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Working Safely with
Video Display Terminals
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA 3092
1997 (Revised)

Material contained in this
publication is in the public domain
and may be reproduced, fully or
partially, without permission of the
Federal Government. Source credit
is requested but not required.
This information will be made
available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.
Voice phone: (202) 219-8615;
Telecommunications Device for the
Deaf (TDD) message referral
phone: 1-800-326-2577.

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

Working Safely with
Video Display Terminals
U.S. Department of Labor
Alexis M. Herman, Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Gregory R. Watchman, Acting Assistant Secretary
OSHA 3092
1997 (Revised)

Contents

iii

Page
Introduction ........................................................................... 1
VDT Components ................................................................... 2
Health Effects ........................................................................ 3
Visual Problems ..................................................................... 3
Fatigue and Musculoskeletal Problems ................................. 4
Radiation ................................................................................ 4
Interventions ......................................................................... 6
Lighting ................................................................................. 6
Work Station Design .............................................................. 8
VDT Design ......................................................................... 12
Work Practices Job Organization ......................................... 13
Other Sources of OSHA Assistance ..................................... 14
Safety and Health Program Management
Guidelines .......................................................................... 14
State Programs ..................................................................... 15
Consultation Services .......................................................... 15
Voluntary Protection Programs ............................................ 16
Training and Education........................................................ 16
Electronic Information ......................................................... 17
Emergencies ......................................................................... 17
Appendix ............................................................................. 18
Selected Bibliography ........................................................ 21
OSHA Related Publications ................................................. 22
States with Approved Plans ................................................ 23
OSHA Consultation Project Directory ................................. 24
OSHA Area Offices ............................................................... 26
OSHA Regional Offices ....................................................... 28
Contents

Introduction

1

The applications of computer technology and the accompanying use of video display terminals (VDTs) are revolutionizing the workplaces of America, and their use will continue to
grow in the future.
For example, in 1984 only 25 percent of the U.S. population
used computers at work; in 1993, more than 45 percent of the
population used computers at work and the number continues
to grow. Also, more than 18 million workers are in jobs that
often require intensive keying.
Along with this expanding use of VDTs have come reports
about adverse health effects for VDT operators. To help inform
employers and employees, this booklet briefly examines the
potential hazards and interventions employers can use to
prevent or reduce the potential harmful effects of working with
VDTs.
Some of the most common stressors, their related health
effects, and their means of prevention are discussed. A checklist to assess workstations also is included. (See Appendix.)

Introduction

2

VDT Components

VDTs—comprised of a display screen, a keyboard, and a
central processing unit—have rapidly replaced the use of
typewriters and other office machines.
The display screen is the output device that shows what the
computer is processing. Display screens can be monochrome
(green, white, or orange on a black background), or full color.
The keyboard is the input device that allows the user to send
information to the “brains” of the computer. Keyboards are
commonly used for data entry and inquiry. The keyboard is
similar to a standard typewriter keyboard but with additional
special keys and functions.
The central processing unit is referred to as the “brains” of
the computer. It is the center of operation for all the computer
processing and performs calculations and organizes the flow of
information into and out of the system.
The VDT operates at high voltages, but the power supplies
generating these voltages produce very little current. All data
processing equipment, including VDTs, must meet stringent
international safety standards in this regard.

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

Health Effects

3

In the wake of the expanding use of VDTs, concerns have
been expressed about their potential health effects. Complaints
include excessive fatigue, eye strain and irritation, blurred
vision, headaches, stress, and neck, back, arm, and muscle
pain. Research has shown that these symptoms can result from
problems with the equipment, work stations, office environment or job design, or from a combination of these. Concerns
about potential exposure to electromagnetic fields also have
been raised.
Visual Problems
Visual problems such as eyestrain and irritation are among
the most frequently reported complaints by VDT operators.
These visual symptoms can result from improper lighting, glare
from the screen, poor positioning to the screen itself, or copy
material that is difficult to read. These problems usually can be
corrected by adjusting the physical and environmental setting
where the VDT users work. For example, work stations and
lighting can and should be arranged to avoid direct and reflected glare anywhere in the field of sight, from the display
screen, or surrounding surfaces. Many VDT jobs require long
sessions in front of a display screen. Consequently, some
people may need corrective lens to avoid eye strain and headaches. Vision examinations should, therefore, be conducted to
ensure early detection and correction of poor vision. Eyecare
specialists should be informed of computer use by VDT
operators.
VDT operators also can reduce eyestrain by taking rest
breaks, after each hour or so of operating a VDT.*

*The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends
a 10-minute rest break after 2 hours of continuous VDT work for operators under
moderate visual demands; and a 15-minute rest break after 1 hour of continuous
VDT work where there is a high visual demand or repetitive work task.
Health Effects

4

Changing focus is another way to give eye muscles a chance to
relax. The employee needs only to glance across the room or
out the window from time to time and look at an object at least
20 feet (6.096 centimeters) away.
Fatigue and Musculoskeletal Problems
Work performed at VDTs may require sitting still for considerable time and usually involves small frequent movements of
the eyes, head, arms, and fingers. Retaining a fixed posture
over long periods of time causes muscle fatigue and, if this
practice is consistent, can eventually lead to muscle pain and
injury.
VDT operators also are subject to a potential risk of developing various musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel
syndrome, and tendonitis. Musculoskeletal disorders are
injuries to the muscles, joints, tendons, or nerves that are
caused or made worse by work related risk factors. Early
symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders include pain and
swelling, numbness and tingling (hands falling asleep), loss of
strength, and reduced range of motion.
If workers have any of these symptoms, they should report
them to their employers as soon as possible. If these symptoms
are not treated early, they can result in loss of strength in
affected area, chronic pain, or permanent disability.
Radiation
Another issue of concern for the VDT operator is whether
the emissions from radiation, such as X-ray or electromagnetic
fields in the radiofrequency and extreme low frequency ranges,
pose a health risk. Some workers, including pregnant women,
are concerned that their health could be affected by electromagnetic fields emitted from VDTs. The threat from X-ray expo-

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

5

sures is largely discounted because of the very low emission
levels. The radio frequency and extreme low-frequency electromagnetic fields are still at issue despite the low emission
levels. To date, however, there is no conclusive evidence that
the low levels of radiation emitted from VDTs pose a health
risk to VDT operators. Some workplace designs, however, have
incorporated changes—such as increasing the distance between
the operator and the terminal and between work stations—to
reduce potential exposures to electromagnetic fields.
Because the possible effects of radiation from VDTs continue to concern operators, the issue is still being researched
and studied. NIOSH has a resource booklet entitled, NIOSH
Publications on Video Display Terminals and continues to
study the question of VDT operator risk from exposure to
electromagnetic fields.

Health Effects

6

Interventions

There are a variety of interventions that employers can
implement to reduce or prevent harmful effects associated with
VDT use.
Lighting
Light should be directed so that it does not shine into the
operator’s eyes when the operator is looking at the display
screen. Futher, lighting should be adequate for the operator to
see the text and the screen, but not so bright as to cause glare
or discomfort (see Figure 1).
There are four basic lighting factors that must be controlled
to provide suitable office illumination and avoid eyestrain:
quantity, contrast, and direct and reflected glare.
Overhead lights
(low glare lenses or louvers)

(To prevent stray
side lighting)
Indirect

Indirect

Reflection (from
walls, ceiling, floor)
Task
Screen

Direct

Windows

Verticle blinds (east/west
exposure of a building)
Horizontal blinds (south
exposures of a building)
Line of sight parallel to
windows and between light fittings

Figure 1. Position of light source relative to the VDT.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

7

Quantity. In most offices, light fixtures and daylight provide
illumination for work surfaces (e.g., 50-100 foot-candles).
High illumination “washes out” images on the display screen;
therefore, if possible, where VDTs are used, illumination levels
should be somewhat lower (i.e., 28-50 foot-candles are often
satisfactory).
Contrast. Contrast is the difference in luminance or brightness
between two areas. To prevent the visual load caused by alternate
light and dark areas, the difference in illuminance between the
VDT display screen, horizontal work surface, and surrounding
areas should be minimized.
Most of the tasks associated with VDTs do not require precise
visual acuity, and diffuse (indirect) lighting is appropriate. The
advantages of diffuse lighting are twofold: There tend to be fewer
hot spots, or glare sources, in the visual field; and the contrasts
created by the shape of objects tend to be “softer.” The result, in
terms of luminous intensities, is a more uniform visual field.
Where indirect lighting is not used, parabolic louvers on overhead
lights are probably the next best way to ensure that light is diffused.
Glare. Glare is usually defined as a harsh, uncomfortably
bright, light. Glare is dependent upon the intensity, size, angle of
incidence, luminance, and proximity of the source to the line of
sight. Glare may be the result of direct light sources in the visual
field (e.g., windows), or reflected light from polished surfaces
(e.g., keyboards) or from more diffuse reflections which may
reduce contrast (e.g., improper task lighting). Glare may cause
annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and
visibility.
To limit reflection from walls and work surfaces visible around
the screen, these areas should be painted a medium color and have
a nonreflective finish. Work stations and lighting should be arranged to avoid reflected glare on the display screen or
surrounding surfaces.

Interventions

8

In many cases, the reorientation of work stations may help
remove sources of glare out of the line of sight. The face of the
display screen should be at right angles to windows and light
sources. Care should be taken, particularly when terminals are
installed within 20 feet (6.096 meters) of windows, to ensure that
there is some method of blocking the sun’s light, such as blinds or
curtains.
The proper “treatment” for window glare includes baffles,
venetian blinds, draperies, shades, or filters.
Screen glare filters that attach directly to the surface of a VDT
screen can help reduce glare. Two types of filters are available:
natural density filters, which scatter and diffuse some of the light
reflected off the glass display screen, and micromesh filters, which
not only scatter the light but also absorb most of the light reflected
from the surface of the screen by means of an imbedded interwoven grid of dyed nylon fibers. These should be used as a last resort
since filters can reduce visibility and legibility of screen. Filters
should be cleaned regularly.
Work Station Design
Proper work station design will reduce visual and musculoskeletal discomfort associated with VDT use when the
following work practices are observed:
• Ensure that the operator has a comfortable sitting position
sufficiently flexible to reach, use, and observe the display
screen, keyboard, and document.
• Provide posture support for the back, arms, legs, and feet
as well as adjustable display screens and keyboards.
• Ensure that VDT tables or desks are vertically adjustable
to allow for operator adjustment of the screen and keyboard.
• Ensure proper chair height and support to the lower region
of the back.

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

9

• Ensure that document holders are used to allow the operator to position and view material without straining the
eyes or neck, shoulder, and back muscles.
The type of task performed at the VDT may also influence
the development of fatigue. In designing a work station, the
type of tasks involved should be considered when determining
the placement of the display screen and keyboard. For example, if the job requires the operator to look mainly at the
source document than the display screen, the source document
should be in front of the operator and the screen may be to the
side. (See Figure 2.)
The employee must have adequate work space to perform
each of the tasks required by the job. Individual body size must
be considered and will influence the design of the work station
and access to various accessories.
In general, VDT work stations should provide as many
adjustable features as possible. Also, adequate legroom should
be provided for the employee to stretch out and relieve some of
the static load that results from sitting with the legs in a fixed
position for long periods.
In the office environment, the work station consists primarily
of a work surface, a chair, VDT equipment, and other related
accessories (see Figure 3).
Chairs. The chair can be a crucial factor in preventing back
pain as well as in improving employee performance in office
work. As the majority of office workers spend most of their
time sitting, a properly designed and adjustable chair for
comfort, efficiency, and for the task being performed is critical.
All adjustments should easily be made from the seated position. Specific chair criteria are discussed in the following
paragraphs.
Chair Height. When an employee spends from 6 to 8 hours
in the chair, the height of the chair and the work surface are
Interventions

10

VDT

Input devices

Digipad
(for writing)
Data retrieval

VDT
Document
holder

Keyboard
Data entry

VDT

Document
holder

Keyboard
Interactive and word processing

Figure 2.
Alternative VDT arrangements (depending on job task).
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

11

critical. The human body dimension that provides a starting
point for determining correct chair height is the “popliteal”
height. This is the height from the floor to the point at the
crease behind the knee. The chair height is correct when the
entire sole of the foot can rest on the floor or footrest and the
back of the knee is slightly higher than the seat of the chair.
This allows the blood to circulate freely in the legs and feet.
Seatpan Design. Size and shape are two factors to consider
in the design of the seatpan of the chair. The seatpan should be
slightly concave with a softly padded, rounded, or “waterfall”
edge. This will help distribute the weight and may also prevent
sliding forward in the chair. The angle of the seatpan should
also be considered. Some options include a seatpan that slopes
slightly down at the back or one that has a forward tilt that
produces less stress on the lower region.

Viewing distance
ngle

ing a

View

Elbow angle

Document
holder
Wrist rest

Screen
height

Back rest

Knee
clearance

Keyboard
height

Elbow rest
Knee
angle

Lumbar
(lower back)
support

Seat back
angle

Table
height
Seat pan
height

Figure 3. Proper user position and support.
Interventions

12

Armrests. Armrests should be low and short enough to fit
under work surfaces to allow users to get close enough to the
work surface. Chairs can be purchased with adjustable
armrests.
Backrest. A proper backrest should support the entire back
including the lower region. The seat and backrest of the chair
should support a comfortable posture that permits frequent
variations in the sitting position. The backrest angle and chair
height should be easily adjustable.
VDT Design
Display Screen. Most new VDTs have separate, adjustable
keyboards and display screens that allow both the keyboard and
display screen to be positioned appropriately for the employee.
This is important because VDT operators may spend a considerable amount of time looking at the display. Screens should have
user controls for character brightness. Screens that swivel horizontally and tilt or elevate vertically enable the operator to select the
optimum viewing angle.
The topmost line of the screen should not be higher than the
user’s eyes. The screen and document holder should be the same
distance from the eye (to avoid constant changes in focus) and
close enough together so the operator can look from one to the
other without excessive movement of the neck or back. People
who wear bifocals often have to tilt their head back to read
through the bottom portion of their lenses. They should avoid
tilting their head back by lowering the display or using single-lens
glasses while using the VDT.
The preferred viewing distance for VDTs ranges between 18
and 24 inches (45.72 and 60.96 centimeters, respectively). To this
distance must be added the depth of the display itself. Some
displays are as much as 20 inches deep (50.80 centimeters). The
best way to deal with this, other than increasing table depth, is to
install a keyboard extender or tray underneath the desk.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

13

Legibility is also a primary consideration in selecting a
display screen. Legibility factors to be considered include
symbol size and design, contrast, and sharpness.
Keyboard. The keyboard should be detachable and adjustable to ensure proper position, angle, and comfort for the
operator. A lower-than-normal work surface may be required
to keep the operator’s arms in a comfortable position. This can
be achieved by installing a keyboard extender or tray. The
thickness and the slope of the keyboard are critical in determining the preferred height.
The preferred working position for most keyboard operators
is with the forearms parallel to the floor and elbows at the
sides, which allows the hands to move easily over the keyboard. The wrist should be in line with the forearm. A padded
and detachable wrist rest for the keyboard can help keep the
operator’s wrists and hands in a straight position while keying.
Mouse. The mouse should be positioned at the operator’s
side with his or her arm close to the body for support, while
maintaining a straight line between the hand and forearm. The
upper arm should not be elevated or extended while using the
mouse. The top surface of the wrist should also be flat, not
angled. A mouse pad or rest can be used to help maintain
straight wrists.
Work Practices Job Organization
Operating a VDT, like any form of sustained physical or
mental work, may lead to visual, muscular, or mental fatigue.
Rest pauses, as recommended by NIOSH to alleviate or delay
the onset of fatigue, are necessary. Jobs should be designed so
that the employees can vary VDT tasks with non-VDT tasks.
In addition, open and positive working relationships between
the worker and manager as well as involving employeees in
workplace decisions and practices can be factors in reducing
muscle tension and musculoskeletal disorders.
Interventions

14

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines
Effective management of worker safety and health protection
is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of workrelated injuries and illnesses and their related costs. To assist
employers and employees in developing effective safety and
health programs, OSHA published recommended Safety and
Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54
(18): 3908-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines apply to all places of employment covered by OSHA.
The guidelines identify four general elements that are critical
to the development of a successful safety and health
management program:
• management commitment and employee involvement,
• worksite analysis,
• hazard prevention and control, and
• safety and health training.
The guidelines recommend specific actions under each of
these general elements to achieve an effective safety and health
program. A single free copy of the guidelines can be obtained
from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Publications, P.O.
Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, by sending a selfaddressed mail label with your request.

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

15

State Programs
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages
states to develop and operate their own job safety and health
plans. States with plans approved under section 18(b) of the
Act must adopt standards and enforce requirements that are at
least as effective as federal requirements. There are currently
25 state plan states: 23 of these states administer plans covering
both private and public (state and local government) employees; the other 2 states, Connecticut and New York, cover
public employees only. Plan states must adopt standards
comparable to federal requirements within 6 months of a
federal standard’s promulgation. Until such time as a state
standard is promulgated, federal OSHA provides interim
enforcement assistance, as appropriate, in these states. A
listing of approved state plans appears at the end of this
publication.
Consultation Services
Consultation assistance is available on request to employers
who want help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful
workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at
no cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more hazardous operations, the consultation service is
delivered by state government agencies or universities employing
professional safety consultants and health consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes an appraisal of all mechanical, physical work practices and environmental hazards of the workplace
and all aspects of the employer’s present job safety and health
program.
The program is separate from OSHA’s inspection efforts. No
penalties are proposed or citations issued for any safety or health
problems identified by the consultant. The service is confidential.
For more information concerning consultation assistance, see
the list of consultation projects at the end of this publication.
Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

16

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)
Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) and onsite consultation
services, when coupled with an effective enforcement program,
expand worker protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act.
The three VPPs—Star, Merit, and Demonstration—are designed
to recognize outstanding achievement by companies that have
successfully incorporated comprehensive safety and health programs into their total management system. They motivate others
to achieve excellent safety and health results in the same outstanding way as they establish a cooperative relationship among
employers, employees, and OSHA.
For additional information on VPPs and how to apply, contact
the OSHA area or regional offices listed at the end of this
publication.
Training and Education
OSHA’s area offices offer a variety of informational services, such
as publications, audiovisual aids, technical advice, and speakers for
special engagements. OSHA’s Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL,
provides basic and advanced courses in safety and health for federal
and state compliance officers, state consultants, federal agency
personnel, and private sector employers, employees, and their representatives.
OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations, through
grants, to conduct workplace training and education in subjects where
OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace training. Grants are
awarded annually and grant recipients are expected to contribute 20
percent of the total grant cost.
For more information on grants, training and education, contact the
OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and Education, 1555
Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (847) 297-4810;
(847) 297-4874 fax.
For further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest
OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

17
Electronic Information
Internet—OSHA standards, interpretations, directives, and
additional information are now on the World Wide Web at http://
www.osha.gov.
CD-ROM—A wide variety of OSHA materials including
standards, interpretations, directives, and more can be purchased
on CD-ROM from the Government Printing Office. To order,
write to Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Specify OSHA Regulations, Documents
and Technical Information on CD-ROM, (ORDT), S/N 7291300000-5. The price is $38 per year ($47.50 foreign);
$15 per single copy ($18.75 foreign).
Emergencies
To report life-threatening situations, fatalities, or catastrophes, call
(800) 321-OSHA. Complaints will go immediately to the nearest
OSHA area or state office for help.
For further information on any OSHA program, contact your
nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this
publication.
For further information on VDTs, please consult the
following sources:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
U.S. Department of Labor
Technical Data Center, Room N2439
200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20210
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
Center for Disease Control
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Robert A. Taft Laboratories
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998
Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

18

Appendix

Video Display Terminal (VDT) Checklist
Can the work station be adjusted to ensure proper
posture by
• adjusting knee and hip angles to achieve
comfort and variability,
• supporting heels and toes on the floor or on
a footrest,
• placing arms comfortably at the side and
hands parallel to the floor, and
• supporting wrist (nearly straight) on a padded
surface?
Does the work area
• provide enough clearance for the feet, knees,
and legs relative to the edge of the work
surface;
• provide sufficient space for the thighs
between the work surface and the seat;
• include arm rests for intensive or long duration
keying jobs; and
• include headsets for use when frequent telephone work is combined with hand tasks such
as typing, using a calculator, or writing?
Does the chair
• adjust easily from the seated position,
• have a padded seat pan,
• have a seat that is approximately 18 inches
wide (45.72 centimeters),
• have a back rest that provides lumbar support
that can be used while working,
• have a stable base with casters that are suited
to the type of flooring,
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

Yes

No

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■
■

■
■

■

■

■

■

■

■

19

Yes
• have different seat pan lengths (15 to 17 inches
or 38.10 and 43.18 centimeters) with a
■
waterfall design available, and
• allow the seat pan to adjust for both height
(minimum of 4 1/2 inches or 10.16-1.27
centimeters) and angle (plus or minus 5
■
degrees)?
Is the keyboard
• height from the floor and the slope of the
keyboard surface adjustable,
• prevented from slipping when in use, and
• detachable?
Are other inputs/devices (mouse, pointer,
calculator)
• at keyboard height?
Is the display screen
• clean and free from flickering, and
• able to swivel horizontally and tilt or elevate
vertically?

No

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

■

Is the monitor situated so that
• the work can be performed with the head in a
■
neutral posture for most of the workshift,
• it is between 18 and 30 inches (45.72 and
76.20 centimeters, respectively) away from
■
the operator,
• the top line of text is at or slightly below eye
■
height, and

■
■
■

Appendix

20

Yes

No

• there is sufficient lighting without glare on the
■
screen from lights, windows, or surfaces?

■

Does the monitor
• have brightness and contrast controls?

■

■

Is the job organized so that
■
• workers can change postures frequently,
• workers can perform different job tasks to
■
reduce intensive keying,
• workers can leave their workstations for at
least 10 minutes after each hour of intensive
keying and for at least 15 minutes after every
■
2 hours of intermittent keying, and
• the workers have received training in ergonomics and know how to make adjustments to their
work stations, chairs, and other accessories? ■

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

■
■

■
■

Selected Bibliography

21

Arnt, R. “Working Posture and Musculoskeletal Problems of
Video Display Terminal Operators: Review and Reappraisal.”
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44: 437-446, 1983.
Carter, J.B. and Banister, E.W. “Musculoskeletal Problems
in VDT Work: A Review.” Ergonomics 37(10):1623-1648,
1994.
Clift, Elayne. “Personal Computers—User Friendly?” Gov
Exe 21 (8):38-40. August 1989.
Grandjean, Etienne. Ergonomics in Computerized Offices.
New York: Taylor & Francis, 1987. 227 Pp.
Kroemer, K.H.E. “Avoiding Cumulative Trauma Disorders
in Shops and Offices.” Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 53(9):596-604,
1992.
Murray, W.E.; Mass, C.E.; Parr, W.H.; and Cox, C. “A
Radiation and Industrial Hygiene Survey of Video Display
Terminal Operations.” Hum Factors 23:413-420, 1981.
Pascarelli, E. and Quilter, Deborah. Repetitive Strain
Injury—A Computer User’s Guide. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1994.
Peterson, John E. “RMI: The Hazard of the 90s.” Science/
Health Section. Marin Indep J:F6. July 30, 1989.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), Public Health Service. NIOSH Publications on Video
Display Terminals (Revised). NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

Selected Bibliography

22

OSHA Related Publications

A single free copy of the following materials may be obtained from the OSHA Publications Office, U. S. Department
of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Room N3101,
Washington, DC 20210, (202) 219-4667; (202) 219-9266 (fax),
or from the nearest OSHA regional or area offices listed at the
end of this booklet. Please send a self-addressed label with
your written request.
All About OSHA – OSHA 2056
Consultation Services for the Employer – OSHA 3047
Employee Workplace Rights – OSHA 3021
Ergonomics Program Management Guidelines for
Meatpacking Plants – OSHA 3123
How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies – OSHA 3088
OSHA Publications and Audiovisual Programs –
OSHA 2019
Personal Protective Equipment – OSHA 3077
The following publications are available from the U.S.
Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington, DC 20402, (202) 512-1800. Include GPO Order
No. and make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents.
Ergonomics: The Study of Work
Order No. 029-016-00124-7. Cost: $1.00
Job Safety & Health Quarterly
Order No. JSH. Cost: $9.50/year (Foreign $11.90)

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

States with Approved Plans

23

Albany, NY ....................................................... (518) 457-2741
Baltimore, MD ................................................. (410) 767-2999
Carson City, NV ............................................... (702) 687-3032
Cheyenne, WY .................................................. (307) 777-7786
Columbia, SC ................................................... (803) 734-9594
Des Moines, IA ................................................. (515) 281-3447
Frankfort, KY ................................................... (502) 564-3070
Hato Rey, PR .................................................... (809) 754-2119
Honolulu, HI ..................................................... (808) 586-8844
Indianapolis, IN ................................................ (317) 232-2378
Juneau, AK ....................................................... (907) 465-2700
Lansing, MI ...................................................... (517) 373-7230
Montpelier, VT ................................................. (802) 828-2288
Nashville, TN .................................................... (615) 741-2582
Olympia, WA .................................................... (360) 902-4200
Phoenix, AZ ...................................................... (602) 542-5795
Raleigh, NC ...................................................... (919) 662-4585
Richmond, VA................................................... (804) 786-2377
Salem, OR ......................................................... (503) 378-3272
Salt Lake City, UT ............................................ (801) 530-6898
San Francisco, CA ............................................ (415) 972-8835
Santa Fe, NM .................................................... (505) 827-2850
St. Croix, VI...................................................... (809) 773-1994
St. Paul, MN ..................................................... (612) 296-2342
Wethersfield, CT ............................................... (860) 566-5123

States with Approved Plans

24 OSHA Consultation Project Directory

State

Telephone

Alabama ...................................................................... (205) 348-7136
Alaska ......................................................................... (907) 269-4957
Arizona ....................................................................... (602) 542-5795
Arkansas ..................................................................... (501) 682-4522
California .................................................................... (415) 972-8515
Colorado ..................................................................... (970) 491-6151
Connecticut ................................................................. (860) 566-4550
Delaware ..................................................................... (302) 761-8219
District of Columbia ................................................... (202) 576-6339
Florida ......................................................................... (904) 488-3044
Georgia ....................................................................... (404) 894-2646
Guam .......................................................................... (671) 475-0136
Hawaii ......................................................................... (808) 586-9100
Idaho ........................................................................... (208) 385-3283
Illinois ......................................................................... (312) 814-2337
Indiana ........................................................................ (317) 232-2688
Iowa ............................................................................ (515) 281-5352
Kansas ......................................................................... (913) 296-7476
Kentucky ..................................................................... (502) 564-6895
Louisiana .................................................................... (504) 342-9601
Maine .......................................................................... (207) 624-6460
Maryland ..................................................................... (410) 333-4210
Massachusetts ............................................................. (617) 727-3982
Michigan ................................................................ (517) 332-8250(H)
............................................................................(517) 322-1809(S)
Minnesota ................................................................... (612) 297-2393
Mississippi .................................................................. (601) 987-3981
Missouri ...................................................................... (573) 751-3403
Montana ...................................................................... (406) 444-6418
Nebraska ..................................................................... (402) 471-4717
Nevada ........................................................................ (702) 486-5016
New Hampshire .......................................................... (603) 271-2024
New Jersey .................................................................. (609) 292-2424
New Mexico ............................................................... (505) 827-4230
New York .................................................................... (518) 457-2481
North Carolina ............................................................ (919) 662-4644
North Dakota .............................................................. (701) 328-5188
Ohio ............................................................................ (614) 644-2246
Oklahoma ................................................................... (405) 528-1500
Oregon ........................................................................ (503) 378-3272
Pennsylvania ............................................................... (412) 357-2561
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

25

Puerto Rico ................................................................. (809) 754-2188
Rhode Island ............................................................... (401) 277-2438
South Carolina ............................................................ (803) 734-9614
South Dakota .............................................................. (605) 688-4101
Tennessee .................................................................... (615) 741-7036
Texas ........................................................................... (512) 440-3834
Utah ............................................................................ (801) 530-6868
Vermont ...................................................................... (802) 828-2765
Virginia ....................................................................... (804) 786-6359
Virgin Islands .............................................................. (809) 772-1315
Washington ................................................................. (360) 902-5638
West Virginia .............................................................. (304) 558-7890
Wisconsin .............................................................. (608) 266-8579(H)
............................................................................(414) 521-5063(S)
Wyoming .................................................................... (307) 777-7700
(H) - Health
(S) - Safety

OSHA Consultation Project Directory

26

OSHA Area Offices

Area

Telephone

Albany, NY .................................................................
Albuquerque, NM .......................................................
Allentown, PA.............................................................
Anchorage, AK ...........................................................
Appleton, WI ..............................................................
Austin, TX ..................................................................
Avenel, NJ ..................................................................
Baltimore, MD ............................................................
Bangor, ME.................................................................
Baton Rouge, LA ........................................................
Bayside, NY ...............................................................
Bellevue, WA ..............................................................
Billings, MT ...............................................................
Birmingham, AL .........................................................
Bismarck, ND .............................................................
Boise, ID .....................................................................
Bowmansville, NY .....................................................
Braintree, MA .............................................................
Bridgeport, CT ............................................................
Calumet City, IL .........................................................
Carson City, NV .........................................................
Charleston, WV ..........................................................
Cincinnati, OH ............................................................
Cleveland, OH ............................................................
Columbia, SC .............................................................
Columbus, OH ............................................................
Concord, NH ...............................................................
Corpus Christi, TX .....................................................
Dallas, TX ...................................................................
Denver, CO .................................................................
Des Plaines, IL ............................................................
Des Moines, IA ...........................................................
Englewood, CO ..........................................................
Erie, PA .......................................................................
Fort Lauderdale, FL ....................................................
Fort Worth, TX ...........................................................
Frankfort, KY .............................................................
Harrisburg, PA ............................................................
Hartford, CT ...............................................................
Hasbrouck Heights, NJ ...............................................
Guaynabo, PR .............................................................
Honolulu, HI ...............................................................
Houston, TX ...............................................................

(518) 464-4338
(505) 248-5302
(610) 776-0592
(907) 271-5152
(414) 734-4521
(512) 916-5783
(908) 750-3270
(410) 962-2840
(207) 941-8177
(504) 389-0474
(718) 279-9060
(206) 553-7520
(406) 247-7494
(205) 731-1534
(701) 250-4521
(208) 334-1867
(716) 684-3891
(617) 565-6924
(203) 579-5581
(708) 891-3800
(702) 885-6963
(304) 347-5937
(513) 841-4132
(216) 522-3818
(803) 765-5904
(614) 469-5582
(603) 225-1629
(512) 888-3420
(214) 320-2400
(303) 844-5285
(847) 803-4800
(515) 284-4794
(303) 843-4500
(814) 833-5758
(954) 424-0242
(817) 428-2470
(502) 227-7024
(717) 782-3902
(860) 240-3152
(201) 288-1700
(787) 277-1560
(808) 541-2685
(281) 286-0583

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

27

Houston, TX ............................................................... (281) 591-2438
Indianapolis, IN .......................................................... (317) 226-7290
Jackson, MS ................................................................ (601) 965-4606
Jacksonville, FL .......................................................... (904) 232-2895
Kansas City, MO......................................................... (816) 483-9531
Lansing, MI ................................................................ (517) 377-1892
Little Rock, AR ........................................................... (501) 324-6291
Lubbock, TX ............................................................... (806) 472-7681
Madison, WI ............................................................... (608) 264-5388
Marlton, NJ ................................................................. (609) 757-5181
Methuen, MA .............................................................. (617) 565-8110
Milwaukee, WI ........................................................... (414) 297-3315
Minneapolis, MN ........................................................ (612) 348-1994
Mobile, AL ................................................................. (334) 441-6131
Nashville, TN .............................................................. (615) 781-5423
New York, NY ............................................................ (212) 466-2482
Norfolk, VA ................................................................ (804) 441-3820
North Aurora, IL ......................................................... (630) 896-8700
North Syracuse, NY .................................................... (315) 451-0808
Oklahoma City, OK .................................................... (405) 231-5351
Omaha, NE ................................................................. (402) 221-3182
Parsippany, NJ ............................................................ (201) 263-1003
Peoria, IL .................................................................... (309) 671-7033
Philadelphia, PA ......................................................... (215) 597-4955
Phoenix, AZ ................................................................ (602) 640-2007
Pittsburgh, PA ............................................................. (412) 644-2903
Portland, OR ............................................................... (503) 326-2251
Providence, RI ............................................................ (401) 528-4669
Raleigh, NC ................................................................ (919) 856-4770
Sacramento, CA .......................................................... (916) 566-7470
Salt Lake City, UT ...................................................... (801) 487-0073
San Diego, CA ............................................................ (619) 557-2909
Savannah, GA ............................................................. (912) 652-4393
Smyrna, GA ................................................................ (770) 984-8700
Springfield, MA .......................................................... (413) 785-0123
St. Louis, MO ............................................................. (314) 425-4249
Tampa, FL .................................................................... (813) 626-1177
Tarrytown, NY ............................................................ (914) 524-7510
Toledo, OH ................................................................. (419) 259-7542
Tucker, GA ................................................................. (770) 493-6644
Westbury, NY ............................................................. (516) 334-3344
Wichita, KS................................................................. (316) 269-6644
Wilkes-Barre, PA ........................................................ (717) 826-6538
Wilmington, DE ...........................................................(302) 573-6115
OSHA Area Offices

28 OSHA Regional Offices

Region I
(CT,* MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*)
JFK Federal Building
Room E-340
Boston, MA 02203
Telephone: (617) 565-9860

Region VI
(AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX)
525 Griffin Street
Room 602
Dallas, TX 75202
Telephone: (214) 767-4731

Region II
(NJ, NY,* PR,* VI*)
201 Varick Street
Room 670
New York, NY 10014
Telephone: (212) 337-2378

Region VII
(IA,* KS, MO, NE)
City Center Square
1100 Main Street, Suite 800
Kansas City, MO 64105
Telephone: (816) 426-5861

Region III
(DC, DE, MD,* PA, VA,* WV)
Gateway Building, Suite 2100
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Telephone: (215) 596-1201

Region VIII
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)
1999 Broadway, Suite 1690
Denver, CO 80202-5716
Telephone: (303) 844-1600

Region IV
(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,
SC,* TN*)
Atlanta Federal Center
61 Forsyth Street, S.W., Room
6T50
Atlanta, GA 30303
Telephone: (404) 562-2300
Region V
(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)
230 South Dearborn Street
Room 3244
Chicago, IL 60604
Telephone: (312) 353-2220

Region IX
(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,*
Guam, HI,* NV,* Trust Territories of the Pacific)
71 Stevenson Street
Room 420
San Francisco, CA 94105
Telephone: (415) 975-4310
Region X
(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)
1111 Third Avenue
Suite 715
Seattle, WA 98101-3212
Telephone: (206) 553-5930

*These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and
health programs (Connecticut and New York plans cover public employees only).
States with approved programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as
effective as, the federal standard.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals



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