Home Buyers And Sellers Guide To Radon

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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Home Buyer’s and
Seller’s Guide to Radon
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009 | www.epa.gov/iaq
www.epa.gov/radon
EPA RECOMMENDS:
Q If you are buying or selling a home, have it tested for radon.
Q For a new home, ask if radon-resistant construction features
were used and if the home has been tested.
Q Fix the home if the radon level is 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) or higher.
Q Radon levels less than 4 pCi/L still pose a risk and, in many cases, may
be reduced.
Q Take steps to prevent device interference when conducting a radon test.
EPA estimates
that radon
causes
thousands
of cancer
deaths in
the U.S.
each year.
*Radon is estimated to cause about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year, according to EPA’s 2003 Assessment
of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003). The numbers of deaths from other causes are taken
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2005-2006 National Center for Injury Prevention
and Control Report and 2006 National Safety Council Reports.
Drownings Home
Fires
Falls
in the
Home
21,000
13,470
11,600
3,582
2,580
RADON* Drunk
Driving
Deaths Per Year
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
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EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................1
Why Should I Test for Radon? ..................................................................3
a. Radon Has Been Found In Homes All Over the United States .........3
b. EPA and the Surgeon General Recommend
That You Test Your Home .................................................................4
2 I’m Selling a Home. What Should I Do? ...........................................5
a. If Your Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon ............................5
b. If Your Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon ............................6
3 I’m Buying a Home. What Should I Do? ..........................................7
a. If the Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon ..............................7
b. If the Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon ...............................8
4 I’m Buying or Building A New Home.
How Can I Protect My Family? ..........................................................9
a. Why Should I Buy a Radon-Resistant Home? ...................................9
b. What Are Radon-Resistant Features? ...............................................10
5 How Can I Get Reliable Radon Test Results? .................................11
a. Types of Radon Devices ..................................................................11
b. General Information for All Devices ...............................................12
c. Preventing or Detecting Test Interference .......................................13
d. Length of Time to Test ....................................................................14
e. Doing a Short-Term Test..................................................................15
f. Using Testing Devices Properly for Reliable Results ......................16
g. Interpreting Radon Test Results ......................................................17
Radon and Smoking .........................................................................18
Radon Testing Checklist ..................................................................20
6 What Should I Do If the Radon Level Is High?...............................22
a. High Radon Levels Can Be Reduced ..............................................22
b. How to Lower the Radon Level In Your Home .............................22
c. Selecting a Radon-Reduction (Mitigation) Contractor ....................24
 d.WhatCanaQualiedRadon-ReductionContractorDoforYou ....24
e. Radon In Water ................................................................................25
7 Radon Myths and Facts .....................................................................27
Table of Contents
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
8 Need More Information About Radon? ...........................................29
a. World Wide Web Sites (EPA) ..........................................................29
b. Radon Hotlines (Toll-Free)..............................................................30
c. Printed Documents ..........................................................................31
Radon Risk and Testing ...................................................................31
Reducing Radon Levels In a Home .................................................32
Building a New Home to Be Radon-Resistant ................................32
Radon Technical Guidance ..............................................................33
9 StateRadonOfces ............................................................................34
10 EPARegionalOfces ..........................................................................36
11 Index ...................................................................................................37
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 1
Overview
This Guide answers important questions about radon and lung cancer risk. It also
answersquestionsabouttestingandxingforanyonebuyingorsellingahome.
Radon Is a Cancer-Causing, Radioactive Gas
You cannot see, smell, or taste radon. But it still may be a
problem in your home. When you breathe air containing radon,
you increase your risk of getting lung cancer. In fact, the Surgeon
General of the United States has warned that radon is the second
leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. If you
smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung
cancer is especially high.
20
EPA Risk Assessment for Radon in Indoor Air
EPA has updated its estimate of the lung cancer risks from exposure to radon in
indoor air. The Agency’s updated risk assessment, EPA Assessment of Risks from
Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003, June 2003), is available at http://www.epa.
gov/radon/pdfs/402-r-03-003.pdfasadownloadableAdobeAcrobatPDFle.EPA’s
reassessment was based on the National Academy of Sciences’ (NAS) report on the
Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI, 1999). The Agency now estimates
that there are about 21,000 annual radon-related lung cancer deaths, an estimate
consistentwiththeNASReport’sndings.
4
18
You Should Test for Radon
Testingistheonlywaytondoutyourhome’sradonlevels.
EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below
thethirdoorforradon.
You Can Fix a Radon Problem
 Ifyoundthat you have high radonlevels,thereare ways to x a radon
problem. Even very high levels can be reduced to acceptable levels.
If You Are Selling a Home...
EPA recommends that you test your home before putting it on the market and, if
necessary, lower your radon levels. Save the test results and all information you have
aboutstepsthatweretakentoxanyproblems.Thiscouldbeapositivesellingpoint.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
2www.epa.gov/radon
6
9
If You Are Buying a Home...
EPA recommends that you know what the indoor radon level is in any home
you consider buying. Ask the seller for their radon test results. If the home has
a radon-reduction system, ask the seller for any information they have about the
system.
If the home has not yet been tested, you should have the house
tested.
If you are having a new home built, there are features that
can be incorporated into your home during construction to reduce
radon levels.
The radon testing guidelines in this Guide have been
developedspecicallytodealwiththetime-sensitivenatureofhomepurchases
and sales, and the potential for radon device interference. These guidelines are
slightly different from the guidelines in other EPA publications which provide
radon testing and reduction information for non-real estate situations.
This Guide recommends three short-term testing options for
real estate transactions. EPA also recommends testing a home in
the lowest level that could be used regularly, since a buyer may
choose to live in a lower area of the home than that used by the
seller.
12
15
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 3
29
34
25
a. Radon Has Been Found In Homes All Over the
United States
Radon is a radioactive gas that has been found in homes all over the United
States. It comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water and
gets into the air you breathe. Radon typically moves up through
the ground to the air above and into your home through cracks
and other holes in the foundation. Radon can also enter your
home through well water. Your home can trap radon inside.
Any home can have a radon problem. This means new and old homes,
well-sealed and drafty homes, and homes with or without basements. In fact, you
and your family are most likely to get your greatest radiation exposure at home.
That is where you spend most of your time.
Nearly one out of every 15 homes in the United States is
estimated to have an elevated radon level (4 pCi/L or more).
Elevated levels of radon gas have been found in homes in your
state.Contactyourstateradonofcefor information about
radon in your area.
1. Why Should I Test for Radon
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
4
Testing is the only way to know if you and your family are at risk from radon.
EPAandtheSurgeonGeneralrecommendtestingallhomesbelowthethirdoor
for radon.
You cannot predict radon levels based
on state, local, and neighborhood radon
measurements. Do not rely on radon
test results taken in other homes in the
neighborhood to estimate the radon level in
your home. Homes which are next to each
other can have different indoor radon levels.
Testingistheonlywaytondoutwhatyour
home’s radon level is.
In some areas, companies may offer different types of radon
service agreements. Some agreements let you pay a one-time fee
that covers both testing and radon mitigation, if needed. Contact
yourstateradonofcetondoutiftheseareavailableinyour
state.
b. EPA and the Surgeon General Recommend That
You Test Your Home
U.S. SURGEON GENERAL HEALTH ADVISORY
“Indoor radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States
andbreathingitoverprolongedperiodscanpresentasignicanthealthrisk
to families all over the country. It’s important to know that this threat is
completelypreventable.Radoncanbedetectedwithasimpletestandxed
through well-established venting techniques.” January 2005
34
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 5
20
a. If Your Home Has Already Been Tested for
Radon...
If you are thinking of selling your home and you have
already tested your home for radon, review the Radon Testing
Checklist to make sure that the test was done correctly. If so,
provide your test results to the buyer.
No matter what kind of test was done, a potential buyer may ask for a new
test, especially if:
G The Radon Testing Checklist items were not met;
G The last test is not recent, e.g., within two years;
G You have renovated or altered your home since you tested; or
G The buyer plans to use a lower level of the house than was tested, such as a
basement that could be used regularly by the buyer.
A buyer may also ask for a new test if your state or local government requires
disclosure of radon information to buyers.
2. I’m Selling a Home.
What Should I Do?
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
6
b. If Your Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon...
Have a test taken as soon as possible. If you can, test your home before putting
it on the market. You should test in the lowest level of the home that could be
used regularly. This means testing in the lowest level that you currently live in
or a lower level not currently used, but which a buyer might use as a family room
or play area, etc.
The radon test result is
important information about
your home’s radon level. Some
states require radon measurement
testerstofollowaspecictesting
protocol. If you do the test
yourself, you should carefully
follow the testing protocol for
your area or EPA’s Radon Testing
Checklist. If you hire a contractor
to test your residence, protect yourself by hiring a qualied*
individual or company.
You can determine a service provider’s qualications to perform radon
measurements or to mitigate your home in several ways. Check with your state
radonofce.Manystatesrequireradonprofessionalstobelicensed,certied,or
registered. Most states can provide you with a list of knowledgeable radon service
providers doing business in the state. In states that don’t regulate radon services,
ask the contractor if they hold a professional prociency or certication
credential. Such programs usually provide members with a photo-ID card, which
indicatestheirqualication(s)andits expirationdate.Ifindoubt,youshould
check with their credentialing organization. Alternatively, ask the contractor
if they’ve successfully completed formal training appropriate for testing or
mitigation, e.g., a course in radon measurement or radon mitigation.
*Youshouldrstcallyourstateradonofceforinformationonqualiedradonserviceprovidersandstate-
specicradonmeasurementormitigationrequirements.SeeSection9(p.34)forinformationonwhichstates
havecertication,licensing,orregistrationprograms.Forup-to-dateinformationonstateradonprogramofces,
visit http://www.epa.gov/iaq/contacts.html. EPA’s detailed and technical guidance on radon measurement and
mitigation is included in Section 8 (p. 29); however, state requirements or guidance may be more stringent. Visit
http://www.epa.gov/radon/radontest.html for links to private sector radon credentialing programs.
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EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 7
20
34
a. If the Home Has Already Been
Tested for Radon...
If you are thinking of buying a home, you may decide to accept an earlier test
resultfromtheselleroraskthesellerforanewtesttobeconductedbyaqualied
radon tester. Before you accept the seller’s test, you should determine:
G The results of previous testing;
G Who conducted the previous test: the homeowner, a radon professional, or
some other person;
G Where in the home the previous test was taken, especially if you may plan to
live in a lower level of the home. For example, the test may have been taken
ontherstoor.However,ifyouwanttousethebasementaslivingspace,
test there; and
G What, if any, structural changes, alterations, or changes in the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system have been made to the house
since the test was done. Such changes might affect radon levels.
If you accept the seller’s test, make sure that the test followed
the Radon Testing Checklist.
If you decide that a new test is needed, discuss it with
thesellerassoonaspossible.Ifyoudecidetouseaqualied
radontester,contactyourstateradonofcetoobtainacopy
of their approved list of radon testing companies.
3. I’m Buying a Home.
What Should I Do?
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
8
12
14
b. If the Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon...
Make sure that a radon test is done as soon as possible. Consider including
provisions in the contract specifying:
G Where the test will be located;
G Who should conduct the test;
G What type of test to do;
G When to do the test;
G How the seller and the buyer will share the test results and test costs (if
necessary); and
G When radon mitigation measures will be taken, and who will pay for them.
Make sure that the test is done in the lowest level of the home that could
be used regularly. This means the lowest level that you are going to use as
livingspacewhetheritisnishedorunnished.Astateorlocalradonofcial
orqualiedradontestercanhelpyoumakesomeofthesedecisions.
 Ifyoudecidetonishorrenovateanunnishedareaofthehomeinthefuture,
a radon test should be done before starting the project and after the project is
nished.Generally,itislessexpensivetoinstallaradon-reductionsystembefore
(or during) renovations rather than afterwards.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 9
a. Why Should I Buy a Radon-Resistant Home?
Radon-resistant techniques work. When installed properly and completely,
these simple and inexpensive passive techniques can help to reduce radon levels.
In addition, installing them at the time of construction makes it easier to reduce
radon levels further if the passive techniques don’t reduce radon levels to below
4 pCi/L. Radon-resistant techniques may also help to lower moisture levels and
those of other soil gases. Radon-resistant techniques:
4 Make Upgrading Easy: Even if built to be radon-resistant, every new home
should be tested for radon as soon as possible after occupancy. If you have
a test result of 4 pCi/L or more, a vent fan can easily be added to the passive
system to make it an active system and further reduce radon levels.
4 Are Cost-Effective: Building radon-resistant features into the house during
constructioniseasierandcheaperthanxingaradonproblemfromscratch
later. Let your builder know that radon-resistant features are easy to install
using common building materials.
4 Save Money: When installed properly and completely, radon-resistant
techniquescanalsomakeyourhomemoreenergyefcientandhelpyousave
on your energy costs.
Including passive radon-resistant features in a new home during construction
usuallycostslessthanxingthehomelater.Ifyourradonlevelis4pCi/Lormore,
consultaqualiedmitigatortoestimatethecostofupgradingtoanactivesystemby
adding a vent fan to reduce the radon level. In an existing home, the cost to install
a radon mitigation system is about the same as for other common home repairs.
Checkwith,andgetanestimatefrom,oneormorequaliedmitigatorsbeforexing.
4. I’m Buying or Building a New Home.
How Can I Protect My Family?
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
10
b. What Are Radon-Resistant Features?
Radon-resistant techniques (features) may vary for different foundations
and site requirements. If you’re having a house built, ask
your builder if they’re using EPA’s recommended approach
(International Residential Code, Appendix F, or ASTM E
1465-08). If your new house was built (or will be built)
to be radon-resistant, it will include these basic elements:
1. Gas-Permeable Layer: Thislayerisplacedbeneaththeslaborooring
system to allow the soil gas to move freely underneath the house. In many
cases, the material used is a 4-inch layer of clean gravel. This gas-permeable
layer is used only in homes with basement and slab-on-grade foundations; it
is not used in homes with crawlspace foundations.
2. Plastic Sheeting: Plastic sheeting is placed on top of the gas-permeable
layer and under the slab to help prevent the soil gas from entering the home.
In crawl spaces, the sheeting (with seams sealed) is placed directly over the
crawlspaceoor.
3. Sealing and Caulking: All below-grade openings in the foundation and
walls are sealed to reduce soil gas entry into the home.
4. Vent Pipe: A 3- or 4-inch PVC pipe (or other gas-tight pipe) runs
from the gas-permeable layer through
the house to the roof, to safely vent
radon and other soil gases to the outside.
5. Junction Boxes: An electrical junction box
is included in the attic to make the wiring
and installation of a vent fan easier. For
example, you decide to activate the passive
system because your test result showed an
elevated radon level (4 pCi/L or more). A
separate junction box is placed in the living
space to power the vent fan alarm. An alarm
is installed along with the vent fan to indicate
when the vent fan is not operating properly.
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EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 11
 Radontestingiseasyandtheonlywaytondoutifyouhavearadonproblem
in your home.
a. Types of Radon Devices
Since you cannot see or smell radon, special equipment is
needed to detect it. When you’re ready to test your home, you can
orderaradontestkitbymailfromaqualiedradonmeasurement
servicesproviderorlaboratory.Youcanalsohireaqualiedradon
tester, very often a home inspector, who will use a radon device(s)
suitable to your situation. The most common types of radon testing
devices are listed below. As new testing devices are developed,
youmaywanttocheckwithyourstateradonofcebeforeyou
test to get the most up-to-date information.
Passive Devices
Passive radon testing devices do not need power to function. These include
charcoal canisters, alpha-track detectors, charcoal liquid scintillation
devices, and electret ion chamber detectors, which are available in hardware,
drug, and other stores; they can also be ordered by mail or phone. These devices
areexposedtotheairinthehomeforaspeciedperiodoftimeandthensent
to a laboratory for analysis. Both short-term and long-term passive devices are
generally inexpensive. Some of these devices may have features that offer more
resistancetotestinterferenceordisturbancethanotherpassivedevices.Qualied
radon testers may use any of these devices to measure the home’s radon level.
16
30
34
5. How Can I Get Reliable Radon
Test Results?
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
12
Active Devices
Active radon testing devices require power to function. These include
continuous radon monitors and continuous working level monitors. They
continuously measure and record the amount of radon or its decay products in
the air. Many of these devices provide a report of this information which can
reveal any unusual or abnormal swings in the radon level during the test period. A
qualiedtestercanexplainthisreporttoyou.Inaddition,someofthesedevices
arespecicallydesignedtodeteranddetecttestinterference.Sometechnically
advanced active devices offer anti-interference features. Although these tests
may cost more, they may ensure a more reliable result.
b. General Information for All Devices
 Astateorlocalradonofcialcanexplainthedifferencesbetweendevices
and recommend the ones which are most appropriate for your needs and expected
testing conditions.
Make sure to use a radon measurement device from a
qualiedlaboratory.Certainprecautionsshouldbefollowed
to avoid interference during the test period; see the Radon
Testing Checklist for more information on how to get a reliable
test result.
Radon Test Device Placement
EPA recommends that the test device(s) be placed in the lowest level of the home
thatcouldbeusedregularly,whetheritisnishedorunnished.Conductthetest
in any space that could be used by the buyer as a bedroom, play area, family room,
den, exercise room, or workshop. Based on their client’s intended use of the space,
thequaliedtestingprofessionalshouldidentifytheappropriatetestlocationand
inform their client (buyer). Do not test in a closet, stairway, hallway, crawl space
or in an enclosed area of high humidity or high air velocity. An enclosed area
may include a kitchen, bathroom, laundry room or furnace room.
20
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 13
20
c. Preventing or Detecting Test Interference
There is a potential for test interference in real estate transactions. There are
several ways to prevent or detect test interference:
G Use a test device that frequently records radon or decay product levels to
detect unusual swings;
G Employ a motion detector to determine whether the test device has been moved
or if testing conditions have changed;
G Use a proximity detector to reveal the presence of people in the room which
may correlate to possible changes in radon levels during the test;
G Record the barometric pressure to identify weather conditions which may
have affected the test;
G Record the temperature to help assess whether doors and windows have been
opened;
G Apply tamper-proof seals to windows to ensure closed-
house conditions; and
G Have the seller/occupant sign a non-interference agreement.
Homebuyersandsellersshouldconsultaqualiedradontestprovideraboutthe
use of these precautions.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
14
d. Length of Time to Test
Because radon levels tend to vary from day to day and season to season,
a short-term test is less likely than a long-term test to tell you your year-round
average radon level. However, if you need results quickly, a short-term test may
beusedtodecidewhethertoxthehome.
There Are Two General Ways to Test Your Home for Radon:
 Short-Term Testing
The quickest way to test is with short-term tests. Short-term tests remain in
your home from two to 90 days, depending on the device. There are two groups
of devices which are more commonly used for short-term testing. The passive
device group includes alpha track detectors, charcoal canisters, charcoal liquid
scintillation detectors, and electret ion chambers. The active device group
consists of different types of continuous monitors.
 Long-Term Testing
Long-term tests remain in your home for more than 90 days. Alpha track
and electret ion chamber detectors are commonly used for this type of testing.
A long-term test result is more likely to tell you your home’s year-round average
radon level than a short-term test. If time permits (more than 90 days), long-term
testscanbeusedtoconrminitialshort-termresults.Whenlong-termtestresults
are4pCi/Lorhigher,EPArecommendsxingthehome.
Whetheryoutestforradonyourselforhireaqualiedtester,allradontestsshould
be taken for a minimum of 48 hours. Some devices require a longer (minimum)
length of time, e.g., a 7-day charcoal canister device.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 15
13
e. Doing a Short-Term Test...
If you are testing in a real estate transaction and you need
results quickly, any of the following three options for short-term
tests are acceptable in determining whether the home should
bexed.Anyrealestatetestforradonshouldincludestepsto
prevent or detect interference with the test device.
Short-Term Testing Options
Passive:
Take two short-term tests at the same
time in the same location for at least
48 hours.
or
Take an initial short-term test for at
least 48 hours. Immediately upon
completingthersttest,doasecond
test using an identical device in the
samelocationasthersttest.
Active:
Test the home with a continuous
monitor for at least 48 hours.
What to Do Next
Fix the home if the average of the two
tests is 4 pCi/L or more.
Fix the home if the average of the two
tests is 4 pCi/L or more.
Fix the home if the average radon
level is 4 pCi/L or more.
When Choosing a Short-Term Testing Option...
There are trade-offs among the short-term testing options. Two tests taken at the
same time (simultaneous) would improve the precision of this radon test. One test
followed by another test (sequential) would most likely give a better representation
of the seasonal average. Both active and passive devices may have features which
helptopreventtestinterference.Yourstateradonofcecanhelpyoudecidewhich
option is best.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
16
f. Using Testing Devices Properly for Reliable
Results
 If You Do the Test Yourself
When you are taking a short-term test, close windows
and doors to the outside and keep them closed, except for
normal entry and exit. If you are taking a short-term test
lasting less than four days, be sure to:
G Close your windows and outside doors at least 12 hours before beginning the
test;
G Do not conduct short-term tests lasting less than four days during severe storms
or periods of high winds;
G Follow the testing instructions and record the start time and date;
G Placethetestdeviceatleast20inchesabovetheoorinalocationwhereit
will not be disturbed and where it will be away from drafts, high heat, high
humidity, and exterior walls;
G Leave the test kit in place for as long as the test instructions say; and
G Oncethetestisnished,recordthestoptimeanddate,resealthepackage,
andreturnitimmediatelytothelabspeciedonthepackageforanalysis.
You should receive your test results within a few days or weeks. If you need
resultsquickly,youshouldndouthowlongresultswilltakeand,ifnecessary,
request expedited service.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 17
34
G Analyze the data and report the measurement results; and
G Provide an independent test result.
Yourstateradonofcemayalsohaveinformationaboutqualiedradontesters
andcerticationrequirements.
g. Interpreting Radon Test Results
The average indoor radon level is estimated to be about 1.3 pCi/L; roughly
0.4 pCi/L of radon is normally found in the outside air. The U.S. Congress has set
a long-term goal that indoor radon levels be no more than outdoor levels. While
this goal is not yet technologically achievable for all homes, radon levels in many
homes can be reduced to 2 pCi/L or less. A radon level below 4 pCi/L still poses
arisk.Considerxingwhentheradonlevelisbetween2and4pCi/L.
 If You Hire a Qualied Radon Tester
In many cases, home buyers and sellers may decide to have
theradontestdonebyaqualiedradontesterwhoknowsthe
proper conditions, test devices, and guidelines for obtaining a
reliable radon test result. They can also:
G Evaluate the home and recommend a testing approach designed to make sure
you get reliable results;
G Explain how proper conditions can be maintained during the radon test;
G Emphasize to a home’s occupants that a reliable test result depends upon their
cooperation. Interference with, or disturbance of, the test or closed-house
conditions will invalidate the test result;
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
18
Radon and Smoking
Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be lower.
Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be higher.
*Lifetime risk of lung cancer deaths from EPA Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003).
**Comparison data calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 1999-2001 National
Center for Injury Prevention and Control Reports.
RADON RISK IF YOU HAVE NEVER SMOKED
RADON RISK IF YOU SMOKE
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 19
 Sometimesshort-termtestsarelessdenitiveaboutwhethertheradonlevelin
the home is at or above 4 pCi/L; particularly when the results are close to 4 pCi/L.
For example, if the average of two short-term tests is 4.1 pCi/L, there is about a 50
percent chance that the year-round average is somewhat below, or above, 4 pCi/L.
However, EPA believes that any radon exposure carries some risk; no level of
radon is safe. Even radon levels below 4 pCi/L pose some risk. You can reduce
your risk of lung cancer by lowering your radon level.
As with other environmental pollutants, there is some uncertainty about the
magnitude of radon health risks. However, we know more about radon risks than
risks from most other cancer-causing substances. This is because estimates of
radon risks are based on data from human studies (underground miners). Additional
studies on more typical populations are under way.
Your radon measurement will give you an idea of your risk of getting lung
cancer. Your chances of getting lung cancer from radon depend mostly on:
Your home’s radon level;
The amount of time you spend in your home; and
Whether you are a smoker or have ever smoked.
Smoking combined with radon is an especially serious health risk. If you
smoke or are a former smoker, the presence of radon greatly increases your risk
of lung cancer. If you stop smoking now and lower the radon level in your house,
you will reduce your lung cancer risk.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
20
Before Conducting a Radon Test:
G Notify the occupants of the importance of proper testing
conditions. Give the occupants written instructions or a
copy of this Guide and explain the directions carefully.
G Conduct the radon test for a minimum of 48 hours; some test devices have a
minimum exposure time greater than 48 hours.
G When doing a short-term test ranging from 2-4 days, it is important to maintain
closed-house conditions for at least 12 hours before the beginning of the test
and during the entire test period.
G When doing a short-term test ranging from 4-7 days, EPA recommends that
closed-house conditions be maintained.
G Ifyouconductthetestyourself,useaqualiedradonmeasurementdeviceand
follow the laboratory’s instructions. Your state may be able to provide you with
alistofdo-it-yourselftestdevicesavailablefromqualiedlaboratories.
G Ifyouhiresomeonetodothetest,hireonlyaqualiedindividual.Somestates
issuephotoidentication(ID)cards;asktoseeit.Thetester’sIDnumber,if
available, should be included or noted in the test report.
*Closed-house conditions means keeping all windows closed, keeping doors closed except for
normal entry and exit, and not operating fans or other machines which bring in air from outside.
Fans that are part of a radon-reduction system or small exhaust fans operating for only short periods
of time may run during the test.
For reliable test results, follow this Radon Testing Checklist carefully. Testing
for radon is not complicated. Improper testing may yield inaccurate results
and require another test. Disturbing or interfering with the test device, or with
closed-house conditions*, may invalidate the test results and is illegal in some
states.Ifthesellerorqualiedtestercannot conrmthat allitemshavebeen
completed, take another test.
Radon Testing Checklist
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 21
G The test should include method(s) to prevent or detect interference with testing
conditions or with the testing device itself.
G If the house has an active radon-reduction system, make sure the vent fan is
operating properly. If the fan is not operating properly, have it (or ask to have
it) repaired and then test.
 During a Radon Test:
G Maintain closed-house conditions during the entire duration of a short-term
test, especially for tests shorter than one week in length.
G Operate the home’s heating and cooling systems normally during the test.
For tests lasting less than one week, operate only air-conditioning units which
recirculate interior air.
G Do not disturb the test device at any time during the test.
G If a radon-reduction system is in place, make sure the system is working
properly and will be in operation during the entire radon test.
 After a Radon Test:
G If you conduct the test yourself, be sure to promptly return the test device to
the laboratory. Be sure to complete the required information, including start
and stop times, test location, etc.
G Ifanelevatedradonlevelisfound,xthehome.Contactaqualiedradon-
reduction contractor about lowering the radon level. EPA recommends that
youxthehomewhentheradonlevelis4pCi/Lormore.
G Be sure that you or the radon tester can demonstrate or provide information to
ensure that the testing conditions were not violated during the testing period.
Radon Testing Checklist
(continued)
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
22
a. High Radon Levels Can Be Reduced
EPA recommends that you take action to reduce your home’s indoor radon
levels if your radon test result is 4 pCi/L or higher. It is better to correct a radon
problem before placing your home on the market because then you have more
time to address a radon problem.
If elevated levels are found during the real estate transaction, the buyer and
seller should discuss the timing and costs of radon reduction. The cost of making
repairs to reduce radon levels depends on how your home was built and other
factors.Mosthomescanbexedforaboutthesamecostasothercommonhome
repairs.Checkwithandgetanestimatefromoneormorequaliedmitigators.
b. How to Lower the Radon Level In Your Home
A variety of methods can be used to reduce radon in homes. Sealing cracks
and other openings in the foundation is a basic part of most approaches to radon
reduction. EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to limit radon
entry.Sealingalonehasnotbeenshowntolowerradonlevelssignicantlyor
consistently.
In most cases, a system with a vent pipe(s) and fan(s) is used to reduce radon.
These “sub-slab depressurization” systems do not require major changes to your
home. Similar systems can also be installed in homes with crawl spaces. These
systemspreventradongasfromenteringthehomefrombelowtheconcreteoor
and from outside the foundation. Radon mitigation contractors may use other
methods that may also work in your home. The right system depends on the
design of your home and other factors.
6. What Should I Do if the Radon
Level is High?
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 23
32
Techniques for reducing radon are discussed in EPA’s
Consumer’s Guide to Radon Reduction. As with any other
household appliance, there are costs associated with the
operation of a radon-reduction system.
You should also test your home again
afteritisxedtobesurethatradonlevels
have been reduced. If your living patterns
change and you begin occupying a lower
level of your home (such as a basement),
you should retest your home on that level.
In addition, it is a good idea to retest your
home sometime in the future to be sure
radon levels remain low.
Radon and Home Renovations
If you are planning any major renovations, such as converting an unnished
basement area into living space, it is especially important to test the area before
you begin.
If your test results indicate an elevated radon level, radon-resistant techniques
can be inexpensively included as part of the renovation. Major renovations can
change the level of radon in any home. Test again after the work is completed.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
24
32
33
c. Selecting a Radon-Reduction (Mitigation) Contractor
Selectaqualiedradon-reductioncontractortoreducethe
radon level in your home. Any mitigation measures taken or
system installed in your home must conform to your state’s
regulations. In states without regulations covering mitigation,
EPA recommends that the system conform to ASTM E 2121.
EPA recommends that the
mitigation contractor review the
radon measurement results before
beginning any radon-reduction work.
Test again after the radon mitigation
workhasbeencompletedtoconrm
that previous elevated levels have
been reduced. EPA recommends
that the test be conducted by an
independent,qualiedradontester.
d.WhatCanaQualiedRadon-ReductionContractor
Do for You?
 Aqualiedradon-reduction(mitigation)contractorshouldbeableto:
G Review testing guidelines and measurement results, and determine if additional
measurements are needed;
G Evaluate the radon problem and provide you with a detailed, written proposal
on how radon levels will be lowered;
G Design a radon-reduction system;
G Install the system according to EPA recommended standard, or state and local
codes; and
G Makesurethenishedsystemeffectivelyreducesradonlevelstoacceptablelevels.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 25
 Choosearadonmitigationcontractortoxyourradonproblemjustasyou
would for any other home repair. You may want to get more than one estimate,
andaskforandchecktheirreferences.Makesurethepersonyouhireisqualied
to install a mitigation system. Some states regulate or certify radon mitigation
services providers.
 Beawarethatapotentialconictofinterestexistsifthesamepersonorrm
performs the testing and installs the mitigation system. Some states may require
thehomeownertosignawaiverinsuchcases.Ifthesamepersonorrmdoes
the testing and mitigation, make sure the testing is done in accordance with the
Radon Testing Checklist.Contactyourstateradonofceformoreinformation.
e. Radon In Water
The radon in your home’s indoor air can come from two sources, the soil or
your water supply. Compared to radon entering your home through the water,
radon entering your home through the soil is a much larger risk. If you’ve tested
for radon in air and have elevated radon levels and your water comes from a
private well, have your water tested. The devices and procedures for testing your
home’s water supply are different from those used for measuring radon in air.
The radon in your water supply poses an inhalation risk and an ingestion risk.
Research has shown that your risk of lung cancer from breathing radon in air is
much larger than your risk of stomach cancer from swallowing water with radon
in it. Most of your risk from radon in water comes from radon released into the
air when water is used for showering and other household purposes.
Radon in your home’s water is not usually a problem when its source is surface
water. A radon in water problem is more likely when its source is ground water,
e.g., a private well or a public water supply system that uses ground water. Some
public water systems treat their water to reduce radon levels before it is delivered
to your home. If you are concerned that radon may be entering your home through
the water and your water comes from a public water supply, contact your water
supplier.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
26
If you’ve tested your private well and have a radon in water problem, it can
bexed.Yourhome’swatersupplycanbetreatedinoneoftwoways.Point-
of-entry treatment can effectively remove radon from the water before it enters
your home. Point-of-entry treatment usually employs either granular activated
carbon(GAC)ltersoraerationdevices.WhileGACltersusuallycostlessthan
aerationdevices,lterscancollectradioactivityandmayrequireaspecialmethod
of disposal. Point-of-use treatment devices remove radon from your water at the
tap, but only treat a small portion of the water you use, e.g., the water you drink.
Point-of-use devices are not effective in reducing the risk from breathing radon
released into the air from all water used in the home.
For information on radon in water, testing and
treatment, and existing or planned radon in drinking
water standards, or for general help, call EPA’s
Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or visit
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radon.html, an
EPA web site. If your water comes from a private
well,youcanalsocontactyourstateradonofce.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 27
6
34
1
18
MYTH #1: Scientists are not sure that radon really is a problem.
FACT: Although some scientists dispute the precise number of deaths due to radon,
all the major health organizations (like the Centers for Disease Control, the American
Lung Association, and the American Medical Association) agree
with estimates that radon causes thousands of preventable lung
cancer deaths every year. This is especially true among smokers,
since the risk to smokers is much greater than to non-smokers.
MYTH #2: Radontestingdevicesarenotreliableandaredifculttond.
FACT:  Reliable radon tests are available from qualied radon testers and
companies. Active radon devices can continuously gather and periodically record
radon levels to reveal any unusual swings in the radon level during the test. Reliable
testing devices are also available by phone or mail-order, and can
be purchased in hardware stores and other retail outlets. Call
yourstateradonofceforalistofqualiedradontestcompanies.
MYTH #3: Radontestingisdifcultandtime-consuming.
FACT: Radon testing is easy. You can test your home yourself
orhireaqualiedradontestcompany.Eitherapproachtakes
only a small amount of time and effort.
MYTH #4:Homeswithradonproblemscannotbexed.
FACT: There are solutions to radon problems in homes. Thousands of home
ownershavealready lowered their radonlevels.Mosthomes can be xedfor
aboutthesamecostasothercommonhomerepairs.Callyourstateradonofce
foralistofqualiedmitigationcontractors.
MYTH #5: Radon only affects certain types of homes.
FACT: Radon can be a problem in all types of homes, including old homes, new
homes, drafty homes, insulated homes, homes with basements, and homes without
basements. Local geology, construction materials, and how the home was built
are among the factors that can affect radon levels in homes.
7. Radon Myths and Facts
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
28
25
MYTH #6: Radon is only a problem in certain parts of the country.
FACT: High radon levels have been found in every state. Radon problems do
vary from area to area, but the only way to know a home’s radon level is to test.
MYTH #7: A neighbor’s test result is a good indication of whether your home
has a radon problem.
FACT: It is not. Radon levels vary from home to home. The only way to know
if your home has a radon problem is to test it.
MYTH #8: Everyone should test their water for radon.
FACT: While radon gets into some homes through the water, it is important to
rsttesttheairinthehomeforradon.Ifyourwatercomesfromapublicwater
system that uses ground water, call your water supplier. If high radon levels are
found and the home has a private well, call the Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 for information on testing your
water.Also,callyourstateradonofceformoreinformation
about radon in air.
MYTH #9: Itisdifculttosellahomewhereradonproblemshavebeendiscovered.
FACT: Whereradonproblemshavebeenxed,homesaleshavenotbeenblocked.
The added protection will be a good selling point.
MYTH #10: I have lived in my home for so long, it does not make sense to take
action now.
FACT: You will reduce your risk of lung cancer when you reduce radon levels,
even if you have lived with an elevated radon level for a long time.
MYTH #11: Short-term tests cannot be used for making a decision about whether
to reduce the home’s high radon levels.
FACT: Short-term tests can be used to decide whether to reduce the home’s
high radon levels. However, the closer the short-term testing result is to 4 pCi/L,
the less certainty there is about whether the home’s year-round average is above
or below that level. Keep in mind that radon levels below 4 pCi/L still pose some
risk and that radon levels can be reduced to 2 pCi/L or below in most homes.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 29
If you have a radon-related question, you should contact your state radon
ofce.Thefollowingwebsites,hotlines,andpublicationsareyourbestsourcesof
information. Visit our Frequent Questions web site at http://iaq.custhelp.com. You
canalsondindoorairqualityinformationandpublicationsonEPA’smanywebsites.
a. World Wide Web Sites (EPA)
These are EPA’s most important web sites for information on radon and indoor
air quality in homes. All the EPA publications listed in this section are available
on EPA’s web sites.
G http://www.epa.gov/radon/. EPA’s main radon page. Includes links to the
NAS radon report, radon-resistant new construction, the map of radon zones,
radon publications, hotlines, and more.
G http://www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html. Provides detailed information
oncontactingyourstate’sradonofce,includinglinkstosomestatewebsites.
State indoor air quality contacts are also included.
G http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/index.html. Offers the full text version
of EPA’s most popular radon publications, including the Home Buyer’s and
Seller’s Guide to Radon, the Consumer’s Guide to Radon Reduction, and the
Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon in New Residential
Buildings, and others.
G http://www.epa.gov/iaq. EPA’s main page on indoor air quality. Includes
information on indoor risk factors, e.g., asthma, secondhand smoke, carbon
monoxide,ductcleaning,ozonegeneratingdevices,indooraircleaners,ood
cleanup, etc.
G http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radon.html. EPA’s main page on radon in
water. Includes information on statutory requirements and links to the drinking
water standards program.
8. Need More Information
about Radon?
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
30
b. Radon Hotlines (Toll-Free)
EPA supports the following hotlines to best serve
consumers with radon-related questions and concerns.
1-800-SOS-RADON (767-7236).* Purchase radon test kits by phone.
1-800-55RADON (557-2366).* Get live help for your radon questions.
1-800-644-6999.*RadonFix-ItHotline.Forgeneralinformationonxingor
reducing the radon level in your home.
1-866-528-3187.* Línea Directa de Información sobre Radón en Español.
Hay operadores disponibles desde las 9:00 AM hasta las 5:00 PM para darle
información sobre radón y como ordenar un kit para hacer la prueba de radón
en su hogar.
1-800-426-4791. Safe Drinking Water Hotline. For general information on
drinking water, radon in water, testing and treatment, and standards for radon
in drinking water. Operated under a contract with EPA.
*Operated by the National Safety Council in partnership with EPA.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 31
36
c. Printed Documents
Radon Risk and Testing
G Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon
(EPA 402/K-09/002, January 2009).
Everything you need to know about effectively dealing with radon during
a residential real estate transaction. This publication can be viewed at
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/hmbyguid.html and is available as a
portabledocumentformat(pdf)le.Thepublicationisinthepublicdomain
and may be reproduced or reprinted in its entirety and without changes. A
franking/imprint space for organizations and businesses is available on the
lower half of the back cover. This publication was prepared by EPA’s Indoor
EnvironmentsDivision(IED),OfceofRadiationandIndoorAir(6609-J),
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.
Single copies are available free from the following sources (multiple copies
may be available in some instances; ask for details):
 Stateradonofces;seehttp://www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html.
 National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at
1-800-490-9198, http://www.epa.gov/nscep/ or via email at nscep@
bps-lmit.com.
Single or multiple copies are available for a fee from the
following sources (ask for details):
 The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) at
(502) 227-4543 (multiple copy orders only).
 The American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (AARST)
at (866) 772-2778 (multiple copy orders only).
 The National Radon Safety Board (NRSB) at (866) 329-3474 (multiple
copy orders only).
The National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) at (800) 269-4174.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
32
G A Citizen’s Guide to Radon: The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your
Family From Radon (EPA 402/K-09/001, January 2009).
Provides basic information on radon, sources of radon, radon health risks, and
how to test when you’re not in a real estate transaction.
G A Radon Guide For Tenants (EPA 402-K-98-004, August 1998).
 Providestenantswithbasicinformationaboutradon,testing,andxing.It
also contains information directed to building owners and landlords.
Reducing Radon Levels In a Home
G Consumer’s Guide to Radon Reduction (EPA 402-K-06-094, December 2006).
The consumer’s basic source of information on how to reduce radon levels in
a home’s indoor air. It includes information about the key mitigation system
components, installation and operating costs, radon health risks, and testing
(when not in a real estate transaction).
Building a New Home to Be Radon-Resistant
G Appendix F: Radon Control Methods (IRC, 2003).
Published in the International Residential Code by the International Code
Council (ICC) as a guide to building radon-resistant homes. Available from the
ICC, 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600, Falls Church, VA 22041-3401. Contact
information: 1-888-ICC-SAFE, or via the Internet at http://www.iccsafe.org
G Radon Control Methods (Section 49.2.5)
Published in the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA, 2003) Building
Construction and Safety Code: NFPA 5000. NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471. Contact information: 617 -770-3000,
or via the Internet at www.nfpa.org
G Standard Practice for Radon Control Options for the Design and Construction of
New-Low Rise Residential Buildings (ASTM E 1465-08, EPA 402-K-08-004*).
This consensus standard provides technical details on how to make radon-
resistant features an integral part of a new home during construction. A must
for builders or anyone building a new or custom home.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 33
Radon Technical Guidance
G Standard Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing
Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASTM E 2121-03, EPA 402-K-03-007*).
This consensus standard provides technical details on mitigating existing
buildings. A must for professional mitigators.
G Protocols for Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurements in Homes
(EPA 402-R-92-003, June 1993).
 Thisdocumentisintendedforusebyqualiedradonmeasurementtechnicians
and testers, and laboratories that analyze radon devices and prepare radon
test results reports. These protocols were written to guide routine radon
measurements (Citizen’s Guide) and those made in conjunction with real estate
transactions (Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide).
G Indoor Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurement Device Protocols
(EPA 402-R-92-004, July 1992).
 Thisdocumentisintendedforusebyqualiedradonmeasurementtechnicians
and testers. It contains detailed technical information on the types of radon
measurement devices, their proper use and maintenance, and quality assurance
procedures. These protocols were written to guide routine radon measurements
(Citizen’s Guide) and those made in conjunction with real estate transactions
(Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide).
*A single copy of ASTM E 2121 and E 1465 is free on request from EPA’s National Service Center
for Environmental Publications (NSCEP); 1-800-490-9198, http://www.epa.gov/nscep/, or via email
at nscep@bps-lmit.com.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
34
CallyourstateradonofceorEPARegionalofceforadditionalhelpwith
any of your radon questions. Up-to-date information on how to contact your state
radonofceisalsoavailableontheweb(above).Youwillalsondalistofstate
hotlines, state indoor air coordinators, and state web sites (if available). Some
statescanalsoprovideyouwithalistofqualiedradonservicesproviders.Native
Americans living on Tribal Lands should contact their Tribal Health Department
or Housing Authority for assistance.
STATE1 LOCAL-TOLL TOLL-FREE2
Alabama 334-206-5391 800-582-1866
Alaska 907-465-3090 800-478-8324
Arizona 602-255-4845 x244 None
Arkansas 501-661-2301 800-482-5400
California1 916-324-2208 800-745-7236
Colorado 303-692-3090 800-846-3986
Connecticut 860-509-7367 None
Delaware1 302-739-4731 800-464-4357
Dist. of Columbia 202-535-2302 None
Florida1 850-245-4288 800-543-8279
Georgia 404-872-3549 800-745-0037
Guam 671-475-1611 None
Hawaii 808-586-4700 None
Idaho 208-332-7319 800-445-8647
Illinois1 217-785-9958 800-325-1245
Indiana1 317-233-7147 800-272-9723
Iowa1 515-281-4928 800-383-5992
Kansas 785-296-1561 800-693-5343
Kentucky1 502-564-4856 None
Louisiana 225-925-7042 800-256-2494
Maine1 207-287-5676 800-232-0842
Maryland 215-814-2086 800-438-2472 x2086
Massachusetts 413-586-7525 800-RADON95
Michigan 517-335-8037 800-723-6642
Minnesota 651-215-0909 800-798-9050
Mississippi 601-987-6893 800-626-7739
Missouri 573-751-6160 866-628-9891
Montana 406-444-6768 800-546-0483
_______________
1 Some states “regulate” or “qualify” providers of radon measurement and mitigation
servicesbyrequiringregistration,certication,orlicensing;someissueidentication
cards. Your state can provide you with more information.
2 The toll-free numbers shown are for in-state callers and are subject to change.
9. State Radon Offices
(www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html)
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 35
Nebraska1 402-471-0594 800-334-9491
Nevada 775-687-7531 888-723-6610
New Hampshire 603-271-4674 800-852-3345 x4674
New Jersey1 609-984-5425 800-648-0394
New Mexico 505-476-8531 None
New York 800-458-1158 800-458-1158
North Carolina 919-571-4141 None
North Dakota 701-328-5188 800-252-6325
Ohio1 614-644-2727 800-523-4439
Oklahoma 405-702-5100 None
Oregon 503-731-4272 None
Pennsylvania1 717-783-3594 800-237-2366
Puerto Rico 787-767-3563 None
Rhode Island1 401-222-2438 None
South Carolina 803-898-3893 800-768-0362
South Dakota 605-773-3151 800-438-3367
Tennessee 615-299-9725 800-232-1139
Texas 512-834-6688 800-572-5548
Utah 801-536-4250 800-458-0145
Vermont 802-865-7730 800-439-8550
Virginia1 804-786-5932 800-468-0138
Washington 360-236-3253 None
West Virginia1 304-558-3427 800-922-1255
Wisconsin 608-267-4796 888-569-7236
Wyoming 307-777-6015 800-458-5347
State Radon Offices
(www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html)
(continued)
_______________
1 Some states “regulate” or “qualify” providers of radon measurement and mitigation
servicesbyrequiringregistration,certication,orlicensing;someissueidentication
cards. Your state can provide you with more information.
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
36
10. EPA Regional Offices
(www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html)
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 37
4 pCi/L (picocuries per liter): inside
front cover, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19,
21, 22, 28
Active (radon) devices: 12, 14, 27
Alterations: 7
BEIR VI: 1
Buying a home: inside front cover, 1,
2, 7, 9
Closed-house conditions: 13, 17, 20,
21
Contract: 8
Cost(s): 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 26, 32
Crawl spaces: 10, 22
Device interference: inside front
cover, 2, 12
Disclosure: 5
Drinking water: 26, 28, 29, 30
Elevated (radon levels): 3, 4, 10, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 28, back cover
Energyefciency/efcient:9
EPARegionalOfces:31,34,35
Guidance/Guide: 1, 2, 6, 20, 23, 29,
31, 32, 33, back cover
High (radon) levels: 1, 14, 17, 22, 28
Hotline(s): 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35
Long-term test(s): 11, 14
Lowest level: 2, 6, 8, 12, 23
Lung cancer/risk: inside front cover,
1, 19, 25, 27, 28
(Minimum of) 48 hours: 14, 15, 21
Mitigation/radon-reduction tech-
niques: 21, 23
National Academy of Sciences: 1, 18
Native Americans/tribal: 34, 35
Passive devices: 11, 14, 15
Picocuries per liter (pCi/L): inside
front cover, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19,
21, 22, 28
Private well: 25, 26, 28
Protocols: 6, 33
Qualied:6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,
16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34
11.Index
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
38 www.epa.gov/radon
Radon devices: 11, 27, 33
Radonprociency:6
Radon-reduction system: 2, 8, 20, 21,
23, 24
Radon-resistant construction/features/
home/techniques: inside front cover,
9, 10, 23, 32, 33
Radon Testing Checklist: 5, 6, 7, 12,
20, 21, 25
Renovate(d)/renovation(s): 5, 6, 8,
12, 23
Seller’s test: 7
Selling a home: inside front cover, 1,
5
Service agreement(s): 4
Short-term test(s): 2, 11, 14, 15, 16,
17, 20, 21, 28
Smokers/smoking: 1, 18, 19, 27, 29
Standards: 10, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33
Stateradonofce:3,4,6,7,11,15,
17, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35
Sub-slab depressurization: 22
Surgeon General: 1, 4, back cover
Tenants: 32
Testing device(s): 11, 12, 16, 20, 27
Test interference: 11, 12, 13, 15, 17
Test kit(s): 11, 16, 30
Test results: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28, 33
Toll-free: 30, 34, 35
Web site(s): 26, 29, 34, 35
Well water: 3, 25, 26, 28
Who will pay: 8
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009
Home Buyer’s and Seller’s Guide to Radon 39
U.S. SURGEON GENERAL HEALTH ADVISORY
“Indoor radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States and
breathingitoverprolongedperiodscanpresentasignicanthealthrisktofamilies
all over the country. It’s important to know that this threat is completely preventable.
Radoncanbedetectedwithasimpletestandxedthroughwell-establishedventing
techniques.” January 2005
Consumers need to know about the health of a house they are considering purchasing,
includingwhetherthereisaradonproblem,andifso,howtoxit.The Home Buyer’s
and Seller’s Guide to Radon provides practical consumer information that every home
buyer needs to know.
Consumer Federation of America Foundation
American Society of Home Inspectors
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Indoor Environments Division (6609J)
EPA 402/K-09/002 | January 2009 | www.epa.gov/iaq
Printed on 100% recycled/recyclable paper
with a minimum of 50% post-consumer ber
using vegetable-based ink.

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