System Administrator's Guide Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Administrators En US

• Table of Contents
• PART I. BASIC SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
• CHAPTER 1. SYSTEM LOCALE AND KEYBOARD CONFIGURATION
  • 1.1. SETTING THE SYSTEM LOCALE
    • 1.1.1. Displaying the Current Status
    • 1.1.2. Listing Available Locales
    • 1.1.3. Setting the Locale
    • 1.1.4. Making System Locale Settings Permanent when Installing with Kickstart
  • 1.2. CHANGING THE KEYBOARD LAYOUT
    • 1.2.1. Displaying the Current Settings
    • 1.2.2. Listing Available Keymaps
    • 1.2.3. Setting the Keymap
  • 1.3. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 2. CONFIGURING THE DATE AND TIME
  • 2.1. USING THE TIMEDATECTL COMMAND
    • 2.1.1. Displaying the Current Date and Time
    • 2.1.2. Changing the Current Time
    • 2.1.3. Changing the Current Date
    • 2.1.4. Changing the Time Zone
    • 2.1.5. Synchronizing the System Clock with a Remote Server
  • 2.2. USING THE DATE COMMAND
    • 2.2.1. Displaying the Current Date and Time
    • 2.2.2. Changing the Current Time
    • 2.2.3. Changing the Current Date
  • 2.3. USING THE HWCLOCK COMMAND
    • 2.3.1. Displaying the Current Date and Time
    • 2.3.2. Setting the Date and Time
    • 2.3.3. Synchronizing the Date and Time
  • 2.4. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 3. MANAGING USERS AND GROUPS
  • 3.1. INTRODUCTION TO USERS AND GROUPS
    • Reserved User and Group IDs
    • 3.1.1. User Private Groups
    • 3.1.2. Shadow Passwords
  • 3.2. MANAGING USERS IN A GRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT
    • 3.2.1. Using the Users Settings Tool
  • 3.3. USING COMMAND-LINE TOOLS
    • 3.3.1. Adding a New User
      • Explaining the Process
    • 3.3.2. Adding a New Group
    • 3.3.3. Adding an Existing User to an Existing Group
    • 3.3.4. Creating Group Directories
    • 3.3.5. Setting Default Permissions for New Files Using umask
      • What umask consists of
      • How umask works
      • 3.3.5.1. Managing umask in Shells
      • Displaying the current mask
      • Setting mask in shell using umask
      • Working with the default shell umask
      • Working with the default shell umask of a specific user
      • Setting default permissions for newly created home directories
  • 3.4. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 4. ACCESS CONTROL LISTS
  • 4.1. MOUNTING FILE SYSTEMS
    • 4.1.1. NFS
  • 4.2. SETTING ACCESS ACLS
  • 4.3. SETTING DEFAULT ACLS
  • 4.4. RETRIEVING ACLS
  • 4.5. ARCHIVING FILE SYSTEMS WITH ACLS
  • 4.6. COMPATIBILITY WITH OLDER SYSTEMS
  • 4.7. ACL REFERENCES
• CHAPTER 5. GAINING PRIVILEGES
  • 5.1. THE SU COMMAND
  • 5.2. THE SUDO COMMAND
  • 5.3. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• PART II. SUBSCRIPTION AND SUPPORT
• CHAPTER 6. REGISTERING THE SYSTEM AND MANAGING SUBSCRIPTIONS
  • 6.1. REGISTERING THE SYSTEM AND ATTACHING SUBSCRIPTIONS
  • 6.2. MANAGING SOFTWARE REPOSITORIES
  • 6.3. REMOVING SUBSCRIPTIONS
  • 6.4. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Related Books
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 7. ACCESSING SUPPORT USING THE RED HAT SUPPORT TOOL
  • 7.1. INSTALLING THE RED HAT SUPPORT TOOL
  • 7.2. REGISTERING THE RED HAT SUPPORT TOOL USING THE COMMAND LINE
  • 7.3. USING THE RED HAT SUPPORT TOOL IN INTERACTIVE SHELL MODE
  • 7.4. CONFIGURING THE RED HAT SUPPORT TOOL
    • 7.4.1. Saving Settings to the Configuration Files
  • 7.5. OPENING AND UPDATING SUPPORT CASES USING INTERACTIVE MODE
  • 7.6. VIEWING SUPPORT CASES ON THE COMMAND LINE
  • 7.7. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
• PART III. INSTALLING AND MANAGING SOFTWARE
• CHAPTER 8. YUM
  • 8.1. CHECKING FOR AND UPDATING PACKAGES
    • 8.1.1. Checking For Updates
    • 8.1.2. Updating Packages
      • Updating a Single Package
      • Updating All Packages and Their Dependencies
      • Updating Security-Related Packages
    • 8.1.3. Preserving Configuration File Changes
    • 8.1.4. Upgrading the System Off-line with ISO and Yum
  • 8.2. WORKING WITH PACKAGES
    • 8.2.1. Searching Packages
      • Filtering the Results
    • 8.2.2. Listing Packages
      • Listing Repositories
    • 8.2.3. Displaying Package Information
      • Using yumdb
    • 8.2.4. Installing Packages
    • 8.2.5. Downloading Packages
    • 8.2.6. Removing Packages
  • 8.3. WORKING WITH PACKAGE GROUPS
    • 8.3.1. Listing Package Groups
    • 8.3.2. Installing a Package Group
    • 8.3.3. Removing a Package Group
  • 8.4. WORKING WITH TRANSACTION HISTORY
    • 8.4.1. Listing Transactions
    • 8.4.2. Examining Transactions
    • 8.4.3. Reverting and Repeating Transactions
    • 8.4.4. Starting New Transaction History
  • 8.5. CONFIGURING YUM AND YUM REPOSITORIES
    • 8.5.1. Setting [main] Options
    • 8.5.2. Setting [repository] Options
    • 8.5.3. Using Yum Variables
    • 8.5.4. Viewing the Current Configuration
    • 8.5.5. Adding, Enabling, and Disabling a Yum Repository
      • Adding a Yum Repository
      • Enabling a Yum Repository
      • Disabling a Yum Repository
    • 8.5.6. Creating a Yum Repository
    • 8.5.7. Adding the Optional and Supplementary Repositories
  • 8.6. YUM PLUG-INS
    • 8.6.1. Enabling, Configuring, and Disabling Yum Plug-ins
    • 8.6.2. Installing Additional Yum Plug-ins
    • 8.6.3. Working with Yum Plug-ins
  • 8.7. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Resources
    • See Also
• PART IV. INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES
• CHAPTER 9. MANAGING SERVICES WITH SYSTEMD
  • 9.1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMD
    • Overriding the Default systemd Configuration Using system.conf
    • 9.1.1. Main Features
    • 9.1.2. Compatibility Changes
  • 9.2. MANAGING SYSTEM SERVICES
    • Specifying Service Units
    • Behavior of systemctl in a chroot Environment
    • 9.2.1. Listing Services
    • 9.2.2. Displaying Service Status
    • 9.2.3. Starting a Service
    • 9.2.4. Stopping a Service
    • 9.2.5. Restarting a Service
    • 9.2.6. Enabling a Service
    • 9.2.7. Disabling a Service
    • 9.2.8. Starting a Conflicting Service
  • 9.3. WORKING WITH SYSTEMD TARGETS
    • 9.3.1. Viewing the Default Target
    • 9.3.2. Viewing the Current Target
    • 9.3.3. Changing the Default Target
    • 9.3.4. Changing the Current Target
    • 9.3.5. Changing to Rescue Mode
    • 9.3.6. Changing to Emergency Mode
  • 9.4. SHUTTING DOWN, SUSPENDING, AND HIBERNATING THE SYSTEM
    • 9.4.1. Shutting Down the System
      • Using systemctl Commands
      • Using the shutdown Command
    • 9.4.2. Restarting the System
    • 9.4.3. Suspending the System
    • 9.4.4. Hibernating the System
  • 9.5. CONTROLLING SYSTEMD ON A REMOTE MACHINE
  • 9.6. CREATING AND MODIFYING SYSTEMD UNIT FILES
    • 9.6.1. Understanding the Unit File Structure
    • 9.6.2. Creating Custom Unit Files
    • 9.6.3. Converting SysV Init Scripts to Unit Files
      • Finding the Service Description
      • Finding Service Dependencies
      • Finding Default Targets of the Service
      • Finding Files Used by the Service
    • 9.6.4. Modifying Existing Unit Files
      • Extending the Default Unit Configuration
      • Overriding the Default Unit Configuration
      • Monitoring Overriden Units
    • 9.6.5. Working with Instantiated Units
  • 9.7. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 10. CONFIGURING A SYSTEM FOR ACCESSIBILITY
  • 10.1. CONFIGURING THE BRLTTY SERVICE
    • Enable the brltty Service
    • Authorize Users to Use the Braille Display
    • Set the Braille Driver
    • Set the Braille Device
    • Set Specific Parameters for Particular Braille Displays
    • Set the Text Table
    • Set the Contraction Table
  • 10.2. SWITCH ON ALWAYS SHOW UNIVERSAL ACCESS MENU
  • 10.3. ENABLING THE FESTIVAL SPEECH SYNTHESIS SYSTEM
    • Choose a Voice for Festival
• CHAPTER 11. OPENSSH
  • 11.1. THE SSH PROTOCOL
    • 11.1.1. Why Use SSH?
    • 11.1.2. Main Features
    • 11.1.3. Protocol Versions
    • 11.1.4. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection
      • 11.1.4.1. Transport Layer
      • 11.1.4.2. Authentication
      • 11.1.4.3. Channels
  • 11.2. CONFIGURING OPENSSH
    • 11.2.1. Configuration Files
    • 11.2.2. Starting an OpenSSH Server
    • 11.2.3. Requiring SSH for Remote Connections
    • 11.2.4. Using Key-based Authentication
      • 11.2.4.1. Generating Key Pairs
      • 11.2.4.2. Configuring ssh-agent
  • 11.3. OPENSSH CLIENTS
    • 11.3.1. Using the ssh Utility
    • 11.3.2. Using the scp Utility
    • 11.3.3. Using the sftp Utility
  • 11.4. MORE THAN A SECURE SHELL
    • 11.4.1. X11 Forwarding
    • 11.4.2. Port Forwarding
  • 11.5. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 12. TIGERVNC
  • 12.1. VNC SERVER
    • 12.1.1. Installing VNC Server
    • 12.1.2. Configuring VNC Server
      • 12.1.2.1. Configuring VNC Server for Two Users
    • 12.1.3. Starting VNC Server
      • 12.1.3.1. Configuring VNC Server for Two Users and Two Different Displays
    • 12.1.4. VNC setup based on xinetd with XDMCP for GDM
    • 12.1.5. Terminating a VNC Session
  • 12.2. SHARING AN EXISTING DESKTOP
  • 12.3. VNC VIEWER
    • 12.3.1. Installing VNC Viewer
    • 12.3.2. Connecting to VNC Server
      • 12.3.2.1. Configuring the Firewall for VNC
    • 12.3.3. Connecting to VNC Server Using SSH
      • Restricting VNC Access
  • 12.4. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
• PART V. SERVERS
• CHAPTER 13. WEB SERVERS
  • 13.1. THE APACHE HTTP SERVER
    • 13.1.1. Notable Changes
    • 13.1.2. Updating the Configuration
    • 13.1.3. Running the httpd Service
      • 13.1.3.1. Starting the Service
      • 13.1.3.2. Stopping the Service
      • 13.1.3.3. Restarting the Service
      • 13.1.3.4. Verifying the Service Status
    • 13.1.4. Editing the Configuration Files
    • 13.1.5. Working with Modules
      • 13.1.5.1. Loading a Module
      • 13.1.5.2. Writing a Module
    • 13.1.6. Setting Up Virtual Hosts
    • 13.1.7. Setting Up an SSL Server
      • 13.1.7.1. An Overview of Certificates and Security
    • 13.1.8. Enabling the mod_ssl Module
      • 13.1.8.1. Enabling and Disabling SSL and TLS in mod_ssl
    • 13.1.9. Enabling the mod_nss Module
      • 13.1.9.1. Enabling and Disabling SSL and TLS in mod_nss
    • 13.1.10. Using an Existing Key and Certificate
    • 13.1.11. Generating a New Key and Certificate
    • 13.1.12. Configure the Firewall for HTTP and HTTPS Using the Command Line
      • 13.1.12.1. Checking Network Access for Incoming HTTPS and HTTPS Using the Command Line
    • 13.1.13. Additional Resources
      • Installed Documentation
      • Installable Documentation
      • Online Documentation
• CHAPTER 14. MAIL SERVERS
  • 14.1. EMAIL PROTOCOLS
    • 14.1.1. Mail Transport Protocols
      • 14.1.1.1. SMTP
    • 14.1.2. Mail Access Protocols
      • 14.1.2.1. POP
      • 14.1.2.2. IMAP
      • 14.1.2.3. Dovecot
  • 14.2. EMAIL PROGRAM CLASSIFICATIONS
    • 14.2.1. Mail Transport Agent
    • 14.2.2. Mail Delivery Agent
    • 14.2.3. Mail User Agent
  • 14.3. MAIL TRANSPORT AGENTS
    • 14.3.1. Postfix
      • 14.3.1.1. The Default Postfix Installation
      • 14.3.1.2. Upgrading From a Previous Release
      • 14.3.1.3. Basic Postfix Configuration
      • 14.3.1.4. Using Postfix with LDAP
    • 14.3.2. Sendmail
      • 14.3.2.1. Purpose and Limitations
      • 14.3.2.2. The Default Sendmail Installation
      • 14.3.2.3. Common Sendmail Configuration Changes
      • 14.3.2.4. Masquerading
      • 14.3.2.5. Stopping Spam
      • 14.3.2.6. Using Sendmail with LDAP
    • 14.3.3. Fetchmail
      • 14.3.3.1. Fetchmail Configuration Options
      • 14.3.3.2. Global Options
      • 14.3.3.3. Server Options
      • 14.3.3.4. User Options
      • 14.3.3.5. Fetchmail Command Options
      • 14.3.3.6. Informational or Debugging Options
      • 14.3.3.7. Special Options
    • 14.3.4. Mail Transport Agent (MTA) Configuration
  • 14.4. MAIL DELIVERY AGENTS
    • 14.4.1. Procmail Configuration
    • 14.4.2. Procmail Recipes
      • 14.4.2.1. Delivering vs. Non-Delivering Recipes
      • 14.4.2.2. Flags
      • 14.4.2.3. Specifying a Local Lockfile
      • 14.4.2.4. Special Conditions and Actions
      • 14.4.2.5. Recipe Examples
      • 14.4.2.6. Spam Filters
  • 14.5. MAIL USER AGENTS
    • 14.5.1. Securing Communication
      • 14.5.1.1. Secure Email Clients
      • 14.5.1.2. Securing Email Client Communications
  • 14.6. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • 14.6.1. Installed Documentation
    • 14.6.2. Online Documentation
    • 14.6.3. Related Books
• CHAPTER 15. FILE AND PRINT SERVERS
  • 15.1. SAMBA
    • 15.1.1. Introduction to Samba
      • What Samba can do:
      • What Samba cannot do:
    • 15.1.2. Samba Daemons and Related Services
      • smbd
      • nmbd
      • winbindd
    • 15.1.3. Connecting to an SMB Share
      • 15.1.3.1. Connecting to an SMB Share Using the Nautilus File Manager
      • Browsing the SMB Network Neighborhood
      • Directly connecting to an SMB Host or Share
      • 15.1.3.2. Connecting to an SMB Share Using smbclient
    • 15.1.4. Mounting the Share
    • 15.1.5. Configuring a Samba Server
      • 15.1.5.1. Graphical Configuration
      • 15.1.5.2. Command-Line Configuration
      • 15.1.5.3. Encrypted Passwords
    • 15.1.6. Starting and Stopping Samba
    • 15.1.7. Samba Security Modes
      • 15.1.7.1. User-Level Security
      • Samba Guest Shares
      • Domain Security Mode (User-Level Security)
      • Active Directory Security Mode (User-Level Security)
      • 15.1.7.2. Share-Level Security
    • 15.1.8. Samba Network Browsing
      • 15.1.8.1. Domain Browsing
      • 15.1.8.2. WINS (Windows Internet Name Server)
    • 15.1.9. Samba Distribution Programs
      • net
      • nmblookup
      • pdbedit
      • rpcclient
      • smbcacls
      • smbclient
      • smbcontrol
      • smbpasswd
      • smbspool
      • smbstatus
      • smbtar
      • testparm
      • wbinfo
    • 15.1.10. Additional Resources
      • Installed Documentation
      • Useful Websites
  • 15.2. FTP
    • 15.2.1. The File Transfer Protocol
    • 15.2.2. The vsftpd Server
      • 15.2.2.1. Starting and Stopping vsftpd
      • 15.2.2.2. Starting Multiple Copies of vsftpd
      • 15.2.2.3. Encrypting vsftpd Connections Using TLS
      • 15.2.2.4. SELinux Policy for vsftpd
    • 15.2.3. Additional Resources
      • 15.2.3.1. Installed Documentation
      • 15.2.3.2. Online Documentation
  • 15.3. PRINT SETTINGS
    • 15.3.1. Starting the Print Settings Configuration Tool
    • 15.3.2. Starting Printer Setup
    • 15.3.3. Adding a Local Printer
    • 15.3.4. Adding an AppSocket/HP JetDirect printer
    • 15.3.5. Adding an IPP Printer
    • 15.3.6. Adding an LPD/LPR Host or Printer
    • 15.3.7. Adding a Samba (SMB) printer
    • 15.3.8. Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing
    • 15.3.9. Printing a Test Page
    • 15.3.10. Modifying Existing Printers
      • 15.3.10.1. The Settings Page
      • 15.3.10.2. The Policies Page
      • 15.3.10.3. Managing Print Jobs
    • 15.3.11. Additional Resources
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
• CHAPTER 16. CONFIGURING NTP USING THE CHRONY SUITE
  • 16.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CHRONY SUITE
    • 16.1.1. Differences Between ntpd and chronyd
    • 16.1.2. Choosing Between NTP Daemons
  • 16.2. UNDERSTANDING CHRONY AND ITS CONFIGURATION
    • 16.2.1. Understanding chronyd
    • 16.2.2. Understanding chronyc
    • 16.2.3. Understanding the chrony Configuration Commands
    • 16.2.4. Security with chronyc
  • 16.3. USING CHRONY
    • 16.3.1. Installing chrony
    • 16.3.2. Checking the Status of chronyd
    • 16.3.3. Starting chronyd
    • 16.3.4. Stopping chronyd
    • 16.3.5. Checking if chrony is Synchronized
      • 16.3.5.1. Checking chrony Tracking
      • 16.3.5.2. Checking chrony Sources
      • 16.3.5.3. Checking chrony Source Statistics
    • 16.3.6. Manually Adjusting the System Clock
  • 16.4. SETTING UP CHRONY FOR DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
    • 16.4.1. Setting Up chrony for a System in an Isolated Network
  • 16.5. USING CHRONYC
    • 16.5.1. Using chronyc to Control chronyd
  • 16.6. CHRONY WITH HW TIMESTAMPING
    • 16.6.1. Understanding Hardware Timestamping
    • 16.6.2. Verifying Support for Hardware Timestamping
    • 16.6.3. Enabling Hardware Timestamping
    • 16.6.4. Configuring Client Polling Interval
    • 16.6.5. Enabling Interleaved Mode
    • 16.6.6. Configuring Server for Large Number of Clients
    • 16.6.7. Verifying Hardware Timestamping
    • 16.6.8. Configuring PTP-NTP bridge
  • 16.7. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • 16.7.1. Installed Documentation
    • 16.7.2. Online Documentation
• CHAPTER 17. CONFIGURING NTP USING NTPD
  • 17.1. INTRODUCTION TO NTP
  • 17.2. NTP STRATA
  • 17.3. UNDERSTANDING NTP
  • 17.4. UNDERSTANDING THE DRIFT FILE
  • 17.5. UTC, TIMEZONES, AND DST
  • 17.6. AUTHENTICATION OPTIONS FOR NTP
  • 17.7. MANAGING THE TIME ON VIRTUAL MACHINES
  • 17.8. UNDERSTANDING LEAP SECONDS
  • 17.9. UNDERSTANDING THE NTPD CONFIGURATION FILE
  • 17.10. UNDERSTANDING THE NTPD SYSCONFIG FILE
  • 17.11. DISABLING CHRONY
  • 17.12. CHECKING IF THE NTP DAEMON IS INSTALLED
  • 17.13. INSTALLING THE NTP DAEMON (NTPD)
  • 17.14. CHECKING THE STATUS OF NTP
  • 17.15. CONFIGURE THE FIREWALL TO ALLOW INCOMING NTP PACKETS
    • 17.15.1. Change the Firewall Settings
    • 17.15.2. Open Ports in the Firewall for NTP Packets
  • 17.16. CONFIGURE NTPDATE SERVERS
  • 17.17. CONFIGURE NTP
    • 17.17.1. Configure Access Control to an NTP Service
    • 17.17.2. Configure Rate Limiting Access to an NTP Service
    • 17.17.3. Adding a Peer Address
    • 17.17.4. Adding a Server Address
    • 17.17.5. Adding a Broadcast or Multicast Server Address
    • 17.17.6. Adding a Manycast Client Address
    • 17.17.7. Adding a Broadcast Client Address
    • 17.17.8. Adding a Manycast Server Address
    • 17.17.9. Adding a Multicast Client Address
    • 17.17.10. Configuring the Burst Option
    • 17.17.11. Configuring the iburst Option
    • 17.17.12. Configuring Symmetric Authentication Using a Key
    • 17.17.13. Configuring the Poll Interval
    • 17.17.14. Configuring Server Preference
    • 17.17.15. Configuring the Time-to-Live for NTP Packets
    • 17.17.16. Configuring the NTP Version to Use
  • 17.18. CONFIGURING THE HARDWARE CLOCK UPDATE
  • 17.19. CONFIGURING CLOCK SOURCES
  • 17.20. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • 17.20.1. Installed Documentation
    • 17.20.2. Useful Websites
• CHAPTER 18. CONFIGURING PTP USING PTP4L
  • 18.1. INTRODUCTION TO PTP
    • 18.1.1. Understanding PTP
    • 18.1.2. Advantages of PTP
  • 18.2. USING PTP
    • 18.2.1. Checking for Driver and Hardware Support
    • 18.2.2. Installing PTP
    • 18.2.3. Starting ptp4l
      • Starting ptp4l as a Service
      • Using ptp4l From The Command Line
      • Logging Messages From ptp4l
      • 18.2.3.1. Selecting a Delay Measurement Mechanism
  • 18.3. USING PTP WITH MULTIPLE INTERFACES
  • 18.4. SPECIFYING A CONFIGURATION FILE
  • 18.5. USING THE PTP MANAGEMENT CLIENT
  • 18.6. SYNCHRONIZING THE CLOCKS
  • 18.7. VERIFYING TIME SYNCHRONIZATION
  • 18.8. SERVING PTP TIME WITH NTP
  • 18.9. SERVING NTP TIME WITH PTP
  • 18.10. SYNCHRONIZE TO PTP OR NTP TIME USING TIMEMASTER
    • 18.10.1. Starting timemaster as a Service
    • 18.10.2. Understanding the timemaster Configuration File
    • 18.10.3. Configuring timemaster Options
  • 18.11. IMPROVING ACCURACY
  • 18.12. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • 18.12.1. Installed Documentation
    • 18.12.2. Useful Websites
• PART VI. MONITORING AND AUTOMATION
• CHAPTER 19. SYSTEM MONITORING TOOLS
  • 19.1. VIEWING SYSTEM PROCESSES
    • 19.1.1. Using the ps Command
    • 19.1.2. Using the top Command
    • 19.1.3. Using the System Monitor Tool
  • 19.2. VIEWING MEMORY USAGE
    • 19.2.1. Using the free Command
    • 19.2.2. Using the System Monitor Tool
  • 19.3. VIEWING CPU USAGE
    • 19.3.1. Using the System Monitor Tool
  • 19.4. VIEWING BLOCK DEVICES AND FILE SYSTEMS
    • 19.4.1. Using the lsblk Command
    • 19.4.2. Using the blkid Command
    • 19.4.3. Using the findmnt Command
    • 19.4.4. Using the df Command
    • 19.4.5. Using the du Command
    • 19.4.6. Using the System Monitor Tool
  • 19.5. VIEWING HARDWARE INFORMATION
    • 19.5.1. Using the lspci Command
    • 19.5.2. Using the lsusb Command
    • 19.5.3. Using the lscpu Command
  • 19.6. CHECKING FOR HARDWARE ERRORS
  • 19.7. MONITORING PERFORMANCE WITH NET-SNMP
    • 19.7.1. Installing Net-SNMP
    • 19.7.2. Running the Net-SNMP Daemon
      • 19.7.2.1. Starting the Service
      • 19.7.2.2. Stopping the Service
      • 19.7.2.3. Restarting the Service
    • 19.7.3. Configuring Net-SNMP
      • 19.7.3.1. Setting System Information
      • 19.7.3.2. Configuring Authentication
    • 19.7.4. Retrieving Performance Data over SNMP
      • 19.7.4.1. Hardware Configuration
      • 19.7.4.2. CPU and Memory Information
      • 19.7.4.3. File System and Disk Information
      • 19.7.4.4. Network Information
    • 19.7.5. Extending Net-SNMP
      • 19.7.5.1. Extending Net-SNMP with Shell Scripts
      • 19.7.5.2. Extending Net-SNMP with Perl
  • 19.8. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • 19.8.1. Installed Documentation
• CHAPTER 20. OPENLMI
  • 20.1. ABOUT OPENLMI
    • 20.1.1. Main Features
    • 20.1.2. Management Capabilities
  • 20.2. INSTALLING OPENLMI
    • 20.2.1. Installing OpenLMI on a Managed System
    • 20.2.2. Installing OpenLMI on a Client System
  • 20.3. CONFIGURING SSL CERTIFICATES FOR OPENPEGASUS
    • 20.3.1. Managing Self-signed Certificates
    • 20.3.2. Managing Authority-signed Certificates with Identity Management (Recommended)
    • 20.3.3. Managing Authority-signed Certificates Manually
  • 20.4. USING LMISHELL
    • 20.4.1. Starting, Using, and Exiting LMIShell
      • Starting LMIShell in Interactive Mode
      • Using Tab Completion
      • Browsing History
      • Handling Exceptions
      • Configuring a Temporary Cache
      • Exiting LMIShell
      • Running an LMIShell Script
    • 20.4.2. Connecting to a CIMOM
      • Connecting to a Remote CIMOM
      • Connecting to a Local CIMOM
      • Verifying a Connection to a CIMOM
    • 20.4.3. Working with Namespaces
      • Listing Available Namespaces
      • Accessing Namespace Objects
    • 20.4.4. Working with Classes
      • Listing Available Classes
      • Accessing Class Objects
      • Examining Class Objects
      • Listing Available Methods
      • Listing Available Properties
      • Listing and Viewing ValueMap Properties
      • Fetching a CIMClass Object
    • 20.4.5. Working with Instances
      • Accessing Instances
      • Examining Instances
      • Creating New Instances
      • Deleting Individual Instances
      • Listing and Accessing Available Properties
      • Listing and Using Available Methods
      • Listing and Viewing ValueMap Parameters
      • Refreshing Instance Objects
      • Displaying MOF Representation
    • 20.4.6. Working with Instance Names
      • Accessing Instance Names
      • Examining Instance Names
      • Creating New Instance Names
      • Listing and Accessing Key Properties
      • Converting Instance Names to Instances
    • 20.4.7. Working with Associated Objects
      • Accessing Associated Instances
      • Accessing Associated Instance Names
    • 20.4.8. Working with Association Objects
      • Accessing Association Instances
      • Accessing Association Instance Names
    • 20.4.9. Working with Indications
      • Subscribing to Indications
      • Listing Subscribed Indications
      • Unsubscribing from Indications
      • Implementing an Indication Handler
    • 20.4.10. Example Usage
      • Using the OpenLMI Service Provider
      • Using the OpenLMI Networking Provider
      • Using the OpenLMI Storage Provider
      • Using the OpenLMI Hardware Provider
  • 20.5. USING OPENLMI SCRIPTS
  • 20.6. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 21. VIEWING AND MANAGING LOG FILES
  • 21.1. LOCATING LOG FILES
  • 21.2. BASIC CONFIGURATION OF RSYSLOG
    • 21.2.1. Filters
    • 21.2.2. Actions
      • Specifying Multiple Actions
    • 21.2.3. Templates
      • Generating Dynamic File Names
      • Properties
      • Template Examples
    • 21.2.4. Global Directives
    • 21.2.5. Log Rotation
  • 21.3. USING THE NEW CONFIGURATION FORMAT
    • 21.3.1. Rulesets
    • 21.3.2. Compatibility with sysklogd
  • 21.4. WORKING WITH QUEUES IN RSYSLOG
    • 21.4.1. Defining Queues
      • Direct Queues
      • Disk Queues
      • In-memory Queues
      • Disk-Assisted In-memory Queues
    • 21.4.2. Creating a New Directory for rsyslog Log Files
    • 21.4.3. Managing Queues
      • Limiting Queue Size
      • Discarding Messages
      • Using Timeframes
      • Configuring Worker Threads
      • Batch Dequeuing
      • Terminating Queues
    • 21.4.4. Using the New Syntax for rsyslog queues
  • 21.5. CONFIGURING RSYSLOG ON A LOGGING SERVER
    • 21.5.1. Using The New Template Syntax on a Logging Server
  • 21.6. USING RSYSLOG MODULES
    • 21.6.1. Importing Text Files
    • 21.6.2. Exporting Messages to a Database
    • 21.6.3. Enabling Encrypted Transport
      • Configuring Encrypted Message Transfer with TLS
      • Configuring Encrypted Message Transfer with GSSAPI
    • 21.6.4. Using RELP
  • 21.7. INTERACTION OF RSYSLOG AND JOURNAL
  • 21.8. STRUCTURED LOGGING WITH RSYSLOG
    • 21.8.1. Importing Data from Journal
    • 21.8.2. Filtering Structured Messages
    • 21.8.3. Parsing JSON
    • 21.8.4. Storing Messages in the MongoDB
  • 21.9. DEBUGGING RSYSLOG
  • 21.10. USING THE JOURNAL
    • 21.10.1. Viewing Log Files
    • 21.10.2. Access Control
    • 21.10.3. Using The Live View
    • 21.10.4. Filtering Messages
      • Filtering by Priority
      • Filtering by Time
      • Advanced Filtering
    • 21.10.5. Enabling Persistent Storage
  • 21.11. MANAGING LOG FILES IN A GRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT
    • 21.11.1. Viewing Log Files
    • 21.11.2. Adding a Log File
    • 21.11.3. Monitoring Log Files
  • 21.12. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Installable Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 22. AUTOMATING SYSTEM TASKS
  • 22.1. SCHEDULING A RECURRING JOB USING CRON
    • 22.1.1. Prerequisites for Cron Jobs
    • 22.1.2. Scheduling a Cron Job
      • Scheduling a Job as root User
      • Scheduling a Job as Non-root User
      • Scheduling Hourly, Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Jobs
  • 22.2. SCHEDULING A RECURRING ASYNCHRONOUS JOB USING ANACRON
    • 22.2.1. Prerequisites for Anacrob Jobs
    • 22.2.2. Scheduling an Anacron Job
      • Scheduling an anacron Job as root User
      • Scheduling Hourly, Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Jobs
  • 22.3. SCHEDULING A JOB TO RUN AT A SPECIFIC TIME USING AT
    • 22.3.1. Prerequisites for At Jobs
    • 22.3.2. Scheduling an At Job
      • Viewing Pending Jobs
      • Deleting a Scheduled Job
      • 22.3.2.1. Controlling Access to At and Batch
  • 22.4. SCHEDULING A JOB TO RUN ON SYSTEM LOAD DROP USING BATCH
    • 22.4.1. Prerequisites for Batch Jobs
    • 22.4.2. Scheduling a Batch Job
      • Changing the Default System Load Average Limit
      • Viewing Pending Jobs
      • Deleting a Scheduled Job
      • Controlling Access to Batch
  • 22.5. SCHEDULING A JOB TO RUN ON NEXT BOOT USING A SYSTEMD UNIT FILE
  • 22.6. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
• CHAPTER 23. AUTOMATIC BUG REPORTING TOOL (ABRT)
  • 23.1. INTRODUCTION TO ABRT
  • 23.2. INSTALLING ABRT AND STARTING ITS SERVICES
    • 23.2.1. Installing the ABRT GUI
    • 23.2.2. Installing ABRT for the Command Line
    • 23.2.3. Installing Supplementary ABRT Tools
    • 23.2.4. Starting the ABRT Services
    • 23.2.5. Testing ABRT Crash Detection
  • 23.3. CONFIGURING ABRT
    • 23.3.1. Configuring Events
    • 23.3.2. Creating Custom Events
    • 23.3.3. Setting Up Automatic Reporting
  • 23.4. DETECTING SOFTWARE PROBLEMS
    • 23.4.1. Detecting C and C++ Crashes
    • 23.4.2. Detecting Python Exceptions
    • 23.4.3. Detecting Ruby Exceptions
    • 23.4.4. Detecting Java Exceptions
    • 23.4.5. Detecting X.Org Crashes
    • 23.4.6. Detecting Kernel Oopses and Panics
  • 23.5. HANDLING DETECTED PROBLEMS
    • 23.5.1. Using the Command Line Tool
    • 23.5.2. Using the GUI
  • 23.6. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• CHAPTER 24. OPROFILE
  • 24.1. OVERVIEW OF TOOLS
    • 24.1.1. operf vs. opcontrol
      • operf
      • opcontrol
  • 24.2. USING OPERF
    • 24.2.1. Specifying the Kernel
    • 24.2.2. Setting Events to Monitor
    • 24.2.3. Categorization of Samples
  • 24.3. CONFIGURING OPROFILE USING LEGACY MODE
    • 24.3.1. Specifying the Kernel
    • 24.3.2. Setting Events to Monitor
      • 24.3.2.1. Sampling Rate
      • 24.3.2.2. Unit Masks
    • 24.3.3. Separating Kernel and User-space Profiles
  • 24.4. STARTING AND STOPPING OPROFILE USING LEGACY MODE
  • 24.5. SAVING DATA IN LEGACY MODE
  • 24.6. ANALYZING THE DATA
    • 24.6.1. Using opreport
    • 24.6.2. Using opreport on a Single Executable
    • 24.6.3. Getting More Detailed Output on the Modules
    • 24.6.4. Using opannotate
  • 24.7. UNDERSTANDING THE /DEV/OPROFILE/ DIRECTORY
  • 24.8. EXAMPLE USAGE
  • 24.9. OPROFILE SUPPORT FOR JAVA
    • 24.9.1. Profiling Java Code
  • 24.10. GRAPHICAL INTERFACE
  • 24.11. OPROFILE AND SYSTEMTAP
  • 24.12. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• PART VII. KERNEL, MODULE AND DRIVER CONFIGURATION
• CHAPTER 25. WORKING WITH GRUB 2
  • 25.1. INTRODUCTION TO GRUB 2
    • Menu Entries in grub.cfg
  • 25.2. CONFIGURING GRUB 2
  • 25.3. MAKING TEMPORARY CHANGES TO A GRUB 2 MENU
  • 25.4. MAKING PERSISTENT CHANGES TO A GRUB 2 MENU USING THE GRUBBY TOOL
    • Listing the Default Kernel
    • Changing the Default Boot Entry
    • Viewing the GRUB Menu Entry for a Kernel
    • Adding and Removing Arguments from a GRUB Menu Entry
    • Updating All Kernel Menus with the Same Arguments
    • Changing a Kernel Argument
  • 25.5. CUSTOMIZING THE GRUB 2 CONFIGURATION FILE
    • 25.5.1. Changing the Default Boot Entry
    • 25.5.2. Editing a Menu Entry
    • 25.5.3. Adding a new Entry
    • 25.5.4. Creating a Custom Menu
  • 25.6. PROTECTING GRUB 2 WITH A PASSWORD
    • Configuring GRUB 2 to Require a Password only for Modifying Entries
    • Configuring GRUB 2 to Require a Password for Modifying and Booting Entries
    • Passwords Set Before Updating to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2
    • Additional GRUB 2 Users
  • 25.7. REINSTALLING GRUB 2
    • 25.7.1. Reinstalling GRUB 2 on BIOS-Based Machines
    • 25.7.2. Reinstalling GRUB 2 on UEFI-Based Machines
    • 25.7.3. Resetting and Reinstalling GRUB 2
  • 25.8. UPGRADING FROM GRUB LEGACY TO GRUB2
    • Prerequisites for upgrading
    • Determining the real device name of the bootable device
    • Generating the GRUB2 configuration files
    • Testing GRUB2 with GRUB still installed
    • Replacing and removing GRUB Legacy
  • 25.9. GRUB 2 OVER A SERIAL CONSOLE
    • 25.9.1. Configuring the GRUB 2 Menu
    • 25.9.2. Using screen to Connect to the Serial Console
  • 25.10. TERMINAL MENU EDITING DURING BOOT
    • 25.10.1. Booting to Rescue Mode
    • 25.10.2. Booting to Emergency Mode
    • 25.10.3. Booting to the Debug Shell
    • 25.10.4. Changing and Resetting the Root Password
  • 25.11. UNIFIED EXTENSIBLE FIRMWARE INTERFACE (UEFI) SECURE BOOT
    • 25.11.1. UEFI Secure Boot Support in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
      • Restrictions Imposed by UEFI Secure Boot
  • 25.12. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Installable and External Documentation
• CHAPTER 26. MANUALLY UPGRADING THE KERNEL
  • 26.1. OVERVIEW OF KERNEL PACKAGES
  • 26.2. PREPARING TO UPGRADE
  • 26.3. DOWNLOADING THE UPGRADED KERNEL
  • 26.4. PERFORMING THE UPGRADE
  • 26.5. VERIFYING THE INITIAL RAM DISK IMAGE
    • Verifying the Initial RAM Disk Image and Kernel on IBM eServer System i
    • Reversing the Changes Made to the Initial RAM Disk Image
    • Listing the Contents of the Initial RAM Disk Image
  • 26.6. VERIFYING THE BOOT LOADER
• CHAPTER 27. WORKING WITH KERNEL MODULES
  • 27.1. LISTING CURRENTLY-LOADED MODULES
  • 27.2. DISPLAYING INFORMATION ABOUT A MODULE
  • 27.3. LOADING A MODULE
  • 27.4. UNLOADING A MODULE
  • 27.5. SETTING MODULE PARAMETERS
  • 27.6. PERSISTENT MODULE LOADING
  • 27.7. INSTALLING MODULES FROM A DRIVER UPDATE DISK
  • 27.8. SIGNING KERNEL MODULES FOR SECURE BOOT
    • 27.8.1. Prerequisites
    • 27.8.2. Kernel Module Authentication
      • 27.8.2.1. Sources For Public Keys Used To Authenticate Kernel Modules
      • 27.8.2.2.  Kernel Module Authentication Requirements
    • 27.8.3. Generating a Public and Private X.509 Key Pair
    • 27.8.4. Enrolling Public Key on Target System
      • 27.8.4.1. Factory Firmware Image Including Public Key
      • 27.8.4.2. Executable Key Enrollment Image Adding Public Key
      • 27.8.4.3. System Administrator Manually Adding Public Key to the MOK List
    • 27.8.5. Signing Kernel Module with the Private Key
    • 27.8.6. Loading Signed Kernel Module
  • 27.9. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Manual Page Documentation
    • Installable and External Documentation
• PART VIII. SYSTEM BACKUP AND RECOVERY
• CHAPTER 28. RELAX-AND-RECOVER (REAR)
  • 28.1. BASIC REAR USAGE
    • 28.1.1. Installing ReaR
    • 28.1.2. Configuring ReaR
      • ISO-specific Configuration
    • 28.1.3. Creating a Rescue System
    • 28.1.4. Scheduling ReaR
    • 28.1.5. Performing a System Rescue
  • 28.2. INTEGRATING REAR WITH BACKUP SOFTWARE
    • 28.2.1. The Built-in Backup Method
      • 28.2.1.1. Configuring the Internal Backup Method
      • 28.2.1.2. Creating a Backup Using the Internal Backup Method
    • 28.2.2. Supported Backup Methods
    • 28.2.3. Unsupported Backup Methods
    • 28.2.4. Creating Multiple Backups
• APPENDIX A. RPM
  • A.1. RPM DESIGN GOALS
  • A.2. USING RPM
    • A.2.1. Installing and Upgrading Packages
      • A.2.1.1. Replacing Already Installed Packages
      • A.2.1.2. Resolving File Conflicts
      • A.2.1.3. Satisfying Unresolved Dependencies
      • A.2.1.4. Preserving Changes in Configuration Files
    • A.2.2. Uninstalling Packages
    • A.2.3. Freshening Packages
    • A.2.4. Querying Packages
    • A.2.5. Verifying Packages
  • A.3. FINDING AND VERIFYING RPM PACKAGES
    • A.3.1. Finding RPM Packages
    • A.3.2. Checking Package Signatures
      • A.3.2.1. Importing GPG Keys
  • A.4. COMMON EXAMPLES OF RPM USAGE
  • A.5. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
    • Installed Documentation
    • Online Documentation
    • See Also
• APPENDIX B. CHOOSING SUITABLE RED HAT PRODUCT
• APPENDIX C. RED HAT CUSTOMER PORTAL LABS RELEVANT TO SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
  • ISCSI HELPER
  • NTP CONFIGURATION
  • SAMBA CONFIGURATION HELPER
  • VNC CONFIGURATOR
  • BRIDGE CONFIGURATION
  • NETWORK BONDING HELPER
  • LVM RAID CALCULATOR
  • NFS HELPER
  • LOAD BALANCER CONFIGURATION TOOL
  • YUM REPOSITORY CONFIGURATION HELPER
  • FILE SYSTEM LAYOUT CALCULATOR
  • RHEL BACKUP AND RESTORE ASSISTANT
  • DNS HELPER
  • AD INTEGRATION HELPER (SAMBA FS - WINBIND)
  • RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX UPGRADE HELPER
  • REGISTRATION ASSISTANT
  • RESCUE MODE ASSISTANT
  • KERNEL OOPS ANALYZER
  • KDUMP HELPER
  • SCSI DECODER
  • RED HAT MEMORY ANALYZER
  • MULTIPATH HELPER
  • MULTIPATH CONFIGURATION VISUALIZER
  • RED HAT I/O USAGE VISUALIZER
  • STORAGE / LVM CONFIGURATION VIEWER
• APPENDIX D. REVISION HISTORY
  • D.1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• INDEX