Murata Electronics North America XDM2510 2.4GHz Transceiver Module User Manual XX XXXX Exhibit Cover

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Certification Exhibit
FCC ID: HSW-XDM2510
IC: 4492A-XDM2510
FCC Rule Part: 15.247
IC Radio Standards Specification: RSS-210
ACS Report Number: 11-0034.W06.11.A
Manufacturer: RFM/Cirronet
Model: XDM2510HP, XDM2510HC
Manual
5015 B.U. Bowman Drive Buford, GA 30518 USA Voice: 770-831-8048 Fax: 770-831-8598
3
XDM2510H Ultra Low Power
RF Transceiver Module
Integration Guide
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©2008-2011 by RF Monolithics, Inc.
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Page 1 of 49
XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
Important Regulatory Information
RFM Product FCC ID: HSW-XDM2510
IC: 4492A-XDM2510
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a
particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,
which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
•
•
•
•
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Warning: Changes or modifications to this device not expressly approved by RFM could void the user’s
authority to operate the equipment.
RF Exposure Information:
For mobile operating conditions (>20 cm to the body):
This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.
This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20 cm between the radiator and
your body. This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
For mobile operating conditions, the XDM2510H has been designed to operate with dipole antennas of up
to 12 dBi of gain, or patch antennas of up to 12 dBi gain. Antenna types not included in this list, having a
gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.
RFM OMNI2412 Omnidirectional Dipole Antenna, 12 dBi, 50 ohms
RFM PA2412 Patch Antenna, 12 dBi, 50 ohms
See Section 7.7 of this manual for additional regulatory notices and labeling requirements.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
Table of Contents
1.0 System Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Network Capabilities .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Ultra Reliable Data Communications .............................................................................................. 5
2.2 Ultra Low Power Consumption ........................................................................................................ 5
3.0 Example Applications ............................................................................................................................. 6
4.0 System Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 6
5.0 Design Resources .................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1 XDM2510H Integration Guide .......................................................................................................... 7
5.2 XDM2510H Data Sheet .................................................................................................................... 7
5.3 XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Hardware and Configuration Guide ..................................... 7
5.4 XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway XML API Guide .................................................................... 7
5.5 XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Serial API Guide ................................................................... 8
5.6 XG2510HE and XDM2510H Utility Programs .................................................................................. 8
6.0 Network Operation Overview ................................................................................................................. 8
7.0 Hardware Integration.............................................................................................................................. 9
7.1 Host PCB Installation....................................................................................................................... 9
7.2 Power Supply Requirements ........................................................................................................... 9
7.3 ESD and Transient Protection ......................................................................................................... 9
7.4 Antenna Options .............................................................................................................................. 9
7.5 Host Processor Interface ............................................................................................................... 10
7.6 Field Enclosures ............................................................................................................................ 11
7.7 Labeling and Notices ..................................................................................................................... 11
8.0 Network Installation and Maintenance ................................................................................................. 12
8.1 Estimating and Planning a Network .............................................................................................. 12
8.2 Installing a Network ....................................................................................................................... 14
8.3 Testing Network Connectivity ........................................................................................................ 18
8.4 Network Maintenance .................................................................................................................... 18
9.0 XDM2510HDK Development Kit .......................................................................................................... 19
9.1 Development Kit Default Set Up .................................................................................................... 20
9.2 Development Kit Set Up Options ................................................................................................... 24
9.3 XDM Console and XDM Utility Programs ...................................................................................... 24
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
1.0 System Introduction
Congratulations on your purchase of the RFM XDM2510H Development Kit. The XDM2510H transceiver
module provides ultra low power consumption while delivering ultra reliable date communications.
Comprising the combination of an 802.15.4 low power radio with Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol
(TSMP), the XDM2510H transceiver module along with the XG2510HE network gateway/manager create
a wireless mesh network that provides frequency hopping and redundant paths for robust RF
performance and intelligent network management that allows all nodes to minimize power consumption.
The result is a wireless communication system with the reliability of much more power hungry radios with
the power consumption that allows all nodes to be battery powered for years.
2.0 Network Capabilities
Wireless sensor networks built on the XDM2510H module and XG2510HE gateway provide a host of
capabilities that are rarely found together. A sample of the capabilities includes:

Ultra low power consumption allowing battery-powered operation for more than 10 years

Ultra reliable wireless data communications delivering better than 99.9% data reliability in
real-world, high multi-path environments

Totally self-forming, self-healing

Redundant path architecture allowing each node to have at least two nodes through which to
send data to the gateway

Frequency hopping technology that provides immunity from multi-path fading and
interference

Advanced network management features that continuously monitors channel performance
between pairs of nodes, black-listing channels that demonstrate unacceptable performance
and white-listing them when their performance improves

Single node type that can perform end node and router functions

Sleeping routing nodes allowing all nodes to be battery-powered

Support for up to 250 nodes per gateway

Support for redundant gateway

Ability to co-locate multiple networks due to the frequency hopping technology employed
Local communication with the XDM2510H module takes place through a serial port connection. The
connection can be configured to use or ignore flow control signals. The module is designed to
communicate with a sensor processor or microcontroller which will provide sensor data in the form of a
serial data stream. The XG2510HE gateway supports communications through a standard 10/100BaseT
Ethernet connection plus both RS-232 and half-duplex RS-485 serial connections. The Ethernet
connection supports both an XML-based API and a binary API. The serial ports support the binary API.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
2.1 Ultra Reliable Data Communications
An XDM2510H network is able to deliver data reliability far better than other mesh network technologies
due to four attributes: Mesh Networking, Frequency Hopping, Path Redundancy and Dynamic Path
Assessment. While other technologies may have one or more of these attributes, an XDM network
provides all four.
Mesh Networking contributes to data reliability by limiting the distance nodes must transmit. The shorter
the distance, the less the susceptibility to interference and multi-path fading.
Frequency Hopping contributes to reliability by providing multiple frequencies over which data is sent.
This combats both interference and multi-path fading as both of those affects impacts certain frequencies
more than others. And since the affected frequencies change over time, frequency hopping is cycling
through the entire spectrum all the time and will find clear frequencies.
Path Redundancy is achieved by maintaining at least two independent paths between each XDM2510H
transceiver and the gateway. If a blockage or failure occurs on one path, communications automatically
switch to an alternate path.
Dynamic Path Assessment is achieved by continuously monitoring channel performance between pairs of
nodes. Channels that demonstrate unacceptable performance are temporarily black-listed to minimize
battery power usage and unnecessary transmission delays. Black-listed channels are periodically tested
and white-listed when their performance improves.
2.2 Ultra Low Power Consumption
XDM2510H networks use a combination of precise timing and innovative network management to provide
an ultra power efficient system. The advanced 802.15.4 radio design used in the XDM2510H uses 80%
less power during receive than conventional 802.15.4 technology.
All nodes in an XDM2510H network can both route and sleep. The XDM2510H network management
scheme assigns each node times when they can transmit and times when other nodes can transmit to
them. Nodes do not have to wake up frequently in case another node needs to send data to it. Since the
nodes know the times that another node can transmit to them, they only wake a brief period of time
before that time to be prepared for a transmission. If they don’t receive any transmission within a short
window of time from when the transmitting node should begin transmitting, the node will return to sleep.
This avoids wasting energy if a node has nothing to transmit.
Even though the XDM2510H network uses Frequency Hopping technology, because of the precise
timing, when a node is due to wake up, it knows on what frequency to listen. Typical frequency hopping
systems do not maintain the same precision in timing and therefore must search to find the frequency
currently being used. This additional time to re-synchronized with the network consumes power.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
3.0 Example Applications
XDM2510H networks are especially well suited to applications where high communication reliability and
long battery life are important, but where network traffic is relatively low and some data transmission
latency is acceptable. There are many applications that match these criteria, including:








Building Monitoring and Control
Machine Health Monitoring
Structural Integrity Monitoring
Energy Management
Asset Management
Temperature Monitoring
Urban Infrastructure Monitoring
Agricultural/Forestry Sensor Networks
4.0 System Specifications
XDM2510H system specifications are provided in the following table:
System Characteristic
Specification
Network Components
XDM2510H transceiver module,
XG2510HE gateway
Network Size
up to 250 field (sensor) nodes
Network Creation and Maintenance
self configuring, self healing mesh
RF Transmission Mode
IEEE 802.15.4, 250 kb/s
Interference and Multipath Mitigation
channel hopping, 15 channels
Open Field Range
250 meters/hop typical
Routing
possible through any node
Routing Methodology
Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP)
Messaging Modes
command-response and event messages
Encryption
set by Join key
Node Power Management
set by the TSMP frame report interval
ACK Mechanism
hop-by-hop ACK, supplemented by optional
end-to-end ACK
XDM2510H Application Interface
XG2510HE Application Interfaces
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serial binary API (UART)
XML-RPC API (10/100BaseT Ethernet) and
serial binary API (RS232/485)
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
5.0 Design Resources
RFM provides an extensive set of resources to support XDM2510H application development, starting with
the XDM2510HDK development kit, which includes an XG2510HE gateway, four XDM2510H
development boards and related accessories. Information on the XDM2510HDK is included in the kit
Quick Start Guide and in Section 9 of this document. In addition to this Integration Guide, there are four
other documents that provide technical information on the XDM2510H transceiver module and the
XG2510HE gateway, as discussed below. Utility programs are also included with the development kit to
support communications with the transceiver module and the gateway. RFM’s field applications
engineering staff and factory technical support staff are also available to answer technical questions for
customers designing XDM2510H network applications.
5.1 Integration Guide
This Integration Guide provides you with the information you need to successfully integrate the
XDM2510H into your product. In addition, information is provided to help you understand how
SmartMesh-XD technology works and how you can use the configuration settings to optimize the network
performance and behavior for your particular application.
Each XDM2510H network requires an XG2510HE gateway. RFM has created separate manuals that
detail the gateway hardware, configuration and application program interfaces (APIs), as discussed
below. This manual contains only the gateway information needed to understand network operation and
any impact it has on module integration. The XG2510HE gateway documents are included on the same
CD as the Integration Guide.
5.2 XDM2510H Data Sheet
The XDM2510H Data Sheet includes a summary key features, RF, antenna, electrical and mechanical
specifications, module pinout and hardware interface details including serial port modes and timing
information, plus the XDM2510H application programming interface (API) details including parameter
definitions, command-response formats with example packets.
5.3 XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway
Hardware and Configuration Guide
The XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Hardware and Configuration Guide includes an overview of
SmartMesh-XD network and gateway operation, RF, antenna, electrical and mechanical specifications,
XG2510HE installation and configuration details, Ethernet and serial port information, and a discussion of
the Admin Toolset configuration utility.
5.4 XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway XML API Guide
The XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway XML API Guide presents the details of the XG2510HE XMLRPC interface, including logging in/out of the control channel, subscribing to the notification channel,
details of the configuration schema and notification schema, a discussion of the API commands, code
examples and related information for the XML application developer.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
5.5 XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Serial API Guide
The XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Serial API Guide presents the details of the serial API including
packet formats, packet processing, data types, byte ordering, API commands, notification packets,
establishing a session and related information for the serial API application developer.
5.6 XG2510HE and XDM2510H Utility Programs
Two utility programs including C++ source code are provided in the XDM2510HDK development kit. The
xdmconsole.exe utility communicates with the XG2510HE gateway though the XML-RPC interface over
an Ethernet connection. The xdmutility.exe program communicates with the XDM2510H module through
its serial interface. Both program can run simultaneously on a PC equipped with both an Ethernet and a
serial port. The operational details of these program are presented in Section 9 of this Guide.
6.0 Network Operation Overview
An example XDM2510H network is shown in Figure 6.0.1. The network consists of an XG2510HE
gateway and up to 250 XDM2510H-based sensor nodes (field nodes). The gateway consists of a
SmartMesh-XD™ radio and a single-board Linux computer. The gateway incorporates the XDM2510H
network manager function and provides the application interfaces. The gateway includes an Ethernet port
that supports XML-based network commands, and two active RS232 serial ports that support binary
string network commands, diagnostics, etc.
X D M 2 5 1 0 H N e tw o rk
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
S e n s o r
N o d e 4
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
S e n s o r
N o d e 1
X G 2 5 1 0 H E
N e tw o rk
M a n a g e r
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
S e n s o r
N o d e 3
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
S e n s o r
N o d e 2
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
S e n s o r
N o d e 5
Figure 6.0.1
SmartMesh-XD™ traffic is organized in to TDMA frames consisting of 31.25 ms time slots. The gateway
assigns time slots to each XDM2510H node in the network, and then maintains a precise report interval
(frame-to-frame period) to provide a highly synchronized network. Network operation also hops from
channel to channel in a pseudorandom pattern to mitigate the effects of multipath fading and narrowband
interference. The gateway monitors performance on each channel and will temporarily discontinue the
use of a channel that is showing poor performance statistics.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
Mesh networking allows traffic to be passed from sensor node to sensor node so that messages can be
delivered to and from sensor nodes that can not communicate directly with the gateway. At least two
paths are maintained by the network for communication between each field node and the gateway. As
needed, a new paths will be automatically established to replace a failing paths to maintain network
performance.
7.0 Hardware Integration
XDM2510H transceiver modules provide wireless connectivity to a sensor network. XDM2510Hs are
integrated with other components to create sensor nodes (field nodes). These components include a host
circuit board, a power supply (battery), a microcontroller with sensor I/O electronics, an antenna and a
housing, as discussed below.
7.1 Host Circuit Board Installation
XDM2510H modules are available in two mechanical configurations, XDM2510HC and XDM2510HP.
XDM2510HC modules are installed on their host circuit board by reflow soldering. XDM2510HP modules
are installed by plugging their pins into a set of connectors on the host circuit board. Refer to Section 10
of the XDM2510H Data Sheet for the mechanical specifications of the XDM2510HC and XDM2510HP.
7.2 Power Supply Requirements
XDM2510H radio modules can operated from an unregulated DC input in the range of 3.3 (trough) to 5.5
V (peak) with a maximum ripple of 5% over the temperature range of -40 to 85 C. Applying AC, reverse
DC, or a DC voltage outside the range given above can cause damage and/or create a fire and safety
hazard. Further, care must be taken so logic inputs applied to the radio stay within the voltage range of 0
to 3.3 V.
7.3 ESD and Transient Protection
XDM2510H modules are electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitive. ESD precautions must be observed
when handling and installing these components. Installations must be protected from electrical transients
on the power supply and I/O lines. This is especially important in outdoor installations, and/or where
connections are made to sensors with long leads. Inadequate transient protection can result in damage
and/or create a fire and safety hazard.
7.4 Antenna Options
Two types of antennas are included in the XDM2510HDK for use with the XDM2510H module - a 6 dBi
directional patch antenna (RFM part number PA2400) and a 2 dBi omni-directional dipole antenna (RFM
part number RWA249R), as shown in Figures 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 respectively. The XDM2510H module has
been certified for operation with either of these antennas. The patch antenna is usually placed inside a
plastic enclosure with the XDM2510H and its host circuit board. The main lobe of the patch antenna
pattern is in front of the white face. The dipole antenna can be mounted inside a plastic enclosure, or
externally on a plastic or metal enclosure. The dipole does not require a metal ground plane for operation.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
Figure 7.4.1
Figure 7.4.2
A U.FL miniature coaxial connector is the RF connection point on the XDM2510HC and on the
XDM2510HP. A short coaxial jumper cable should be used between the U.FL connector on the
XDM2510H and the host circuit board or antenna. Care must be taken not to preset a VSWR greater than
3:1 to the XDM2510H module.
7.5 Host Processor Interface
As shown in Figure 7.5.1, each sensor node consists of an XDM2510H transceiver module and a host
microcontroller with sensor I/O electronics (sensor processor). The host microcontroller communicates
with the XDM2510H radio module on a serial interface (UART) using binary command and response
strings as discussed in Section 9 of the XDM2510H Data Sheet, with additional examples in Section 9.3
of this guide. It is critical that the microcontroller and related electronics be inherently low current devices
to achieve long battery life. As detailed in Section 8.4 XDM2510H Data Sheet, the XDM2510H can
maintain network communication while the microcontroller is in sleep mode, and provide a wake up
signal, /MT_RTS to the processor when action from it is required.
T y p ic a l X D M 2 5 1 0 H
A p p lic a tio n
/L E D
R X
T X
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
/M T _ R T S
/S P _ C T S
/M T _ C T S
H o s t
M ic r o c o n tr o lle r
a n d
S e n s o r
I/O
/T IM E
A n a lo g
a n d /o r
D ig ita l
In p u ts
A n a lo
a n d /o
D ig ita
O u tp u
ts
Figure 7.5.1
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7.6 Field Enclosures
XDM2510H-based field nodes can be mounted in either plastic or metal enclosures, depending on the
antenna used. The PA2400 patch antenna is for internal mounting, and the RWA249R can be mounted
either internally or externally. When an internal antenna is used, the enclosure must be made of a plastic
with low RF loss at 2.4 GHz. When a metal enclosure is used, the RWA249R dipole antenna must be
mounted externally. Vertical antenna polarization is recommended. The patch antenna is vertically
polarized when the long dimension is horizontal. The dipole antenna is vertically polarized when the
dipole is mounted vertically. Outdoor enclosures must be water tight, such as a NEMA 4X enclosures.
7.7 Labeling and Notices
Labeling:
A clearly visible label is required on the outside of the user’s (OEM) enclosure stating the following:
”Contains FCC ID: HSW-XDM2510”
”Contains IC: 4492A-XDM2510”
Notices:
WARNING: This device operates under Part 15 of the FCC rules. Any modification to this device, not
expressly authorized by RFM, Inc., may void the user’s authority to operate this device.
FCC NOTICE: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following
two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any
interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
IC Notice - This device complies with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is
subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device
must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type
and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry Canada. To reduce potential radio
interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent
isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) is not more than that necessary for successful communication.
This radio transmitter, IC: 4492A-XDM2510 has been approved by Industry Canada to operate with the
antenna types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each
antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum
gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.
RFM OMNI2412 Omnidirectional Dipole Antenna, 12 dBi, 50 ohms
RFM PA2412 Patch Antenna, 12 dBi, 50 ohms
Canadian ICES-003 - This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions
from digital apparatus as set out in the radio interference regulations of Industry Canada.
Le present appareil numerique n’emet pas de bruits radioelectriques depassant les limites applicables
aux appareils numeriques de Classe B prescrites dans le reglement sur le brouillage radioelectrique
edicte par Industrie Canada.
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8.0 Network Installation and Maintenance
The self-forming, self healing capability of an XDM2510H network makes it tolerant of non-optimum
installations. However, careful network planning in advance of installing an XDM2510H network will
minimize installation problems, yield the longest battery life, minimize average message latency. RFM’s
suggested XDM2510H network planning methodology is outlined below.
8.1 Estimating and Planning a Network
To estimate the number of field nodes required for the network, gather the following information:
Confirm Antenna Gain - XDM2510H field nodes are usually equipped with either the RWA249R 2 dBi
omni-directional dipole antenna or the PA2400 6 dBi directional patch antenna. The vertical dipole
antenna has the advantage that it radiates a circular field strength pattern when viewed from overhead
(assuming no interaction with RF obstructions or reflectors), so it can communicate in any horizontal
direction. The patch antenna provides about 50% more range than the dipole antenna in a ± 45 degree
pattern directly in front of the antenna (white face), but with poor range in other directions. Installations
can include field nodes using both antenna types.
Prepare a site floor plan - prepare a site floor plan (map) showing the location of each sensor point and
the type of sensor. If the network will span multiple floors, prepare a plan for each floor.
Locate any RF barriers - identify on the floor plan any site features, such as heavy machinery, concrete
walls, large appliances, or metal structures, which could constitute a major radio frequency (RF) barrier.
Locate LAN and AC power access points - mark the location of all LAN and AC power access points that
are in or near the area to be covered by the network.
Gateway redundancy - assess the risk of power outages and/or LAN subnet failures in order to determine
if redundant gateways are advisable.
Mark the location to install each XDM2510H transceiver node on the floor plan. Several sensors in the
same area can be connected to one XDM2510H node if the host circuit board has adequate
inputs/outputs. Number the XDM2510H nodes to distinguish them from the sensor points.
If possible, choose a location for the XG2510HE gateway that is close to the highest concentration of
XDM2510H nodes or near multiple clusters of XDM2510H nodes. This placement reduces the number of
nodes needed as signal repeaters and minimizes system latency. The location you choose must have an
AC outlet and LAN access. If redundant gateways are planned, the backup gateway must have access to
the same LAN as the primary gateway and be within six feet (2 meters) of the primary gateway.
Mark the location of the gateway(s) on the floor plan. If redundant gateways are planned, indicate which
is to be the backup gateway.
Next, determine XDM2510H node-to-node operating range taking into consideration the RF barriers and
other environmental factors at the site, such as other wireless systems, densely stocked shelving, high
traffic areas etc., that can interfere with node-to-node communications. Refer to the data below to
determine the node-to-node range using dipole antennas. For communication between a dipole antenna
and a directional patch antenna, assume 150% of the range given below. For communication between
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two directional patch antennas, use twice the numbers given below. These ranges will apply to most
nodes in the network.
Light commercial building (dry wall, cubicle walls, many occupants): 82 ft or 25 m
Industrial or concrete commercial building (concrete walls, heavy machinery): 33 ft or 10 m
Outdoor unobstructed open field (heavy precipitation is not a factor for outdoor range): 820 ft or 250 m
Identify any nodes with exceptional environmental factors that could effect node-to-node range. On the
floor plan, find the nodes that are within line-of-sight of another or are located next to an obstacle or
machinery. Using the data below, mark the node-to-node range next to these nodes on the floor plan.
Node located within line-of-sight of another node, with six ft (2 m) vertical clearance above and below
the line of sight: 115 ft or 35 m
Node located next to an obstacle or machinery: 26 ft or 8 m
Use the floor plan and a compass to verify that each XDM2510H nodes will be within range of at least
three other nodes or the gateway. Add nodes where needed to function as signal repeaters. Remember
where a directional patch antenna is used, its pattern is limited to a ±45 degree arc.
Based on the scale of the floor plan, set the radius of a drafting compass to the shortest node-to-node
range you identified above. Look for nodes that have the shortest node-to-node range and draw a circle
around each of them on the floor plan. Verify that each circle contains at least three other nodes. If a
node does not have three neighbors, add a signal repeater node between the problem node and its
nearest neighbor, in the area where the circles around these nodes overlap. Mark the position of the new
repeater node on the floor plan and indicate that it is a repeater. Draw a circle around the repeater mote
to verify that it is within range of three nodes.
Repeat the steps in the paragraph above for nodes with the next larger range, drawing circles around the
nodes and adding nodes where needed as signal repeaters. Continue repeating the steps until the nodes
with the longest range have been mapped.
Draw a range circle around the gateway and verify the circle contains at least three XDM2510H nodes. If
the gateway does not have three neighbors, follow the same process for the gateway as you did for the
XDM2510H nodes without three neighbors - add a signal repeater node between the gateway and its
nearest neighbor, and then make sure that the signal repeater is within range of three other nodes.
If redundant gateways are planned, repeat the paragraph above for the backup gateway. When you have
completed your layout where the gateway and each field node has at least three neighbors you can size
the network. Note: a network is defined as a Gateway(s) and up to 250 motes. Multiple networks may be
deployed in the same area without affecting network integrity because you pre-configure each
XDM2510H node to report to a specific gateway.
To size the network, count the number of nodes including the signal repeaters you marked on the floor
plan. Multiply the number of nodes by 1.10 to provide a 10% margin for expansion, contingencies, etc.
then determine the number of gateways required for the network. An XG2510HE gateway can support up
to 250 XDM2510H field nodes. For example, if you estimate that 340 nodes are required , the installation
will require two networks with about 170 field nodes in each network.
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To plan the network installation, the precise location of each field node and sensor must be determined. It
is recommended that you document the details of each field node installation in a worksheet that
technicians can use as a guide when installing the network.
On the floor plan, number each node. Record the following data in the worksheet for each node shown on
the floor plan:
The node number from the floor plan. For example, Field Node 50
A description of the location for the node. For example, NE utility closet, panel 5D.
A description of each sensor to be connected to the node. For example, Veris H922
The location of each sensor connected to the node. For example, Phase 3
The range of each sensor connected to the node. For example, 0 - 100 A
The field node I/O channel the sensor is connected to. For example, I/O channel 2
A place to record the MAC address of each XDM2510H field node
8.2 Installing a Network
Start by selecting the operating mode of the network. The XG2510HE gateway can be configured to
operate the network in one of two modes - continuous mode or event-driven mode. The operating mode
determines the number of links the gateway assigns for data transmission from the XDM2510H field
nodes. A link contains timeslot and channel usage information that determines the time and frequency at
which two field nodes can transmit information to each other. Choosing the appropriate operating mode is
important because the number of link assignments is a factor in determining the network frame length.
The number of link assignments also affects network performance attributes including data throughput
capacity, battery life and data transmission latency. More links allows for higher data throughput, with a
tradeoff of lower battery life and greater data transmission latency.
Continuous mode (default setting) assigns more links than the event-driven mode, and is appropriate for
networks in which the data generation rate is expected to be constant for each field node and constant
over time. If these conditions are present, continuous mode is best even if there are some event-driven
nodes in the network. Event-driven mode assigns fewer links than continuous mode. This mode is only
appropriate for networks in which the amount of data generated is very small - especially if the data is
event-based and it is likely that only be one packet will be in the network at a time. Figure 8.2.1 illustrates
how the gateway assigns links depending on the operating mode.
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E v e n t D r iv e n M o d e
C o n tin u o u s M o d e
In c o n tin u o u s m o d e ,
th e g a te w a y a s s ig n s o n e
c o m m u n ic a tio n lin k fo r
a n o d e , a n d o n e lin k fo r
e a c h o f its c h ild r e n . T h is
m o d e a s s u m e s th a t n o d e s
a r e c o n tin u o u s ly s e n d in g
d a ta a n d th e re a re m a n y
p a c k e ts in th e n e tw o r k a t
th e s a m e tim e
T o G a te w a y
L in k fo r N o d e 2
L in k fo r N o d e 2
N o d e 3
e v e n t d r iv e n m o d e ,
e g a te w a y a s s ig n s o n ly
e c o m m u n ic a tio n lin k to
c h n o d e r e g a r d le s s o f h o w
a n y c h ild r e n it h a s . T h is
o d e a s s u m e s th a t o n ly
n e p a c k e t w ill b e in th e
e tw o r k a t a tim e .
T o G a te w a y
In
th
o n
e a
L in k fo r N o d e 1
O n e L in k
N o d e 3
L in k fo r N o d e 1
O n e L in k
L in k fo r N o d e 2
N o d e 2
N o d e 2
L in k fo r N o d e 1
O n e L in k
N o d e 1
N o d e 1
Figure 8.2.1
The next step is to determine a frame length that is optimum for the network size and data reporting rate.
Network performance is based on highly-synchronized data transmissions coordinated by the gateway.
The network frame length (measured in timeslots or slots) controls the duration of the gateway’s data
transmission cycle. One slot equals 31.25 milliseconds, and is the amount of time given to each
XDM2510H node to transmit a packet. Frame length primarily depends on network size. It must be long
enough for each network field node to have an opportunity to transmit a packet. The larger the network,
the longer the optimum frame length. A trade off exists between frame length, power consumption, data
latency and the minimum allowable report interval. A longer frame length means lower power
consumption and longer battery life, but also increased data latency and a longer minimum allowable
report interval. It is recommended that the shortest report interval be at least three times as long as the
frame length to ensure that field nodes have at least three frames in which to transmit data packets.
The optimum frame length for the network is calculated differently depending on the operating mode
being used. You also need to know the maximum number of field nodes expected in the network and the
shortest report interval used in the network. To calculate the optimum network frame length:
Determine the minimum requirement for the network frame length in slots by following instructions for the
operating mode you are using. If the operating mode is Continuous, multiply the maximum number of
motes expected in the network by 3:
Minimum frame length in slots = 3 x Maximum number of nodes expected in the network
For example, if the network is expected to have 120 nodes and is running in continuous mode, the
minimum requirement for frame length would be 120 x 3 = 360 slots.
If the operating mode is event-driven, multiply the maximum number of nodes expected in the network by
5 and divide by 15, the number of frequency channels on the XDM2510H field node:
Minimum Frame Length in Slots = (Maximum number of nodes expected in the network x 5 ) ÷
Number of node frequency channels
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For example, if a network is expected to have 60 field nodes and is running in event-driven mode, the
minimum requirement for frame length would be (60 x 5) ÷ 15) = 20 slots.
If the operating mode is continuous, verify that the frame length will support the shortest report interval.
Multiply the frame length in slots by 31.25 to convert the frame length to milliseconds:
Frame length in milliseconds = 31.25 x Frame length in slots
For example, a frame length of 360 slots would be 31.25 x 360 = 11,250 ms or 11.25 seconds. Multiply
the frame length in milliseconds by three, and compare the result with the shortest report interval. It is
recommended that the shortest report interval used in the network be at least three times the frame
length to ensure that the field nodes have at least three frames in which to send packets:
Shortest report interval = 3 x frame length
Use the shortest report interval above to configure the frame length on the gateway.
After determining an appropriate frame length for the network, configure the frame length and other
network settings on the gateway and verify that the gateway’s network ID and join key are set to the
factory defaults. The network ID and join key (encryption password) determine which field nodes are
allowed to join the network. The gateway only accepts join requests from field nodes sharing the same
network ID and join key. Gateways and field nodes are pre-set with the same network ID and join key at
the factory, and these default settings must be in place when you initially install the network. Once the
network is installed and network connectivity is established, it is recommended that you change the
default network ID and join key for security purposes. Refer to the XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway
Hardware and Configuration Guide for gateway configuration details.
The following guidelines are recommended for positioning XDM2510H field nodes. Field nodes should be
at least three to four feet above the ground or the floor, and should be at least 4 inches (10 cm) distance
from each other. Dipole antennas should be oriented vertically for best horizontal coverage. Directional
patch antennas should have their long axis in the horizontal plane with the white face of the antenna
aimed in the direction where maximum range is needed. Where possible, elevate field nodes for better
propagation. This is particularly important for repeaters. If field nodes are placed at different heights,
make sure that they are within the antenna’s vertical pattern. The vertical pattern of both the dipole and
the patch antennas is ±45 degrees from the horizontal plane. (see Figures 8.2.2 and 8.2.3).
D ip o le V e r tic a l A n te n n a P a tte r n
(h o r iz o n ta l p a tte r n is c ir c u la r )
P a tc h A n te n n a P a tte rn
(h o r iz o n ta l o r v e r tic a l)
W e a k e r
W e a k e r
P a tc h
S tro n g e r
S e n s o r
N o d e
S tro n g e r
S tro n g e r
S e n s o r
N o d e
W e a k e r
W e a k e r
W e a k e r
Figure 8.2.2
Figure 8.2.3
Do not position field nodes directly above or below each other. Stagger the positions for better
transmission (see Figures 8.2.4 and 8.2.5).
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X D M 2 5 1 0 H
S e n s o r N o d e In s ta lla tio n A r r a n g e m e n ts
P o o r
F a ir
G o o d
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
Figure 8.2.4
X D M 2 5 1 0 H S e n s o r N o d e In s ta lla tio n A r r a n g e m e n ts
P o o r
S e n s o r
N o d e
G o o d
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
S e n s o r
N o d e
Figure 8.2.5
To the extent possible, do not install field nodes next to metal or in an area where they are surrounded by
metal, such as under a metal hood. Do not install field nodes directly next to a WiFi access point, a
2.4 GHz cordless phone base unit or other 2.4 GHz transmission devices. Avoid installing field nodes on
a surface with high vibration levels. Also, do not place field nodes in locations where the temperature can
fall outside their rated range.
As shown in Figures 8.2.2 and 8.2.3, the radio signal is strongest 45 degrees above and below the
horizontal plane, and weakest directly above and below the antenna. For best transmission results,
position field nodes such that their strong signal areas overlap, as shown in the “good” examples in
Figures 8.2.4 and 8.2.5.
After the XG2510HE gateway and XDM2510H field nodes are installed and turned on, the network will
form and gradually optimize. The amount of time it takes the network to reach a full service level depends
on the number of field nodes and the amount of 2.4 GHz background interference around the installation.
Networks comprised of 32 nodes or less will typically form in a few hours. Large networks approaching
the limit or 250 field nodes can take 24 hours to form. You may notice the network changing over the
course of several hours as it evolves towards a more optimal state. The XG2510HE SmartMesh-XT™
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gateway continuously optimize the network by adjusting network links to improve overall latency and
power consumption while maintaining high reliability.
8.3 Testing Network Connectivity
Connectivity to each field node can be checked two ways. First, the XDM2510H provides an output to
drive a status LED. Assuming the field nodes have the status LED implemented, this signal will indicate
the network connectivity status of the field node as shown in the table below.
LED Signaling
Field Node State
High
Off, or in sleep mode
Single blink (750 ms low, 3 s high)
On, and searching for potential network
Double blink (750 ms low, 750 ms high, 750 ms low, 3 s high)
On, and attempting to join the network
Triple blink (750 ms low, 750 ms high, 750 ms low, 750 ms high,
750 ms low, 3 s high)
On, and attempting to establish redundant links
Low
On, fully configured into network with redundant parents
The second way to check the network connectivity of each field node is to send a command to it using the
XDM Console utility, as discussed in Section 9.3 below. As discussed above, once network connectivity is
established with all field nodes it is recommended that you change the default network ID and join key for
security purposes. Refer to the XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Hardware and Configuration Guide
for gateway configuration details.
8.4 Network Maintenance
XDM2510H networks generally require little maintenance. Field node batteries will occasionally need to
be replaced, and software upgrades may need to be installed from time to time to add new network
features and/or to improve some aspect of network performance.
Battery replacement should be done with care, especially if lithium thionyl chloride or similar long life
batteries are being used. Always replace batteries with the same type. Be careful not to install the
batteries backwards, or allow either the old batteries or the new batteries to become shorted. Use an
environmentally safe method to dispose of the used batteries. Do not burn batteries or expose them to
water. Batteries can explode, leak, or cause personal injury if improperly disposed.
The XG2510HE gateway has a built-in configuration utility called Admin Toolset, which can be accessed
with a web browser. Admin Toolset includes provisions upgrading the gateway software and the field
node software over the air. The XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Hardware and Configuration Guide
covers the use of Admin Toolset, including software upgrades.
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9.0 XDM2510HDK Development Kit
Figure 9.0.1
Items Supplied in the Kit:









One XG2510HE Gateway/Network Manager
One XG2510HE Universal AC Power Supply with Green Strip Plug
Four XDM2510H Transceiver Development Boards
Four XDM2410 Universal Power Supplies with Coaxial Power Plugs
Five RJ-45 Ethernet Cables, Four RJ-45 to RS232 Adaptors, Four A/B USB Cables
Four 2.4 GHz Patch Antennas
Five 2 dBi Dipole Antennas, Four MCX to SMA Adaptor Cables
Four 9 V Batteries
Software and Documentation CD
Additional Items Needed:
One PC with Microsoft Windows XP or Vista Operating System for Gateway Communications
Two Ports on a Local Area Network with DHCP Addressing Support
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9.1 Development Kit Default Set Up
X D M 2 5 1 0 H
X G 2 5 1 0 H E G a te w a y /M a n a g e r C o n n e c tio n s
E th e rn e t
P o rt
S e r ia l 2
P o rt
S e r ia l 3
P o rt
S e r ia l 1
P o rt
P a tc h
A n te n n a
P o w e r
C o n n e c to r
Figure 9.1.1
D e v e lo p m e n t B o a r d A s s e m b ly
X D M 2 5 1 0 H P
M o d u le
D e v e lo p m e n t
B o a rd
R J -4 5
S e r ia l
C o n n e c to r
C o a x ia l
P o w e r
C o n n e c to r
U S B
C o n n e c to r
Figure 9.1.2
1. The XDM2510HDK development kit includes a number of configuration options in both the
XG2510HE gateway and the XDM2510H transceiver development boards. However, it is
recommended that the kit be initially started in its default configuration, as discussed below.
2. Install a 2 dBi antenna on the front of the XG2510HE gateway. Install the appropriate wall plug on the
XG2510HE universal AC power supply. Referring to Figure 9.1.1, plug the power supply green strip
plug into the power connector on the back of the XG2510HE. Connect the XG2510HE to your DHCP
supported LAN with one of the RJ-45 Ethernet cables. Plug in the XG2510HE power supply. The
XG2510HE takes about two minutes to boot up.
3. Observe ESD precautions when handling the XDM2510H development boards. Referring to Figure
9.1.2, install a patch antenna on each development board. The antenna “snaps” onto the RF
connector on the development board with moderate pressure. Install the appropriate wall plugs on the
four XDM2510H universal AC power supplies. Plug the power supply cables into the coaxial power
connectors on the development boards. Turn the AC power supplies on.
4. Copy xdmconsole.exe and xdmutility.exe from the Programs folder on the kit CD to a convenient
folder on your host PC. These programs run using ordinary Window’s resources and do not require
any registry entries or framework, dll, etc., installations. The xdmconsole.exe utility communicates
with the XG2510HE gateway through the LAN, and xdmutility.exe communicates with an XDM2510H
development board through a serial connection. If the host PC has both an Ethernet connection and
an RS232 port, it is possible to initially operate the kit with this one computer.
5. The host PC should be plugged into the LAN. Install one of the RJ-45 to RS232 adaptors on an RJ-45
(Ethernet) cable. Plug the adaptor into the PC serial port. Plug the other end of the cable into one of
the XDM2510H development boards.
6. Start xdmconsole.exe. Type in admin for the Password. Figure 9.1.3 shows the xdmconsole window
following a connection to the XG2510HE gateway.
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Figure 9.1.3
7. Allow about five to 10 minutes for the mesh network to form between the XG2510HE gateway and the
XDM2510H development boards. You can monitor the network linking activity under the Link Event
tab as shown in Figure 9.1.4. The Network Stats area on the left side of the xdmconsole will indicate
four live “Motes” (XDM2510H module connections) after the network completely forms.
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Figure 9.1.4
8. Minimize the xdmconsole.exe screen and start xdmutility.exe. Set Comm Port to match the PC serial
port where the XDM2510H is connected. A window similar to Figure 9.1.5 will be displayed. Press
Transmit to send a test message to the XG2510HE gateway.
9. Restore the xdmconsole window and observe the message received from the XDM2510H under the
Received Data tab as shown in Figure 9.1.6. Note that the Mote ID (network address) assigned to the
XDM2510H is displayed in hexadecimal on the left side of the xdmutility window and in decimal in the
Mote ID column in xdmconsole window. Test messages from the other three XDM2510H
development boards can be sent to the XG2510HE gateway by moving the serial cable to each of
them.
10. Following initial set up and operation, the kit can be reconfigured as needed. See Section 9.2 below.
11. If any difficult is encountered in setting up your XDM2510HDK, contact RFM’s module technical
support group. The phone number is +1.678.684.2000. Phone support is available from 8:30 AM to
5:30 PM US Eastern Time Zone, Monday through Friday. The E-mail address is tech_sup@rfm.com.
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Figure 9.1.5
Figure 9.1.6
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9.2 Development Kit Set Up Options
It is possible for a single PC to be connected directly to the gateway, rather than accessing the gateway
over a LAN connection. See Page 17 of the XG2510HE SmartMesh-XD Gateway Hardware and
Configuration Guide for direct PC-to-gateway connection details.
Also, the XDM2510H development board can optionally be run from the USB port. Plugging in the USB
cable automatically switches operation from the RJ-45 connector. The USB interface is based on an
FT232RL serial-to-USB converter IC manufactured by FTDI. The driver files for the FT232RL are located
in the USB Driver folder on the kit CD, and the latest version of the driver can downloaded from the FTDI
website, www.ftdichip.com. The driver creates a virtual COM port on the PC. Set xdmutility.exe to the
virtual port address.
9.3
Development Kits Utility Programs
The user interface screens for xdmconsole.exe and xdmutility.exe are presented below for reference
when using these utilities.
Figure 9.3.1
When xdmconsole.exe is first started, the screen in Figure 9.3.1 is displayed. At this point information
about the PC’s Ethernet hardware and LAN connection is presented, and an indication that an
XG2510HE gateway has been found. There is no connection to the gateway at this point.
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Figure 9.3.2
After entering the default password admin and pressing Connect (lower left button), a connection to the
XG2510HE gateway is established. Press the OK button to clear the Connected to Gateway dialog box,
as shown in Figure 9.3.2 above.
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Figure 9.3.3
Figure 9.3.3 presents the xdmconsole.exe screen after the Connected to Gateway dialog box is closed.
Communication is now established with the XG2510HE.
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Figure 9.3.4
As shown in Figure 9.3.4, the Received Data tab presents messages received from the XDM2510H
development boards. Note that the Mote ID (development board ID) is a decimal value.
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Figure 9.3.5
As shown in Figure 9.3.5, messages are sent to the XDM2510H development boards from the Send
Packet tab. The Mote Address drop down list is used to select the network address of the XDM2510H
development board that will receive the message. A message can be entered in the Transmit Window in
either HEX or ASCII, as set by the Hex Mode check box. Messages can be sent Best-Effort Packet (hopby-hop ACK) or Reliable Packet (hop-by-hop plus end-to-end ACK), with Low or High delivery priority.
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Figure 9.3.6
The Alarm tab presents network alarm event traffic. In Figure 9.3.6 above, the XDM2510H development
board with Mote ID (network address) 20 has been turned off and on several times.
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Figure 9.3.7
The Gateway Event tab logs XG2510HE gateway events, as shown in Figure 9.3.7.
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Figure 9.3.8
The Mote Event tab displays XDM2510H development board events. Figure 9.3.8 above shows events
related to the development board with Mote ID address 20 powering up and joining the network twice.
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Figure 9.3.9
The Path Event tab is presented in Figure 9.3.9. Network paths can change over time to re-optimize
network operation to RF propagation variations.
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XDM2510H Integration Guide - 03/29/11
Figure 9.3.10
The path between the gateway and an XDM2510H development board (field node) can consist of one or
more hops or links. Individual links in a path can change as part of network re-optimization. Figure 9.3.10
above shows several link changes in the path to a development board (network address 20) on the Link
Event tab.
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Figure 9.3.11
As shown in Figure 9.3.11 above, gateway statistics are shown on the Gateway Stats tab. Statistics are
updated every 15 minutes, with lifetime averages, last 24 hour averages and last 15 minute averages
presented.
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Figure 9.3.12
Statistics on a specific XDM2510H development board (Mote ID) are presented on the Mote Stats tab, as
shown in Figure 9.3.12. The development board is selected from the Mote ID drop down list. Statistics are
given for the last 15 minutes, the last 24 hours and for the operating lifetime.
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Figure 9.3.13
The Config Gateway button on the main xdmconsole.exe window launches the seven tab dialog form
shown in Figure 9.3.13 above. The System tab presents system configuration data and allows some
fields to be changed including System Name and Location.
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Figure 9.3.14
The xdmconsole.exe Network tab presents network configuration parameters, as shown in Figure 9.3.14.
These parameters can be changed by the user. Care should be taken in changing any of these
parameters. Refer to the SmartMesh-XD Gateway Hardware and Configuration Guide for gateway
configuration details.
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Figure 9.3.15
Network users can be displayed added, update or deleted on the User’s tab, as shown in Figure 9.3.15.
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Figure 9.3.16
The configuration status of a specific XDM2510H development board (Mote ID) can be displayed on the
Mote Status tab, as shown in Figure 9.3.16. The development board address is chosen from the Mote ID
drop down list. The information on this tab is read only.
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Figure 9.3.17
The Network service level agreement (SLA) profile can be viewed on the SLA Profile tab, as shown in
Figure 9.3.17.
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Figure 9.3.18
The XDM2410 development board’s internal sensor profile is presented on the Mote Profile tab, as shown
in Figure 9.3.18. The XDM2410 includes only one sensor - internal temperature. A host microcontroller
with sensor I/O electronics provides the interface to external sensors.
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Figure 9.3.19
Figure 9.3.19 shows the Advanced Config tab
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Figure 9.3.20
When xdmutility.exe is first started, the screen in Figure 9.3.20 is displayed. The Comm Port is not open
at this point. Select the serial Comm Port connected to the XDM2510H development board and press the
Connect button.
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Figure 9.3.21
When the serial port is opened, information on the XDM2510H development board fills in on the upper
left of the form, as shown in Figure 9.3.21.
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Figure 9.3.22
Messages transmitted from the gateway to the XDM2510H development board are displayed in the
Received Data window, as shown in Figure 9.3.22. Messages to be sent to the gateway are input in the
Data to Transmit window, and sent by pressing the Transmit button. Messages can be entered as text by
checking the Data in ASCII box, or entered in HEX by clearing the checkmark in this box.
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Figure 9.3.23
Pressing the Mote Status button on the xdmutility.exe main window opens the three tab status form
shown in Figure 9.3.23 above. The Time/State tab presents XDM2510H time keeping data. See Section
9.2.4 in the XDM2510H Data Sheet for time keeping parameter details.
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Figure 9.3.24
The Mote Info tab presents a number of XDM2510H read only parameters, as shown in Figure 9.3.24.
See Section 9.3 in the XDM2510H Data Sheet for information relating to these parameters.
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Figure 9.3.25
XDM2510H battery charge consumption, internal temperature and uptime (on time) are presented on the
Charge Consumption tab, as shown in Figure 9.3.25. The charge consumption applies to the transceiver
IC in the XDM2510H module only, and does not include the charge consumption of other circuitry.
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Figure 9.3.26
Pressing the Config button on the xdmutility.exe main window opens the form shown in Figure 9.3.26
above. This form allows the transceiver power amplifier to be switched on/off, a new Join Key to be
entered, and new Network ID to be entered, and a power source type to be selected. Note: do not
press the Set Join Key unless you have carefully entered a new Join Key. The value of the Join Key
is not displayed when this window opens for security reasons. Pressing the Set Join Key when it is blank
with “zero out” the XDM2510H key and prevent it from joining the network until the correct Join Key is
reentered.
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