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User Manual: Digital Equipment Corporation MicroVAX 3900 Simulator ation

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VAX (MicroVAX 3900) Simulator Usage
01-May-2012
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
The following copyright notice applies to the SIMH source, binary, and documentation:
Original code published in 1993-2012, written by Robert M Supnik
Copyright (c) 1993-2012, Robert M Supnik
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons
to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR
ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not be used in
advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software
without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik.

1
2

Simulator Files ............................................................................................................. 3
VAX Features .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1
CPU and System Devices .................................................................................... 5
2.1.1
CPU ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2
Translation Buffer (TLB) ................................................................................ 7
2.1.3
Qbus Adapter (QBA) ..................................................................................... 7
2.1.4
Read-only memory (ROM)............................................................................. 8
2.1.5
Non-volatile Memory (NVR) ........................................................................... 8
2.1.6
System Devices (SYSD) ................................................................................ 8
2.2
I/O Device Addressing .......................................................................................... 9
2.3
Programmed I/O Devices ................................................................................... 10
2.3.1
Terminal Input (TTI) ..................................................................................... 10
2.3.2
Terminal Output (TTO) ................................................................................ 10
2.3.3
LPV11 Line Printer (LPT)............................................................................. 10
2.3.4
Real-Time Clock (CLK) ................................................................................ 11
2.4
Disks ................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.1
RLV12/RL01,RL02 Cartridge Disk (RL) ....................................................... 11
2.4.2
RQDX3 MSCP Disk Controllers (RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD) ............................ 12
2.4.3
RXV21/RX02 Floppy Disk (RY) ................................................................... 14
2.5
Tapes .................................................................................................................. 15
2.5.1
TSV11/TSV05 Magnetic Tape (TS) ............................................................. 15
2.5.2
TQK50 TMSCP Disk Controller (TQ) ........................................................... 16
2.6
Communications Devices ................................................................................... 17
2.6.1
DZV11 Terminal Multiplexer (DZ) ................................................................ 17
2.6.2
DHQ11 Terminal Multiplexer (VH) ............................................................... 18
2.6.3
DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet Controllers (XQ, XQB) .............................. 20
2.7
CR11 Card Reader (CR) .................................................................................... 21
3 Symbolic Display and Input........................................................................................ 23
Appendix - The KA655"X" ................................................................................................. 24

This memorandum documents the DEC VAX (MicroVAX 3900) simulator.

1 Simulator Files
To compile the VAX, you must define VM_VAX and USE_INT64 as part of the compilation command line.
To enable extended file support (files greater than 2GB), you must define USE_ADDR64 as part of the
command line as well.
sim/

scp.h
sim_console.h
sim_defs.h
sim_ether.h
sim_fio.h
sim_rev.h
sim_sock.h
sim_tape.h
sim_timer.h
sim_tmxr.h
scp.c
sim_console.c
sim_ether.c
sim_fio.c
sim_sock.c
sim_tape.c
sim_timer.c
sim_tmxr.c

sim/vax/

vax_defs.h
vaxmod_defs.h
vax_cis.c
vax_cmode.c
vax_cpu.c
vax_cpu1.c
vax_fpa.c
vax_io.c
vax_mmu.c
vax_octa.c
vax_stddev.c
vax_sys.c
vax_syscm.c
vax_sysdev.c
vax_syslist.c

sim/pdp11/

pdp11_cr_dat.h
pdp11_mscp.h
pdp11_uqssp.h
pdp11_xq.h
pdp11_xq_bootrom.h
pdp11_cr.c
pdp11_dz.c
pdp11_lp.c
pdp11_rl.c
pdp11_ry.c
pdp11_rq.c

pdp11_tq.c
pdp11_ts.c
pdp11_vh.c
pdp11_xq.c
Additional files are:
sim/vax/

ka655x.bin

extended memory boot ROM code

2 VAX Features
The VAX simulator is configured as follows:
device name(s)
CPU
TLB
ROM
NVR
QBA
SYSD
TTI,TTO
CLK
DZ
VH
CR
LPT
RL
RQ
RQB
RQC
RQD
RY
TS
TQ
XQ
XQB

simulates
KA655”X” CPU with 16MB-512MB of memory
translation buffer
read-only memory
non-volatile memory
Qbus adapter
system devices
console terminal
real-time clock
DZV11 4-line terminal multiplexer (up to 4)
DHQ11 8-line terminal multiplexer (up to 4)
CR11 card reader
LPV11 line printer
RLV12/RL01(2) cartridge disk controller with four drives
RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
second RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
third RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
fourth RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RXV21 floppy disk controller with two drives
TSV11/TSV05 magnetic tape controller with one drive
TQK50 TMSCP magnetic tape controller with four drives
DELQA/DEQNA Ethernet controller
second DELQA/DEQNA Ethernet controller

The CR, DZ, VH, LPT, RL, RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD, RY, TS, TQ, XQ, and XQB devices can be set
DISABLED. RQB, RQC, RQD, VH, and XQB are disabled by default.
The VAX simulator implements several unique stop conditions:
-

Change mode to interrupt stack
Illegal vector (bits<1:0> = 2 or 3)
Unexpected exception during interrupt or exception
Process PTE in P0 or P1 space instead of system space
Unknown IPL
Infinite loop (BRB/W to self at IPL 1F)

The LOAD command supports a simple binary format, consisting of a stream of binary bytes without origin or
checksum, for loading memory, the boot ROM, or the non-volatile memory. The DUMP command is not
implemented.

2.1 CPU and System Devices
2.1.1 CPU
CPU options include the size of main memory and the treatment of the HALT instruction.
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET

CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU

16M
32M
48M
64M
128M
256M
512M
SIMHALT
CONHALT

set memory size = 16MB
set memory size = 32MB
set memory size = 48MB
set memory size = 64MB
set memory size = 128MB
set memory size = 256MB
set memory size = 512MB
kernel HALT returns to simulator
kernel HALT returns to boot ROM console

The CPU implements a show command to display the I/O address map:
SHOW CPU IOSPACE

show I/O space address map

The CPU also implements a command to display a virtual to physical address translation:
SHOW {-kesu} CPU VIRTUAL=n

show translation for address n
in kernel/exec/supervisor/user mode

Notes on memory size:
-

The real KA655 CPU only supported 16MB to 64MB of memory. The simulator implements a
KA655"X", which increases supported memory to 512MB.
The firmware (ka655x.bin) contains code to determine the size of extended memory and set up
the PFN bit map accordingly. Other than setting up the PFN bit map, the firmware does not
recognize extended memory and will behave as though memory size was 64MB.
If memory size is being reduced, and the memory being truncated contains non-zero data, the
simulator asks for confirmation. Data in the truncated portion of memory is lost.
If the simulator is running VMS, the operating system may have a SYSGEN parameter set
called PHYSICAL PAGES (viewable from "MCR SYSGEN SHOW PHYSICALPAGES").
PHYSICALPAGES limits the maximum number of physical pages of memory the OS will
recognize. If it is set to a lower value than the new memory size of the machine, then only the
first PHYSICALPAGES of memory will be recognized, otherwise the actual size of the extended
memory will be realized by VMS upon each boot. Some users and/or sites may specify the
PHYSICALPAGES parameter in the input file to AUTOGEN
(SYS$SYSTEM:MODPARAMS.DAT). If PHYSICALPAGES is specified there, it will have to be
adjusted before running AUTOGEN to recognize more memory. The default value for
PHYSICALPAGES is 1048576, which describes 512MB of RAM.

Initial memory size is 16MB.
Memory can be loaded with a binary byte stream using the LOAD command. The LOAD command
recognizes three switches:
-o
-r
-n

origin argument follows file name
load the boot ROM
load the non-volatile RAM

The CPU supports the BOOT command and is the only VAX device to do so. Note that the behavior of the
bootstrap depends on the capabilities of the console terminator emulator. If the terminal window supports
full VT100 emulation (including Multilanguage Character Set support), the bootstrap will ask the user to
specify the language; otherwise, it will default to English.
These switches are recognized when examining or depositing in CPU memory:
-b
-w
-l
-d
-o
-h
-m
-p
-r
-v
-k
-e
-s
-u

examine/deposit bytes
examine/deposit words
examine/deposit longwords
data radix is decimal
data radix is octal
data radix is hexadecimal
examine (only) VAX instructions
examine/deposit PDP-11 (compatibility mode) instructions
examine (only) RADIX50 encoded data
interpret address as virtual, current mode
interpret address as virtual, kernel mode
interpret address as virtual, executive mode
interpret address as virtual, supervisor mode
interpret address as virtual, user mode

CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the control registers for the interrupt
system.
name

size

comments

PC
R0 .. R14
AP
FP
SP
PSL
CC
KSP
ESP
SSP
USP
IS
SCBB
PCBB
P0BR
P0LR
P1BR
P1LR
SBR
SLR
SISR
ASTLVL
MAPEN
PME
TRPIRQ
CRDERR
MEMERR
PCQ[0:63]

32
32
32
32
32
32
4
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
22
32
22
32
22
16
4
1
1
8
1
1
32

program counter
R0 to R14
alias for R12
alias for R13
alias for R14
processor status longword
condition codes, PSL<3:0>
kernel stack pointer
executive stack pointer
supervisor stack pointer
user stack pointer
interrupt stack pointer
system control block base
process controll block base
P0 base register
P0 length register
P1 base register
P1 length register
system base register
system length register
software interrupt summary register
AST level register
memory management enable
performance monitor enable
trap/interrupt pending
correctible read data error flag
memory error flag
PC prior to last PC change or interrupt;
most recent PC change first

WRU

interrupt character

The CPU attempts to detect when the simulator is idle. When idle, the simulator does not use any resources
on the host system. Idle detection is controlled by the SET IDLE and SET NOIDLE commands:
SET CPU IDLE{=VMS|ULTRIX|NETBSD|FREEBSD|32V|ALL}
SET CPU NOIDLE
disable idle detection

enable idle detection

Idle detection is disabled by default. Unless ALL is specified, idle detection is operating system specific. If
idle detection is enabled with an incorrect operating system setting, simulator performance could be
impacted. The default operating system setting is VMS.
The CPU can maintain a history of the most recently executed instructions. This is controlled by the SET
CPU HISTORY and SHOW CPU HISTORY commands:
SET CPU HISTORY
SET CPU HISTORY=0
SET CPU HISTORY=n
SHOW CPU HISTORY
SHOW CPU HISTORY=n

clear history buffer
disable history
enable history, length = n
print CPU history
print first n entries of CPU history

The maximum length for the history is 65536 entries.

2.1.2 Translation Buffer (TLB)
The translation buffer consists of two units, representing the system and user translation buffers,
respectively. It has no registers. Each translation buffer entry consists of two 32b words, as follows:
word n
word n+1

tag
cached PTE

An invalid entry is indicated by a tag of 0xFFFFFFFF.

2.1.3 Qbus Adapter (QBA)
The QBA simulates the CQBIC Qbus adapter chip. It recognizes the following options:
SET QBA AUTOCONFIGURE
SET QBA NOAUTOCONFIGURE

enable autoconfiguration
disable autoconfiguration

and the following display command:
SHOW QBA IOSPACE

show IO space addresses

The QBA also implements a command to display a Qbus address to physical address translation:
SHOW QBA VIRTUAL=n

show translation for Qbus address n

Finally, the QBA implements main memory examination and modification via the Qbus map. The data width
is always 16b:
EX QBA 0/10

examine main memory words corresponding
to Qbus addresses 0-10

The QBA registers are:
name

size

comments

SCR
DSER
MEAR
SEAR
MBR
IPC
IPL17
IPL16
IPL15
IPL14

16
8
13
20
29
16
32
32
32
32

system configuration register
DMA system error register
master error address register
slave error address register
Qbus map base register
interprocessor communications register
IPL 17 interrupt flags
IPL 16 interrupt flags
IPL 15 interrupt flags
IPL 14 interrupt flags

2.1.4 Read-only memory (ROM)
The boot ROM consists of a single unit, simulating the 128KB boot ROM. It has no registers. The boot
ROM is loaded with a binary byte stream using the LOAD -r command:
LOAD -r KA655X.BIN

load ROM image KA655X.BIN

ROM accesses a use a calibrated delay that slows ROM-based execution to about 500K instructions per
second. This delay is required to make the power-up self-test routines run correctly on very fast hosts. The
delay is controlled with the commands:
SET ROM NODELAY
SET ROM DELAY

ROM runs like RAM
ROM runs slowly

2.1.5 Non-volatile Memory (NVR)
The NVR consists of a single unit, simulating 1KB of battery-backed up memory in the SSC chip. When the
simulator starts, NVR is cleared to 0, and the SSC battery-low indicator is set. Normally, NVR is saved and
restored like other memory in the system. Alternately, NVR can be attached to a file. This allows its
contents to be saved and restored independently of other memories, so that NVR state can be preserved
across simulator runs.
Successfully loading an NVR image clears the SSC battery-low indicator.

2.1.6 System Devices (SYSD)
The system devices are the system-specific facilities implemented in the CVAX chip, the KA655 CPU board,
the CMCTL memory controller, and the SSC system support chip. Note that the simulation of these devices
is incomplete and is intended strictly to allow the patched bootstrap and console code to run. The SYSD
registers are:
name

size

comments

CADR
MSER
CONPC
CONPSL
CMCSR[0:17]
CACR

8
8
32
32
32
8

cache disable register
memory system error register
PC at console halt
PSL at console halt
CMCTL control and status registers
second-level cache control register

BDR
BASE
CNF
BTO
TCSR0
TIR0
TNIR0
TIVEC0
TCSR1
TIR1
TNIR1
TIVEC1
ADSM0
ADSK0
ADSM1
ADSK1
CDGDAT[0:16383]

8
29
32
32
32
32
32
9
32
32
32
9
32
32
32
32
32

front panel jumper register
SSC base address register
SSC configuration register
SSC bus timeout register
SSC timer 0 control/status register
SSC timer 0 interval register
SSC timer 0 next interval register
SSC timer 0 interrupt vector register
SSC timer 1 control/status register
SSC timer 1 interval register
SSC timer 1 next interval register
SSC timer 1 interrupt vector register
SSC address match 0 address
SSC address match 0 mask
SSC address match 1 address
SSC address match 1 mask
cache diagnostic data store

BDR<7> is the halt-enabled switch. It controls how the console firmware responds to a BOOT command, a
kernel halt (if option CONHALT is set), or a console halt (BREAK typed on the console terminal). If BDR<7>
is set, the console firmware responds to all these conditions by entering its interactive command mode. If
BDR<7> is clear, the console firmware boots the operating system in response to these conditions.

2.2 I/O Device Addressing
Qbus I/O space is not large enough to allow all possible devices to be configured simultaneously at fixed
addresses. Instead, many devices have floating addresses; that is, the assigned device address depends
on the presence of other devices in the configuration:
DZ11
DHQ11
RL11
RXV211
MSCP disk
TMSCP tape

all instances have
all instances have
first instance has
first instance has
first instance has
first instance has

floating addresses
floating addresses
fixed address, rest
fixed address, rest
fixed address, rest
fixed address, rest

floating
floating
floating
floating

To maintain addressing consistency as the configuration changes, the simulator implements DEC's standard
I/O address and vector autoconfiguration algorithms for devices DZ, VH, RL, RY, RQn, and TQ. This allows
the user to enable or disable devices without needing to manage I/O addresses and vectors.
In addition to autoconfiguration, most devices support the SET ADDRESS command, which
allows the I/O page address of the device to be changed, and the SET VECTOR command,
which allows the vector of the device to be changed. Explicitly setting the I/O address of a device that
normally uses autoconfiguration DISABLES autoconfiguration for that device and for the entire system. As a
consequence, the user may have to manually configure all other autoconfigured devices, because the
autoconfiguration algorithm no longer recognizes the explicitly configured device. A device can be reset to
autoconfigure with the SET AUTOCONFIGURE command. Autoconfiguration can be restored for
the entire system with the SET QBA AUTOCONFIGURE command.
The current I/O map can be displayed with the SHOW QBA IOSPACE command. Addresses that have set by
autoconfiguration are marked with an asterisk (*).
All devices support the SHOW ADDRESS and SHOW VECTOR commands, which
display the device address and vector, respectively.

2.3 Programmed I/O Devices
2.3.1 Terminal Input (TTI)
The terminal interfaces (TTI, TTO) can be set to one of three modes, 7P, 7B or 8B:
mode

input characters

output characters

high-order bit cleared

7B
8B

high-order bit cleared
no changes

high-order bit cleared,
non-printing characters suppressed
high-order bit cleared
no changes

The default mode is 8B.
When the console terminal is attached to a Telnet session, it recognizes BREAK. If BREAK is entered, and
BDR<7> is set, control returns to the console firmware; otherwise, BREAK is treated as a normal terminal
input condition.
The terminal input (TTI) polls the console keyboard for input. It implements these registers:
name

size

comments

BUF
CSR
INT
ERR
DONE
IE
POS
TIME

8
16
1
1
1
1
32
24

last data item processed
control/status register
interrupt pending flag
error flag (CSR<15>)
device done flag (CSR<7>)
interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
number of characters input
input polling interval (if 0, the keyboard
is polled synchronously with the TODR)

2.3.2 Terminal Output (TTO)
The terminal output (TTO) writes to the simulator console window. It implements these registers:
name

size

comments

BUF
CSR
INT
ERR
DONE
IE
POS
TIME

8
16
1
1
1
1
32
24

2.3.3 LPV11 Line Printer (LPT)
The line printer (LPT) writes data to a disk file. The POS register specifies the number of the next data item
to be written. Thus, by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the printer.
The line printer implements these registers:

name

size

comments

BUF
CSR
INT
ERR
DONE
IE
POS
TIME
STOP_IOE

8
16
1
1
1
1
32
24
1

last data item processed
control/status register
interrupt pending flag
error flag (CSR<15>)
device done flag (CSR<7>)
interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
position in the output file
time from I/O initiation to interrupt
stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:
error

STOP_IOE

processed as

not attached

1
0

report error and stop
out of paper

OS I/O error

report error and stop

2.3.4 Real-Time Clock (CLK)
The clock (CLK) implements these registers:
name

size

comments

CSR
INT
IE
TODR
BLOW
TIME
TPS

16
1
1
32
1
24
8

control/status register
interrupt pending flag
interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
time-of-day register
TODR battery low indicator
clock frequency
ticks per second (100)

The real-time clock autocalibrates; the clock interval is adjusted up or down so that the clock tracks actual
elapsed time.

2.4 Disks
2.4.1 RLV12/RL01,RL02 Cartridge Disk (RL)
RLV12 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked, to set the drive type to RL01,
RL02, or autosize, and to write a DEC standard 044 compliant bad block table on the last track:
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET

RLn
RLn
RLn
RLn
RLn
RLn

LOCKED
WRITEENABLED
RL01
RL02
AUTOSIZE
BADBLOCK

set unit n write locked
set unit n write enabled
set type to RL01
set type to RL02
set type based on file size at ATTACH
write bad block table on last track

The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file. The bad block option can be used
only when a unit is attached to a file. Units can also be set ENABLED or DISABLED. The RLV12 does not
support the BOOT command.
The RLV12 implements these registers:
name

size

comments

RLCS
RLDA
RLBA
RLBAE
RLMP,RLMP1,RLMP2
INT
ERR
DONE
IE
STIME
RTIME
STOP_IOE

16
16
16
6
16
1
1
1
1
24
24
1

control/status
disk address
memory address
memory address extension (RLV12)
multipurpose register queue
interrupt pending flag
error flag (CSR<15>)
device done flag (CSR<7>)
interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
seek time, per cylinder
rotational delay
stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:
error

STOP_IOE

processed as

not attached

1
0

report error and stop
disk not ready

end of file

assume rest of disk is zero

OS I/O error

report error and stop

2.4.2 RQDX3 MSCP Disk Controllers (RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD)
The simulator implements four MSCP disk controllers, RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD. Initially, RQB, RQC, and
RQD are disabled. Each RQ controller simulates an RQDX3 MSCP disk controller with four drives. RQ
options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked, and to set the drive type to one of many
disk types:
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
set
SET
SET
SET
SET

RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn
RQn

LOCKED
WRITEENABLED
RX50
RX33
RD32
RD51
RD52
RD53
RD54
RD31
RA81
RA82
RA71
RA72
RA90
RA92
RRD40

set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set
set

unit
unit
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type

n write locked
n write enabled
to RX50
to RX33
to RD32
to RD51
to RD52
to RD53
to RD54
to RD31
to RA81
to RA82
to RA71
to RA72
to RA90
to RA92
to RRD40 (CD ROM)

SET RQn RAUSER{=n}
SET -L RQn RAUSER{=n}

set type to RA82 with n MB's
set type to RA82 with n LBN's

The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file. RAUSER is a "user specified" disk;
the user can specify the size of the disk in either MB (1000000 bytes) or logical block numbers (LBN's, 512
bytes each). The minimum size is 5MB; the maximum size is 2GB without extended file support, 1TB with
extended file support
Units can also be set ENABLED or DISABLED. The RQ controllers do not support the BOOT command.
Each RQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW

RQn TYPE
RQ RINGS
RQ FREEQ
RQ RESPQ
RQ UNITQ
RQ ALL
RQn UNITQ

show
show
show
show
show
show
show

drive type
command and response rings
packet free queue
packet response queue
unit queues
all ring and queue state
unit queues for unit n

Each RQ controller implements these registers:
name

size

comments

SA
S1DAT
CQBA
CQLNT
CQIDX
RQBA
RQLNT
RQIDX
FREE
RESP
PBSY
CFLGS
CSTA
PERR
CRED
HAT
HTMO
CPKT[0:3]
PKTQ[0:3]
UFLG[0:3]
INT
ITIME

16
16
22
8
8
22
8
8
5
5
5
16
4
9
5
17
17
5
5
16
1
1

QTIME
XTIME
PKTS[33*32]

24
24
16

status/address register
step 1 init host data
command queue base address
command queue length
command queue index
request queue base address
request queue length
request queue index
head of free packet list
head of response packet list
number of busy packets
controller flags
controller state
port error number
host credits
host available timer
host timeout value
current packet, units 0 to 3
packet queue, units 0 to 3
unit flags, units 0 to 3
interrupt request
response time for initialization steps
(except for step 4)
response time for 'immediate' packets
response time for data transfers
packet buffers, 33W each, 32 entries

While VMS is not timing sensitive, most of the BSD-derived operating systems (NetBSD, OpenBSD, etc)
are. The QTIME and XTIME parameters are set to values that allow these operating systems to run
correctly.
Error handling is as follows:

error

processed as

not attached

disk not ready

end of file

assume rest of disk is zero

OS I/O error

report error and stop

2.4.3 RXV21/RX02 Floppy Disk (RY)
RXV21 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked, single or double density, or
autosized:
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET

RYn
RYn
RYn
RYn
RYn

LOCKED
WRITEENABLED
SINGLE
DOUBLE
AUTOSIZE

set
set
set
set
set

unit
unit
unit
unit
unit

n
n
n
n
n

write locked
write enabled
single density
double density (default)
autosized

The RXV21 does not support the BOOT command.
The RXV21 implements these registers:
name

size

comments

RYCS
RYBA
RYWC
RYDB
RYES
RYERR
RYTA
RYSA
STAPTR
INT
ERR
TR
IE
DONE
CTIME
STIME
XTIME
STOP_IOE
SBUF[0:255]

16
16
8
16
12
8
8
8
4
1
1
1
1
1
24
24
24
1
8

status
buffer address
word count
data buffer
error status
error code
current track
current sector
controller state
interrupt pending flag
error flag (CSR<15>)
transfer ready flag (CSR<7>)
interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
device done flag (CSR<5>)
command completion time
seek time, per track
transfer ready delay
stop on I/O error
sector buffer array

Error handling is as follows:
error
not attached

STOP_IOE
1
0

processed as
report error and stop
disk not ready

RX02 data files are buffered in memory; therefore, end of file and OS I/O errors cannot occur.

2.5 Tapes
2.5.1 TSV11/TSV05 Magnetic Tape (TS)
TS options include the ability to make the unit write enabled or write locked.
SET TS LOCKED
SET TS WRITEENABLED

set unit write locked
set unit write enabled

The TS drive can be set to a specific reel capacity in MB, or to unlimited capacity:
SET TS0 CAPAC=m
SHOW TS0 CAPAC

set capacity to m MB (0 = unlimited)
show capacity in MB

The TSV11 does not support the BOOT command.
The TS controller implements these registers:
name

size

comments

TSSR
TSBA
TSDBX
CHDR
CADL
CADH
CLNT
MHDR
MRFC
MXS0
MXS1
MXS2
MXS3
MXS4
WADL
WADH
WLNT
WOPT
WXOPT
ATTN
BOOT
OWNC
OWNM
TIME
POS

16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
1
1
1
1
24
32

status register
bus address register
data buffer extension register
command packet header
command packet low address or count
command packet high address
command packet length
message packet header
message packet residual frame count
message packet extended status 0
message packet extended status 1
message packet extended status 2
message packet extended status 3
message packet extended status 4
write char packet low address
write char packet high address
write char packet length
write char packet options
write char packet extended options
attention message pending
boot request pending
if set, tape owns command buffer
if set, tape owns message buffer
delay
position

Error handling is as follows:
error

processed as

not attached

tape not ready

end of file

bad tape

OS I/O error

fatal tape error

2.5.2 TQK50 TMSCP Disk Controller (TQ)
The TQ controller simulates the TQK50 TMSCP disk controller. TQ options include the ability to set units
write enabled or write locked, and to specify the controller type and tape length:
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET

TQn LOCKED
TQn WRITEENABLED
TQ TK50
TQ TK70
TQ TU81
TQ TKUSER{=n}

set unit n write locked
set unit n write enabled
set controller type to TK50
set controller type to TK70
set controller type to TU81
set controller type to TK50 with
tape capacity of n MB

User-specified capacity must be between 50 and 2000 MB. The TQK50 does not support the BOOT
command.
Regardless of the controller type, individual units can be set to a specific reel capacity in MB, or to unlimited
capacity:
SET TQn CAPAC=m
SHOW TQn CAPAC

set unit n capacity to m MB (0 = unlimited)
show unit n capacity in MB

The TQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW
SHOW

TQ TYPE
TQ RINGS
TQ FREEQ
TQ RESPQ
TQ UNITQ
TQ ALL
TQn UNITQ

show
show
show
show
show
show
show

controller type
command and response rings
packet free queue
packet response queue
unit queues
all ring and queue state
unit queues for unit n

The TQ controller implements these registers:
name

size

comments

SA
S1DAT
CQBA
CQLNT
CQIDX
RQBA
RQLNT
RQIDX
FREE
RESP
PBSY
CFLGS
CSTA
PERR
CRED
HAT
HTMO
CPKT[0:3]
PKTQ[0:3]
UFLG[0:3]

16
16
22
8
8
22
8
8
5
5
5
16
4
9
5
17
17
5
5
16

POS[0:3]
OBJP[0:3]
INT
ITIME

32
32
1
1

QTIME
XTIME
PKTS[33*32]

24
24
16

tape position, units 0 to 3
object position, units 0 to 3
interrupt request
response time for initialization steps
(except for step 4)
response time for 'immediate' packets
response time for data transfers
packet buffers, 33W each, 32 entries

Error handling is as follows:
error

processed as

not attached

tape not ready

end of file

end of medium

OS I/O error

fatal tape error

2.6 Communications Devices
2.6.1 DZV11 Terminal Multiplexer (DZ)
The DZV11 is an 4-line terminal multiplexor. Up to 4 DZ11's (16 lines) are supported. The number of lines
can be changed with the command
SET DZ LINES=n

set line count to n

The line count must be a multiple of 4, with a maximum of 16.
The DZ11 supports three character processing modes, 7P, 7B, and 8B:
mode

input characters

output characters

high-order bit cleared

7B
8B

high-order bit cleared
no changes

high-order bit cleared,
non-printing characters suppressed
high-order bit cleared
no changes

The default is 8B.
The DZV11 supports logging on a per-line basis. The command
SET DZ LOG=line=filename
enables logging for the specified line to the indicated file. The command
SET DZ NOLOG=line
disables logging for the specified line and closes any open log file. Finally, the command
SHOW DZ LOG
displays logging information for all DZ lines.

The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions connected to a user-specified port. The
ATTACH command specifies the port to be used:
ATTACH {-am} DZ

set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used for other TCP/IP activities. The
optional switch -m turns on the DZV11's modem controls; the optional switch -a turns on active disconnects
(disconnect session if computer clears Data Terminal Ready). Without modem control, the DZV11 behaves
as though terminals were directly connected; disconnecting the Telnet session does not cause any operating
system-visible change in line status.
Once the DZ is attached and the simulator is running, the DZ will listen for connections on the specified port.
It assumes that the incoming connections are Telnet connections. The connection remains open until
disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client, a SET DZ DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH
DZ command.
Other special DZ commands:
SHOW DZ CONNECTIONS
SHOW DZ STATISTICS
SET DZ DISCONNECT=linenumber

show current connections
show statistics for active connections
disconnects the specified line.

The DZV11 implements these registers:
name

size

comments

CSR[0:3]
RBUF[0:3]
LPR[0:3]
TCR[0:3]
MSR[0:3]
TDR[0:3]
SAENB[0:3]
RXINT
TXINT
MDMTCL
AUTODS

16
16
16
16
16
16
1
4
4
1
1

control/status register, boards 0 to 3
receive buffer, boards 0 to 3
line parameter register, boards 0 to 3
transmission control register, boards 0 to 3
modem status register, boards 0 to 3
transmit data register, boards 0 to 3
silo alarm enabled, boards 0 to 3
receive interrupts, boards 3 to 0
transmit interrupts, boards 3 to 0
modem control enabled
autodisconnect enabled

The DZV11 does not support save and restore. All open connections are lost when the simulator shuts
down or the DZ is detached.

2.6.2 DHQ11 Terminal Multiplexer (VH)
The DHQ11 is an 8-line terminal multiplexer for Qbus systems. Up to 4 DHQ11's are supported.
The DHQ11 is a programmable asynchronous terminal multiplexer. It has two programming modes: DHV11
and DHU11. The register sets are compatible with these devices. For transmission, the DHQ11 can be
used in either DMA or programmed I/O mode. For reception, there is a 256-entry FIFO for received
characters, dataset status changes, and diagnostic information, and a programmable input interrupt timer (in
DHU mode). The device supports 16-, 18-, and 22-bit addressing. The DHQ11 can be programmed to filter
and/or handle XON/XOFF characters independently of the processor. The DHQ11 supports programmable
bit width (between 5 and 8) for the input and output of characters.

The DHQ11 has a rocker switch for determining the programming mode. By default, the DHV11 mode is
selected, though DHU11 mode is recommended for applications that can support it. The VH controller may
be adjusted on a per controller basis as follows:
SET VHn DHU
SET VHn DHV

use the DHU programming mode and registers
use the DHV programming mode and registers

DMA output is supported. In a real DHQ11, DMA is not initiated immediately upon receipt of
TX.DMA.START but is dependent upon some internal processes. The VH controller mimics this behavior by
default. It may be desirable to alter this and start immediately, though this may not be compatible with all
operating systems and diagnostics. You can change the behavior of the VH controller as follows:
SET VHn NORMAL
SET VHn FASTDMA

use normal DMA procedures
set DMA to initiate immediately

The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions connected to a user-specified port. The
ATTACH command specifies the port to be used:
ATTACH VH

set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used for other TCP/IP activities.
This port is the point of entry for all lines on all VH controllers.
The number of lines can be changed with the command
SET VH LINES=n

set line count to n

The line count must be a multiple of 8, with a maximum of 32.
Modem and auto-disconnect support may be set on an individual controller basis. The SET MODEM
command directs the controller to report modem status changes to the computer. The SET HANGUP
command turns on active disconnects (disconnect session if computer clears Data Terminal Ready).
SET VHn [NO]MODEM
SET VHn [NO]HANGUP

disable/enable modem control
disable/enable disconnect on DTR drop

Once the VH is attached and the simulator is running, the VH will listen for connections on the specified port.
It assumes that the incoming connections are Telnet connections. The connection remains open until
disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client, a SET VH DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH
VH command.
Other special VH commands:
SHOW VH CONNECTIONS
SHOW VH STATISTICS
SET VH DISCONNECT=linenumber

show current connections
show statistics for active connections
disconnects the specified line.

The DHQ11 implements these registers, though not all can be examined from SCP:
name

size

comments

CSR[0:3]
RBUF[0:3]
LPR[0:3]
RXINT
TXINT

16
16
16
4
4

control/status register, boards 0 to 3
receive buffer, boards 0 to 3
line parameter register, boards 0 to 3
receive interrupts, boards 3..0
transmit interrupts, boards 3..0

[more to be described...]
The DHQ11 does not support save and restore. All open connections are lost when the simulator shuts
down or the VH is detached.

2.6.3 DELQA-T/DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet Controllers (XQ, XQB)
The simulator implements two DELQA-T/DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet controllers (XQ, XQB). Initially, XQ
is enabled, and XQB is disabled. Options allow control of the MAC address, the controller mode, and the
sanity timer.
SET XQ MAC=
SHOW XQ MAC

ex. 08-00-2B-AA-BB-CC

These commands are used to change or display the MAC address. is a valid Ethernet
MAC, delimited by dashes or periods. The controller defaults to 08-00-2B-AA-BB-CC, which should be
sufficient if there is only one SIMH controller on your LAN. Two cards with the same MAC address will see
each other's packets, resulting in a serious mess.
SET XQ TYPE={DEQNA|[DELQA]|DELQA-T}
SHOW XQ TYPE
These commands are used to change or display the controller mode. DELQA mode is better and faster but
may not be usable by older or non-DEC OS's. Also, be aware that DEQNA mode is not supported by many
modern OS's. The DEQNA-LOCK mode of the DELQA card is emulated by setting the the controller to
DEQNA -- there is no need for a separate mode. DEQNA-LOCK mode behaves exactly like a DEQNA,
except for the operation of the VAR and MOP processing.
SET XQ SANITY={ON|[OFF]}
SHOW XQ SANITY
These commands change or display the INITIALIZATION sanity timer (DEQNA jumper W3/DELQA switch
S4). The INITIALIZATION sanity timer has a default timeout of 4 minutes, and cannot be turned off, just
reset. The normal sanity timer can be set by operating system software regardless of the state of this
switch. Note that only the DEQNA (or the DELQA in DEQNA-LOCK mode (=DEQNA)) supports the sanity
timer -- it is ignored by a DELQA in Normal mode, which uses switch S4 for a different purpose.
SET XQ POLL={DEFAULT|4..2500}
SHOW XQ POLL
These commands change or display the service polling timer. The polling timer is calibrated to run the
service thread 200 times per second. This value can be changed to accommodate particular system
requirements for more (or less) frequent polling.
SHOW XQ STATS
This command will display the accumulated statistics for the simulated Ethernet controller.
To access the network, the simulated Ethernet controller must be attached
to a real Ethernet interface:
ATTACH XQ0 {ethX|}
SHOW XQ ETH

ex. eth0 or /dev/era0

where X in 'ethX' is the number of the Ethernet controller to attach, or the real device name. The X number
is system-dependant. If you only have one Ethernet controller, the number will probably be 0. To find out
what your system thinks the Ethernet numbers are, use the SHOW XQ ETH command. The device list can
be quite cryptic, depending on the host system, but is probably better than guessing. If you do not attach the
device, the controller will behave as though the Ethernet cable were unplugged.
XQ and XQB have the following registers:
name

size

comments

SA0
SA1
SA2
SA3
SA4
SA5
RBDL
XBDL
CSR
VAR
INT

16
16
16
16
16
16
32
32
16
16
1

station address word 0
station address word 1
station address word 2
station address word 3
station address word 4
station address word 5
receive buffer descriptor list
trans(X)mit buffer descriptor list
control status register
vector address register
interrupt request flag

One final note: because of its asynchronous nature, the XQ controller is not limited to the ~1.5Mbit/sec of the
real DEQNA/DELQA controllers, nor the 10Mbit/sec of a standard Ethernet. Attach it to a Fast Ethernet (100
Mbit/sec) card, and "Feel the Power!" :-)

2.7 CR11 Card Reader (CR)
The card reader (CR) implements a single controller (the CR11) and card reader (e.g., Documation M200,
GDI Model 100) by reading a file and presenting lines or cards to the simulator. Card decks may be
represented by plain text ASCII files, card image files, or column binary files. The CR11 controller is also
compatible with the CM11-F, CME11, and CMS11.
Card image files are a file format designed by Douglas W. Jones at the University of Iowa to support the
interchange of card deck data. These files have a much richer information carrying capacity than plain
ASCII files. Card Image files can contain such interchange information as card-stock color, corner cuts,
special artwork, as well as the binary punch data representing all 12 columns. Complete details on the
format, as well as sample code, are available at Prof. Jones's site: http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/.
Examples of the CR11 include the M8290 and M8291 (CMS11). All card readers use a common vector at
0230 and CSR at 177160. Even though the CR11 is normally configured as a BR6 device, it is configured
for BR4 in this simulation.
The card reader supports ASCII, card image, and column binary format card “decks.” When reading plain
ASCII files, lines longer than 80 characters are silently truncated. Card image support is included for 80
column Hollerith, 82 column Hollerith (silently ignoring columns 0 and 81), and 40 column Hollerith (marksense) cards. Column binary supports 80 column card images only. All files are attached read-only (as if
the -R switch were given).
ATTACH –A CR
ATTACH –B CR
ATTACH –I CR

file is ASCII text
file is column binary
file is card image format

If no flags are given, the file extension is evaluated. If the filename ends in .TXT, the file is treated as ASCII
text. If the filename ends in .CBN, the file is treated as column binary. Otherwise, the CR driver looks for a

card image header. If a correct header is found the file is treated as card image format, otherwise it is
treated as ASCII text.
The correct character translation MUST be set if a plain text file is to be used for card deck input. The
correct translation SHOULD be set to allow correct ASCII debugging of a card image or column binary input
deck. Depending upon the operating system in use, how it was generated, and how the card data will be
read and used, the translation must be set correctly so that the proper character set is used by the driver.
Use the following command to explicitly set the correct translation:
SET TRANSLATION={DEFAULT|026|026FTN|029|EBCDIC}
This command should be given after a deck is attached to the simulator. The mappings above are
completely described at http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/codes.html. Note that DEC typically used
029 or 026FTN mappings.
DEC operating systems used a variety of methods to determine the end of a deck (recognizing that 'hopper
empty' does not necessarily mean the end of a deck. Below is a summary of the various operating system
conventions for signaling end of deck:
RT-11:

12-11-0-1-6-7-8-9 punch in column 1

RSTS/E:

12-11-0-1 or 12-11-0-1-6-7-8-9 punch in column 1

RSX:

12-11-0-1-6-7-8-9 punch

VMS:

12-11-0-1-6-7-8-9 punch in first 8 columns

TOPS:

12-11-0-1 or 12-11-0-1-6-7-8-9 punch in column 1

Using the AUTOEOF setting, the card reader can be set to automatically generate an EOF card consisting
of the 12-11-0-1-6-7-8-9 punch in columns 1-8. When set to CD11 mode, this switch also enables automatic
setting of the EOF bit in the controller after the EOF card has been processed. [The CR11 does not have a
similar capability.] By default AUTOEOF is enabled.
SET CR AUTOEOF
SET CR NOAUTOEOF
The default card reader rate for the CR11 is 285 cpm. The reader rate can be set to its default value or to
anywhere in the range 200..1200 cpm. This rate may be changed while the unit is attached.
SET CR RATE={DEFAULT|200..1200}
It is standard operating procedure for operators to load a card deck and press the momentary action RESET
button to clear any error conditions and alert the processor that a deck is available to read. Use the
following command to simulate pressing the card reader RESET button,
SET CR RESET
Another common control of physical card readers is the STOP button. An operator could use this button to
finish the read operation for the current card and terminate reading a deck early. Use the following
command to simulate pressing the card reader STOP button.
SET CR STOP
The simulator does not support the BOOT command. The simulator does not stop on file I/O errors. Instead
the controller signals a reader check to the CPU.

The CR controller implements these registers:
name
BUF
CRS
CRB1
CRB2
CRM
CDST
CDCC
CDBA
CDDB
BLOWER
INT
ERR
IE
POS
TIME

size
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
2
1
1
1
32
24

comments
ASCII value of last column processed
CR11 status register
CR11 12-bit Hollerith character
CR11 8-bit compressed character
CR11 maintenance register
CD11 control/status register
CD11 column count
CD11 current bus address
CD11 data buffer, 2nd status
blower state value
interrupt pending flag
error flag (CRS<15>)
interrupt enable flag (CRS<6>)
file position - do not alter
delay time between columns

3 Symbolic Display and Input
The VAX simulator implements symbolic display and input. Display is controlled by command line switches:
-a,-c
-m
-p
-r

display
display
display
display

as ASCII data
instruction mnemonics
compatibility mode mnemonics
RADIX50 encoding

Input parsing is controlled by the first character typed in or by command line switches:
' or -a
" or -c
-p
alphabetic
numeric

ASCII characters (determined by length)
ASCII string (maximum 60 characters)
compatibility mode instruction mnemonic
instruction mnemonic
octal number

VAX instruction input uses standard VAX assembler syntax. Compatibility mode instruction input uses
standard PDP-11 assembler syntax.
The syntax for VAX specifiers is as follows:
syntax

specifier

displacement

#s^n, #n
[Rn]
Rn
(Rn)
-(Rn)
(Rn)+
#i^n, #n
@(Rn)+
@#addr
{+/-}b^d(Rn)
b^d

0n
4n
5n
6n
7n
8n
8F
9n
9F
An
AF

n
addr
{+/-}d
d - PC

comments
short literal, integer only
indexed, second specifier follows
PC illegal
PC illegal
PC illegal
immediate
absolute
byte displacement
byte PC relative

@{+/-}b^d(Rn)
@b^d
{+/-}w^d(Rn)
w^d
@{+/-}w^d(Rn)
@w^d
{+/-}l^d(Rn)
l^d
@{+/-}l^d(Rn)
@l^d

Bn
BF
Cn
CF
Dn
DF
En
EF
Fn
FF

{+/-}d
d - PC
{+/-}d
d - PC
{+/-}d
d - PC
{+/-}d
d - PC
{+/-}d
d - PC

byte
byte
word
word
word
word
long
long
long
long

displacement deferred
PC relative deferred
displacement
PC relative
displacement deferred
PC relative deferred
displacement
PC relative
displacement deferred
PC relative deferred

If no override is given for a literal (s^ or i^) or for a displacement or PC relative address (b^, w^, or l^), the
simulator chooses the mode automatically.

Appendix - The KA655"X"
The real KA655 is limited to 64MB of memory, and the KA655 firmware is coded to this limit. However, the
VAX operating systems (VMS, Ultrix, NetBSD) know very little about the hardware details. Instead, they
take their memory size information from the Restart Parameter Block (RPB). If the firmware sets up an RPB
for more than 64MB, the operating systems use the extra memory without requiring source changes.
If more than 64MB of memory is configured, the simulator implements an 18th CMCTL register. This readonly register gives the size of main memory in MB. The console firmware (ka655x.bin) uses this to set up
the RPB. Other parts of the firmware are generally unaware of extended memory; thus, all the diagnostic
commands operate only on the first 64MB of memory. However SHOW MEM will display the total amount of
memory the simulator is configured with
If 64MB or less of memory is configured, the 18th CMCTL register is invisible, and the simulator operates
like a real KA655.

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