RDI Technology RX110A Wireless Receiver User Manual LW2232 MANUAL EN R1
RDI Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Wireless Receiver LW2232 MANUAL EN R1
USER MANUAL
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
ENGLISH VERSION 1.0
www.lorextechnology.com
LW2232
WIRELESS SECURITY CAMERAS
vi
Installation (Continued)
10. Ventilation - Slots and openings in the case are
provided for ventilation to ensure reliable operation
of the product and to protect it from overheating.
These openings must not be blocked or covered. The
openings should never be blocked by placing the video
equipment on a bed, sofa, rug, or other similar
surface. This product should never be placed near or
over a radiator or heat register. This product should
not be placed in a built-in installation such as a
bookcase or rack unless proper ventilation is provided
and the product manufacturer’s instructions have
been followed.
11. Attachments - Do not use attachments unless
recommended by the product manufacturer as they
may cause a hazard.
12. Water and Moisture - Do not use receivers or video
monitors near water — for example, near a bath tub,
wash bowl, kitchen sink or laundry tub, in a wet
basement, near a swimming pool and the like.
13. Heat - The product should be situated away from
heat sources such as radiators, heat registers,
stoves, or other products (including amplifiers) that
produce heat.
14. Accessories - Do not place this
video equipment on an unstable
cart, stand, tripod, or table. The
video equipment may fall,
causing serious damage to the
product. Use this product only
with a cart, stand, tripod,
bracket, or table recommended
by the manufacturer or sold with
the product. Any mounting of the product should
follow the manufacturer’s instructions and use a
mounting accessory recommended by the
manufacturer.
15. Camera Extension Cables – Check the rating of
your extension cable(s) to verify compliance with your
local authority regulations prior to installation.
16. Mounting - The cameras provided with this system
should be mounted only as instructed in this guide or
the instructions that came with your cameras, using
the provided mounting brackets.
17. Camera Installation- Cameras are not intended
for submersion in water. Not all cameras can be
installed outdoors. Check your camera
environmental rating to confirm if they can be
installed outdoors. When installing cameras
outdoors, installation in a sheltered area is required.
Service
1. Servicing - Do not attempt to service this video
equipment yourself, as opening or removing covers
may expose you to dangerous voltage or other
hazards. Refer all servicing to qualified service
personnel.
2. Conditions Requiring Service - Unplug this
product from the wall outlet and refer servicing to
qualified service personnel under the following
conditions:
A. When the power supply cord or plug is damaged.
B. If liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen into
the product.
C. If the product has been exposed to rain or water.
D. If the product has been dropped or the cabinet has
been damaged.
E. If the product does not operate normally by
following the operating instructions. Adjust only
those controls that are covered by the operating
instructions. Improper adjustment of other controls
may result in damage and will often require extensive
work by a qualified technician to restore the product
to its normal operation.
F. When the product exhibits a distinct change in
performance. This indicates a need for service.
7. Replacement Parts - When replacement parts are
required, have the service technician verify that the
replacements used have the same safety
characteristics as the original parts. Use of
replacements specified by the product manufacturer
can prevent fire, electric shock, or other hazards.
8. Safety Check - Upon completion of any service or
repairs to this product, ask the service technician to
perform safety checks recommended by the
manufacturer to determine that the product is in safe
operating condition.
Use
1. Cleaning - Unplug the product from the wall outlet
before cleaning. Do not use liquid cleaners or aerosol
cleaners. Use a damp cloth for cleaning.
2. Product and Cart Combination - Product and cart
combination should be moved with care. Quick stops,
excessive force, and uneven surfaces may cause the
product and cart combination to overturn.
3. Object and Liquid Entry - Never push objects of any
kind into this product through openings as they may
touch dangerous voltage points or “short-out” parts
that could result in a fire or electric shock. Never spill
liquid of any kind on the product.
4. Lightning - For added protection of this product
during a lightning storm, or when it is left unattended
and unused for long periods of time, unplug it from
the wall outlet and disconnect the antenna or cable
system. This will prevent damage to the product due
to lightning and power line surges.
viii
Features
• Real time wireless video with MPEG-4 compression at 640x480 (VGA) resolution1.
• Single 2 channel receiver minimizes cable clutter and offers greater value.
• Extended bandwidth delivers smooth high frame rate video.
• SignalGuard™ Technology continuously monitors the wireless signal and automatically reconnects
upon detecting low signal strength.
• Next generation adaptive Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) technology greatly reduces
signal interference.
• Simple installation. No video cable required2.
• Easily connects to any surveillance DVR (BNC).
• Connect multiple receivers to your surveillance recorder (DVR) to create a wireless surveillance
solution3.
• Up to 165ft (50m) indoor / 500ft (152m) outdoor wireless range4.
• SMA connectors for compatibility with range extension accessories.
• Weatherproof cameras can be installed both indoors and outdoors (IP66 rated)5.
• Weatherproof power connectors for added protection from the elements6.
• Night vision range up to 135ft (41m) / 90ft (27m)7.
• Built-in auto-mechanical infrared camera filter achieves accurate color reproduction in varying lighting
conditions.
• Vandal resistant camera design with cable pass-through mounting brackets.
• 2 channel receiver adds 2 separate wireless video channels to your DVR.
• High gain antenna ensures improved long distance operation.
1. At full signal strength. Limit number of obstructions to ensure best performance.
2. Camera and receiver require a wired connection to a power outlet. Power adapters included.
3. Using multiple receivers in close proximity to each other may cause a slight slowdown in frame rate performance. Maintain at
least 4 inches / 10cm of space between each receiver. Limit number of receivers used to 2 (4 channels total).
4. Maximum wireless transmission range. Actual range dependent upon building materials and other obstructions in path of
wireless signal.
5. Not intended for submersion in water. Installation in a sheltered area is recommended.
6. Power cables are only weatherproof when fully inserted at the connection point. Power cables may not be submerged in water.
7. Stated IR illumination ranges are based on ideal conditions in typical outdoor night time ambient lighting and in total darkness.
Actual range and image clarity depends on installation location, viewing area, and light reflection / absorption level of object.
ix
Table of Contents
1. Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Wireless Receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Wireless Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Installing the Camera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1 Installation Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Mounting Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3 To Install the Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Installing the Wireless Receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Pairing Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Appendix A: System Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.1 General Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2 Receiver Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.3 Camera Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.1 Wired vs. Wireless Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.2 Does a wireless camera require power? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.3 How far can a wireless camera transmit a video signal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.4 Are digital wireless camera signals secure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.5 How many frames per second should I expect from a digital wireless camera? . 11
8.6 How many wireless cameras can I install? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Appendix C: Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Appendix D: Extending Wireless Signal Range. . . . . 13
x
Attention
This device uses the antenna with RP-SMA connector which must be professionally
installed.
1
Getting Started
1. Getting Started
The system comes with the following components:
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
ENGLISH VERSION 1.0
www.lorextechnology.com
LW2232
WIRELESS SECURITY CAMERAS
2 X MOUNTING KITS
2 X WIRELESS CAMERAS 1 X WIRELESS RECEIVER 3 X POWER ADAPTERS
(FOR CAMERAS & RECEIVER)
2 X BLACK RECEIVER ANTENNAS
(PRE-ATTACHED)
CHECK YOUR PACKAGE TO CONFIRM THAT YOU HAVE RECEIVED THE COMPLETE SYSTEM,
INCLUDING ALL COMPONENTS SHOWN ABOVE.
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
QUICK START GUIDE
(Mounting kit contents may differ
from image)
2 X WHITE CAMERA ANTENNAS
(PRE-ATTACHED)
2 X DOUBLE-SIDED TAPE
11
2
Wireless Receiver
2. Wireless Receiver
1Removable Antennas (SMA Type): Pre-attached to the receiver.
2Channel Indicator LEDs: Glow green to indicate which channel is selected for pairing.
3Pairing Button: For details, see
“Pairing Cameras” on page 8.
4DC Power: Connect power adapter
to power on the receiver.
5Termination Cable: Includes 2 BNC
video output cables to connect
cameras to a DVR.
6Antenna Jacks: One on each side of
the receiver.
1
2
3
5
4
6
3
Wireless Camera
3. Wireless Camera
1Removable Antenna (SMA Type): Pre-attached to the back of camera.
2Camera Stand
3DC Power: Connect power adapter to power on the camera.
4Pairing Button: For details, see “Pairing Cameras” on page 8.
5Antenna Jack
1 2
4 5
3
ATTENTION - This camera includes an Auto Mechanical IR Cut Filter. When the camera
changes between Day/Night viewing modes, an audible clicking noise may be heard
from the camera. This clicking is normal and indicates that the camera filter is working.
4
Installing the Camera
4. Installing the Camera
4.1 Installation Warnings
• Aim the cameras to optimize the viewing area: select locations that provide a clear view of
the area you want to monitor, that is free from dust, and that is not facing a strong light source
or direct sunlight.
• Avoid installing the cameras where there are thick walls or obstructions between the cameras
and the receiver.
• Avoid installing in a location which requires the wireless signal to pass through cement,
concrete, and metal structures. This will reduce the range of transmission. For details, see
“Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions” on page 10.
• Select locations for the cameras that have an ambient temperature between 14°F~122°F
(-10°C~50°C)
• Not intended for submersion in water. For outdoor use, installation in a sheltered location is
recommended.
Cameras are suitable for outdoor installation.
Installation in a sheltered location is
recommended. For example, install under shelter
protected from the elements, such as beneath roof
eaves. The diagram to the right shows an example of
an ideal location for outdoor placement.
5
Installing the Camera
4.2 Mounting Positions
You may mount your cameras on a wall, ceiling, or counter. See the images below for
recommended configurations of the camera stand and antenna.
NOTE: For ceiling installation, position the antenna as high as the ceiling allows. See the
"Ceiling" mounting position in the figure above.
4.3 To Install the Cameras
1Use the included mounting screws to mount the cameras to the mounting surface:
• Mark the positions of the screw holes
on the mounting surface.
• Drill holes and insert the drywall plugs
(included) as needed.
• Firmly attach the cameras to the
mounting surface using the included
screws.
NOTE: If you run the power cable through the mounting surface, connect power before
attaching the camera to the wall.
NOTE: If you run the power cable along the mounting surface, the cable must go through
the cable notch on the camera base. This will keep the camera base flush to the
mounting surface
Wall Ceiling Counter
Cable Notch
6
Installing the Camera
2Loosen the thumbscrews (1, 2) and the adjustment ring (3) by turning them counter
clockwise.
3Adjust the angle of the cameras until the desired view is set. Tighten the thumbscrews and
the adjustment ring to secure each camera’s position.
4Connect the power cable from the cameras to the weatherproof power connector. Plug the
power adapter into a power outlet or surge protector.
NOTE: Power cables are only weatherproof when fully inserted at the connection point.
Power cables may not be submerged in water.
1
2
3
7
Installing the Wireless Receiver
5. Installing the Wireless Receiver
1Connect the BNC cables labelled CAM1 and CAM2 to your DVR.
2Connect the power cable to the power adapter. Plug the power adapter into a power outlet or
surge protector.
3Place the receiver in a place that will have clear reception to your cameras1.
OPTIONAL: Use the included double-sided tape to secure the receiver to a surface (e.g.
wall).
1. Avoid installing in a location which requires the wireless signal to pass through cement, con-
crete, and metal structures. This will reduce the range of transmission.
Before powering on the receiver, make sure to first connect and
power on the cameras. This will ensure a proper connection.
Channel
Indicator LED’s
8
Pairing Cameras
6. Pairing Cameras
To pair the cameras to the receiver:
1Make sure that the cameras and receiver are both powered up and all antennas are properly
attached.
2Press the Pair button on the receiver to toggle between channels. Use CAM1 when pairing the
first camera and CAM2 for the second.
3On the receiver, press and hold the Pair button for 5 seconds to activate pairing mode.
4On the back of the camera, press the Pair button. This must be done within 30 seconds of
pressing the Pair button on the receiver.
• If pairing is successful, live video from the camera will appear on the monitor.
IMPORTANT
The cameras and the receiver have already been paired out of the box, which
means that they are exclusively communicating with each other. If for some
reason the pairing is lost, follow these steps to pair the cameras and receiver.
Pair button
Channel Indicator LED’s
Pair button
9
Appendix A: System Specifications
7. Appendix A: System Specifications
7.1 General Specifications
7.2 Receiver Specifications
7.3 Camera Specifications
TX Frequency Range 2.400GHz~2.480GHz
TX Power 16dBm
Unobstructed Effective Range 165ft (50m) indoor
500ft (152m) outdoor1
1. Maximum wireless transmission range. Actual range dependent upon building materials and other obstructions in path of
wireless signal.
Data Rate 4 Mb/s
Modulation GFSK
Spread Spectrum FHSS
Operating Temperature Range 14°F ~ 122°F / -10°C ~ 40°C
RX Sensitivity -81dBm
Demodulation GFSK
Supported Resolution VGA (640x480) up to 25 frames per second
Termination 2x BNC video
Power Requirement 9V DC +/- 5%
Power Consumption 270mA Max
Dimensions (W x D x H) 53 x 137 x 86mm / 2.1 x 5.4 x 3.4" (with antenna attached)
Weight 0.1kg / 0.3lbs
Image Sensor Type 1/4" Color CMOS Image Sensor
Effective Pixels H: 640 V: 480
Image Compression MPEG4
Image Resolution VGA (640x480)
Lens 3.6mm F2.0
Field of View (Diagonal) 55°
AGC On
Power Requirement 9V DC +/- 5%
Power Consumption 430mA Max with IR LED
220mA Max without IR LED
Environmental Rating1
1. Not intended for submersion in water. Installation in a sheltered area is recommended.
IP66
IR LED Quantity / Type 24 pieces / 850nm
Night Vision Range2
2. Stated IR illumination ranges are based on ideal conditions in typical outdoor night time ambient lighting and in total
darkness. Actual range and image clarity depends on installation location, viewing area, and light reflection / absorption
level of object.
90ft (27m) / 135ft (41m)
Built in Auto IR Turn On / Off CdS Drive Auto IR LED turn On/Off Circuit
Dimensions (W x D x H) 79 x 203 x 117mm / 3.1 x 8.0 x 4.6" (with antenna and sun-
shade)
Weight 0.3kg / 0.6lbs
10
Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions
8. Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions
8.1 Wired vs. Wireless Cameras
A wired camera has a video cable that transmits the video signal from the camera to a
recording or viewing device.
A wireless camera does not use a video cable. Instead, it wirelessly transmits the video
signal to a wireless receiver that is connected to your DVR. Wireless cameras do not
require video cabling to be run between the camera and the DVR, which reduces
installation time and cost.
8.2 Does a wireless camera require power?
Yes. Wireless cameras require two power sources: one connected to the camera, and the
other to the receiver. The term "wireless" refers to the lack of a video cable between the
camera and the receiver.
8.3 How far can a wireless camera transmit a video signal?
In an open field (with line of sight), a typical wireless camera has a range between 250 - 500
feet. 'Line-of-sight' means that there are no obstructions between the camera and
receiver. Obstructions include walls, buildings, trees, and certain electronic devices.
Materials containing moisture (for example, leaves) may also act as an obstruction. Cubical
walls, drywall, glass, and windows generally do not degrade wireless signal strength.
In a closed environment—such as the interior of a house—the wireless camera range is
between 100 - 165 feet. The signal range varies depending on the type of building materials
or objects the wireless signal must pass through.
The signal range also depends on whether there are competing signals using the same
frequency as the camera. For example, signals from cordless phones or routers may affect
signal strength. Adaptive Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) technology
featured in the latest Lorex models greatly reduces signal interference.
Range Limiting Factors1
Reflection
The signal
reflects back
Scattering
The signal scatters
back into multiple
new signals
Refraction
The signal bends
as it travels
through an
object (e.g. glass
window)
Diffraction
The signal
changes direction
as it passes
around an object
Attenuation
The signal
strength weakens
as it passes
through an object
1Source: Xirrus (2010). "Wi-Fi Range Dynamics".
Retrieved online at http://xirrus.gcsmarket.com/pdfs/Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Range.pdf
11
Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions
Signal Reduction Through Materials
Signal strength decreases as it passes through different types of material. The table below
shows how signals become reduced when passing through different materials:
The stronger the signal strength, the higher the video frame rate. The lower the signal
strength, the lower the video frame rate.
8.4 Are digital wireless camera signals secure?
Yes. Lorex digital wireless products feature a wireless transmission method called
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). This type of signal is highly resistant to
eavesdropping as it generates a channel hopping sequence using an algorithm generated
by the receiver, which only the camera can follow through the "pairing" function.
Pairing is an electronic handshake between digital wireless devices. Digital wireless
cameras can only be paired to one receiver. This is to prevent interception by third parties,
and prevents any other device from picking up the signal—this also means that you cannot
pair one camera to multiple receivers.
8.5 How many frames per second should I expect from a digital
wireless camera?
Current Lorex digital wireless cameras offer 10 - 30 FPS (Frames Per Second)
performance. Actual frame rate depends mainly on signal strength (see the chart in
section above).
For details on supported resolutions and frame rates for this model, see “Appendix A:
System Specifications” on page 9.
8.6 How many wireless cameras can I install?
It is recommended to install a maximum of 4 wireless cameras per system (2 receivers and
4 cameras). Minimum space between receivers should be 4 inches / 10cm and minimum
space between cameras should be 6.5ft/2m to minimize potential signal strength
degradation.
Material Signal Reduction (%)
Plaster & Wood 10 - 30%
Brick 30 - 50%
Concrete Cinder Blocks 50 - 70%
Metal & Metal Cladding 70 - 90%
NOTE: Signals that must pass through wet or moist materials
(e.g. shrubs and trees) may be significantly reduced.
Full signal strength
(high frame rate) Low signal strength
(low frame rate)
12
Appendix C: Troubleshooting
9. Appendix C: Troubleshooting
If you have problems with your system, there is often a quick and simple solution. Please
try the following:
Problem Solution
There is no picture from the
camera(s)
• Make sure that the camera is plugged into a power outlet and that
the power adapter is plugged in properly.
• Make sure receiver is plugged into a power outlet.
• Move the camera closer to the receiver.
• Make sure video output cables are connected to your DVR.
The picture is dropping • Move the camera closer to the receiver.
• Try repositioning the camera, receiver, or both to improve the
reception.
The picture is or has become
choppy
• The picture may become choppy when experiencing a lower frame
rate (e.g. 6 frames per second vs. a higher 20 frames per second).
• Try moving the camera closer to the receiver.
• Remove obstructions between the receiver and camera.
The picture is white • "Washout" or "white wash" can occur when a strong light source
is pointed at the camera lens. The camera lens is not harmed
during a white wash.
• Do not point your camera towards a bright light source.
The picture is too dark • If using during the day, the camera may not be getting enough
light. Reconsider the position of your camera.
The picture is too bright • If using during the day, the camera may be getting too much light.
Reconsider the position of your camera.
Night vision is not working • Night vision activates when light levels drop. The area may have
too much light.
Bright spot in video when
viewing camera at night
• Night vision reflects when pointing a camera at a window. Move
the camera to a different location.
13
Appendix D: Extending Wireless Signal Range
10. Appendix D: Extending Wireless Signal
Range
DISCLAIMER: Certain accessories are not available in all markets.
There are several ways to boost your wireless signal as well as options to help you extend
the range of the wireless signal.
Clear Line-of-Sight
You should always try to ensure there is a clear line-of-sight between the camera and the
receiver.
Extending Your Wireless Signal
Even with a clear line-of-sight between your camera(s) and your receiver(s), you may
experience a lower video frame rate simply due to the distance between your wireless
devices.
Accessory antennas are available that can help extend the range of your wireless signal.
Clear line of sight
Receiver
14
Appendix D: Extending Wireless Signal Range
2.4 GHZ Directional Wireless Panel Antenna
Use the 2.4GHz Directional Wireless Panel Antenna
(model #: ACCANTD9) to focus a wireless signal onto one
specific camera in order to increase the range of
transmission (clear line-of-sight between the camera and
the antenna is required). A 20ft extension cable is included
to help to properly position the antenna.
Scenario 1: Single Receiver Installation
Attach a directional antenna to the one or both cameras and/or the receiver. It is
recommended to attach the antenna to the receiver and place it in a location that has clear
line-of-sight to the camera. Ensure that the directional antenna is pointing toward the
other antenna. For example, if the directional antenna is connected to your receiver, the
directional antenna should point at the camera (see figure above). During the installation,
check the reception on your DVR.
Scenario 2: Multiple Camera / Receiver Installation
If you are using multiple wireless cameras and receivers in your installation, attach
directional antennas to the camera(s) and receiver(s) that are farthest away from each
other. Follow these guidelines to increase the signal strength between your cameras and
receivers:
• Point directional antennas towards the receiver for each camera.
• Keep as much space as possible between each receiver.
• Keep as much space as possible between directional antennas if using more than one.
• Minimize the amount of obstructions (e.g. walls or trees) between the antennas and receivers.
• During the installation, check the reception of each camera on your DVR.
Visit www.lorextechnology.com for more details on wireless antennas and accessories.
Directional Wireless Panel Antenna
Note : Cet appareil est conforme à la Partie 15 des règlements de la FCC et aux normes RSS de
l’Industrie du Canada. Son fonctionnement est soumis aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) cet
appareil ne doit pas causer des interférences nuisibles, et (2) cet appareil doit accepter toute
interférence reçue, y compris les interférences qui peuvent provoquer un fonctionnement
indésirable.
Le fabricant n'est pas responsable des toutes interférences radio ou télévision causées par des
modifications non autorisées apportées à cet appareil. De telles modifications peuvent empêcher
l’utilisateur d’utiliser l'appareil.
THIS DEVICE COMPLIES WITH PART 15 OF THE FCC RULES AND INDUSTRY CANADA
LICENSE-EXEMPT RSS STANDARD(S). OPERATION IS SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING TWO
CONDITIONS: (1) THIS DEVICE MAY NOT CAUSE HARMFUL INTERFERENCE, AND (2) THIS DEVICE
MUST ACCEPT ANY INTERFERENCE RECEIVED, INCLUDING INTERFERENCE THAT MAY CAUSE
UNDESIRED OPERATION.
THE MANUFACTURER IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY RADIO OR TV INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY
UNAUTHORIZED MODIFICATIONS TO THIS EQUIPMENT. SUCH MODIFICATIONS COULD VOID THE
USER’S AUTHORITY TO OPERATE THE EQUIPMENT.