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Professional

A modified early obstetric
warning system
Early warning scoring tools are embedded in the routine care of most
hospitalised patients in the NHS. The underlying principles are that
patients who develop serious illness will usually display abnormalities
in simple physiological parameters and that if these early signs
are recognised and appropriate escalation and intervention occurs,
patient outcomes will be improved. Constructing a system for use in
childbearing women presents a unique set of challenges. This article
details how the national early warning scoring system can be adapted
and used in the routine care of hospitalised pregnant and postnatal
women.
Keywords: Postpartum period, Assessment, Severity of illness index,
Vital signs, Pregnancy complications

or the majority of women childbearing
is a normal life event. Physiological
adaptations usually ensure a woman has
a healthy pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal
recovery. However, the increased cardiovascular
reserves and other physiological changes in
childbearing women can mask the sometimes
inconspicuous signs of severe maternal illness.
This can make recognition of impending maternal
collapse difficult. ‘Women with serious illness,
especially sepsis, may appear deceptively well
before suddenly collapsing, often with little or no
warning’ (Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries
(CMACE), 2011: 86). In addition, maternal
wellbeing may be compromised in women of
increased maternal age, obese women or women
with complex medical conditions (Lee, 2014).

An early warning tool

Melanie F Cole
Midwife and Perinatal
Resuscitation Officer
Kettering General
Hospital NHS Trust

862

It is important that midwives have the necessary
effective tools available to aid clinical assessment
and judgement when managing potentially lifechanging complications in childbearing women.
Early warning scoring systems have been
developed nationally following recognition and
evidence that physiological abnormalities precede
critical illness (Cullinane et al, 2005).
The use of an Early Warning Score (EWS) that
is modified for use in pregnant and postpartum
women will help in the early recognition, treatment
and referral of women who have, or are developing, a
critical illness, and is recommended. The rationale is

that in many cases, early warning signs of impending
maternal collapse go unrecognised (CMACE, 2011).
There is no national validated obstetric EWS
system; however, there are a number of existing
obstetric early warning charts in use across the
UK and work is ongoing to develop a national
obstetrics EWS (Royal College of Obstetricians
and Gynaecologists (RCOG), 2011).

A national early warning score
The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) have
recently recommended the use of a standardised
national early warning score (NEWS) throughout
the NHS for all adult patients (Royal College of
Physicians (RCP), 2012). The report emphasises the
importance of standardising clinical assessment of
all adult patients across the NHS using a scoring
sheet and standard physiological parameters. It is,
however, clearly stated in the report that NEWS
is not designed for use in pregnancy. The reason
given is that the normal baseline for physiological
parameters and the magnitude and character of
the physiological response to acute illness differs
in this group of patients (RCP, 2012). However, the
RCP did not identify any specific gestation from
which NEWS does not apply. In addition, there
is no mention of the relevance of NEWS in the
postpartum period.

A modified EWS tool for use in
childbearing women
In Kettering General Hospital, a modified early
obstetric warning system (MEOWS) chart is used
from 20 weeks gestation when the woman is
admitted to maternity wards. Many pregnancyspecific conditions occur after the 20th week, e.g.
pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational
diabetes (Stables and Rankin, 2005). In addition,
physiological adaptations are likely to be more
significant: ‘The changes in physiology seen in
normal pregnancy mean that any scoring system
may need to be modified for this group of patients
as pregnancy progresses’ (Lewis, 2007: 241).
The MEOWS chart is used in the postnatal
period up to the 6th week following childbirth.
It is likely that physiological changes will have
returned to a pre-pregnant state at this stage and
most pregnancy-related illness will be resolved
(Stables and Rankin, 2005).

Abstract

British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

Professional

Physiological parameters included
in our MEOWS chart
The physiological parameters included in the
MEOWS chart have been carefully selected to
encompass all the standard observations required in
a NEWS chart with the addition of those parameters
specifically relevant to pregnant and postnatal
women (Carle et al, 2013). The physiological
parameters recorded on a NEWS chart are respiratory
rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, systolic blood
British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

The implementation of NEWS in the hospital
for all adult non-obstetric patients prompted
the urgent review of the modified obstetric tool.
The RCP have highlighted the importance of a
standardised approach when using an EWS system;
the rationale being that a uniform approach to
training and clinical use of the tool will ultimately
improve patient safety (RCP, 2012). For this reason
the Kettering General Hospital obstetric chart
is modelled on the NEWS. Midwives will only
encounter the MEOWS chart when caring for
antenatal and postnatal women on maternity
wards. Nurses, however, may be challenged with
caring for obstetric patients on non-maternity
wards, some of whom may be significantly at risk
of deterioration. CMACE (2011: 11) state that: ‘It is
equally important that these charts are also used
for pregnant or postpartum women who are unwell
and are being cared for outside obstetric and
gynaecology services’.
Kettering General Hospital’s MEOWS chart is
contained within a booklet and is commenced
on admission to hospital. The same booklet is
used during subsequent admissions to hospital
during the relevant pregnant and postnatal period.
The booklet is maintained in the women’s base
notes folder. This enables midwives to see baseline
observations and observe trends over time more
easily at a glance. Tracking patient’s clinical
responses may indicate potential deterioration
providing a trigger for escalation of clinical care.
It will also provide guidance about the patient’s
recovery and return to stability thus facilitating
a reduction in frequency and intensity of clinical
monitoring and intervention (RCP, 2012).
The MEOWS chart should not be completed
during established labour as a partogram should
be used and clear guidelines already exist
regarding frequency of observations and normal
physiological parameters in labour (National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE),
2007a). In Kettering General Hospital, the MEOWS
score is documented on commencement of the
partogram and then re-commenced following
completion of the partogram.

Kettering General Hospital

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3?1>?A>?A>?A>?A25
21-25
12-20
<12
>95
92-95
<92
%
>37.7°
37.3-37.7
36.1-37.2
<36
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40

Conscious level

Alert
V/P/U

Pain

Normal
Abnormal

Discharge/Lochia
Proteinuria
(min daily)

3
2
0
3

>25
21-25
12-20
<12

0
2
3
2

>95
92-95
<92
%

3
2
0
3

>37.7°
37.3-37.7
36.1-37.2
<36
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40

3
2
1

3
3
2
1
0

3
2
1
0
2
3
0
3

Alert
V/P/U

0
3

Normal
Abnormal

0
3

Normal
Abnormal

+
++ >

2
3

+
++ >

TOTAL MEOWS SCORE

TOTAL SCORE

Blood Sugar
Urine output
Monitoring frequency
Escalation plan Yes/No/NA
Initials

Blood Sugar
Urine output
Monitor freq
Escal Plan
Initials

First of four observation charts in booklet
864

Respiratory
rate

MEOWS key
0 1 2 3

Date
Time

BOOKING BP

Date
Time

BOOKING BP

Professional

British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

Professional
Diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure is an important additional
parameter used in the screening for and diagnosis
of pre-eclampsia (NICE, 2008). There is reference
in the MEOWS booklet to lowering the threshold
for escalation where pre-eclampsia is suspected.
The first clinical observation recorded on the
MEOWS chart is the booking blood pressure with
the other physiological observations blocked. This
enables clinicians to observe the booking blood
pressure easily and monitor how it correlates with
further readings.

Severity of pain
Pain is recognised as an important risk factor for
severe maternal illness and mortality. Women
who have unexplained pain severe enough to
require opiate analgesia may have a severe problem
and must be referred for specialist investigation
and diagnosis. CMACE (2011) found that cardiac
disease and other causes of death were missed
when this sign was not identified. In the presence
of pelvic sepsis, severe lower abdominal pain and
severe ‘after pains’ that require frequent analgesia
or do not respond to the usual analgesia are
important symptoms. Severe pain just below the
ribs is described as an important symptom of
pre-eclampsia (NICE, 2010).

Antenatal discharge and/or postnatal
lochia
Abnormal antenatal discharge is a symptom
that may indicate an infection (CMACE, 2011).
Abnormal and heavy postnatal bleeding is a
significant cause of maternal morbidity and is
likely to be linked to an infection (Marchant et
al, 2002). Combined with other symptoms these
findings may lead to a diagnosis of sepsis. The
inclusion of this physiological parameter should
encourage midwives and other clinicians to
think about sepsis. There are frequent reminders
throughout the MEOWS booklet to consider
sepsis in all maternal cases where physiological
parameters deviate from the norm.

Proteinurea

Urinalysis assessment of protein is included, the
expectation being that urinalysis is performed
as a minimum once daily when appropriate.
The rationale is that midwives will consider
pre-eclampsia (Milne et al, 2009).

Scoring physiological observations
The scoring system used on the Kettering General
Hospital’s MEOWS form is the same as NEWS.
Physiological parameters which deviate from the
British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

norm are allocated a score. The score increases
as deviation from the norm escalates. The final
score then falls into one of three categories: a low,
medium, or high score. Colour coding is used
as it is in NEWS to give additional visual
prompts to aid identification of abnormal
physiological parameters.
The scores attributed to the standard
physiological observations (respiratory rate,
oxygen saturation, temperature, systolic blood
pressure, heart rate and conscious level) differ from
NEWS; with the exception of the conscious level
assessment. The aim is to ensure the thresholds take
into account not only the physiological differences
between childbearing women and the general
population but also given consideration to the
specific areas of concern for this group of patients.
Diastolic blood pressure is scored taking into
account the definitions of mild, moderate and
severe hypertension outlined in NICE clinical
guidance (NICE, 2010).
When assessing the level of pain a woman
is experiencing, midwives use their clinical
judgement and take into account the level of
pain expected giving consideration to the full
clinical picture. Where the level of pain is
deemed to be abnormal or unexpected, the score
attributed is high and should in itself prompt
further investigation.
A similar theory applies when the midwife
assesses the vaginal loss; clinical judgement is
expected when determining if the vaginal loss is
considered normal and expected or not.
Proteinurea is scored with an increase in score
correlating to the level of protein detected on
dipstick urinalysis.
Blood sugar and urine output do not contribute
towards the final MEOWS score.
The recording of each necessary physiological
parameter will not give specific readings but will
give midwives a quick, clear indication of whether
that observation is within normal limits. Midwives
will record the exact physiological measurements
in maternal notes when there is deviation from
the norm.

Triggers for escalation
The trigger levels in the escalation algorithm
contained within the MEOWS booklet are the
same as NEWS. A low score is 1–4, a medium score
is 5–6 and a high score is 7 or more. Any single
score of 3 indicates an extreme variation from the
normal, which is considered at least a medium
score. The colour prompts are green for a low
score, amber for medium and red for high scores
(Figure 1).
865

Professional

Deteriorating Obstetric Patient Escalation Algorithm
Green
Pathway

Amber
Pathway

Total MEOWS = 0

Total MEOWS = 5 - 6
Or
If Any individual
parameter = 3

Continue routine 4 hourly
observations

Repeat observation if patient
condition changes

Inform midwife/nurse in charge
(consider critical care outreach)

Total MEOWS = 1 4

Midwife/nurse to immediately
review the patient

Inform midwife/nurse in charge
who must assess the patient
immediately.

Midwife/nurse to decide if
increased frequency of monitoring
and/or escalation of clinical care
are required.
If concerned about patient contact
SHO
If symptoms of pre eclampsia
(headache, visual disturbance,
abdominal pain) lower threshold
for escalation
** CONSIDER SEPSIS **
(SEE PAGE 6)

Document all actions

Contact middle grade doctor
obstetric (ST/Reg/Trust Grade)
and consider early consultant
involvement

Inform obstetric anaesthetist
Care to be provided in
appropriately monitored
environment
Increase the frequency of
observations to 1 hourly

If symptoms of pre eclampsia
(headache, visual disturbance,
abdominal pain) lower threshold
for escalation

Red Pathway
MEOWS > 7
Or
Acutely concerned
regarding sudden
deterioration
Contact middle grade doctor
obstetric (ST/Reg/Trust Grade)
and obstetric anaesthetist
immediately

Consider 2222 for obstetric
emergency team

Inform midwife/nurse in charge
Commence continuous
monitoring of vital signs

Consider immediate referral to
ICU or HDU
,A<>?9C=D8=?@?8B:D8B=CDA7@=CB86
@CB;D"/:CC5D!
** CONSIDER SEPSIS **
(SEE PAGE 6)
Document all actions

** CONSIDER SEPSIS **
(SEE PAGE 6)

Figure 1. Escalation algorithm

Escalation pathways
Identifying women who are at risk of, or who are
developing, life threatening problems will only
serve to improve outcome if early and appropriate
intervention occurs. The escalation pathway in
this MEOWS provides a guide to clinicians on
the urgency of their response, the suggested
level of support from the obstetric, medical,
anaesthetic and midwifery team, the appropriate
clinical location for the patient and the frequency
of monitoring.
Kettering General Hospital has adopted
a minimum standard of 4 hourly observations
for all adult inpatients. To enable consistency,
standardisation and for educational reasons our
MEOWS adopts the same minimum frequency;
however, there is scope for a reduction in frequency
of observations to 12 hourly for obstetric patients
who are deemed medically fit for discharge
but may remain in hospital. Examples of these
situations include the mother who remains in
hospital for feeding support or whose infant
requires hospitalisation. Midwives who exclude
866

women from the minimum 4 hourly observations
will document this decision on the front of the
booklet. If the woman’s clinical condition changes
this exclusion can be cancelled and again recorded
on the front of the booklet.
The associated local MEOWS guideline
highlights the importance of compliance with
other local policies which may require specific
modifications to frequency of observations.
Examples of this include women who are receiving
a blood transfusion or who are post-obstetric
anaesthesia. Kettering General Hospital’s pathway
contains additional prompts and guidance for
clinicians suspecting sepsis or pre-eclampsia.
The MEOWS chart is a tool to aid clinical
judgement and as with any EWS, midwives are
expected to escalate concern when deemed
necessary, sometimes irrespective of the guidance
contained within the escalation pathway
(Carle et al, 2013).
Kettering General Hospital’s MEOWS booklet
includes a locally agreed sepsis pathway, which
follows recommendations from the Surviving Sepsis
Campaign Care Bundles (Dellinger et al, 2012).
Midwives and other clinicians are reminded to

Document all actions

British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

Professional

Inform Relevant Senior Specialty Team Dr (ST/Reg/Trust Grade) - Team to inform the patients consultant
Inform Obstetric Anaesthetist
Inform Delivery Suite Co-ordinator

Confirmed or impending cardio-respiratory arrest: Dial 2222 ask for Cardiac Arrest AND Obstetric Emergency Team
Or adverse signs:
Rapid deterioration
Reduced conscious level or seizures/fits
Extreme pallor, sweating, distress
Obvious massive bleeding

Patient status not improving or deteriorating:

Additional prompts in MEOWS booklet
think about sepsis when referring to the escalation
pathways. It is appropriate to incorporate sepsis
guidelines in early warning tools as patients with
severe sepsis can be significantly more unwell
than they might appear (Parliamentary and Health
Service Ombudsman, 2013).
The competent and effective use of
communication skills will be necessary when
managing the unwell obstetric patient to ensure
timely escalation of care and intervention. The
Department of Health (DH, 2009: 7) state:
‘Organisations must ensure that their team have
the necessary communication skills to convey the
urgency of the situation and get immediate help
from clinicians with appropriate knowledge and
skills to ensure the patient receives optimum care’.
Therefore, Kettering General Hospital adopted
the communication tool, Situation Background
Assessment Recommendation; SBAR. Guidance
on how to use this tool in obstetrics is included
within the MEOWS booklet.

Education
Midwives and other users of MEOWS will require
robust training to ensure effective use of the system
and clear, legible documentation of observations
and interventions. The training needs of users at
Kettering General Hospital are addressed using
a variety of avenues. These include: vital signs
skills assessment tools; inclusion in mandatory
resuscitation training; cascade training; and online
plus hard copy user guides. In addition, there are
clear documentation standards attached to the
MEOWS guideline. Staff caring for patients in
any acute hospital setting should be competent in
monitoring, measurement and interpretation of
vital signs, equipping them with the knowledge
to recognise deteriorating health and respond
British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

effectively to acutely ill patients (DH, 2009).
The skills of the team caring for the unwell
obstetric patient will have an impact on patient
outcome. Medical management and team work
are important in the management of obstetric
emergencies as if either are absent or lacking,
morbidity and mortality may result (Dresang et
al, 2010). In Kettering General Hospital, midwives
along with other trained clinical obstetric
practitioners such as doctors and theatre staff,
can and do access the UK Resuscitation Council
Immediate Life Support Course. The skills acquired
during delivery of presentations, discussions,
demonstrations, workshops and simulations are
all related to the obstetric patient making it highly
relevant. It is important that teaching is modified
to reflect the practice area and educative needs of
the target audience (Jennings, 2012).
When devising any MEOWS chart it is
important to ensure that abnormal parameters
do lead to a trigger prompting escalation. Ideally,
the chart is highly sensitive to alerting the user
when signs of impending illness are present.
The number of precipitate alerts must be kept
to a minimum however to ensure unnecessary
escalation and intervention is not promoted. The
Kettering General Hospital’s MEOWS chart will be
subject to scrutiny through internal audit.

Conclusion
Childbirth is a major life event and the physiological
and psychological implications of serious illness
on the woman and her family cannot be dismissed.
While midwives strive to encourage and support
normality for pregnant and postnatal women,
equal importance must be assigned to identifying
and acting on physiological changes occurring in
women, which may indicate illness that without
867

timely intervention can lead to significant maternal
morbidity. A modified early obstetric warning
tool provides a useful aid to clinical judgement
during the assessment process and a structure to
follow which should ensure timely and appropriate
intervention when required. A locally devised tool
can be modelled on the NEWS. The space available
must be utilised effectively and enable clear and
legible documentation.
The MEOWS booklet in Kettering General
Hospital is commenced at 20 weeks gestation;
however, it is possible that a modified EWS
is applicable for all hospital admissions from
pregnancy booking. Some physiological
adaptations will be apparent early in pregnancy
and may therefore warrant the use of a modified
obstetric tool on admission to gynaecology wards.
There may be a place for adapting the principles
of early warning scoring for use by community
midwives. Childbearing women may develop illness
outside hospital and a structure for assessment,
intervention, escalation and appropriate referral is
equally relevant in the community setting.
A validated national obstetric early warning tool
would enable consistency and a necessary uniform
approach to the assessment and management of
potentially deteriorating childbearing women. BJM
Acknowledgements: I would like to acknowledge the
following for their input in the construction of the MEOWS
booklet: Dr Duncan Baines, Consultant Anaesthetist,
Kettering General Hospital NHS; Dr Clare Cuckson,
Consultant Obstetrician, Kettering General Hospital NHS,
Dr Elizabeth Farah, FY1, Kettering General Hospital NHS.
Artwork produced and provided with thanks by CSP Printers
www.collectorsetprinters.co.uk
Carle C, Alexander P, Columb M, Johal J (2013) Design and
internal validation of an obstetric early warning score:
secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit
and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database.
Anaesthesia 68: 354–67 doi: 10.1111/anae.12180
Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (2011) Saving

Key points
ll A modified obstetric early warning tool will assist midwives when
identifying childbearing women who may be at risk of developing
serious illness
ll An obstetric early warning tool should model the national early
warning tool for standardisation and educational reasons
ll When formulating an early warning scoring system for use on
childbearing women specific physiological parameters relevant in
pregnancy and the puerperium will need to be included
ll The clinical response to recognition of illness or deterioration in
childbearing women will affect patient outcome

868

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Oxford

Professional

British Journal of Midwifery • December 2014 • Vol 22, No 12

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History When                    : 2014:08:18 09:02:08+01:00, 2014:08:18 09:02:22+01:00, 2014:08:18 09:02:22+01:00, 2014:08:18 11:09:16+01:00, 2014:08:18 11:16:23+01:00, 2014:08:20 09:23:49+01:00, 2014:08:20 09:30:34+01:00, 2014:08:26 12:21:50+01:00, 2014:08:26 12:22:41+01:00, 2014:08:26 12:27:36+01:00, 2014:09:15 10:22:29+01:00, 2014:09:15 10:22:29+01:00, 2014:09:15 10:33:35+01:00, 2014:09:16 11:46:55+01:00, 2014:09:16 11:48:56+01:00, 2014:09:18 14:30:38+01:00, 2014:09:18 14:31:28+01:00, 2014:09:23 10:58:23+01:00, 2014:10:02 16:26:08+01:00, 2014:10:02 16:26:08+01:00, 2014:10:02 16:30:50+01:00, 2014:10:02 16:43:31+01:00, 2014:10:02 16:45:17+01:00, 2014:10:08 17:49:38+01:00, 2014:10:09 10:17:14+01:00, 2014:10:09 11:14:24+01:00, 2014:10:09 11:46:34+01:00, 2014:10:09 12:00:06+01:00, 2014:10:09 16:24:18+01:00, 2014:10:16 17:26:58+01:00, 2014:10:16 17:26:58+01:00, 2014:10:16 17:58:21+01:00, 2014:10:17 10:21:14+01:00, 2014:10:17 10:57:38+01:00, 2014:10:17 10:57:38+01:00, 2014:10:17 11:57:53+01:00, 2014:10:17 12:41:44+01:00, 2014:10:17 12:43:35+01:00, 2014:10:20 09:53:28+01:00, 2014:10:20 09:54:19+01:00, 2014:10:23 15:35:18+01:00, 2014:10:27 15:51:31Z, 2014:10:28 11:53:32Z, 2014:10:28 11:56:23Z, 2014:10:28 11:56:31Z, 2014:10:28 11:56:31Z, 2014:10:28 13:58:52Z, 2014:10:29 09:11:56Z, 2014:10:29 12:52:51Z, 2014:10:30 11:11:22Z, 2014:11:03 13:58:23Z, 2014:11:03 13:58:23Z, 2014:11:03 14:23:31Z, 2014:11:03 14:28:15Z, 2014:11:03 14:42:26Z, 2014:11:03 14:43:04Z, 2014:11:03 14:43:38Z, 2014:11:03 14:43:38Z, 2014:11:03 14:57:12Z, 2014:11:03 15:08:26Z, 2014:11:03 15:14:52Z, 2014:11:03 15:17:35Z, 2014:11:03 15:18:21Z, 2014:11:03 15:18:59Z, 2014:11:03 15:18:59Z, 2014:11:03 15:19:33Z, 2014:11:03 16:07:40Z, 2014:11:03 16:07:40Z, 2014:11:06 10:28:36Z, 2014:11:13 13:01:45Z, 2014:11:13 15:08:48Z, 2014:11:13 15:11:35Z, 2014:11:18 10:27:10Z, 2014:11:18 10:57:29Z, 2014:11:24 09:52:35Z, 2014:11:24 11:56:13Z, 2014:11:24 11:56:27Z, 2014:11:24 11:56:27Z, 2014:11:24 16:43:07Z, 2014:11:25 10:27:25Z, 2014:11:26 09:44:36Z, 2014:11:26 09:45:30Z
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Derived From Instance ID        : xmp.iid:F1808942172068118A6DCDC456A5C6CE
Derived From Document ID        : xmp.did:06801174072068118C14F906ECCDC09F
Derived From Original Document ID: xmp.did:FD7F117407206811871FC5FA49E6447C
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Producer                        : Atypon Systems, Inc.; modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT
Trapped                         : False
Page Count                      : 7

EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools

A Modified Early Obstetric Warning System ://perigen.com/wp Content/uploads/2017/05/2014 BJM Meows 2014

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