RECCO A Recco Detector User Manual User instructions

RECCO AB Recco Detector User instructions

User instructions

DETECTOR
USER’S GUIDE
AVALANCHE RESCUE SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS
CH 5 SEARCHING WITH RECCO 20
20 SIGNAL SEARCH
20 Sweep
21 First Pass
22 Second Pass
23 Third Pass
23 COARSE SEARCH
23 FINE SEARCH
24 PINPOINT SEARCH
24 MULTIPLE VICTIMS
25 SEARCHING WITH TWO DETECTORS
25 WET SNOW
CH 6 SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 26
26 457KHZ SEARCH WITH R9 DETECTOR
27 Tangent-Line
27 Bracket/Cross
CH 7 SEARCHING ON SKIS 29
CH 8 SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER 30
CH 9 TRAINING EXERCISES 32
32 FIRST TIME
33 PINPOINT
34 WALK THE LINE
35 SEARCH DRILL
36 INTERFERENCE BY RESCUERS
37 SEARCHING AMONGST PROBE LINES
38 MULTIPLE VICTIMS
38 SELF-TEST — PROFICIENCY
CH 10 RESCUE SIMULATIONS 39
CH 11 CARE OF R9 DETECTOR 40
CH 12 COMMON MISTAKES 41
CH 13 TROUBLE SHOOTING 44
44 DETECTOR
45 INTERFERENCE
CH 14 CUSTOMER SERVICE 46
CH 1 RECCO TECHNOLOGY 4
4 RECCO ADVANCED RESCUE SYSTEM
4 DETECTOR
4 REFLECTOR
CH 2 R9 OVERVIEW 5
5 INTENDED USE
5 FEATURES
6 CONTROLS
7 DESCRIPTIONS
8 SPECIFICATIONS
CH 3 GETTING STARTED — RECCO 9
9 THE BASICS
9 FREQUENCY DOUBLING
10 DIRECTIONALITY
10 DETECTOR SIGNAL
10 POLARIZATION
11 AIMING DETECTOR
12 ONE REFLECTOR OR TWO REFLECTORS
12 RANGE
12 FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE
12 Power Settings
12 Orientationofreectortodetector
13 Passing through air versus snow
14 Density and water content of snow
14 Possible shielding by victim’s body
14 Possible ground affects
15 FUNCTION AND RANGE CHECK
16 PERSONAL INTERFERENCES
17 DETECTING ELECTRONIC DEVICES
17 ALT SWITCH
17 BATTERY AND CHARGING
18 LOW BATTERY WARNING
CH 4 GETTING STARTED — 457 RECEIVER 19
19 THE BASICS
19 457 RANGE
4 5
R9 OVERVIEWRECCO TECHNOLOGY
INTENDED USE
The RECCO R9 Detector equips organized rescue teams with advanced rescue
technology to make the search for buried avalanche victims easier, faster, and
safer. This User’s Guide contains an introduction to the RECCO Rescue System
and provides detailed information on the use of the R9 Detector, including a
variety of training tips to help you become an effective detector operator. It is
up to you to practice and develop the basic and advanced skills necessary to use
the R9 Detector effectively in an emergency.
NOTE: Before using the R9 in an actual emergency response, the rescuer
should have completed an appropriate avalanche-rescue training program.
FEATURES
•The R9 Detector is intended for use by organized rescue teams: ski
patrols, mountain rescue, police, air rescue, park rangers, etc.
•The R9 Detector enables both the RECCO search and an avalanche
rescue beacon search to be performed simultaneously. One rescuer can
complete two jobs.
•The R9 Detector’s slim size and lightweight allow for easy transport to
an accident site.
•The R9 Detector uses lithium-ion batteries for long storage life and top
performance in all conditions.
•The R9 Detector is compatible with all RECCO reflectors, no matter
their age.
RECCO® ADVANCED RESCUE SYSTEM
The RECCO® Rescue System is advanced rescue technology that enables
fast searching and directional pinpointing of a victim’s precise location using
harmonic radar. RECCO’s two-part technology operates on the principle of
frequency doubling. The RECCO reflector doubles the detector’s signal and
bounces it back resulting in precise directionality. The RECCO detector
operator can actually hear where the person is located. The system works on
a high frequency, which enables rapid pinpointing of the signal and directs
rescuers on a straight path to the person.
The RECCO System does not prevent avalanches nor does it guarantee location
or survival of a buried or lost person. RECCO’s advanced technology assist
organized rescue teams by enabling just a few rescuers to search large areas
quickly. The search time is slashed from hours (and in some cases days) to
minutes. The system provides a simple way to equip winter enthusiasts with a
basic rescue system.
DETECTOR
This lightweight, hand-held radar gun is intended for organized rescue teams as
it enables the quick locating of a RECCO reflector-equipped person.
Integrated into the new R9 Detector is an avalanche rescue beacon receiver
(457kHz). This innovation allows one rescuer to search simultaneously for
both RECCO reflectors and transmitting avalanche beacons.
RECCO detectors are used by resort ski-patrols, helicopter skiing companies,
helicopter rescue services, national parks, and mountain rescue teams
worldwide. This global network also enables the sharing of information,
knowledge and skills that benefits all rescuers.
REFLECTOR
The RECCO reflector is a small, passive transponder consisting of a copper
aerial and a diode surrounded by protective weatherproof plastic. This wearable
technology weighs less than four grams. RECCO reflectors are factory mounted
to gear that is unlikely to be torn off in the event of an avalanche.
The reflector never needs to be switched on, will never loose signal strength
and needs no batteries to function. It requires no maintenance and has a
virtually unlimited lifespan. The detector will work with all RECCO reflectors,
anywhere in the world.
More than 200 manufacturers permanently affix the RECCO reflector into
commercially available outerwear, helmets, boots, and protection gear.
RECCO TECHNOLOGY R9 OVERVIEW GETTING STARTED - RECCO GETTING STARTED - 457 RECEIVER
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R9 OVERVIEWR9 OVERVIEW
DESCRIPTIONS
1. Power Control Switch. Controls the RECCO signal power. There are
5 power levels.
2. Blue LED Light. Indicates relative power setting of detector. Steady light
means full power. Flashing light means less than full power.
3. RECCO On/Off Switch. Turns detector on to full power.
4. ALT Switch. Changes the RECCO channel for use when two RECCO
detectors are being used simultaneously.
5. Serial Number.
6. 457 Sensitivity Switch. Changes range of avalanche rescue beacon receiver.
7. 457 On/Off Switch. Turns avalanche rescue beacon receiver on. Can only
be used when RECCO system is also on.
8. Handle. Folds into detector for storage.
9. Internal Speaker. Provides acoustic signal of detected RECCO reflector
and/or received avalanche rescue beacon signal..
10. Battery Compartment and Battery. The R9 uses a special lithium-ion
battery.
11. Headphone Jack. For use of an external ear bud speaker.
12. Charging Port. Battery charger plugs into port.
13. Security Strap Holder. Provides attachment point for a user installed
security strap or lanyard. Important: RECCO detectors should always be
attached to the operator when used from an aircraft.
CONTROLS
RECCO R9 Detector controls.
ON
457
15 - 60 m
5 - 20 m
0 - 6 m
OFF
ON
ALT
SENSITIVITY
OFF
RECCO
XXX - XXXX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
8
RECCO TECHNOLOGY R9 OVERVIEW GETTING STARTED - RECCO GETTING STARTED - 457 RECEIVER
8 9
GETTING STARTED — RECCOR9 OVERVIEW
THE BASICS
When you direct the RECCO detector toward a RECCO reflector you will hear
a pulsating, chirp-like tone. The RECCO System works on a high frequency,
which results in precise directionality. If the reflector is out of range, or if
the detector is not pointed toward the reflector, you will only hear a slight
background noise.
To activate the RECCO R9 Detector:
•Flip the RECCO ON/OFF switch to ON. The detector starts at full
power.
•Slide the Power Control Switch at the top of the handle. Quickly
tapping the switch to + increases power and to – decreases power.
There are 5 power settings.
•Look at the blue LED light. A steady blue light means full power; a
flashing blue light means less than full power.
•Activate the 457kHz (beacon) receiver function if necessary. The 457
function can only be used simultaneously with the RECCO function.
TIP: Be aware if demonstrating the R9 Detector that activating the detector
inside a building (or next to people equipped with electronic equipment) may
cause false signals in multiple directions caused by electronic interferences.
Reducing the RECCO power by two to three levels will eliminate the false
signals, but will also reduce significantly the range.
FREQUENCY DOUBLING
The RECCO Rescue System utilizes harmonic radar to precisely locate a
person equipped with reflectors. The RECCO R9 Detector sends out a signal
and when it hits the specially tuned RECCO reflector the frequency is doubled
and bounced back.
Frequency doubling.
The opening angle
of the antenna is
about 30 degrees.
SPECIFICATIONS
Physical
Dimensions 21cm(L) x 19cm(W) x 5.5cm(H)
Weight 950g with battery pack
Audio
Speaker Built-in 2 in 1 speaker
Headphone external, 2-prong earphone
Controls and Lights
Switches RECCO on/off
ALT (RECCO channel change)
457(kHz) Receiver on/off
457(kHz) Power control, 3 steps
Buttons RECCO power control: 5 steps
Lights Blue LED: RECCO power indication
Steady – full power
Flashing – less than full power
Power Supply
Battery 1.6Ah Lithium-ion removable, rechargeable battery
Operating time 2 hours
Operating temperature –20º to +20ºC
AC charger AC input/frequency: 100–240 VAC, 50/60Hz
Rated output: 8VDC, 2A (typical)
Charging
Charging time 2 hours
Charging indicator red – charging
green – charged
Low battery alert Beeping alarm to change the battery:
1. single long beep, followed by
2. two long beeps, followed by
3. continual beeping
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GETTING STARTED — RECCOGETTING STARTED — RECCO
TIP: To achieve the best signal and best range when searching you must seek
the best polarization or orientation between the RECCO detector and RECCO
reflector.
AIMING DETECTOR
Swing the detector slowly in front of you to your left and right for approximately
180 degrees across the front of your body. Be sure to direct the signal into the
snow as if you are using a flashlight.
You should also turn your wrist 90 degrees as you swing the detector to benefit
from the polarization of the signal.
When you hear the chirp-like return signal orient the detector to the maximum
signal by rotating your wrist. Once you have the maximum signal do not
change the orientation of the detector or move the detector as you follow the
signal. Reduce power as needed as you approach the reflector.
Tip: Do not be in a hurry to turn down the power. Experienced operators
generally turn down the power once before needing to pinpoint.
DIRECTIONALITY
The detector’s high frequency and directional antenna uses harmonic radar
to generate a directional signal that allows the rescuer to quickly detect and
precisely locate a person equipped with RECCO reflectors. Once the signal
is detected you can follow the distinct RECCO tone directly to the person.
RECCO’s directionality enables rescuers to search larger areas quickly and
efficiently.
DETECTOR SIGNAL
This simple diagram shows the working area of the detector. It is important
you note that weaker signals are emitted to the sides and rear of the detector.
These lobes can result in false signals (interferences) if a reflector, including
other electronic equipment, is close to the detector. (See PERSONAL
INTERFERENCES.)
RECCO signal and working area of the detector.
POLARIZATION
To obtain optimal range the detector signal has been polarized, which means
the orientation of the reflector to the detector has a considerable affect on
signal strength. If you hold the detector antenna parallel to the long side of a
RECCO reflector, the signal and range
will be at maximum. If you rotate the
detector 90 degrees, you will receive
a minimum signal and the range is
correspondingly less. You may even
loose the signal.
Orientation of the detector
tothereectorhasasignicant
affect on the RECCO signal.
Sweep detector across your body.
Turn your wrist
slightly as you sweep
the detector across
your body.
RECCO TECHNOLOGY R9 OVERVIEW GETTING STARTED - RECCO GETTING STARTED - 457 RECEIVER
Max signal Min signal
12 13
GETTING STARTED — RECCOGETTING STARTED — RECCO
Directiontoreectoralsoaffectsrange.
Passing through air versus snow
Air has little affect on the RECCO
signal, so a helicopter is a great
platform from which to search
because the signal penetrates directly
downward into the snow. Also the
helicopter can search a much larger
area faster and easier than for a
rescuer on foot. When using the
detector on foot the signal must pass
through much more snow to reach a
given depth. To reach a buried victim
at the same depth the helicopter-based
detector will have greater range.
Searching
from the
helicopter
gives better
range.
ONE REFLECTOR OR TWO REFLECTORS
RECCO recommends people always wear two reflectors, one on each side of
the body to maximize the probability of detection and to increase range from
all directions. In clothing the optimal placement is one reflector on the upper
arm and one on the opposite lower leg.
TwoRECCOreectorsimprovesdetectionandrange.
RANGE
In simple terms the range of the RECCO System can be expressed as follows:
Air up to 200 m
Snow up to 20 m
Water up to 0.2 m
Six factors affect the range of the RECCO System and for you to use the
detector effectively and with confidence requires you to be aware of how and
why range varies.
FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE
Power Settings
When you reduce the power—indicated by the flashing blue LED—the range
will be reduced. The range may be reduced to zero if the power is set too low.
A steady blue light means full power. A flashing blue light means less than full
power.
Orientation of reector to detector
When you hear a signal and the detector is oriented to the maximum signal,
the range may still vary significantly depending upon how you approach the
reflector. Approaching the long side of the reflector provides great range, but
when you approach a reflector’s short side the range is significantly less.
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GETTING STARTED — RECCOGETTING STARTED — RECCO
Terrain features can block the RECCO signal.
TIP: If the victim is buried in an area of rugged ground or if the surface of
the avalanche debris is very irregular, use your RECCO detector as if you are
searching with a flashlight. To conduct a thorough search you will need to get
into depressions or search immediately along both sides of snow ridges.
FUNCTION AND RANGE CHECK
On a regular basis you should check the detector function and range. In an
open area free of electrical devices place a reflector on a wooden post or tree
150 centimeters above the snow surface. The range should be about 80 meters.
Walk toward the reflector and turn down the power as needed. At the lowest
power setting the range may drop to less than 1 meter.
RangecheckwithaRECCOreector.(Ifplacingareectoronalivetree,mountthe
RECCO reectoronathinwoodenboardandthenafxtothetree.)
Density and water content of snow
Increasing snow density (or hardness) reduces the range; however, the most
serious affect is from moisture or wetness caused by thaw or rain. Liquid water
attenuates the signal and significantly reduces range. When snow turns wet—
your gloves get wet making a snowball—range decreases notably.
TIP: You should train in all types of snow conditions, so you can adjust your
search strategies and search strip widths to match snow conditions.
Possible shielding by victim’s body
The largest component of the
human body is water, which
attenuates the RECCO
signal. This is why RECCO
reflectors are always located
on or near extremities: near
neck, upper arm, or on or
near feet, and reflectors
should always be worn in
pairs: one on left side and
one on the right side.
The body can shield the
RECCO signal.
Knowing the body can block the RECCO signal the detector operator can use
this knowledge to manage interference caused by rescuers and recreationalists
who are also equipped with RECCO reflectors. Simply keeping the operator’s
body between the detector and other reflector-equipped rescuers will limit
interference. (See PERSONAL INTERFERENCES.)
Tip: Use your body as a shield between the detector and known reflectors to
limit interference.
Possible ground affects
Rugged ground topography can make for challenging search settings.
Avalanches covering rugged or irregular-shaped ground create depressions,
mounds, and ridges of snow. In some cases the snow can be deep, while in
other cases shallow snow may cover large terrain features. An avalanche victim
pushed against a large rock can be difficult to find as rocks may shield the
signal. The steep rocky sides of a narrow gully can also block the RECCO
signal if you are searching too far to the side. If you know or suspect the victim
is buried in an area with an uneven ground surface you will have to adapt your
search strategies to match the challenge.
RECCO TECHNOLOGY R9 OVERVIEW GETTING STARTED - RECCO GETTING STARTED - 457 RECEIVER
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GETTING STARTED — RECCOGETTING STARTED — RECCO
DETECTING ELECTRONIC DEVICES
In some circumstances the RECCO detector may detect other electronic
devices such as digital cameras, mobile telephones, two-way radios, avalanche
transceivers, high-frequency RFID lift passes, snowmobiles, cars, etc. Even if
these devices are turned off their electronics may act as a weak reflector. The
range from these devices varies typically from a few centimeters to several
meters, considerably shorter range than the range provided by RECCO
reflectors. Successful detection of buried victims because of “other” electronics
occurs every winter, so performing a RECCO search any time a buried person
is thought to carry electronic equipment can be effective. (See SEARCHING
WITH RECCO > Third Pass.)
ALT SWITCH
If you use two RECCO detectors in close proximity their matching channels
can cause signal interference. The ALT Switch on the back of the R9 Detector
changes the RECCO channel. One detector’s ALT Switch should be up and the
other detector’s switch in the down position. The position—up or down—on a
single detector is not important.
BATTERY AND CHARGING
When fully charged the R9 Detector’s lithium-ion battery:
•Provides 2 hours of search time.
•Can be recharged in 1–2 hours with the included AC charger. On the
charger the red light means the battery is charging, and the green light
means fully charged.
•Gives excellent cold weather performance.
•Can go at least 6 months between charges.
After any use, plug the R9 Detector back onto its charger. To restart the
charging process, flip the RECCO On/Off switch from off to on to off.
IMPORTANT: Only use the R9 AC charger provided by RECCO to charge
your R9 Detector battery.
You can also place a reflector on the ground with the long side toward the
detector. The range should be at least 10 meters. The range will increase as
the reflector is raised above the ground.
PERSONAL INTERFERENCES
Because RECCO detectors emit weak energy lobes to the back and sides,
electronic devices worn on the operator can sometimes be detected creating false
positive signals. You should remove as much personal electronic equipment
as practical to eliminate false signals. Your avalanche rescue transceiver and
handheld radio can be slipped around and worn on your back. Other electronic
devices such as cameras, mobile telephones, pagers, GPS units, boot-heater
batteries, etc. should be removed.
The wearing of RECCO reflectors by rescuers is discouraged, especially for the
detector operator. In some garments reflectors are located in a small pocket
and may be removed during rescues and trainings. If you cannot remove your
reflector, the detector operator should completely cover the reflector with a
RECCO Shield. This will enable you to perform the RECCO search.
To check for interferences always:
•Start at full power.
•Aim detector toward the sky, there should be no signal.
•If you hear a signal, scan yourself, reduce power as needed to locate
interference.
•Remove or change the position of the offending device, or cover with a
RECCO Shield.
•Return to full power.
Buried objects like electrical lines, large
metal signs, or other large metal objects like
construction supplies and equipment, and lift
towers can result in false signals. If such objects
are buried in snow, probing or digging will likely
be the only way to identify these signals.
RECCO Shields are used to
coverRECCOreectors.
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GETTING STARTED — 457 RECEIVERGETTING STARTED — RECCO
THE BASICS
The RECCO R9 Detector is also equipped with an analog avalanche rescue
beacon receiver (457kHz). This innovation allows you to search simultaneously
for both RECCO reflectors and transmitting avalanche beacons. Additional
information about searching with the 457kHz function can be found in Chapter
6, SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457.
Rescuers practiced in using analog (acoustic-signal) beacons will quickly adopt
this functionality. Rescuers with little or no practice with analog beacons will
require training and practice.
The 457kHz antenna is located along the bottom of the detector’s handle,
perpendicular to the back of the detector.
To use the 457 function the RECCO function must be turned ON.
When the distinctive “beep” of the 457 signal is heard the R9 Detector operator
may choose to locate the beacon with the detector, or use their own beacon.
Another rescuer can also be assigned to locate the beacon.
TIP: Try using the RECCO function during the fine search phase, even if the
person does not have RECCO reflectors. Some transceivers can act as weak
reflectors and the RECCO function can make for a quick fine search.
457 RANGE
The range and signal strength for all avalanche rescue beacons is a function of
the relative orientation of the antennas of the sending unit and the receiving
unit. Maximum range is achieved when the antenna of the receiving unit
is parallel to the magnetic field of the sending unit. If the receiving unit is
positioned at some angle to the magnetic field the range is reduced.
When you perform a standard RECCO signal search and sweep the R9 Detector
across your body you are changing the orientation of the 457 receiver antenna.
This increases your chances of detecting a transmitting beacon.
The R9 Detector is equipped with 3 relative range settings for 457kHz
searching:
•15–60 meters
•5–20 meters
•0–5 meters
You can change the range settings as needed to maintain the received signal.
LOW BATTERY WARNING
Lithium-ion batteries are smaller and lighter, provide more voltage, are less
affected by cold temperatures, and hold a charge much longer than other types
of batteries; however, when nearly discharged the battery quickly shuts down
power to preserve the battery.
The R9 Detector provides you with a 3-level low battery alert.
1. One long beep —change/charge battery immediately
2. Two long beeps—change/charge battery immediately
3. Continuous beeping—no search capability
WARNING: Do not fully discharge the battery, this may damage the battery.
You should change the battery immediately upon hearing the first long beep,
or plug the detector into its AC charger and power supply. Your available
searching time is very short until the detector turns itself off.
If you need to change the battery, unclip the battery compartment on the back
of the R9 Detector and carefully lift out the battery pack. You will have to
pinch the connection clip to disconnect the battery from the detector. Inspect
the fittings of the new battery pack and carefully made with the detector’s
connection. You should hear a “click” when the connection is secure. Carefully
reset the battery and wires before closing the compartment.
RECCO recommends replacing the battery every 3 years regardless of use. To
order new batteries, please contact RECCO AB (See CUSTOMER SERVICE
for contact information.)
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SEARCHING WITH RECCOSEARCHING WITH RECCO
First Pass
You should search the avalanche in corridors, and RECCO suggests making at
least two passes, if necessary, to detect a signal. In some cases e.g., victim is not
equipped with RECCO reflectors but may carry an electronic device, a third
pass may be necessary. During each pass you walk a narrower search corridor
and aim the detector more downward into the snow.
For the first pass, under typical cold, dry snow conditions, use 20-meter
wide search corridors (10 meters to your right and 10 meters to your left).
When searching on foot you should aim the detector at the snow surface
approximately 4 meters in front of you. Imagine searching an avalanche in the
dark with a flashlight.
As you walk swing the detector in front of you to your left and right for
approximately 180 degrees across the front of your body. It is important you
swing the detector equally in both directions. Swing the detector at a somewhat
slower pace then you are walking.
Aiming the detector during the First Pass.
The RECCO Rescue System can be used effectively from foot, skis, and
helicopters. Many different factors affect the way to search with the RECCO
Rescue System. These recommendations are general and should be adapted to
your organization’s methods and to the actual avalanche. Your strategies and
tactics will sometimes change as conditions and circumstances change.
There are four phases of any and all search operations, including searching
with the RECCO Rescue System.
•Signal Search: detecting the signal
•Coarse Search: following the signal
•Fine Search: getting very close
•Pinpoint Search: precisely locating
You should first learn to use the RECCO System with confidence on foot before
using the detector from other platforms like skis and helicopters. Searching on
foot is the best way to learn to use the system as it allows for systematic and
careful use.
SIGNAL SEARCH
Sweep
Your first attempt to detect a
signal should be made before
you move onto the debris.
From some distance away—
whether above, at the side, or
from across a narrow gully—
make several sweeps with the
detector. At the same time turn
your wrist to take advantage of
the polarization. This technique
is especially effective in small
avalanches, but no matter the
size of the avalanche, this simple
search technique should always
be tried when you first approach
and reach the avalanche debris.
If you have no success with these first sweeps to detect a signal, the avalanche
must be searched in a methodical and thorough manner.
FirstPass,
narrow
avalanche.
FirstPass,
wide
avalanche.
Sweep the detector completely across
body during the First Pass.
SEARCHING WITH RECCO SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
Sweep search.
22 23
SEARCHING WITH RECCOSEARCHING WITH RECCO
Third Pass
In some incidents involving very deep burials, wet snow, or when the buried
subject is not equipped with RECCO reflectors but is thought to carry some
type of electronic device (digital camera, mobile telephone, two-way radio,
turned-off transceiver, etc.) a third pass may be needed. During your third pass,
aim the detector only 1 meter ahead and swung 1 + 1 meters to both sides
creating a 2-meter wide search corridor.
Aiming during Third Pass.
COARSE SEARCH
When you hear the tone, a chirp-like signal:
1. Mark the spot.
2. Orient the detector to the
strongest tone.
3. Follow the signal. Do not turn
or move the detector and do not
reduce power too soon.
FINE SEARCH
As you get closer to the buried person:
1. Reduce power as needed.
2. Walk until the tone disappears. You should now be right above the victim.
It is important to align your arm movements to the angle of the slope. If you do
not, you run the risk of searching only the air rather than the snow.
When no signal is detected on the First Pass, RECCO recommends a second
pass and narrowing the search corridor by half.
Align your arm movements to the angle of the slope.
TIP: Have a second rescuer accompany the RECCO detector operator. This
assistant follows several meters behind the operator and manages radio traffic,
marks the search route with flags, and provides an extra set of eyes and ears to
the detector operator. A marked first pass improves the quality of the second
pass and highlights any not-searched areas.
Second Pass
For your second search pass reduce the corridor width by half to 10 meters (5
+ 5 meters) and aim the detector more downwards, aiming about 2 meters in
front of you. Also, only swing the detector about 90 degrees across your body.
Aiming the detector during your
Second Pass.
Use less swing across body during
the Second Pass.
1 m
Sweep the detector only slightly
across body.
SEARCHING WITH RECCO SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
CoarseSearch,
following the signal.
24 25
SEARCHING WITH RECCOSEARCHING WITH RECCO
When multiple victims are known or suspected you will have to:
•Search the immediate area around the found victim, and
•Search back to the marked spot from where you first heard a signal to
continue searching the rest of the avalanche.
•Continue Signal Search pattern until all victims are found or the area is
deemed to be clear.
To search for additional victims who might be very close you may adopt
techniques—Three Circle and Micro-Search Corridors—that are sometimes
used in transceiver searches for multiple victims. Searching for multiple victims
requires considerable practice.
SEARCHING WITH TWO DETECTORS
When searching a large avalanche
two detectors may be used. Use
the Alt Switch to set each detector
to a different RECCO channel.
On one detector set the Alt Switch
up and on the other detector
set the switch down. This will
eliminate potential interference if
the detectors get too close to one
another. It is also helpful to mark
the searched routes with flags to
identify not-searched areas.
WET SNOW
The wetness of the snow—
liquid water present—can have
a significant affect on range. It is
important that you practice in wet snow conditions so you can judge
the approximate range of the RECCO System. In general you will need to
significantly narrow your search corridors depending upon wetness. The
more wet the snow the narrower you should make the search corridors. Your
methods are best gained from practice and experience.
TIP: When searching wet snow you should make your search corridors one-
half the width of dry snow conditions.
PINPOINT SEARCH
1. Hold the detector vertically.
2. Turn wrist to optimize polarization and signal.
3. Reduce the power control.
4. Make rapid crisscross movements.
5. Mark the spot with the strongest signal.
Pinpoint search.
Unlike a transceiver search that requires a probe pole to pinpoint the target,
RECCO’s directionality eliminates the need for a probe pole. However, a probe
pole may be invaluable to confirm the victim’s location, to indicate burial
depth, and to provide a reference mark for digging to the victim.
TIP: Generally, faster crisscross movements make it easier to pinpoint the
strongest signal.
MULTIPLE VICTIMS
RECCO’s directional search beam
makes the search for multiple victims
easier. Though the technology makes
the search easier, to successfully find all
victims requires careful and systematic
searching by the operator to be sure all
areas have been thoroughly searched.
In some situations depending upon
the orientation of reflectors to the
detector, you may detect a distant
reflector than a close-in reflector. It may be possible to detect a distant
reectorthanaclose-inreector.
SEARCHING WITH RECCO SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
Searching with
two detectors.
26 27
SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457
7. Pinpoint the buried victim’s precise location with a probe pole.
8. Return back to the marked spot to continue the rest of the RECCO and
transceiver search.
When a 457 signal is heard you can continue conducting the transceiver
search—Coarse and Fine Search phases by using either the grid or tangent
methods—or you may ask for a second rescuer, if available, to finish the beacon
search.
Tangent-Line
The Tangent-line method can be used during the Coarse Search phase to follow
the signal. When a beacon signal is detected:
1. Stop, hold steady the R9 Detector at belt level.
2. Turn body from side to side to confirm the strongest beacon signal.
3. Follow strongest signal for about 5 meters (~ 8 steps).
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 several more times to follow the signal.
5. Switch down the 457kHz sensitivity, if possible before walking a new line.
6. When the signal fades in all directions, start Fine Search using Bracket/
Cross method.
Bracket/Cross
The Bracket/Cross method can be used to complete both the Coarse and Fine
Search phases:
1. Stop, and orient the R9 detector to the
strongest beacon signal. Do not change
this orientation.
2. Walk a straight line. As long as the signal
gets stronger you are going toward the
buried beacon. (If immediately the signal
fades, turn around and walk the other
direction.)
3. If the signal gets stronger, try decreasing
the 457kHz sensitivity one step.
4. When the signal fades take 2–3 more
steps to be sure the signal truly fades. If the signal increases again, take
several more steps until the signal truly fades.
5. Mark this spot.
To use the 457kHz function the R9 Detector must be turned ON. If wearing
an avalanche rescue beacon, your beacon needs to be worn on your back so
your body can shield the RECCO signal, and if using the 457kHz function
your beacon must be turned OFF so not to interfere with the beacon search. Be
sure to turn your beacon back to ON when the transceiver search is completed.
NOTE: Always consider cautiously the hazards and risks of turning off a
rescuer’s avalanche rescue beacon.
457KHZ SEARCH WITH R9 DETECTOR
The experienced analog-transceiver user will quickly adapt to using both the
RECCO and 457 functions; however, rescuers with little or no experience with
analog transceivers will need additional transceiver training and practice.
With the RECCO function ON:
1. Set 457 range to 15–60 m.
2. Search in 20-meter wide (10+10) corridors.
3. Aim and move R9 Detector as in performing a RECCO Signal Search.
4. If a 457kHz signal is detected the operator will hear the distinguishing
“beep” that differs from the RECCO chirp-like sound.
5. Mark the spot.
6. Follow the beacon signal by using either the “tangent-line” or the
“bracket/cross” method to complete the Coarse and Fine Search phases,
or you may use your own transceiver.
Use either the tangent-line or bracket/cross methods to follow the beacon signal.
Xfade
fade
fade
fade
Fine Search using the cross method.
SEARCHING WITH RECCO SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
28 29
SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS
The fundamentals of using the RECCO detector do not change when you
use the detector from skis or a snowboard*, but some adjustments in your
technique are required because on skies you typically travel faster.
•Decrease the width of your search corridors.
•Reduce the sideways swinging of your arm.
•Aim the detector 2–3 meters ahead of you.
•Adjust your search/skiing speed.
Searching from skis requires less-wide search corridors and the detector should be
aimed more downward into the snow.
* Riding a snowboard across actual avalanche debris may be difficult, and
you may find it nearly impossible to maintain a systematic and effective search
pattern.
6. Do not change the orientation of the R9 detector, turn around and walk
back along same line until the signal fades.
7. Go to the mid point between the two fade points.
8. Do not change the orientation of the R9 detector and turn 90 degrees.
9. Walk a straight line perpendicular to your previous pass and go until the
signal fades.
10. Repeat steps 4 to 9 several times. After 3 crosses you will be ready for the
Fine Search.
11. Perform the Fine Search with the R9 Detector close to the snow surface.
12. Typically with 2–3 additional crosses you will be ready to use your probe
pole to pinpoint the buried person.
TIP: Even if the transceiver-equipped victim does not have RECCO reflectors,
performing the Fine Search phase with the RECCO function may be faster
than using a transceiver, if the RECCO detector can detect the transceiver.
SEARCHING WITH RECCO SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
30 31
SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
The RECCO detector is a very effective search tool when used from a helicopter
as long as the operator is proficient and the pilot has awareness of the basic
RECCO search strategies. The most effective results are obtained when the
pilot has first been trained to use the detector on the ground. Before attempting
to search from a helicopter, please contact RECCO AB for additional training
materials and tips.
Helicopter searching with the RECCO detector.
When using the R9 Detector from a helicopter the 457kHz (beacon) antenna
will be positioned in or near the vertical position. The operator will only
need to rely on changes in signal volume. The vertical 457 antenna means the
received signal strength will be independent of the sending unit’s orientation.
SEARCHING WITH RECCO SEARCHING WITH RECCO AND 457 SEARCHING ON SKIS SEARCHING FROM HELICOPTER
32 33
TRAINING EXERCISES
You should start with simple search drills and experience multiple successes
with the R9 Detector before adding difficulty and complexity. Your initial
drills should be done in large, open, flat areas, away from potential electrical
interferences. As your experience and confidence increase, drills should be
made more challenging.
Performing detector drills and including the RECCO search in all rescue
simulations increases competency and proficiency.
Below are some suggested drills that when done regularly will improve your
ability and confidence with the RECCO Rescue System.
FIRST TIME DIFFICULTY:
Objectives: To learn the basics of using the RECCO Rescue system:
orientation, range, body shielding.
Personnel: 2 people, one detector operator and one assistant.
Equipment
needed:
1 RECCO detector. 1 RECCO training reflector
Setup: A flat, open area free of electrical interference (buried or above
ground power lines, buildings, lifts, or vehicles).
Actions: 1. Operator holds the detector steady and aimed forward at
full power while an assistant holds a training reflector at
shoulder height from about 20 to 30 meters away.
2. Assistant slowly turns the reflector 90 degrees, presents the
short end, and covers the reflector with their hand. The
assistant can also walk a line perpendicular to the detector
going in and out of range. This will reveal the opening
angle of the RECCO signal in air. In snow it will be less.
3. Assistant should then hold the reflector still while the
operator stands in place and swings the detector across his
or her body while rotating their wrist. When the RECCO
tone is heard, they should stop swinging the detector, but
reorient the detector to the strongest signal. The operator
should always take advantage of the polarized signal and
seek the detector position that produces the strongest tone.
TRAINING EXERCISES
PINPOINT DIFFICULTY:
Objectives: To learn the basics of pinpointing with the RECCO detector.
Personnel: 1 person
Equipment
needed:
1 RECCO detector
1 training reflector
1 probe pole — optional
Setup: A small, flat, open area free of electrical interference (buried or
above ground power lines, buildings, lifts, or vehicles).
Actions: 1. Place a training reflector on the snow surface and stand
over the reflector while holding the RECCO detector
vertically. Reduce the detector’s power and make rapid
crisscross movements. The strongest signal will be directly
over the reflector.
2. Stand 5 meters away with detector power at a low setting.
Follow the signal toward the reflector and step over
reflector. The signal will disappear. Turn around (or back
up) and pinpoint as in action 1.
3. Bury the reflector (in a backpack or on a target board)
about 1 meter deep and repeat actions 1 and 2.
TRAINING EXERCISES RESCUE SIMULATIONS
34 35
TRAINING EXERCISES
WALK THE LINE DIFFICULTY:
Objectives: To experience how orientation affects range.
•To learn to walk systematic search patterns.
•To learn to use RECCO directionality to find multiple
targets.
Personnel: 1+ (3 or more make setup go faster)
Equipment
needed:
1 RECCO detector
12+ flags
1–4 training reflectors
1+ transmitting avalanche rescue beacon(s) – optional
Setup: In a 100 x 100m area place wands/flags in a 20 x 20m grid.
Mount reflectors to small blocks of wood or foam and
randomly scatter in the search area.
Actions: 1. For initial search passes the reflectors should be visible
on the snow surface. This allows novice operators to see
and compare the orientation of reflectors with detection
distance.
2. First search pass is done following the flags to establish
20x20m search corridors. A second search pass can be
performed using the flags to guide operator in a 10x10m
corridor. (If snow conditions are wet, search corridors
should be reduced.)
3. To add difficulty, bury reflectors.
4. To increase difficulty, bury reflectors at different depths.
TRAINING EXERCISES
SEARCH DRILL DIFFICULTY:
Objective: To actively learn to use the RECCO detector to search a
confined area, like an avalanche debris zone.
Personnel: 1 person
Equipment
needed:
RECCO detector
1+ training reflector(s)
1+ transmitting avalanche rescue beacon(s) – optional
1 probe pole
Setup: A reasonably open 50 x 50m area (or larger) with a marked
perimeter.
Actions: 1. Bury reflector(s) and transceiver (optional) separately under
1+ meter of snow. To provide reasonable probe targets to
confirm the precise location the reflectors can be placed
into backpacks or tethered and suspended beneath a
30x30cm board.
2. The detector operator can enter the search area from any
location and conduct the RECCO search.
3. Difficulty and complexity can be added by adding buried
reflectors/transceivers, increasing the search area, and/
or burying “other” electronic devices such as a radio, a
digital camera, turned-off avalanche transceiver, or working
amongst numerous trees, etc.
NOTE: Whenever creating a search drill including “other” electronic devices,
remember the detection range will be very limited to only a few meters at best.
Be sure to carefully note the location of your buried devices.
TRAINING EXERCISES RESCUE SIMULATIONS
36 37
TRAINING EXERCISES
INTERFERENCE BY RESCUERS DIFFICULTY:
Objective: To experience the affects of and working around a few
RECCO reflector-equipped rescuers.
Equipment
needed:
RECCO detector
3+ training reflectors
3+ backpacks (empty)
Setup: A reasonably open 50 x 50m area (or larger) with a marked
perimeter.
Actions: 1. Place reflectors in backpacks but bury only one backpack.
The other two backpacks should be placed and visible near
the sides of the search area.
2. When experiencing a “rescuer’s” (backpack) signal the
operator should practice adjusting his or her search pattern
by using their body as a signal shield by keeping the other
“rescuers” (backpacks) to their back.
Variations: Instead of using reflector-equipped backpacks, reflectors can
be placed knowingly on a fellow rescuer who purposely but
periodically walks into the way of the detector operator.
TRAINING EXERCISES
SEARCHING AMONGST PROBE LINES DIFFICULTY:
Objective: To learn how to search around a probe line with RECCO
reflector-equipped rescuers.
Equipment
needed:
RECCO detector
7+ training reflectors (1 buried reflector and
6+ reflectors on probe line.
6+ pieces of bamboo poles (1.8m tall)
1 roll of first aid tape
Setup: An open 50 x 50m area (or larger).
Actions: 1. Use tape to affix a single reflector onto a single bamboo
pole so that when pole is stuck into snow the reflector will
be above the snow surface anywhere from 10cm to 150cm.
2. Place poles about 1m apart as if in a probe line.
3. Bury 1 reflector some distance away from the probe line.
4. With the RECCO detector search for the buried reflector
while approaching the probe line from different directions.
5. Practice using your body as a shield between other rescuers,
and practice aiming the detector to reduce interferences.
TRAINING EXERCISES RESCUE SIMULATIONS
38 39
TRAINING EXERCISES
MULTIPLE VICTIMS DIFFICULTY:
Objective: To learn how to search for multiple and close by RECCO
reflectors by practicing the Three Circle and Micro Search
Corridor methods.
Equipment
needed:
RECCO detector
2+ training reflectors buried within 2 to 10 meters of each
other
2+ marking flags
Setup: An open area 50 x 50m (or larger).
Actions: 1. Mark the spot were you first hear a RECCO tone.
2. Find, pinpoint, and mark first RECCO target.
3. Practice either or both the Three Circle and Micro Search
Corridor methods to locate additional close by RECCO
targets.
4. Mark these targets.
5. Return back to the spot where you first heard the RECCO
tone and continue the Signal Search across the rest of the
search area.
SELF TEST — PROFICIENCY DIFFICULTY:
An experienced detector operator should be able to locate two buried reflector-
equipped targets (1m deep) in a 50x50 meter area in 5 minutes.
RESCUE SIMULATIONS
Experience shows that rescue teams successful with the RECCO Rescue System
train regularly by performing detector drills and rescue simulations. Drills will
instruct you to become a better RECCO detector operator. Rescue simulations
will help you become a better rescuer by practicing in realistic avalanches and
by integrating RECCO’s Advanced Rescue Technology with other technologies
such as rescue dogs, transceivers, and probe lines, and rescuers. The RECCO
Rescue System becomes efficient for rescuers—making your job easier, faster,
and safer—when the detector is practiced in all rescue simulations.
The purpose for rescue simulations is to implement a general rescue strategy by
integrating people and technology to solve the four key elements of avalanche
rescue:
•Locate
•Access/Extricate
•Stabilize
•Transport
Before undertaking any rescue simulation, organizers should have pre-
established goals to be gained from the exercise. Simulations can be conducted
in real time (as in an actual rescue) or in stop-action where specific components
are run in real time, but then the activity is stopped and reviewed before moving
onto the next element. All simulations should be made as realistic as possible.
Here are some tips to improve realism to any avalanche rescue simulation.
•Search area should be about 100 x 100 meters. (This may seem large,
but the median dimensions of the debris area for avalanche accidents
in Switzerland are 90 x 90 m.)
•Buried targets should be at least 1 m deep, about the average burial
depth of avalanche victims.
•Work on actual avalanche debris, when available.
•Work in difficult weather conditions.
•Define simulation goals so the success of the simulation can be
measured.
•Include a medical component so rescuers practice excavating,
assessing, and caring for an injured victim or victims.
•Involve other rescue or support teams to build and improve
cooperation.
TRAINING EXERCISES RESCUE SIMULATIONS
40 41
CARE OF R9 DETECTOR
DRYING THE DETECTOR
After using the detector for a prolonged period in wet snow or rain, wipe
off excess moisture with a soft, dry, lint-free cloth. Leave the detector out
overnight in a warm—room temperature—area before placing back into it’s
carrying case.
CLEANING THE DETECTOR
To clean the outside of the detector, use a soft, damp, lint-free cloth. Avoid
getting moisture in any openings. Do not spray liquids directly onto the detector,
and do not use aerosol sprays, solvents, or abrasives that might damage the
detector.
STORING THE DETECTOR
If leaving the detector in an equipment cache for a month or two, no special
handing conditions are need. However, if you are going to store your detector
for an extended period of time, say during the summer months, keep it in a
cool, dry location (0ºC to 20ºC).
COMMON MISTAKES
Success with the R9 Detector and your confidence in the RECCO Rescue
System is a direct function of your knowledge and practice with the detector,
and with the level of integration of the RECCO System into your own rescue
organization’s response plan.
All technologies have limitations and practice with those devices in all types of
conditions is the best way to identify potential limitations. The same is true of
using the R9 Detector.
Below are some common mistakes made by rescuers that limit their ability to
utilize RECCO’s Advanced Rescue Technology to its fullest.
Mistake Corrections
Inexperience by individual
rescuers and rescue leaders.
•Train regularly and in all types of
conditions.
•Participate in all rescue simulations so
RECCO operator works efficiently with
all other rescue components.
Personal Interference by
improperly carrying electronic
devices.
•Operator should remove all unnecessary
electronic devices (mobile phones,
cameras, pagers, batteries for boot
heaters, etc.).
•Necessary devices like beacon and
radio should be repositioned onto the
operator’s back.
•Use RECCO Shields to cover reflector-
equipped gear.
CARE OF R9 DETECTOR COMMON MISTAKES TROUBLE SHOOTING
42 43
COMMON MISTAKES
Mistake Corrections
Missed Signal—signal search—
caused by:
•searching with reduced
power.
•not searching entire debris
area.
•aiming detector into air.
•subject not equipped with
RECCO reflectors.
•Adjust power setting to full.
•Think of the using the detector like you
would use a headlamp. Irregular debris
areas with significant mounds and
depressions should receive extra search
time.
•Search systematically and mark search
route.
•Slow down your traversing search
speed, especially when searching on skis.
•Be sure the detector is aimed toward
the snow on your downhill side and not
into open air.
•Narrow your search corridors when the
snow is wet.
•Occasionally turn around and sweep
detector behind you.
•Conduct a 3rd search utilizing 2m
(1+1m) corridor.
Lost Signal—coarse search •Seek the best polarization by orienting
to the strongest tone and then hold the
detector still: do not keep swinging the
detector.
•Do not turn down power too quickly.
•Pause for a moment when turning down
power to be sure the signal tone is
maintained.
Weak Signal—coarse search •Orient to the strongest tone.
•Increase the power setting.
•Raise the detector above your head.
This can increase range and also reduces
the length of snow the RECCO signal
must penetrate.
COMMON MISTAKES
Mistake Corrections
Lost Signal—fine and pinpoint
searches
•Hold detector in hand away from
large computer watches and or metal
bracelets.
•Aim away from skis, snowboard, boot
buckles, boot heaters, etc.
•Use RECCO Shields.
Interferences—fine and
pinpoint searches
•Increase power.
•Aim away from skis, snowboard, boot
buckles, boot heaters, etc.
•Use RECCO Shields.
Interferences by Rescuers •Search with your back to other rescuers.
•Aim detector more downward into the
snow, especially on your downhill side.
Dropped Detector •Use wrist leash attachment to secure
detector to operator.
CARE OF R9 DETECTOR COMMON MISTAKES TROUBLE SHOOTING
44 45
TROUBLE SHOOTING
DETECTOR
Problem Likely Cause Solution
Detector does not
turn on
Dead battery •Check to be sure charger is
plugged in to AC source and
working properly.
•With R9 Detector connected
to charger, turn charger on by
turning detector on–off–on.
Limited search time Old battery
Weak battery
Bad battery
•RECCO recommends replacing
the battery every 3 years. (Every
battery is dated.)
•Change battery.
•Charge battery.
•Contact RECCO immediately.
Limited range Missing
antenna
•Contact RECCO immediately. The
R9 Detector will function but with
reduced range.
Repeated long beep
signal
Weak battery •Change battery.
•Charge battery.
TROUBLE SHOOTING
INTERFERENCE
Problem Likely Cause Solution
Personal reflectors R9 Operator
equipped with
RECCO reflectors.
•Cover reflector with
RECCO Shield.
•Cut off reflector or cut open
and cut antenna in two.
•Remove reflector from
special pocket. (Option in
some uniforms.)
Personal interferences R9 Operator
carrying other
electronics:
transceiver, radio,
cell phone, camera,
battery-powered
boot heaters, boot
buckles, etc.
•Move necessary devices to
your back where your body
can act as a shield.
•Remove unnecessary
devices.
•Hold detector in other hand.
•Aim away from feet/skis.
Other rescuers Rescuers equipped
with reflectors.
•Search with detector early
before many other rescuers
arrive.
•Stand with back to other
rescuers using your body as
shield.
•Point the detector more
downward into the snow.
•Search marked sectors of
the debris away from other
people.
•Turn power down (last
resort).
CARE OF R9 DETECTOR COMMON MISTAKE TROUBLE SHOOTING
46 47
CUSTOMER SERVICE
CUSTOMER SERVICE
The R9 Detector is a rescue device. You should ensure it is working properly by
regular testing and inspection of the detector and charger.
Effective use of the R9 Detector is directly related to your knowledge and
practice. Active participation in drills and rescue simulations on a regular basis
will better prepare you for real-world rescues.
If you have any questions or concerns about your R9 Detector or the RECCO
Rescue System, please contact RECCO AB immediately.
CONTACT
RECCO AB
Box 4028
S-181 04 Lidingö, Sweden
Phone: +46-8-731 59 50
Telefax: +46-8-731 05 60
info@recco.com
CUSTOMER SERVICE
48
AVALANCHE RESCUE SYSTEM
RECCO.COM

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