Psiber Data Systems Wifi Planner Rf3D Users Manual

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®

manual

for RF3D WifiPlanner and

RF3D WifiPlanner Lite

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Contents

1 Introduction 2

1.1 PC 1.1PC Hardware Requirements 3

1.2 Installation and Activation 3

1.3 Product Updates 5

2 Fundamentals of Wireless Network Planning 5

2.1 Standardization in Wireless Networking 5

2.1.1 The IEEE 802.11b Specification 5

2.1.2 The IEEE 802.11g Specification 6

2.1.3 The IEEE 802.11a Specification 6

2.1.4 The IEEE 802.11h Specification 6

2.2 Frequencies and Channels 6

2.3 Cellular Structure of a Wireless Network 8

2.4 Antennas 9

2.4.1 Omnidirectional Antennas 10

2.4.2 Patch Antennas 10

2.4.3 Yagi Antennas 10

2.5 Attenuation 10

2.6 Theoretical Throughput Rates 10

2.7 Redundancy 11

3 The RF3D User Interface 11

3.1 Importing Building Plans 11

3.2 The Toolbox 14

3.3 Drawing and Selecting Elements 15

3.4 The Simulation Tab 15

3.5 The Access Point Tab 17

3.6 Advanced Settings 17

4 Planning Wireless Networks 17

4.1 What Application Is Intended? 17

4.2 Entering Environmental Factors 18

4.3 Positioning Access Points 19

4.4 Optimizing Wireless Networks 21

5 Advanced Settings 22

5.1 Editing Wall and Floor Libraries 22

5.2 Editing the Access Point/Antenna Library 23

5.3 Options and Settings 27

5.4 Floors with Openings 27

5.5 Split-Level Buildings 28

Appendix A The Antenna Library 29

Appendix B The Wall and Floor Library 35

Appendix C Table of Colors 38

Appendix D EULA 40

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1 Introduction

Thank you very much for choosing RF3D WifiPlanner! RF3D WifiPlanner is an advanced

program for planning wireless networks in conformance with the IEEE 802.11a/b/g/h

standards. RF3D WifiPlanner helps you design more efficient wireless networks and en-

sure that they deliver optimum service even under heavy loads. Such planning usually

saves costs too, not least by eliminating unnecessary access points. This also means

less radiation, which is another benefit that should not be underestimated.

The number of wireless networks in professional use is constantly growing. For compa-

nies that want full WiFi coverage using multiple access points, there is no substitute for

professional and efficient planning. Until now, however, it has been difficult to optimize

the time and money spent on planning robust, high-availability wireless networks, es-

pecially in multi-story buildings. RF3D WifiPlanner software by Psiber Data meets this

need, providing economical, application-specific planning of both simple and com-

plex wireless networks.

RF3D WifiPlanner provides true three-dimensional simulation of radio signal distribu-

tion in the building, and is thus the first tool to visualize co-channel and next-channel

interference from access points on other floors. Furthermore, the number of access

points required can be easily optimized through on-screen interactive planning. And

this planning software pays for itself with the first unnecessary access point you save.

Wireless network planners usually provide for too many access points, and more ac-

cess points do not generally improve the network quality. Instead, they cause channel

overlap, which is often unavoidable, especially in 2.4 GHz networks. As a result, com-

plex wireless networks are usually relatively error-free at low data rates, but as data

rates increase, errors become more frequent. But RF3D WifiPlanner lets you optimize

your network specifically for the use you anticipate.

RF3D WifiPlanner uses theoretical principles to calculate signal distribution. The net-

work as installed and its actual coverage may deviate from the results of such cal-

culations. Because the calculations are based on theoretical values, Psiber Data as-

sumes no liability for the accuracy of the results.

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1.1 PC 1.1PC Hardware Requirements

• Processor: Intel Pentium, 1.5 GHz or faster

• Display: 1024×768 or greater

• RAM: 750 MB for networks with less than 30 access points.

For larger network plans, 1 GB or more.

1.2 Installation and Activation

Before installing the software, please open Add or Remove Programs under Start / Con-

trol Panel, and verify that the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 (or higher) has been in-

stalled on your computer. If it is not already installed, please download the Microsoft

.NET Framework from www.microsoft.com and install it before you continue.

Furthermore, make sure that you have Administrator privileges on your PC and a work-

ing connection to the Internet.

Insert the installation CD into your drive. If the installer does not start automatically, dou-

ble-click the installation file to start it.

After starting the installer, you will see the welcome message.

Click Next

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Now choose the installation folder for the program. We recommend using the default

directory path. Please do not change the name of the application folder, “RF3DWifi-

Planner”. Click Next and wait for the installation to be completed.

After you click Finish, RF3D starts and displays a license activation dialog:

If you would like to evaluate the software in demo mode, simply click Cancel. Otherwise,

enter the serial number from your CD box or online purchase confirmation, your name, the

name of your company, and your e-mail address. Click OK. The following dialog appears:

For the next step, please make sure that the com-

puter is connected to the Internet. After you have

successfully activated the software, you will see

the following dialog:

Click Close to conclude the installation and activation, and start working with your

RF3D WifiPlanner.

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1.3 Product Updates

New versions of RF3D WifiPlanner are released from time to time. To search for up-

dates, please visit www.rf3d.com in the Internet. The RF3D website has a download

area where you can download the latest program version.

The same website allows you to upgrade from RF3D WifiPlanner Lite to the next higher

version. Or you can order an upgrade by e-mail to sales@rf3d.com.

Fundamentals of Wireless Network Planning

To plan an efficient wireless network, it helps to understand a little radio communica-

tion theory. In this document we can only provide a brief summary with regard to wire-

less networks. For more detailed information, please consult the specialist literature.

2.1 Standardization in Wireless Networking

In designing standards for wireless networks as they are used in the industry today, the

IEEE built on the Ethernet standard, IEEE 802.3. Like Ethernet, an IEEE WLAN functions

as a shared medium with a decentralized access control mechanism. Every station

competes for access with all other stations, and is responsible for regulating its own

use of the medium. In this situation, the CSMA/CD access protocol (Carrier Sense Mul-

tiple Access with Collision Detection) ensures that every station gets an opportunity

to transmit data over the medium. Because it uses the same media access technique,

802.11 WLAN is often called “wireless Ethernet”.

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines several different Ethernet-based wireless networks.

The most common of these are 802.11a, b, g and h. In general, two different radio

techniques are used in two different frequency bands. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is most

often used. This band is reserved worldwide for license-free industrial, scientific and

medical applications. The frequency band used can vary from one country to an-

other, however. For example, eleven channels can be used in the 2.4 GHz band in the

United states, while up to 14 channels are available in other parts of the world. The

other frequency band used for wireless Ethernet is around 5 GHz. In addition to the fre-

quency bands, the IEEE standards also specify transmitter power, data rates, packet

structure, management packets, and much more.

2.1.1 The IEEE 802.11b Specification

The wireless Ethernet standard IEEE 802.11b, adopted in late 1999, is the first such

standard to be widely supported for both industrial and home use. Networking com-

ponents that support this standard communicate in the 2.4 GHz band. The specified

data transfer rates are 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s.

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2.1.2 The IEEE 802.11g Specification

The IEEE 802.11g wireless Ethernet specification is an advanced extension of the wide-

ly accepted 802.11b standard, and was adopted in mid-2003. Like its predecessor,

802.11g also uses the 2.4 GHz frequency band. The data transfer rates were substan-

tially increased, however, so that the 802.11g standard permits throughput of 1, 2, 6, 9,

12, 18, 24, 36 and 54 Mbit/s. Networking components that conform to the g specica-

tion are also compatible with the earlier b standard. For this reason, such components

are often designated as “802.11 b/g compatible”.

2.1.3 The IEEE 802.11a Specification

The 802.11a extension to the IEEE wireless Ethernet standard was adopted in late 1999.

Unlike b and g networks, 802.11a uses the 5 GHz band. The advantage here is that

channel overlap is less frequent. The drawback, however, is that the 5 GHz band is

subject to various regulations and restrictions in some countries. Like the g standard,

802.11a species throughput rates of 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 54 Mbit/s.

2.1.4 The IEEE 802.11h Specification

Although IEEE 802.11b equipment became widespread all over the world around

the turn of the millennium, the market for IEEE 802.11a products developed relatively

slowly. In some countries, the regulatory agencies had not yet approved public use of

the frequency band. The IEEE 802.11h extension was a substantial prerequisite to the

use of products in conformance with the a standard in Europe. One major innovation

of the h specification is that components monitor the desired channel for other appli-

cations, such as radar, which could otherwise be impaired by wireless network opera-

tion. In case of such interference, the WLAN equipment either reduces its transmitter

power or shuts down. The operator can then select a different channel.

2.2 Frequencies and Channels

All the wireless standards described here work with fixed channel settings, not with

“frequency hopping” as used by other technologies such as Bluetooth. The 2.4 GHz

ISM band is divided into 14 channels. Channels and frequencies are subject to dif-

ferent local regulations in each country, however, which must be taken into account

during planning. For example, in the US, only channels 1 to 11 are used, while in Europe

channels 1 to 13 are available. It is generally up to the operator to ensure that local

regulations are observed.

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However, the channels in the ISM band overlap. For example, with reference to the

actual radio output of an access point, we find that an access point transmitting

on channel three also emits a signal on the neighboring channels 1, 2, 4, and 5. This

means that other WLAN components communicating on any of those four chan-

nels will receive interference. This happens whenever the components transmit data.

Data transmission generally occurs even when no user data is transported over the

network — in other words, when the network is idle — because management informa-

tion, beacons, keep-alive packets and the like still have to be transported at regular

intervals. This phenomenon is called near-channel interference.

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Interference arises whenever data is transmitted, and therefore networks that carry

little or no data generate less interference. This also means that, although a network

with lower data traffic still functions in spite of channel overlap, problems can be ex-

pected as traffic increases. In planning, of course, attention must be given to avoiding

channel overlaps. This is done by planning overall WLAN network as a cellular structure

in which adjacent cells use channels that are far apart in the frequency spectrum.

Among the eleven channels available in the US, no more than three can be used with

no overlapping: channels 1, 6, and 11.

It is also helpful to know that the maximum permissible transmitter power in this ISM

band for indoor use is 20 dBm, or 100 mW.

The 5 GHz frequency band offers a greater number of non-overlapping channels, but

is often subject to national regulations. Different countries permit different maximum

indoor and outdoor transmitter power levels, for example.

2.3 Cellular Structure of a Wireless Network

The size of a wireless cell — that is, the coverage area of an access point — is limited

by the transmitter power. To cover larger areas, a structure of several adjacent cells is

recommended. Because the adjacent cells overlap spatially, they must use distinct,

non-overlapping channels.

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Note that, in this cellular structure, channel overlap must be avoided not only within

each floor of a building, but also between adjacent floors. In other words, access points

above and below one another should not use the same channels.

Another important consideration is the security of a company-wide wireless network.

Usually the operator wants to avoid WLAN transmission beyond the boundaries of the

company’s premises in order to prevent unauthorized access from outside. Furthermore,

in designing the network’s cellular structure, you should also consider what applications

are to be transported over the network. If an application such as telephony is to be pro-

vided over the WLAN, then each cell — that is, each access point — is usually supposed

to support a specific number of simultaneous calls. This is usually not feasible in cells of

the greatest possible size, so the network should be designed with smaller cells. Smaller

cells can be achieved by reducing the transmitter power of specific access points. In

this case, of course, more access points are required to cover a given area.

Another consideration in planning wireless cells is that the data rate depends in part

on the signal power received at any given point. For applications with low data traffic,

such as warehouse or logistics applications, it can be efficient to use the outer fringes

of a cell in spite of weaker signal power.

2.4 Antennas

Antenna technology would take up a full chapter in a survey of WLAN fundamentals.

For planning purposes, you need to know that cell shapes can be optimized by using

appropriate antennas. In office floors, for example, signal radiation in a horizontal plane

is very important, while vertical radiation is often undesirable, since it causes interfer-

ence in the floors above and below. A highly directional antenna, such as a panel

antenna, may be used to cover a long corridor. Yagi antennas have an even narrower

beam and are used for point-to-point communications, such as radio links between

two buildings.

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2.4.1 Omnidirectional Antennas Omnidirectional antennas are generally used to in-

crease the communication range within offices or homes. The antennas commonly sup-

plied with access points are omnidirectional. Omnidirectional antennas have a beam

angle of 360° in the horizontal plane. Vertically, their radiation pattern is compressed, and

may cover an angle of 80°. These antennas can have a gain of 2 to 5 dB, and may be

used to increase an access point’s horizontal range.

Please see appendix A: The Antenna Library

2.4.2 Patch Antennas Patch antennas typically offer gain of 4 to 6 dB, with horizontal

and vertical beam angles of 80° to 65°. A patch antenna can increase the communica-

tion range by up to 100%.

2.4.3 Yagi Antennas Yagi antennas are extremely directional antennas, and are used

to set up point-to-point radio links, bridging distances of up to 300 m at 54 Mbit/s, 1 km

at 11 Mbit/s, or 2 km at 2 Mbit/s for example using 2.4 GHz WLAN. In this way separate

buildings can be interconnected using WLAN equipment.

Please see appendix A: The Antenna Library

2.5 Attenuation

Once the signal leaves the access point’s antenna, it is subject to attenuation, or loss: that

is, it becomes weaker. In the ideal case, the signal attenuation with increasing distance

from the antenna is called free-space loss. The theoretical rate of free space loss is different

for the different frequency bands, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. A 5 GHz signal is subject to greater

loss than a 2.4 GHz signal. Indoors, the actual attenuation depends on the given build-

ing. The signal loss through wooden walls is clearly different from the loss through stone or

reinforced concrete. It is therefore important to determine the building materials involved

and their specific properties.

Please see appendix B: The Wall and Floor Library

2.6 Theoretical Throughput Rates

Signal strength is one of the factors that determine the theoretical throughput of a wireless

LAN. Wireless LAN components lower their data rate automatically when the received signal

power is no longer sufficient for a higher throughput. Furthermore, the received signal must

also be greater than the noise due to interference, typically by 10 dB. Thus the signal quality

is characterized in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

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2.7 Redundancy

To protect the supported applications against failures, a certain redundancy must be de-

signed into a wireless network. This means that, if a given access point fails, the stations it

served can join neighboring radio cells. However, since access points too close together

generally cause interference, redundancy planning always involves a compromise between

reliability and throughput.

The RF3D User Interface

RF3D WifiPlanner’s user interface has been designed to display even complex WLAN plans

understandably. RF3D WifiPlanner calculates three-dimensional radio characteristics in real

time, and displays them in horizontal cross-sections corresponding to the floors of a build-

ing. A navigation column at the left presents simplified thumbnails of all the floor plans. The

selected floor is displayed in detail in the main window, where you can edit it interactively.

The tabs at the bottom of the window allow you to select the Simulation, Access Points and

Advanced options.

3.1Importing Building Plans

For an exact simulation of floors one above another, the building plans must be aligned. For

this purpose the RF3D WifiPlanner includes an Import Wizard to assist you in importing indi-

vidual floor plans in alignment with one another. Floor plans can be imported in the common

image formats JPG, BMP and PNG. In selecting oor plans, you should choose image les of

moderate size and resolution, since high-definition floor plans consume memory unnecessar-

ily. We recommend that you use images of less than 1000 × 1000 pixels. If your plans are cur-

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rently in DXF format (as produced by Auto-CAD for example), you can convert them either

using the graphics program they were created with, or using commonly available utilities.

Other ways of obtaining the necessary plans include scanning paper drawings or photo-

graphing the emergency exit plans posted on each floor of most buildings. It doesn’t matter

if the individual oor plans have different resolutions or orientations: the Import Wizard solves

such problems easily.

To start the Wizard, select the menu command File/New.

Click Next to import an image file of the first floor plan. Browse to the desired image

file in the file selection dialog.

To ensure that all the floor plans for the whole building are aligned one above anoth-

er, you must choose two corresponding reference points in each plan. RF3D WifiPlan-

ner automatically scales and rotates the individual plans to align the selected points

exactly in vertical lines. You only need to take care to select the two points so that

they can be identified exactly on every floor plan. It is a good idea to select the upper

left and right corners of the building as reference points, for example. Furthermore,

you must enter the exact distance between the two reference points. Specify the

distance in the measurement unit selected in the program options, feet or meters.

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After you have selected the image file for the first floor plan, you can align it with the

grid so that the walls are exactly horizontal and vertical. This will make it much simpler

to draw in the walls later. To align the plan, rotate it using the slider, then use the left

and right arrow keys for finer adjustments.

Then set the “coordinate origin,” such as the upper left corner of the building, and a

second “reference point,” such as the upper right corner of the building. Remember

that the same two points must be identifiable on the plan of every floor. Now enter in-

formation about the plan, including the following items:

Level Name: Specify a name for the current floor, such as “Ground Level” or “Fifth Floor”.

Level Height: Enter the floor’s elevation above ground level. This value can be negative if

your planning includes underground levels.

Level Name above: Enter the name of the floor above the current floor. When you

later import the next higher floor plan, be sure to give it the name you indicate here.

Mismatched next-level names should only occur in special cases, such as split-level

building plans.

Distance: Specify the distance between the two reference points on this floor. You should

enter this distance as exactly as possible, since coverage calculations may otherwise be

inexact.

Now click Next Floor to import the next plan. This time you do not need to align the image.

Simply click on the same two reference points as in the first plan, in the same order. Repeat

this procedure until you have imported all the floor plans. Click Finish to close the Wizard.

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3.2 The Toolbox

The Toolbox provides all the tools you need to design a wireless LAN. When you select Floor,

Supp. Wall, or Wall, the drop-down list to the right in the Toolbox contains a list of the possible

material types for the corresponding building element. To draw in building elements on the

plan, select a material type in the list. The material types are stored in the program as librar-

ies, which can be easily expanded. For details, see Chapter 5, “Advanced Settings”.

As described in Chapter 4, it is a good idea to draw in the plan elements — floors, walls, ac-

cess points, etc. — in a certain order.

Floor1. : Select this tool to describe oors or ceilings. A oor element is a polygon with

any number of sides. If there is an opening in a floor, such as a courtyard surrounded

by the building, you must draw the floor accordingly. For detailed instructions, see

Chapter 5. To draw a floor, click with the left mouse button at the corners of the

desired area. At the last corner, click with the right mouse button to complete the

polygon.

Supp. Wall:2. Supporting walls are elements of the building structure that are continu-

ous through all floors. You should use the supporting wall tool wherever possible in

order to minimize the number of plan elements and make the program’s calculations

significantly faster.

Wall: 3. Use the Wall tool to draw partition walls that are present only in the selected

floor. A wide variety of material types is available for partition walls, and the more ex-

actly you draw all the walls that exist in your building, the better your planning will be.

To draw a wall, click with the left mouse button where the wall begins and at each

angle, then with the right mouse button where the wall ends.

Arrow symbol: 4. Use the arrow tool to select elements in the plan. You can also edit the

plan by dragging and dropping the drawing elements. To select several elements,

press and hold the Ctrl key while you click on them. Clicking on a wall selects only

one segment of it.

Access Point/Antenna:5. Use this tool to place an access point with its antenna in the

plan. To insert an access point without an external antenna, use the antenna type

“Generic Antenna a/b/g 7 dBi Omni.” For all other antennas, select the desired type

from the list. To add new antenna types to the library, see Chapter 5. You can also

download additional antenna libraries from www.rf3d.com.

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3.3 Drawing and Selecting Elements

First select the desired element in the Toolbox, then choose the appropriate type of

material. Draw in plan elements using both the left and right mouse buttons: rst use the

left mouse button to mark corners, then the right mouse button to finish the element.

Walls, floors and supporting walls are ordinarily drawn only in horizontal and vertical

segments. But you can also draw diagonal segments at any angle simply by pressing

the Ctrl key as you move the mouse. In this way you can draw walls and floors of any

shape desired.

You can also select several walls at once, copy them to the Clipboard, and duplicate

them in a different floor. Press and hold the Ctrl key while you select the desired ele-

ments by clicking on them with the left mouse button. Then select the menu com-

mand Edit/Copy (or press Ctrl+C). Choose the desired oor among the thumbnails

in the left panel, then select the menu command Edit/Paste (or press Ctrl+V). If you

make a mistake in editing the plan, use the menu command Edit/Undo (Ctrl+Z) to

reverse the operation. To restore what you have undone, select Edit/Redo (Ctrl+Y).

3.4 The Simulation Tab

The Simulation tab provides a great

deal of information and several config-

uration options during the simulation of

your projected WLAN.

A. When you first start the RF3D WifiPlanner,

the option “Automatic selective recompute” is activated. This means that the wireless

network characteristics are recalculated automatically whenever you draw or move

elements in the plan. This makes interactive planning easy. However, you may want to

turn off automatic recomputing until you have completed at least a rough draft of your

network plan. When the automatic recompute option is deactivated, you can click the

“Tot.Recomp.” button at any time to recompute the wireless network characteristics.

B. The box labeled Info contains the basic information about the current floor.

C. The “Resolution” control allows you to choose how precisely you want the WLAN charac-

teristics to be computed. Low resolution uses yields a rough estimation of the wireless net-

work characteristics, while high resolution results in very precise calculations. Note that

the resolution setting has drastic effects on the computation time and the program’s

memory needs, however. Low resolution is therefore recommended for interactive plan-

ning work. Once you have completed your plan, you can use higher resolution to gener-

ate reports.

D. The Network Load control allows you to simulate various data traffic levels in your pro-

jected wireless network. This is very helpful since it allows you to design your network ac-

cording to the types of applications it will support. Low network loads can be expected

for example in warehousing and logistics applications, while office applications and

Voice-over-IP usually generate higher traffic loads.

E. View: In this drop-down list you can choose the network characteristic that you want to

display. The list contains the following views:

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Log. Power

This is the received signal strength of the strongest access point at each location. Use

this view to gauge the quality of your network coverage. A value of –70 dB or higher

is sufcient. (Remember that, since the values in dB are negative, a higher value is one

that is closer to zero.)

Log. SNR

This view shows the signal-to-noise ratio at each location, which reflects the effects of

co-channel interference. A value of 10 dB or higher is good.

Data Rate

The data rate view shows the estimated attainable data rate at each location. This is

a very useful prediction of how the projected network will actually perform. The display

shows values between 1 and 54 Mbit/s. Higher data rates are better.

Interference

Interference is a major concern in wireless network planning. Interference is caused

mainly by co-channel overlap with other access points. Reduce interference by select-

ing different channels for adjacent access points, or by reducing the output power of

certain access points. This will reduce the size of the cell. How much interference you

want to accept depends on your specific needs for redundancy and for throughput.

Redundancy (full version only)

Access point redundancy is important in areas that require continuous network avail-

ability even when local failures or system overloads occur. The RF3D WifiPlanner provides

various views to help you plan access point redundancy. Each view simulates a certain

scenario in which you can ensure that critical areas have adequate backup cover-

age.

Log. Power Reliability Level 1

This view displays the signal strength received from the second strongest access point at

each location, assuming that the strongest access point is no longer working.

Log. Power Reliability Level 2

This view displays the signal strength received from the third strongest access point at

each location, assuming that the strongest access point is no longer working.

Log. SNR Reliability Level 1

This view displays the signal-to-noise ratio at each location assuming that the strongest

access point is no longer working.

Log. SNR Reliability Level 2

This view displays the signal-to-noise ratio at each location assuming that the two strong-

est access points are no longer working.

F. The color scale indicates what numeric values correspond to the colors in the main dis-

play. You can modify the range and the number of gradations in the input fields below

the color scale. This is practical when you would like to display finer distinctions in the

plan.

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3.5 The Access Point Tab

The Access Points tab lists all the access points currently planned, and allows you to

modify their properties. The properties of each access point include a name and a

description, the transmitter power, the channel setting, and the antenna orientation.

The orientation is expressed in terms of rotation in the horizontal plane and inclina-

tion from the vertical. The rotation is entered in degrees, as on a compass, measured

clockwise from the top of the plan: 0° indicates that the antenna is aimed “north”,

or towards the top of the plan; 90° is to the right, 180° towards the bottom, etc. In the

Tilt field, a positive value indicates that the antenna is tilted upwards, and a negative

value indicates the inclination downwards. 0° means that the antenna is in its normal

orientation with respect to the horizontal plane.

3.6 Advanced Settings

In addition to walls and floors, enclosed spaces also contain many movable obstacles,

such as people in offices and merchandise in warehouses, and objects that would

be too difficult to draw in individually, such as furniture, shelves etc. For this reason, the

Advanced tab allows you to set a global average attenuation factor to account for

such objects in different kinds of spaces.

Select Free Space if there is no additional loss to be anticipated, as in outdoor areas

such as parking lots or campus yards.

The default setting, Factory/Warehouse, factors in low to moderate loss for low-density

spaces such as warehouses.

The Office setting adds moderate to high attenuation to account for the furniture

and persons present in typical office environments.

4 Planning Wireless Networks

4.1 What Application Is Intended?

To plan a wireless network, start by determining which applications will eventually be

transported over the projected network. There are critical differences between applica-

tions that require greater redundancy, but only low data traffic, such as warehousing

and logistics, and applications that require high bandwidth, such as voice-over-WLAN.

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For a warehouse application, for example, you should design the wireless cells larger and

tolerate a higher level of interference. This increases reliability, since the second nearest

access point to a given location will probably be usable in case the nearest one fails. To

change the size of the wireless cells, click the Access Points tab and adjust the transmit-

ter power of each access point. The higher the transmitter power of an access point, the

larger the cell it covers.

Inversely, if you are designing a network for voice-over-WLAN, you should plan smaller

cells. This is because interference should be minimized for voice-over-WLAN, since voice

packets that are lost due to interference are not resent, as lost packets in other applica-

tions are. Thus interference affects voice fidelity, and in extreme cases can make voice

communication impossible.

4.2 Entering Environmental Factors

In planning a wireless network with the RF3D WifiPlanner, you should follow a certain se-

quence of steps in order to achieve your objective quickly and easily. Furthermore, perform-

ing the steps in the order described here minimizes the computation involved, and hence

the processing time as well. The process can be divided into ve simple steps:

Once you have imported all the building plans as described in Section 3.1, you should first

draw in the floors in each level. If all the floors in the building are of the same shape and the

same materials, you can copy the first floor to all the other plans using the menu command

Edit/Paste Floor to Other Levels.

Hint: Before you begin drawing in all the building elements, you can turn off the Automatic

selective recompute function as described in Section 3.4. This will save processor time, since

otherwise the RF3D WifiPlanner recomputes the wireless network characteristics each time

you draw an element of the building plan.

There are two different kinds of walls in the RF3D WiPlanner: supporting walls, drawn with the

Supp. Wall tool in the Toolbox, and partition walls, drawn with the Wall tool. When you draw a

supporting wall, it is automatically inserted in all levels of the building, and the RF3D WifiPlan-

ner treats it as a single element. You should use supporting walls to represent all the walls in

your building that have the same position and material composition in all levels. This can sig-

nificantly reduce the processing time in comparison to normal walls drawn in on each level

separately, since there are fewer elements to be processed by the computing algorithms.

After you have drawn in all the supporting walls, you should draw in the partition walls on

each level.

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19

4.3 Positioning Access Points

Now that you have drawn all the elements of the building, you can begin to design

the WLAN itself by positioning the access points and defining their properties. Be-

cause RF3D WifiPlanner considers each access point in combination with its antenna,

you should know what type of antenna you are thinking of using when you select the

Access Point tool in the Toolbox. If you plan to use an access point without an external

antenna, you can select one of the “Generic” types. RF3D WifiPlanner has a library

containing a number of external antenna definitions. When you use a directional an-

tenna, you can aim it in your plan as described in Section 3.5.

Select the desired antenna in the Toolbox list.

When you begin to position your access points, you should make sure that sufficient

signal power can be received everywhere in the building. Sufficient signal power gen-

erally means a value of –60 dBm or better. Another thing to consider in your planning

is interference. Primarily, this means avoiding co-channel interference, which occurs

when adjacent access points use overlapping channel settings.

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20

Sufficient signal power (–60 dBm or better) throughout the building..

Start your planning with the access points in the lowest level, and use a cellular struc-

ture as described in Section 2.3. Set the communication channels of the access points

in conformance with national restrictions. When you continue with the access points

in the other levels, remember that access points transmit through floors and ceilings.

Your cellular structure should therefore take into account the access points located

above and below one another.

Setting the communication channels for all access points. Avoid channel overlap.

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21

When you choose channels for the access points, it can be helpful to switch the view

mode from signal power to data rate, because the data rate view reflects any adverse

effects of co-channel or near-channel interference due to channel settings.

Checking the results of access point settings in the Data Rate view.

4.4 Optimizing Wireless Networks

When you have finished planning wireless signal coverage for the building, you can

begin to optimize the network. You can do this in several ways, using the RF3D WifiPlan-

ner’s various views on the Simulation tab, such as data rate, interference, etc. One

approach is to display the expected data rates. The data rate view reflects all radio

effects, including interference, signal-to-noise ratio and network traffic loads. Gaps or

areas with lower data rates indicate room for improvement. To analyze the causes of

lower data rates, you can use the interference or SNR views. The problems can be al-

leviated by changing the access point settings.

When you are satisfied with your basic WLAN plan, you can then simulate its behavior

in case of faults, such as access point failures. Do this by deactivating individual ac-

cess points on the Access Points tab. A better way, however, is to use the “Log. Power

Reliability Level 1” view. In this view, RF3D WifiPlanner displays the signal power that

would be received at each location in the plan if the strongest access point for that

location had failed. For high-reliability applications, gaps in the coverage in this view

can be a problem. You can fill such gaps by adding access points.

There is always more than one way to design a wireless network. The need for a reliable or

“high-availability” network is often difficult to reconcile with the need to ensure high data

rates by avoiding interference. You will find, however, that networks you have designed using

RF3D WifiPlanner are efficient, optimum solutions.

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22

5 Advanced Settings

5.1 Editing Wall and Floor Libraries

he properties and settings of wall and floor materials are stored in the library. You can

easily edit and expand this library. Each type of wall or oor is saved in a separate XML

file. These files are contained in the folder RF3DWifiPlanner/WallsFloors.

The names of the wall and floor files must follow certain rules in order to be recognized

by the RF3D WiPlanner program. Example: ft_003_6-_Brick_7_18dB. The le name must

begin with ‘ft’ or ‘m’ to indicate whether this wall or floor is defined in feet or in meters.

The wall or floor is then available in the Toolbox only when the same measurement

unit is selected in the program options. The next part of the file name after the meas-

urement unit abbreviation is an underscore followed by a three-digit number. This

number determines the position at which the given wall or floor type appears in the

toolbox list. After another underscore comes the name you want to use for this wall or

floor type.

The best way to create a wall or floor type is to find a file that defines a similar, existing

type, open it in Notepad, and save it under a new name before editing its contents.

The lines you can edit are explained with examples below.

The Type line defines the name displayed in the Toolbox.

<Type id=“ref-4“>6“ Brick 7/18dB</Type>

The DampA_dB line indicates the signal attenuation through such a wall or oor in dB

in the 5 GHz band used for 802.11 a and h networks.

<DampA_dB>7</DampA_dB>

The DampBG_dB line indicates the signal attenuation through such a wall or oor in

dB in the 2.4 GHz band used for 802.11 b and g networks.

<DampBG_dB>18</DampBG_dB>

The GaugeFeet line indicates the thickness of the wall or floor in feet. If you enter a

non-zero value here, you should enter zero in the GaugeMeter line below.

<GaugeFeet>0.5</GaugeFeet>

The GaugeMeter line indicates the thickness of the wall or oor in meters. If you enter

a non-zero value here, you should enter zero in the GaugeFeet line above.

<GaugeMeter>0</GaugeMeter>

The knownColor line defines the color in which you will draw the wall or floor in the level

plans. For permissible color names, see the table in Appendix c.

<knownColor>142</knownColor>

The IsFloor line determines whether the building element described in this file is a wall

or a floor. If IsFloor is true, it’s a floor. If IsFloor is false, the file describes a wall.

<IsFloor>false</IsFloor>

If you have edited a copy of an existing library file, you must leave all other parts of

the file unchanged. Otherwise, the program may behave unexpectedly.

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23

5.2 Editing the Access Point/Antenna Library

The antenna library, like the wall and floor library, is stored in the form of individual files

for each antenna type. These files are contained in the folder RF3DWifiPlanner/Anten-

nas, and can be edited with Notepad. The best way to create an antenna type is to

find the file that defines a similar, existing type, open it in Notepad, and save it under

a new name before editing its contents.

Any antenna can be defined for the 2.4 GHz band, the 5 GHz band, or both bands.

The example used in the following explanation defines an antenna for the 2.4 GHz

band only.

An antenna file describes the antenna’s radiation pattern in terms of its horizontal

and vertical cross-sections, as well as some additional parameters. The antenna’s ra-

diation pattern must be described for the antenna’s normal installation orientation.

Theta (θ) represents the upward elevation angle from the horizontal plane in degrees.

Negative values indicate downward elevation. Phi (ϕ) designates the azimuth angle

in degrees — that is, the rotational angle in the horizontal plane, where positive val-

ues represent a clockwise rotation from 12 o’clock. Directional antennas should be

described so that their greatest gain is at phi=0° and theta=0°.

You can enter as many directional gain values (data points) as you want, and the

number of data points only has to be entered in a few places, as described below.

The data points you specify can also be at any angles desired, and their distribution

can vary within an antenna file. However, both the precision of the program display

and the time required to recompute and refresh the display increase as the number

of data points increases.

In computing the antenna gain, the program adds the directional gain in dBi to the

global gain (in the example, 4 dBi). This means that the directional gain value should

be normalized to 0 dBi.

Please note that the decimal point must be a period (‘.’). Note too that the tags and

values are case-sensitive.

The Type line contains the text displayed for this antenna type in the toolbox.

<Type id=“ref-4“>SOA 2400/360/4/0/DS</Type>

The TypeShort line is not currently used in the program.

You can use it for your comments.

<TypeShort id=“ref-5“>Bild 6, 139.26.0044</TypeShort>

The Gain_dB_2_4GHz line denes the antenna gain in the 2.4 GHz band.

<Gain_dB_2_4GHz>4</Gain_dB_2_4GHz>

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24

The IsZIsotropic_2_4GHz line indicates whether the antenna is approximately omnidirec-

tional in the horizontal plane in the 2.4 GHz band. The value true indicates that its radia-

tion pattern is roughly rotationally symmetric with respect to the vertical axis.

<IsZIsotropic_2_4GHz>true</IsZIsotropic_2_4GHz>

The Gain_dB_5GHz line denes the antenna gain in the 5 GHz band.

<Gain_dB_5GHz>0</Gain_dB_5GHz>

The IsZIsotropic_5GHz line indicates whether the antenna is approximately omnidirec-

tional in the horizontal plane in the 5 GHz band. The value true indicates that its radia-

tion pattern is roughly rotationally symmetric with respect to the vertical axis.

<IsZIsotropic_5GHz>false</IsZIsotropic_5GHz>

The Is2_4GHz line species whether the antenna can be used in the 2.4 GHz band.

<Is2_4GHz>true</Is2_4GHz>

The Is5GHz line specifies whether the antenna can be used in the 5 GHz band.

<Is5GHz>false</Is5GHz>

The next few lines are references to data defined later in the file.

Do not change these lines!

<Phi_Deg_2_4GHz href=“#ref-6“/>

<Theta_Deg_2_4GHz href=“#ref-7“/>

<Phi_dBi_2_4GHz href=“#ref-8“/>

<Theta_dBi_2_4GHz href=“#ref-9“/>

<Phi_Deg_5GHz href=“#ref-10“/>

<Theta_Deg_5GHz href=“#ref-11“/>

<Phi_dBi_5GHz href=“#ref-12“/>

<Theta_dBi_5GHz href=“#ref-13“/>

<Col>

<name xsi:null=“1“/>

<value>0</value>

The knownColor line specifies the color in which the given antenna is displayed in

the level plans. For the permissible color values, see Appendix C.

<knownColor>59</knownColor>

<state>1</state>

</Col>

</a1:AntennaType>

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25

The array, or list of values, which follows contains phi values (angle measures in de-

grees) for 72 data points at 2.4 GHz. If you use a different number of data points,

replace the “72” in this line with the number of data points you want to define.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-6“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[72]“>

<item>-180</item>

<item>-175</item>

<item>-170</item>

.

.

.

<item>165</item>

<item>170</item>

<item>175</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-7”, contains theta values (angle measures in

degrees) for 72 data points at 2.4 GHz.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-7“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[72]“>

<item>-90</item>

<item>-85</item>

<item>-80</item>

.

.

.

<item>255</item>

<item>260</item>

<item>265</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-8”, contains gain values in dBi for the values

of phi listed above, representing 72 data points at 2.4 GHz.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-8“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[72]“>

<item>-2.381</item>

<item>-2.399</item>

<item>-2.388</item>

.

.

.

<item>-2.005</item>

<item>-2.175</item>

<item>-2.303</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

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26

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-9”, contains gain values in dBi for the values

of theta listed above, representing 72 data points at 2.4 GHz.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-9“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[72]“>

<item>-16.683</item>

<item>-12.24</item>

<item>-7.157</item>

.

.

.

<item>-5.032</item>

<item>-7.721</item>

<item>-12.307</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-10”, contains a phi value (angle measure in

degrees) for one data point at 5 GHz. This array is rudimentary, since the antenna is

not used for the 5 GHz band.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-10“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[1]“>

<item>0</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-11”, contains a theta value (angle measure

in degrees) for one data point at 5 GHz.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-11“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[1]“>

<item>0</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-12”, contains a gain value in dBi for the value

of phi listed above, representing one data point at 5 GHz.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-12“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[1]“>

<item>0</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

The next array, with the attribute id=”ref-13”, contains a gain value in dBi for the value

of theta listed above, representing one data point at 5 GHz.

<SOAP-ENC:Array id=“ref-13“ SOAP-ENC:arrayType=“xsd:float[1]“>

<item>0</item>

</SOAP-ENC:Array>

All other lines in the file must remain unchanged.

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27

5.3 Options and Settings

To adjust other program settings, select the the menu command Tools/Options. The

Country option group allows you to set appropriate parameters for the country where

you are located. The Geometry option group lets you specify default values for the

height of new access points above the floor, the vertical distance between floors, etc.

The options in the Graphics group allow you to set display properties, and the Physics

option group allows you to set basic physical parameters for radio signal calcula-

tions. Finally, the options in the Printer group allow you to control how your planning

diagrams are printed.

To change any setting, click on the existing value. A description of the parameter ap-

pears in the box below the options list. After you have changed one or more of these

settings, you must exit the program and restart it for your new settings to take effect. To

reset all options to their original values, click the “Defaults” button.

5.4 Floors with Openings

Some buildings have open areas in the floors, such as inner courtyards. Such areas

must be left open in your plans as well in order for interference to be computed cor-

rectly. You can draw oors with open areas as follows: First, draw some of the edges

of the floor along the outer walls, but do not complete the polygon. Then draw the

edges of the open space in the interior.

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28

In this way you can draw the floor in one piece while leaving an interior area open.

5.5 Split-Level Buildings

To represent buildings with split levels, import a drawing for each partial level and

draw in partial floors for the existing floor areas. Remember, though, that walls you

draw in on a lower level extend only to the height of the next higher level, even if they

do not meet a floor there. If your building has walls that extend through a split level,

you must draw them on the lower level and again in the unfloored space on the next

higher, partially floored level.

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29

Appendix A The Antenna Library

Antenna Library

Hier finden Sie die Antennendiagramme für die in RF3D WifiPlanner hinterlegten

generischen Antennentypen.

Generic Access Point w/ Dipole Ant a/b/g 2dBi

Horizontal section of a/b/g Net

Vertical section of a/b/g Net

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Generic Antenna a/b/g 7dBi Omni

Horizontal section of b/g Net

Vertical section of b/g Net

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31

Horizontal section of a/h Net

Vertical section of a/h Net

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32

Generic Antenna a/b/g 8dBi directional

Horizontal section of a/b/g Net

Vertical section of a/b/g Net

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33

Generic Antenna a/b/g 13,9 dBi Directional Yagi

Horizontal section of a/b/g Net

Vertical section of a/b/g Net

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Generic Antenna a/b/g 18 dBi Directional

Horizontal section of a/b/g Net

Vertical section of a/b/g Net

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35

Appendix B The Wall and Floor Library

List of wall & floor materials measurement unit: feet

Floor /

Wall

Att. 2.4

GHz

[dB]

Att. 5

GHz

[dB]

Thick-

ness

[in]

RF3D

Toolbox Text Nr RF3D Nr RF3D

Lite

Color-

Code Discribtion

Wall 16,0 24,0 8 8“ Concrete Block w/

Steel 16/24dB

1 1 144 Concrete block, when reinforced with concrete columns

and tie beams, is a very common building material for

the load-bearing walls of buildings, in what is termed CBS

construction for Concrete Block Structure.

Wall 22,0 33,0 12 12“ Concrete Block w/

Steel 22/33dB

2 2 146 Concrete block, when reinforced with concrete columns

and tie beams, is a very common building material for

the load-bearing walls of buildings, in what is termed CBS

construction for Concrete Block Structure.

Wall 7,0 18,0 6 6“ Brick 7/18dB 3 3 142 Brick wall

Wall 10,0 25,0 10 10“ Brick 10/25dB 4 83 Brick wall

Wall 13,0 32,5 20 20“ Brick 13/32.5dB 5 39 Brick wall

Wall 17,0 25,5 8 8“ Concrete w/Steel

17/25dB

6 6 102 Steel reinforced concrete wall

Wall 24,0 36,0 12 12“ Concrete w/Steel

24/36dB

7 7 101 Steel reinforced concrete wall

Wall 33,0 49,5 16 16“ Concrete w/Steel

33/50dB

8 8 68 Steel reinforced concrete wall

Wall 2,0 3,0 8 8“ Light-Weight Con-

crete w/Steel 2/3dB

9 61 Light-weight concrete wall

Wall 0,8 0,8 N/A 5“ Drywall (2 sides)

Over Framing .8/0.8dB

10 10 97 Drywall, also commonly known as gypsum board, plaster-

board. A drywall panel is made of a paper liner wrapped

around an inner core made primarily from gypsum plaster.

Wall 0,8 0,8 N/A 7“ Drywall (2 sides)

Over Framing .8/0.8dB

11 11 92 Drywall, also commonly known as gypsum board, plaster-

board. A drywall panel is made of a paper liner wrapped

around an inner core made primarily from gypsum plaster.

Wall 1,5 1,5 N/A 4“ Plywood (1

side) Over Framing

1.5/1.5dB

12 80 One layer Plywood wall

Wall 3,0 3,0 N/A 4.5“ Plywood (2 sides)

Over Framing 3/3dB

13 53 Two layer Plywood wall

Wall 15,0 15,0 1 1“ Stucco Over 2x4

Wood or Steel 15/15dB

14 14 95 Modern Stucco usually consists of 1 layer of wire lath and

2 layers of portland cement-based plaster

Wall 3,0 4,5 1 Window-1“ Dual

Glazed 3/4.5dB

15 91 Glass window

Wall 28,0 42,0 1 Window-1“ IR-blocking

28/42dB

16 69 Infrared blocking window

Wall 2,0 3,0 2“-4“ Office divider

glass/wood 2/3dB

17 127 Office divider

Wall 1,0 1,5 2 2“ Office cubical

1/1.5dB

18 128 Office divider

Wall 1,5 2,3 36 Shelf/Rack 3‘

1.5/2.25dB

19 56 Shelf/rack

Wall 3,0 4,5 72 Shelf/Rack 6‘ 3/4.5dB 20 125 Shelf/rack

Wall 4,0 6,0 96 Shelf/Rack 8‘ 4/6dB 21 126 Shelf/rack

Wall 30,0 45,0 Wall or Ceiling-Corru-

gated Steel 30/45dB

22 62 Metal wall sheeting in the form of Corrugated galvanized

iron

Wall 30,0 45,0 Elevator shaft 30/45dB 23 23 35 Elevator shaft

Floor 17,0 25,5 8 8“ Concrete w/Steel

17/25.5dB

100 100 102 Steel reinforced concrete floors

Floor 18,0 27,0 8 8“ Concrete/Steel w/

Nonmetallic Drop Ceil-

ing 18/27dB

101 101 152 Steel reinforced concrete floors with nonmetallic dropped

ceiling

Floor 27,0 40,0 8 8“ Concrete/Steel w/

Metallic Drop Ceiling

27/40dB

102 82 Steel reinforced concrete floors with metallic dropped

ceiling

Floor 20,0 30,0 10 10“ Concrete w/Steel

20/30dB

103 103 101 Steel reinforced concrete floors

Floor 21,0 31,5 10 10“ Concrete/Steel w/

Nonmetallic Drop Ceil-

ing 21/31dB

104 104 156 Steel reinforced concrete floors with nonmetallic dropped

ceiling

manual

36

Floor 30,0 45,0 10 10“ Concrete/Steel w/

Metallic Drop Ceiling

30/45dB

105 55 Steel reinforced concrete floors with metallic dropped

ceiling

Floor 24,0 36,0 12 12“ Concrete w/Steel

24/36dB

106 106 68 Steel reinforced concrete floors

Floor 25,0 37,5 12 12“ Concrete/Steel w/

Nonmetallic Drop Ceil-

ing 25/37dB

107 107 162 Steel reinforced concrete floors with nonmetallic dropped

ceiling

Floor 34,0 51,0 12 12“ Concrete/Steel w/

Metallic Drop Ceiling

34/51dB

108 84 Steel reinforced concrete floors with metallic dropped

ceiling

Floor 4,0 6,0 1,5 1.5“ Wood Flooring w/

Subfloor 4/6dB

120 53 Wood Flooring with subfloor

Floor 6,0 8,0 1,5 1.5“ Tile w/ Subfloor

6/8dB

121 60 Tile with subfloors

manual

37

List of wall & floor materials measurement unit: meter

Floor /

Wall Att. 2.4

GHz

[dB]

Att. 5

GHz

[dB]

(Mean)

Thickness

cm

RF3D Text Nr Lite Nr Color-

Code Comment

Wall 8 20 18 Brick wall 18cm 8/20dB 1 1 142 Brick wall

Wall 10 25 25 Brick wall 25cm 10/25dB 2 2 83 Brick wall

Wall 13 32,5 50 Brick wall 50cm 13/32.5dB 3 3 39 Brick wall

Wall 15 22,5 18 Steel reinforced concrete wall

18cm 15/22.5dB 4 4 102 Steel reinforced concrete wall

Wall 20 30 25 Steel reinforced concrete wall

25cm 20/30dB 5 5 101 Steel reinforced concrete wall

Wall 25 37,5 31 Steel reinforced concrete wall

31cm 25/37.5dB 6 6 68 Steel reinforced concrete wall

Wall 2 3 18 Light-Weight concrete/gas con-

crete 18cm 2/3dB 7 61 Light-weight concrete wall

Wall 0,8 0,8 N/A Dry wall/1.5cm plasterboard

each side 0.8/0.8dB 8 8 97 Drywall, also commonly known as gyp-

sum board, plasterboard. A drywall

panel is made of a paper liner wrapped

around an inner core made primarily

from gypsum plaster.

Wall 1,6 1,6 N/A Dry wall/3.0 cm plasterboard at

each side 1.6/1.6dB 9 9 92 Drywall, also commonly known as gyp-

sum board, plasterboard. A drywall

panel is made of a paper liner wrapped

around an inner core made primarily

from gypsum plaster.

Wall 4 6 3,8 Wood Wall 3.8cm 4/6dB 10 80 One layer wood wall

Wall 8 12 N/A Wood Wall/3.8cm each side

8/12dB 11 53 Two layer wood wall

Wall 15 15 2,6 Stucco wall 2.6cm 15/15dB 12 95 Modern Stucco usually consists of 1 layer

of wire lath and 2 layers of portland ce-

ment-based plaster

Wall 3 4,5 3 Double Glazed Window 3cm

3/4.5dB 14 91 Glass window

Wall 28 42 3 IR-blocking Window 3cm

28/42dB 15 69 Infrared blocking window

Wall 2 3 N/A Office divider glass/wood

5-10cm 2/3dB 16 127 Office divider

Wall 1 1,5 5 Office cubical 5cm 1/1.5dB 17 128 Office divider

Wall 1,6 2,4 100 High rise rack 100cm 1.6/2.4dB 18 56 High rise rack approx 1m thick

Wall 30 45 N/A Profiled sheeting 30/45dB 18 62 Metal wall sheeting in the form of Cor-

rugated galvanized iron

Wall 30 45 N/A Elevator shaft 30/45dB 20 20 35 Elevator shaft

Floor 15 22,5 18 Steel reinforced concrete floor

18cm 15/22.5dB 100 100 102 Steel reinforced concrete floors

Floor 16 24 18 Srcf with nonmetallic dropped

ceiling 18cm 16/24dB 101 101 152 Steel reinforced concrete floors with

nonmetallic dropped ceiling

Floor 25 37,5 18 Srcf with metallic dropped ceil-

ing 18cm 25/37.5dB 102 82 Steel reinforced concrete floors with me-

tallic dropped ceiling

Floor 20 30 25 Steel reinforced concrete floor

25cm 20/30dB 103 103 101 Steel reinforced concrete floors

Floor 21 31,5 25 Srcf with nonmetallic dropped

ceiling 25cm 21/31.5dB 104 104 156 Steel reinforced concrete floors with

nonmetallic dropped ceiling

Floor 30 45 25 Srcf with metallic dropped ceil-

ing 25cm 30/45dB 105 55 Steel reinforced concrete floors with me-

tallic dropped ceiling

Floor 25 37,5 31 Steel reinforced concrete floor

31cm 25/37.5dB 106 106 68 Steel reinforced concrete floors

Floor 26 39 31 Srcf with nonmetallic dropped

ceiling 31cm 26/39dB 107 107 162 Steel reinforced concrete floors with

nonmetallic dropped ceiling

Floor 35 52,5 31 Srcf with metallic dropped ceil-

ing 31cm 35/52.5dB 108 84 Steel reinforced concrete floors with me-

tallic dropped ceiling

Floor 4 6 3,8 Wood oor (w/ or w/o carpet)

3.8cm 4/6dB 120 53 Wood Flooring with carpet

Floor 6 8 4,5 Wood floor with tiles 4.5cm

6/8dB 121 60 Wood Flooring with tiles

manual

38

Appendix C Table of Colors

Color knownColor R G B A

Aqua 30 0 255 255 255

Aquamarine 31 127 255 212 255

Black 35 0 0 0 255

BlanchedAlmond 36 255 235 205 255

Blue 37 0 0 255 255

BlueViolet 38 138 43 226 255

Brown 39 165 42 42 255

BurlyWood 40 222 184 135 255

CadetBlue 41 95 158 160 255

Chartreuse 42 127 255 0 255

Chocolate 43 210 105 30 255

Coral 44 255 127 80 255

CornflowerBlue 45 100 149 237 255

Crimson 47 220 20 60 255

Cyan 48 0 255 255 255

DarkBlue 49 0 0 139 255

DarkCyan 50 0 139 139 255

DarkGoldenrod 51 184 134 11 255

DarkGray 52 169 169 169 255

DarkGreen 53 0 100 0 255

DarkKhaki 54 189 183 107 255

DarkMagenta 55 139 0 139 255

DarkOliveGreen 56 85 107 47 255

DarkOrange 57 255 140 0 255

DarkOrchid 58 153 50 204 255

DarkRed 59 139 0 0 255

DarkSalmon 60 233 150 122 255

DarkSeaGreen 61 143 188 139 255

DarkSlateBlue 62 72 61 139 255

DarkSlateGray 63 47 79 79 255

DarkTurquoise 64 0 206 209 255

DarkViolet 65 148 0 211 255

DeepPink 66 255 20 147 255

DeepSkyBlue 67 0 191 255 255

DimGray 68 105 105 105 255

DodgerBlue 69 30 144 255 255

Firebrick 70 178 34 34 255

ForestGreen 72 34 139 34 255

Fuchsia 73 255 0 255 255

Gold 76 255 215 0 255

Goldenrod 77 218 165 32 255

Gray 78 128 128 128 255

Green 79 0 128 0 255

GreenYellow 80 173 255 47 255

manual

39

HotPink 82 255 105 180 255

IndianRed 83 205 92 92 255

Indigo 84 75 0 130 255

Khaki 86 240 230 140 255

LawnGreen 89 124 252 0 255

LightBlue 91 173 216 230 255

LightCoral 92 240 128 128 255

LightGray 95 211 211 211 255

LightGreen 96 144 238 144 255

LightPink 97 255 182 193 255

LightSalmon 98 255 160 122 255

LightSeaGreen 99 32 178 170 255

LightSkyBlue 100 135 206 250 255

LightSlateGray 101 119 136 153 255

LightSteelBlue 102 176 196 222 255

Lime 104 0 255 0 255

LimeGreen 105 50 205 50 255

Magenta 107 255 0 255 255

Maroon 108 128 0 0 255

MediumAquamarine 109 102 205 170 255

MediumBlue 110 0 0 205 255

MediumOrchid 111 186 85 211 255

MediumPurple 112 147 112 219 255

MediumSeaGreen 113 60 179 113 255

MediumSlateBlue 114 123 104 238 255

MediumSpringGreen 115 0 250 154 255

MediumTurquoise 116 72 209 204 255

MediumVioletRed 117 199 21 133 255

MidnightBlue 118 25 25 112 255

Moccasin 121 255 228 181 255

NavajoWhite 122 255 222 173 255

Navy 123 0 0 128 255

Olive 125 128 128 0 255

OliveDrab 126 107 142 35 255

Orange 127 255 165 0 255

OrangeRed 128 255 69 0 255

Orchid 129 218 112 214 255

PaleGoldenrod 130 238 232 170 255

PaleGreen 131 152 251 152 255

PaleTurquoise 132 175 238 238 255

PaleVioletRed 133 219 112 147 255

PeachPuff 135 255 218 185 255

Peru 136 205 133 63 255

Pink 137 255 192 203 255

Plum 138 221 160 221 255

PowderBlue 139 176 224 230 255

Color knownColor R G B A

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Purple 140 128 0 128 255

Red 141 255 0 0 255

RosyBrown 142 188 143 143 255

RoyalBlue 143 65 105 225 255

SaddleBrown 144 139 69 19 255

Salmon 145 250 128 114 255

SandyBrown 146 244 164 96 255

SeaGreen 147 46 139 87 255

Sienna 149 160 82 45 255

Silver 150 192 192 192 255

SkyBlue 151 135 206 235 255

SlateBlue 152 106 90 205 255

SlateGray 153 112 128 144 255

SpringGreen 155 0 255 127 255

SteelBlue 156 70 130 180 255

Tan 157 210 180 140 255

Teal 158 0 128 128 255

Thistle 159 216 191 216 255

Tomato 160 255 99 71 255

Turquoise 161 64 224 208 255

Violet 162 238 130 238 255

White 164 255 255 255 255

Yellow 166 255 255 0 255

YellowGreen 167 154 205 50 255

Anhang D EULA

PSIBER DATA END USER SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT

IF YOU DO NOT AGREE, DO NOT USE THIS SOFTWARE.

This Software Agreement („Agreement“) is between You (either an individual or an entity), the

End User, and Psiber Data GmbH („Psiber“). The Agreement authorizes you to use the Software

specified in Clause 1 below, which may be stored on physical media, sent to You by electronic

mail, downloaded from Psiber‘s Web pages or Servers or from other sources under the terms and

conditions set forth below. This is an agreement on end user rights and not an agreement for sale

or resale. Psiber continues to own the copy of the Software and the physical media contained in

the sales package and any other copy that You are authorised to make pursuant to this Agree-

ment.

Read this Agreement carefully before installing, downloading or using the Software. By using, cop-

ying or distributing all or any portion of the Psiber Software, You agree to the terms and conditions

of this Agreement. If You do not agree to all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement then

do not use this software, cancel the installation or downloading, or destroy or return the Software

and accompanying documentation to Psiber. YOU AGREE THAT YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE AC-

KNOWLEDGES THAT YOU HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT, UNDERSTAND IT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND

BY ITS TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

Color knownColor R G B A

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41

1. DEFINITIONS

As used in this Agreement, the term „Software“ means, collectively: (i) all of the contents of the

les (provided either by electronic download, on physical media or any other method of distribu-

tion), disk(s), CD/DVD-ROM(s) or other media with which this Agreement is provided, (ii) all the

contents of the disk(s), CD-ROM(s), electronic mail and its le attachments, including the object

code form of the software delivered on physical media, electronic mail or Web page (iii) digital

images, stock photographs, clip art, or other artistic work („Stock Files“) (iv) related explanatory

written materials and any other possible documentation related thereto („Documentation“); (v)

fonts (vi) upgrades, modied versions, updates, additions (collectively „Updates“), if any, licensed

to You by Psiber under this Agreement.

„Use“ or „Using“ means to access, install, download, copy, or otherwise benet from using the

functionality of the Software in accordance with the Documentation. „Permitted Number“ means

one (1) unless otherwise indicated under a valid license (e.g., volume license) granted by Psiber.

„Computer“ means an electronic device that accepts information in digital or similar form and

manipulates it for a specific result

based on a sequence of instructions.

2. END USER RIGHTS AND USE.

Psiber grants to You a non-exclusive, non-transferable end user right to install the Software on the

local hard disk(s) of one computer or other permanent storage media including a computer le

server within your internal network and use the Software on a single computer or terminal at a

time.

3. LIMITATIONS ON END USER RIGHTS.

You may not copy, distribute, or make derivative works of the Software except as follows:

(a) You may make one copy of the Software on physical media as an archival backup copy,

provided Your archival backup copy is not installed or used on any computer. Any other copies

You make of the Software are in violation of this Agreement.

(b) You may not use, modify, translate, reproduce or transfer the right to use the Software or copy

the Software except as expressly provided in this Agreement.

(c) You may not resell, sublicense, rent, lease, lend the Software assign or transfer your rights in the

Software, or authorize all or any portion of the Software to be copied onto another user‘s Com-

puter except as may be expressly permitted herein.

You may, however, transfer all your rights to Use the Software to another person or legal entity

provided that: (a) you also transfer (i) this Agreement, and (ii) the Software and all other software

or hardware bundled or pre-installed with the Software, including all copies, Updates and prior

versions, to such person or entity, (b) you retain no copies, including backups and copies stored

on a Computer, and (c) the receiving party accepts the terms and conditions of this Agreement

and any other terms and conditions upon which you legally purchased a license to the Software.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, you may not transfer education, pre-release, or not for resale cop-

ies of the Software.

(d) You may not reverse engineer, reverse compile, disassemble or otherwise attempt to discover

manual

42

the source code of the Software (except to the extent that this restriction is expressly prohibited

by law) or create derivative works based on the Software.

(e) Unless stated otherwise in the Documentation, You shall not display, modify, reproduce and

distribute any of the Stock Files included with the Software. In the event that the Documentation

allows You to display the Stock Files, You shall not distribute the Stock Files on a stand-alone basis,

i.e., in circumstances in which the Stock Files constitute the primary value of the product being

distributed. You should review the „Read-Me“ les associated with the Stock Files that You use to

ascertain what rights You have with respect to such materials. Stock Files may not be used in the

production of libelous, defamatory, fraudulent, infringing, lewd, obscene or pornographic mate-

rial or in any otherwise illegal manner. You may not register or claim any rights in the Stock Files or

derivative works thereof.

(f) You agree that You shall only use the Software in a manner that complies with all applicable

laws in the jurisdiction in which You use the Software, including, but not limited to, applicable re-

strictions concerning copyright and other intellectual property rights.

4. COPYRIGHT, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OWNERSHIP.

The Software and all rights, without limitation including proprietary rights therein, are owned by

Psiber and/or its licensors and affiliates and are protected by international treaty provisions and

all other applicable national laws of the country in which it is being used. The structure, organi-

zation and code of the Software are the intellectual property, valuable trade secrets and con-

fidential information of Psiber and/or its licensors and affiliates. You must not copy the Software,

except as set forth in clause 3 (Limitations On End User Rights). Any copies which You are permit-

ted to make pursuant to this Agreement must contain the same copyright and other proprietary

notices that appear on the Software. Psiber permits you to Use the Software only in accordance

with the terms of this Agreement. Use of some third party materials included in the Software may

be subject to other terms and conditions typically found in a separate license agreement.

5. MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENT SOFTWARE / MULTIPLE LANGUAGE SOFTWARE / DUAL MEDIA SOFTWARE /

MULTIPLE COPIES / UPDATES.

If the Software supports multiple platforms or languages, if You receive the Software on multiple

media, of if You otherwise receive multiple copies of the Software, the number of computers on

which all versions of the Software are installed shall be one computer. You may not rent, lease,

sublicense, lend or transfer versions or copies of the Software You do not use. If the Software is an

Update to a previous version of the Software, You must possess a valid end user right to such previ-

ous version in order to use the Update and You may use the previous version for ninety (90) days

after you receive the Update in order to assist You in the transition to the Update. After such time

You no longer have a right to use the previous version, except for the sole purpose of enabling

You to install the Update.

6. COMMENCEMENT & TERMINATION.

This Agreement is effective from the first date You install the Software. You may terminate this

Agreement at any time by permanently deleting, destroying and returning, at your own costs,

the Software, all back up copies and all related materials provided by Psiber. Your end user rights

automatically and immediately terminate without notice from Psiber if You fail to comply with

any provision of this Agreement. In such event, You must immediately delete, destroy or return at

Your own cost, the Software, all backup copies and all related material to Psiber.

7. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED „AS IS“ WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY

manual

43

KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW NEITHER

PSIBER ITS LICENSORS OR AFFILIATES NOR THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS

OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MER-

CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE

ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. THERE IS NO WARRANTY

BY PSIBER OR BY ANY OTHER PARTY THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE SOFTWARE WILL MEET

YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR THAT THE OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ER-

ROR-FREE. YOU ASSUME ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND RISK FOR THE SELECTION OF THE SOFTWARE TO

ACHIEVE YOUR INTENDED RESULTS AND FOR THE INSTALLATION, USE AND RESULTS OBTAINED FROM

IT.

LIMITED WARRANTY FOR USERS RESIDING IN GERMANY OR AUSTRIA. If you obtained the Software

in Germany or Austria, and you usually reside in such country, then the paragraph above under

Section 7 does not apply, instead, Psiber warrants that the Software provides the functionalities

set forth in the Documentation (the „agreed upon functionalities“) for the limited warranty pe-

riod following receipt of the Software when used on the recommended hardware configuration.

As used in this Section, „limited warranty period“ means one (1) year if you are a business user

and two (2) years if you are not a business user. Non-substantial variation from the agreed upon

functionalities shall not be considered and does not establish any warranty rights. THIS LIMITED

WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY TO SOFTWARE PROVIDED TO YOU FREE OF CHARGE, FOR EXAMPLE,

UPDATES, PRE-RELEASE, TRYOUT, PRODUCT SAMPLER, NOT FOR RESALE (NFR) COPIES OF SOFTWARE,

OR SOFTWARE THAT HAS BEEN ALTERED BY YOU, TO THE EXTENT SUCH ALTERATIONS CAUSED A DE-

FECT. To make a warranty claim, during the limited warranty period you must return, at our ex-

pense, the Software and proof of purchase to the location where you obtained it. If the function-

alities of the Software vary substantially from the agreed upon functionalities, Psiber is entitled

-- by way of re-performance and at its own discretion -- to repair or replace the Software. If this

fails, you are entitled to a reduction of the purchase price (reduction) or to cancel the purchase

agreement (rescission).

The provisions of Section 7 and Section 9 shall survive the termination of this Agreement, how-

soever caused, but this shall not imply or create any continued right to Use the Software after

termination of this Agreement.

8. NO OTHER OBLIGATIONS.

This Agreement creates no obligations on the part of Psiber other than as specifically set forth

herein.

9. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY.

TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL PSIBER, ITS EMPLOY-

EES OR LICENSORS OR AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, CLAIMS OR COSTS, ANY LOST

PROFITS, REVENUE, SALES, DATA OR COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES,

PROPERTY DAMAGE, PERSONAL INJURY, INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMA-

TION OR FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, ECONOMIC, COVER, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL

OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, HOWEVER CAUSED AND WHETHER ARISING UNDER CONTRACT,

TORT, NEGLIGENCE, OR OTHER THEORY OF LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO

USE THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF PSIBER OR ITS LICENSORS OR AFFILIATES ARE ADVISED OF THE POSSIBIL-

ITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME COUNTRIES/STATES/JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE

EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, BUT MAY ALLOW LIABILITY TO BE LIMITED, IN SUCH CASES,

PSIBER, ITS EMPLOYEES OR LICENSORS OR AFFILIATES‘ LIABILITY SHALL BE LIMITED TO U.S. $50.

manual

44

Nothing contained in this Agreement shall prejudice the statutory rights of any party dealing as a

consumer. Nothing contained in this Agreement limits Psiber‘s liability to You in the event of death

or personal injury resulting from Psiber‘s negligence. Psiber is acting on behalf of its employees

and licensors or affiliates for the purpose of disclaiming, excluding and/or restricting obligations,

warranties and liability as provided in this clause 9, but in no other respects and for no other pur-

pose.

IF YOU OBTAINED THE SOFTWARE IN GERMANY OR AUSTRIA, and you usually reside in such coun-

try, then the paragraphs above under Section 9 do not apply. Instead, Psiber‘s statutory liability

for damages shall be limited as follows: (i) Psiber shall be liable only up to the amount of dam-

ages as typically foreseeable at the time of entering into the purchase agreement in respect

of damages caused by a slightly negligent breach of a material contractual obligation and (ii)

Psiber shall not be liable for damages caused by a slightly negligent breach of a non-material

contractual obligation. The aforesaid limitation of liability shall not apply to any mandatory statu-

tory liability, in particular, to liability under the German Product Liability Act, liability for assuming

a specific guarantee or liability for culpably caused personal injuries. You are required to take all

reasonable measures to avoid and reduce damages, in particular to make back-up copies of

the Software and your computer data subject to the provisions of this Agreement.

10. TECHNICAL SUPPORT.

Psiber has no obligation to furnish You with technical support unless separately agreed in writing

between You and Psiber.

11. EXPORT CONTROL.

You agree that the Software will not be shipped, transferred or exported into any country or used

in any manner prohibited by the United States Export Administration Act or any other export laws,

restrictions or regulations (collectively the „Export Laws“). In addition, if the Software is identied

as export controlled items under the Export Laws, you represent and warrant that you are not a

citizen, or otherwise located within, an embargoed nation (including without limitation Iran, Syria,

Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea) and that you are not otherwise prohibited under the Export

Laws from receiving the Software. All rights to Use the Software are granted on condition that

such rights are forfeited if you fail to comply with the terms of this Agreement.

The Software, including technical data, may be subject to export controls under the U.S. Export

Administration Regulations („EAR“) and to import or export controls in other countries. The EAR

prohibits the use of the Software and technical data by a Government End-User, as defined here-

after, without a license from the U.S. government. A Government End-User is defined in Part 772 of

the EAR as „any foreign central, regional or local government department, agency or other entity

performing governmental functions; including governmental research institutions, governmental

Data corporations or their separate business units (as dened in part 772 of the EAR) which are

engaged in the manufacture or distribution of items or services controlled on the Wassenaar

Munitions List, and international governmental organizations. This term does not include: utilities

(telecommunications companies and Internet service providers; banks and nancial institutions;

transportation; broadcast or entertainment; educational organizations; civil health and medical

organizations; retail or wholesale firms; and manufacturing or industrial entities not engaged in

the manufacture or distribution of items or services controlled on the Wassenaar Munitions List.)“

You agree to comply strictly with all applicable import and export regulations and acknowledge

that You have the responsibility to obtain licenses to export, re-export, transfer or import the Soft-

ware. You further represent that You are not a Government End User as defined above, and You

will not transfer the Software to any Government End user without a license.

manual

45

12. NOTICES.

All notices and return of the Software and Documentation should be delivered to:

Psiber Data GmbH or PSIBER DATA SYSTEMS INC.

Felix-Wankel-Str. 4 7075-K Mission Gorge Road

D-82152 Krailling San Diego, CA 92120

GERMANY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

13. APPLICABLE LAW & GENERAL PROVISIONS.

This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws in

force: (a) in the State of California, if a license to the Software is obtained when you are in the

United States, Canada, or Mexico; or (b) Germany, if a license to the Software is purchased when

you are in any other jurisdiction not described above. The respective courts shall each have

non-exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes relating to this Agreement. This Agreement will not be

governed by the conflict of law rules of any jurisdiction or the United Nations Convention on Con-

tracts for the International Sale of Goods, the application of which is expressly excluded.

If any part of this Agreement is found void and unenforceable, it will not affect the validity of the

balance of the Agreement, which shall remain valid and enforceable according to its terms. This

Agreement may only be modified by a writing signed by an authorized officer of Psiber, although

Psiber may vary the terms of this Agreement.

This is the entire agreement between Psiber and You relating to the Software and it supersedes

any prior representations, discussions, undertakings, end user agreements, communications or

advertising relating to the Software.

If you have any questions regarding this Agreement or if you wish to request any information from

Psiber please use the address and contact information included with this product or via the web

at www.psiber.com to contact the Psiber office serving your jurisdiction

Psiber, RF3D are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Psiber Data GmbH in Europe or

Psiber Data Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.

PLEASE SUBMIT ANY ACCOMPANYING REGISTRATION FORMS TO RECEIVE REGISTRATION BENEFITS

WHERE APPLICABLE

manual

46

Handbuch

für RF3D WifiPlanner und

RF3D WifiPlanner Lite

For more information or

updates please contact:

www.RF3D.com

Psiber USA:

PSIBER DATA SYSTEMS Inc.

7075-K Mission Gorge Road

San Diego, CA 92120

phone 1-619-287-9970

fax 1-619-287-9978

E-mail info@psiber.com

Psiber Europe:

PSIBER DATA GmbH

Felix-Wankel-Straße 4

D-82152 Krailling

Tel +49 (0) 89 89 13 60 - 60

Fax +49 (0) 89 89 13 60 - 66

E-Mail info@psiber-data.com