryption.
Parameters message – String with message to brute-force.
Returns Prints out possible results and prompts user for confirmation. If confirmed, prints
out and returns full decrypted message, otherwise returns None.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.transpositionHacker.main()
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Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 13 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 13 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.cryptomath module
Cryptomath Module
Provides mathematical functions for use in cryptography. (Discrete mathematics FTW!)
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.cryptomath.findModInverse(a: int, m: int)
Modular inverse
Returns modular inverse of given inputs using Euclid’s extended algorithm.
Parameters
• a – First integer input.
• m – Second integer input.
Returns Modular inverse as an integer if it exists, None otherwise.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.cryptomath.gcd(a: int, b: int) → int
Greatest common divisor
Returns greatest common divisor of given inputs using Euclid’s algorithm.
Parameters
• a – First integer input.
• b – Second integer input.
Returns Integer representing GCD.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14 package
Submodules
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 14 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 14 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher module
Affine Cipher
Provides functions that implement affine cipher encryption and decryption.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.SYMBOLS
String containing all symbols that can be encrypted/decrypted.
Type str
Example
>>> import pythontutorials.books.CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher as␣
,→affineCipher
>>> someString = 'Enthusiasm is contagious. Not having enthusiasm is also contagious.'
>>> key = affineCipher.getRandomKey() # key = 921, in this example
>>> affineCipher.encryptMessage(key, someString)
'xq3eBprFpdLrpLf4q3FRr4BpyLi43LeFOrqRL6q3eBprFpdLrpLFQp4Lf4q3FRr4Bpy'
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
• There must be a “dictionary.txt” file in this directory with all English words in it, one word per line.
You can download this from https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.checkKeys(keyA: int, keyB: int, mode: str)
→ None
Checks keys for validity.
Prevents keyA from being 1 and keyB from being 0 (if encrypting). Makes sure keyA is relatively
prime with the length of SYMBOLS. Ensures keyA is greater than 0 and that keyB is between 0 and
length of SYMBOLS.
Parameters
• keyA – Integer integral of the original key after floor division by length of SYMBOLS.
• keyB – Integer remainder of the original key after modulus by length of SYMBOLS.
• mode – String specifying whether to ‘encrypt’ or ‘decrypt’.
Returns None if successful, exits program with error message otherwise.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.decryptMessage(key: int, message: str) →
str
Affine cipher decryption
Decrypts given affine cipher encrypted message with given key.
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Parameters
• key – Integer decryption key to decrypt affine cipher.
• message – Message string to decrypt.
Returns Decrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.encryptMessage(key: int, message: str) →
str
Affine cipher encryption
Encrypts given message with given key using the affine cipher.
Parameters
• key – Integer encryption key to encrypt with affine cipher.
• message – Message string to encrypt.
Returns Encrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.getKeyParts(key: int) -> (,
)
Split key into parts
Splits key into keyA and keyB via floor division and modulus by length of SYMBOLS.
Parameters key – Integer key used to encrypt message.
Returns Tuple containing the integral and remainder.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.getRandomKey() → int
Affine cipher key generator
Generates a random key that can be used with the affine cipher.
Returns Random, valid integer key
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineKeyTest module
Test affine cipher keyspace
This program proves that the keyspace of the affine cipher is limited to less than len(SYMBOLS) ^ 2.
Note: Tests every key from 2 through 80 and prints it with the encrypted message if the key and length
of SYMBOLS have a gcd.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineKeyTest.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15 package
Submodules
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 15 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 15 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.affineHacker module
Affine Cipher Hacker
Implements a function that can hack an affine cipher encrypted message.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.affineHacker.SILENT_MODE
Specifies whether to print all key attempts.
Type bool
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.affineHacker.hackAffine(message: str)
Hacks affine cipher encrypted messages
Brute-forces a given encrypted message by looping through all the keys, checking if the result is English,
and prompting the user for confirmation of decryption.
Parameters message – String with message to brute-force.
Returns Prints out possible results and prompts user for confirmation. If confirmed, prints
out and returns full decrypted message, otherwise returns None.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.affineHacker.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 16 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 16 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher module
Simple Substitution Cipher
Provides functions that implement a substitution cipher.
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.LETTERS
String containing uppercase latin letters.
Type str
Example
>>> import pythontutorials.books.CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher as␣
,→simpleSubCipher
>>> key = simpleSubCipher.getRandomKey() # key = 'VIAXLGJBKSZDUTRPYCEWNFHOMQ', in this␣
,→example
>>> message = 'You\'d be surprised what you can live through.'
>>> simpleSubCipher.encryptMessage(key, message)
"Mrn'x il encpckelx hbvw mrn avt dkfl wbcrnjb"
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.decryptMessage(key: str, message: str)
→ str
Substitution Cipher Decrypt
Wrapper function that decrypts given substitution cipher encrypted message with the given key.
Parameters
• key – String containing key used to decrypt substitution cipher.
• message – String containing message to decrypt.
Returns Decrypted message.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.encryptMessage(key: str, message: str)
→ str
Substitution Cipher Encrypt
Wrapper function that encrypts given message with the given key using the substitution cipher.
Parameters
• key – String containing key used to encrypt with substitution cipher.
• message – String containing message to encrypt.
Returns Encrypted message.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.getRandomKey() → str
Substitution cipher key generator
Generates a random key that can be used with the substitution cipher.
Returns String with a random, valid key.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.keyIsValid(key: str) → bool
Checks key for validity.
Ensures key contains all letters in LETTERS.
Parameters key – String containing key used to encrypt with substitution cipher.
Returns True if key and LETTERS match, False otherwise.
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher.translateMessage(key: str, message:
str, mode: str) → str
Substitution Cipher
Implements a substitution cipher that can encrypt or decrypt messages depending on the given mode.
Parameters
• key – String containing key used to decrypt/encrypt messages.
• message – String containing message to decrypt/encrypt.
• mode – String specifying whether to ‘encrypt’ or ‘decrypt’.
Returns Encrypted or decrypted message.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 17 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 17 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.makeWordPatterns module
Make wordPatterns.py file
Creates CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.wordPatterns based on the words in our dictionary text
file, dictionary.txt. A word pattern assigns a number to each letter in a word, then generates a pattern
representation of that word based on the number assigned to each letter.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.makeWordPatterns.DICTIONARY_FILE
String containing absolute path to dictionary.txt file.
Type str
Note:
• Download the dictionary file from https://invpy.com/dictionary.txt
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.makeWordPatterns.getWordPattern(word: str) → str
Get word pattern
Returns a string of the pattern form of the given word.
Parameters word – String containing word to convert into word pattern.
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Example: >>> import pythontutorials.books.CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.makeWordPatterns
as
makeWordPatterns
>>>
makeWordPatterns.getWordPattern(‘DUSTBUSTER’)
‘0.1.2.3.4.1.2.3.5.6’
Returns String containing word pattern.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.makeWordPatterns.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker module
Simple Substitution Cipher Hacker
Implements a function that can hack a substitution cipher encrypted message.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.LETTERS
String containing uppercase latin letters.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.nonLettersOrSpacePattern
Regular expression object representing all non-letter characters and space.
Type re._sre.SRE_Pattern
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.addLettersToMapping(letterMapping:
dict, cipherword:
str,
candidate:
str) → None
Add letters to cipherletter mapping
The letterMapping parameter takes a dictionary value that stores a cipherletter mapping, which is
copied by the function. The cipherword parameter is a string value of the ciphertext word. The
candidate parameter is a possible English word that the cipherword could decrypt to.
This function adds the letters in the candidate as potential decryption letters for the cipherletters in
the cipherletter mapping.
Parameters
• letterMapping – Dictionary containing a cipherletter mapping.
• cipherword – String containing an encrypted ciphertext word.
• candidate – String containing an English word the cipherword could potentially
decrypt to.
Returns None. Modifies contents of letterMapping by adding letters to the cipherletter
mapping.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.decryptWithCipherletterMapping(ciphertext:
str,
letterMapping:
dict)
→
str
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Decrypt substitution cipher message with cipherletter map
Decrypts given substitution cipher encrypted message with given dictionary containing a cipherletter
map.
Parameters
• ciphertext – Substitution cipher encrypted message to decrypt.
• letterMapping – Dictionary with cipherletter map that may decrypt the ciphertext.
Returns String containing decrypted ciphertext message.
Note:
• Ambiguous decrypted letters are replaced with an underscore, ‘_’
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.getBlankCipherletterMapping()
→
dict
Get blank cipherletter mapping
Returns a dictionary value that is a blank cipherletter mapping
Returns Returns dictionary with uppercase latin letters as keys and empty lists as values.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.hackSimpleSub(message: str) → dict
Hack simple substitution cipher
Hacks simple substitution cipher and returns dictionary with cipherletter map that may be able to
decrypt given message.
Parameters message – String containing substitution cipher encrypted message.
Returns Dictionary with cipherletter map that may decrypt given message.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.intersectMappings(mapA: dict, mapB:
dict) → dict
Intersects two cipherletter mappings
Checks each letter in LETTERS and adds to intersected map if it exists in both given maps. If either
map is empty, the non-empty map is copied to the intersected map.
Parameters
• mapA – Dictionary containing potential decryption letters.
• mapB – Dictionary containing potential decryption letters.
Returns Dictionary containing intersected map of potential decryption letters.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker.removeSolvedLettersFromMapping(letterMapping:
dict)
→
dict
Removes solved letters from cipherletter mapping
Cipherletters in the mapping that map to only one letter are “solved” and can be removed from the
other letters.
For example, if ‘A’ maps to potential letters [‘M’, ‘N’] and ‘B’ maps to [‘N’], then we know that ‘B’
must map to ‘N’, so we can remove ‘N’ from the list of what ‘A’ could map to. So ‘A’ then maps to
[‘M’].
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Note that now that ‘A’ maps to only one letter, we can remove ‘M’ from the list of letters for every
other letter. (This is why there is a loop that keeps reducing the map.)
Parameters letterMapping – Cipherletter map dictionary to remove solved letters from.
Returns Dictionary containing cipherletter map with solved letters removed.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.wordPatterns module
Word patterns file
Dictionary with word patterns as keys and a list of words matching the word pattern as values.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.wordPatterns.allPatterns
Dictionary containing all word patterns in dictionary.txt
Type dict
Example
>>> {'0.0.1': ['EEL']}
Note:
• Docstring gets erased when wordPatterns.py is generated by CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.
makeWordPatterns
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 18 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 18 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.stringTest module
Create string test
Timing string concatenation vs list appending to make a string.
Note:
• Prints time to make a 10000 character string 10000 times as seconds since the Unix epoch.
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.stringTest.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher module
Vigenère Cipher (Polyalphabetic Substitution Cipher)
Provides functions that implement a Vigenère cipher.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher.LETTERS
String containing uppercase latin letters.
Type str
Example
>>> import pythontutorials.books.CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher as␣
,→vigenereCipher
>>> key = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'
>>> message = 'A soul shines brightest when it stands alongside the darkness. -Anon,␣
,→probably'
>>> vigenereCipher.encryptMessage(key, message)
'S mdyc uhtvjj bxqrplxav aetv ie awoplg udghvwzfe epj uaxsymkl. -Ipsk, ezomieza'
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher.decryptMessage(key: str, message: str)
→ str
Vigenère cipher decryption
Wrapper function that decrypts given message with given key using the Vigenère cipher.
Parameters
• key – String decryption key to encrypt with Vigenère cipher.
• message – Message string to decrypt.
Returns Decrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher.encryptMessage(key: str, message: str)
→ str
Vigenère cipher encryption
Wrapper function that encrypts given message with given key using the Vigenère cipher.
Parameters
• key – String encryption key to encrypt with Vigenère cipher.
• message – Message string to encrypt.
Returns Encrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher.main()
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher.translateMessage(key: str, message: str,
mode: str) → str
Vigenère cipher
Implements a Vigenère cipher that can encrypt or decrypt messages depending on the given mode.
Parameters
• key – String containing key used to decrypt/encrypt messages.
• message – String containing message to decrypt/encrypt.
• mode – String specifying whether to ‘encrypt’ or ‘decrypt’.
Returns Encrypted or decrypted message.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 19 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 19 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis module
Frequency Finder
Analyzes frequency of letters in given message compared to the most common occurring letters to determine
if message is in the English language.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis.ETAOIN
String containing uppercase latin letters in order from most to least common.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis.LETTERS
String containing uppercase latin letters in alphabetical order.
Type str
Note:
• Compares six most and six least common letters in the English language.
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis.englishFreqMatchScore(message:
int
English Frequency Match Score
str) →
Calculates number of matches that the string in the message parameter has when its letter frequency
is compared to English letter frequency.
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Parameters message – String containing message to calculate English match score.
Returns Number representing message’s matches to English letter frequency.
Note:
• A “match” is how many of its six most frequent and six least frequent letters are among the six
most frequent and six least frequent letters for English.
• A “perfect score” is 12
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis.getFrequencyOrder(message: str) → str
Get frequency order
Analyzes frequency of each letter in given message and returns string with each letter from most to
least frequent.
Parameters message – String containing message to analyze frequency.
Returns String of the alphabet letters arranged in order of most frequently occurring in
the message parameter.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis.getItemAtIndexZero(items: tuple)
Get element at index zero
Helper function that returns the first element of a given tuple.
Parameters items – Tuple containing a latin letter and its frequency count.
Returns the latin letter.
Return type The first element of the given tuple
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis.getLetterCount(message: str) → dict
Get letter count
Counts the frequency of all latin letters in a given message.
Parameters message – String containing message to analyze letter frequency.
Returns Dictionary with keys of single letters and values of the count of how many times
they appear in the message parameter.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 20 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 20 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.PracticeQuestions.main()
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereDictionaryHacker module
Vigenère Cipher Dictionary Hacker
Implements a function that can hack a Vigenère cipher encrypted message using a dictionary.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereDictionaryHacker.DICTIONARY_FILE
String with absolute location of dictionary.txt file.
Type str
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereDictionaryHacker.hackVigenereDictionary(ciphertext:
str)
Hack Vigenère Dictionary
Brute-forces ciphertext by using every word in the dictionary file as a key. Checks if decrypted message
is English with the isEnglish() module, and prompts user for confirmation by displaying first 100
characters.
Parameters ciphertext – String containing Vigenère cipher encrypted message.
Returns Decrypted message, if confirmed, None otherwise.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereDictionaryHacker.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker module
Vigenère Cipher Hacker
Implements a series of functions that can hack a Vigenère cipher encrypted message by brute-forcing key
lengths.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.LETTERS
String with uppercase latin letters.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.MAX_KEY_LENGTH
Will not attempt keys longer than this.
Type int
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.NUM_MOST_FREQ_LETTERS
Attempt this many letters per subkey.
Type int
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.SILENT_MODE
If set to True, program doesn’t print anything.
Type bool
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.NONLETTERS_PATTERN
Regular expression object representing all non-letter characters.
Type re._sre.SRE_Pattern
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Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.attemptHackWithKeyLength(ciphertext:
str,
mostLikelyKeyLength:
int)
Attempt hack with key length
Brute-forces ciphertext using every key of a given length, checks if decrypted message is English with
the isEnglish() module, and prompts user for confirmation by displaying first 200 characters.
Parameters
• ciphertext – String with encrypted message.
• mostLikelyKeyLength – Integer representing the length of the key used to encrypt
message.
Returns Decrypted message, if confirmed, None otherwise.
Note:
• Key length is not limited to likely key lengths from kasiskiExamination().
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.findRepeatSequencesSpacings(message:
str) →
dict
Find spacing between repeat sequences
Goes through the message and finds any 3- to 5-letter sequences that are repeated. Then counts the
number of letters between the repeated sequences.
Parameters message – String with message to find repeat sequence spacing.
Returns Dictionary with the keys of the sequence and values of a list of spacings (num of
letters between the repeats).
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.getItemAtIndexOne(x: tuple) → int
Get item at index one
Helper function that returns the second element of given tuple.
Parameters x – Tuple with integers as values.
Returns Second element of x.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.getMostCommonFactors(seqFactors: dict)
→ list
Get most common factors
Counts how often each factor in the seqFactors dictionary occurs and returns a list of tuples with each
factor and its count.
Parameters seqFactors – Dictionary with 3- to 5- letter sequences as keys and the factors
of the spacings between them as values.
Returns A list of tuples of each factor and its count.
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.getNthSubkeysLetters(nth:
int,
keyLength:
int,
message: str) →
str
Get nth subkeys letters
Gets every nth letter for each set of letters of a given length in a given text.
Parameters
• nth – Integer representing desired letter in message (similar to an index number).
• keyLength – Integer representing length of key to use (spacing between nth letters).
• message – String containing text to extract subkey letters from.
Returns String with every nth letter for each specified key length.
Examples
>>> getNthSubkeysLetters(1,
'AAA'
>>> getNthSubkeysLetters(2,
'BBB'
>>> getNthSubkeysLetters(3,
'CCC'
>>> getNthSubkeysLetters(1,
'AF'
3, 'ABCABCABC')
3, 'ABCABCABC')
3, 'ABCABCABC')
5, 'ABCDEFGHI')
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.getUsefulFactors(num: int) → list
Get useful factors
Returns a list of useful factors of num. By “useful” we mean factors less than MAX_KEY_LENGTH
+ 1 and not 1.
Parameters num – Integer to get useful factors of.
Returns List of useful factors, if found, empty list otherwise.
Example
>>> getUsefulFactors(144)
[2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16]
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.hackVigenere(ciphertext: str)
Hack vigenere
Hacks Vigenère cipher encrypted message using likely key lengths, otherwise all possible key lengths.
Parameters ciphertext – String containing Vigenère cipher encrypted message.
Returns Decrypted message, if confirmed, None otherwise.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.kasiskiExamination(ciphertext: str) →
list
Kasiski Examination
Uses Kasiski Examination to determine the likely length of the key used to encrypt the given ciphertext.
Parameters ciphertext – String containing encrypted message.
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Returns List of likely key lengths used to encrypt message.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter21 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter21.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 21 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 21 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter21.PracticeQuestions.main()
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22 package
Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 22 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 22 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum module
Prime Number Sieve
Implements a series of functions that determine if a given number is prime.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum.LOW_PRIMES
List containing prime numbers <= 100 (aka ‘low primes’).
Type list
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum.generateLargePrime(keysize: int = 1024) → int
Generate large prime number
Generates random numbers of given bit size until one is prime.
Parameters keysize – Number of bits prime number should be.
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Returns Random prime number that is keysize bits in size.
Note:
• keysize defaults to 1024 bits.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum.isPrime(num: int) → bool
Is prime
This function checks divisibility by LOW_PRIMES before calling rabinMiller().
Parameters num – Integer to check if prime.
Returns True if num is prime, False otherwise.
Note:
• If a number is divisible by a low prime number, it is not prime.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum.isPrimeTrialDiv(num: int) → bool
Is prime trial division
Uses the trial division algorithm for testing if a given number is prime.
Parameters num – Integer to determine if prime.
Returns True if num is a prime number, otherwise False.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum.primeSieve(sieveSize: int) → list
Prime sieve
Calculates prime numbers using the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm.
Parameters sieveSize – Largest number to check if prime starting from zero.
Returns List containing prime numbers from 0 to given number.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum.rabinMiller(num: int) → bool
Rabin-Miller primality test
Uses the Rabin-Miller primality test to check if a given number is prime.
Parameters num – Number to check if prime.
Returns True if num is prime, False otherwise.
Note:
• The Rabin-Miller primality test relies on unproven assumptions, therefore it can return false
positives when given a pseudoprime.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23 package
Submodules
1.6. books
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.PracticeQuestions module
Chapter 23 Practice Questions
Answers Chapter 23 Practice Questions via Python code.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.PracticeQuestions.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.makePublicPrivateKeys module
Public Key Generator
Implements series of functions capable of creating a textbook RSA public/private keypair and saves them
to text files.
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
• ‘Textbook/Plain’ RSA keys are not secure and should not be used to encrypt sensitive data.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.makePublicPrivateKeys.generateKey(keySize: int) → tuple
Generate public/private keypair
Creates public/private keys keySize bits in size.
Parameters keySize – Bit size to make public/private keys.
Returns Tuples containing the public and private keypair split into their two halves.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.makePublicPrivateKeys.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.makePublicPrivateKeys.makeKeyFiles(name: str, keySize:
int) → None
Make key files
Creates two files ‘x_pubkey.txt’ and ‘x_privkey.txt’ (where x is the value in name) with the n,e and
d,e integers written in them, delimited by a comma.
Parameters
• name – Name to append to public/private key files.
• keySize – Bit size to make public/private keys.
Returns None. Key files are created in current working directory.
Note:
• Checks if key files with given name already exist and exits with warning if so.
Module contents
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24 package
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Submodules
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher module
Public Key Cipher
Implements a series of functions capable of encrypting and decrypting with textbook RSA public/private
keypairs.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.SYMBOLS
String with all characters to be encrypted/decrypted.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.PUBLIC_KEY_PATH
String with absolute location of public key file.
Type str
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.PRIVATE_KEY_PATH
String with absolute location of private key file.
Type str
Note:
• https://www.nostarch.com/crackingcodes/ (BSD Licensed)
• The public and private keys are created by the CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.
makePublicPrivateKeys module.
• ‘Textbook/Plain’ RSA keys are not secure and should not be used to encrypt sensitive data.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.decryptMessage(encryptedBlocks:
list,
messageLength:
int,
key: tuple, blockSize:
int) → str
Decrypt Message
Decrypts a list of encrypted block integers back to the original message string.
Parameters
• encryptedBlocks – List containing block integers encrypted with PUBLIC key.
• messageLength – Length of the original message.
• key – Tuple with PRIVATE key used to decryption.
• blockSize – Bit size of block integers (usually specified in PRIVATE key file).
Returns Original message before block integer conversion and PUBLIC key encryption.
Notes
• The original message length is required to properly decrypt the last block.
• Ensure to pass the PRIVATE key to decrypt.
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.encryptAndWriteToFile(messageFilename:
str,
keyFilename:
str,
message: str,
blockSize: int
= None) → str
Encrypt and write to file
Using a key from a keyfile, encrypt the message and save it to a file.
Parameters
• messageFilename – String containing name of file to save encrypted message to.
• keyFilename – String containing absolute file path of PUBLIC key file.
• message – String containing message to encrypt and save.
• blockSize – Bit size of blocks of integers used to convert and encrypt message
(usually specified in PUBLIC key file).
Returns Encrypted message string.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.encryptMessage(message: str, key: tuple, blockSize: int) →
list
Encrypt message
Converts the message string into a list of block integers, and then encrypts each block integer.
Parameters
• message – String containing message to encrypt with PUBLIC key.
• key – Tuple with PUBLIC key used for encryption.
• blockSize – Bit size of block integers (usually specified in the PUBLIC key file).
Returns List of block integers encrypted with PUBLIC key.
Note:
• Ensure to pass the PUBLIC key to encrypt.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.getBlocksFromText(message: str, blockSize: int) → list
Get blocks from text
Converts a string message to a list of block integers.
Parameters
• message – String containing message to convert into blocks of integers.
• blockSize – Size of each block of integers.
Returns List with blocks of integers of the given size.
Note:
• If a character in the message is not in SYMBOLS, program exits with an error.
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CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.getTextFromBlocks(blockInts: list, messageLength:
int,
blockSize: int) →
str
Get text from blocks
Converts a list of block integers to the original message string.
Parameters
• blockInts – List of block integers of specified size.
• messageLength – Length of the original message.
• blockSize – Bit size of each block of integers.
Returns Original message string before block integer conversion.
Note:
• The original message length is needed to properly convert the last block integer.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.main()
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.readFromFileAndDecrypt(messageFilename:
str, keyFilename:
str)
→ str
Read from file and decrypt
Using a key from a key file, read an encrypted message from a file and then decrypt it.
Parameters
• messageFilename – String containing name of file with encrypted message saved to
it.
• keyFilename – String containing absolute file path of PRIVATE key file.
Returns Decrypted message string.
Note:
• Checks block size in key file and exits with error if too large.
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher.readKeyFile(keyFilename: str) → tuple
Read key from key file
Reads the given public/private key file and returns the key.
Parameters keyFilename – String containing absolute path to public/private key file.
Returns The key as a (n,e) or (n,d) tuple value.
Module contents
Submodules
1.6. books
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CrackingCodesWithPython.pyperclip module
Pyperclip
A cross-platform clipboard module for Python, with copy & paste functions for plain text. By Al Sweigart
al@inventwithpython.com BSD License
Usage: import pyperclip pyperclip.copy(‘The text to be copied to the clipboard.’) spam = pyperclip.paste()
if not pyperclip.is_available(): print(“Copy functionality unavailable!”)
On Windows, no additional modules are needed. On Mac, the pyobjc module is used, falling back to the
pbcopy and pbpaste cli commands. (These commands should come with OS X.). On Linux, install xclip or
xsel via package manager. For example, in Debian:
sudo apt-get install xclip
sudo apt-get install xsel
Otherwise on Linux, you will need the gtk or PyQt5/PyQt4 modules installed.
gtk and PyQt4 modules are not available for Python 3, and this module does not work with PyGObject yet.
Note: There seem sto be a way to get gtk on Python 3, according to: https://askubuntu.com/
questions/697397/python3-is-not-supporting-gtk-module
Cygwin is currently not supported.
Security Note: This module runs programs with these names:
• which
• where
• pbcopy
• pbpaste
• xclip
• xsel
• klipper
• qdbus
A malicious user could rename or add programs with these names, tricking Pyperclip into running them
with whatever permissions the Python process has.
CrackingCodesWithPython.pyperclip.copy(text)
A stub function for copy(), which will load the real copy() function when called so that the real copy()
function is used for later calls.
This allows users to import pyperclip without having determine_clipboard() automatically run, which
will automatically select a clipboard mechanism. This could be a problem if it selects, say, the memoryheavy PyQt4 module but the user was just going to immediately call set_clipboard() to use a different
clipboard mechanism.
The lazy loading this stub function implements gives the user a chance to call set_clipboard() to
pick another clipboard mechanism. Or, if the user simply calls copy() or paste() without calling
set_clipboard() first, will fall back on whatever clipboard mechanism that determine_clipboard()
automatically chooses.
CrackingCodesWithPython.pyperclip.paste()
A stub function for paste(), which will load the real paste() function when called so that the real
paste() function is used for later calls.
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This allows users to import pyperclip without having determine_clipboard() automatically run, which
will automatically select a clipboard mechanism. This could be a problem if it selects, say, the memoryheavy PyQt4 module but the user was just going to immediately call set_clipboard() to use a different
clipboard mechanism.
The lazy loading this stub function implements gives the user a chance to call set_clipboard() to
pick another clipboard mechanism. Or, if the user simply calls copy() or paste() without calling
set_clipboard() first, will fall back on whatever clipboard mechanism that determine_clipboard()
automatically chooses.
CrackingCodesWithPython.pyperclip.set_clipboard(clipboard)
Explicitly sets the clipboard mechanism. The “clipboard mechanism” is how the copy() and paste()
functions interact with the operating system to implement the copy/paste feature. The clipboard
parameter must be one of:
• pbcopy
• pbobjc (default on Mac OS X)
• gtk
• qt
• xclip
• xsel
• klipper
• windows (default on Windows)
• no (this is what is set when no clipboard mechanism can be found)
CrackingCodesWithPython.pyperclip.determine_clipboard()
Determine the OS/platform and set the copy() and paste() functions accordingly.
Module contents
1.7 Index
1.7. Index
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PYTHON MODULE INDEX
c
38
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06.PracticeQuestion,
CrackingCodesWithPython, 69
38
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01, 34
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07,
41
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarCipher,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.addNumbers,
33
40
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.caesarHacker,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.helloFunction,
34
40
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.constants,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions,
34
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter01.PracticeQuestions, 40
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Questi
33
39
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter02, 35
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Questi
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter02.PracticeQuestions,
39
34
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Questi
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03, 35
39
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03.hello, 35
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Questi
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter03.PracticeQuestions,
39
35
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.PracticeQuestions.Questi
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04, 36
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04.PracticeQuestions, 39
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter07.transpositionEncrypt,
35
40
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter04.reverseCipher,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08, 43
36
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05, 38
42
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.caesarCipher,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Questi
37
41
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.checkPw,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Questi
38
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions, 41
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Questi
37
42
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question1,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.PracticeQuestions.Questi
36
42
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question2,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter08.transpositionDecrypt,
36
42
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question3,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09, 44
36
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.passingReference,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.Question4,
43
37
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter05.PracticeQuestions.watermelon,
43
37
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter09.transpositionTest,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06, 38
43
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter06.caesarHacker,
71
python-tutorials Documentation, Release 1.1.1
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10, 44
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.freqAnalysis,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10.PracticeQuestions, 57
44
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter10.transpositionFileCipher,
57
44
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20, 62
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11, 46
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.detectEnglish,
58
44
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereDictionaryHacker
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter11.PracticeQuestions, 59
44
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter20.vigenereHacker,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12, 47
59
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter21, 62
46
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter21.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter12.transpositionHacker,62
46
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22, 63
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13, 47
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.cryptomath,
62
47
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter22.primeNum,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter13.PracticeQuestions, 62
47
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23, 64
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14, 49
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.makePublicPrivateKeys,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineCipher,
64
48
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter23.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.affineKeyTest,
64
49
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24, 67
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter14.PracticeQuestions,
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter24.publicKeyCipher,
48
65
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15, 50
CrackingCodesWithPython.pyperclip, 68
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.affineHacker,
50
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter15.PracticeQuestions,
50
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16, 52
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.PracticeQuestions,
50
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter16.simpleSubCipher,
50
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17, 55
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.makeWordPatterns,
52
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.PracticeQuestions,
52
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.simpleSubHacker,
53
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter17.wordPatterns,
55
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18, 57
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.PracticeQuestions,
55
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.stringTest,
55
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter18.vigenereCipher,
56
CrackingCodesWithPython.Chapter19, 58
72
Python Module Index
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