Openoffice Org 3 2 Math Guide OpenOffice.org

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2015-07-27

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Math Guide
The OpenOffice.org Equation Editor

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Copyright
This document is Copyright © 2005–2010 by its contributors as listed
in the section titled Authors. You may distribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of either the GNU General Public License, version 3 or
later, or the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 3.0 or
later. All trademarks within this guide belong to their legitimate
owners.

Authors
Daniel Carrera
Agnes Belzunce
Peter Kupfer
Ian Laurenson
Janet M. Swisher
Jean Hollis Weber
Michele Zarri

Feedback
Please direct any comments or suggestions about this document to:
authors@documentation.openoffice.org

Publication date and software version
Published 5 October 2010. Based on OpenOffice.org 3.2.1.

You can download
an editable version of this document from
http://oooauthors.org/english/userguide3/published/

Contents
What is Math?..............................................................................4
Getting started.................................................................................... 4
Entering a formula.......................................................................5
The Elements window.........................................................................5
Right-click (context) menu..................................................................7
Markup............................................................................................... 8
Greek characters................................................................................9
Customizations...........................................................................11
Formula editor as a floating window.................................................11
How can I make a formula bigger?...................................................12
Formula layout...........................................................................13
Brackets are your friends..................................................................13
Equations over more than one line...................................................13
How do I add limits to my sum/integral?..........................................13
Brackets with matrices look ugly!.....................................................14
How do I make a derivative?.............................................................15
How do I align my equations at the equals sign?..............................15
Numbering equations.................................................................16
Math commands - Reference......................................................18
Unary / binary operators...................................................................18
Relational operators.......................................................................... 19
Set operations................................................................................... 20
Functions.......................................................................................... 21
Operators.......................................................................................... 22
Attributes.......................................................................................... 23
Miscellaneous...................................................................................25
Brackets............................................................................................ 26
Formats............................................................................................. 27
Characters – Greek...........................................................................28
Characters – Special.........................................................................28

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

3

What is Math?
Math is OpenOffice.org (OOo)’s component for writing mathematical
equations. It is most commonly used as an equation editor for text
documents, but it can also be used with other types of documents or
stand-alone. When used inside Writer, the equation is treated as an
object inside the text document.
Note

The equation editor is for writing equations in symbolic form, as
in equation 1. If you want to evaluate a numeric value, see the
Calc Guide.

df  x
−1
2
=ln  x  tan  x 
dx

(1)

Getting started
To insert an equation, go to Insert > Object > Formula.
The equation editor opens at the bottom of the screen, and the floating
Elements window (called “Selection” before Math 3.2) may appear. You
will also see a small box with a gray border in your document, where
the formula will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Equation Editor, Elements window, and location of
resulting equation
4

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Entering a formula
The equation editor uses a markup language to represent formulas. For
example, %beta creates the Greek character beta (  ). This markup is
designed to read similar to English whenever possible. For example, a
a

over b produces a fraction: b .
You can enter a formula in three ways:
• Select a symbol from the Elements window.
• Right-click on the equation editor and select the symbol from the
context menu.
• Type markup in the equation editor.
The context menu and the Elements window insert the markup
corresponding to a symbol. This provides a convenient way to learn the
OOo Math markup.
Note

Click on the document body to exit the formula editor.
Double-click on a formula to enter the formula editor again.

The Elements window
The simplest method for entering a formula is the Elements window,
shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2: Symbols are divided into categories
Note

In OOo Math before V3.2.0, the Elements window was called the
Selection window.

Entering a formula

5

The Elements window is divided into two main parts.
• The top shows the symbol categories. Click on these to change
the list of symbols.
• The bottom shows the symbols available in the current category.
Tip

You can hide or show the Elements window with View >
Elements.

Example 1: 5×4
For this example we will enter a simple formula: 5×4 . On the Elements
window (Figure 3):
1) Select the top-left button of the categories (top) section.
2) Click on the multiplication symbol.

Figure 3: Selecting the multiplication symbol
When you select the multiplication symbol on the Elements window,
two things happen:
• The equation editor shows the markup:  times 
• The body of the document shows a gray box like this: ×

6

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Figure 4: Result of selecting the multiplication symbol
The  symbols shown in Figure 4 are placeholders that you can
replace by other text, for example 5 and 4. The equation will update
automatically, and the result should resemble Figure 5.

Figure 5: Result of entering 5 and 4 next to the times operator

Tip

To keep the equation from updating automatically, select View
>AutoUpdate display. To update a formula manually, press F9
or select View > Update.

Right-click (context) menu
Another way to access mathematical symbols is to right-click on the
equation editor. This pops up the menu shown in Figure 6. The items in
this menu correspond exactly to those in the Elements window.

Entering a formula

7

Figure 6: Right-click (context) menu

Markup
You can type the markup directly in the equation editor. For example,
you can type 5 times 4 to obtain 5×4 . If you know the markup, this
can be the fastest way to enter a formula.
Tip

The formula markup resembles the way the formula reads in
English.

Below is a short list of common equations and their corresponding
markup.
Display

8

Command

Display

Command

a=b

a=b

a

sqrt {a}

a2

a^2

an

a_n

∫ f  x dx

int f(x) dx

∑ an

sum a_n

a≤b

a <= b

∞

infinity

a×b

a times b

x⋅y

x cdot y

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Greek characters
Greek characters (  ,  ,  ,  , etc) are common in mathematical
formulas. These characters are not available in the Elements window
or the right-click menu. Fortunately, the markup for Greek characters
is simple: Type a % sign followed the name of the character, in English.
• To write a lowercase character, type the name of the character in
lowercase.
• To write an uppercase character, type the name of the character
in uppercase.
A complete table of Greek characters is provided on page 28. See the
table below for some examples.
Lowercase

Uppercase

%alpha 



%ALPHA 

A

%beta





%BETA



B

%gamma 



%GAMMA 



%psi

 

%PSI

 

%phi

 

%PHI

 

%theta 



%THETA 



Another way to enter Greek characters is by using the Symbols catalog
window. Choose Tools > Catalog. This window is shown in Figure 7.
Under Symbol set, select Greek and double-click on a Greek letter
from the list. The markup name of the character is shown below the list
window.

Figure 7: Symbols catalog, used for entering Greek characters
and some special symbols
Entering a formula

9

Example 2:  ≃ 3.14159
For this example we will suppose that:
• We want to enter the above formula (the value of pi rounded to 5
decimal places).
• We know the name of the Greek character (pi).
• But we do not know the markup associated with the ≃ symbol.
Step 1: Type % followed by the text pi. This displays the Greek
character  .
Step 2: Open the Elements window (View > Elements).
Step 3: The ≃ symbol is a relation, so we click on the Relations
button. If you hover the mouse over this button you see the tooltip
Relations (Figure 8).
Figure 9 shows the Selection window after clicking the Relations
button. The symbol we want is circled.

Figure 8: Tooltip indicates
the Relations button

Figure 9: After selecting
Relations

Step 4: Click on the a ≃ b symbol. The equation editor now shows the
markup %pi simeq .
Step 5: Delete the  text and add 3.14159 at the end of the
equation. We end up with the markup %pi simeq 3.14159. The result
is shown in Figure 10.

10

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Figure 10. Final result

Customizations
Formula editor as a floating window
The formula editor can cover a large part of the Writer window. To turn
the formula editor into a floating window, do this:
1) Hover the mouse over the editor frame, as shown in Figure 11.
2) Hold down the Control key and double-click.

Figure 11: Turning the formula editor into a floating window
Figure 12 shows the result. You can dock the floating window again by
using the same steps. Hold down the Control key and double-click the
window frame.

Figure 12: Formula editor as a floating window
Customizations

11

How can I make a formula bigger?
This is one of the most common questions people ask about OOo Math.
The answer is simple, but not intuitive:
1) Start the formula editor and choose Format > Font size.

Figure 13: Changing the font size for a formula
2) Select a larger font size under Base size (top-most entry), as
shown in Figure 13.

Figure 14. Edit Base size (top) to make a formula bigger
The result of this change is illustrated in Figure 14.

Figure 15. Result of changing the base font size.
12

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Formula layout
The most difficult part of using OOo Math comes when writing
complicated formulas. This section provides some advice.

Brackets are your friends
OOo Math knows nothing about order of operation. You must use
brackets to state the order of operations explicitly. Consider the
following example.
Markup
2 over

Result
x + 1

2 over {x + 1}

2
1
x

2
x1

Equations over more than one line
Suppose you want to type an equation covering more than one line. For
x=3
example:
y=1
Your first reaction would be to simply press the Enter key. However, if
you press the Enter key, though the markup goes to a new line, the
resulting equation does not. You must type the newline command
explicitly. This is illustrated in the table below.
Markup

Result

x = 3
y = 1

x=3 y=1

x = 3 newline
y = 1

x=3
y=1

How do I add limits to my sum/integral?
The sum and int commands can (optionally) take the parameters from
and to. These are used for lower and upper limits respectively. These
parameters can be used singly or together. Limits for integrals are
usually treated as subscripts and superscripts.
Markup
Formula layout

Result
13

Markup

Result

int from 0 to x f(t) dt
or
int_0^x f(t) dt

∫ f t dt

int from Re f

∫f

sum to infinity 2^{-n}

Note

x

or

0

x

∫0

f t dt

ℜ

∞

∑ 2−n

For more details on integrals and sums, see page 22.

Brackets with matrices look ugly!
For background, we start with an overview of the matrix command.
Markup

Result

a b
c d

matrix { a # b ## c # d }

Note

Rows are separated by two #’s and entries within each row are
separated by one #.

The first problem people have with matrices is that brackets do not
scale with the matrix:
Markup
(

matrix { a # b ## c # d }

Result
)



a b

c d

OOo Math provides scalable brackets. That is, the brackets grow in
size to match the size of their contents. Use the commands left( and
right) to make scalable brackets.
Markup
left(

Tip

14

matrix { a # b ## c # d }

Result
right)

 
a b
c d

Use left[ and right] to obtain square brackets.

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

How do I make a derivative?
Making derivatives essentially comes down to one trick: Tell OOo it’s a
fraction.
In other words, you have to use the over command. Combine this with
either the letter d (for a total derivative) or the partial command (for a
partial derivative) to achieve the effect of a derivative.
Note

Notice that we have to use braces (squiggly brackets) to make
the derivative.

Markup

Result

{df} over {dx}

df
dx

{partial f} over {partial y}

∂f
∂y

{partial^2 f} over {partial t^2}

∂2 f
∂ t2

How do I align my equations at the equals sign?
OOo Math does not have a command for aligning equations on a
particular character, but you can use a matrix to do this, as shown
below.
Markup
matrix{
alignr x+y # {}={} # alignl 2 ##
alignr x
# {}={} # alignl 2-y
}

Result

x y = 2
x = 2− y

The empty braces around = are necessary because = is a binary
operator and thus needs an expression on each side.
You can reduce the spacing around = if you change the inter-column
spacing of the matrix:
1) With the equation editor open, choose Format > Spacing from
the menu bar.

Formula layout

15

Figure 16: Changing spacing in a matrix formula
2) In the Spacing dialog (Figure 16), click the Category button and
select Matrices in the drop-down menu.
3) Enter 0% for Column spacing and click OK.

Numbering equations
Equation numbering is one of OOo Math’s best hidden features. The
steps are simple, but obscure:
1) Start a new line.
2) Type fn and then press F3.
The fn is replaced by a numbered formula:

E =mc

2

(2)

Now you can double-click on the formula to edit it. For example, here
is the Riemann Zeta function:
∞

 z = ∑
n=1

1
z
n

(3)

You can reference an equation (“as shown in Equation (2)”) with these
steps:
1) Choose Insert > Cross-reference from the menu bar.
2) On the Cross-references tab (Figure 17), under Type, select Text.
3) Under Selection, select the equation number.
4) Under Format, select Reference.
Click Insert.

16

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Done! If you later add more equations to the paper before the
referenced equation, all the equations will automatically renumber and
the cross-references will update.

Figure 17. Inserting a cross-reference to an equation number
Tip

To insert the equation number without parenthesis around it,
choose Numbering instead of Reference under Format.

Numbering equations

17

Math commands - Reference
Unary / binary operators
Operation

Command

+sign

+1

1

–sign

–1

−1

+/– sign

+–1

±1

–/+ sign

–+1

∓1

Boolean not

neg a

¬a

Addition +

a+b

ab

Dot product

a cdot b

a⋅b

Multiplication (X)

a times b

a×b

Multiplication (asterisk)

a*b

a∗b

Boolean ‘and’

a and b

a∧b

Subtraction (–)

a–b

a−b

Division (as a fraction)

a over b

a
b

Division (as an operator)

a div b

a÷b

Division (with a slash)

a/b

a /b

Boolean ‘or’

a or b

a∨b

Concatenation

a circ b

a °b

18

Display

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Relational operators
Operation

Command

Is equal

a=b

a=b

Is not equal

a <> b

a≠2

Approximately

a approx 2

a≈2

Divides

a divides b

a∣b

Does not divide

a ndivides b

a ∤b

Less than

a<2

a2

Greater than

a>2

a2

Similar to or equal

a simeq b

a≃b

Parallel

a parallel b

a∥b

Orthogonal to

a ortho b

a⊥b

Less than or equal to

a leslant b

ab

Greater than or equal to

a geslant b

Display

ab

Similar to

a sim b

a~b

Congruent

a equiv b

a≡b

Less than or equal to

a <= b

a≤b

Greater than or equal to

a >= b

a≥b

Proportional

a prop b

a∝b

Toward

a toward b

ab

Arrow left

a dlarrow b

a⇐b

Double arrow left and right

a dlrarrow b

a⇔b

Arrow right

a drarrow b

a⇒b

Math commands - Reference

19

Set operations
Operation

Command

Is in

a in B

a ∈B

Is not in

a notin B

a ∉B

Owns

A owns b

A∋b

Empty set

emptyset

∅

Intersection

A intersection B

A∩B

Union

A union B

A∪B

Difference

A setminus B

A∖ B

Quotient

A slash B

A/ B

Aleph

aleph

ℵ

Subset

A subset B

A⊂B

Subset or equal to

A subseteq B

A⊆B

Superset

A supset B

Display

A⊃B

Superset or equal to

A supseteq B

A⊇B

Not subset

A nsubset B

A⊄B

Not subset or equal

A nsubseteq B

A⊈B

Not superset

A nsupset B

A⊅B

Not superset or equal

A nsupseteq B

A⊉B

Set of natural numbers

setN

ℕ

Set of integers

setZ

ℤ

Set of rational numbers

setQ

ℚ

Set of real numbers

setR

ℝ

Set of complex numbers

setC

ℂ

20

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Functions
Operation

Command

Exponential

func e^{a}

ea

Natural logarithm

ln(a)

ln a

Exponential function

exp(a)

exp a

Logarithm

log(a)

log a 

Power

a^{b}

ab

Sine

sin(a)

sin a

Cosine

cos(a)

cos a

Tangent

tan(a)

tana 

Cotangent

cot(a)

cot a

Square root

sqrt{a}

a

Arcsine

arcsin(a)

arcsin a 

Arc cosine

arccos(a)

arccosa 

Arctangent

arctan(a)

arctan a

Arc cotangent

arccot(a)

arccot a

nth root

nroot{a}{b}

a b

Hyperbolic sine

sinh(a)

sinh a

Hyperbolic cosine

cosh(a)

cosh a 

Hyperbolic tangent

tanh(a)

tanha 

Hyperbolic cotangent

coth(a)

coth a

Absolute value

abs{a}

∣ a∣

Arc hyperbolic sine

arsinh(a)

arsinh a 

Arc hyperbolic cosine

arccosh(a)

arcosh a

Arc hyperbolic tangent

arctanh(a)

artanh a

Arc hyperbolic cotangent

arccoth(a)

arcoth a

Factorial

fact{a}

a!

Math commands - Reference

Display

21

Operators
All operators can be used with the limit functions (“from” and “to”).
Operation

Command

Display

Limit

lim{a}

lim a

Sum

sum{a}

Product

prod{a}

Coproduct

coprod{a}

∑a
∏a
∐a
rt

Upper and lower bounds
shown with integral

int from {r_0} to {r_t} a

Integral

int{a}

Double integral

iint{a}

Triple integral

iiint{a}

Lower bound shown with
summation symbol

sum from{3}b

Contour integral

lint a

Double curved integral

llint a

Triple curved integral

lllint a

∮a
∯a
∰a

Upper bound shown with
product symbol

prod to{3} r

∏r

22

∫a
r0

∫a
∬a
∭a
∑b
3

3

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Attributes
Operation

Command

Display

Acute accent

acute a

a

Grave accent

grave a

a

Reverse circumflex

check a

a

Breve

breve a

a

Circle

circle a

a˚

Vector arrow

vec a

a


Tilde

tilde a

a

Circumflex

hat a

a

Line above

bar a

a


Dot

dot a

a˙

Wide vector arrow

widevec abc


abc

Wide tilde

widetilde abc

a
bc

Wide circumflex

widehat abc


abc

Double dot

ddot a

a¨

Line over

overline abc

abc

Line under

underline abc

abc

Line through

overstrike abc

acb

Triple dot

dddot a

a

Transparent (useful to get a
placeholder of a given size)

phantom a

Bold font

bold a

a

Italic font1

ital “a”

a

Resize font

size 16 qv

qv

Following item in sans serif font2

font sans qv

qv

Following item in serif font

font serif qv

qv

Following item in fixed font

font fixed qv

qv

1 Unquoted text that is not a command is considered to be a variable. Variables are, by
default, italicized.
2 There are three custom fonts: sans serif (without kicks), serifs (with kicks), and fixed
(non-proportional). To change the actual fonts used for custom fonts and the fonts
used for variables (unquoted text), numbers and functions, use Format > Fonts.

Math commands - Reference

23

Operation

Command

Display

Make color of following text cyan3

color cyan qv

qv

Make color of following text yellow

color yellow qv

qv

Make color of following text white

color white qv

qv

Make color of following text green

color green qv

qv

Make color of following text blue

color blue qv

qv

Make color of following text red

color red qv

qv

Make color green returns to default
color black

color green X qv

X qv

Brace items to change color of more
than one item

color green {X qv}

X qv

3 For all coloring, the color will apply only to the text immediately following the
command until the next space is encountered. In order to have the color apply to
more characters, place the text you want in color in curly brackets.

24

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Miscellaneous
Operation

Command

Infinity

infinity

∞

Partial

partial

∂

Nabla

nabla

∇

There exists

exists

∃

For all

forall

∀

H bar

hbar

ℏ

Lambda bar

lambdabar

ƛ

Real part

re

ℜ

Imaginary part

im

ℑ

Weierstrass p

wp

℘

Left arrow

leftarrow



Right arrow

rightarrow



Up arrow

uparrow



Down arrow

downarrow



Dots at bottom

dotslow



Dots at middle

dotsaxis

⋯

Dots vertical

dotsvert

⋮

Dots diagonal upward

dotsup

⋰

Dots diagonal downward

dotsdown

⋱

Math commands - Reference

Display

25

Brackets
Operation

Command

Round Brackets

(a)

a

Square Brackets

[b]

[ b]

Double Square Brackets

ldbracket c rdbracket

〚c〛

Single line

lline a rline

∣a∣

Double line

ldline a rdline

∥a∥

Braces

lbrace w rbrace

{w}

Angle Brackets

langle d rangle

〈d 〉

Operator Brackets

langle a mline b rangle

〈 a∣ b〉

Group brackets (used for
program control)

{a}

a

Scalable round brackets
(add the word “left” before
a left bracket and “right”
before a right bracket)

left ( stack{a # b # z}
right )



Square brackets scalable
(as above)

left [ stack{ x # y} right ]

[]

Double square brackets
scalable

left ldbracket c right
rdbracket

〚 c〛

Line scalable

left lline a right rline

∣ a∣

Double line scalable

left ldline d right rdline

∥ d∥

Brace scalable

left lbrace e right rbrace

{ e}

Angle bracket scalable

left langle f right rangle

〈 f〉

Operator brackets scalable

left langle g mline h right
rangle

〈 g∣ h 〉

Over brace scalable

{The brace is above}
overbrace a

Under brace scalable

{the brace is
below}underbrace {f}

26

Display

a
b
z
x
y

a


The brace is above
the
braceis below

f

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Formats
Operation

Command

Left superscript

a lsup{b}

Center superscript

a csup{b}

a

Right superscript

a^{b}

ab

Left subscript

a lsub{b}

b

Center subscript

a csub{b}

a

Right subscript

a_{b}

ab

Align character to left (text
is aligned center by default)

stack { Hello world # alignl
(a) }

Hello world
a

Align character to center

stack{Hello world #
alignc(a)}

Hello world
a

Align character to right

stack { Hello world #
alignr(a)}

Hello world
a

Vertical stack of 2

binom{a}{b}

a
b

Vertical stack, more than 2

stack{a # b # z}

a
b
z

Matrix

matrix{
a # b ##
c#d
}

Equations aligned at '='
(using 'matrix')

matrix{
a # "=" # alignl{b} ##
{} # "=" # alignl{c+1}
}

a =b
=c

Equations aligned at '='
(using 'phantom')

stack{
alignl{a} = b #
alignl{phantom{a} = c+1}
}

a =b
=c

New line

asldkfjo newline sadkfj

asldkfjo
sadkfj

Small gap (grave)

stuff `stuff

stuff stuff

Large gap (tilde)

stuff~stuff

stuff stuff

Math commands - Reference

Display
b

a

b

a

b

a
c

b
d

27

Caution

In localized versions of Writer, the markup names of Greek and
special characters are localized. If this document is not localized
to the same language, then the names below may not work for
input. You may still use the Symbol catalog (Figure 7) to select
the desired character by its glyph. This will also display the
character's localized markup name.
Once entered, the characters will display properly in any
language.

Characters – Greek
B %GAMMA



 %EPSILON

E

H %THETA

 %IOTA

I

K

 %MU

M %NU

N %XI

 %OMICRON O

%PI

 %RHO

P %SIGMA

 %TAU

T

%PHI

 %CHI

X %PSI

 %OMEGA



%alpha

 %beta



%gamma



%delta

%varepsilon



%zeta



%eta



%iota



%kappa



%lambda



%xi



%omicron



%pi

 %varpi

%varrho

ϱ

%sigma

 %varsigma



%phi

 %varphi

 %chi

 %psi

%ALPHA

A %BETA

%ZETA

Z

%LAMBDA

%ETA

%DELTA

%KAPPA

%UPSILON





%epsilon



%theta



%vartheta



%mu



%nu



%tau

 %rho



%upsilon

 %omega






Characters – Special
%and ∧

%angle ∢

%element ∈

%identical ≡

%infinite ∞

%noelement ∉

%notequal ≠

%or ∨

%perthousand 

%strictlygreaterthan ≫

%strictlylessthan ≪

%tendto 

28

OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide

Index
right-click menu 7

B
brackets (Math) 13
brackets commands (Math) 26

C
characters – special (Math) 28
characters – Greek (Math) 28

D
derivative markup (Math) 15

E

F
formats commands (Math) 27
formula editor
See: equation editor 11
formula layout 13
function commands (Math) 21

L
limits to sum/integral 13

M

equation
mathematical equations 4
inserting 4
mathematical markup 8
numbering 16
mathematical symbols 5
equation editor 4
matrix markup (Math) 14
equation editor
miscellaneous commands (Math) 25
brackets 13
derivative markup 15
N
Elements window 5
numbering equations 16
equations over more than one line 13
R
floating window 11
font size 12
relational operator commands (Math) 19
formula layout 13
U
limits to sum/integral 13
unary / binary operator commands
markup 8
(Math) 18
matrix markup 14

Math commands - Reference

29



Source Exif Data:
File Type                       : PDF
File Type Extension             : pdf
MIME Type                       : application/pdf
PDF Version                     : 1.4
Linearized                      : No
Page Count                      : 29
Page Layout                     : TwoColumnRight
Language                        : en-AU
Title                           : OpenOffice.org 3 Math Guide
Author                          : Jean Hollis Weber
Creator                         : Writer
Producer                        : OpenOffice.org 3.3
Create Date                     : 2011:01:31 18:34:42+10:00
EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools

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