Global Sun Technology GL242201-MT0 Wireless 22Mbps PC Card User Manual Manual Part 2

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APPENDIX A: TROUBLESHOOTING
This chapter provides solutions to frequently encountered problems that can occur
during the installation and operation of the 22Mbps Wireless Network PC Card.
Please read through the following to solve your problems.
1.
The wireless clients cannot access the network in the infrastructure mode.
¾ Check that the wireless network device is being installed and working
properly.
Go to “Start” >
Right mouse click
on “My Computer”
> “Properties”
21
Go to “Hardware”
Go to “Device
Manager”
22
Right mouse click
on the wireless
network adapter
22Mbps WLAN Adapter
Go to “Properties”
22Mbps WLAN Adapter
23
Check and make
sure that the
network adapter is
working properly
22Mbps WLAN Adapter
2.
What is the difference between 22Mbps and 11Mbps wireless products?
What’s the benefit of 22Mbps Wireless Access Point?
The 22Mbps is made possible by the new modulation method called PBCC
developed by TI, which is different from the current CCK modulation method
for 11Mbps. The 22Mbps Wireless Access Point offers double data rate than that
of 11Mbps with 20% more distance coverage. The 22Mbps wireless products
also operate in the 2.4GHz ISM band and they are backward compatible with
11Mbps wireless products.
3.
What is Roaming?
Roaming is the ability of portable computers, e.g., Packet PC and notebook, to
have consistent and continuous data transmission/reception throughout an area
covered by more than one Wireless Access Point. In order to achieve seamless
connectivity, all the wireless clients and Access Points must be set to use the
same SSID. When a user walked out of the coverage area of one AP into
another, the wireless client network device will automatically reestablish
connection with the new AP.
4.
What is a MAC Address?
The Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique number assigned by the
manufacturer to any Ethernet networking devices, e.g. a network adapter, that
24
allows the network to identify it at the hardware level. Unlike IP addresses,
which can be changed or dynamically assigned by the network, the MAC
address of a networking device is permanent.
5.
What is WEP?
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a type of data encryption mechanism
described in the IEEE 802.11 standard. The 22Mbps Wireless Access Point
supports 64/128/256 bit shared key for WEP.
6.
Would the information be transmitted securely in the air?
WLAN offers two layers of protection for security. First layer is on the hardware
level. As with Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology, it has the
inherent security feature of scrambling. Second of all, on the software level, the
security control is made possible by Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) for access
control.
7.
What is ISM band?
The FCC and their counterparts outside of the U.S. have set aside bandwidth for
unlicensed use in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. The 2.4GHz
unlicensed ISM band is available worldwide, which presents the opportunity for
the global market of 802.11b high speed wireless products.
25
APPENDIX B: NETWORKING BASIS
This chapter will help you learn the basics of home networking.
Using the Windows XP Network Setup Wizard
Go to Start menu >
Control Panel >
Network Connections
In the menu on the left
side of the window,
select “Set up a home
or small office
network”
Click “Next” to
procced
Click “Next” to
continue
26
Select the option
that best describes
how you connect
your computer to the
Internet.
In the case of using
router in the
network, choose the
second option.
Click “Next” to
continue.
1. Enter a short
description for your
computer.
2. Enter a name for
your computer to be
recognized among
the network.
3. Click “Next” to
continue.
27
Enter “Workgroup
name” for your
home network.
Click “Next” to
continue”
Click “Next” and
wait for the wizard
to apply the settings.
28
You may create a
network setup disk
which saves you the
trouble of having to
configure every PCs
in your network.
Select the first
choice, and insert a
floppy disk into
your disk drive
Click “Next” to
continue.
29
Click “Format
Disk” if you wish to
format the disk.
Click “Next” to
copy the necessary
files to the disk.
Click “Next” to
continue with the
Network Setup
Wizard
30
!Note: Now you may use the Network Setup Disk you just created in any PCs in your
network that you wish to setup. Simply insert the Network Setup Disk into the disk
drive of a PC, and open to browse the content of the disk with “My Computer” or
“Windows File Manager”. Double-click and run the file “netsetup” for the program
to handle the rest.
Click “Finish” to
complete the
Network Setup
Wizard.
System will now
have to restart in
order for the new
settings to be
effective.
Click “Yes” to
restart the computer
31
Checking IP Address of Your Computer In Windows XP
Sometimes you will need to know the IP address of the computer that you are using.
For example, when you want to make sure that your computer is in the same network
domain as that of your Access Point for you can configure and access the AP.
Go to Start menu >
Run > type
“command”
Click “OK”
When the command prompt window appears, type command “ipconfig /all” and press
Enter. This command will display the IP addresses of all the network adapters in
your computer.
In this case, the IP address of your network adapter is 192.168.0.23, which means
your Access Point must have an IP address of 192.168.0.xxx in order for you to be
able to access it.
If the IP address is assigned by DHCP server on the network, there are chances you
might have to release the IP and acquire it from DHCP server again. Here is how
you do it.
32
Go to Start menu >
Run > type
“command”
Click “OK”
Type command, “ipconfig /renew” in the command prompt window and press Enter.
This command releases the current IP address and acquire it from the network, i.e.
DHCP server, once more.
In this case, the IP address that we acquired is the same as previous one, 192.
168.0.23. However, it’s often that the acquired IP address of the network adapter
might would not be the same.
!Note:
To renew IP under Windows 98 and Windows ME, you will have to go to the
Start menu > Run > type winipcfg and click “OK”. The Windows IP
Configuration Menu window would appear, where you first click “release” button to
release the current IP address, followed by clicking of “Renew” to acquire a new IP
address from network.
If the above methods for IP renew fail, you will have to try and restart the computer,
which will reinitializes the network adapter settings during startup including renewing
IP address. If you still have problems getting an IP address after computer restarts,
you will have to consult with your MIS in your office or call computer and network
technicians.
33
Dynamic IP Address V.S. Static IP Address
By definition Dynamic IP addresses are the IP addresses that are being automatically
assigned to a network device on the network. These Dynamically assigned IP
addresses will expire and may be changed over time.
Static IP addresses are the IP addresses that users manually enter for each of the
network adapters.
Go to Start menu > Control
Panel > Network
Connections > Right-click on
the active Local Area
connection > Select
“Properties”
!Note: There might be two or more Local Area Connection to choose from. You must
select the one that you will use to connect to the network.
34
The Local Area Connection
Properties would appear.
Select “Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)” and Click
“Properties” to continue.
22Mbps WLAN Adapter
Dynamically Assigned IP Address
The TCP/IP Properties window
appears.
Select “Obtain an IP address
automatically” if you are on a
DHCP enabled network.
Click “OK” to close the window
with the changes made
35
Static IP Address
Select “Use the following IP
address”
Enter the IP address and subnet
mask fields.
Enter the IP address of the Router
in the Default gateway field.
Enter the IP address of the Router
in the DNS server field
Click “Ok” to close the window
!Note:
Point.
The IP address must be within the same range as the wireless route or Access
Wireless Network in Windows 2000
Go to Start menu > Settings >
Network and Dial-up
Connections > Double-click on
the Local Area Connection
22Mbps WLAN Adapter
Select “Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)” and click
“Properties”
36
The TCP/IP Properties window
appears.
Select “Obtain an IP address
automatically” if you are on a
DHCP enabled network.
Click “OK” to close the window
with the changes made
Select “Use the following IP
address”
Enter the IP address and subnet
mask fields.
Enter the IP address of the Router
in the Default gateway field.
Enter the IP address of the Router
in the DNS server field
Click “Ok” to close the window
37
Wireless Network In Windows 98 and Windows ME
Go to Start menu > Settings >
Control Panel > Double-click on
Network
Select TCP/IP of the network
device
22Mbps WLAN Adapter
Click “Properties” to continue
The TCP/IP Properties window
appears.
Select “Obtain an IP address
automatically” if you are on a
DHCP enabled network.
Click “OK” to close the window
with the changes made
38
Select “Use the following IP
address”
Enter the IP address and subnet
mask fields.
Enter the IP address of the Router
in the Default gateway field.
Enter the IP address of the Router
in the DNS server field
Click “Ok” to close the window
39
APPENDIX C: 802.1x Authentication Setup
There are three essential components to the 802.1x infrastructure: (1) Supplicant, (2)
Authenticator and (3) Server. The 802.1x security supports both MD5 and TLS
Extensive Authentication Protocol (EAP). The 802.1x Authentication is a
complement to the current WEP encryption used in wireless network. The current
security weakness of WEP encryption is that there is no key management and no
limitation for the duration of key lifetime. 802.1x Authentication offers key
management, which includes key per user and key per session, and limits the lifetime
of the keys to certain duration. Thus, key decryption by unauthorized attacker
becomes extremely difficult, and the wireless network is safely secured. We will
introduce the 802.1x Authentication infrastructure as a whole and going into details of
the setup for each essential component in 802.1x authentication.
802.1x Authentication Infrastructure
802.11 Wireless
Access Points Support 802.1X
Authentication Request
Public
802.11
Wireless
Networks
RADIUS
Server
Authentication Success
Internet/
802.11 Wireless
Clients Support 802.1X
Intranet
The Infrastructure diagram showing above illustrates that a group of 802.11 wireless
clients is trying to form a 802.11 wireless network with the Access Point in order to
40
have access to the Internet/Intranet. In 802.1x authentication infrastructure, each of
these wireless clients would have to be authenticated by the Radius server, which
would grant the authorized client and notified the Access Point to open up a
communication port to be used for the granted client. There are 2 Extensive
Authentication Protocol (EAP) methods supported: (1) MD5 and (2) TLS.
MD5 authentication is simply a validation of existing user account and password that
is stored in the server with what are keyed in by the user. Therefore, wireless client
user will be prompted for account/password validation every time when he/she is
trying to get connected. TLS authentication is a more complicated authentication,
which involves using certificate that is issued by the Radius server, for authentication.
TLS authentication is a more secure authentication, since not only the Radius server
authenticates the wireless client, but also the client can validate the Radius server by
the certificate that it issues. The authentication request from wireless clients and reply
by the Radius Server and Access Point process can be briefed as follows:
1. The client sends an EAP start message to the Access Point
2. The Access Point replies with an EAP Request ID message
3. The client sends its Network Access Identifier (NAI) – its user name – to the
Access Point in an EAP Respond message.
4. The Access Point forwards the NAI to the RADIUS server with a RADIUS
Access Request message.
5. The RADIUS server responds to the client with its digital certificate.
6. The client validates the digital certificate, and replies its own digital
certificate to the RADIUS server.
7. The RADIUS server validates client’s digital certificate.
8. The client and RADIUS server derive encryption keys.
9. The RADIUS server sends the access point a RADIUS ACCEPT message,
including the client’s WEP key.
10. The Access Point sends the client an EAP Success message along with the
broadcast key and key length, all encrypted with the client’s WEP key.
Supplicant: Wireless Network PC Card
Here is the setup for the Wireless Network PC Card under Windows XP, which is the
only Operating System that our driver supports for 802.1x. Microsoft is planning on
supporting 802.1x security in all common Windows Operating System including
Win98SE/ME/2000 by releasing Service Pack in 2003.
41
Please note that the setup illustration is based on our 22Mbps wireless PC Card.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Go to Start > Control Panel
double-click on “Network Connections”
right-click on the Wireless Network Connection that you use with our 22Mbps
wireless PC Card.
Click “Properties” to open up the Properties setting window.
42
5.
Click on the “Wireless Network” tab.
43
6.
Click “Properties” of the available wireless network, which you wish to
connect or configure.
Please note that if you are going to change to a different 802.1x authentication
EAP method, i.e. switch from using MD5 to TLS, , you must remove the current
existing wireless network from your Preferred networks first, and add it in
again.
To configure for using TLS authentication method, please follow steps 7 ~ 25.
Please follow steps 26 ~ for using MD5 authentication method.
44
TLS Authentication
7.
Select “The key is provided for me automatically” option
8.
Click “OK” to close the Wireless Network Properties window.
45
9.
10.
Click “Authentication” tab
Select “Enable network access control using IEEE 802.1x” option to enable
802.1x authentication.
11.
Select “Smart Card or other Certificate” from the drop-down list box for
EAP type.
12.
Click “OK” to close the Wireless Network Connection Properties window,
thus make the changes effective.
The wireless client configuration in the zero-configuration utility provided in
Windows XP is now completed for TLS configuration. Before you can enable IEEE
802.1x authentication and have wireless client authenticated by the Radius server, you
have to download the certificate to your local computer first.
46
TLS Authentication – Download Digital Certificate from Server
In most corporations, it requires internal IT or MIS staff’s help to have the
certificated downloaded to your local computer. One of the main reasons is that
each corporation uses its own server systems, and you will need the assistance
from your IT or MIS for account/password, CA server location and etc. The
following illustration is based on obtaining a certificate from Windows 2000
Server which can act as a CA server, assuming you have a valid account/password
to access the server.
13. Connect to the server and ask for access, and the server will prompt you to
enter your user name and password.
14. Enter your user name and password, then click “OK” to continue.
Please note that we use IP addresses for connection with the server for our
illustration, and the IP of the server is 192.168.1.10.
15. After successful login, open up your Internet Browser, and type the following
in the address field.
http://192.168.1.10/certsrv
This is how we connect to the Certificate Service installed in Windows 2000
server.
47
16. Now we are connected to the Certificate Service.
certificate”, and click “Next” to continue.
Select “Request a
48
17. Select “User Certificate request”, and click “Next” to continue.
49
18. Click “Submit >” to continue.
50
19. The Certificate Service is now processing the certificate request.
51
20. The certificate is issued by the server, click “Install this certificate” to
download and store the certificate to your local computer.
21. Click “Yes” to store the certificate to your local computer.
52
22. Certificate is now installed.
53
All the configuration and certificate download are now complete. Let’s try to connect
to the Access Point using 802.1x TLS Authentication.
23. Windows XP will prompt you to select a certificate for wireless network
connection. Click on the network connection icon in the system tray to
continue.
54
24. Select the certificate that was issued by the server (WirelessCA), and click
“OK” to continue.
25. Check the server to make sure that it’s the server that issues certificate, and
click “OK” to complete the authentication process.
55
MD5 Authentication
26.
Select “Data encryption (WEP enabled)” option, but leave other option
unselected.
27.
Select the key format that you want to use to key in your Network key.
ASCII characters: 0~9, a~z and A~Z
HEX characters: 0~9, a~f
28. Select the key length that you wish to use
40 bits (5 characters for ASCII, 10 characters for HEX)
104 bits (13 characters for ASCII, 26 characters for HEX)
29. After deciding the key format and key length that you wish to use for network
key.
Enter the network key in “Network key” text box.
Please note that that value of Network key entered, and key format/length used,
must be the same as that used in the Access Point. Although there are 4 set of keys
can be set in the Access Point WEP configuration, it’s the first set of key that must
be the same as that we used by the supplicant wireless client.
30.
Click “OK” to close the Wireless Network Properties window, thus make the
changes effective.
56
31.
32.
Select “Authentication” tab.
Select “Enable network access control using IEEE 802.1X” to enable
802.1x authentication.
33.
Select “MD-5 Challenge” from the drop-down list box for EAP type.
34.
Click “OK” to close Wireless Network Connection Properties window, thus
make all the changes effective.
57
Unlike TLS, which uses digital certificate for validation, the MD-5 Authentication
is based on the user account/password. Therefore, you must have a valid account
used by the server for validation.
35.
WindowsXP will prompt you to enter your user name and password. Click on
the network connection icon in the system tray to continue.
58
36.
37.
Enter the user name, password and the logon domain that your account
belongs if you have one or more network domain exist in your network.
Click “OK” to complete the validation process.
59
Authenticator: Wireless Network Access Point
This is the web page configuration in the Access Point that we use.
1. Enable 802.1x security by selecting “Enable”.
2. If MD5 EAP methods is used then you can skip step 3 and go to step 4.
3. Select the Encryption Key Length Size ranging from 64 to 256 Bits that you
would like to use.
Select the Lifetime of the Encryption Key from 5 Minutes to 1 Day. As soon
as the lifetime of the Encryption Key is over, the Encryption Key will be renewed
by the Radius server.
4. Enter the IP address of and the Port used by the Primary Radius Server
Enter the Shared Secret, which is used by the Radius Server.
5. Enter the IP address of, Port and Shared Secret used by the Secondary Radius
Server.
6. Click “Apply” button for the 802.1x settings to take effect after Access Point
reboots itself.
60
!Note: As soon as 802.1x security is enabled, all the wireless client stations that are
connected to the Access Point currently will be disconnected. The wireless clients
must be configured manually to authenticate themselves with the Radius server to be
reconnected.
61
Radius Server: Window2000 Server
This section to help those who has Windows 2000 Server installed and wants to setup
Windows2000 Server for 802.1x authentication, which includes setting up Certificate
Service for TLS Authentication, and enable EAP-methods.
1.
Login into your Windows 2000 Server as Administrator, or account that has
Administrator authority.
2.
3.
4.
Go to Start > Control Panel, and double-click “Add or Remove Programs”
Click on “Add/Remove Windows components”
Check “Certificate Services”, and click “Next” to continue.
62
5.
Select “Enterprise root CA”, and click “Next” to continue.
6.
Enter the information that you want for your Certificate Service, and click
“Next” to continue.
63
7.
8.
9.
Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Certificate Authority
Right-click on the “Policy Setting”, select “new”
Select “Certificate to Issue”
10. Select “Authenticated Session” and “Smartcard Logon” by holding down
to the Ctrl key, and click “OK” to continue.
64
11. Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Active Directory Users and
Computers.
12. Right-click on domain, and select ”Properties” to continue.
13. Select “Group Policy” tab and click “Properties” to continue.
65
14. Go to “Computer Configuration” > “Security Settings” > “Public Key
Policies”
15. Right-click “Automatic Certificate Request Setting”, and select “New”
16. Click “Automatic Certificate Request ...”
66
17. The Automatic Certificate Request Setup Wizard will guide you through the
Automatic Certificate Request setup, simply click “Next” through to the last
step.
18. Click “Finish” to complete the Automatic Certificate Request Setup
19. Go to Start > Run, and type “command” and click “Enter” to open
Command Prompt.
20. Type “secedit/refreshpolicy machine_policy” to refresh policy.
67
Adding Internet Authentication Service
21. Go to Start > Control Panel > Add or Remove Programs
22. Select “Add/Remove Windows Components” from the panel on the left.
23. Select “Internet Authentication Service”, and click “OK” to install.
68
Setting Internet Authentication Service
24. Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Internet Authentication
Service
25. Right-click “Client”, and select “New Client”
69
26. Enter the IP address of the Access Point in the Client address text field, a
memorable name for the Access Point in the Client-Vendor text field, the
access password used by the Access Point in the Shared secret text field.
Re-type the password in the Confirmed shared secret text field.
27. Click “Finish” to complete adding of the Access Point.
70
28.
In the Internet Authentication
Service, right-click “Remote Access
Policies”
29.
Select “New Remote Access
Policy”.
30. Select “Day-And-Time-Restriction”, and click “Add” to continue.
71
72
31. Unless you want to specify the active duration for 802.1x authentication,
click “OK” to accept to have 802.1x authentication enabled at all times.
32. Select “Grant remote access permission”, and click “Next” to continue.
73
33. Click “Edit Profile” to open up
74
For TLS Authentication Setup (Steps 34 ~ 38)
34. Select “Authentication” Tab
35. Enable “Extensible Authentication Protocol”, and select “Smart Card or
other Certificate” for TLS authentication
75
36. Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Active Directory Users and
Computers
37. Select “Users”, and double-click on the user that can be newly created or
currently existing, who will be configured to have the right to obtain digital
certificate remotely.
Please note that in this case, we have a user called, test, whose account/password are
used to obtain the digital certificate from server.
76
38. Go to the “Dial-in” tab, and check “Allow access” option for Remote Access
Permission and “No Callback” for Callback Options.
77
For MD5 Authentication (Steps 39 ~ 54)
39. Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Active Directory Users and
Computers.
40. Right click on the domain, and select “Properties”
78
41. Select “Group Policy” tab, and click “Edit” to edit the Group Policy.
79
42. Go to “Computer Configuration” > “Windows Settings” > “Security
Settings” > “Account Policies” > “Password Policies”
43. Click “Define this policy setting”, select “Enabled”, and click “OK” to
continue.
80
44. Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Active Directory Users and
Computers.
45. Go to Users. Right-click on the user that you are granting access, and select
“Properties”
81
46. Go to “Account” tab, and enable “Store password using reversible
encryption”
47. Click “OK” to continue.
82
48. Go to Start > Program > Administrative Tools > Internet Authentication
Service.
49. Go to Remote Access Policies
50. Make sure that MD5 is moved up to Order 1
51. Right-click “MD5”, and select “Properties”
83
52. Go to “Authentication” tab
53. Enable “Extensible Authentication Protocol”
54. Select “MD5-Challenge” for EAP type.
84
APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY
Access Point ― An internetworking device that seamlessly connects wired and
wireless networks.
Ad-Hoc ― An independent wireless LAN network formed by a group of computers,
each with an network adapter.
AP Client – One of the additional AP operating modes offered by 22Mbps Access
Point, which allows the Access Point to act as an Ethernet-to-Wireless Bridge, thus a
LAN or a single computer station can join a wireless ESS network through it.
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII, is one of the
two formats that you can use for entering the values for WEP key. It represents
English letters as numbers from 0 to 127.
Authentication Type ― Indication of an authentication algorithm which can be
supported by the Access Point:
1. Open System : Open System authentication is the simplest of the available
authentication algorithms. Essentially it is a null authentication algorithm.
Any station that requests authentication with this algorithm may become
authenticated if 802.11 Authentication Type at the recipient station is set to
Open System authentication.
2. Shared Key : Shared Key authentication supports authentication of stations
as either a member of those who knows a shared secret key or a member of
those who does not.
Backbone ― The core infrastructure of a network, which transports information from
one central location to another where the information is unloaded into a local system.
Bandwidth ― The transmission capacity of a device, which is calculated by how
much data the device can transmit in a fixed amount of time expressed in bits per
second (bps).
Basic Rate ― the fixed transmitted and receiving data rate allowed by the AP with
the value 1,2,5.5, 11 and 22 Mbps for selection.
85
Beacon ― A beacon is a packet broadcast by the Access Point to keep the network
synchronized. Included in a beacon are information such as wireless LAN service
area, the AP address, the Broadcast destination addresses, time stamp, Delivery
Traffic Indicator Maps, and the Traffic Indicator Message (TIM).
Bit ― A binary digit, which is either -0 or -1 for value, is the smallest unit for data.
Bridge ― An internetworking function that incorporates the lowest 2 layers of the
OSI network protocol model.
Browser ― An application program that enables one to read the content and interact
in the World Wide Web or Intranet.
BSS ― BSS stands for “Basic Service Set”. It is an Access Point and all the LAN
PCs that associated with it.
Channel ― The bandwidth which wireless Radio operates is divided into several
segments, which we call them “Channels”. AP and the client stations that it
associated work in one of the channels.
CSMA/CA ― In local area networking, this is the CSMA technique that combines
slotted time-division multiplexing with carrier sense multiple access/collision
detection (CSMA/CD) to avoid having collisions occur a second time. This works
best if the time allocated is short compared to packet length and if the number of
situations is small.
CSMA/CD ― Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection, which is a LAN
access method used in Ethernet. When a device wants to gain access to the network,
it checks to see if the network is quiet (senses the carrier). If it is not, it waits a
random amount of time before retrying. If the network is quiet and two devices
access the line at exactly the same time, their signals collide. When the collision is
detected, they both back off and wait a random amount of time before retrying.
DHCP ― Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, which is a protocol that lets
network administrators manage and allocate Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in a
network. Every computer has to have an IP address in order to communicate with
each other in a TCP/IP based infrastructure network. Without DHCP, each computer
must be entered in manually the IP address. DHCP enables the network
administrators to assign the IP from a central location and each computer receives an
IP address upon plugged with the Ethernet cable everywhere on the network.
DSSS ― Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. DSSS generates a redundant bit pattern
for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping code). The
longer the chip, the greater the probability that the original data can be recovered.
Even if one or more bits in the chip are damaged during transmission, statistical
techniques embedded in the radio can recover the original data without the need for
86
retransmission. To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low power wideband
noise and is rejected (ignored) by most narrowband receivers.
Dynamic IP Address ― An IP address that is assigned automatically to a client
station in a TCP/IP network by a DHCP server.
Encryption ― A security method that uses a specific algorithm to alter the data
transmitted, thus prevent others from knowing the information transmitted.
ESS ― ESS stands for “Extended Service Set”. More than one BSS is configured to
become Extended Service Set. LAN mobile users can roam between different BSSs in
an ESS.
ESSID ― The unique identifier that identifies the ESS. In infrastructure
association , the stations use the same ESSID as AP’s to get connected.
Ethernet ― A popular local area data communications network, originally developed
by Xerox Corp., that accepts transmission from computers and terminals. Ethernet
operates on a 10/100 Mbps base transmission rate, using a shielded coaxial cable or
over shielded twisted pair telephone wire.
Fragmentation ― When transmitting a packet over a network medium, sometimes
the packet is broken into several segments, if the size of packet exceeds that allowed
by the network medium.
Fragmentation Threshold – The Fragmentation Threshold defines the number of
bytes used for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. The purpose of
"Fragmentation Threshold" is to increase the transfer reliability thru cutting a MAC
Service Data Unit (MSDU) into several MAC Protocol Data Units (MPDU) in smaller
size. The RF transmission can not allow to transmit too big frame size due to the
heavy interference caused by the big size of transmission frame. But if the frame size
is too small, it will create the overhead during the transmission.
Gateway ― a device that interconnects networks with different, incompatible
communication protocols.
HEX – Hexadecimal, HEX, consists of numbers from 0 – 9 and letters from A – F.
IEEE ― The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, which is the largest
technical professional society that promotes the development and application of
electrotechnology and allied sciences for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of
the profession. The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become
national and international standards.
Infrastructure ― An infrastructure network is a wireless network or other small
network in which the wireless network devices are made a part of the network through
the Access Point which connects them to the rest of the network.
ISM Band ― The FCC and their counterparts outside of the U.S. have set aside
87
bandwidth for unlicensed use in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band.
Spectrum in the vicinity of 2.4GHz, in particular, is being made available worldwide.
MAC Address ― Media Access Control Address is a unique hex number assigned
by the manufacturer to any Ethernet networking device, such as a network adapter,
that allows the network to identify it at the hardware level.
Multicasting ― Sending data to a group of nodes instead of a single destination.
Multiple Bridge – One of the additional AP operating modes offered by 22Mbps
Access Point, which allows a group of APs that consists of two or more APs to
connect two or more Ethernet networks or Ethernet enabled clients together. The
way that multiple bridge setup is based on the topology of Ad-Hoc mode.
Node ― A network junction or connection point, typically a computer or workstation.
Packet ― A unit of data routed between an origin and a destination in a network.
PLCP ― Physical layer convergence protocol
PPDU ― PLCP protocol data unit
Preamble Type ― During transmission, the PSDU shall be appended to a PLCP
preamble and header to create the PPDU. Two different preambles and headers are
defined as the mandatory supported long preamble and header which interoperates
with the current 1 and 2 Mbit/s DSSS specification as described in IEEE Std 802.111999, and an optional short preamble and header. At the receiver, the PLCP preamble
and header are processed to aid in demodulation and delivery of the PSDU. The
optional short preamble and header is intended for application where maximum
throughput is desired and interoperability with legacy and non-short-preamble capable
equipment is not consideration. That is, it is expected to be used only in networks of
like equipment that can all handle the optional mode. (IEEE 802.11b standard)
PSDU ― PLCP service data unit
Roaming ― A LAN mobile user moves around an ESS and enjoys a continuous
connection to an Infrastructure network.
RTS ― Request To Send. An RS-232 signal sent from the transmitting station to
the receiving station requesting permission to transmit.
RTS Threshold ― Transmitters contending for the medium may not be aware of
each other. RTS/CTS mechanism can solve this “Hidden Node Problem”. If the
packet size is smaller than the preset RTS Threshold size, the RTS/CTS mechanism
will NOT be enabled.
88
SSID ― Service Set Identifier, which is a unique name shared among all clients and
nodes in a wireless network. The SSID must be identical for each clients and nodes
in the wireless network.
Subnet Mask ― The method used for splitting IP networks into a series of subgroups, or subnets. The mask is a binary pattern that is matched up with the IP
address to turn part of the host ID address field into a field for subnets.
TCP/IP ― Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. The basic
communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network, i.e. intranet or internet. When you
are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of
the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or
get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.
Throughput ― The amount of data transferred successfully from one point to
another in a given period of time.
WEP ― Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is an encryption scheme used to protect
wireless data communication. To enable the icon will prevent other stations without
the same WEP key from linking with the AP.
Wireless Bridge – One of the additional AP operating modes offered by 22mpbs
Access Point, which allows a pair of APs to act as the bridge that connects two
Ethernet networks or Ethernet enabled clients together.
89
APPENDIX E: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Standard
Data Rate
Emission Type
Data Modulation
802.11b compliant (wireless)
1 / 2 / 5.5 / 11 / 22 Mbps
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
1 Mbps – BPSK
2 Mbps – QPSK
5.5 / 11 Mbps – CCK
5.5 / 11 / 22 Mbps - PBCC
RF Frequency
2412 MHz – 2462 MHz (North America)
2412 MHz – 2472 MHz (General Europe)
2412 MHz – 2484 MHz (Japan)
Operating Channel
11 Channels (North America)
13 Channels (Europe)
14 Channels (Japan)
RF Output Power
Sensitivity
16 ~ 18 dBm (typical)
Security
Antenna Type
Interface
Dimension
Memory
Power Voltage
Power Consumption
22Mbps
PBCC
-80 dBm (Typically @25℃+5℃)
11Mbps
PBCC
- 85 dBm (Typically @25℃+5℃)
11Mbps
CCK
- 82 dBm (Typically @25℃+5℃)
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 64 / 128 / 256 bit
Diversity Patch with 2.0 dBi max. Antenna Gain.
PC CardBus, PC Card Standard v7.2
128.0 x 54.0 x 50.0 mm
8Kbytes EEPROM
3.3V + 5%
Operation max. 650 mA by TX
350 mA by RX
90

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