HY GAIN AV 14AVQ 3BD VERT ANT
User Manual: Pdf HY-GAIN--AV-14AVQ-3BD VERT ANT
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308 Industrial Park Road
Starkville, MS 39759 USA Ph:
Model AV-14AVQ
Four Bands Vertical Antenna
10, 15, 20, 40 Meter
(662) 323-9538 FAX: (662) 323-6551
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
General Description
Theory of Operation
The Hy-Gain 14AVQ/WB-S is an omnidirectional, self-supporting, vertical radiator that
operates in the 10, 15, 20, and 40 meter
amateur bands. The system will work against
earth ground or a resonant radial system when
mounted above ground. You can make your
own radial system following the manual, or
use the Hy-Gain 14RMQ Radial System Kit
available at your Hy-Gain dealer.
The use of heavy duty "Hy-Q Traps" provides
automatic band selection. The Hy-Q Traps
are parallel resonant circuits which isolate
the various sections of the antenna and give
quarter wavelength resonance on all bands.
The top hat enhances the broad-band
characteristics of the antenna and permits the
antenna to be shortened by top loading it.
The antenna can be used for either Phone or
CW with either a ground or roof mount. It can
also be tuned to mid-band for use with either
Phone or CW. In either case, the SWR band
widths of the antenna are broad enough that
the antenna will operate at an SWR of 2:1 or
less from 10 to 40 meters. The 14AVQ/WB-S
is supplied with stainless steel hardware and
element clamps for all electrical and most
mechanical connections.
When installing your system, take'
extreme' care t o avoid any accidental
contact with'' power l i n e s or overhead
obstructions. F a i l u r e to exercise this
care could result in serious or fatal
injury.
WARNING
FOR OUR OVERSEAS CUSTOMERS: The
United States used English units of measurements. Please see page 12 of this manual for
assistance in identifying the hardware and
components supplied with this product.
NOTE: If the terminals of the input connector
are checked with an ohmmeter, they will show
a direct short. This is normal! The matching
coil in the antenna base puts the entire system
at DC ground, but present a perfect 50 ohm
impedance to rf energy
Choosing a Site
The 14AVG/WB-s can be mounted on the
ground, on a rooftop or on a mast. When
mounting the antenna more than three feet
above ground, a resonant radial system must
be used, such as Hy-Gain's 14RMQ Radial
System Kit. If the antenna is roof mounted
and the roof space is too small for a radial
system, you can droop the radials over the
edge of the roof at almost any angle without
seriously changing the performance of the
antenna. The radial system must be insulated
from the roof and connected to a good ground
for lightning protection. See Figure 5.
For best performance, the 14AVQ/VVB-S
should be ground-mounted clear of building
and other structures. When the antenna is
ground-mounted, a
radial
system is
sometimes not needed. In most areas, where
soil surface conductivity is poor and a good
ground plane is not possible, lay out ground
radials to improve the efficiency of your
antenna.
Installation of Radials
There is no need to make radials exactly 1/4
wavelength long for the 14AVQ/WB-S. In
fact, the only case where you should have 1/4
wavelength
radials
would
be
for
approximately 90 radials. This differs rather
dramatically from the case of the GroundPlane antenna where resonant radials are
installed above ground. Since the radials of a
ground-mounted vertical are actually on, if
not in, the ground, they are coupled by
capacitance or conduction to the ground, thus
resonance effects are not important.
Basically, the function of radials is to provide
a low-loss return path for ground currents.
The reason that short radials are sufficient.
when few are used, is that at the perimeter of
the circle to which the ground system extends,
the radials are sufficiently spread apart. Most
of the return currents are already in the
ground between the radials rather then in the
radials themselves. As more radials are added,
the spaces between them are reduced and
longer lengths help to provide a path for
currents still farther out.
Since the 14AVQ/WB-S is a multi-band,
vertical antenna, the radial system should be
optimized on the lowest frequency you plan
to use. Higher frequencies will benefit
equally from the ground system, while lower
frequencies will not show as much
improvement.
To determine the optimum radial installation
for your 14AVQ/WB-S, you must first decide
what is the limiting factor for your
installation.
1. Cost of radial wires
2. Land available for radials
3. Efficiency of your antenna
Table 1 shows some various ground system
configurations. System A is the least costly
and the least efficient. System F is the most
expensive, takes the most land and is the most
efficient.
Table 1 Optimum Ground System
Configurations
Phase Verticals for
Assembly and Installation
Two or more 14AVQ/WB-S antennas may be
phased together to produce gain or directivity
over one antenna. Refer to the Engineering
Report entitled "Amateur Phasing" included
with this product.
Before you begin, read the instructions and
study the illustrations. Compare the parts
against the Parts List.
Decide where to mount your antenna (rooftop
or ground) and what mode of transmission you
will use (Phone, CW or Mid-Band). Take special notice of the dimensions in Figure 1. The
SWR charts will help you decide which
dimensions to choose. See Figure 7.
Figure 1 Antenna Assembly
Dimensions
Tubing
Select the proper size tube clamps as shown in
the chart. When installing the clamps, place
the clamp near the tube end with the top of the
clamp over the slot in the tube as shown in
Figure 2.
After adjustment of the tubing lengths, tighten
the clamp with a 5/16 inch nut driver, socket,
or open end wrench until the tubing will not
twist or telescope. DO NOT over-tighten!
Figure 2 Tubing
Clamps
CAUTION
All of the antenna dimensions must be set
on the mode chosen - all CW, all midband or all phone. Mixing dimensions in
an attempt to improve another mode on
certain bands will only degrade
performance on all bands.
Refer to Figure 1 in assembling the main portion of the antenna.
M1 and M2 Section
Put a #16 tubing clamp (Item No. 18), untightened, over the M1 section (Item No.
4)(the base is attached to it already). Slip the 1
1/8" x 52" M2 section (Item No. 7) into the
top of the M1 and set the M2 at dimension 'A',
as shown in Figure 1. Slide the clamp into
place around the top of the M1 and tighten it
just enough to keep the M2 from skipping. It
will be fully tightened later.
10-Meter Trap
Put an untightened #10 Tubing clamp (Item
No. 17) over the M2 section, then slip the 10
meter trap (Item No. 11), bottom first, into the
M2 section. (There is a plastic cover on the
top of all three parts.) Set the trap at
dimension "C", as shown in Figure 1. Slip the
clamp into place around the top of the M2
section and tighten it just enough to keep the
trap from slipping. It will be fully tightened
later.
15-Meter Trap and M3
Section Assembly
Place two, untightened #10 tubing clamps
(Item No. 17) over the 1" x 8" long M3 section
(Item No. 8). Slide the M3 section part way
over the upper end of the 10-meter trap, then
slide the lower end of the 15-meter trap (Item
No. 14) into the M3 section. Set dimension
"C", as shown in Figure 1, and locate the M3
so that it is equally spaced between the two
traps.
Tighten the clamps around the ends of the M3
just enough to keep parts from slipping. They
will be fully tightened later.
20-Meter Trap and M4
Section Assembly
Assemble these two parts like you did the M3
and the 15-meter trap. Use two more #10
tubing clamps, the 1" x 6 1/2" long M4 section
(Item No. 9) and the 20-meter trap (Item No.
15).
NOTE: There is a threaded metal insert in one
end of the M5 section which will accept the
#10-24 x 1" bolt (Item No. 20), which will
hold the top hat in place. The end with the
insert must be at the top.
M5 Section
Put a #6 tubing clamp (Item No. 16), untightened, over the swaged end of the 20meter trap. Slip the 7/16" x 56" long M5
section (Item No. 10) into the swaged end of
the trap and set dimension "E", as shown in
Figure 1. Slide the clamp in place around the
top of the swaged end of the trap tube and
tighten it just enough to keep the M5 from
slipping. It will be fully tightened later.
Top Hat
Refer to Figure 3, Radial Top Hat Assembly,
in assembling the Top Hat
Push a 1/8" caplug (Item No. 19) on the end of
each top radial (Item No. 1).
AO-385S-A-007
Installing the Antenna
Refer to the mounting details in Figure 4 and
5 to install the completed antenna.
AO-3855-A-006
Figure 3 Radial Top Hat
Assembly
Use the following pieces of hardware to attach
the three radial wires on the M5 section.
Tighten securely.
Bolt, hex #10-24 x 1" (Item No. 20) ...........1
Flatwashers, #10 (Item No. 22) ..................4
Lockwasher, internal, #10 (Item No. 21) ..1
Recheck all dimensions. Tighten all of the
compression clamps securely in place.
Figure 4 Mounting
Assembly
First mount the completed antenna on your
mast (not supplied) as shown in Figure 4. Use
the two U-bolts, 5/16" nuts and 5/16" lockwashers (Items Nos. 29,31 and 30).
Use three (3) 1/4"-20 x 3/4" bolts, nuts and
lockwashers (Item Nos 24, 27 & 26) to attach
the insulator to the upper end of the mounting
bracket.
If you are roof mounting your antenna, use
four (4) sets of 1/4"-20 hardware for the
preceding step. Before tightening them, attach
two adjacent radials to each set of hardware
as shown in Figures 3 and 5. If desired, you
may use the four, 33 foot (10.058 m) radial
system shown.
NOTE: If your antenna is mounted more than
three feet (91.4 cm) above ground, a resonant
system must be added for proper operation.
The radial system can serve to guy the system
if insulators are used at the proper lengths
shown.
This system must be grounded for lightning
protection. Connect a ground wire to one Ubolt on the antenna base and run it to a
buried, 8 foot (250 cm) ground rod by the
shortest route.
If you are ground mounting your antenna, install it as shown in Figure 4. You must install
an 8 foot (250 cm) ground rod as shown.
CAUTION
Keep the radials out of reach of children
or pets. They are HOT with RF
proportional to the power of the antenna.
NOTE: RADIAL DIMENSIONS
MEASURED FROM BASE TO
INSULATOR.
PREFERRED
SYSTEM
Item No.
ALTERNATE SYSTEM
Description
24
Bolt, hex head, 1/3"-20 x 3/4"
26
Lockwasher, internal, 1/4"
27
Nut, hex, 1/4"-20
ALL RADIALS 33' (10.058 m)
FROM BOLT TO INSULATOR
Figure 5
Guying
Details
Figure 6 Completed Installation of
14AVQ/WB-S
Hooking Up The Antenna
2. Because every antenna installation is
influenced by the soil conditions and the
proximity effect of nearby objects, the
dimensions in the manual must be fine
tuned to put the antenna VSWR exactly
where you want it on each band.
Connect your coax (RG-213/U) to the SO239 connector at the bottom of the mounting
bracket. (Coax not supplied.)
Weather seal the coax connection with CoaxSeal© or an equivalent to prevent moisture
from shorting out the connection.
3. Beginning on 10 meters, make a VSWR
curve checking the low end, center and
high end of the band. This will indicate if
the antenna favors the low end or the
high end as installed.
Final Adjustment (Optional Fine Tuning Of
Your Installation)
1. The antenna operates progressively from
10 thru 40 meters. Even though you may
not be using 10 meters at the present time,
10 meters must be adjusted, because any
adjustment made between the base and the
first trap automatically changes all of the
bands.
a. If it favors the low end, shorten the 10meter adjustment one inch or no more
than 1 1/2 inches. Run another VSWR
measurement. Now you will have an
indication of how far that distance
moved the antenna in your location.
Make what additional adjustments are
indicated by the VSWR curve to put 10
meters exactly on the portion of the
band you desire as your center
operating frequency.
-
b. If the antenna favors the high end,
lengthen the dimension correspondingly
to move the antenna to a lower
frequency as outlined above.
4. Next, repeat this same procedure for 15
meters to put that band on frequency.
5. The same procedure is then used to set up
the 20-meter band, as well as the
remaining bands available, depending
upon the model involved.
6. Most verticals are monopole antennas or
half of a dipole. For this reason, the soil
conditions, when the antenna is ground
mounted, are important as it makes up the
other half of the antenna. When you roof
mount the antenna, radials must be used as
outlined in the assembly instructions, to
provide the other half of the antenna.
Lightning Protection
For maximum lightning protection, we
recommend the use of a Hy-Gain LA-1
Lightning Arrestor, available from your HyYour antenna is now ready to use.
PARTS LIST
Item
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
12
13
15
12
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Part No.
173499
Description Qty
Radial Top Hat .............................................................................3
871049
Base Assembly, 14AVQ ................................................................1
(not used)
Tube, M1, 11/4" x 48", slotted ........................................................1
Insulator, upper ...............................................................................1
Screw, hex head, #10-24 x 1"..........................................................1
Tube, M2, 11/811 x 52" ..................................................................1
Tube, M3, 1" x 8"...........................................................................1
Tube, M4, 1" x 6 1/2" ....................................................................1
Tube, M5, 7/16" x 56" ...................................................................1
Trap, 10 Meter ................................................................................1
Trap Cap, 7/8" x 15/8"......................................................................1
Trap Spacer ...................................................................................4
Trap, 15 Meter ...............................................................................1
Trap Cap, 7/8" x 15/8"....................................................................1
Trap Spacer ...................................................................................4
Trap, 20 Meter ...............................................................................1
Trap Cap, 7/811 x 15/8"..................................................................1
Trap Spacer ...................................................................................4
Parts Pack, 385S, Stainless Steel ...................................................1
Clamp, Tubing No. 6......................................................................1
Clamp, Tubing No. 10....................................................................5
Clamp, Tubing No.16......................................................................1
Caplug, 1/8" diameter ....................................................................3
Bolt, hex head, # 10-24 x 1" ..........................................................1
Lockwasher, internal, #10..............................................................3
Flatwasher, #10 .............................................................................4
Nut, square, #10-24 .......................................................................1
Bolt, hex head, 1/4"-20 x 3/4"........................................................4
(Not Used)
Lockwasher, internal, 1/4"...............................................................5
Nut, hex, 1/4"-20 ...........................................................................4
(Not Used)
U-bolt, 5/16" x 15/8" x 21/4"...........................................................2
Lockwasher, split 5/16"...................................................................4
Nut, hex, 5/16"-18 .........................................................................4
190900
463056
523057
190303
190603
190605
877157
877132
464723
461466
877131
464723
461466
877129
464723
461466
872013
358756
358757
358758
455624
504069
565697
561165
555693
505266
562961
554099
543792
564792
555747
Converting English Measurement to
Metric
Use this scale to identify lengths of bolts,
diameters of tubes, etc.. The English inch (")
and foot (') can be converted to centimeters in
this way.
1 inch (1") = 2.54 cm
1 foot (1) = 30.48 cm
Example:
AMATEUR
PHASING
ENGINEERING REPORT
ADDENDUM
PHASED MULTI-BAND
VERTICALS for ADDITIONAL GAIN and
LOW ANGLE RADIATION
INTRODUCTION
The following Hy-Gain verticals are well
adapted for the phasing arrangements
shown in this reports
MODEL 18HT-S HY-TOWER
The 18HT-S is a multi-band vertical antenna
with automatic band selection of 10-80 meters
by means of a unique stub decoupling system.
The Hy-Tower with a base loading coil
operates efficiently on 160 meters. The system
is foolproof, fed directly with a single 50 ohm
coax. No guys are required for the 24 feet high,
self-supporting tower. The top mast extends
the height to 50 feet. Two units make an ideal
phased array.
MODEL 18AVT/WB-S
The 18AVT/WB-S is a multi-band trap vertical
for 10 through 80 meters. It is completely factory pre-tuned and exhibits an extremely low
angle DX radiation pattern. It is easy to assemble, light weight which one man can install.
A single 50 ohm coaxial feedline is required.
Two or three 18AVT/WB-S's make an
excellent phased array.
MODEL 14AVQ/WB-S
The 14AVQ/WB-S is a self supporting multiband trap vertical for 10 through 40 meters
and is completely factory pre-tuned. It is the
world's most popular ham antenna with an
overall height of 19 feet. The antenna is
thoroughly weatherproofed and has a low
angle DX radiation pattern. It may be ground
mounted or installed on "Roof Top" with a
radial system.
MODEL 12AVQ
The 12AVQ is a self supporting 13 1/2 foot
multi-band trap vertical for 10, 15 and 20
meters. Completely factory pre-tuned with
SWR of 2:1 or less with a low angle DX radiation pattern. The antenna has a new fiberglass
impregnated styron base insulator. It may be
ground mounted with earth acting as the
"image antenna" or installed on the roof using
a radial system.
DESCRIPTION
Increased activity on 80 and 40 meters has
created a need for an antenna with power gain
and directivity. Doublet and long wire
antennas are no longer effective due to
increased QRM. At these low frequencies, the
radiation system must be lengthy and height
above ground is extremely important to obtain
the "low" angle of radiation needed for DX.
Beams are excellent, but require a large supporting tower and "hefty" rotating system.
Inverted V dipoles and slopers require a large
tower and plenty of property.
The vertical "phased array", the answer for
"DX" on these frequencies combine gain,
directivity and low angle radiation, the three
most important DX factors in a communication
installation. The vertical is well known for its
low angle characteristics. When you combine
two identical verticals, properly spaced and
phased, the resultant is a concentrated low angle
of energy and a power gain. These antennas can
be so arranged to give a definite effect on either
one or two favorite bands or all band coverage
with some pattern compromise and slight loss
of gain.
The following data was experimentally derived
on the Telex/Hy-Gain test range. Due to the
many factors that vary and influence the
performance of an antenna, such as grounding
and close proximity of surrounding objects,
etc., Telex/Hy-Gain cannot guarantee an
installation to perform or exhibit the same
characteristics as outlined in this report.
However, many Amateurs are now successfully
using these arrangements. Commercial
broadcast stations have been using a similar
phasing arrangement for years.
Part 1 - SINGLE BAND
BI-DIRECTIONAL ARRAY
(Four Quadrants)
THEORY' OF OPERATION
Two identical vertical antennas can be
installed as a phased array. When excited by
RF energy, gain is achieved by control of the
directional pattern. This direction pattern
control results in added gain by sharpening
lobe patterns and concentrating the radiated
energy at very low angles. Signal flutter is
reduced and reception is vastly improved.
Phased arrays will reduce installation height requirements and still maintain low angle
radiation.
Most effective spacing for a bi-directional
array is 1/2 wave length. When two verticals
are excited in phase the radiation is broadside
to the plane of the verticals, offering
substantial
gain
and
bi-directional
characteristics. Side nulls offer excellent signal
cancellation to the undesired direction.
Y
When excited "out of phase" these same verticals can be made to give an "end fire" or bidirectional pattern in the opposite direction
through the plane of the verticals. This then
nulls out signals in the opposite directions.
More gain is exhibited by the broadside
pattern over the "end fire" arrangement, but
the "end fire" arrangement offers a wider
frontal pattern.
Both arrangements offer an excellent advantage over a single vertical since either
phasing combination exhibits noticeable
signal gain with side attenuation of undesired
signals. This added gain and low angle
vertical directivity is the advantage of the
phased array.
"ENDFIRE" GAIN 23 dB
Phased verticals may be spaced either one
quarter wave or one half wave depending
upon gain and directional characteristics. The
nulls of the phased array are extremely sharp
and very pronounced. Typical arrangements of
phased
arrays
and
their
electrical
specifications are illustrated below.
SPECFICATIONS
Pattern width, half power points
Gain over single vertical
Side attenuation
Impedance
Directional characteristics
Broadside
End Fire
60 degrees
3.86 dB
30 dB
50 Ohms
Bi-Directional
80 degrees
2.3 dB
20 dB
50 Ohms
Bi-Directional
Figure 2
Typical Installation Phased (2) 18 HT 40 Meters
7200 KHz Design Frequency
CARDIOID ARRAY
(Uni-directional)
When two or three identical verticals are excited directly and fed 90 degrees out of phase
with a spacing of 1/4 wave length, a cardioid
pattern results. This pattern may be switched in
either direction. By inserting a 1/4 wave length
delay line the antenna will "fire" or be directive
to that particular element.
.:
TWO VERTICALS
Figure 3
Cardioid-Unidirectional With Two Selectable Directions
The beam pattern for two 1./4 wave length
verticals will be approximately 120 degrees.
An arrangement of three switchable verticals
gives a 60 degree pattern in six selectable
directions.
Figure 4
360 Cardioid Arrangement
E L E C T R I C A L S P E C IFICATIONS:
Two Phased Verticals
120 degrees
4.5 dB
20 dB
30 dB
50 Ohms
Uni-directional
Pattern Width, half power points
Gain over single vertical
Side attenuation
Rear attenuation
Impedance
Directional Characteristics
Three Phased Verticals
60 degrees
4.5 dB
20 dB
30 dB
50 Ohms
Uni-directional
VSWR: Exceptionally low SWR is present with a phased array. If phasing lines are
correctly measured and the terminal impedance of each antenna is very close to 50 Ohms:
Typical SWR: Broadside 1.2:1, Endfire 1.4:1, Cardioid 1.2:1.
PHASING LINES:
The 1/4 and 1/2 wave transformers, identified as L3, L4 and L5 are calculated from the
lowing formula:
1/4 wave 246000 x vel.
vel. factor - reg. coax.
f
frequency
(in KHz)
0.66
EXAMPLE:
1/4 wave at 7200 KHz = 246000 / 7200 = 34.16
34.16
x.75
25.62
1/4 wave = 25.62
ft.
PART 2 - MULTI-BAND OPERATION
MULTI-BANDING
RADIATION PATTERN:
Multi-banding is easily accomplished by
choice spacing two identical verticals. (refer
to charts A,B, and C and associated Figures 1
through 5) Switchable 1/4 wave length and 1/2
wave length phasing cables must be employed
for each band. These cables can be placed in
the station in any suitable fashion along with a
manual switching arrangement or relay
system.
Consideration must be given to the fact that 1/2
wave spacing (optional) is ideal for phasing.
When multi-banding with close and wide spacing, compromise radiation patterns must be
expected. In most cases a choice spacing serves
3 bands most effectively with good directional
characteristics, added gain and low angle performance.
OPTIONAL SPACING
Various antenna spacings may be selected
from charts A, B, and C, for single band, duo
band or multi-band arrangements. Associated
radiations patterns for a specific spacing is
shown in Figures 1 through 5 for each band.
If the 3/4 wave length patterns are not
desirable, a single vertical only can be switched
in use to obtain an omnl-directional pattern.
INSTALLATION
The vertical antenna requires a minimum
amount of space. Ground mounted or elevated
arrays are easily installed.
Antenna placement and orientation is a most
important factor when planning maximum effectiveness is desired directions. Each vertical
should be installed in the clear relatively free of
surrounding objects in order to maintain its
design 50 Ohm terminal impedance.
Each antenna must be mounted at the same
height on or above ground and be so arranged
according to their radiation pattern to offer
desired directivity.
The phased array is primarily designed for long
range and DX communications. In cases where
close and medium distance contacts are
hampered by the array's low angle characteristics and a higher angle is required, switching
arrangements can select one vertical for this
coverage.
SWITCHES & CONNECTORS
Low loss constant impedance type coaxial
switches and connectors should be used when
splicing phasing lines. B&W multi-position,
single or multi-gang coaxial switches with Amphenol coaxial cable and "T' connectors are
recommended.
FIELD TESTS
Actual field tests comparing one vertical to the
phased array results in doubling the receivers
sensitivity and offering up to 12 dB of signal
increase. An attenuation of up to 30 dB is
noticeable on the phased verticals with half
wave spacing. With quarter wave spacing, up
to 20 dB cardioid, and 30 dB front-to-back attenuation can be obtained.
"End Fire" directivity offers a larger area of
radiation at slightly reduced gain as compared
to the broadside arrangement. The "broadside" arrangement is recommended for
communications at greater distances whereas
the "endfire" arrangement would be so arranged to cover a larger area of
communications. Special attention to the coax
phasing line lengths and their proper
placement is of utmost importance.
A.
80 meter bi-directional pattern (all SW positions 3) refer
to Figure 1, Part 2 "Radiation Patterns"
NOTE: Due to close electrical spacing (1/4 wave) on
80 meters for Broadside (position 1) and Endure
(position 2) the SVWR may be somewhat higher than
1/2 wave spacing. SW3 selects direction
B.
40 meters all switches in position 1 selects BiDirectional patterns. Use SW2 for broadside (position
1) Endfire (position 2).
C.
All switches in position 2 selects cardioid pattern. SW4
selects direction of cardioid pattern.
NOTE: All connecting lines are exaggerated in length. These
lines must be direct and short as with any coax hook-up practice.
Figure 5
Typical installation (2) 18HT-S Phased for 80 and 40
Meters Selectable Broadside and Endfire Patters on 40
Meters Selectable Broadside and Endfire Patterns on 80
Meters Selectable 2 Directions Cardioid on 80 Meters
Note: Corralate Patterns to spacing used in installation
Figure 6
Radiation Patterns - Typical Spacing For Broadside And Endfire Arrangements
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