CSCE 215 Unix Ultimate Guide 3E

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents in Brief
• Contents
• List of Tables
• Preface
• PART I UNIX for the User
  • Chapter 1 Introducing UNIX
    • 1.1 The Operating System
    • 1.2 The UNIX Operating System
    • 1.3 Knowing Your Machine
    • 1.4 The System Administrator
    • 1.5 Logging In and Out
      • 1.5.1 Logging In
      • 1.5.2 Logging Out
    • 1.6 A Hands-On Session
      • 1.6.1 System Information with date and who
      • 1.6.2 Viewing Processes with ps
      • 1.6.3 Handling Files
      • 1.6.4 Handling Directories
    • 1.7 How It All Clicked
      • 1.7.1 Berkeley: The Second School
      • 1.7.2 UNIX Gets Fragmented
      • 1.7.3 The Internet
      • 1.7.4 The Windows Threat
    • 1.8 POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification
    • 1.9 Linux and GNU
    • 1.10 The UNIX Architecture
      • 1.10.1 Division of Labor: Kernel and Shell
      • 1.10.2 The File and Process
      • 1.10.3 The System Calls
    • 1.11 Features of UNIX
      • 1.11.1 A Multiuser System
      • 1.11.2 A Multitasking System Too
      • 1.11.3 A Repository of Applications
      • 1.11.4 The Building-Block Approach
      • 1.11.5 Pattern Matching
      • 1.11.6 Programming Facility
      • 1.11.7 Documentation
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 2 Becoming Familiar with UNIX Commands
    • 2.1 Command Basics
      • 2.1.1 The PATH: Locating Commands
      • 2.1.2 Where Is the Command?
    • 2.2 Command Structure
    • 2.3 Flexibility of Command Usage
    • 2.4 man: On-Line Help
      • 2.4.1 Navigation and Search
      • 2.4.2 Further Help with man -k and man -f
    • 2.5 The man Documentation
      • 2.5.1 Understanding a man Page
      • 2.5.2 Using man to Understand man
    • 2.6 echo: Displaying Messages
    • 2.7 printf: Alternative to echo
    • 2.8 script: Recording Your Session
    • 2.9 Using Email with mailx
      • 2.9.1 Sending Mail
      • 2.9.2 Receiving Mail
      • 2.9.3 mailx Internal Commands
    • 2.10 passwd: Changing Your Password
    • 2.11 uname: Your Machine’s Name and Operating System
    • 2.12 who: Know the Users
    • 2.13 date: Displaying the System Date
    • 2.14 stty: When Things Go Wrong
      • 2.14.1 Changing the Settings
    • 2.15 The X Window System
      • 2.15.1 The Terminal Emulator
      • 2.15.2 The File Manager
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 3 The File System
    • 3.1 The File
      • 3.1.1 Ordinary (Regular) File
      • 3.1.2 Directory File
      • 3.1.3 Device File
    • 3.2 What’s in a (File)name?
    • 3.3 The File System Hierarchy
    • 3.4 The UNIX File System
    • 3.5 Using Absolute Pathnames with Commands
    • 3.6 The HOME Variable and ~: The Home Directory
    • 3.7 pwd and cd: Navigating the File System
    • 3.8 Relative Pathnames (. and ..)
    • 3.9 mkdir: Making Directories
    • 3.10 rmdir: Removing Directories
    • 3.11 ls: Listing Files
      • 3.11.1 ls Options
    • 3.12 cp: Copying Files
      • 3.12.1 cp Options
    • 3.13 mv: Renaming Files
    • 3.14 rm: Deleting Files
      • 3.14.1 rm Options
    • 3.15 cat: Displaying and Concatenating Files
    • 3.16 more: The UNIX Pager
    • 3.17 pico: Rudimentary Text Editing
      • 3.17.1 Navigation
      • 3.17.2 Text Editing
    • 3.18 wc: Counting Lines, Words and Characters
    • 3.19 lp: Printing a File
      • 3.19.1 Other Commands in the lp Subsystem
    • 3.20 od: Viewing Nonprintable Characters
    • 3.21 dos2unix, unix2dos, and Tofrodos: Converting Between DOS and UNIX
    • 3.22 tar: The Archival Program
    • 3.23 gzip: The Compression Program
    • 3.24 zip: The Compression and Archival Program
    • 3.25 Other Ways of Using These Commands
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 4 File Attributes
    • 4.1 ls Revisited (-l): Listing File Attributes
      • 4.1.1 Listing Directory Attributes (-ld)
    • 4.2 File Permissions
    • 4.3 chmod: Changing File Permissions
      • 4.3.1 Relative Permissions
      • 4.3.2 Absolute Assignment
      • 4.3.3 Recursive Operation (-R)
    • 4.4 The Directory
      • 4.4.1 Read Permission
      • 4.4.2 Write Permission
      • 4.4.3 Execute Permission
    • 4.5 umask: Default File and Directory Permissions
    • 4.6 File Systems and Inodes
    • 4.7 ln: Creating Hard Links
      • 4.7.1 Where to Use Hard Links
    • 4.8 ln Again: Creating Symbolic Links
    • 4.9 File Ownership
      • 4.9.1 chown: Changing File Ownership
      • 4.9.2 chgrp: Changing Group Owner
      • 4.9.3 How to Handle Intruders
    • 4.10 Modification and Access Times
    • 4.11 find: Locating Files
      • 4.11.1 Selection Criteria
      • 4.11.2 The find Operators (!, -o, and -a)
      • 4.11.3 Operators of the Action Component
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 5 The vi/vim Editor
    • 5.1 vi Basics
      • 5.1.1 The File exrc
    • 5.2 A Few Tips First
    • 5.3 Input Mode—Entering and Replacing Text
      • 5.3.1 Inserting and Appending Text (i and a)
      • 5.3.2 Inserting and Appending Text at Line Extremes (I and A)
      • 5.3.3 Opening a New Line (o and O)
      • 5.3.4 Replacing Text (r, s, R, and S)
      • 5.3.5 Entering Control Characters ([Ctrl-v])
    • 5.4 Saving Text and Quitting—The ex Mode
      • 5.4.1 Saving Your Work (:w)
      • 5.4.2 Saving and Quitting (:x and :wq)
      • 5.4.3 Aborting Editing (:q)
      • 5.4.4 Writing Selected Lines
      • 5.4.5 Escape to the Shell (:sh and [Ctrl-z])
    • 5.5 Recovering from a Crash (:recover and -r)
    • 5.6 Navigation
      • 5.6.1 Relative Movement in the Four Directions (h, j, k, and l)
      • 5.6.2 Scrolling ([Ctrl-f], [Ctrl-b], [Ctrl-d] and [Ctrl-u])
      • 5.6.3 Word Navigation (b, e, and w)
      • 5.6.4 Moving to Line Extremes (0, |, and $)
      • 5.6.5 Absolute Movement (G)
    • 5.7 Editing Text without Operators
      • 5.7.1 Deleting Text (x, X, and dd)
      • 5.7.2 Moving Text (p)
      • 5.7.3 Joining Lines (J)
      • 5.7.4 Changing Case (~)
    • 5.8 Correcting a C Program
    • 5.9 Editing Text with Operators
      • 5.9.1 Deleting and Moving Text (d, p, and P)
      • 5.9.2 Yanking Text (y, p and P)
      • 5.9.3 Changing Text (c)
    • 5.10 Copying and Moving Text from One File to Another
    • 5.11 Undoing Last Editing Instructions (u and U)
    • 5.12 Searching for a Pattern (/ and ?)
      • 5.12.1 Repeating the Last Pattern Search (n and N)
    • 5.13 Repeating the Last Command (.)
    • 5.14 Substitution—Search and Replace (:s)
    • 5.15 set: Customizing vi
      • Going Further
    • 5.16 map: Mapping Keys of Keyboard
    • 5.17 abbr: Abbreviating Text Input
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 6 The Shell
    • 6.1 The Shell as Command Processor
    • 6.2 Shell Offerings
    • 6.3 Pattern Matching—The Wild Cards
      • 6.3.1 The * and ?
      • 6.3.2 The Character Class
      • 6.3.3 Matching the Dot
      • 6.3.4 Rounding Up
    • 6.4 Escaping and Quoting
      • 6.4.1 Escaping
      • 6.4.2 Quoting
      • 6.4.3 Escaping in echo
    • 6.5 Redirection
      • 6.5.1 Standard Input
      • 6.5.2 Standard Output
      • 6.5.3 The File Descriptor
      • 6.5.4 Standard Error
      • 6.5.5 Filters—Using Both Standard Input and Standard Output
    • 6.6 Collective Manipulation
      • 6.6.1 Replicating Descriptors
      • 6.6.2 Command Grouping
    • 6.7 /dev/null and /dev/tty: Two Special Files
    • 6.8 Pipes
      • 6.8.1 When a Command Needs to Be Ignorant of Its Source
    • 6.9 tee: Creating a Tee
    • 6.10 Command Substitution
    • 6.11 Shell Variables
      • 6.11.1 Effects of Quoting and Escaping
      • 6.11.2 Where to Use Shell Variables
    • 6.12 Shell Scripts
    • 6.13 The Shell’s Treatment of the Command Line
      • Going Further
    • 6.14 More Wild Cards
    • 6.15 xargs: Building a Dynamic Command Line
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 7 The Process
    • 7.1 Process Basics
    • 7.2 The Shell and init
    • 7.3 ps: Displaying Process Attributes
    • 7.4 System Processes and init
    • 7.5 The Process Creation Mechanism
    • 7.6 Inherited Process Attributes
      • 7.6.1 When Variables Are Inherited and When They Are Not
    • 7.7 When You Can’t Use a Separate Process
    • 7.8 Process States and Zombies
      • 7.8.1 ps -l: Detailed Process Listing
    • 7.9 Signal Handling
    • 7.10 Running Jobs in Background
      • 7.10.1 &: No Logging Out
      • 7.10.2 nohup: Log Out Safely
    • 7.11 Job Control
      • 7.11.1 Handling Standard Input and Standard Output
    • 7.12 at and batch: Execute Later
      • 7.12.1 at: One-Time Execution
      • 7.12.2 batch: Execute in Batch Queue
      • 7.12.3 Restricting Use of at and batch
    • 7.13 cron and crontab: Running Jobs Periodically
      • 7.13.1 Controlling Access to cron
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 8 The Shell—Customizing the Environment
    • 8.1 The Shells
      • 8.1.1 Setting Your Shell
    • 8.2 Environment Variables
      • 8.2.1 export: Creating Environment Variables
    • 8.3 The Common Environment Variables
    • 8.4 Aliases
    • 8.5 Command History
      • 8.5.1 Accessing Previous Commands
      • 8.5.2 Substitution in Previous Commands
      • 8.5.3 Using Arguments to Previous Command ($_)
      • 8.5.4 The History Variables
    • 8.6 In-line Command Editing
    • 8.7 Tilde Substitution
    • 8.8 Using set Options
    • 8.9 The Initialization Scripts
      • 8.9.1 The Login Script
      • 8.9.2 The rc File
    • 8.10 The C Shell
      • 8.10.1 Local and Environment Variables
      • 8.10.2 Aliases
      • 8.10.3 History
      • 8.10.4 Other Shell Variables
      • 8.10.5 The Initialization Scripts
      • Going Further
    • 8.11 Directory Stack Manipulation
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 9 Simple Filters
    • 9.1 pr: Paginating Files
      • 9.1.1 pr Options
    • 9.2 Comparing Files
    • 9.3 cmp: Byte-by-Byte Comparison
    • 9.4 comm: What Is Common?
    • 9.5 diff: Converting One File to Another
    • 9.6 head: Displaying the Beginning of a File
    • 9.7 tail: Displaying the End of a File
      • 9.7.1 tail Options
    • 9.8 cut: Slitting a File Vertically
    • 9.9 paste: Pasting Files
    • 9.10 sort: Ordering a File
      • 9.10.1 sort Options
    • 9.11 uniq: Locate Repeated and Nonrepeated Lines
      • 9.11.1 uniq Options
    • 9.12 tr: Translating Characters
      • 9.12.1 tr Options
    • 9.13 Applying the Filters
      • 9.13.1 Listing the Five Largest Files in the Current Directory
      • 9.13.2 Creating a Word-Usage List
      • 9.13.3 Finding Out the Difference between Two Password Files
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 10 Filters Using Regular Expressions—grep and sed
    • 10.1 The Sample Database
    • 10.2 grep: Searching for a Pattern
      • 10.2.1 Quoting in grep
      • 10.2.2 When grep Fails
    • 10.3 grep Options
    • 10.4 Basic Regular Expressions (BRE)—An Introduction
      • 10.4.1 The Character Class
      • 10.4.2 The *
      • 10.4.3 The Dot
      • 10.4.4 Specifying Pattern Locations (^ and $)
      • 10.4.5 When Metacharacters Lose Their Meaning
    • 10.5 Extended Regular Expressions (ERE) and egrep
      • 10.5.1 The + and ?
      • 10.5.2 Matching Multiple Patterns (|, ( and ))
    • 10.6 sed:The Stream Editor
    • 10.7 Line Addressing
    • 10.8 sed Options
    • 10.9 Context Addressing
    • 10.10 Writing Selected Lines to a File (w)
    • 10.11 Text Editing
      • 10.11.1 Inserting and Changing Lines (i, a, c)
      • 10.11.2 Deleting Lines (d)
    • 10.12 Substitution (s)
      • 10.12.1 Using Regular Expressions in Substitution
      • 10.12.2 The Remembered Pattern (//)
    • 10.13 Basic Regular Expressions Revisited
      • 10.13.1 The Repeated Pattern (&)
      • 10.13.2 Interval Regular Expression (IRE)
      • 10.13.3 The Tagged Regular Expression (TRE)
    • 10.14 Applying the IRE and TRE
      • 10.14.1 Handling a Telephone Directory
      • 10.14.2 Replacing an Obsolescent Function with a POSIX-Compliant One
      • 10.14.3 Converting Pathnames in URLs
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 11 Networking Tools
    • 11.1 TCP/IP Basics
      • 11.1.1 Hostnames and IP Addresses
    • 11.2 Resolving Hostnames and IP Addresses
      • 11.2.1 /etc/hosts: The Hosts File
      • 11.2.2 The Domain Name System (DNS)
    • 11.3 Client-Server: How Networked Applications Communicate
    • 11.4 ping: Checking the Network
    • 11.5 telnet: Remote Login
    • 11.6 ftp: File Transfer Protocol
      • 11.6.1 Basic File and Directory Handling
      • 11.6.2 Transferring Files
      • 11.6.3 Anonymous FTP
    • 11.7 Cryptography Basics
      • 11.7.1 Symmetric Key Algorithms
      • 11.7.2 Asymmetric Key Algorithms
    • 11.8 SSH: The Secure Shell
      • 11.8.1 Host Authentication
      • 11.8.2 The rhosts/shosts Authentication Scheme
      • 11.8.3 User Authentication with Symmetric Algorithms
      • 11.8.4 Using the SSH Agent for Noninteractive Logins
    • 11.9 The SSH Tools
      • 11.9.1 Remote Login and Command Execution (ssh and slogin)
      • 11.9.2 File Transfer with sftp and scp
    • 11.10 Internet Mail
      • 11.10.1 ~/.signature and ~/.forward: Two Important Files
    • 11.11 MIME: Handling Binary Attachments in Mail
    • 11.12 Using X Window on a TCP/IP Network
      • 11.12.1 The Display
      • 11.12.2 Using the DISPLAY variable
      • 11.12.3 Using the -display Option
    • 11.13 HTTP and the World Wide Web
      • 11.13.1 The Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
      • 11.13.2 HTTP: The Protocol of the Web
      • 11.13.3 Running External Programs
      • 11.13.4 HTML: The Language of Web Pages
      • 11.13.5 The Web Browser
    • 11.14 Multimedia on the Web: MIME Revisited
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
• PART II UNIX for the Programmer
  • Chapter 12 Filtering and Programming with awk
    • 12.1 awk Preliminaries
    • 12.2 Using print and printf
      • 12.2.1 Redirecting Standard Output
    • 12.3 Number Processing
    • 12.4 Variables and Expressions
    • 12.5 The Comparison and Logical Operators
      • 12.5.1 String and Numeric Comparison
      • 12.5.2 ~ and !~: The Regular Expression Operators
      • 12.5.3 The Logical Operators
    • 12.6 The -f Option: Storing awk Programs in a File
    • 12.7 The BEGIN and END Sections
    • 12.8 Positional Parameters
    • 12.9 Arrays
      • 12.9.1 Associative (Hash) Arrays
      • 12.9.2 ENVIRON[ ]: The Environment Array
    • 12.10 Built-In Variables
      • 12.10.1 Applying the Built-in Variables
    • 12.11 Functions
    • 12.12 Control Flow—The if Statement
    • 12.13 Looping with for
      • 12.13.1 Using for with an Associative Array
    • 12.14 Looping with while
    • 12.15 Conclusion
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 13 Shell Programming
    • 13.1 Shell Scripts
      • 13.1.1 script.sh: A Simple Script
      • 13.1.2 The She-Bang Line
    • 13.2 read: Making Scripts Interactive
    • 13.3 Using Command-Line Arguments
    • 13.4 exit and $?: Exit Status of a Command
    • 13.5 The Logical Operators && and ||—Conditional Execution
    • 13.6 The if Conditional
    • 13.7 Using test and [ ] to Evaluate Expressions
      • 13.7.1 Numeric Comparison
      • 13.7.2 [ ]: Shorthand for test
      • 13.7.3 String Comparison
      • 13.7.4 File Attribute Tests
      • 13.7.5 Using Compound Conditions
    • 13.8 Two Important Programming Idioms
      • 13.8.1 Running a Task Both Interactively and Noninteractively
      • 13.8.2 Calling a Script by Different Names ($0)
    • 13.9 The case Conditional
      • 13.9.1 Using Wild Cards and the |
    • 13.10 expr, bc and basename: Computation and String Handling
      • 13.10.1 Computation with expr
      • 13.10.2 Floating-Point Computation with bc
      • 13.10.3 String Handling with expr
      • 13.10.4 basename: Changing Filename Extensions
    • 13.11 Sample Program 1: Automatically Selects Last C Program
    • 13.12 for: Looping with a List
      • 13.12.1 Sources of the List
      • 13.12.2 Important Applications Using for
    • 13.13 while: Looping
      • 13.13.1 Handling Redirection in a Loop
      • 13.13.2 Using while to Wait for a File
      • 13.13.3 Finding Out Users’ Space Consumption
      • 13.13.4 break and continue
    • 13.14 Sample Script 2: Providing Numeric Extensions to Backup Files
    • 13.15 Manipulating Positional Parameters with set and shift
      • 13.15.1 Killing a Process by Name
      • 13.15.2 shift: Shifting Positional Parameters Left
      • 13.15.3 The IFS Variable: set’s Default Delimiter
    • 13.16 Sample Script 3: A Table of Contents for Downloaded Files
      • Going Further
    • 13.17 The Here Document (<<)
    • 13.18 Shell Functions
    • 13.19 trap: How a Script Handles Signals
    • 13.20 eval: Evaluating Twice
    • 13.21 The exec Statement
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 14 perl—The Master Manipulator
    • 14.1 perl Preliminaries
    • 14.2 Variables and Constants
      • 14.2.1 Using a Pragma
    • 14.3 Operators
      • 14.3.1 The Comparison and Logical Operators
      • 14.3.2 The Concatenation and Repetition Operators (. and x)
    • 14.4 The Standard Conditionals and Loops
      • 14.4.1 The if Conditional
      • 14.4.2 The while, do-while, and for Loops
    • 14.5 Reading Files from Command-Line Arguments
      • 14.5.1 Reading Files with One-Liners
      • 14.5.2 Reading Files in a Script
    • 14.6 The Current Line Number ($.) and the Range Operator ()
    • 14.7 $_: The Default Variable
    • 14.8 String-Handling Functions
    • 14.9 Lists and Arrays
      • 14.9.1 Array-Handling Functions
    • 14.10 foreach: Looping Through a List
    • 14.11 Two Important List Functions
      • 14.11.1 split: Splitting into a List or Array
      • 14.11.2 join: Joining a List
    • 14.12 dec2bin.pl: Converting a Decimal Number to Binary
    • 14.13 Associative Arrays
      • 14.13.1 Counting Number of Occurrences
    • 14.14 Using Regular Expressions
      • 14.14.1 Identifying Whitespace, Digits, and Words
      • 14.14.2 The IRE and TRE Features
    • 14.15 Substitution with the s and tr Functions
      • 14.15.1 Editing Files In-Place
    • 14.16 File Handling
    • 14.17 File Tests
    • 14.18 Subroutines
      • Going Further
    • 14.19 CGI Programming with perl—An Overview
      • 14.19.1 The Query String
      • 14.19.2 GET and POST: The Request Method
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 15 Introducing C
    • 15.1 The C Language
    • 15.2 first_prog.c: Understanding Our First C Program
      • 15.2.1 The Preprocessor Section
      • 15.2.2 The Body
      • 15.2.3 main: A Unique Function
    • 15.3 printf and scanf: Two Important Functions
      • 15.3.1 printf: Printing to the Terminal
      • 15.3.2 scanf: Input from the Keyboard
    • 15.4 Variables and Constants
    • 15.5 The Fundamental Data Types
      • 15.5.1 The Integer Types
      • 15.5.2 The Floating-Point Types
      • 15.5.3 The Character Type
    • 15.6 sizeof.c: Determining the Size of the Fundamental Data Types
    • 15.7 Symbolic Constants: Constants with Names
    • 15.8 Arrays
    • 15.9 arrays.c: Printing Array Elements
    • 15.10 Structures
    • 15.11 Operators and Expressions
      • 15.11.1 The Bitwise Operators
      • 15.11.2 Automatic Conversion
      • 15.11.3 Explicit Conversion
    • 15.12 type_conversion.c: Demonstrates Type Conversion
    • 15.13 Order of Evaluation
      • 15.13.1 Operator Precedence
      • 15.13.2 Operator Associativity
    • 15.14 Control Flow Revisited
      • 15.14.1 Decision Making with switch
      • 15.14.2 Repetition with do-while
      • 15.14.3 break and continue
    • 15.15 Functions
    • 15.16 first_func.c: Two Arguments and Return Value
    • 15.17 Function Arguments, Parameters, and Local Variables
      • 15.17.1 Passing by Value
      • 15.17.2 swap_failure.c: Visibility of Parameters and Local Variables
      • 15.17.3 Using Arrays as Function Arguments
      • 15.17.4 Using Structures as Function Arguments
    • 15.18 Pointers
    • 15.19 pointers.c: Basic Features of a Pointer
    • 15.20 Pointer Attributes
      • 15.20.1 Pointer Arithmetic
      • 15.20.2 Other Attributes
    • 15.21 Pointers and Functions
      • 15.21.1 Solving the Swapping Problem
      • 15.21.2 Using Pointers to Return Multiple Values
    • 15.22 Pointers and Other Data Types
      • 15.22.1 Pointers and Arrays
      • 15.22.2 Pointers and Strings
      • 15.22.3 Array of Strings
      • 15.22.4 Pointers and Structures
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 16 Program Development Tools
    • 16.1 Handling Multisource C Applications
      • 16.1.1 A Multisource Application
      • 16.1.2 Compiling and Linking the Application
      • 16.1.3 Why We Need the o Files
    • 16.2 make: Keeping Programs Up to Date
      • 16.2.1 Removing Redundancies
      • 16.2.2 Other Functions of make: Cleaning Up and Backup
      • 16.2.3 Macros
    • 16.3 ar: Building a Library (Archive)
      • 16.3.1 Using the Library
      • 16.3.2 Maintaining an Archive with make
    • 16.4 Static and Shared Libraries
    • 16.5 Version Control with SCCS, RCS, and CVS
    • 16.6 An SCCS Session
      • 16.6.1 admin: Creating an SCCS File
      • 16.6.2 get: Checking Out
      • 16.6.3 delta: Checking In
      • 16.6.4 unget: When You Change Your Mind
    • 16.7 Activity and History Information
      • 16.7.1 sact: Displaying Activity Status
      • 16.7.2 prs: Displaying the SCCS History
    • 16.8 Continuing Editing with SCCS
      • 16.8.1 get -r: Changing the Default Numbering Sequence
      • 16.8.2 Working with Multiple Versions
      • 16.8.3 rmdel and comb: Removing and Combining Versions
      • 16.8.4 Using Identification Keywords
    • 16.9 Controlling Access to SCCS
      • 16.9.1 Controlling User Access
      • 16.9.2 Controlling Releases
    • 16.10 The Revision Control System (RCS)
      • 16.10.1 Creating an RCS File with ci
      • 16.10.2 co and ci: Checking Out and In
      • 16.10.3 Specifying Revisions
      • 16.10.4 rlog and rcs: Other RCS Functions
    • 16.11 The Concurrent Version System (CVS)
      • 16.11.1 Setting Up the Repository
      • 16.11.2 Importing Files
      • 16.11.3 Checking Out
      • 16.11.4 Editing and Checking In
      • 16.11.5 Merging and Resolving Conflicts
      • 16.11.6 Setting Tags and Exporting the Repository
      • 16.11.7 Other Features
    • 16.12 Debugging Programs with gdb
      • 16.12.1 Starting gdb
      • 16.12.2 Using a Breakpoint
      • 16.12.3 Stepping Through the Program
      • 16.12.4 Making a Reassignment
      • 16.12.5 Setting a Watchpoint
      • 16.12.6 Other Features of gdb
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 17 Systems Programming I—Files
    • 17.1 System Call Basics
      • 17.1.1 Anatomy of a System Call
      • 17.1.2 System Calls vs. Library Functions
    • 17.2 errno and perror: Handling Errors
    • 17.3 open: Opening and Creating a File
    • 17.4 close: Closing a File
    • 17.5 read: Reading a File
    • 17.6 write: Writing a File
    • 17.7 ccp.c: Copying a File
    • 17.8 lseek: Positioning the Offset Pointer
      • 17.8.1 reverse_read.c: Reading a File in Reverse
    • 17.9 truncate and ftruncate: Truncating a File
    • 17.10 umask: Modifying File Permissions During Creation
    • 17.11 Directory Navigation
    • 17.12 Reading a Directory
      • 17.12.1 lls.c: Listing Filenames in a Directory
    • 17.13 Modifying Entries in Directory
      • 17.13.1 mkdir and rmdir: Creating and Removing Directories
      • 17.13.2 link and symlink: Creating a Hard and Symbolic Link
      • 17.13.3 unlink: Removing a Link
      • 17.13.4 rename: Renaming a File, Directory, or Symbolic Link
    • 17.14 Reading the Inode: struct stat and stat
      • 17.14.1 attributes.c: Displaying Some File Attributes
      • 17.14.2 S_IFMT: Manipulating the st_mode Member
      • 17.14.3 Using the S_ISxxx Macros to Determine File Type
      • 17.14.4 Accessing the Permission Bits
      • 17.14.5 lsdir.c: Listing Only Directories
    • 17.15 access: Checking the Real User’s Permissions
    • 17.16 Modifying File Attributes
      • 17.16.1 chmod and fchmod: Changing File Permissions
      • 17.16.2 chown: Changing Ownership
      • 17.16.3 utime: Changing the Time Stamps
      • 17.16.4 atimemtime.c: Creating a File with Identical Time Stamps
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
  • Chapter 18 Systems Programming II—Process Control
    • 18.1 The Process Revisited
      • 18.1.1 The Virtual Address Space
      • 18.1.2 The Process Table
    • 18.2 The Process Environment
      • 18.2.1 process.c: Looking Up Some Process Credentials
    • 18.3 fork: Replicating the Current Process
      • 18.3.1 fork.c: A Simple Child Creation Program
    • 18.4 exec: The Final Step in Process Creation
      • 18.4.1 execl and execv: The Key Members
      • 18.4.2 The Other exec Members
    • 18.5 Gathering the Exit Status
      • 18.5.1 wait: When the Parent Waits
      • 18.5.2 waitpid: A More Powerful Waiting Mechanism
    • 18.6 fork_exec_wait.c: Using All Three Calls
    • 18.7 File Sharing
      • 18.7.1 The File Descriptor Table
      • 18.7.2 The File Table
      • 18.7.3 The Vnode Table
      • 18.7.4 When the Linkage Changes
    • 18.8 File Descriptor Manipulation
      • 18.8.1 dup and dup2: Duplicating a File Descriptor
      • 18.8.2 redirection.c: Redirection at Last
      • 18.8.3 fcntl: Recommended over dup and dup2
    • 18.9 Signal Handling
      • 18.9.1 The System Calls
    • 18.10 sigaction: Installing a Signal Handler
      • 18.10.1 signal.c: Catching the SIGALRM Signal
      • 18.10.2 Catching Terminal-Generated Signals
    • 18.11 killprocess.c: Using fork-exec-wait and SIGCHLD
    • 18.12 IPC with Unnamed Pipes
      • 18.12.1 Using pipe with fork
      • 18.12.2 pipe2.c: Running UNIX Commands in a Pipe
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
• PART III System Administration
  • Chapter 19 System Administration
    • 19.1 root: The System Administrator’s Login
      • 19.1.1 su: Acquiring Superuser Status
    • 19.2 The Administrator’s Privileges
    • 19.3 User Management
      • 19.3.1 Understanding /etc/group
      • 19.3.2 Understanding /etc/passwd
      • 19.3.3 Adding and Modifying a User Profile
    • 19.4 Maintaining Security
      • 19.4.1 Restricted Shell
      • 19.4.2 Set-User-Id (SUID): Power for a Moment
      • 19.4.3 The Sticky Bit
    • 19.5 Booting and Shutdown
      • 19.5.1 Booting
      • 19.5.2 Shutdown
    • 19.6 How init Controls the System
      • 19.6.1 How init Creates the Shell
      • 19.6.2 The rc Scripts
    • 19.7 Device Files
      • 19.7.1 Block and Character Devices
      • 19.7.2 Major and Minor Numbers
    • 19.8 File Systems
      • 19.8.1 File System Components
      • 19.8.2 The Standard File Systems and Their Types
    • 19.9 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
      • 19.9.1 mount: Mounting File Systems
      • 19.9.2 umount: Unmounting File Systems
    • 19.10 fsck: File System Checking
    • 19.11 Managing Disk Space
      • 19.11.1 df: Reporting Free Space
      • 19.11.2 du: Disk Usage
      • 19.11.3 find Revisited: The Administrator’s Tool
    • 19.12 Handling Floppy Diskettes
      • 19.12.1 format and fdformat: Formatting Diskettes
      • 19.12.2 dd: Copying Diskettes
      • 19.12.3 Handling DOS Diskettes
    • 19.13 tar: Backing Up Files
      • 19.13.1 Backing Up Files (-c)
      • 19.13.2 Restoring Files (-x)
      • 19.13.3 Displaying the Archive (-t)
      • 19.13.4 Other Options
    • 19.14 Installing Programs with rpm
      • 19.14.1 Installing and Upgrading Packages
      • 19.14.2 Removing Packages
      • 19.14.3 Querying Packages
    • Summary
    • Self-Test
    • Exercises
• Appendix A The C Shell—Programming Constructs
• Appendix B The Korn and Bash Shells—Exclusive Programming Constructs
• Appendix C The GNU emacs Editor
• Appendix D vi/vim Command Reference
• Appendix E The Regular Expression Superset
• Appendix F The HOWTO
• Appendix G The ASCII Character Set
• Appendix H Glossary
• Appendix I Solutions to Self-Test Questions
• Index