Orion Car Audio 250R And 275R Users Manual Xtr1200

250R & 275R 07515c92-c71a-4a98-bae4-eeb2e6a6d3b5

HCCA 225R, HCCA 250R, HCCA 275R to the manual 07515c92-c71a-4a98-bae4-eeb2e6a6d3b5

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Page Count: 56

HCCA 225R, 250R & 275R
OWNER'S MANUAL
HIGH PERFORMANCE CAR AUDIO
page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
WARRANTY 6
SPECIFICATIONS 8
TECHNICAL DESIGN FEATURES 10
SYSTEM PLANNING 12
POWER CONNECTIONS 20
SPEAKER CONNECTIONS 24
INPUT SECTION 32
INTERNAL CROSSOVER SECTION 34
INTELLI Q 38
AUXILIARY OUTPUT SECTION 42
REMOTE GAIN SECTION 43
INSTALLATION TIPS 44
TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS 50
AUTOSOUND 2000 TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS 52
page 3
INTRODUCTION
Thank you for your purchase of ORION’s HCCA power amplifier. Each HCCA amplifier is designed to be the leader in its class offer-
ing the most power, advanced features and extreme ease of use. In high-end sound systems or high SPL systems, the HCCA ampli-
fiers will give you years of trouble-free performance.
• HCCA 225R- 25 watt per channel 2 channel high current amplifier with built-in fully variable high-pass, low-pass or band-
pass crossover with INTELLLi Q. Equipped with remote gain capability, the HCCA 225R is capable of 3, 2, or 1 channel op-
eration with a maximum power capability of 400 watts into 1 mono.
• HCCA 250R- 50 watt per channel 2 channel high current amplifier with built-in fully variable high-pass, low-pass or band-
pass crossover with INTELLLi Q. Equipped with remote gain capability, the HCCA 250R is capable of 3, 2, or 1 channel op-
eration with a maximum power capability of 800 watts into 1 mono.
• HCCA 275R- 75 watt per channel 2 channel high current amplifier with built-in fully variable high-pass, low-pass or band-
pass crossover with INTELLLi Q. Equipped with remote gain capability, the HCCA 275R is capable of 3, 2, or 1 channel op-
eration with a maximum power capability of 1200 watts into 1 mono
The installation of all ORION components will determine the overall performance result. Improper installation will not only limit
the performance of your ORION system but also potentially compromise the reliability of this amplifier. To ensure proper sonic re-
sults and component reliability, please refer to your Authorized ORION dealer for installation assistance of advice. If you decide to
perform the installation yourself, read the entire installation section of this manual before beginning the installation.
ABOUT THIS MANUAL
This manual is designed to answer your questions about this product. In the event you have questions not covered in this manual,
please refer questions to your local Authorized ORION Dealer. Additionally, you can call ORION’s Technical Support Hotline at 1-
800 315-2052 or (480) 705-5600 for assistance.
PRACTICE SAFE SOUND
Continuous exposure to sound pressure levels over 100 dB may cause permanent hearing loss. High powered automotive sound
systems can generate sound pressure levels in excess of 130 dB. When playing your system at high levels, please use hearing pro-
tection and prevent long term exposure.
RECORD YOUR SERIAL NUMBER AND DATE:
MODEL:
SERIAL NUMBER:
DATE OF PURCHASE:
COMPANY PURCHASED FROM:
page 4
WHAT’S IN THE BOX
QTY DESCRIPTION
1 HCCA power amplifier
2 2 conductor 4 gauge power connector
1 5 conductor 12 gauge speaker connector
4 #8 Phillips Pan Head Screws
1 HCCA Reference Manual
page 5
WARRANTY
ORION Industries Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship under the following terms:
Parts and Labor are warranted for a period of 3 years IF:
a. The product is purchased from an Authorized ORION Dealer
b. The product is installed by an Authorized ORION Dealer
Parts and Labor are warranted for a period of 1 year IF:
a. The product is purchased from an Authorized ORION Dealer
b. The product is NOT installed by an Authorized ORION Dealer
Parts and Labor are warranted for a period of 90 days IF:
a. The product is NOT purchased from an Authorized ORION Dealer
If you are uncertain as to whether your dealer is authorized, please contact ORION at 1-800-350-9726 or (480) 705-5600. In countries
other than the USA, each distributor warrants the ORION product it sells.
The Following conditions and situations are NOT covered by this warranty:
Any product on which the serial number has been defaced, modified or removed
Damage or malfunction resulting from:
a. Accident, misuse, abuse, unauthorized modification or failure to follow the instructions provided with this product.
b. Repair by anyone NOT authorized by ORION.
c. Damage due to shipping (these claims must be presented to the freight carrier)
d. Removal or installation of this product.
e. Any failure that has NOT been caused by a defect in material or workmanship.
This warranty is in effect for the original purchaser only. ORION will pay for labor and material expense for covered items. ORION does
not cover removal or installation charges, payment of shipping charges to ORION, payment of OUT-OF-WARRANTY shipping charges,
or damage to other property caused by any defects in this product.
page 6
For all warranty and non-warranty service issues, please refer to your nearest Authorized ORION Dealer for assistance. If you require
additional information or assistance regarding service repair issues, please call 1-800-350-9726 or (480) 705-5600.
Exclusion
1. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties expressed of implied
2. In no event will ORION be liable for any consequential damages resulting from the use of this product or
any defect of this product.
This Warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.
page 7
SPECIFICATIONS
AMPLIFIER SECTION HCCA 225R HCCA 250R HCCA 275R
Power output 4 Stereo (watts) 25 watts 50 watts 75 watts
Power output 2 Stereo (watts)150 watts 100 watts 150 watts
Power output 1 Stereo (watts)1100 watts 200 watts 300 watts
Power output 0.5 Stereo (watts)1200 watts 400 watts 600 watts
Power output 4 Mono (watts)1100 watts 200 watts 300 watts
Power output 2 Mono (watts)1200 watts 400 watts 600 watts
Power output 1 Mono (watts)1400 watts 800 watts 1200 watts
Distortion all channels driven
(from 20Hz to 20kHz) <0.1% THD <0.1% THD <0.1% THD
Frequency Response 20Hz to 20 kHz ±0.25 dB 20Hz to 20 kHz ±0.25 dB 20Hz to 20 kHz ±0.25 dB
Linear Bandwidth 6Hz to 50 kHz ±3dB 6Hz to 50 kHz ±3dB 6Hz to 50 kHz ±3dB
Signal-to-noise ratio full bandwidth
@ rated output power > 100 dB > 100 dB > 100 dB
Damping factor @ output connector
full bandwidth >400 at output connector >400 at output connector >400 at output connector
Slew Rate > 30V/µs > 30V/µs > 30V/µs
page 8
input sensitivity3200 mV to 5 Vrms 200 mV to 5 Vrms 200 mV to 5 Vrms
input impedance 47k47k47k
fuse type (2) 20 AMP ATC (2) 30 AMP ATC (6) 30 AMP ATC
CROSSOVER
SECTION
low-pass crossover4Continuously Continuously Continuously
variable variable variable
low-pass frequency range 45Hz to 5kHz 45Hz to 5kHz 45Hz to 5kHz
high-pass crossover Continuously Continuously Continuously
variable variable variable
high-pass frequency range 10Hz to 1kHz, 10Hz to 1kHz, 10Hz to 1kHz,
100Hz to 10kHz 100Hz to 10kHz 100Hz to 10kHz
INTELLi Q boost range 0dB to 10dB 0dB to 10dB 0dB to 10dB
GENERAL
12" x 10.25" x 2.25" 18" x 10.25" x 2.25" 25" x 10.25" x 2.25"
(L x W x H) 305mm x 457mm x 635mm x
260mm x 57mm 260mm x 57mm 260mm x 57mm
(L x W x H) (L x W x H) (L x W x H)
page 9
TECHNICAL DESIGN FEATURES
page 10
AMPLIFIER CALL OUTS
1. Power LED-when lit indicates that the amplifier is on.
2. Output Configuration Switches-determine the output
configuration of the amplifier
3. Independent Gain Controls-continuously adjust from
200mV to 5Vrms for full power output
4. RCA inputs-accepts RCA input from a source unit,
preamplifier or equalizer
5. AUX RCA outputs-provides easy connection to
additional amplifiers.
6. AUX RCA output control-determines the audio signal
out the AUX RCAs
7. Low-pass Frequency Control-adjusts the frequency of
the low-pass crossover
8. Low-pass Crossover activation switch-activates the
low-pass crossover
9. INTELLI Q adjust control-adjusts the “Q” boost of the
high-pass crossover
10. High-pass “x10” Frequency range switch- selects the
frequency range of the high-pass crossover
11. High-pass frequency control- adjusts the frequency of the
high-pass crossover
12. High-pass Crossover activation switch- activates the
high-pass crossover
13. REM Remote turn-on input-turns on the amplifier when
fed 12 V+
14. Speaker Connections-allows up to 12 gauge speaker wire.
15. Remote Gain Control Port-allows dashboard remote
gain control.
16. Fuses-Protects the amplifier from over current situations.
17. Power Connections-allows up to 4 gauge power and
ground cables.
page 11
TUNING NOTE: The phase switches can be individually switched for
improved sound quality. Try different phase switch positions for best
sonic results.
SYSTEM PLANNING
The easiest way to maximize the performance for your
ORION HCCA amplifier is to properly plan your system.
By planning your system, you can avoid situation
where the performance of the reliability of your system
is compromised. Your Authorized ORION dealer has been
trained by ORION Industries on how to maximize your
system’s sonic potential. Authorized ORION dealers are
a valuable resource in helping you with your system de-sign
and installation. If you wish to venture on with your
own system design, here are some systems designed by
ORION Industries.
SYSTEM 1
is a simple two channel amplifier driving a
pair of satellites
Lowest Recommended Impedance is 0.5 Stereo.
RCA inputs are connected to both left and right
channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Gain controls can be set together or independently
of each other
Output is configured for high-pass operation.
Output is configured for stereo operation.
page 12
SYSTEM 2
adds an additional amplifier to
drive the subwoofers. A RGC-1 (Remote Gain
Control) has been added to the subwoofer ampli-
fier for dash mounted subwoofer level control.
AMPLIFIER 1
Output is configured for high-pass
operation.
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Gain controls can be set together or
independently of each other
AMPLIFIER 2
Output is configured for band-pass
operation.
The high-pass crossover is used as a sub
sonic filter with INTELLi Q.
RCA inputs are connected to both left
and right channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 180°
Gain controls must be set identically for
both left and right channels.
TUNING NOTES:
Amplifier 1: The phase switches can be individually switched for improved
sound quality. Try different phase switch positions for best sonic results.
Amplifier 2: The phase switches can be individually switched for improved
sound quality. In the summed bridged configuration the left and the right phase
must be set opposite from each other in order to operate correctly. The high-pass
crossover is used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q. Configure the high-pass
crossover for “LOW” frequency range operation and set according to instructions
explained in the High-pass Crossover Section in this manual.
page 13
SYSTEM 3
page 14
SYSTEM 3
adds an additional amplifier and another set of satellites to SYSTEM 2 for a front rear fade system.
AMPLIFIER 1 & 2
Output is configured for high-pass operation.
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Gain controls can be set together or
independently of each other
AMPLIFIER 3
Output is configured for band-pass operation.
The high-pass crossover is used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q.
RCA inputs are connected to both left and right channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 180°
Gain controls must be set identically for both left and right channels.
page 15
SYSTEM 4
adds an amplifier to system 3 to the front satellites for more power
and control.
AMPLIFIER 1 & 3
Output is configured for high-pass operation.
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Gain controls can be set together or independently of each other
SYSTEM 4
page 16
AMPLIFIER 2
Output is configured for bandpass operation.
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Gain controls can be set together or independently
of each other
AMPLIFIER 4
Output is configured for band-pass operation.
The high-pass crossover is used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q.
RCA inputs are connected to both left and right channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 180°
Gain controls must be set identically for both left and right channels
page 17
SYSTEM 5
page 18
AMPLIFIER 2
• Output is configured for
band-pass operation.
• The high-pass crossover is used as a
subsonic filter with INTELLi Q.
• RCA inputs are connected to both
left and right channels
• Left Phase switch set to 0°
• Right Phase switch set to 180°
• Gain controls must be set identically
for both left and right channels.
AMPLIFIER 3, 4 & 5
• Output is configured for full
range operation.
• RCA inputs are connected to both
left and right channels
• Left Phase switch set to 0°
• Right Phase switch set to 0°
• Gain controls must be set to
minimum positions
SYSTEM 5
has one amplifier driving front satellites, one amplifier running as a Master Amplifier and addi-
tional amplifiers running as Slave amplifiers to the master. The subwoofer amplifiers are configured in a Master/
Slave configuration for absolute crossover and level matching.
AMPLIFIER 1
Output is configured for
high-pass operation.
• Left Phase switch set to 0°
• Right Phase switch set to 0°
• Gain controls can be set together
or independently of each other
page 19
POWER CONNECTIONS
Amplifier Fuse Size
XTREME 400 (2) 20 AMP
XTREME 800 (2) 30 AMP
XTREME 1200 (6) 30 AMP
page 20
Power connections made through a large 4 gauge removable terminal connector. (Dual 4 gauge connectors of the
HCCA 275R)
4 Gauge power and ground wire recommended for optimal performance. (Dual 4 gauge connectors of the
HCCA 275R)
Minimum 8 Gauge power and ground cable is recommended for acceptable performance. (Use only 4 gauge power wire
on the HCCA 275R).
Connect 12V+ to the battery through fuse holder. This connection provides +12V main power to the amplifier.
Power wire must be fused less than 18” from battery.
Ground amplifier to a good chassis ground as close as possible to the amplifier.
Connect REM terminal to remote turn-on lead from source unit. This connection provides +12V power to turn-on
the amplifier.
Add Extra Ground wire between the negative terminal of the battery and the chassis.
NOTE: The addition of a ground wire from the battery to the chassis of the vehicle improves the ability of the battery to supply
power to the amplifier. This helps especially in newer vehicles, where the current delivery of the factory electrical system
was designed only to accommodate electronics supplied by the auto manufacturer.
WARNING:
The
HCCA 275R
has two seperate 4 gauge power and ground inputs. Both pairs of connections must use 4 gauge
power wire for proper operation. Failure to do this may damage the amplifier and is not covered under warranty.
page 21
page 22
POWER CONNECTIONS HCCA 275R
Amplifier Fuse Size
HCCA 275R(6) 30 AMP
page 23
Power connections made through dual large 4 gauge removable terminal connector.
Dual 4 Gauge power and ground wire required for proper performance.
Connect 12V+ to the battery through power distribution and fuse holder. This connection provides +12V main power to the
amplifier.
Power wires must be fused less than 18” from battery.
Terminate both grounds for amplifier to a good chassis ground as close as possible to the amplifier.
Connect REM terminal to remote turn-on lead from source unit. This connection provides +12V power to turn-on
the amplifier.
Add Extra Ground wire between the negative terminal of the battery and the chassis. Either dual 4 gauge or singal 1/0 gauge.
NOTE: The addition of a ground wire from the battery to the chassis of the vehicle improves the ability of the battery to supply
power to the amplifier. This helps especially in newer vehicles, where the current delivery of the factory electrical system
was designed only to accommodate electronics supplied by the auto manufacturer.
WARNING:
The
HCCA 275R
has two seperate 4 gauge power and ground inputs. Both pairs of connections must use 4 gauge
power wire for proper operation. Failure to do this may damage the amplifier and is not covered under warranty.
12V+ GND
SPEAKER OUTPUTS
BRIDGED
LEFT RIGHT
REM
GAIN
REMOTE FUSE POWER
AUX
POWER LEFT PHASERIGHT PHASE INPUT
RCA AUX
RCA
LEFT
GAIN
RIGHT
GAIN
MONO
BRIDGE
0 180
INPUT LOW-PASS HIGH-PASS
0R
L
180
MASTER
COPY
600Hz
LP ON
LP OFF
5kHz
175Hz 45HzGAIN
6dB
HP x 10
HP x 1
10dB
3dB 0dB
120Hz
HP ON
HP OFF
1kHz
35Hz 10Hz
+
_
+
_
REM
TWO CHANNEL STEREO CONFIGURATION
page 24
Lowest Recommended Impedance is 0.5 Stereo.
RCA inputs are connected to both left and right channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Gain controls can be set together or independently of each other
Output can be configured for high-pass, low-pass, band-pass or full range operation.
Output is configured either for stereo operation.
TUNING NOTE: The phase switches can be individually switched for improved sound quality. Try different phase switch positions
for best sonic results. The high-pass crossover can be used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q. Configure the
high-pass crossover for LOW frequency range operation and set according to instructions explained in the
High-pass Crossover Section in this manual.
page 25
SUMMED BRIDGED CONFIGURATION
page 26
Lowest Recommended Impedance is 1 bridged mono.
RCA inputs are connected to both left and right channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch set to 180°
Gain controls must be set identically for both left and right channels.
Output can be configured for high-pass, low-pass, band-pass or full range operation.
Output is configured summed bridged which is ideal for subwoofer applications..
TUNING NOTE: The phase switches can be individually switched for improved sound quality. In the summed bridged configura
tion the left and the right phase must be set opposite from each other in order to operate correctly. The high-
pass crossover can be used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q. Configure the high-pass crossover for LOW fre
quency range operation and set according to instructions explained in the High-pass Crossover Section in this
manual.
page 27
SINGLE CHANNEL BRIDGED CONFIGURATIONS
page 28
Lowest Recommended Impedance is 1 bridged mono.
Only the Right RCA input is used
Right Phase switch set to 0°
Left Phase switch set to MONO BRIDGED
Right Gain control sets the level for the amplifier output.
Output can be configured for high-pass, low-pass, band-pass or full range operation.
Output is configured mono bridged which is ideal for separate left or right channel subwoofer applications..
TUNING NOTE: In the MONO BRIDGED configuration, the Right Phase control can be used to change the phase of the amplifier
output. The right phase switches can be individually switched for improved sound quality. Try different phase switch
positions for best sonic results. The high-pass crossover can be used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q. Configure the
high-pass crossover for LOW frequency range operation and set according to instructions explained in the High-
pass Crossover Section in this manual.
page 29
page 30
TRI-MODE THREE CHANNEL CONFIGURATION
page 31
Lowest Recommended Impedance is 0.5 stereo and 1 bridged mono.
RCA inputs are connected to both left and right channels
Left Phase switch set to 0°
Right Phase switch is set to 180°, Speaker polarity on the right channel must be inverted to maintain proper speaker polarity.
Gain controls must be set identically for both left and right channels.
Output must be configured for full range operation.
Passive crossover frequencies must not overlap.
WARNING: Failure to do so may result in damage to the amplifier.
Output is configured summed bridged, which is ideal for single subwoofer applications..
TUNING NOTE: The phase switches can be individually switched for improved sound quality. In the Tri-mode configuration the
left and the right phase must be set opposite from each other in order to operate correctly. The high-pass cross
over can be used as a subsonic filter with INTELLi Q. Configure the high-pass crossover for LOW frequency
range operation and set according to instructions explained in the High-pass Crossover Section in this manual.
INPUT SECTION
The input section of the amplifier consists of separate phase switches that set output configuration, separate left and right gain
controls and RCA inputs. The input section makes it easy to adapt this amplifier to most system configurations
PHASE SWITCHES
The HCCA amplifier has separate left and right phase control switches. There are
six different setting combinations. Setting 1 is the factory configuration. Both left
and right channels are in Phase. Both left and right gain controls are active.
Setting 2 inverts the output of the right channel. The right channel is 180° out of
phase from the left channel. Both left and right gain controls are active. This
configuration is useful for Tri-mode operation. Additionally, inverting one channel
of satellite speakers can focus imaging.
Setting 3 inverts the output of the left channel. The left channel is 180° out of
phase from the right channel. Both left and right gain controls are active. This
configuration is useful for Tri-mode operation. Inverting one channel of satellite
speakers can focus imaging.
page 32
Setting 4 inverts the output of both the left and right channels. Both left and right
gain controls are active. This configuration is useful for inverting one set of speakers
like rear speakers in front/rear system to improve staging in a vehicle.
Setting 5 inverts the output of the left channel. The left channel is 180° out of phase
from the right channel. Only the right gain control is active. This is the MONO
BRIDGED output configuration. Right Phase control determines the phase of the
output. When the Right Phase control is in the 0
°
position, the bridged output is in
phase with the rest of the system.
Setting 6 inverts the output of the bridged output . The mono bridged input is 180°
out of phase from the rest of the system. Only the right gain control is active. This is
the MONO BRIDGED output configuration. Right Phase control determines the
phase of the output. When the Right Phase control is in the 180° position, the
bridged output is out of phase with the rest of the system.
INPUT GAIN
HCCA amplifiers have separate left and right level adjustments. The input sensitivity
of these adjustments range from 200mV up to 5Vrms to easily integrate with any
source unit both after market and OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) Refer to
the Testing the System and the Adjusting the Sound of the System for detailed instruc-
tions on setting up the level controls.
page 33
INTERNAL CROSSOVER SECTION
The crossover section of the HCCA amplifier is continuously variable and ex-
tremely flexible. There are eight different crossover configurations possible allow-
ing high-pass, low-pass and band-pass configurations. New for ORION amplifiers is
the INTELLi Q feature on the high-pass crossover. This circuit is designed to opti-
mize the performance of ORION subwoofers in all types of enclosures.
When using ORION loudspeakers, minor deviations from the recommended frequency ranges can provide superior results depend-
ing on your speaker locations and your vehicle acoustics. Setting crossover frequencies higher than recommended will not cause
damage and may provide superior sonic results depending on your systems performance goals. Refer to your loudspeaker owners
manual for assistance in choosing the proper crossover frequencies for your system.
WARNING!!! DO NOT set crossover frequencies lower than the speakers recommended operating range. This can cause driver
failure that is not covered by manufacturers warranty.
LOW-PASS CROSSOVER
When the push When the push
button is in the button is in the
out position, in position,
the low-pass the low-pass
crossover is bypassed. crossover is active.
The low-pass
crossover is
continuously variable
from 45 Hz to 5 kHz.
page 34
FINE TUNING THE LOW-PASS CROSSOVER
The crossover section is marked at four frequency points for
ease of system adjustment. These points are 45 Hz, 175 Hz ,
600 Hz and 5,000 Hz. Specific crossover points can be to be
chosen based on the recommended operational bandwidth
of your speakers.
There are three small dots on the frequency range dial.
These dots represent commonly used ORION crossover fre-
quencies. These crossover frequencies are 85 Hz, 2,500 Hz
and 3,500 Hz respectively.
page 35
HIGH-PASS CROSSOVER
When both push buttons are in the out position, the high-pass crossover is by-
passed.
MID AND TWEETERS
When both push buttons are in the in position, the high-pass crossover is active in
the HIGH frequency range. The high-pass crossover is continuously variable from
100 Hz to 10 kHz. This setting is used for crossing over midrange and tweeter speakers.
Set the INTELLi Q level to 0 dB. NOTE: When the high-pass crossover is in the
HIGH frequency range, the frequency indicators represent 1/10 of the crossover fre-
quency. For example, 35Hz = 350Hz.
WARNING!!! When using the crossover in the HIGH range, it is not
recommended to use the INTELLi Q as it may potentially
damage your midrange or tweeter speakers.
HIGH-PASS WOOFERS
When only the push button to activate the high-pass crossover is in the in position,
the high-pass crossover is active in the LOW frequency range. The high-pass cross-
over is continuously variable from 10 Hz to 1 kHz. The high-pass crossover is now opti-
mized for use as a subsonic filter for subwoofers. Additionally, boost can be added at
the high-pass crossover frequency for improved bass output while still protecting the
woofer from excessive excursion. The INTELLi Q adjustment allows up to 10 dB of
boost at the crossover frequency. Care must be taken when setting the INTELLi Q at or
near the maximum boost.
page 36
FINE TUNING THE HIGH-PASS CROSSOVER HIGH RANGE
The crossover section is marked at four frequency points for
ease of system adjustment. These points are 10 Hz, 35 Hz , 120
Hz and 1 kHz. Specific crossover points can be to be chosen
based on the recommended operational bandwidth of your
speakers.
Note: When the high-pass crossover is set in the HIGH fre-
quency range, the corner frequencies are 100 Hz, 350 Hz,
1.2 kHz and 10 kHz respectively.
page 37
ADJUSTING INTELLI Q
Boost Levels 0dB +3dB +6dB +10dB
Enclosure Type :
Infinite Baffle Acceptable, No High X-Max Not Recommended Not Recommended
Problems. Tune above Drivers. Tune above
Fs of woofer. Fs of woofer.
Sealed Acceptable, No Acceptable, No High X-Max Drivers. Not Recommended
Problems. Tune above Problems. Tune above Tune above Fs
Fs of woofer. Fs of woofer. of woofer.
Vented Acceptable No Acceptable No Acceptable No High X-Max Drivers.
Problems. Tune to Problems. Tune to Problems. Tune to Tune to port frequency.
Port frequency. Port frequency. Port frequency.
Sealed Bandpass Acceptable No Acceptable No High X-Max Drivers Not Recommended
Problems. Tune above Problems. Tune above Drivers. Tune above
Fs ofwoofer. Fs ofwoofer. Fs ofwoofer.
Vented Bandpass Acceptable No Acceptable No Acceptable No High X-Max Driver.
Problems. Tune to Problems. Tune to Problems. Tune to Tune to
port frequency. port frequency. port frequency. port frequency.
Aperiodic Set crossover to Fs Set crossover to Fs Set crossover to Fs Not Recommended
of woofer. of woofer. of woofer.
page 38
Incorporated in the high-pass crossover, INTELLi Q maximizes the performance of
a subwoofer. The high-pass subsonic filter removes unwanted bass output from
the woofer, increasing the output of a subwoofer by as much as 3 dB due to the
increased mechanical power handling. Depending on the enclosure, using INTELLi
Q can increase the low frequency response by an additional 10dB!!! The boost
level is identified by the corner markings. Acceptable boost levels are determined
by the type of enclosure used and the woofers excursion capability. Listed below
are recommended boost levels for different enclosure designs.
Q BOOST FILTER RESPONSE
On the left is a frequency response
of the high-pass filter set to 30 Hz.
On the right frequency response of
the high-pass filter set to 20Hz.
INTELLi Q levels of 0dB, 3dB, 6dB
and 10dB are displayed respectively.
page 39
INFINITE BAFFLE EXAMPLE HIGH-PASS SET @ 30Hz
By removing low frequency signal
which the woofer cannot produce, the
woofer can play its capable range
louder The first example is an infinite
baffle situation. The left Graph
displays the frequency response of
a 12 inch woofer in an infinite baffle
application without the high-pass filter,
with the filter and with the filter and the INTELLi Q set to +3dB. As you can see with +3dB of boost and the high-pass filter set to
30Hz, the woofer has more output down to 25Hz and less overall excursion when compared to the non-high-pass response. Maxi-
mum physical excursion capability of the woofer is 15mm.
SEALED EXAMPLE HIGH-PASS SET @ 20Hz
This sealed example is the same 12 inch
woofer in the recommended sealed
enclosure. Up to 6 dB of boost is
capable at 20 Hz was used. With +6dB
of boost, the woofer has more output
down to 15 Hz.
page 40
SEALED EXAMPLE HIGH-PASS SET @ 30Hz
In this example, the frequency has
been increased to 30 Hz. Up to 6 dB
of boost is capable at this frequency.
With +6dB of boost, the woofer has
more output down to 23 Hz.
Overall usable output is increased.
VENTED EXAMPLE HIGH-PASS SET @ 30Hz
Vented enclosure benefit most from
the INTELLi Q. Up to 10 dB of
boost is capable at the box tuning
frequency of 30 Hz. With +10dB of
boost, the woofer has more output
down to 22 Hz. The excursion below
the tuning frequency has been
greatly reduced.
page 41
AUXILIARY OUTPUT SECTION
The auxiliary outputs offer ORION amplifiers easy unlimited system expansion .
Routing signal from a source unit, pre-amplifier or equalizer is a matter of routing
RCAs into the RCA Inputs and out the AUX outputs to the next XTREME or HCCA
amplifier in the signal chain. When the switch is in the COPY position, the AUX
RCA is an identical copy of the RCA inputs. The signal passes through a buffer
stage so that an infinite number of
HCCA
amplifiers can be daisy chained without
signal loss or overloading of the source unit. This maximizes the amplifier output
and minimizes the potential for system noise.
When the switch is in the GAIN position, the AUX RCAs are buffered through
the gain stage of the amplifier. When the first amplifier in the signal chain is set this
way, a remote gain controller can be installed in the amplifier and act as a PRE-
AMP controlling the overall level of the system. Following amplifiers can be con-
figured in either the COPY or MASTER configuration for an infinite number
of XTREME or HCCA amplifiers in the signal chain without signal loss or overload-
ing of the source unit. This maximizes the amplifier output and minimizes the poten-
tial for system noise.
When the switch is in the MASTER position, the AUX RCA are buffered through
the gain stage of the amplifier and filtered through the crossover section of the
amplifier. When set this way, one amplifiers gain and crossover setting can be sent
to other amplifier down the signal chain. This can be useful for configuring mul-
tiple subwoofer amplifiers easily in a large SPL system. A Remote gain controller
will also control the level of all the amplifiers following the amplifier configured in
this master setting. An infinite number of XTREME or HCCA amplifiers in the sig-
nal chain without signal loss or overloading of the source unit. This maximizes the
amplifier output and minimizes the potential for system noise.
page 42
Remote Gain Section
The remote gain port provides easy remote access to the internal gain structure of
the HCCA power amplifier. The RGC-1 plugs into the amplifier via the 1/8 mini
jack plug. The RGC-1 can be installed in the front of the vehicle to control the am-
plifier gain level. The RGC-1 can be used as a bass level control when used on an
amplifier dedicated to subwoofers
page 43
INSTALLATION TIPS
TOOLS FOR THE TRADE
Listed are the majority of the tools required to perform the installation. Having the proper tools will make the installation that
much easier. Some of these tools are necessities. Some make the job much easier.
marking pen heat shrink tubing
electric drill with assorted drill bits nylon tie straps
utility knife volt-ohm meter (optional)
Phillips and flat blade screw drivers wire cutters
pliers (standard and needle nose) wire crimpers
wire brush or sandpaper for chassis grounding wire strippers
solder iron and solder RTA (real time analyzer)
grommets Reference CD with 1 kHz Sine Wave at 0dB level
(all bits high)
page 44
12V+ GND
SPEAKER OUTPUTS
REM BRIDGED
RIGHT LEFT
REM
GAIN
REMOTE FUSE POWER
12V+ GND
SPEAKER OUTPUTS
REM BRIDGED
RIGHT LEFT
REM
GAIN
REMOTE FUSE POWER
CHOOSING MOUNTING LOCATIONS
The location of your HCCA amplifier will depend on several important issues. Due to the low profile size of the HCCA amplifiers,
there are many possible installation locations that will yield satisfactory amplifier performance. Always mount the amplifier in a
place that protects the amplifier from the elements. In addition, mount the amplifier on a stable, flat mounting surface. As with
any amplifier, there are several possible mounting locations and configurations that can be optimal. We will cover the most obvi-
ous of situations.
PASSENGER COMPARTMENT MOUNTING
If you are going to mount the amplifier in the passenger compartment, make sure you have ad-
equate room for ventilation. The HCCA amplifiers have been designed to make possible under
seat mounting. When mounting your amplifier under a seat or similar area, keep a minimum of
1 of clearance around the amplifier for adequate cooling.
TRUNK COMPARTMENT MOUNTING
Mounting the HCCA amplifier in the trunk provides excellent performance as long as you do
not mount the amplifier upside down or restrict the airflow around the heatsink of the ampli-
fier. For optimal results, mount the amplifier with the cooling fins in the vertical position. This
type of mounting will yield the best cooling due to the convection effect of the amplifier chas-
sis
ENGINE COMPARTMENT MOUNTING
Do not mount the HCCA amplifier in the engine compartment. The amplifier was not designed
to endure the harsh environment of the exterior elements.
page 45
page 46
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AND INSTALLATION TIPS
Caution: Be careful not to cut or drill into gas tanks, fuel lines, brake lines, hydraulic lines, vacuum lines, or electrical wiring when
working on your vehicle.
Disconnect the vehicles ground wire at the battery before making or breaking connections to the audio systems power supply
terminals.
Do not use the
HCCA
Amplifier unmounted. Failing to securely mount the amplifier can result in damage or injury, particularly in
the event of an accident. An unmounted amplifier acts like a heat-seeking missile in the event of a crash. Never mount a
HCCA
Amplifier where it might get wet. Mount the
HCCA
amplifier so the wire connections will not be pulled. Route the wires where
they will not be scraped, pinched or damaged in any fashion.
The +12V power supply wire must be fused as close as possible to the battery terminal, ideally within 18. Use the recommended
fuse size or circuit breaker listed in the POWER CONNECTIONS section of this manual.
If you need to replace the fuse plugged into the side of the
HCCA
amplifier, replace the fuse with the same size ATC type fuse that
came with the amplifier. If you are not sure as to the correct value, refer to the POWER CONNECTIONS section of this manual for
details. Using a higher current fuse may result in damage to the
HCCA
amplifier which is not covered under warranty.
NOTE: Make sure all the equipment in the system is turned off when making or breaking connections to the
HCCA
input RCAs or
speakers terminals. Turn on the system and slowly turn up the volume control only after double checking all wire connections.
Power for systems with a single
HCCA
amplifier can be supplied by most any automotive electrical system. Systems with multiple
amplifiers may require a higher capacity battery, alternator or the use of a storage capacitor. WE strongly recommend the use of
both a WIRED! Transient Storage Capacitor and a MBR70 with an extra battery in larger stereo systems.
HCCA
amplifiers generate a certain amount of heat as part of its normal operation. Be sure the area around the cooling fins is un-
obstructed to allow adequate air circulation. Remember, beach blankets, last weeks laundry, school books and homework papers
located on top of the amplifier, does not improve air flow.
page 47
STEP BY STEP INSTALLATION
Step 1
Determine the location for the amplifier. Refer to the Mounting Locations section in this manual for detailed information.
Step 2 Decide on the system configuration for your amplifier. For system suggestions, refer to the System Planning
section of this manual.
Step 3 Run all the wires from the amplifier location to the speakers, source unit and battery. Do not connect the battery
at this time. Be sure to run RCAs, power and speaker wires away from factory electrical wires and system as they
pose a great potential for induced system noise.
Step 4 Pre-drill amplifier mounting holes. Be sure to think before you drill. Gas tanks, fuel lines, and other obstructions
have a nasty way of hiding themselves. For best results use a marking pen to mark the mounting holes and
pre--drill these holes with a standard 1/8 drill bit.
Step 5 Mount the amplifier. Make sure the amplifier is mounted on a flat surface. If this is not possible, do not over
tighten the screws such that the chassis of the amplifier is twisted or bent.
Step 6 Turn the vehicles key switch to the off position.
Step 7 Disconnect the vehicles battery ground terminal.
Step 8 Connect the RCA and speaker wires to the amplifier. Check the quality of your speakers and signal connections.
This will determine the ultimate performance of your ORION amplifier. Refer to the Installation quick reference
section of this manual for correct wiring instructions.
Step 9 Connect power wires to the amplifier. At this time do not connect the fuse at the main battery.
Step 10 Reconnect the ground terminal to the battery.
Step 11 Set crossover and signal routing configurations. Refer to the signal routing switches and the internal crossover
configuration sections of this manual for detailed instructions.
Step 12 Once satisfied that all connections and settings are correct, install fuse at location near the vehicles battery and
proceed to the testing the system section of this manual.
WARNING!!!! Never exceed the recommended fuse size of this amplifier. Failure to do so will result in the void of your warranty.
page 48
TESTING THE SYSTEM
After you have completed the installation, you need to test the system. This will help ensure years of trouble free operation. Please re-
fer to the listed steps below when testing the sound of your ORION HCCA system.
Step 1 Check all the wiring connections to be sure they are correct and secure.
Step 2 Turn the signal source volume control down all the way. Set any tone controls to their flat or defeated positions.
This includes the loudness control.
Step 3 Turn the level controls of the amplifier to their minimum positions.
Step 4 Turn the source unit on. Check to see if the remote power LED located on the connection side of the amplifier is on.
If not, please refer to the power connections section and the trouble shooting section of this manual for instructions.
Step 5 If using a aftermarket source unit, turn the level controls of the amplifier about one quarter of a turn. Slowly in
crease the volume level of the source unit to so that you can hear the output of the system. If no sound is heard or if
the output is distorted, turn the system off immediately. Refer to the power connections section and the trouble
shooting section of this manual to solve your installation problems
Step 6 Check to make sure the output for each channel is correct. If the active crossovers are used, check to make sure that
each output is correct from the amplifier. When using active crossovers on midrange and tweeters, do not use
crossover frequencies lower than recommended. If the system is not configured properly, refer to the internal
crossover section of this manual and take corrective action.
Step 7 If the output is clear and undistorted, continue to the adjusting the sound of the system section of this manual.
ADJUSTING THE SOUND OF THE SYSTEM
Once you have checked the systems operation, adjust the sound of the system. Adjusting the sound of the system is accomplished by
setting the level controls and adjusting the internal crossovers.
Step 1 Turn the signal source volume control down all the way. Set any tone controls to their flat or defeated positions.
This includes the loudness control.
page 49
Step 2 Turn the level controls of the amplifier to their minimum positions.
Step 3 Choose music with high dynamic content that you like, that you are familiar with and will be most often used
in the system.
Step 4 Turn the unit up to its highest undistorted output level. If you lack test equipment, this point occurs between 3/4 to
full volume depending on the quality of your source unit. Listen for any audible distortion, if any distortion is au
dible, reduce the volume of the source unit until you have an undistorted output. Leave the volume control at this
position during your system tuning.
Step 5 While listening to your chosen dynamic music, turn up the level control corresponding to the midrange output until
you hear slight distortion and turn back the level control slightly for an undistorted output. Depending on your
system, the midrange and tweeter output may be on the same output channels.
Step 6 Turn up the level control corresponding to the tweeter output until you hear slight distortion and turn back the
level control slightly for an undistorted output. Depending on your system the midrange and tweeter output may be
on the same output channels.
Step 7 Fine tune the crossover setting and output level between the midrange and tweeters. Refer to the internal crossover
configuration section of this manual for detailed instructions.
Step 8 Repeat Steps 5-7 for the rear speakers. If you do not have rear speakers continue to Step 10.
Step 9 Set levels between the midrange and tweeters for optimum front/rear balance.
Step 10 Turn up the level control corresponding to the woofer output until you hear slight distortion and turn back the level
control slightly for an undistorted output.
Step 11 Fine tune the crossover setting and output levels between satellite speakers and the woofers. Refer to the internal
crossover configuration section of this manual for detailed instructions. If using an RGC-1, adjust the level to match
the output of the woofer to match the sonic requirements of the system.
Step 12 Enjoy your ass kickin ORION sound system.
page 50
TROUBLE SHOOTING TIPS
SYMPTOM PROBABLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE
No output Low or no remote turn-on input Check remote turn-on voltage output at amplifier and
fix as needed
Fuse blown Check power wire integrity and check for speaker shorts.
Fix as needed and replace fuse
Power wires not connected Check power wire and ground connections and fix or
replace as needed
Audio input not connected Check RCA connections and fix or replace as needed
Speaker wires not connected Check speaker wires and fix or replace as needed
Speakers are blown Check system with known working speaker and fix or
replace speakers as needed
Audio cycles on Thermal protection engages Make sure there is proper ventilation for amplifier and improve
and off when amplifier Heatsink ventilation as needed
temperature exceeds 90°C (190°F)
Loose or poor audio input Check RCA connections and fix or replace as needed
Loose power connections Check power wire and ground connections and fix or replace
as needed
Distorted output Amplifier level sensitivity set too Readjust gain. Refer to Adjusting the sound of the system
high. Exceeding maximum section of this manual for detailed instructions
capability of amplifier
Impedance load to amplifier Check speaker impedance load, if below 2 stereo or 4 mono
too low. Rewire speakers to achieve a higher impedance
Shorted speaker wires Check speaker wires connections and fix or replace as needed
page 51
SYMPTOM PROBABLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE
Distorted output Speaker not connected to properly Check speaker wiring and fix or replace as needed. Refer to the amplifier
continued... speaker connections section of this manual for detailed instructions
Internal crossover not set properly Readjust crossovers. Refer to the internal crossover section of this
for speakers manual for detailed instructions
Speakers are blown Check system with know working speakers and fix or replaceas needed
Poor bass response Speakers wired with wrong Check speaker polarity and fix as needed
polarity causing cancellation at low frequency
Crossover set incorrectly Reset crossovers. Refer to the internal crossover
section of this manual for detailed instructions
Impedance load at amplifier Check speaker impedance load, if below 2 stereo or 4 mono
is too low. Rewire speakers to achieve a higher impedance
Battery fuse blowing Short in power wire or incorrect Check power and ground connections and fix or repair as needed
power connections.
Fuse used is smaller than Replace with proper fuse size
recommended
Too much current being drawn Check speaker impedance load, if below 2 stereo or 4 mono
rewire speakers to achieve a high impedance
Check power and ground connections and fix or repair as needed
Amplifier fuse Too much current being drawn Check speaker impedance load, if below 2 stereo or 4 mono
blowing rewire speakers to achieve a high impedance and replace with
recommended size fuse
Check power and ground connections and fix or repair as needed
Fuse used is smaller than Replace with proper fuse size
recommended
Impedance load at amplifier Check speaker impedance load, if below 2 stereo or 4 mono
too low. Rewire speakers to achieve a higher impedance
Speaker is blown with shorted Check system with know working speakers and fix or replace
outputs as needed
page 52
AUTOSOUND 2000 TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS
QUICK CHECK FOR TROUBLESHOOTING CAR AUDIO SYSTEMS
Preface:
All audio systems exhibit noise; however, if the level of noise is low enough, and the signal level high enough, noise should not be a problem.
This means that it is very important that the signal level throughout the system be optimized BEFORE dealing with your noise problem. Using a
scope (or a small portable amplifier) and Track 99 (1kHz at all high bits) of Autosound 2000s CD #101, or tracks 24 through 29 of Autosound 200s
CD #102, adjust the system so that when the maximum usable signal level of the deck is fed into the system, all the preamp level components clip
at the same time. However, we recommend up to as much as a 3:1 voltage overlap with the power amplifiers; i.e. an amplifier with a 2 volt mini-
mum sensitivity can be driven by up to 6 volts of signal.
Noise Overview:
Car audio electrical accessories are notorious for interfering with car audio systems. The interference commonly arises from three areas:
1) Power line noise (5%), which can be attenuated with in-line noise filters,
2) Inadequate power supply isolation (45%), which can be cured with transformer signal coupling, additional isolated power
supplies, or changing out components, or
3) Inductive interference (45%) - Including loop area inductive noise picked up by the signal cables - which can be remedied by relocating or
rewiring components, rerouting signal cables, or using twisted cable or balanced transmission systems.
AUTOSOUND 2000 1-2-3 METHOD OF LOGICAL TROUBLESHOOTING
I. MUTE THE AMP(S). Insert a muting plug (shorted male RCA connector) into each amplifier channel. Turn up the amp sensitivity. Start the car
and turn on the headlights, air conditioning, brake lights, etc. Listen for noise in each speaker. Be very picky here!
A. If still noisy, substitute a small test speaker with short leads for the speakers, crossovers, and speaker leads in the car. If still noisy,
substitute an isolated power supply (120 VAC to 13.8 VDC bench supply or a small motorcycle battery) for the cars alternator. If the
amplifier is noisy with the test speaker, you have a BAD amp. Send it in. It really doesnt matter if it is quiet or noisy while running on
the isolated supply because you have a BAD amp. Send it in for repair and if it was quiet on the isolated supply, indicate so on the re
pair tag.
page 53
B. If your muted amp is quiet, youve just joined 99.5% of car audio. Amps are usually very clean and do NOT pick up unwanted noise!
Continue on to Step II.
II. DECK TO AMP. Using a new set of signal cables, connect one channel from the output of the deck directly into one channel of your clean
amp. Run the cables outside the car and as far away as possible from the metal of the car. (For noise purposes, consider a 2" thick cushion of
electromagnetic energy emanating from every metal surface in the car.)
A. If still noisy, congratulations, in all probability your equalizer, electronic crossover, DSP whatchamacallit, are just fine. This means that
you cant get your deck playing quiet with your amp, right? go to Step III.
B. If all is quiet, congratulations, in all probability your deck and amplifier(s) are fine - you obviously have a problem with your equalizer,
electronic crossover, DSP, etc. Skip on down to Time for the Processors.
III. MOVE THE DECK. If youre at this step, it is time to turn your system into an amplified deck by temporarily relocating the deck right
ON-TOP of the clean amplifier. Then using very, very short signal cables, connect the output of the deck into the input of the amp and test
for noise. Play a zero bit track - silence - and make sure all is completely quiet.
A. If still noisy, youre in a heap of trouble, We suggest that you try another deck and give us a call so that we can put your name into the
record books. Its a bad car audio day for you.
B. If the deck is quiet, then congratulations, youre on your way to a successful installation. It is now time to slowly, methodically, reinstall
the deck back into its final position. Test for noise each step of the way. If the noise returns, suspect the signal cables, forget shielding
because it will have only a very, minimal effect within the audio band. We highly suggest using twisted pair cables or a balanced
transmission system for cable induced noise.
TIME FOR PROCESSORS:
By the end of step III, you should have the deck playing quietly with the amp, with the quiet cables quietly routed. so its time to add the signal
processors - one at a time - back into the system. Simply repeat steps II and III with the equalizer, then the electronic crossover, etc. However, be-
fore MOVING-THE-SIGNAL-PROCESSORS to the amplifier, we highly suggest that you supply power to the noisy processor from an isolated power
supply rather than the cars +12 volt DC and chassis ground. Make sure to also connect the turn-on lead to the isolated power supply. If the proces-
sor is now quiet , then it is highly probable that the component has inadequate isolation. Solutions include, changing components or perma-
nently adding an external isolated power supply (Call Autosound 2000 at 209-465-3450 for info on isolated power supplies).
page 54
SUMMATION:
During the design stage of your vehicles, try to avoid using extra batteries and high output alternators. Extra batteries are nothing but loads as
soon as the engine is started and high output alternators usually make more noise than stock alternators. Also, extra batteries installed in the
trunk of a car will ALWAYS force extra ripple current to flow over the car.
Install Transient Storage as close to the power supply input of your amplifier as possible. The big caps will feed the switching power supplies of
your amps and minimize the inductive losses in your power wiring. Plus, they will help your peak system response.
In problem cases, we highly recommend the use of twisted pair cable rather than coaxial cable for RCA leads. This practice will greatly minimize
cable induced noise - especially in four channel amps!
Dont forget that your system is only as good as its worst component. Do NOT-use components with inadequate power supply isolation or you
will be asking for problems.
The best electrical ground on a car is the CHASSIS of the car. Do NOT-run ground leads up to the case of the alternator or the negative battery
post. Keep ALL-ground leads as short as possible.
With properly isolated components, it does NOT matter where the component is grounded. With inadequately isolated components, it matters!
With poorly isolated components, different grounds can cause different noises.
The deck is the signal reference ground for the entire sound system. The deck usually has THREE connections to the cars chassis: The black ground
lead, the base of the antenna, and the metal-to-metal bond between the case of the deck and the chassis of the car. With three grounds, there is
usually NO cause to worry about the ground of a deck.
Amplifiers are usually designed with adequate power supply isolation. This means that it should not matter where a deck is grounded. (Decks are
grounded three times and amps float. This is car audio!)
The more components installed on a signal path, the more chances for noise to enter a system. The more electrical accessories on a car, the more
noise will be produced by the alternator.
This information was compiled from more than 20 years of working in car audio. If you would like more information on this topic, or any other
technical aspect of car audio, please call 209-465-3450 and ask for a subscription to Autosound 2000 Tech Briefs - the monthly magazine for the
technically inclined.
page 55
©1998 Orion Industries, Incorporated
9235 S. McKemy Street , Tempe, Arizona 85284
Phone: 480.705.5600 Fax: 480.705.5788
One of the ADST family of companies.
Part # 8900-0116
Rev 5/99
HIGH PERFORMANCE CAR AUDIO
HIGH PERFORMANCE CAR AUDIO
AMPLIFIERS, SIGNAL PROCESSORS
AND LOUDSPEAKERS

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