Racom RIPEX-928 UHF RADIO MODEM User Manual RipEX Radio modem Router

Racom UHF RADIO MODEM RipEX Radio modem Router

User Manual

User manual.RipEXRadio modem & Router.version 1.9.01/23/2015fw 1.4.x.xwww.racom.euRACOMs.r.o. •Mirova1283•59231NoveMestonaMorave•CzechRepublicTel.:+420565659511•Fax:+420565659512•E-mail: racom@racom.eu
Table of ContentsImportant Notice .................................................................................................................................. 7Quick guide ......................................................................................................................................... 81. RipEX – Radio router .................................................................................................................... 101.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 101.2. Key Features ...................................................................................................................... 101.3. Standards ........................................................................................................................... 122. RipEX in detail ............................................................................................................................... 142.1. Modes of operation ............................................................................................................. 142.2. Bridge mode ....................................................................................................................... 142.3. Router mode ....................................................................................................................... 192.4. Serial SCADA protocols ..................................................................................................... 242.5. Combination of IP and serial communication ..................................................................... 252.6. Diagnostics & network management .................................................................................. 262.7. Firmware update and upgrade ........................................................................................... 272.8. Software feature keys ......................................................................................................... 283. Network planning ........................................................................................................................... 293.1. Data throughput, response time ......................................................................................... 293.2. Frequency .......................................................................................................................... 303.3. Signal budget ..................................................................................................................... 313.4. Multipath propagation, DQ ................................................................................................. 333.5. Network layout .................................................................................................................... 353.6. Hybrid networks .................................................................................................................. 373.7. Assorted practical comments ............................................................................................. 373.8. Recommended values ........................................................................................................ 394. Product .......................................................................................................................................... 404.1. Dimensions ......................................................................................................................... 404.2. Connectors ......................................................................................................................... 434.3. Indication LEDs .................................................................................................................. 504.4. Technical specification ........................................................................................................ 514.5. Model offerings ................................................................................................................... 644.6. Accessories ........................................................................................................................ 675. Bench test ..................................................................................................................................... 765.1. Connecting the hardware ................................................................................................... 765.2. Powering up your RipEX .................................................................................................... 765.3. Connecting RipEX to a programming PC ........................................................................... 765.4. Basic setup ......................................................................................................................... 805.5. Functional test .................................................................................................................... 806. Installation ..................................................................................................................................... 816.1. Mounting ............................................................................................................................. 816.2. Antenna mounting .............................................................................................................. 856.3. Antenna feed line ............................................................................................................... 866.4. Grounding ........................................................................................................................... 866.5. Connectors ......................................................................................................................... 876.6. Power supply ...................................................................................................................... 877. Advanced Configuration ................................................................................................................ 887.1. Menu header ...................................................................................................................... 887.2. Status ................................................................................................................................. 897.3. Settings ............................................................................................................................... 907.4. Routing ............................................................................................................................. 1337.5. Diagnostic ......................................................................................................................... 1377.6. Maintenance ..................................................................................................................... 1543© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & Router
8. CLI Configuration ........................................................................................................................ 1599. Troubleshooting ........................................................................................................................... 16010. Safety, environment, licensing ................................................................................................... 16210.1. Frequency ...................................................................................................................... 16210.2. Safety distance ............................................................................................................... 16210.3. High temperature ............................................................................................................ 16610.4. RoHS and WEEE compliance ........................................................................................ 16610.5. Hazardous locations ....................................................................................................... 16710.6. Conditions of Liability for Defects and Instructions for Safe Operation of Equipment .... 16810.7. Important Notifications .................................................................................................... 16810.8. Product Conformity ......................................................................................................... 16910.9. Compliance Federal Communications Commission ...................................................... 17410.10. Country of Origin .......................................................................................................... 17510.11. Warranty ....................................................................................................................... 176A. OID mappings ............................................................................................................................. 177B. Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 178Index ................................................................................................................................................ 180C. Revision History .......................................................................................................................... 183List of Figures1. RipEX radio router ........................................................................................................................... 82.1. Bridge mode example ................................................................................................................ 172.2. Addressing ................................................................................................................................. 222.3. Optimised addressing ................................................................................................................. 232.4. Monitoring ................................................................................................................................... 273.1. Application bench test ................................................................................................................ 303.2. Signal path ................................................................................................................................. 313.3. Multipath propagation ................................................................................................................. 333.4. Antenna location ......................................................................................................................... 343.5. Main lobe .................................................................................................................................... 353.6. Dominant repeater – straightforward layout ............................................................................... 363.7. Isolated branches – more robust layout ..................................................................................... 373.8. Antenna mounting ...................................................................................................................... 384.1. RipEX dimensions ...................................................................................................................... 404.2. RipEX dimensions – bottom ....................................................................................................... 414.3. RipEX with DIN rail ..................................................................................................................... 414.4. RipEX dimensions with connectors ............................................................................................ 424.5. Connectors ................................................................................................................................. 434.6. Antenna connector TNC ............................................................................................................. 434.7. Separated Rx and TX antennas ................................................................................................. 444.8. Supply connector ........................................................................................................................ 454.9. Power and Control - cable plug .................................................................................................. 454.10. RJ-45F ...................................................................................................................................... 464.11. Serial connector ........................................................................................................................ 474.12. Serial connector ....................................................................................................................... 474.13. Reset button ............................................................................................................................. 484.14. GPS Connector SMA ............................................................................................................... 494.15. Indication LEDs ........................................................................................................................ 504.16. RipEX-HS ................................................................................................................................. 674.17. RipeX-HS dimensions .............................................................................................................. 674.18. Adapter ETH/USB .................................................................................................................... 67RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.4RipEXRadio modem & Router
4.19. WiFi dapter ............................................................................................................................... 684.20. Demo case ............................................................................................................................... 684.21. Fan kit mounting ....................................................................................................................... 694.22. RipEX with Fan kit .................................................................................................................... 694.23. L-bracket .................................................................................................................................. 704.24. RipEX with L-bracket ................................................................................................................ 704.25. Flat bracket ............................................................................................................................... 704.26. RipEX with Flat-bracket ............................................................................................................ 714.27. Flat-bracket dimensions ........................................................................................................... 714.28. 19" Rack shelf .......................................................................................................................... 724.29. 19" Rack shelf – dimensions .................................................................................................... 724.30. 19" Rack shelf – double ........................................................................................................... 734.31. 19" Rack shelf–double – dimensions ....................................................................................... 744.32. Dummy load ............................................................................................................................. 745.1. Bench test .................................................................................................................................. 765.2. Connecting to a PC over ETH and over WiFi or ETH/USB adapter ........................................... 775.3. PC address setting ..................................................................................................................... 785.4. Authentication ............................................................................................................................. 795.5. Status Menu ............................................................................................................................... 796.1. Flat lengthwise mounting to DIN rail – recommended ............................................................... 816.2. Flat widthwise mounting to DIN rail ............................................................................................ 826.3. Clip mounting ............................................................................................................................. 826.4. Vertical widthwise mounting to DIN rail ...................................................................................... 826.5. Vertical lengthwise mounting to DIN rail ..................................................................................... 826.6. Flat mounting using Flat bracket ................................................................................................ 836.7. Vertical lengthwise mounting to DIN rail ..................................................................................... 836.8. Rack shelf ................................................................................................................................... 846.9. Fan kit mounting ......................................................................................................................... 846.10. RipEX with Fan kit and DIN rail clips ........................................................................................ 856.11. Fan kit using Alarm Output, recommended .............................................................................. 856.12. Fan kit, always on ..................................................................................................................... 856.13. 10–30 VDC Supplying .............................................................................................................. 877.1. Menu Header .............................................................................................................................. 887.2. Menu Status ............................................................................................................................... 897.3. Menu Settings ............................................................................................................................ 907.4. Menu Alarm management .......................................................................................................... 997.5. Menu Radio .............................................................................................................................. 1057.6. Menu Ethernet .......................................................................................................................... 1097.7. Menu COM ............................................................................................................................... 1177.8. Menu Protocols COM ............................................................................................................... 1197.9. Menu Routing ........................................................................................................................... 1337.10. Menu Neighbours ................................................................................................................... 1377.11. Menu Statistic ......................................................................................................................... 1407.12. Menu Graphs .......................................................................................................................... 1417.13. Menu Ping .............................................................................................................................. 1437.14. Menu Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 1467.15. Monitoring ............................................................................................................................... 1517.16. Menu SW feature keys ........................................................................................................... 1547.17. Menu Maintenance Configuration .......................................................................................... 1557.18. Menu Maintenance Firmware ................................................................................................. 1557.19. Menu Maintenance Password ................................................................................................ 1567.20. Menu Maintenance Configuration .......................................................................................... 1585© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEXRadio modem & Router
10.1. Declaration of Conformity RipEX ........................................................................................... 17010.2. ATEX C ertificate RipEX ......................................................................................................... 17110.3. Country of Origin declaration for RipEX ................................................................................. 175List of Tables4.1. Pin assignement ......................................................................................................................... 444.2. Ethernet to cable connector connections ................................................................................... 464.3. COM1,2 pin description .............................................................................................................. 474.4. USB pin description .................................................................................................................... 474.5. Key to LEDs ............................................................................................................................... 504.6. Technical parameters ................................................................................................................. 514.7. Recommended Cables ............................................................................................................... 544.8. Unlimited 50 kHz ........................................................................................................................ 554.9. FCC+CE 50 kHz ......................................................................................................................... 564.10. CE 25 kHz ................................................................................................................................ 574.11. CE 12.5 kHz ............................................................................................................................. 584.12. CE 6.25 kHz ............................................................................................................................. 594.13. FCC 25 kHz .............................................................................................................................. 604.14. FCC 12.5 kHz ........................................................................................................................... 604.15. FCC 6.25 kHz ........................................................................................................................... 614.16. Narrow 25 kHz .......................................................................................................................... 6210.1. Minimum Safety Distance 160 MHz ....................................................................................... 16210.2. Minimum Safety Distance 300–400 MHz ............................................................................... 16410.3. Minimum Safety Distance 928–960 MHz ............................................................................... 16610.4. Maximum voltage and current of individual interfaces ........................................................... 16710.5. Compliance Federal Communications Commission .............................................................. 174RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.6RipEXRadio modem & Router
Important NoticeCopyright© 2013 RACOM. All rights reserved.Products offered may contain software proprietary to RACOM s. r. o. (further referred to under the ab-breviated name RACOM). The offer of supply of these products and services does not include or inferany transfer of ownership. No part of the documentation or information supplied may be divulged toany third party without the express written consent of RACOM.DisclaimerAlthough every precaution has been taken in preparing this information, RACOM assumes no liabilityfor errors and omissions, or any damages resulting from the use of this information. This document orthe equipment may be modified without notice, in the interests of improving the product.TrademarkAll trademarks and product names are the property of their respective owners.Important Notice• Due to the nature of wireless communications, transmission and reception of data can never beguaranteed. Data may be delayed, corrupted (i.e., have errors), or be totally lost. Significant delaysor losses of data are rare when wireless devices such as the RipEX are used in an appropriatemanner within a well‐constructed network. RipEX should not be used in situations where failure totransmit or receive data could result in damage of any kind to the user or any other party, includingbut not limited to personal injury, death, or loss of property. RACOM accepts no liability for damagesof any kind resulting from delays or errors in data transmitted or received using RipEX, or for thefailure of RipEX to transmit or receive such data.• Under no circumstances is RACOM or any other company or person responsible for incidental,accidental or related damage arising as a result of the use of this product. RACOM does not providethe user with any form of guarantee containing assurance of the suitability and applicability for itsapplication.• RACOM products are not developed, designed or tested for use in applications which may directlyaffect health and/or life functions of humans or animals, nor to be a component of similarly importantsystems, and RACOM does not provide any guarantee when company products are used in suchapplications.•The equipment should be used in hazardous locations under conditions according to Section 10.5,“Hazardous locations” only.7© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterImportant Notice
Quick guideRipEX is a widely configurable compact radio modem, more precisely a radio IP router. All you haveto do to put it into operation is to connect it to an antenna and a power supply and configure it using aPC (tablet, smart phone) and a web browser.Antenna IndicatorLEDs' SleepInputHW AlarmInput-GND+HW AlarmOutputSupply+10to+30V-GNDEthernet USBCOM1RS232COM2RS232/485Default/Reset--++SI AIAO10–30VDCETH USBANTCOM1COM2Fig. 1: RipEX radio routerRipEX access defaults: username: admin, password: adminEthernetRipEX default IP is 192.168.169.169/24, so set a static IP 192.168.169.x/24 on your PC, power on theRipEX and wait approximately 48 seconds for the RipEX OS to boot. Connect your PC to RipEXs' ETHinterface, start your browser and type https://192.168.169.169 in the address line.Before attempting to do any configuration, make sure your RipEX is the only powered-up unit around.Since all units coming from factory share the same default settings ex factory, you could be accessinga different unit over the air without being aware of it.USB/ETH adapterWhen accessing over the optional “X5” USB/ETH adapter, your PC will get its IP settings from the built-in DHCP server and you have to type https://10.9.8.7 in your browser. You do not need to worry aboutother RipEX'es, you will be connected to the local unit in all cases.Wifi adapterWhen accessing over the optional “W1” Wifi adapter, connect your PC (tablet, smart phone) to theRipEX Wifi AP first. Its default SSID is “RipEX + Unit name + S/N”Your PC will get its IP settings from the built-in DHCP server and you have to type http://10.9.8.7 inyour browser. Remaining steps are the same and you do not need to worry about other RipEX'es, sinceyou will be connected to the local unit in all cases.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.8Quick guide
SCADA radio network step-by-stepBuilding a reliable radio network for a SCADA system may not be that simple, even when you use sucha versatile and easy-to-operate device as the RipEX radio modem. The following step-by-step checklistcan help you to keep this process fast and efficient.1. Design your network to ensure RF signal levels meet system requirements.2. Calculate and estimate the network throughput and response times when loaded by your application.3. Perform a bench-test with 3-5 sets of RipEX's and SCADA equipment (Chapter 5, Bench test).4. Design the addressing and routing scheme of the network (Chapter 2, RipEX in detail and RipEXApp notes, Address planing1)5. Preconfigure all RipEX's (Section 5.4, “Basic setup”).6. Install individual sites1. Mount RipEX into cabinet (Section 6.1, “Mounting”).2. Install antenna (Section 6.2, “Antenna mounting”).3. Install feed line (Section 6.3, “Antenna feed line”).4. Ensure proper grounding (Section 6.4, “Grounding”).5. Run cables and plug-in all connectors except from the SCADA equipment (Section 4.2,“Connectors”)6. Apply power supply to RipEX7. Test radio link quality (Section 5.5, “Functional test”).8. Check routing by the ping tool (the section called “Ping”) to verify accessibility of all IP ad-dresses with which the unit will communicate.9. Connect the SCADA equipment7. Test your application1http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/routing.html9© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterQuick guide
1. RipEX – Radio router1.1. IntroductionRipEX is a best-in-class radio modem, not only in terms of data transfer speed. This Software DefinedRadio with Linux OS has been designed with attention to detail, performance and quality. All relevantstate-of-the-art concepts have been carefully implemented.RipEX provides 24×7 reliable service for mission-critical applications like SCADA & Telemetry for Util-ities, SmartGrid power networks or transaction networks connecting lottery terminals, POS or ATM’s.Any unit can serve as the central master, repeater, remote terminal, or all of these simultaneously, witha configuration interface easily accessible from a web browser.Anybody with even basic knowledge of IP networking can set up a RipEX within a matter of minutesand maintain the network quite easily.1.2. Key Features• Exceptional data speeds on the radio channel- 166 kbps / 50 kHz, 83 kbps / 25 kHz, 42 kbps / 12.5 kHz, 21 kbps / 6.25 kHz• 1× ETH, 2× COM, 1× USB, 5× virtual COM- Simultaneously on radio channel. COM1-RS232, COM2-RS232 or RS485, software configurable.Virtual COMs over ETH controlled by Terminal servers. USB for independent service access viaUSB/ETH adapter and for automatic FW and SW keys upgrade.• Wifi management- Any smart phone, tablet or notebook can be used as a RipEX portable display.• 135–174; 300–360; 368–512; 928–960 MHz- Licensed radio bands- Software-selectable channel spacing 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 kHz• 10 watts- Transmission output control, nine stages from 0.1 to 10 W. Hence linear modulations (the highestdata speed) require a very linear RF power amplifier, max. 2 W is available for them.• Energy saving- Sleep mode – 0.1 W, controlled via a digital input.- Save mode – 2 W, wake up by receiving a packet from the Radio channel• Extended temperature range−40 to +70 ºC• Easy to configure and maintain- Web interface,- Wizards,- On-line help,- Balloon tips,- Fastest web access to remote unitsRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.10RipEX – Radio router
• Fast remote access- Only the effective data are transferred from remote RipEX over the air, html page is downloadedfrom the local unit.• Bridge or Router- RipEX is a device with native IP support which can be set as a standard bridge or router.• Modbus, IEC101, DNP3, Siemens 3964(R), Comli, RP570, C24, DF1, Profibus, SLIP, Modbus TCP,IEC104, DNP3 TCP etc.- Unique implementation of industrial protocols enables a secure addressed transmission of allpackets in all directions• Anti-collision protocol on radio channel- Allows multi polling & report-by-exception concurrently for several independent applications sim-ultaneously• Backup routes- When tested path between two RipEX IP addresses (even behind repeater or LAN) fails, automaticswitch-over to backup gateway behind Radio or Ethernet interfaces- Unlimited number of prioritized backup gateways- Instructional video http://www.racom.eu/ripex-backup• Optimization– 3× higher throughput- Optimization method which joins short packets, compresses data, optimises both the traffic to thelink peer and the sharing of the radio channel capacity among the links.• TCP proxy- Eliminates a transfer of TCP overhead over Radio channel when TCP overhead run locally betweenconnected device and RipEX on LAN. I.e. only payload (user) data are transferred further as UDP(over Radio channel)- Higher RipEX network bandwidth, no more problems with TCP timeouts- Instructional video http://www.racom.eu/ripex-tcp-proxy• ARP proxy- RipEX can simulate any IP address (it may reply to any ARP request)- This feature is typically used when RTU’s addresses behind different RipEX units are within thesame IP subnet and RTU’s do not provide routing capabilities (neither default GW)- Instructional video http://www.racom.eu/ripex-arp-proxy• VLAN & Subnets- RipEX can simulate any IP address (it may reply to any ARP request)- Unlimited number of virtual Ethernet interfaces (IP aliases) can be set• Embedded diagnostic & NMS- Real time and historical (20 periods, e.g. days) statistics and graphs for the unit and its neighbours.- SNMP including generation of TRAP alarms when preset thresholds are exceeded- on-line/off-line (recorded to a file in the RipEX) monitoring of all interfaces• Security- 256 AES encryption, the most secure encryption meets FIPS 140 2 requirements- 2048 (1024, 512) bit SSL certificate (even your own one) for https web configuration• SW feature keys11© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX – Radio router
Software authorization keys allow you to add advanced features when needed: Router mode, 166/83(The two highest Data rates for 25 and 50 kHz channel spacing), COM2, 10 W, Backup routes- Free Master-key trial – (all coded features) for 30 days in every RipEX• Reliability- 3 years warranty, rugged die cast aluminium case, military or industrial components- Every single unit tested in a climatic chamber as well as in real traffic• RipEX - HS- Redundant hot standby chassis- Two hot-stand-by standard RipEX units inside- Automatic switchover capability on detection of failure- Suitable for Central sites, Repeaters or Important remote sites where no single point of failure isrequired• Internal calendar time- Can be set manually or synchronized via NTP (Network Time Protocol)- Any RipEX also runs as a NTP server automatically- NTP synchronization via Ethernet or over the Radio channel from another RipEX or from the built-in GPS- Powered from internal long life Lithium Manganese battery, so it is accurate even when RipEX ispowered off• Flash memory- All configuration parameters are saved in flash memory- Configuration and other parameters are safely saved even when RipEX is powered off• External Flash disc- Automatic firmware upgrade, SW keys upload, configuration backup/restore, ssl certificate andssh keys upload and configuration, tech-support package download- Configuration and other parameters are safely saved even when RipEX is powered off1.3. StandardsETSI EN 300 113-2 V1.5.1Spectrum (art 3.2)FCC Part 90, FCC Part 101ETSI EN 301 489-1 V1.9.2EMC (art 3.1.b) ETSI EN 301 489-5 V1.3.1EN 60950-1:2006Electrical Safety (art 3.1.a)EN 60950–1:2006/A11:2009,EN 60950–1:2006/A12:2011,EN 60950–1:2006/A1:2010IP40IP ratingIEEE 802.3iETHIEEE 802.3uIEEE 802.3afEIA-232-FRS232RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.12RipEX – Radio router
EIA RS-485RS485IEC 60870-5-101IEC101IEC 60870-5-104IEC104IEEE 1815-2010DNP3IEC 61158 Type 3Profibus DPRFC 1055SLIPIEEE 802.1QVLANIEEE 802.11g,nWifiEN 60079-0:2012, IEC60079-0:2011, UL60079-0:2013Explosive atmospheresEN 60079-11:2012, IEC60079-11:2011, UL60079-11:201313© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX – Radio router
2. RipEX in detail2.1. Modes of operationRadio modem RipEX is best suited for transmission of a large number of short messages where aguaranteed delivery time is required, i.e. for mission critical applications.RipEX has the following basic uses:• PollingIn poll-response networks a central master unit communicates with a number of remote radiomodemsone at a time. The master unit exchanges data with the currently connected remote radio, and whenfinished, it establishes a new connection with the next remote radio according to the polling order.• Report-by-exceptionIn report-by-exception networks remote units can be contacted similarly to polling networks. In ad-dition, any remote unit can spontaneously send data to the master unit (typically an alarm).• MeshIn mesh type networks any radio modem in the network can access any other radio modem randomlyand spontaneously. Mesh network can also host polling or report-by-exception applications, evenin several instances.2.2. Bridge modeA packet received through any interface is broadcast to the appropriate interfaces of all units within thenetwork. Packets received on COM are broadcast to both COM1 and COM2 at remote sites, allowingyou to connect 2 RTU's to any radio modem.Any unit can be configured as a repeater. A repeater relays all packets it receives through the radiochannel. The network implements safety mechanisms which prevent cyclic loops in the radio channel(e.g. when a repeater receives a packet from another repeater) or duplicate packets delivered to theuser interface (e.g. when RipEX receives a packet directly and then from a repeater).Beside standard packet termination by an "Idle" period on the serial port (a pause between receivedbytes) the bridge mode also offers "streaming". While in streaming mode, transmission on the radiochannel starts immediately, without waiting for the end of the received frame on COM => zero latency.The bridge mode is suitable for all polling applications.NoteLimited broadcast 255.255.255.255 and Direct broadcast e.g. 192.168.255.255 as well asMulticast (224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255) on Ethernet are supported and transferredover the network.You can see an instructional video explaining the Bridge mode functionality here: http://www.ra-com.eu/ripex-bridge-modeRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.14RipEX in detail
2.2.1. Detailed DescriptionBridge mode is suitable for Point-to-Multipoint networks, where Master-Slave applications with polling-type communication protocol are used. RipEX in bridge mode is as easy to use as a simple transparentdevice, while providing communication reliability and spectrum efficiency by employing a sophisticatedprotocol in the radio channel.In bridge mode, the radio channel protocol do not solve collisions. There is a CRC check of data integrity,however, i.e. once a message is delivered, it is 100% error free.All the messages received from user interfaces (ETH&COM's) are immediately transmitted to the radiochannel.ETH - The whole network of RipEX radiomodems behaves as a standard ethernet network bridge.Each ETH interface automatically learns which devices (MAC addresses) are located in the local LANand which devices are accessible over the radio channel. Consequently, only the ethernet frames ad-dressed to remote devices are physically transmitted on the radio channel. This arrangement savesthe precious RF spectrum from extra load which would be otherwise generated by local traffic in theLAN (the LAN to which the respective ETH interface is connected).One has to be very careful when RipEX in Bridge mode is connected to LAN, because all LAN trafficis then broadcast to the Radio channel.COM1,COM2 - All frames received from COM1(2) are broadcast over the radio channel and transmittedto all COM's (COM1 as well as COM2) on all radio modems within the network, the other COM on thesource RipEX excluding.There is a special parameter TX delay (Adv. Config., Device), which should be used when all substations(RTU's) reply to a broadcast query from the master station. In such case massive collisions would ensuebecause all substations (RTU's) would reply at nearly the same time. To prevent such collision, TXdelay should be set individually in each slave RipEX. The length of responding frame, the length ofradio protocol overhead, modulation rate have to be taken into account.2.2.2. Functionality exampleIn the following, common acronyms from SCADA systems are used:• FEP - Front End Processor, designates the communication interface equipment in the centre• RTU - Remote Telemetry Unit, the terminal SCADA equipment at remote sitesThe single digits in illustrations are “site names” and do not necessarily correspond with actual addressesof both the RipEX's and SCADA equipment. Address configuration examples are given in the nextchapter.Step 1Polling cycle starts:FEP sends a request packet for RTU3 through COM1 tothe connected RipEX.15© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
Step 2FEP’s RipEX broadcasts this packet on Radio channel.RipEX3 and RipEX1 receive this packet.RipEX2 doesn’t receive this packet, because it is not withinradio coverage of FEP’s RipEX.Step 3RipEX3 and RipEX1 send the received packet to theirCOM1 and COM2.Packet is addressed to RTU3, so only RTU3 responds.RipEX1 is set as a repeater, so it retransmits the packeton Radio channel. Packet is received by all RipEXes.Step 4RipEX2 sends repeated packet to its COM1 and COM2.RTU2 doesn’t react, because the packet is addressed toRTU3.RipEX3 and FEP’s RipEX do not send the repeatedpacket to their COM ports, because it has already beensent (RipEX3) or received (FEP’s RipEX) on their COM(anti-duplication mechanism).RTU3 sends the reply packet.Step 5RipEX3 broadcasts the reply packet from RTU3 on Radiochannel.Packet is received by RipEX1 and FEP’s RipEX.Step 6FEP’s RipEX sends the packet (the reply from RTU3) toFEP through COM1.RipEX1 sends this packet to RTU1. RTU1 doesn’t react,because the packet is addressed to FEP.RipEX1 repeats the packet on Radio channel.All RipEXes receive the packet.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.16RipEX in detail
Step 7RipEX2 sends repeated packet to its COM1 and COM2.RTU2 doesn’t react, because the packet is addressed toFEP.RipEX3 and FEP’s RipEXes do not send the repeatedpacket to their COM ports, because it has been handledalready.FEP processes the reply from RTU3 and polling cyclecontinues…2.2.3. Configuration examplesYou can see an example of IP addresses of the SCADA equipment and RipEX's ETH interfaces in thepicture below.In Bridge mode, the IP address of the ETH interface of RipEX is not relevant for user data communic-ation. However it is strongly recommended to assign a unique IP address to each RipEXs' ETH interface,since it allows for easy local as well as remote service access. Moreover, leaving all RipEX's with thesame (= default) IP on the ETH interface may cause serious problems, when more RipEX's are con-nected to the same LAN, even if by accident (e.g. during maintenance).192.168.5.51/24192.168.5.50/24192.168.5.12/24192.168.5.2/24192.168.5.3/24192.168.5.11/24192.168.5.1/24192.168.5.13/24 3FEP5012REPEATERFig. 2.1: Bridge mode example17© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
RepeaterBecause using the bridge mode makes the network transparent, the use of repeaters has certain limit-ations. To keep matters simple we recommend using a single repeater. However, if certain rules areobserved, using multiple repeaters in the same network is possible.The total number of repeaters in the network is configured for every unit individually under Bridge modeparameters. This information is contained in every packet sent. All units that receive such packet willresume transmission only after sufficient time has been allowed for the packet to be repeated. Thepackets received from user ports remain buffered and are sent after the appropriate time passes. Thisprevents collisions between remote radio modems. There can be no repeater collisions if only one re-peater is used.Where two or more repeaters are used, collisions resulting from simultaneous reception of a repeatedpacket must be eliminated. Collisions happen because repeaters repeat packets immediately after re-ception, i.e. if two repeaters receive a packet from the centre, they both relay it at the same time. Ifthere is a radiomodem which is within the range of both repeaters, it receives both repeated packetsat the same time rendering them unreadable.Examples:1. Repeaters connected seriallyA packet is transmitted and repeatedin steps 1, 2, 3.Centre RPT1 RPT2 Remote123In improperly designed networks collisions happenif a remote radio modem lies in the range of twoXCOLLISION!1122WRONGCEN RPT1 RPT2 REMrepeaters (see the image): the packet sent fromthe centre (1) is received by both repeaters. It isrepeated by them both (2) causing a collision atthe remote. In other words – there should not bemore than one repeater where the centre and re-motes' coverage areas overlap.Solution 1.Adjust signal coverage so that RPT2 is out of rangeof the centre and RPT1 is out of the range of theGOODCoveragearea123CEN RPT1 RPT2 REMremote radio modem. This can be achieved forexample by reducing the output power or using aunidirectional antenna.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.18RipEX in detail
Solution 2.Use a single repeater. (Whenever network layoutallows that.)12GoodCEN RPT1 REM2. Parallel repeatersImproperly designed network:CentreRepeater1Remote11212Remote2Repeater2XCOLLISION!GOODWRONG1212CENCENRPT1RPT1REM1REM11212REM2REM2RPT2RPT22- RipEX REM1 is within the rangeof two repeaters (RPT1 and RPT2).The repeaters receive a packet (1)from the centre (CEN) and repeatit at the same time (2) causing acollision at REM1.Well-designed network:- A remote is only in the range of asingle repeater (REM1-RPT1,REM2-RPT2).There is always only one repeaterwhere the centre and remote cov-erage areas overlap.2.3. Router modeRipEX works as a standard IP router with two interfaces (radio and ethernet) and two COM port devices.There is a sophisticated anti-collision protocol on the radio channel, which checks and verifies everysingle packet. Being an IP router, each unit can simultaneously work as a store-and-forward repeaterand deliver packets to the connected equipment.The router mode is suitable for all uses. In contrast to the bridge mode, a packet reception is confirmedover the radio channel even in very simple polling type applications, and if necessary the packet is re-transmitted.NoteBroadcasts (Limited or Direct) and Multicasts on Ethernet are not supported in Router mode.Only broadcasts in serial SCADA protocols are transferred according their settings.You can see an instructional video explaining the Router mode functionality here: http://www.ra-com.eu/ripex-router-mode19© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
2.3.1. Detailed DescriptionRouter mode is suitable for multipoint networks, where multi-master applications with any combinationof polling and/or spontaneous data protocols can be used. The proprietary link-layer protocol on theradio channel is very sophisticated, it can transmit both unicast and broadcast frames, it has collisionavoidance capability, it uses frame acknowledgement, retransmissions and CRC checks to guaranteedata delivery and integrity even under harsh interference conditions on the radio channel.RipEX works as a standard IP router with 2 independent interfaces: radio and ETH. Each interface hasits own MAC address, IP address and mask.IP packets are processed according the routing table rules. You can also set the router’s default gateway(applies to both interfaces) in the routing table.The COM ports are treated as standard host devices, messages can be delivered to them as UDPdatagrams to selected port numbers. The destination IP address of a COM port is either the IP of ETHor the IP of a radio interface. The source IP address of outgoing packets from COM ports is always theIP of the ETH interface.2.3.2. Functionality exampleIn the following example, there are two independent SCADA devices connected to RipEX's two COMports. One is designated RTU (Remote Telemetry Unit) and is assumed to be polled from the centreby the FEP (Front End Processor). The other is labelled PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and isassumed to communicate spontaneously with arbitrary chosen peer PLCs.Step 1FEP sends a request packet for RTU1 through COM2 toits connected RipEX.Simultaneously PLC2 sends a packet for PLC1 to RipEX2through COM1.Step 2FEP’s RipEX transmits an addressed packet for RTU1 onRadio channel.RipEX1 receives this packet, checks data integrity andtransmits the acknowledgement.At the same time packet is sent to RTU1 through COM2.RipEX3 receives this packet too. It doesn’t react, becausethis packet is directed to RipEX1 only.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.20RipEX in detail
Step 3RipEX2 waits till previous transaction on Radio channel isfinished (anti-collision mechanism).Then RipEX2 transmits on Radio channel the addressedpacket for PLC1.RipEX1 receives this packet, checks data integrity andtransmits acknowledgement.At the same time packet is sent to PLC1 through COM1.Simultaneously the reply packet from RTU1 for FEP is re-ceived on COM2.Step 4RipEX1 transmitts the reply packet from RTU1 for FEP onRadio channel.All RipEXes receive this packet. This packet is addressedto FEP’s RipEX, so only FEP’s RipEX reacts. It checksdata integrity and transmits the acknowledgement toRipEX1.At the same time the packet is sent to FEP through COM2.Step 5FEP receives the response from RTU1 and polling cyclecontinues…However any PLC or RTU can spontaneously send apacket to any destination anytime.2.3.3. Configuration examplesAs it was mentioned above, RipEX radiomodem works as a standard IP router with two independentinterfaces: radio and ETH. Each interface has got its own MAC address, IP address and mask.The IP router operating principles stipulate that every unit can serve as a repeater.. Everything whatis needed is the proper configuration of routing tables.Radio IP addresses of the RipEX’s required to communicate over the radio channel must share thesame IP network. We recommend planning your IP network so that every RipEX is connected to aseparate sub-network over the ethernet port. This helps to keep the routing tables clear and simple.NoteEven if the IP addresses of all RipEXes in a radio channel share a single IP network, theymay not be communicating directly as in a common IP network. Only the RipEXes that arewithin the radio range of each other can communicate directly. When communication withradio IP addresses is required, routing tables must include even the routes that are withinthe same network (over repeaters), which is different from common IP networks. The exampleconfiguration below does not show such routing rules for the sake of simplicity (they are notneeded in most cases).21© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
10.10.10.50/24192.168.50.2/24RoutingtableRipEX50:192.168.1.0/24 10.10.10.1192.168.2.0/24 10.10.10.1192.168.3.0/24 10.10.10.3DefaultGW192.168.50.2èèè192.168.2.2/24Routingtable :192.168.1.0/24 10.10.10.1RipEX2192.168.50.0/24 10.10.10.1192.168.3.0/24 10.10.10.1èèè10.10.10.3/24192.168.3.2/24RoutingtableRipEX3:192.168.50.0/24 10.10.10.50192.168.1.0/24 10.10.10.50192.168.2.0/24 10.10.10.50èèè10.10.10.1/24192.168.1.1/24192.168.1.2/24Routingtable :192.168.2.0/24 10.10.10.2RipEX1192.168.50.0/24 10.10.10.50192.168.3.0/24 10.10.10.50èèè192.168.3.1/24 350FEP1192.168.50.1/24RadioIPETHIPFEP IP10.10.10.2/242192.168.2.1/24Fig. 2.2: AddressingFormal consistency between the last byte of the radio IP address and the penultimate byte of the eth-ernet address is not necessary but simplifies orientation. The “Addressing” image shows a routing tablenext to every RipEX. The routing table defines the next gateway for each IP destination. In radiotransmission, the radio IP of the next radio-connected RipEX serves as the gateway.Example of a route from FEP (RipEX 50) to RTU 2:• The destination address is 192.168.2.2• The routing table of the RipEX 50 contains this record:Destination 192.168.2.0/24 Gateway 10.10.10.1• Based on this record, all packets with addresses in the range from 192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.254are routed to 10.10.10.1• Because RipEX 50’s radio IP is 10.10.10.50/24, the router can tell that the IP 10.10.10.1 belongsto the radio channel and sends the packet to that address over the radio channel• The packet is received by RipEX 1 with the address 10.10.10.1 where it enters the router• The routing table of RipEX 1 contains the record:Destination 192.168.2.0/24 Gateway 10.10.10.2based on which the packet is routed to 10.10.10.2 over the radio channel• The packet is received by RipEX 2• The router compares the destination IP 192.168.2.2 with its own ethernet address 192.168.2.1/24and determines that the packet’s destination is within its ETH network and sends the packet overthe ethernet interface – eventually, the packet is received by RTU 2.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.22RipEX in detail
2.3.4. Addressing hintsIn large and complex networks with numerous repeaters, individual routing tables may become longand difficult to comprehend. To keep the routing tables simple, the addressing scheme should followthe layout of the radio network.More specifically, every group of IP addresses of devices (both RipEX's and SCADA), which is accessedvia a repeater, should fall in a range which can be defined by a mask and no address defined by thatmask exists in different part of the network.A typical network consisting of a single centre and number of remotes has got a tree-like layout, whichcan be easily followed by the addressing scheme – see the example in the Figure Optimised addressingbelow.10.10.10.50/24192.168.50.2/24RoutingtableRipEX50:192.168.0.0/22 10.10.10.1192.168.4.0/22 10.10.10.4DefaultGW192.168.50.2èè10.10.10.2/24192.168.2.1/24192.168.2.2/24Routingtable :192.168.0.0/16 10.10.10.1RipEX2è10.10.10.4/24192.168.4.2/24RoutingtableRipEX4:192.168.0.0/16 10.10.10.50è10.10.10.1/24192.168.1.1/24192.168.1.2/24Routingtable :192.168.2.0/24 10.10.10.2RipEX1192.168.0.0/16 10.10.10.50èè192.168.4.1/24 450FEP12RadioIPETHIPFEP IP192.168.50.1/24Fig. 2.3: Optimised addressingThe default gateway is also a very powerful routing tool, however be very careful whenever the defaultroute would go to the radio interface, i.e. to the radio channel. If a packet to non-existing IP destinationcame to the router, it would be transmitted over the radio channel. Such packets increase the load ofthe network at least, cause excessive collisions, may end-up looping etc. Consequently the defaultroute should always lead to the ETH interface, unless you are perfectly certain that a packet to non-existing destination IP may never appear (remember you are dealing with complex software writtenand configured by humans).23© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
2.4. Serial SCADA protocolsEven when the SCADA devices are connected via serial port, communication remains secured andaddress-based in all directions (centre-RTU, RTU-centre, RTU-RTU).In router mode, RipEX utilises a unique implementation of various SCADA protocols (Modbus, IEC101,DNP3, Comli, RP570, C24, DF1, Profibus). In this implementation SCADA protocol addresses aremapped to RipEX addresses and individual packets are transmitted as acknowledged unicasts. Polledremote units respond to the unit that contacted them (multi master network possible) using securepackets. When needed, RTU-RTU parallel communication is also possible.2.4.1. Detailed DescriptionEach SCADA protocol, such as Modbus, DNP3, IEC101, DF1, etc., has its own unique message format,and more importantly, its unique way of addressing remote units. The basic task for protocol utility isto check whether a received frame is in the correct protocol format and uncorrupted. Most of the SCADAprotocols use some type of error detection codes (Checksum, CRC, LRC, BCC, etc.) for data integritycontrol, so RipEX calculates this code and check it with the received one.RipEX radio network works in IP environment, so the basic task for the protocol interface utility is toconvert SCADA serial packets to UDP datagrams. Address translation settings are used to define thedestination IP address and UDP port. Then these UDP datagrams are sent to RipEX router, processedand typically forwarded as unicasts over the radio channel to their destination. If the gateway definedin the routing table belongs to the ethernet LAN, UDP datagrams are rather forwarded to the ethernetinterface. After reaching the gateway (typically a RipEX router), the datagram is again forwarded ac-cording to the routing table.Above that, RipEX is can to handle even broadcast packets from serial SCADA protocols. Whenbroadcasts are enabled in the respective Protocol settings, the defined packets are treated as broadcast(e.g. they are not acknowledged on Radio channel). On the Repeater station, it is possible to setwhether broadcast packets shall be repeated or not.NoteBroadcast packets are supported only on serial interfaces. Neither broadcast nor mul-ticast are supported on Ethernet when in Router mode.1.2. UDP datagrams can be acknowledged on the radio channel (ACK parameter of routermode) but they are not acknowledged on the ethernet channel.When a UDP datagram reaches its final IP destination, it should be in a RipEX router again (either itsETH or radio interface). It is processed further according its UDP port. Either it is delivered to COM1(2)port daemon, where the datagram is decapsulated and the data received on serial interface of thesource unit is forwarded to COM1(2), or the UDP port is that of a Terminal server or any other specialprotocol daemon on Ethernet like Modbus TCP etc. Then the datagram is processed by that daemonaccordingly to the respective settings.RipEX uses a unique, sophisticated protocol on the radio channel. It guaranties data integrity evenunder heavy interference or weak signal conditions due to the 32 bit CRC used, minimises the likelihoodof a collision and retransmits frames when collision happens, etc. These features allow for the mostefficient SCADA application arrangements to be used, e.g. multi-master polling and/or spontaneouscommunication from remote units and/or parallel communication between remote units, etc.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.24RipEX in detail
ImportantThe anti-collision protocol feature is available only in the router mode. The bridge mode issuitable for simple Master-Slave arrangements with polling-type application protocol.2.5. Combination of IP and serial communicationRipEX enables combination of IP and serial protocols within a single application.Five independent terminal servers are available in RipEX. A terminal server is a virtual substitute fordevices used as serial-to-TCP(UDP) converters. It encapsulates serial protocol to TCP(UDP) and viceversa eliminating the transfer of TCP overhead over the radio channel.If the data structure of a packet is identical for IP and serial protocols, the terminal server can serve asa converter between TCP(UDP)/IP and serial protocols (RS232, RS485).RipEX also provides a built-in converter Modus RTU – Modus TCP, where data structure is not thesame, so one application may combine both protocols, Modus RTU and Modus TCP.You can see an instructional video explaining the Terminal server functionality here: http://www.ra-com.eu/ripex-terminal2.5.1. Detailed DescriptionGenerally, a terminal server (also referred to as serial server) enables connection of devices with aserial interface to a RipEX over the local area network (LAN). It is a virtual substitute for the devicesused as serial-to-TCP(UDP) converters.Examples of the use:A SCADA application in the centre should be connected to the radio network via serial interface, however,for some reason that serial interface is not used. The operating system (e.g. Windows) can provide avirtual serial interface to such application and converts the serial data to TCP (UDP) datagrams, whichare then received by the terminal server in RipEX. This type of connection between RipEX and applic-ation provides best results when:• There is no hardware serial interface on the computer• Serial cable between RipEX and computer would be too long. E.g. the RipEX is installed very closeto the antenna to reduce feed line loss.• LAN already exists between the computer and the point of installationImportantThe TCP (UDP) session operates only locally between RipEX and the central computer,hence it does not increase the load on the radio channel.In special cases, the terminal server can reduce network load from TCP applications . A TCP sessioncan be terminated locally at the terminal server in RipEX, user data extracted from the TCP messagesand processed as if it came from a COM port. When the data reaches the destination RipEX, it can betransferred to the RTU either via the serial interface or via TCP (UDP), using the terminal server again.Please note, that RipEX Terminal server implementation also supports the dynamical IP port changein every incoming application datagram. In such case the RipEX sends the reply to the port from whichthe last response has been received. This feature allows to extend the number of simultaneously25© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
opened TCP connections between the RipEX and the locally connected application up to 10 on eachTerminal server.2.6. Diagnostics & network managementRipEX radiomodem offers a wide range of built-in diagnostics and network management tools.2.6.1. LogsThere are ‘Neighbours’ and Statistic logs in RipEX. For both logs there is a history of 20 log filesavailable, so the total history of saved values is 20 days (assuming the default value of 1440 min. isused as the Log save period).NeighboursThe ‘Neighbours’ log provides information about neighbouring units (RipEX’s which can be accesseddirectly over the radio channel, i.e. without a repeater). Every RipEX on the network regularly broadcastsits status, the set of so called “Watched values”: the probability of packet loss when transmitting dataover the radio channel, current supply voltage, internal temperature, measured RF output power, theVoltage Standing Wave Ratio on the antenna feed line and the total number of packets received from/ transmitted to ETH, COM1, COM2 interfaces. In addition, the RipEX that records this data in its logalso keeps track of how many times it listened to its neighbouring unit as well as of the RSS and DQrecorded. See Adv. Conf., Diagnostic for more.StatisticThe ‘Statistic’ log provides information about the volume of data traffic on all interfaces: radio, ETH,COM1, COM2. It offers detailed information about the number of transmitted packets, their size andthe throughput per second. Moreover, a detailed division into user and service packets is available forthe radio channel. See chapter Adv. Conf., Diagnostic for more.2.6.2. GraphsAn independent database periodically stores the Watched values (see 'Neighbours' log above) fromup to five neighbouring RipEX's and from the local one, there including most important values from theStatistic log. All these values can be displayed as graphs.The graphs are available in summary and detailed versions. Detailed logging is triggered on when athreshold value has been reached for the specific item to enable a more detailed investigation into theunits’ operation when an alarm event occurs. Each graph can display two different elements at once,including their set thresholds. Each of the values may originate from a different RipEX unit.See chapter Adv. Conf., Graphs for more.2.6.3. SNMPRipEX implements an SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c. The values provided by RipEX are shown in the MIBtable, its Severity level is 3. RipEX also allows generating SNMP traps when thresholds have beenreached for the monitored values: RSScom, DQcom, TXLost[%], Ucc, Temp, PWR, VSWR, ETH[Rx/Tx],COM1[Rx/Tx], COM2[Rx/Tx], HW Alarm Input and/or for some internal warnings and errors.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.26RipEX in detail
See chapter RipEX App notes, SNMP for RACOM RipEX1for more.MIB table can be found there too.2.6.4. PingTo diagnose the individual radio links RipEX is equipped with an enhanced Ping tool. In addition to thestandard info such as the number of sent and received packets or the round trip time, it provides theoverall load, the resulting throughput, BER, PER and specific data about the quality of the radio trans-mission, RSS and DQ for the weakest radio link on the route.See chapter Adv. Conf., Ping for details.2.6.5. MonitoringTMonitoring is an advanced on-line diagnostic tool, which enables a detailed analysis of communicationover any of the interfaces of a RipEX router. In addition to all the physical interfaces (RADIO, ETH,COM1, COM2), some internal interfaces between software modules (e.g. Terminal servers, ModusTCP server etc.) can be monitored when such advanced diagnostics is needed.Monitoring output can be viewed on-line or saved to a file in the RipEX (e.g. a remote RipEX) anddownloaded later.COMPORTSMODULE ROUTER&BRIDGEMODULETERMINAL &MODBUSTCPSERVERS&TCP PROXYRADIOCHANNELMODULECOM1COM2ETHRADIOvirtualcom/TCP ethernetRadioModemUnitRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxFig. 2.4: MonitoringSee chapter Adv. Conf., Monitoring for details.2.7. Firmware update and upgradeOccasionally RipEX firmware update or upgrade is released. An update improves functionality and/orfix software bugs. Updates can be downloaded for free from www.racom.eu2.A firmware upgrade implements significant improvements and new functions which take the productto a new level. Downloading and applying a firmware upgrade is the same as with firmware update.1http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/snmp.html2http://www.racom.eu27© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRipEX in detail
However a software key may have to be purchased and applied to activate the new functionality or theupgrade itself (see the next chapter).See chapter Adv. Conf., Firmware for more.2.8. Software feature keysCertain advanced RipEX features are activated with software keys. SW feature keys enable the usersto initially purchase only the functionality they require and buy additional functions as the requirementsand expectations grow. Similarly, when some features (e.g. COM2) are required on certain sites, thecorresponding key can be activated only where needed.• Keys protect the investment into hardware. Thanks to SDR-based hardware design of RipEX nophysical replacement is necessary – the user simply buys a key and activates the feature.•For evaluation and testing, Time-limited keys can be supplied. These keys activate the coded featurefor a limited operational (power on) time only. Free Master-key trial for 30 days is in every RipEX.• Software keys are always tied to a specific RipEX production code.See chapter Model offerings SW feature keys for more.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.28RipEX in detail
3. Network planningThe significance of planning for even a small radio network is often neglected. A typical scenario insuch cases goes as follows – there's not enough time (sometimes money) to do proper planning, sothe network construction is started right away while decisions on antennas etc. are based mainly onbudget restrictions. When the deadline comes, the network is ready but its performance does not meetthe expectations. Finally the (expensive) experts are invited to fix the problem and that fix costs tentimes more than a proper design process done beforehand would have.The following paragraphs are not a guide to network planning – that is a topic far beyond the scope ofa product manual. What is provided is the essential RipEX data needed plus some comments oncommon problems which should be addressed during the planning process.3.1. Data throughput, response timeA UHF radio network provides very limited bandwidth for principal reasons. Hence the first and veryimportant step to be taken is estimating/calculating the capacity of the planned network. The goal is tomeet the application bandwidth and time-related requirements. Often this step determines the layoutof the network, for example when high speed is necessary, only near-LOS (Line-of-sight) radio hopscan be used.RipEX offers an unprecedented range of data rates. The channel width available and signal levels ex-pected/measured on individual hops limit the maximum rate which can be used. The data rate definesthe total capacity of one radio channel in one area of coverage, which is shared by all the radio modemswithin the area. Then several overhead factors, which reduce the total capacity to 25-90% of the "raw"value, have to be considered. They are e.g. RF protocol headers, FEC, channel access proceduresand number of store-and-forward repeaters. There is one positive factor left – an optimum compression(e.g. IP optimization) can increase the capacity by 20-200%.All these factors are heavily influenced by the way the application loads the network. For example, asimple polling-type application results in very long alarm delivery times – an event at a remote is reportedonly when the respective unit is polled. However the total channel capacity available can be 60-95%of the raw value, since there are no collisions. A report-by-exception type of load yields much betterapplication performance, yet the total channel capacity is reduced to 25-35% because of the protocoloverhead needed to avoid and solve collisions.The basic calculations of network throughput and response times for different RipEX settings can bedone at www.racom.eu1.Let us add one comment based on experience. Before committing to the actual network design, it isvery wise to do a thorough bench-test with real application equipment and carefully monitor the loadgenerated. A difference against the datasheets, which may be negligible in a LAN environment, mayhave fundamental consequences for the radio network design. To face that "small" difference whenthe network is about to be commissioned may be a very expensive experience. The bench test layoutshould include the application centre, two remotes (at least) and the use of a repeater. See the followingpicture for an example.1http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/radio-modem-ripex.html#calculation29© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterNetwork planning
CentreRTUconfig.PC RTUdummyantennaFig. 3.1: Application bench test3.2. FrequencyOften the frequency is simply given. If there is a choice, using the optimum frequency range can makea significant difference. Let us make a brief comparison of the most used UHF frequency bands.160 MHzThe best choice when you have to cover a hilly region and repeaters are not an option. The only fre-quency of the set of options which can possibly make it to a distant valley, 20 km from your nearestpoint-of-presence, it can reach a ship 100 km from the shore base. The penalty you pay is tremendous– high level of noise in urban and industry areas, omnipresent multi-path propagation, vulnerability tonumerous special propagation effects in troposphere etc. Consequently this frequency band is suitablefor low speeds using robust modulation techniques only, and even then a somewhat lower long-termcommunication reliability has to be acceptable for the application.350 MHzPut simply, character of this band is somewhere between 160 and 450 MHz.450 MHzThe most popular of UHF frequency bands. It still can get you slightly “beyond the horizon”, while thesignal stability is good enough for 99% (or better) level of reliability. Multi-path propagation can be aproblem, hence high speeds may be limited to near-LOS conditions. Urban and industrial noise doesnot pose a serious threat (normally), but rather the interference caused by other transmissions is quitefrequent source of disturbances.900 MHzThis band requires planning the network in “microwave” style. Hops longer than about 1 km have tohave “almost” clear LOS (Line-of-sight). Of course a 2–5 km link can handle one high building or aRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.30Network planning
bunch of trees in the middle, (which would be a fatal problem for e.g. an 11 GHz microwave). 900 MHzalso penetrates buildings quite well, in an industrial environment full of steel and concrete it may bethe best choice. The signal gets “everywhere” thanks to many reflections, unfortunately there is badnews attached to this - the reliability of high speed links in such environment is once again limited.Otherwise, if network capacity is your main problem, then 900 MHz allows you to build the fastest andmost reliable links. The price you pay (compared to lower frequency bands) is really the price – morerepeaters and higher towers increase the initial cost. Long term reliable performance is the reward.The three frequency bands discussed illustrate the simple basic rules – the higher the frequency, thecloser to LOS the signal has to travel. That limits the distance over the Earth's surface – there is noother fundamental reason why shorter wavelengths could not be used for long distance communication.On the other hand, the higher the frequency, the more reliable the radio link is. The conclusion is thenvery simple – use the highest frequency band you can.3.3. Signal budgetFor every radio hop which may be used in the network, the signal level at the respective receiver inputhas to be calculated and assessed against requirements. The fundamental requirements are two – thedata rate, which is dictated by total throughput and response times required by the application, and theavailability, which is again derived from the required reliability of the application. The data rate translatesto receiver sensitivity and the availability (e.g. 99,9 % percent of time) results in size of the fade margin.The basic rule of signal budget says, that the difference between the signal level at the receiver inputand the guaranteed receiver sensitivity for the given data rate has to be greater than the fade marginrequired:RX signal [dBm] – RX sensitivity [dBm] >= Fade margin [dB]To calculate the RX signal level, we follow the RF signal path:TXoutputRXinputfeedlinelossfeedlinelosspathlossTXantennagainRXantennagain+ +Fig. 3.2: Signal pathexample:RX signal [dBm] =dBm (TX output 1 W)+30.0+ TX output [dBm]dB (20m cable RG-213 U, 400 MHz)-2.5- TX antenna feeder loss [dB]dBi (half-wave dipole, 0 dBd)+2.1+TX antenna gain [dBi]dB calculated from field measurement)-125.0- Path loss [dB]dB (7-al Yagi antenna, 7.6 dBd)+9.7+ RX antenna gain [dBi]31© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterNetwork planning
dB (10 m cable RG-58 CU, 400 MHz)-3.1- RX antenna feeder loss [dB]dBm Received Signal Strength (RSS)= -88.8The available TX output power and guaranteed RX sensitivity level for the given data rate have to bedeclared by the radio manufacturer. RipEX values can be found in Table 4.6, “Technical parameters”and Chap Section 4.4.1, “Detailed Radio parameters”. Antenna gains and directivity diagrams have tobe supplied by the antenna manufacturer. Note that antenna gains against isotropic radiator (dBi)are used in the calculation. The figures of feeder cable loss per meter should be also known. Note thatcoaxial cable parameters may change considerably with time, especially when exposed to an outdoorenvironment. It is recommended to add a 50-100 % margin for ageing to the calculated feeder loss.3.3.1. Path loss and fade marginThe path loss is the key element in the signal budget. Not only does it form the bulk of the total loss,the time variations of path loss are the reason why a fade margin has to be added. In reality, very oftenthe fade margin is the single technical figure which expresses the trade-off between cost and perform-ance of the network. The decision to incorporate a particular long radio hop in a network, despite thatits fade margin indicates 90 % availability at best, is sometimes dictated by the lack of investment in ahigher tower or another repeater. Note that RipEXs Auto-speed feature allows the use of a lower datarate over specific hops in the network, without the need to reduce the rate and consequently thethroughput in the whole network. Lower data rate means lower (= better) value of receiver sensitivity,hence the fade margin of the respective hop improves. See the respective Application note to learnmore on the Auto-speed feature.When the signal path profile allows for LOS between the TX and RX antennas, the standard formulafor free-space signal loss (below) gives reliable results:Path loss [dB] = 20 * log10 (distance [km]) + 20 * log10 (frequency [MHz]) + 32.5In the real world the path loss is always greater. UHF radio waves can penetrate obstacles (buildings,vegetation), can be reflected from flat objects, can bend over round objects, can disperse behind sharpedges – there are numerous ways how a radio signal can propagate in non-LOS conditions. The addi-tional loss when these propagation modes are involved (mostly combined) is very difficult to calculate.There are sophisticated methods used in RF design software tools which can calculate the path lossand its variations (statistical properties) over a computer model of terrain. Their accuracy is unfortunatelyvery limited. The more obstacles on the path, the less reliable is the result. Such a tool can be veryuseful in the initial phase of network planning, e.g. to do the first network layout for the estimate of totalthroughput, however field measurements of every non-LOS radio hop should be done before the finalnetwork layout is designed.Determining the fade margin value is even more difficult. Nevertheless the software tools mentionedcan give some guidance, since they can calculate the statistical properties of the signal. Generally thefade margin (for given availability) is proportional to the difference between the real path loss and theLOS path loss over the same distance. Then it is about inversely proportional to frequency (in the UHFrange at least). To give an example for 10 km, non-LOS, hop on 450 MHz, fade margin of 20 dB is abare minimum. A field test may help again, provided it is run for longer period of time (hours-days).RipEX diagnostic tools (ping) report the mean deviation of the RSS, which is a good indication of thesignal stability. A multiple of the mean deviation should be added to the fade margin.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.32Network planning
3.4. Multipath propagation, DQMultipath propagation is the arch-enemy of UHF data networks. The signal coming out of the receivingantenna is always a combination of multiple signals. The transmitted signal arrives via different paths,by the various non-LOS ways of propagation. Different paths have different lengths, hence the waveformsare in different phases when hitting the receiving antenna. They may add-up, they may cancel eachother out.TXantennaFig. 3.3: Multipath propagationWhat makes things worse is that the path length changes over time. Since half the wavelength – e.g.0.3 m at 450 MHz - makes all the difference between summation and cancellation, a 0.001% changeof a path length (10 cm per 10 km) is often significant. And a small change of air temperature gradientcan do that. Well, that is why we have to have a proper fade margin. Now, what makes things reallybad is that the path length depends also on frequency. Normally this dependency is negligible withinthe narrow channel. Unfortunately, because of the phase combinations of multiple waveforms, theresulting signal may get so distorted, that even the sophisticated demodulating techniques cannot readthe original data. That is the situation known to RF data network engineers – signal is strong enoughand yet “it” does not work.That is why RipEX reports the, somewhat mystic, figure of DQ (Data Quality) alongside the RSS. Thesoftware demodulator uses its own metrics to assess the level of distortion of the incoming signal andproduces a single number in one-byte range (0–255), which is proportionate to the “quality” of the signal.Though it is very useful information, it has some limitations. First, it is almost impossible to determinesignal quality from a single packet, especially a very short one. That results in quite a jitter of DQ valueswhen watching individual packets. However when DQ keeps jumping up and down it indicates a seriousmultipath problem. In fact, when DQ stays low all the time, it must be noise or permanent interferencebehind the problem. The second issue arises from the wide variety of modulation and data rates RipEXsupports. Though every attempt has been made to keep the DQ values modulation independent, thedifferences are inevitable. In other words, experience is necessary to make any conclusions from DQreading. The less experience you have, the more data you have to collect on the examined link anduse other links for comparison.The DQ value is about proportional to BER (bit error ratio) and about independent of the data rate andmodulation used. Hence some rule-of-thumb values can be given. Values below 100 mean the link isunusable. For a value of 125, short packets should get through with some retransmissions, 150–200means occasional problems will exist (long term testing/evaluation of such link is recommended) andvalues above 200 should ensure reliable communication.33© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterNetwork planning
3.4.1. How to battle with multipath propagation?The first step is the diagnosis. We have to realize we are in trouble and only a field measurement cantell us that. We should forget about software tools and simply assume that a multipath problem mayappear on every non-LOS hop in the network.These are clear indicators of a serious multipath propagation problem:• directional antennas "do not work", e.g. a dipole placed at the right spot yields a better RSS thana long Yagi, or rotating the directional antenna shows several peaks and troughs of the signal andno clear maximum• RSS changes rapidly (say 10 dB) when antenna is moved by less than a meter in any direction• ping test displays the mean deviation of RSS greater than 6 dB• DQ value keeps "jumping" abnormally from frame to frameQuite often all the symptoms mentioned can be observed at a site simultaneously. The typical "beginner"mistake would be to chase the spot with the best RSS with an omnidirectional antenna and installingit there. Such a spot may work for several minutes (good luck), sometimes for several weeks (bad luck,since the network may be in full use by then). In fact, installing in such a spot guaranties that troublewill come - the peak is created by two or more signals added up, which means they will cancel outsooner or later.The right strategy is to find an arrangement where a single signal becomes dominant, possibly themost stable one. "Sweeping" a directional antenna around the place (in different heights and with dif-ferent polarization) can tell us where the signals come from. If individual signals come from differentdirections, there is a good chance a long yagi can solve the problem by selecting just one of the bunch.Finding a spot where the unwanted signal is blocked by a local obstacle may help as well (e.g. installingat a side of the building instead of at the roof).TXantennabettermultipathFig. 3.4: Antenna locationWhen the multiple signals come from about the same direction, a long yagi alone would not help much.We have to move away from the location, again looking for a place where just one of the signals becomesdominant. 20–50 metres may save the situation, changing the height (if possible) is often the rightsolution. Sometimes changing the height means going down, not up, e.g. to the base of the buildingor tower.We have to remember our hop has two ends, i.e. the solution may be to change antenna or its placementat the opposite end. If everything fails, it is better to use another site as a repeater. Even if such prob-RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.34Network planning
lematic site seems to be usable after all (e.g. it can pass commissioning tests), it will keep generatingproblems for ever, hence it is very prudent to do something about it as early as possible.NoteNever design hops where a directional antenna is used for a direction outside its main lobe.However economical and straightforward it may seem, it is a dangerous trap. Enigmaticcases of drop-outs lasting couple of minutes every other day, over a clear LOS hops werecreated exactly like that. They look like interference which is very difficult to identify and ,alas, they are caused by pure multipath propagation, a self-made one. So always use acombiner and another directional antenna if such arrangement is needed. Always.combinercorrectlyincorrectlyFig. 3.5: Main lobe3.5. Network layoutIn general a radio network layout is mostly (sometimes completely) defined by the application. Whenthe terrain allows for direct radio communication from all sites in the network, the designer can not dotoo much wrong. Unfortunately for RF network designers, the real world is seldom that simple.The conditions desireable for every single radio hop were discussed in previous paragraphs. If we arelucky, assuming different layouts meeting those conditions are possible, we should exploit those layouts35© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterNetwork planning
for the benefit of the network operation. The following options should be considered when defining thelayout of a radio network:• Placing a single repeater, which serves most of the network, on the top of a hill is a straightforwardand very common option. Sometimes it is the only feasible option. However, there are a few thingswe must consider with this design. First, a dominant hilltop site is exposed to interference from alarge area; second, these sites are typically crowded with radio equipment of all kinds and it’s adynamic radio environment, so local interference may appear anytime; third, it makes the majorityof communication paths dependent on a single site, so one isolated failure may stop almost theentire network. We need to be carefull that these hill top systems are well engineered with appropriatefiltering and antenna spacing so that the repeater radios operate under the best possible conditions.Hot standby repeaters can also improve the repeater integrity. Here is an analogy… It’s hard tohave a quiet converstaion when a crowd is shouting all around you. So, make sure you give yourRiPEX repeaters the chance to communicate in a reasonable RF environment. Sometimes a differentlayout can significantly reduce the vulnerability of a radio network.•When total throughput is important, as is typical in report-by-exception networks, splitting the networkinto several independent or only slightly overlapping areas of coverage can help. The placementof repeaters which serve the respective areas is crucial. They should be isolated from each otherwhenever possible.MRepeaterCentreFig. 3.6: Dominant repeater – straightforward layoutRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.36Network planning
MCentreFig. 3.7: Isolated branches – more robust layout• in report-by-exception networks the load of hops connecting the centre to major repeaters formsthe bottle-neck of total network capacity. Moving these hops to another channel, or, even better, toa wire (fibre, microwave) links can multiply the throughput of the network. It saves not only the loaditself, it also significantly reduces the probability of collision. More on that in the following chapter3.6..3.6. Hybrid networksIf an extensive area needs to be covered and multiple retranslation would be uneconomical or unsuitable,RipEX’s can be interconnected via any IP network (WLAN, Internet, 3G, etc.). This is quite simple be-cause RipEX is a standard IP router with an ethernet interface. Consequently interconnecting two ormore RipEX's over a nested IP network is a standard routing issue and the concrete solution dependson that network.3.7. Assorted practical commentsLet us mention few issues, whose influence on network reliability or performance is sometimes neglectedby less experienced planners:37© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterNetwork planning
• Both vegetation and construction can grow. Especially when planning a high data rate hop whichrequires a near-LOS terrain profile, take into consideration the possible future growth of obstacles.• When the signal passes a considerable amount of vegetation (e.g. a 100m strip of forest), think ofthe season. Typically the path loss imposed by vegetation increases when the foliage gets denseor wet (late spring, rainy season). Hence the fade margin should be increased if your field measure-ments are done in a dry autumn month. The attenuation depends on the distance the signal mustpenetrate through the forest, and it increases with frequency. According to a CCIR, the attenuationis of the order of 0.05 dB/m at 200 MHz, 0.1 dB/m at 500 MHz, 0.2 dB/m at 1 GHz. At lower frequen-cies, the attenuation is somewhat lower for horizontal polarization than for vertical, but the differencedisappears above about 1 GHz.• Though being a rare problem, moving metallic objects may cause serious disruptions, especiallywhen they are close to one end of the radio hop. They may be cars on a highway, blades of a windturbine, planes taking off from a nearby airport runway etc.• Even when the signal is very strong, be careful when considering various cheap whips or moregenerally any antennas requiring a ground plane to function properly. A tempting scenario is to usethe body of the metallic box, where the radio modem and connected application equipment (oftena computer) is installed, as the ground plane, which leads to never-ending problems with locallygenerated noise. The ground plane forms an integral part of such an antenna, hence it has to bein a safe distance (several metres) from any electronic equipment as well as the antenna itself. Ametallic plate used as shielding against interference must not form a part of the antenna.incorectly correctlyPowersupplyRTUFig. 3.8: Antenna mountingRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.38Network planning
• Do not underestimate ageing of coaxial cables, especially at higher frequencies. Designing a 900MHz site with 30 m long antenna cable run outdoors would certainly result in trouble two years later.• We recommend to use vertical polarization for all radio modem networks.3.8. Recommended valuesTo check individual radio link quality run Ping test with these settings: Ping type - RSS, Length [bytes]equal to the longest packets in the networks. Use Operating mode Bridge, when Router, ACK set toOff. Switch off all other traffic on the Radio channel used for testing. The test should run at least hours,preferrably day(s). The values below should guarantee a reliable radio link:•Fade marginMin. 20 dBFade margin [dB] = RSS (Received Signal Strenght) [dBm] – RX sensitivity [dBm].Respective RX sensitivity for different data rates can be found in Section 4.4.1, “Detailed Radioparameters”.•DQ (Data Quality)Min. 180•PER (Packet Error Rate)Max. 5 %39© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterNetwork planning
4. ProductRipEX is built into a rugged die-cast aluminium casing that allows for multiple installation possibilities,see Section 6.1, “Mounting”.4.1. DimensionsFig. 4.1: RipEX dimensionsRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.40Product
Fig. 4.2: RipEX dimensions – bottomDIN35RailDINRailClip134150 1185850Fig. 4.3: RipEX with DIN rail41© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Fig. 4.4: RipEX dimensions with connectorsFor more information see Section 6.1.1, “DIN rail mounting” and Section 6.1.2, “Flat mounting”RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.42Product
4.2. ConnectorsAll connectors are located on the front panel. The upper side features an LED panel. The RESET buttonis located in an opening in the bottom side.HW ALARMOUTPUTHW ALARMINPUT+ –SLEEP INPUTCOM1 COM2ETHMANAGEMENTWiFi ADAPTERETH/USB ADAPTERANTENNA10–30VDC++ETHFig. 4.5: ConnectorsWarning – hazardous locationsDo not manipulate the RipEX (e.g. plug or unplug connectors) unless powered down or thearea is known to be non-hazardous.4.2.1. AntennaFig. 4.6: Antenna connector TNCAn antenna can connect to RipEX via TNC female 50Ω connector.A model with two antenna connectors can be supplied to order,in which the Rx and Tx antennas are separate. This model istypically used on communication towers where one Rx and oneTx antennas are common for most devices.See chapter Section 4.5, “Model offerings”.NoteFrequency split (different Rx and Tx frequency) is independent from the presence of twoantenna connectors. It can be set even on standard RipEX with one antenna connector.43© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Warning – hazardous locationsAntenna has to be installed outside of the hazardous zone.Fig. 4.7: Separated Rx and TX antennasWarning: RipEX radio modem may be damaged when operated without an antenna or a dummy load.4.2.2. Power and ControlThis rugged connector connects to a power supply and it contains control signals. A Plug with screw-terminals and retaining screws for power and control connector is supplied with each RipEX. It is Tyco7 pin terminal block plug, part No. 1776192-7, contact pitch 3.81 mm. The connector is designed forelectric wires with a cross section of 0.5 to 1.5 mm2. Strip the wire leads to 6 mm (1/4 inch). Isolatedcables should receive PKC 108 or less end sleeves before they are inserted in the clip. Insert the cablesin the wire ports, tightening securely.Tab. 4.1: Pin assignementsignallabeledpinSLEEP INPUTSI1HW ALARM INPUTAI2−(GND) – for SLEEP IN, HW ALARM INPUT−3+(POWER) – for HW ALARM OUTPUT+4HW ALARM OUTPUTAO5+POWER (10 to 30 V)+10–30VDC6−POWER (GND)−10–30VDC7Pins 3 and 7, 4 and 6 are connected internally.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.44Product
Warning – hazardous locationsThe unit must be powered with an intrinsic save power source for use in hazardous locations.1 2 3 4 5 6PinNo.: 7SI AI - + A0 +-10–30VDCFig. 4.8: Supply connectorWirePorts(7)RetainingScrews(2)LeadBindingScrews(7)Fig. 4.9: Power and Control - cable plug1 2 3 4 5 6PinNo.: 7SI AI - + A0 +-10–30VDCSleepInputSLEEP INPUTSLEEP INPUT is the digital input for activating the Sleep mode.When this pin is grounded (for example when connected to pin3), the RipEX switches into the Sleep mode. Using Power man-agement (Advanced Config.), the Entering the Sleep mode canbe delayed by a set time. Disconnecting SLEEP INPUT fromGND (-) ends the Sleep mode. Note that RipEX takes 48 secondsto wake up from the Sleep mode.SLEEP INPUT can be also used for the wake-up from the Savestate. For details see chapter (Advanced Config., Power manage-ment)1 2 3 4 5 6PinNo.: 7SI AI - + A0 +-10–30VDCAlarmInputHW ALARM INPUTHWALARM INPUT is a digital input. If grounded (e.g. by connect-ing to PIN 3), an external alarm is triggered. This alarm can beused for example to transmit information using SNMP trap, in-forming for instance about a power outage or RTU problem. Fordetails about Alarm management see chapter Advanced Config-uration.1 2 3 4 5 6PinNo.: 7SI AI - + A0 +-10–30VDCAlarmOutputmax.30VDC,1 AHW ALARM OUTPUTHW ALARM OUTPUT is a digital output. It can be activatedin Alarm management settings, chapter Advanced Configuration.It may be used for instance to switch on the Fan kit when thepreset maximum internal temperature is exceeded or to informthe connected RTU about a RipEX alarm or about the Unit readystatus. If an alarm is triggered, HW ALARM OUTPUT is internally45© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
connected to GND. If the external device requires connection topositive terminal of the power supply, PIN 4 should be used.POWERThe POWER pins labelled + and - serve to connect a power supply 10–30 VDC. The requirements fora power supply are defined in Section 6.6, “Power supply” and Section 4.4, “Technical specification”.4.2.3. ETHStandard RJ45 connector for ethernet connection. RipEX has 10/100 BaseT Auto MDI/MDIX interfaceso it can connect to 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps ethernet network. The speed can be selected manually orrecognised automatically by RipEX. RipEX is provided with Auto MDI/MDIX function which allows it toconnect over both standard and cross cables, adapting itself automatically.Pin assignementFig. 4.10: RJ-45FTab. 4.2: Ethernet to cable connector connectionsCrossed cableDirect cableSignalPINgreen – whiteorange – whiteTX+1greenorangeTX−2orange – whitegreen – whiteRX+3blueblue—4blue – whiteblue – white—5orangegreenRx−6brown – whitebrown – white—7brownbrown—84.2.4. COM1 and COM2RipEX provides two serial interfaces COM1 and COM2 terminated by DSUB9F connectors. COM1 isalways RS232, COM2 can be configured as RS232 or RS485 (more in Adv. Conf., COM's).RipEX‘s RS232 is a hard-wired DCE (Data Communication Equipment) device. Equipment connectedto the RipEX’s serial ports should be DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a straight-through cableshould be used. If a DCE device is connected to the RipEX‘s serial ports, a null modem adapter orcross cable has to be used.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.46Product
Fig. 4.11: Serial connectorTab. 4.3: COM1,2 pin descriptionCOM2 – RS485COM1, 2 – RS232DSUB9FIn/ OutsignalIn/ Outsignalpin—OutCD1In/Outline BOutRxD2In/Outline AInTxD3—InDTR4GNDGND5—OutDSR6—InRTS7—OutCTS8———9RipEX keeps pin 6 DSR at the level of 1 by RS232 standard permanently.4.2.5. USBRipEX uses USB 1.1, Host A interface. USB interface is wired as standard:1 2 3 4Fig. 4.12: Serial connectorTab. 4.4: USB pin descriptionwiresignalUSB pinred+5 V1whiteData(−)2greenData (+)3blackGND4The USB interface is designed for the connection to an – external ETH/USB adapter or a Wifi adapter.They are optional accessories to RipEX, for more details see Section 5.3, “Connecting RipEX to aprogramming PC”. The adapters are used for service access to RipEX’s web configuration interface.The USB interface can also be used for an external flash disc connection, which has been specificallydesigned to simplify complex maintenance tasks, so that these tasks can be performed by unqualifiedpersonnel in the field by simple plugging-in an USB stick and waiting untill a LED flashes.The USB connector also provides power supply (5 V/ 0.5 A). It can be used to temporarily power aconnected device, for instance a telephone. The USB connector should not be used as permanentsource of power supply.Note – hazardous locationsOnly USB equipments dedicated for hazardous locations shall remain connected permanently.External USB flash discAn external USB flash disc can be used for firmware upgrade, SW keys upload, configuration backupand restore, ssl certificate and ssh keys upload and tech-support package download. Any commonUSB stick with several megabytes of free space can be used for these tasks.47© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
NoteThe flash disc has to contain the FAT32 file system (the most common one at the time ofwritting). Any other file system will be simply ignored by the RipEX. When in doubt, consultyour IT expert.Once the RipEX recognizes a flash disc inserted into the USB interface, the status LED starts blinkingslowly, alternating red and green colors. That indicates the start of the upload/download of files. TheLED flashing may change during the process, the successful completion of the recording is indicatedby fast alternating green and red flashes (about 3 times per second). Note that it may take up to 10minutes (when an FW upgrade is performed).WarningNEVER unplug the USB disc before the proper (fast) flashing of the status LED starts! Youmay damage your disc otherwise.Following a successful detection of a USB flash disc, the RipEX writes the tech-support package, logfiles and the configuration text file to it. Then the README.txt file, which contains all the necessaryinformation on the structure and names of files and directories, is written into the root directory of thedisc. Please follow the detailed instructions in that file.NoteWhenever an FW file (.cpio) is found in the root directory of the disc, the upgrade is executedautomatically, regardless of the version of the currently active FW. If more than one FW fileis found, the latest version is used. Remember to remove the FW files from the disk rootwhen you do not intend to perform an upgrade. The same principles apply to a configurationupdate from the disc.4.2.6. Reset buttonFig. 4.13: Reset buttonRipEX’s bottom-side enclosure includes a reset button accessible throughan opening. When this button is pressed, the STATUS diode on the LEDpanel goes dark (indicating that the button has been pressed). If you holdthe button for 5 seconds, the STATUS diode starts flashing slowly indicat-ing that the reset is complete. If you continue to hold the button for 15 ormore seconds (the STATUS diode starts flashing quickly) and then releaseit, you will reset the device’s access information to default:192.168.169.169/24ETH IP and Mask:0.0.0.0ETH Default GW:AutoETH Speed:OffDHCP:OffARP proxy & VLAN:OffFirewall:OffHot Standby:DeletedRouting table:Default (Web server=HTTP+HTTPS, CLI=SSH)Management:adminUsername:RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.48Product
adminPassword:NoteTo reset the RipEX only use the RESET button as described above or use the button inRipEX’s web configuration, see Adv. Conf., Maintenance. Never use a power cycling (dis-connecting and reconnecting power supply) to reset it. While power cycle resets, or ratherreboots the RipEX, its software will not terminate correctly resulting in logs, statistics andgraphs not being saved properly.4.2.7. GPSFig. 4.14: GPS Connector SMARipEX can be equipped with an internal GPS, see Section 4.5,“Model offerings”. The GPS module is used for time synchronisationof the NTP server inside RipEX. See Adv. Conf., Time for more. Inthis case the front panel contains a SMA female 50 ohm connectorfor connecting the GPS antenna.49© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
4.3. Indication LEDsFig. 4.15: Indication LEDsTab. 4.5: Key to LEDsDescriptionColorThe RipEX OS (Linux) is runningsuccesfulyGreenSTATUSReset button has been pressedDarkreset after five-seconds pressingthe Reset buttonGreen flashes slowlydefault access after 15-secondspressing the Reset buttonGreen flashes quicklyEmergencyRed flashes quicklyAlarmRedtransmitting to radio channelRedTXreceiver is synchronised to apacketGreenRX there is a signal stronger than−80 dBm on Radio channelYellowdata receivingGreenCOM2 data transmittingYellowdata receivingGreenCOM1 data transmittingYellow100 Mb/s speedYellow ONETH 10 Mb/s speedYellow OFFconnectedGreen ONethernet dataGreen flashespowered succesfulyGreenPWR Save modeBlinks with a period of 1 secSleep modeFlashes once per 3 secAlarm – is “On” when any controlled item in Alarm management, (see Adv. Conf., Alarm man-agement for more) is in alarm status (out of thresholds) and “SNMP Trap", "HW AlarmOutput" or "Detail graphs start” for any line in the Alarm configuration table are checked.Emergency – Emergency status is an undefined RipEX status either because of a SW or HW problemwhen RipEX does not function properly. Maintenance web page is mostly accessibleeven in Emergency status. If the problem cannot be eliminated after a power cycle, sendthe unit to RACOM for repair.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.50Product
4.4. Technical specificationTab. 4.6: Technical parametersRadio parameters135–154; 154–174; 300–320; 320–340; 340–360; 368–400;400–432; 432–470; 470–512; 928–960 MHz – DetailFrequency bands6.25 / 12.5 / 25 / 50 kHz[2]Channel spacing±1.0 ppmFrequency stabilityDetailLinear: 16DEQAM, D8PSK, π/4DQPSK, DPSKExponential (FM): 4CPFSK, 2CPFSKModulationmax. 2 Wmax. 10 WLin.: 139 – 104 – 69 – 35 kbpsExp.: 42 – 21 kbps50 kHzRF Data rate – CEDetailmax. 2 Wmax. 10 W83 – 63 – 42 – 21 kbps21 – 10 kbps25 kHzmax. 2 Wmax. 10 W42 – 31 – 21 kbps10 – 5 kbps12.5 kHzmax. 2 Wmax. 10 W21 – 16 – 10 – 5 kbps5 – 3 kbps6.25 kHzmax. 2 Wmax. 10 WLin.: 139 – 104 – 69 – 35 kbpsExp.: 42 – 21 kbps50 kHzRF Data rate – FCCDetailmax. 2 Wmax. 10 W69 – 52 – 35 kbps21 kbps25 kHzmax. 2 Wmax. 10 W35 – 26 – 17 kbps10 kbps12.5 kHzmax. 2 Wmax. 10 W17 – 13 – 9 kbps5 kbps6.25 kHzmax. 2 Wmax. 10 WLin.: 166 – 125 – 83 – 42 kbpsExp.: 42 – 21 kbps50 kHzRF Data rate – Unlim-itedDetailOn/Off, ¾ Trellis code with Viterbi soft-decoderFEC (Forward Error Correction)TransmitterLinear: 0.5 - 1.0 - 2.0 WExponential(FM): 0.1 - 0.2 - 0.5 - 1.0 - 2.0 - 3.0 - 4.0 - 5.0 - 10[1]WRF Output power(Both Carrier and Modulated)ContinuousDuty cycle< 1.5 msRx to Tx Time> 40 dBIntermodulation Attenuation< −36 dBmSpurious Emissions (Conducted)< −36 dBmRadiated Spurious Emissions< −60 dBcAdjacent channel power< −60 dBcTransient adjacent channel powerReceiver51© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
DetailSensitivity50 kHz @ −3 dB BWAnti-aliasing Selectivity< 1.5 msTx to Rx Time20 dBm (100 mW)Maximum Receiver Input Power< −57 dBmRx Spurious Emissions (Conducted)< −57 dBmRadiated Spurious EmissionsDetailBlocking or desensitization> 70 dBSpurious response rejection[1] For output power 10 W it is recommended to use input power above 11 VDCRipEX-470, RipEX-900 – max. output power 8 W.[2] 50kHz channel spacing is HW depended. Units with older version boards are still inproduction. 50 kHz chanel spacing requirement kindly specify in your order.Electrical10 to 30 VDC, negative GNDPrimary power5 W/13.8 V; 4.8 W/24 V; (Radio part < 2 W)RxPower consumptionRF powerTx4CPFSK, 2CPFSK13.8 V 24V13.8 W 13.2 W0.1 W15.2 W 14.4 W1 W33.1 W 31.2 W5 W41.4 W 38.4 W10 W30.4 W 30 W0.5 WTx16DEQAM, D8PSK,π/4DQPSK30.4 W 30 W1 W30.4 W 30 W2 W0.1 WSleep mode2 WSave modeInterfacesRJ4510/100 Base-T Auto MDI/MDIXEthernetDB9FRS232COM 1 300–115 200 bpsDB9FRS232/RS485 SW configurableCOM 2 300–115 200 bpsHost AUSB 1.1USBTNC female50 ΩAntennaLED panelPower, ETH, COM1, COM2, Rx, Tx, Status7× tri-color status LEDsEnviromentalIP40IP Code (Ingress Protection)> 500.000 hours (> 50 years)MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure)RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.52Product
−40 to +70 °C (−40 to +158 °F)Operating temperature5 to 95 % non-condensingOperating humidity−40 to +85 °C (−40 to +185 °F) / 5 to 95 % non-condensingStorageMechanicalRugged die-cast aluminiumCasing50 H × 150 W × 118 mm D (1.97× 5.9 × 4.65 in)Dimensions1.1 kg (2.4 lbs)WeightDIN rail, L-bracket, Flat-bracket, 19" Rack shelfMountingSWBridge / RouterOperating modesModbus, IEC101, DNP3, UNI, Comli, DF1, RP570, Profibus, …User protocols on COMModbus TCP, IEC104, DNP3 TCP, Comli TCP, Terminal server…User protocols on EthernetModbus RTU / Modbus TCP, DNP3 / DNP3 TCPSerial to IP convertorsProtocol on Radio channelYesMulti master applicationsYesReport by exceptionYesCollision Avoidance CapabilityYesRemote to Remote communicationYesAddressed & acknowledged serialSCADA protocolsCRC 32Data integrity controlAES256Encryptionup to 3× higher throughputOptimizationDiagnostic and ManagementYes (ping with RSS, Data Quality, Homogenity)Radio link testingDevice – Ucc, Temp, PWR, VSWR, *HW Alarm Input.Radio channel – *RSScom, *DQcom, TXLost[%]User interfaces – ETH[Rx/Tx], COM1[Rx/Tx], COM2[Rx/Tx]* not broadcastWatched values (Can be broadcastto neighbouring units. Received infodisplayed in Neighbours table)For Rx/Tx Packets on User interfaces (ETH, COM1, COM2) andfor User data and Radio protocol (Repeates, Lost, ACK etc.) onRadio channelStatisticsFor Watched values and StatisticsGraphs20 periods (configurable, e.g. days)History (Statistics, Neighbours,Graphs)SNMPv1, SNMPv2cTrap alarms generation as per settingsSNMPReal time/Save to file analysis of all physical interfaces (RADIO,ETH, COM1, COM2) and some internal interfaces betweenMonitoring software modules (e.g. Terminal servers, Modus TCP serveretc.)53© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
StandardsCE, FCC, ATEX, IECExETSI EN 300 113-2 V1.5.1Spectrum (art 3.2)FCC Part 90, FCC Part 101ETSI EN 301 489-1 V1.9.2EMC (electromagnetic compatibility)(art 3.1.b) ETSI EN 301 489-5 V1.3.1EN 60950-1:2006EN 60950–1:2006/A11:2009,EN 60950–1:2006/A12:2011,EN 60950–1:2006/A1:2010Safety (art 3.1.a)II 3G Ex ic IIC T4 GcEN 60079-0:2012, IEC60079-0:2011, UL60079-0:2013EN 60079-11:2012, IEC60079-11:2011, UL60079-11:2013Explosive atmospheresTab. 4.7: Recommended CablesLenghtRecommended cables and accessoriesPortMax. 3 mV03VH-H 2×0,5DC terminals – PowerMax. 3 mV03VH-H 1×0,5SI (Sleep Input)Max. 3 mV03VH-H 1×0,5AI (Alarm Input)Max. 3 mV03VH-H 1×0,5AO (Alarm Outout)Max. 3 mLiYCY 4×0,14COM1Max. 3 mLiYCY 4×0,14COM2Max. 3 mUSB to 10/100 Ethernet Adapter ADE-X5USBAs neededSTP CAT 5eETHNote – hazardous locationsThe cross sections mentioned in above table are the minimal cross sections used underhazardous location conditions.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.54Product
4.4.1. Detailed Radio parametersThe very first parameter which is often required for consideration is the receiver sensitivity. Anyoneinterested in the wireless data transmission probably aware what this parameter means, but we shouldregard it simultaneously in its relation to other receiver parameters, especially blocking and desensitiz-ation. Today’s wireless communication arena tends to be overcrowded and a modern radio modem,which is demanded to compete with others in that environment, should have good dynamic range thatis defined by the parameters listed above. Receiver of a radio modem, which is designed purely foroptimum sensitivity, will not be able to give proper performance. However, the main receiver parametersdetermining its dynamic range go against each other and a clear trade-off between the sensitivity andthe blocking is therefore an essential assumption. Then, from the viewpoint of a logical comparison,the consequence of better receiver sensitivity can be easily seen – a lower power level of the blockingand degradation parameters generally.Blocking or desensitization values were determined according to the standards EN 302 561 V1.2.1 for50 kHz channel, EN 300 113-1 V1.7.1 for 25 and 12.5 kHz channels, and ETSI 301 166-1 V1.3.2 forchannel 6.25 kHz.Tab. 4.8: Unlimited 50 kHzUnlimited 50 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-14-14-16-107-111-1142CPFSK0.7515.62-14-15-16-106-110-1132CPFSK1.0020.83-18-18-19-101-105-1084CPFSK0.7531.25-18-19-19-100-104-1074CPFSK1.0041.67-9-10-12-105-109-112DPSK0.7531.25-9-11-12-104-108-111DPSK1.0041.67-3-4-4-100-104-107π/4-DQPSK0.7562.49-4-5-5-99-103-106π/4-DQPSK1.0083.33-8-8-8-94-98-101D8PSK0.7593.75-8-8-8-93-97-100D8PSK1.00125.00-5-6-6-91-95-9816DEQAM0.75125.00-5-6-6-90-94-9716DEQAM1.00166.67Unlimited 50 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps30.622.124K0F1DBN2CPFSK20.8331.723.924K0F1DDN4CPFSK41.6751.045.145K0G1DBNDPSK41.6751.044.845K0G1DDNπ/4-DQPSK83.3351.345.345K0G1DEND8PSK12551.044.745K0D1DEN16DEQAM166.6755© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Tab. 4.9: FCC+CE 50 kHzFCC+CE 50 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-15-16-16-108-112-1152CPFSK0.7515.62-15-16-17-107-111-1132CPFSK1.0020.83-15-21-21-103-107-1104CPFSK0.7531.25-16-21-21-102-106-1094CPFSK1.0041.67-15-15-15-105-109-112DPSK0.7526.04-15-15-15-104-108-110DPSK1.0034.72-17-21-21-100-104-107π/4-DQPSK0.7572.33-17-21-21-99-103-106π/4-DQPSK1.0096.44-15-21-20-96-99-102D8PSK0.7593.75-16-21-20-95-98-101D8PSK1.0078.12-14-17-17-95-98-10116DEQAM0.75104.17-15-1717-94-97-10016DEQAM1.00138.89FCC+CE 50 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps34.822.722K7F1DBN2CPFSK20.8338.029.529K7F1DDN4CPFSK41.6745.539.340K0G1DBNDPSK34.7245.639.240K0G1DDNπ/4-DQPSK96.4444.839.540K0G1DEND8PSK104.1645.139.140K0D1DEN16DEQAM138.89RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.56Product
Tab. 4.10: CE 25 kHzCE 25 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-5-6-8-111-115-1182CPFSK0.757.81-7-8-10-110-114-1172CPFSK1.0010.42-7-9-9-107-112-1154CPFSK0.7515.63-9-11-11-104-110-1134CPFSK1.0020.83-5-6-6-107-112-114DPSK0.7515.62-7-8-8-106-111-113DPSK1.0020.83-3-4-4-106-110-113π/4-DQPSK0.7531.25-5-6-6-104-108-111π/4-DQPSK1.0041.66-8-8-8-98-103-106D8PSK0.7546.87-9.5-10-10-95-101-104D8PSK1.0062.49-5-6-6-95-101-10416DEQAM0.7562.49-7-8-8-93-99-10216DEQAM1.0083.32CE 25 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps19.413.613K8F1DBN2CPFSK10.4218.214.314K2F1DDN4CPFSK20.8327.123.524K0G1DBNDPSK20.8327.223.924K0G1DDNπ/4-DQPSK41.6726.923.524K0G1DEND8PSK62.4927.323.924K0D1DEN16DEQAM83.3257© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Tab. 4.11: CE 12.5 kHzCE 12.5 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-3-4-6-113-117-1202CPFSK0.753.91-5-6-8-112-116-1192CPFSK1.005.21-5-6-6-108-114-1174CPFSK0.757.81-7-8-8-105-112-1154CPFSK1.0010.42-3-4-4-110-114-116DPSK0.757.81-5-6-6-109-113-115DPSK1.0010.42-2-3-3.5-109-113-115π/4-DQPSK0.7515.62-3-4-4-106-111-114π/4-DQPSK1.0020.83-5-6-6-101-106-109D8PSK0.7523.44-7-8-8-98-104-107D8PSK1.0031.25-2-3-3-99-104-10716DEQAM0.7531.25-4-5-5-96-102-10516DEQAM1.0041.67CE 12.5 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps9.66.97K00F1DBN2CPFSK5.218.56.87K00F1DDN4CPFSK10.4213.611.911K9G1DBNDPSK10.4213.611.811K9G1DDNπ/4-DQPSK20.8413.411.811K9G1DEND8PSK31.2513.511.811K9D1DEN16DEQAM41.66RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.58Product
Tab. 4.12: CE 6.25 kHzCE 6.25 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps+5.5+1.0-0.5-114-120-1222CPFSK0.751.96+4.0-1.0-2.5-113-119-1212CPFSK1.002.61+5.0-0.0-1.5-111-116-1194CPFSK0.753.91+3.0-1.5-3.5-108-114-1174CPFSK1.005.217.01.50.0-113-118-121DPSK0.753.915.0-0.5-2.0-112-117-119DPSK1.005.216.03.0+1.0-112-115-117π/4-DQPSK0.757.824.01.0-0.5-110-113-116π/4-DQPSK1.0010.424.01.0-1.0-104-109-111D8PSK0.7511.722.0-1.0-3.0-104-109-111D8PSK1.0015.631.5-2.0-7.5-103-107-11016DEQAM0.7515.630.0-3.5-5.5-99-104-10716DEQAM1.0020.83CE 6.25 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps4.352.953K00F1DBN2CPFSK2.613.923.173K00F1DDN4CPFSK5.216.715.916K00G1DBNDPSK5.216.818.946K00G1DDNπ/4-DQPSK10.426.685.936K00G1DEND8PSK15.626.745.816K00D1DEN16DEQAM20.8359© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Tab. 4.13: FCC 25 kHzFCC 25 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-0-1-3-108-113-1164CPFSK0.7515.63-1-2-5-105-111-1144CPFSK1.0020.83-1-2-4-107-111-114π/4-DQPSK0.7526.04-2-4-6-105-119-112π/4-DQPSK1.0034.72-5-7-9-99-105-108D8PSK0.7539.06-7-9-11-96-103-106D8PSK1.0052.08-8-9-12-96-103-10616DEQAM0.7552.08-10-12-14-94-101-10416DEQAM1.0069.44FCC 25 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps23.618.518K6F1D4CPFSK20.8322.819.719K8G1Dπ/4-DQPSK34.7222.619.819K8G1DD8PSK52.0822.619.919K8D1D16DEQAM69.44Tab. 4.14: FCC 12.5 kHzFCC 12.5 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-4-5-5-108-114-1174CPFSK0.757.81-6-7-7-105-112-1154CPFSK1.0010.42-2-2-2-109-113-115π/4-DQPSK0.7513.02-3-4-4-106-111-114π/4-DQPSK1.0017.36-5-6-6-101-106-109D8PSK0.7519.53-7-8-8-98-104-107D8PSK1.0026.04-2-3-3-99-104-10716DEQAM0.7526.04-4-5-5-96-102-10516DEQAM1.0034.72RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.60Product
FCC 12.5 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps11.38.78K90F1D4CPFSK10.4211.39.8310K0G1Dπ/4-DQPSK17.3611.29.8710K0G1DD8PSK26.0411.39.8810K0G1D16DEQAM34.72Tab. 4.15: FCC 6.25 kHzFCC 6.25 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-2-2-2-112-117-1204CPFSK0.753.91-3-4-4-109-115-1184CPFSK1.005.21-2-3-3-113-116-118π/4-DQPSK0.756.51-4-5-5-111-114-117π/4-DQPSK1.008.68-2-2-2-105-110-112D8PSK0.759.77-3-4-4-102-107-110D8PSK1.0013.02-2-3-3-103-107-11016DEQAM0.7513.02-4-5-5-100-105-10816DEQAM1.0017.36FCC 6.25 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps5.214.054K35F1D4CPFSK5.215.634.895K00G1Dπ/4-DQPSK8.685.564.885K00G1DD8PSK13.025.634.875K00G1D16DEQAM17.3661© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Tab. 4.16: Narrow 25 kHzNarrow 25 kHz RxBlocking ordesensitization [dBm]Sensitivity [dBm]Classification±10 MHz±5 MHz±1 MHzBER 10-6BER 10-3BER 10-2ModulationFECkbps-5-6-8-111-115-1182CPFSK0.757.81-7-8-10-110-114-1172CPFSK1.0010.42-7-9-9-107-112-1154CPFSK0.7515.63-9-11-11-104-110-1134CPFSK1.0020.83-6-7-7-109-114-116DPSK0.7510.41-7-8-8-108-113-115DPSK1.0013.89-8-8-8-107-111-113π/4-DQPSK0.7520.84-8-8-9-106-110-112π/4-DQPSK1.0027.78-8-8-9-101-105-108D8PSK0.7531.25-9-10-10-100-104-107D8PSK1.0041.67-9-9-11-99-103-10616DEQAM0.7541.67-9-10-11-95-101-10416DEQAM1.0055.56Narrow 25 kHz Tx26 dB BandwidthOBW 99% [kHz]ClassificationEmissionModulationkbps19.613.813K8F1DBN2CPFSK10.4218.114.214K2F1DDN4CPFSK20.8318.215.915K9G1DBNDPSK13.8918.215.915K9G1DDNπ/4-DQPSK27.7818.015.915K9G1DEND8PSK41.6718.115.915K9D1DEN16DEQAM55.56NoteAll the Sensitivities above are guaranteed ones, i.e. every single unit has got typicallyeven better values for 0–4 dB.1.2. BER (Bit Error Rate) is calculated from PER (Packet Error Rate) when packet size was60 Bytes.3. All the values above are guaranteed for temperatures from -30 to +60 °C (-22 to +140 °F)and for all frequency channels.4. The RipEX spurious response rejection is defined as "better than 70 dB", where 70 dBis the limit defined by ETSI EN 300 113. We confirm that the real measured values ofthis parameter are better than 75 dB.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.62Product
5. The radio circuits in RipEX were designed to provide protection from the output of thepower amplifier and no oscillation, no damage into infinite VSWR at any phase angleoccurs.6. OBW 99% (Occupied BandWidth) - the bandwidth containing 99% of the total integratedpower of the transmitted spectrum, centered on the assigned channel frequency.7. "26 dB Bandwidth" - the bandwidth where, beyond its lower and upper limits, any discretespectrum component or the power spectral density is attenuated by at least 26 dB, rel-ative to a given and predetermined zero dB level.8. Please contact RACOM for current status of official test reports for CE, FCC and otherstandards for different models (frequencies) and different channel spacings.9. "Unlimited 50 kHz" channel mask is slightly wider than the relevant CE or FCC require-ments, " Narrow 25 kHz" is slightly narrower than the relevant CE requirement. If ne-cessary contact RACOM for more details.63© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
4.5. Model offeringsRipEX radio modem has been designed to have minimum possible number of hardware variants. Dif-ferent HW models are determined by frequency, internal GPS and separate connectors for RX and TXantennas.Upgrade of functionality does not result in on-site hardware changes – it is done by activating softwarefeature keys (see chapter RipEX in detail and Adv. Config., Maintenance).4.5.1. Ordering code (Part No’s)Trade name: RipEXType (according to bands): RipEX-160, RipEX-300, RipEX-400, RipEX-900.Code (according to the tuned frequency and specific HW models): e.g. RipEX-368, RipEX-432DG etc.RipEX – XXXyyyXXX – base frequencyCode Tuning freq. rangeRipEX-135 135–154 MHzRipEX-154 154–174 MHzRipEX-300 300–320 MHzRipEX-320 320–340 MHzRipEX-340 340–360 MHzRipEX-368 368–400 MHzRipEX-400 400–432 MHzRipEX-432 432–470 MHzRipEX-470 470–512 MHzRipEX-928 928–960 MHzyyy – HW modelsempty – basic modelD– separate connectors for RX and TX antennas (Part No. RipEX-HW-DUAL)G– internal GPS module (Part No. RipEX-HW-GPS)S– Up to 50 kHz channel spacing (Part No. RipEX-HW-50kHz). "S" is used, becasue units with olderversion radio boards (lower than 1.1.90.0 or 1.2.50.0.) don't support 50 kHz channel spacing.Code examples:RipEX-368 = RipEX for frequencies from 368 to 400 MHzRipEX-400G = RipEX for frequencies from 400 to 432 MHz, with GPS moduleRipEX-432DG = RipEX for frequencies from 432 to 470 MHz, with separate Rx and Tx antenna con-nectors, with GPS moduleRipEX-154S = RipEX for frequencies from 154 to 174 MHz, together with standard 6.25, 12.5, 25kHz also 50 kHz channel spacing supportedSW feature keysROUTER – enables Operating mode Router. If not activated, only Bridge mode is available (Part No.RipEX-SW-ROUTER)166/83 – enables the two highest Data rates for 50 and 25 kHz channel spacings, (Part No. RipEX-SW-166/83)RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.64Product
COM2 – enables the second serial interface configurable as RS232 or RS485 (Part No. RipEX-SW-COM2)10W – enables RF output power 10 W for CPSK modulations (Part No. RipEX-SW-10W)BACKUPROUTES– enables Backup routes (Part No. RipEX-SW-BACKUP ROUTES)MASTER – enables all functionalities of all possible SW feature keys (Part No. RipEX-SW-MASTER)Software keys are always tied to a specific RipEX Serial number (S/N). When SW key is ordered laterand not together with RipEX unit, this S/N must be given.Ex feature keyEx – authorization for use in hazardous locationII 3G Ex ic IIC T4 GcEx key is always tied to a specific RipEX Serial number (S/N). When Ex key is ordered later and nottogether with RipEX unit, this S/N must be given. Ex keys are available only for units produced after1st of January 2014.ImportantSince SW feature key can be activated anytime within RipEX, it is not a part of the Code.Standard RipEX package in paper box contents:• RipEX – 1pc• Removable sticker plate – 1pc• Power and Control plug connector (counterpart) – 1pc• DIN set (a pair of DIN rail clips + screws) – 1pcAccessoriesPower suppliesPWS-AC/DC-AD-155A – Power supply with back-up 90–260 VAC/13.8 VDC/150 WPWS-AC/DC-DR-75-12 – Power supply 85–264 VAC/12 VDC/75 W DINPWS-AC/DC-MS2000/12 – Power supply with back-up 230 VAC/13.8 VDC/70 WPWS-SOLAR-MSU120 – Power supply for solar panel 12 VDC 50–120 W /10.5–14.7 VDCBAT-12V/5Ah – Battery 12 V, 5.0 Ah (for RipEX_DEMO_CASE)BAT-12V/7.2Ah – Battery 12 V, 7.2 Ah (for RipEX-HSB)HoldersRipEX_F_BRACKET – Flat-bracket, for flat mountingRipEX_L_BRACKET – L-bracket, for vertical mounting19‘ rack mountingRipEX_D_RACK_230 – 19" rack shelf double, incl. 2× PS 100–256 VAC / 24 VDCRipEX_D_RACK_48 – 19" rack shelf double, incl. 2× PS 48 VDC / 24 VDCRipEX_S_RACK_MS – 19" rack shelf single, incl. MS2000/12 + AKU 7.2 AhRipEX_S_RACK_230 – 19" rack shelf single, incl. PS 100–256 VAC / 24 VDCRipEX_S_RACK_48 – 19" rack shelf single, incl. PS 48 VDC / 24 VDC65© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
OthersRipEX_X5 – ETH/USB adapterRipEX_W1 – Wifi adapterRipEX_DEMO_CASE – Demo case (without radio modems)RipEX_DUMMYLOAD – Dummy load antennaRipEX_FAN_KIT – Fan kit, for external coolingRipEX_C_NM_50 – Feedline cable, RG58, 50 cm, TNC Male – N MaleOTH-HX090F/F – Coaxial overvoltage protection 0–1.5 GHz, N female/N femaleRipEX-HS – 19" Hot standby chassis, RipEX units excl., pow.supplies incl. (has got its own orderingcodes, see RipEX-HS User manual)RipEX-HSB – 19" Battery pack chassis for RipEX-HS, batteries excl.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.66Product
4.6. Accessories1. RipEX Hot StandbyRipEX-HS is redundant hot standby chassis. There are two hot-stand-by standard RipEX unitsinside. In case of a detection of failure, automatic switchover between RipEX units sis performed.RipEX-HS is suitable for Central sites, Repeaters or Important remote sites where no single pointof failure is required.Fig. 4.16: RipEX-HSFig. 4.17: RipeX-HS dimensionsFor more information see RipEX-HS datasheet or User manual on www.racom.eu1.2.Fig. 4.18: Adapter ETH/USBETH/USB adapterETH/USB adapter for service access to the web interfacevia USB connector. Includes a built-in DHCP server whichprovides up to 5 leases. To access the RipEX always usethe fixed IP 10.9.8.7. For details on use see Section 5.3,“Connecting RipEX to a programming PC”.1http://www.racom.eu67© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
3.Fig. 4.19: WiFi dapterWifi adapterWifi adapter for service access to the web interface via USB con-nector. Includes a built-in DHCP server which provides up to 5leases. To access the RipEX always use the fixed IP 10.9.8.7. Fordetails on use see Section 5.3, “Connecting RipEX to a programmingPC”.4. Demo caseA rugged plastic case for carrying up to three RipEX's and oneM!DGE 3G SCADA router. It also contains all the accessoriesneeded to perform an on-site signal measurement, complete application bench-test or a functionaldemostration of both radiomodems and the 3G router. During a field test, units can be poweredfrom the backup battery and external antenna can be connected to one of the RipEX units through„N“ connector on the case.Fig. 4.20: Demo caseContents:• Brackets and cabling for installation of three RipEXes and one M!DGE (units are not part ofthe delivery)• 1× power supply Mean Well AD-155A (100-240 V AC 50-60 Hz/13.8 V DC)• 1× Backup battery (12V/5Ah, FASTON.250), e.g. Fiamm 12FGH23• 1× Power cable (European Schuko CEE 7/7 to IEC 320 C13)• 1× Ethernet patch cable (3 m, UTP CAT 5E, 2× RJ-45)• Quick start guideRipEX accessories:• 3× Dummy load antennas• 1× L-bracket, 1x Flat-bracket samples• 1× Fan kit• 1× X5 – ETH/USB adapterM!DGE accessories:• Whip antenna (900–2100 MHz, 2.2 dBi, vertical)• Outside dimensions: 455 × 365 × 185 mm• Weight approx. 4 kg (excluding the RipEx’s and M!DGE)5. Fan kitRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.68Product
External Fan kit for additional cooling in extreme temperatures. For connection see chapter Con-nectors.Fig. 4.21: Fan kit mountingNote – hazardous locationsFan kit is not intended for use in hazardous locations.150881427955Fig. 4.22: RipEX with Fan kit69© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
6.Fig. 4.23: L-bracketL-bracketInstallation L bracket for vertical mounting. Fordetails on use see chapter Mounting andchapter Dimensions.13312460122L -bracket32100Fig. 4.24: RipEX with L-bracket7.Fig. 4.25: Flat bracketFlat-bracketInstallation bracket for flat mounting. For detailson use see chapter Mounting.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.70Product
95174184Flat-bracket134150 118585070Fig. 4.26: RipEX with Flat-bracket9517418487075,42×o4,5 4×M3/101Fig. 4.27: Flat-bracket dimensions8. 19" rack shelf – single• 1,6U (70 mm) high• Ready for assembly with one RipEX• Weight 2.5 kg (without power supply and RipEX)• Can be assembled with power supply○ 100 – 256 V AC / 24 V DC○ 230 V AC / 24 V DC○ 48 V DC / 24 V DC○ MS2000/12 + back up battery 7.2 Ah71© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Fig. 4.28: 19" Rack shelfFig. 4.29: 19" Rack shelf – dimensions9. 19" rack shelf – double• 1,6U (70 mm) high• Ready for assembly with two RipEX’es• Can be assembled with power supplies○ 100 – 256 V AC / 24 V DCRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.72Product
○ 230 V AC / 24 V DC○ 48 V DC / 24 V DC○ MS2000/12 + back up battery 7.2 AhFig. 4.30: 19" Rack shelf – double73© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
Fig. 4.31: 19" Rack shelf–double – dimensions10.Fig. 4.32: Dummy loadDummy load antennaDummy load antenna for RipEX is used to test the config-uration on a desk. It is unsuitable for higher output – usetransmitting output of 0.1 W only.11. Feedline cableFeedline cable is 50 cm long and is made from the RG58 coaxial cable. There are TNC Male(RipEX side) and N Male connectors on the ends. It is intended for use between RipEX and cab-inet panel.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.74Product
12. OthersFor other accessories (Power supplies, Antennas, Coaxial overvoltage protection etc.) kindly visithttp://www.racom.eu/eng/products/radio-modem-ripex.html#accessories75© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterProduct
5. Bench test5.1. Connecting the hardwareBefore installing a RipEX network in the field, a bench-test should be performed in the lab. The RipEXDemo case is great for this as it contains everything necessary: 3 RipEX’s, Power supply, dummy loadantennas, etc.If you use your own installation for lab tests, don’t forget:• A dummy load or an actual antenna with 50 ohm impedance should be connected to the RipEX• The minimum RF output must be set to avoid overloading the dummy antenna and to keep the re-ceived signal at reasonable level, between -40 and -80 dBm.• The power supplies must meet the requirements given in the specifications, Table 4.6, “Technicalparameters”. Make sure the power supplies do not generate interference in the radio channel andthat they can handle very fast changes in the load when RipEX switches from reception to transmis-sion and back.Center RTURTU24VDC 24VDC24VDCconfig.PCFig. 5.1: Bench test5.2. Powering up your RipEXSwitch on your power supply. LED PWR flashes quickly and after 8 seconds it switches to a greenlight. After approximately 30 seconds your RipEX will have booted and will be ready; the STATUS LEDshines. You’ll find the description of the individual LED states in Section 4.3, “Indication LEDs”.5.3. Connecting RipEX to a programming PCTo configure a RipEX you can connect it to your PC in three ways:RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.76Bench test
1. Using the external Wifi adapter2. Using the external ETH/USB adapter3. Directly over the Ethernet interfacehttps://192.168.169.169PC192.168.169.250https://10.9.8.7PCDHCPhttps://10.9.8.7PCDHCPFig. 5.2: Connecting to a PC over ETH and over WiFi or ETH/USB adapter1. PC connected via Wifi adapterWe recommend using the "W1" - external Wifi adapter (an optional accessory of the RipEX).Connect your PC or tablet or smart phone to RipEX Wifi AP first. Its default SSID is “RipEX + Unitname + S/N”. The W1 contains a built-in DHCP server, so if you have a DHCP client in your PC(as most users do), you don’t need to set anything up. The RipEX’s IP address for access overthe ETH/USB adapter is fixed: 10.9.8.7.Go to 4 Login to RipEX2. PC connected via ETH/USB adapterWe recommend using the "X5" - external ETH/USB adapter (an optional accessory of the RipEX).The ETH/USB contains a built-in DHCP server, so if you have a DHCP client in your PC as mostusers, you don’t need to set anything up. The RipEX’s IP address for access over the ETH/USBadapter is fixed: 10.9.8.7.Go to 4 Login to RipEX3. PC connected directly to ETH portSet a static IP address in PC, example for Windows XP:77© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterBench test
Start > Settings > Network Connections > Local Area ConnectionsRight Click > Properties > Generalselect Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties > GeneralIP address 192.168.169.250 - for RipEX in the default stateSubnet mask 255.255.255.0Default gateway leave emptyOK (Internet Protocol Properties window)OK (Local Area Properties window)Some Operating systems may require you to reboot your PC.Fig. 5.3: PC address settingImportantWhen you change the RipEX ETH address from the default value later on and the newIP network does not include the default one, you will have to change your PC's staticIP again to be able to continue configuring the RipEX.4. Login to RipEXStart a web browser (Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer - JavaScript enabled) on your PC and typethe RipEX’s default IP in the address line default IP address in the address line field:•10.9.8.7 – when connected via external ETH/USB or Wifi adapter. IP address 10.9.8.7 is fixedand cannot be changed; it is independent of the IP address of the RipEX’s Ethernet interface.)•192.168.169.169 – when connected directly to ETHNotehttps - For security reasons the http protocol with ssl encryption can be used for thecommunication between the PC and RipEX. The https protocol requires a securityRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.78Bench test
certificate. You must install this certificate into your web browser (Mozilla Firefox, InternetExplorer). The first time you connect to the RipEX, your computer will ask you for au-thorisation to import the certificate into your computer. The certificate is signed by thecertification authority Racom s.r.o. It meets all security regulations and you need notbe concerned about importing it into your computer. Confirm the import with all warningsand exceptions that your browser may display during installation.The login screen appears:Fig. 5.4: AuthenticationThe default entries for a new RipEX are:User name: adminPassword: adminClick OK.Initial screen should appear then:Fig. 5.5: Status MenuWarning: Before you start any configuration, make sure only one unit is powered ON. Otherwise,a different radio modem could reply to your requests! (All units share the same IP address andare in Bridge mode when in factory settings.)79© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterBench test
5. IP address unknownIf you don’t have the adapter or you have forgotten the password, you can reset the access para-meters to defaults, see Section 4.2.6, “Reset button”.5.4. Basic setupFor the first functionality test we recommend that you use the setup wizard. The wizard will guide youthrough basic functionality setup. Simply select Wizard in the web interface and proceed according tothe information on the screen. Repeat for all RipEX’s in the test network.If you want to test applications which require a more complex setup, see Chapter 7, Advanced Config-uration. To setup the IP addresses you can use the examples in Section 2.3.3, “Configuration examples”as your models, or the RipEX-App. notes, Address planing1.5.5. Functional testTo test radio communication between the RipEX’s you can use the Ping test, under Diagnostic/Pingmenu. Setting up and the output of this test are described in chapter Adv. Conf., Tools.If the radio communication between RipEX’s is functional, you can proceed with a test of communicationbetween the connected devices.You can monitor the status of configuration using the diodes on the LED panel, see Section 4.3, “Indic-ation LEDs”.1http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/routing.htmlRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.80Bench test
6. InstallationStep-by-step checklist1. Mount RipEX into cabinet (Section 6.1, “Mounting”).2. Install antenna (Section 6.2, “Antenna mounting”).3. Install feed line (Section 6.3, “Antenna feed line”).4. Ensure proper grounding (Section 6.4, “Grounding”).5. Run cables and plug-in all connectors except from the SCADA equipment (Section 4.2, “Connect-ors”).6. Apply power supply to RipEX7. Connect configuration PC (Section 5.3, “Connecting RipEX to a programming PC”).8. Configure RipEX (Chapter 7, Advanced Configuration).9. Test radio link quality (Section 5.5, “Functional test”).10. Check routing by the ping tool (the section called “Ping”) to verify accessibility of all IP addresseswith which the unit will communicate.11. Connect the SCADA equipment.12. Test your application.Note – hazardous locationsInstallation in hazardous locations has to be done according to standard EN 60079-25 Explosive atmospheres Intrinsically safe electrical systems.6.1. Mounting6.1.1. DIN rail mountingThe radio modem RipEX is directly mounted using clips to the DIN rail. The mounting can be donelengthwise (recommended) or widthwise; in both cases with the RipEX lying flat. The choice is madeby mounting the clips, one M4 screw per clip. RipEX is delivered with two clips, two screws and fourthreaded holes. Only use the M4×5 mm screws that are supplied. Use of improper screws may resultin damage to the RipEX mainboard!Fig. 6.1: Flat lengthwise mounting to DIN rail – recommended81© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterInstallation
Fig. 6.2: Flat widthwise mounting to DIN railWhen tightening the screw on the clip, leave a 0,5 mm gap between the clip and the washer.Fig. 6.3: Clip mountingFor vertical mounting to DIN rail, L-bracket (optional accessory) is used. Only use the M4×5 mm screwsthat are supplied. Use of improper screws may result in damage to the RipEX mainboard!Fig. 6.4: Vertical widthwise mounting to DIN railFig. 6.5: Vertical lengthwise mounting to DIN railFor more information see Section 4.6, “Accessories” – L-bracket.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.82Installation
6.1.2. Flat mountingFor flat mounting directly to the support you must use the Flat bracket (an optional accessory). Onlyuse the M4×5 mm screws that are supplied. Use of improper screws may result in damage to the RipEXmainboard!Fig. 6.6: Flat mounting using Flat bracketFig. 6.7: Vertical lengthwise mounting to DIN railFor more information see Section 4.6, “Accessories” – Flat-bracket.6.1.3. 19" rack mountingFor installation into the 19" rack you can use the 19" rack shelf – single or 19" rack shelf- double forone or two RipEXes. 19" rack shelf is an optional accessory delivered with/without a power supply.83© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterInstallation
Fig. 6.8: Rack shelf6.1.4. Fan kitIn extreme temperatures you can install an external fan kit for additional cooling. The fan kit installsusing three screws driven into the openings on the bottom side of the RipEX. Use two pieces M4×6mm screws and one screw M4×5 mm. Use of improper screws may result in damage to the RipEXmainboard!Fig. 6.9: Fan kit mountingRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.84Installation
Fig. 6.10: RipEX with Fan kit and DIN rail clipsThe fan kit may be controlled using the Alarm Output (Control and Power connector, Section 4.2.2,“Power and Control” ), which is triggered when the temperature inside RipEX exceeds a set temperature(recommended) or it can run permanently (it should be connected in parallel to the RipEX’s powersupply). Configuration of the Alarm Output is described in chapter Advanced Configuration, Device.For more information see Section 4.6, “Accessories” – Fan kit.1 2 3 4 5 6PinNo.: 7SI AI - + A0 +-red black10–30VDCFanKitFig. 6.11: Fan kit using Alarm Output,recommendedredblack1 2 3 4 5 6PinNo.: 7SI AI - + A0 +-10–30VDCFanKitFig. 6.12: Fan kit, always on6.2. Antenna mountingThe type of antenna best suited for the individual sites of your network depends on the layout of thenetwork and your requirements for signal level at each site. Proper network planning, including fieldsignal measurements, should decide antenna types in the whole network. The plan will also determinewhat type of mast or pole should be used, where it should be located and where the antenna shouldbe directed to.The antenna pole or mast should be chosen with respect to antenna dimensions and weight, to ensureadequate stability. Follow the antenna manufacturer’s instructions during installation.85© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterInstallation
The antenna should never be installed close to potential sources of interference, especially electronicdevices like computers or switching power supplies. A typical example of totally wrong placement ismount a whip antenna directly on top of the box containing all the industrial equipment which is supposedto communicate via RipEX, including all power supplies.Additional safety recommendationsOnly qualified personnel with authorisation to work at heights are entitled to install antennas on masts,roofs and walls of buildings. Do not install the antenna in the vicinity of electrical lines. The antennaand brackets should not come into contact with electrical wiring at any time.The antenna and cables are electrical conductors. During installation electrostatic charges may buildup which may lead to injury. During installation or repair work all open metal parts must be temporarilygrounded.The antenna and antenna feed line must be grounded at all times.Do not mount the antenna in windy or rainy conditions or during a storm, or if the area is covered withsnow or ice. Do not touch the antenna, antenna brackets or conductors during a storm.6.3. Antenna feed lineThe antenna feed line should be chosen so that its attenuation does not exceed 3 to 6 dB as a rule ofthumb, see Chapter 3, Network planning. Use 50 Ω impedance cables only.The shorter the feed line, the better. RipEX can be installed right next to the antenna and an ethernetcable can be used to connect it to the rest of the installation and to power the RipEX . An ethernet cablecan also be used for other protocols utilising the serial port, see Advanced Configuration, Terminalserver. This arrangement is recommended especially when the feed line would be very long otherwise(more than 15 meters) or the link is expected to operate with low fading margin.Always follow the installation recommendations provided by the cable manufacturer (bend radius, etc.).Use suitable connectors and install them diligently. Poorly attached connectors increase interferenceand can cause link instability.6.4. GroundingTo minimise the odds of the transceiver and the connected equipment receiving any damage, a safetyground (NEC Class 2 compliant) should be used, which bonds the antenna system, transceiver, powersupply, and connected data equipment to a single-point ground, keeping the ground leads short.The RipEX radio modem is generally considered adequately grounded if the supplied flat mountingbrackets are used to mount the radio modem to a properly grounded metal surface. If the radio modemis not mounted to a grounded surface, you should attach a safety ground wire to one of the mountingbrackets or a screw on the radio modem’s casing.A lightning protector should be used where the antenna cable enters the building. Connect the protectorto the building grounding, if possible. All grounds and cabling must comply with the applicable codesand regulations.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.86Installation
6.5. ConnectorsRipEX uses standard connectors. Use only standard counterparts to these connectors.You will find the connectors’ pin-outs in chapter Section 4.2, “Connectors”.6.6. Power supplyWe do not recommend switching on the RipEX’s power supply before connecting the antenna andother devices. Connecting the RTU and other devices to RipEX while powered increases the likelihoodof damage due to the discharge of difference in electric potentials.10–30VDC+++10to+30VFig. 6.13: 10–30 VDC SupplyingRipEX may be powered from any well-filtered10 to 30 VDC power source. The supply must be capableof providing the required input for the projected RF output.The power supply must be sufficiently stable so thatvoltage doesn’t drop when switching from receiving totransmission, which takes less than 1.5 ms. To avoid radiochannel interference, the power supply must meet allrelevant EMC standards. Never install a power supplyclose to the antenna. Maximal supply cable length is 3 m.Warning – hazardous locationsThe unit must be powered with an intrinsic save power source for use in hazardous locations.87© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterInstallation
7. Advanced ConfigurationThis chapter is identical with the content of Helps for individual menu.7.1. Menu header7.1.1. GenerallyRipEX can be easily managed from your computer using any web browser (Mozilla Firefox, MicrosoftInternet Explorer, etc.). If there is an IP connection between the computer and the respective RipEX,you can simply enter the IP address of any RipEX in the network directly in the browser address lineand log in. However it is not recommended to manage an over-the-air connected RipEX in this way,because high amounts of data would have to be transferred over the Radio channel, resulting in quitelong response times.When you need to manage an over-the-air connected RipEX, log-in to a RipEX, which your computeris connected to using either a cable (via LAN) or a high speed WAN (e.g. Internet). The RipEX whichyou are logged-in to in this way is called Local. Then you can manage any remote RipEX in the networkover-the-air in a throughput-saving way: all the static data (e.g. Web page graphic objects) is downloadedfrom the Local RipEX and only information specific to the remote unit is transferred over the Radiochannel. RipEX connected in this way is called Remote.When in Router mode, the IP address of either the Radio or Ethernet interface in the remote unit canbe used for such remote management. IP routing between source (IP of ETH interface in Local RipEX)and destination IP (either Radio or ETH interface in Remote RipEX) has to exist.When in Bridge mode, IP addresses of Ethernet interfaces are used for both the Local and Remoteunits. Be careful, each RipEX MUST have its unique IP address and all these IP addresses have tobe within the same IP network (defined by the IP Mask) when remote management is required in Bridgemode.Fig. 7.1: Menu HeaderValues fromThe Unit name (Settings/Device/Unit name) of the RipEX from which data is currently displayed andwhich is currently managed.RemoteIP address of the remotely connected RipEX. After filling-in the Connect button shall be pressed.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.88Advanced Configuration
ConnectAction button to connect to the remote RipEX, which is specified by the IP address in the Remote box.The Unit name in "Values from" box is changed accordingly afterwards.DisconnectWhen a Remote RipEX is sucessfully connected, the Disconnect button shows up. When the Disconnectprocess is executed, the Local RipEX (IP address in the Local box) can be managed and the Unit namein the "Values from" box changes accordingly.7.2. StatusFig. 7.2: Menu Status7.2.1. Device, Radio, ETH&COM'sThis part of Status page displays basic information about the RipEX (e.g. Serial No., MAC addreses,HW versions etc.) and overview of its most important settings. Configurable items are underlined andone click can take you to the respective Settings menu.7.2.2. DiagnosticThe current state of Watched values is displayed in the Diagnostic part of the Status page. Watchedvalues are values of parameters, which are continuously monitored by RipEX itself.On-line help for each individual item is provided by balloon tips (when cursor is placed over an itemname). When an item goes red, it means that the item is monitored for alarm and its value is in thealarm range (see Settings/Device/Alarm management)89© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Refresh - complete refresh of displayed values is performed.7.3. SettingsFig. 7.3: Menu Settings7.3.1. DeviceUnit nameDefault = NoNameEach Unit may have its unique name – an alphanumeric string of up to 16 characters. Although UTF8is supported, ASCII character has to be used on the first position in the Unit name. Following charactersare not allowed:" (Double quote)` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)ImportantUnit name is solely for the user's convenience, no DNS (Domain Name Server) is used inthe RipEX network.Operating ModeList box: Bridge, RouterRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.90Advanced Configuration
Default = BridgeBridgeBridge mode is suitable for Point-to-Multipoint networks, where Master-Slave application with polling-type communication protocol is used. RipEX in Bridge mode is as easy to use as a simple transparentdevice, while allowing for a reasonable level of communication reliability and spectrum efficiency insmall to medium size networks.poIn Bridge mode, the protocol on Radio channel does not have the collision avoidance capability. Thereis CRC check of data integrity, i.e. once a message is delivered, it is 100% error free.All the messages received from user interfaces (ETH&COM's) are immediately transmitted to Radiochannel, without any checking or processing.ETH: The whole network of RipEX units behaves like a standard Ethernet network bridge, so the Eth-ernet interface IP address itself is not significant. Each ETH interface automatically learns which devices(MAC addresses) lie in the local LAN and which devices are accessible via the Radio channel. Con-sequently only the Ethernet frames addressed to remote devices are physically transmitted on theRadio channel. This arrangement saves the precious RF spectrum from extra load which would otherwisebe generated by local traffic in the LAN (the LAN to which the respective ETH interface is connected).COM1,COM2: all frames received from COM1(2) are broadcast over Radio channel and transmittedto all COM's (COM1 as well as COM2) on all units within the network, the other COM on the sourceRipEX excluding.•Frame closing (COM1,2)List box: Idle, StreamDefault = Idle•IdleReceived frames on COM1 (COM2) are closed when gap between bytes is longer than the Idlevalue set in COM1,2 settings and transmitted to Radio channel afterwards.○RepeaterList box: Off, On.Default = OffEach RipEX may work simultaneously as a Repeater (Relay) in addition to the standard Bridgeoperation mode..If "On", every frame received from the Radio channel is transmitted to the respective user interface(ETH,COM1,2) and to the Radio channel again.The Bridge functionality is not affected, i.e. only frames whose recipients belong to the localLAN are transmitted from the ETH interface.It is possible to use more than one Repeater within a network. To eliminate the risk of creatinga loop, the "Number of repeaters" has to be set in all units in the network, including the Repeaterunits themselves.○Number of repeaters [0-7]Default = 0If there is a repeater (or more of them) in the network, the total number of repeaters within thenetwork MUST be set in all units in the network, including the Repeater units themselves. Aftertransmitting to or receiving from the Radio channel, further transmission (from this RipEX) isblocked for a period calculated to prevent collision with a frame transmitted by a Repeater.Furthermore, a copy of every frame transmitted to or received from the Radio channel is stored(for a period). Whenever a duplicate of a stored frame is received, it is discarded to avoid possible91© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
looping. These measures are not taken when the parameter "Number of repeaters" is zero, i.e.in a network without repeaters.•StreamIn this mode, the incoming bytes from a COM are immediately broadcast over the Radio channel.COM port driver does not wait for the end of a frame. When the first byte is coming from a COM,the transmission in the Radio channel starts with the necessary frame header. If the next byte arrivesbefore the end of transmission of the previous one, it is glued to it and the transmission on the Radiochannel continues. If there is a gap between incoming bytes, the byte after the gap is treated asthe first byte and the process starts again from the beginning. Padding is never transmitted betweenblocks of bytes.The receiving RipEX transmits incoming bytes (block of bytes) from the Radio channel to both COMports immediately as they come.When the ETH interface is used simultaneously (e.g. for remote configuration), it works as thestandard bridge described above. ETH frames have higher priority, i.e. the stream from COM is in-terrupted by a frame from Ethernet.Stream mode is recommended to be used for time-critical application only, when the first byte hasto be delivered as soon as possible. However there is not any data integrity control. If the Baud rateof COM is significantly lower than the Modulation rate on the Radio channel, frames are transmittedbyte by byte. If it is higher, blocks of bytes are transmitted as frames over the Radio channel.Note: Stream mode can not be used when there is a Repeater in the network.RouterRouter mode is suitable for Multipoint networks, where Multi-master applications with any combinationof polling and/or spontaneous data protocols can be used. The proprietary link-layer protocol on theRadio channel is very sophisticated, it can transmit both unicast and broadcast frames, it has collisionavoidance capability, it uses frame acknowledgement and retransmissions and a CRC check to guar-antee data delivery and integrity even under harsh interference conditions on the Radio channel.RipEX works as a standard IP router with 2 independent interfaces: Radio and ETH. Each interfacehas got its own MAC address, IP address and Mask.IP packets are processed according the Routing table. There is also possibility to set a router Defaultgateway (apply to both interfaces) in the Routing table.The COM ports are treated in the standard way as router devices, messages can be delivered to themas UDP datagrams to selected port numbers. Destination IP address of COM port is either the IP ofETH or the IP of Radio interfaces. The source IP address of outgoing packets from COM ports is alwaysthe IP of ETH interface.•ACKList box: Off, On.Default = On○OnEach frame transmitted on Radio channel from this RipEX has to be acknowledged by the re-ceiving RipEX, using the very short service packet (ACK), in order to indicate that it has receivedthe packet successfully. If ACK is not received, RipEX will retransmit the packet according itssetting of Retries.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.92Advanced Configuration
Note: The acknowledgement/retransmission scheme is an embedded part of the Radio protocoland works independently of any retries at higher protocol levels (e.g. TCP or user applicationprotocol)○OffThere is no requirement to receive ACK from the receiving RipEX. i.e. the packet is transmittedonly once and it is not repeated.•Retries [No] [0-15]Default = 3When an acknowledge from the receiving RipEX is not received, the frame is retransmitted. Thenumber of possible retries is specified.•RSS threshold [-dBm] [50-150]Default = 120RSS (Received Signal Strength) limit for access to Radio channel. RipEX does not start transmittingwhen a frame is being received and the RSS is better than the set limit or when the destinationMAC address of the frame is its own.•Repeat COM BroadcastList box: On, OffDefault = OffIf On, a broadcast originated on COM port (Protocol/Broadcast = On) in any remote unit and receivedby this unit on Radio channel is repeated to Radio channel.Advanced parameters•Radio ARP timeout [min]Default = 1440 [1 - 3579]Each IP device refreshes its ARP records within some timeout. Because of that, the device transmitsspontaneous ARP request packets to each IP address listed in its ARP table. That may generateunwanted collisions on Radio channel. Since Radio IP and MAC addresses are not changed duringnormal network operation, ARP table refreshing may be done in a long period (1440 min. = 1 day).The RipEX spontaneously transmits an ARP reply packet after each reboot. The ARP replaypacket transmission can be also invoked by executing Maintenance/Miscellaneous/BRC RadioMAC button.ARP reply packet refreshes the respective records in neighbouring units. This is necessary e.g.when a RipEX unit has been replaced by a spare one with the same Radio IP address.•TX Delay probability [%]Default = 0 [0=0ff, 100=Max]It sets the probability of delaying a packet transmission on the Radio channel. The delay length isset in the TX Delay length parameter. There are only 2 possibilities in the Bridge mode: Off (=0) orOn (=100).•TX Delay length [bytes]Default = 10 [Max=16000]This parameter is available (shows up) only when the TX Delay probability is not 0. It delays theforwarding of every frame from user interfaces (ETH&COM's) to the Radio channel for the timeperiod, which equals to time of transmitting a packet with the set user data length. I.e. even if theTX delay length is set to 0, there is still a delay (a packet with 0 bytes of user data still containssynchronization+headers)•Bridge modeThe TX Delay should be used when e.g. all sub-stations (RTU's) reply to a broadcast query fromthe master station. In such a case a massive collisions would take place, because all sub-stations(RTU's) would reply more or less in the same instant. In order to prevent such a collision, the TXdelay should be set individually in each slave RipEX. The length of responding packet has to betaken into account.93© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Note 1: When Frame closing is set to Stream, TX Delay is not active.Note 2: There was the TX delay [ms] parameter in fw versions 1.3.x.x and older. It is not compatiblewith the TX Delay length [bytes]. The TX Delay probability is set to default (=0, Off) during a fw up-grade and it has to be set as needed.•Router modeA TX Delay probability greater than 0 (typically below 50%) is used only in special situations whena collision dead-lock could occur. Normally the Radio channel protocol reduces probability of collisionby its random algorithms. When the channel has been free for a certain period of time, the protocolassumes that the risk of collision is low and if a request for transmission arrives, the packet istransmitted instantly to maximize the channel utilization. This principle improves the efficiency ofthe network, however it may result in a dead-lock of repeated collisions in some special situations.A random TX Delay, applied only in free-channel conditions, eliminates the dead-lock while it doesnot influence the network performance in busy conditions.The recommended settings depend on the specific situation where the repetitive collisions mayoccur. In most cases even the shortest possible TX Delay of 0 bytes and the TX Delay probabilityof 25% set in the respective RipEXes solves the potential problem.Hot StandbyWhen RipEX unit is used in RipEX-HS and Hot Standy is „On“ there are some limitations with it. Spe-cifically, CD pin on COM1 and HW alarm Input and Output are used internally and not available to theuser. Neither Save nor Sleep modes can be activated. Please refer RipEX-HS User manual.All settings below are valid only for RipEX units in RipEX-HS equipment, where two units in Hot Standbymode are running. Both units MUST have the same settings! Only Unit names should be different asthis parameter is used in SNMP to recognize the sender of SNMP traps. In order to ensure that thesettings of both units are identical, it is recommended to set unit “A”, thereafter save its settings into afile (Maintenance/Configuration/Save to file) and use these settings for unit “B”. (Maintenance/Config-uration/Restore/File path/Upload) Finally, a unique Unit name should be assigned to Unit B.List box: Off, OnDefault = OffWhen “On”, HW switching from RipEX unit “A” to RipEX unit “B” is performed based on the HW AlarmOutput settings in Settings/Alarm management. RipEX “A” is the primary unit, , Unit “B” is activated ifthere is HW alarm on unit “A” or unit “A” power source is down or when Auto Toggle Period expired.When mentioned events passed, RipEX “A” goes to be active again.•MACBoth units in RipEX-HS are using the same MAC addresses (MAC cloning). Whichever unit is active(either “A or B”), RipEX Ethernet interface will use this MAC address. This MAC address has to beunconditionally set to the same value in both units used in RipEX-HS. Otherwise, the switchingbetween units will not function properly.Read own – it is possible to download the MAC address of this unit. The value in the second unithas to be manually set to the same value then•Auto Toggle modeWhen Auto Toggle mode is On (HW button on front panel), controller automatically switches-overto RipEX ”B“, even if “A” doesn't have any alarm and uses “B” for a set time in order to confirm thatRipEX ”B“ is fully ready-to-operate.○Start Date [YYYY-MM-DD]Fill in the Date in the required format when Auto Toggle mode starts.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.94Advanced Configuration
○Start Time [HH:MM:SS]Fill in the Time in the required format when Auto Toggle mode starts on ”Start Date“ day.○Period [min.]Minimum value 60 min.Within this period units “A” and “B” will change their activities over. Unit “A” starts to operate at“Start Date and Time”. When “Period” minus “Unit B” time expires, controller switches to unit“B”.○Unit B [min.]Minimum value 5 min.Time when unit “B” will be active within “Period”. It has to be shorter than Period by 5 min.TimeList box: Manual, NTPDefault = ManualInternal calendar time of RipEX can be set manually or synchronized via NTP (Network Time Protocol).•ManualRipEX internally uses the Unix epoch time (or Unix time or POSIX time) - the number of secondsthat have elapsed since January 1, 1970. When RipEX calendar time is set, the Unix epoch timeis calculated based on filled in values (Date, Time) and the time zone, which is set in operatingsystem (computer), where the browser runs.○Current Date&TimeInformation about the actual date and time in the RipEX○Date [YYYY-MM-DD]Fill in Local Date in required format○Time [HH:MM:SS]Fill in Local Time in required format○RipEX Time zoneSelect RIPEX Time zone from list box.Default = (GMT +1:00) Central EuropeThis time zone is used for conversion of internal Unix epoch time to "human readable date&time"in RipEX logs.○Daylight savingList box: On, OffDefault = OnIf On, Daylight saving is activated according the respective rules for selected RipEX Time zone.•NTPInternal calendar time in RipEX is synchronized via NTP and RipEX also acts as a standard NTPserver simultaneously.○Current Date&TimeInformation about the actual date and time in RipEX○Time sourceList box: NTP server, Internal GPSDefault = NTP server■NTP server – The source of time is a standard NTP server. This server can be connectedeither via the Ethernet interface or over the Radio channel (any RipEX runs automatically asa NTP server).95© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
■Internal GPS – The source of time is the internal GPS. In this case only RipEX Time zoneand Daylight saving parameters below are active.○Source IPDefault = emptyIP address of the NTP server, which provides Time source. Date and Time will be requested byRipEX from there. More NTP servers can be configured, the more servers, the better time accur-acy. If the Time source is a RipEX over Radio channel, only one source server is recommended,since the Radio channel could be overloaded.○Minimum polling intervalList box: 1min to 2h 17minRipEX polls the source server in order to synchronize itself in the set period or later.○RipEX Time zoneSelect RipEX Time zone from list box.Default = (GMT +1:00) Central EuropeThis time zone is used for conversion of internal Unix epoch time to "human readable date&time"in RipEX logs..○Daylight savingList box: On, OffDefault = OnIf On, Daylight saving is activated according the respective rules for selected RipEX Time zone.•RipEX NTP serverInformation about the status of internal NTP server in the RipEX○State■ not synced - not synchronized■ synced to GPS - synchronized to internal GPS■ synced to NTP - synchronized to NTP server○Stratum1 to 16 (1=the best, 16=the worst, 8=when internal time in RipEX is set manually)The stratum represents the quality and accuracy of time, which the NTP server provides.○Delay [ms] This is the delay of packet (1/2 round trip time), which RipEX received from the NTPserver while asked for synchronization. This delay is compensated in the RipEX NTP server.○Jitter [ms]The Jitter of received times when RipEX asked for time synchronization from NTP server(s).SNMPYou can read more about SNMP in RipEX (MIB table description incl.) in Application note "RipEX SNMPConfiguration Guide" here: http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/snmp.htmlList box: On, OffDefault = OffIf On, RipEX works as a standard SNMP agent. i.e. it responds to "SNMP GET Request" packets re-ceived from even several SNMP managers on any of its IP addresses. It transmits SNMP traps as perits configuration (Settings/Device/Alarm management or Routing/Backup).•Community nameDefault = publicThis string is used for authentication with SNMP manager. Max. length is 32 chars. Followingcharacters are not allowed:" (Double quote)RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.96Advanced Configuration
` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)(Space)When there is not any char. filled, default value (public) is used.•SNMP TrapList box: Off, OnDefault = OffIf “On”, SNMP alarm traps are activated. They are transmitted for Watched values according to thesettings in Alarm management (Settings/Device/Alarm management or Routing/Backup). The SNMPTrap message is sent both when a parameter value exceeds the alarm threshold and when it returnsback within its “normal” range. The Trap OID is the same, the info whether it is alarm activation ordeactivation is in Trap data.○Trap destination 1IP address and Port where SNMP trap messages are sent. Default Port is 162, however it canbe changed. IP 0.0.0.0 means, that SNMP trap is not sent.○Trap destination 2SNMP trap messages can be sent simultaneously to two different destinations.Firewall•IP (L3)List box: Off, OnNoteThe L3 Firewall may be activated in both the Router and Bridge modes.Default = OffIf “On”, a standard Layer 3 Linux firewall is activated.○Port – a range of port numbers can be entered. E.g. 2000-2120.○Connection state – state-firewall active only for TCP protocol.○New – rrelates to the first packet when a TCP connection starts (Request from TCP client toTCP server for opening a new TCP connection). Used e.g. for allowing to open TCP only fromRipEX network to outside.○Established – relates to an already existing TCP connection. Used e.g. for allowing to get repliesfor TCP connections created from RipEX network to outside.○Related – a connection related to the "Established" one. e.g. FTP typically uses 2 TCP connec-tions – control and data - where data connection is created automatically using dynamic ports.Note1. L2/L3 firewall settings do not impact the local ETH access, i.e. the settingsnever deny access to a locally connected RipEX (web interface, ping, ...).2. Ports 443 and 8889 are used internally for service access. Exercise cautionwhen making rules which may affect datagrams to/from these ports in L3 Firewallsettings. Management connection to a remote RipEX may be lost when anotherRipEX acts as a router along the management packets route and port 443 (or8889) is disabled in firewall settings of that routing RipEX (RipEX uses iptables97© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
"forward"). When this happens, you have to use the Reset button on the bottomside of the misconfigured RipEX (keep it pressed for 15 sec.) in order to setDefault access. It restores the default Ethernet IP, default password, sets theL3 Firewall to Off, sets ARP proxy&VLAN settings to Off and Ethernet speedto Auto.3. L3 Firewall settings do not impact packets received and redirected from/to Radiochannel. The problem described in Note 2 will not happen when the affectedRipEX router is a radio repeater, i.e. when it uses solely the radio channel forboth the input and output.•MAC (L2)List box: Off, OnDefault = OffIf "On" and when in the Router mode, simplified Layer 2 Linux firewall is activated:○Filter modeList box: Blacklist, WhitelistDefault = Blacklist■BlacklistThe MAC addresses listed in the table are blocked, i.e. all packets to/from them are discarded.The traffic to/from other MAC addresses is allowed.■WhitelistOnly the MAC addresses listed in the table are allowed, i.e. only packets to/from them areallowed. The traffic to/from other MAC addresses is blocked.If "On" and when in the Bridge mode, a standard Layer 2 Linux firewall is activated.○ProtocolList box: possible valuesDefault = All■ All – Ethertype is not checked, i.e. no packets are selected by the filter. addresses is allowed.■ Manual – set 2 octets of Ethertype (in Ethernet frame) which are selected by the filter.■ Not VLAN – only frames which are not embedded in VLAN are selected by the filter.■ All VLAN – only VLAN frames are selected by the filter.■ IPv4 – only IPv4 frames are selected by the filter.■ IPv6 – only IPv6 frames are selected by the filter.■ ARP – only ARP frames are selected by the filter.■LENGTH – only Ethernet frames from obsolete IEEE 802.3 Ethernet are selected by the filter.○VLANDefault = NoneThis VLAN filter supersedes settings in Protocol. Frames with this ID of the 1st level VLAN willbe selected by the filter.NoteWhen VLAN field is set, all settings in Protocol are applied to frame embedded inVLAN (Ethertype of the 2nd level).Alarm managementThe average values of parameters listed in the table (Watched values) are continuously monitored.When any of them exceeds the respective threshold, the selected action(s) is(are) invoked.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.98Advanced Configuration
Fig. 7.4: Menu Alarm managementNoteAt least 10 values have to be included on average before it is checked for the possiblealarm. Since different values are sampled over different periods, different times are requiredto obtain correct values:Ucc, Temp – approx. 10 sec. after bootingPWR, VSWR - approx. 10 sec. after booting and after the first transmissionOthers – approx. 200 sec. of respective communication•ThresholdList box: Default, ManualDefault = DefaultDefault – Default (recommended) values are set and can not be edited.Manual – Thresholds can be set manually. However there are individual min. and max. thresholdvalues for each item. When your settings are out of the possible interval, the web interface will giveyou a warning and display the possible values.•SNMP TrapWhen ticked, the SNMP trap message is sent both when a parameter value exceeds the alarmthreshold and when it returns back within its “normal” range. Remember to set the IP destinationaddress(es) and port(s) for SNMP trap messages in Settings/Device/SNMP.When even one SNMP trap tick box is reconfigured in Alarm table, all SNMP traps for active alarms(out of thresholds) are re-sent with exception of the HW alarm input.After reboot all SNMP traps for active alarms (out of thresholds) are re-sent, HW alarm input (HSactive when Hot standby is “On”) included.When Statistic and Neighbours logs are cleared, RSScom, DQcom, ETH, COM1, COM2 alarmsare cleared as well.99© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
When Hot Standby is “On”, Alarm thresholds and HW alarm input are used internally for switchingbetween units “A” and “B”. The “HW alarm input” parameter is changed to “Hot Standby active”.Also HW alarm output for Temperature is always On. Its thresholds can be Manually set in interval-50 to +90 °C (default -25 to +85 °C).SNMP Alarm and Detailed Graphs tick boxes can be used for information about switching betweenunits “A” and “B”.•HW Alarm OutputList box: Off, N.O. (Normally Open), N.C. (Normally Closed)Default = OffIf "N.O." or "N.C.", the HW Alarm Output is active and its normal status (no alarm) is open or closed,respectively.The HW Alarm Output is a pin (open n-p-n collector) on the screw terminal at the Power and Controlconnector on the front panel.•Detail Graph startIt has to be activated in Settings/Device/Graphs first.You can tick here for which Alarm Detail Graph will be saved.•HW Alarm InputList box: Off, N.O. (Normally Open), N.C. (Normally Closed)Default = OffIf "N.O." or "N.C.", the HW Alarm Input is active and its normal status (no alarm) is open or closed,respectively.Alarm event is triggered when the HW Alarm Input changes its status from “Normal” to “Alarm”.Note that to “Close” the HW Alarm Input means connecting the respective screw terminal at thePower and Control connector on the front panel to the Ground terminal of the same connector.•HW Alarm InputList box: Off, OnDefault = OffWhen “On”, the Hardware Alarm Output indicates the full functionality of the RipEX. The HardwareAlarm Output is down only when the RipEX is not powered or it is booting. When SNMP Trap and/orDetail Graphs are ticked in the Unit ready line, the respective action is taken after every HardwareAlarm Output state change (and also when the Apply button is activated after a reconfiguration).The “On” setting of this parameter disables any other assignment to the Hardware Alarm Output.The “Unit ready” parameter cannot be activated in the Hot standby mode, since the Hardware AlarmOutput controls the Hot standby switch.Power management•Power supply modeList box: Always On, Save Mode, Sleep ModeDefault = Always On•Always OnRipEX is always on, no special power saving modes are active.•Save ModeWhen a RipEX is switched to the SAVE mode, it can be in one of two states – the SAVE state orthe ACTIVE state. In the SAVE state, the RipEX functionality is limited to listening to the Radiochannel in order to minimize the power consumption (approx. 2W). In the ACTIVE state, the RipEXworks normally, providing its full functionality (and consuming normal amounts of power).Transitions between these states can be controlled by changes at the SI pin on the Power andControl connector, by receiving packets on the Radio channel and by values of the SAVE modeconfigurable parameters.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.100Advanced Configuration
The transition from the SAVE to the ACTIVE state requires system boot and takes approximately48 sec. The transition from the ACTIVE to the SAVE state takes about 4 seconds.SI hardware input (available from fw ver. 1.4.x.x)When in the SAVE state, the RipEX wakes up (starts the transition to the ACTIVE state) after arising edge is registered at the SI hardware input (after the respective pin connection to the groundhas been opened). If a pulse is sent to the SI input (i.e. the falling edge follows the rising edge), ithas to be longer than 50 msec.When in the ACTIVE state, the transition to the SAVE state starts when a falling edge is registeredat the SI hardware input (the respective pin has been connected to the ground). The falling edgetriggers the transition only if the SI hardware input has been in the “high” state (opened) for 2 secondsat least during the ACTIVE state of the RipEX. Following the falling edge, the SI input has to stayin the “low” state (closed) at least for another 2 seconds.Radio channelRipEX is listening on Radio channel in the Save mode while consuming 2 W. It is woken up whena packet is received over the Radio channel. However data from this first received packet is lost.Bridge mode: Any packet received on Radio channel wakes the unit up.Router mode: RipEX is woken up when it receives a packet for its IP address. As “its IP” is con-sidered any IP address configured in this RipEX (Radio, ETH, ETH Subnet, SLIP.) or any IP addressrouted through this RipEX. I.e. RipEX is woken up not only with packets which end in it, but alsowith packets which end in the connected device behind RipEX or which are relayed over the Radiochannel (when this RipEX is configured as the Repeater for them).When an unexpected reboot happens while in the ACTIVE state, the RipEX enters the ACTIVEstate again and the “Timeout from wake-up” is reset. When a reboot happens while in the SAVEstate, the RipEX enters the SAVE state immediately after the reboot.When one of the configurable parameters is changed while the RipEX is in the ACTIVE state, the“Timeout from wake-up” is reset.○ Timeout from wake-up [s]Default = 300 (min. 60, max. 64800)RipEX stays ACTIVE for the set time from the moment of its wake-up. When this timeout expires,the RipEX switches back to the SAVE state.Note: It is possible to put RipEX into SAVE state anytime using the respective CLI command.○ Reset timeout on received packetsList box: On, OffDefault = OffIf “On”, the “Timeout from wake-up” is reset whenever a packet is received or transmitted overthe Radio channel channel by the RipEX in the ACTIVE state. Consequently the RipEX staysin the ACTIVE state as long as it communicates over the Radio channel channel.Note:HW wake-upWith any fw version higher than or equal to 1.2.1.0 you can take a RipEX in Save state, cyclethe power and during the boot-up (approx. 48 sec.) the LED Status starts to flash quickly ingreen for approx. 10 sec. When Reset button is pressed for approx. 1 sec. during that period ofquick blinking, the Power supply mode is set to Always On and the unit can be accessed in theusual way (Ethernet or “X5” USB/ETH adapter)•Sleep ModeSleep Mode is controlled via the digital input on Power and Control connector. When the respectivepin (SI) is grounded, RipEX goes to sleep and consumes only 0,07 W. The time needed for acomplete wake-up from the Sleep mode is approx. 48 seconds (booting time).○Timeout from sleep request [s]101© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Default = 10RipEX remains On for the set time from the moment when the sleep input pin has been grounded.When SI pin on Power and Control connector is not-grounded for 1 sec. (or more) during thisTimeout, the timeout is reset and starts again.Note: when Hot Standby is “On”, Save and Sleep modes are not available.WifiList box: Off, OnDefault = OnWhen “On”, RipEX management can be executed over WiFi using the W1 - WIFI/USB adapter fromRipEX accessories. This equipment must be plugged into RipEX USB interface. You just switch onWiFi in your device (notebook, tablet, smartphone…) and connect it to the RipEX WiFi network. Yourdevice will get its IP settings from the RipEX builtin DHCP server. Then type https://10.9.8.7 in yourbrowser address line and you will be connected to RipEX web pages.Note: DHCP in the W1 - WIFI/USB adapter provides max. 5 leases, so up to 5 devices can be connectedto one RipEX via WiFi.•ParametersList box: Default, Manual,Default = DefaultDefault – Default (recommended) values are set and can not be edited.Manual – Values can be set manually.○SSIDDefault = RipEX + Unit name + S/NAn SSID (Service Set IDentifier) is a unique ID that consists of max. 32 characters and is usedfor naming wireless networks. When multiple wireless networks overlap in a certain location,SSIDs make sure that data gets sent to the correct destination. If empty, default value is filled.○IEEE standardThere are different standards used for WiFi networks. RipEX supports some of them.List box: possible valuesDefault = 802.11g■802.11g2.4 Ghz frequency band, data speed up to 54 Mbps■802.11n802.11n is an advanced IEEE standard in the 2,4 GHz WiFi band. It was designed to improveon 802.11g in the amount of bandwidth (100 Mbps) supported by utilizing multiple wirelesssignals and antennas.○ChannelYour WiFi can work on different channels within 2,4 GHz band. When the selected channel isnoisy, i.e. your WiFi connection is not stable, you can try another one.List box: possible valuesDefault = 1○SecurityList box: possible valuesDefault = Off■OffIf “Off”, WiFi is without any security, i.e. anybody can be connected and access your RipEXweb pages.■WPA2-PSKRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.102Advanced Configuration
A Short for Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 - Pre-Shared Key. It is a method of securing your networkusing WPA2 with the use of Pre-Shared Key (PSK) authentication. To encrypt a networkwith WPA2-PSK you provide your router not with an encryption key, but rather with a plain-English passphrase between 13 and 64 characters long. Using a technology called TKIP (forTemporal Key Integrity Protocol), that passphrase, along with the network SSID, is used togenerate unique encryption keys for each wireless client. And those encryption keys areconstantly changed.•WPA2 PSK Key - The string (13-64 characters) which is used for WPA2 encryption keygenerating.The following characters are not allowed in the key:" (Double quote)` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)Neighbours&Statistics•ParametersList box: Default, ManualDefault = DefaultDefault – Default (recommended) values are set and can not be edited.Manual – Values can be set manually.There are 2 tables with diagnostic information in the main menu - Diagnostic/Neighbours, Diagnost-ic/Statistic. The Neighbours table displays Watched values from RipEX and from all its neighbours.(Neighbour = RipEX, which can be accessed directly over the radio channel, i.e. without a repeater).There is statistic information about the traffic volume in the Statistic table.○Watched values broadcasting period [min]Default = 120 min, [0 = Off]RipEX periodically broadcasts its Watched values to neighbouring units. The Watched valuescan be displayed in Graphs and Neighbours menu.Note: When Bridge mode is used, watched values broadcasting creates collisions for user traffic.Be careful in using this feature.○Neighbours&Statistic log save period [min]Default = 1440 min (1 day) [10 - 7200 min]This is the period, in which Neighbours and Statistics logs are saved in the archive and clearedand new logs start from the beginning.Note1: The history files are organized in a ring buffer. Whenever a new file is opened, thenumbers of files are shifted, i.e. 0->1, 1->2, etc. There is a history of 20 log files available.Note2: The Max value is 6.000.000 min. (more than 11 years) It used to be only 7.200 min. upto the 1.3.x.x fw version.Graphs•ParametersList box: Default, ManualDefault = DefaultDefault – Default (recommended) values are set and can't be edited.Manual – Values can be set manually.Graphs displays history of Watched values and history of some of the items from the Statistic table.Displayed values are stored in each RipEX including data from selected five neighbouring units.103© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Neighbour = RipEX, which can be accessed directly over the Radio channel (not over Ethernet),i.e. without a repeater. The graph data is stored in files, each file contains 60 samples of all values.The sampling period can be configured. There are two types of graphs- Overview and Detail.Overview graphs cover a continuous time interval back from the present, they use relatively longsampling period. Detail graph is supposed to be used in case of a special event, e.g. an alarm, andthe sampling period is much shorter.○Logged Neighbour IP’sDefault = 0.0.0.0Up to 5 IP addresses of neighbouring units can be set. (Neighbour = RipEX, which can be ac-cessed directly over the radio channel, i.e. without a repeater). Watched values from these unitsare stored in the graph files and can be displayed afterwards.○Overview graph sampling periodList box: 1, 2, 4, 12 hoursDefault = 12 hoursThe 60 samples per graph file result in (depending on the sampling period) 60, 120, 240 or 720hours in each file. There are 6 files available, so total history of saved values is 15, 30, 60 or180 days. The Overwiev graph files are organized in a ring buffer. Whenever a new file is opened,the oldest one is replaced.○Detail Graph sampling periodList box: 1, 5, 10, 20 minsDefault = 1 minThe 60 samples per graph file result in 60, 300, 600, 1200 minutes in each file. There are 20files available. They are organized in a ring buffer. When a new file is opened, the one witholdest data is replaced. The Detail graph files may not cover a continuous segment of history.See Detail graph start for details.○Detail Graph startList box: No, Alarm, Single, ContinualDefault = NoDetail graph data sampling is started based on selected event from list box:No – Detail graph does not start.Alarm – if a tickbox in Detail graph column (Settings/Alarm management) is checked, then theDetail graph file is stored in case of that alarm. Twenty samples prior the alarm event and fortysamples after the alarm event are recorded. When another alarm occurs while a Detail graphfile is opened, the sampling continues normally and no other file is opened.Single – a single Detail graph file can be manually started. After Apply here, go to Diagnost-ic/Graph where a Start/Stop button is availableContinual – Detail graph files are periodically saved in the same way as Overview graph filesare.Management•ParametersList box: Default, ManualDefault = DefaultDefault – Default (recommended) values are set and can not be edited.Manual – Values can be set manually.○Web serverList box: HTTP+HTTPS, HTTPS, OffDefault = HTTP+HTTPSRequired protocol for configuration web page is set here. If “Off”, configuration web pages areinaccessible.For HTTPS either RACOM (default) or your own SSL certificate can be used.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.104Advanced Configuration
○HTTP PortDefault = 80Just for information, can not be changed.○HTTPS PortDefault = 443Just for information, can not be changed.○CLIList box: SSH, OffDefault = SSHComand Line Interface is accessible via the SSH protocol. If “Off”, CLI is inaccessible. The SSHkeys are unique for each individual RipEX Serial number. The private key is downloaded inRipEX, for the public key kindly contact RACOM and provide the RipEX S/N.○SSH PortDefault = 22Just for information, can not be changed.7.3.2. RadioFig. 7.5: Menu Radio* Active only when in Router mode** These items have to be set in accordance with the license issued by the respective radio regulatoryauthorityIP*Default = 10.10.10.169IP address of Radio interfaceMask*Default = 255.255.255.0Network Mask of Radio interfaceTX frequency**Transmitting frequency. Format MHz.kHz.Hz. Step 5 (for 25 kHz channel spacing) or 6.25 kHz (for 12.5or 6.25 kHz channel spacing).105© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
The value entered must be within the frequency tuning range of the product as follows:RIPEX-135: 135–154 MHzRIPEX-154: 154–174 MHzRIPEX-300: 300–320 MHzRIPEX-320: 320–340 MHzRIPEX-340: 340–360 MHzRIPEX-368: 368–400 MHzRIPEX-400: 400–432 MHzRIPEX-432: 432–470 MHzRIPEX-470: 470–512 MHzRIPEX-928: 928–960 MHzRX frequency**Receiving frequency, the same format and rules apply.Note: By default, the TX and RX frequencies are locked together and change in one field is mirroredin the other. If clicked, the lock is removed and different TX and RX frequencies can be entered.Channel spacing [kHz]**List box: possible valuesDefault = 25 kHzThe wider the channel the higher the posible Modulation rate.Note: The 50 kHz channel spacing is available only for HW versions of Radio board higher than 1.1.90.0or 1.2.50.0. See Status/Radio/HW version.Modulation rate [kbps]**•ModeRipEX allows multiple settings of modulation parameters for every channel spacing to enablemeeting the different regulations which apply in different countries. Naturally different limits ontransmitted signal parameters result in different Modulation rates.The "Mode" menu conveniently groups the settings optimal for common internationally recognizedstandards. The detailed technical parameters for each setting can be found in the RipEX Usermanual.List box: possible valuesDefault = CE○CESettings optimized for ETSI standards and similar○FCCSettings suitable for countries which follow the U.S. government group of standards.Note: CPFSK modulations have approx. 20% higher frequency deviation compared to CE, sothe receiver sensitivity for the same modulation (data rate) is approx. 1-2 dB better.○NarrowSpecial settings for extra-restrictive regulations.Note: In the 25 kHz channel spacing, the RipEX transmitted signal 16kHz bandwidth contains99% of the total integrated power for transmitted spectrum according to ITU-R SM328 . Thissetting is required for 25 kHz channel spacing by authorities in Czech Republic.○UnlimitedFull channel width used to achieve the maximum possible data rate.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.106Advanced Configuration
•Modulation rate [kbps]List box: possible valuesDefault = 20.83 | 4CPFSKPossible values in list box are dependent on the Mode setting. The two highest rates for 25 and 50kHz channel spacing are available only when the corresponding SW feature key is active (Eitherthe 166/83 kbps key or the Master key).Higher Modulation rates provide higher data speeds but they also result in poorer receiver sensitivity,i.e. reduced coverage range. Reliability of communication over a radio channel is always higherwith lower Modulation rates.RF power [W]**List box: possible valuesDefault = 5 WThe range of values in the list box is limited to 2 W for high Modulation rates. 10 W is available onlyfor lower Modulation rates (CPFSK) and only when the corresponding SW feature key is active.Note: Max. RF power for RipEX-470 is 8 W. (Even if there was 10W in list box for fw ver. 1.3.x.x andolder)FECList box: possible valuesDefault = OffFEC (Forward Error Correction) is a very effective method to minimize radio channel impairments.Basically the sender inserts some redundant data into its messages. This redundancy allows the re-ceiver to detect and correct errors (to some extent). The improvement comes at the expense of theuser data rate. The lower the FEC ratio, the better the capability of error correction and the lower theuser data rate. The User data rate = Modulation rate x FEC ratio.Optimization*List box: On, OffDefault = OffOptimization is applicable in Router mode for packets directed to Radio channel. It watches packetson individual radio links and optimizes both the traffic to the counterpart of a link and the sharing of theRadio channel capacity among the links.On an individual link the optimizer supervises the traffic and it tries to join short packets when oppor-tunity comes. However in case of heavy load on one link (e.g. FTP download) it splits the continuousstream of packets and creates a window for the other links. To minimize the actual load, Zlib compression(with LZ77 decimation and Huffman coding) and other sophisticated methods are used.There is also a "stream" compression, which is very effective for data streams consisting of similarpackets. E.g. when there are many remotes behind a single repeater, packets on the most loaded hopbetween the repeater and the central unit get very efficiently compressed. Note: when there is onlyone direction traffic, there should be also routing for ETH IP addresses set in RipEX routing tables tomake stream compression effective.In addition a special TCP optimiser is used for TCP/IP connections. It supervises every TCP sessionand eliminates redundant packets. It also compresses TCP headers in a very efficient way. The overalleffect of the Optimization depends on many factors (data content, packet lengths, network layout etc.),the total increase of network throughput can be anything from 0 to 200%, or even more in special cases.107© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Note: Apart from this Optimization, there is an independent compression on the Radio channel, whichworks in both Operating modes, Bridge and Router. This compression is always On.EncryptionAES 256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) can be used to protect your data from an intrusion on Radiochannel. When AES 256 is On, control block of 16 Bytes length is attached to each frame on Radiochannel. AES requires an encryption key. The length of key is 256 bits (32 Bytes, 64 hexa chars). Thesame key must be stored in all units within the network.List box: Off, AES 256Default = OffWhen AES 256Key modeList box: Pass Phrase, ManualDefault = Pass Phrase•Pass phraseIt is not necessary to fill in 32 Bytes of hexa chars in order to set the encryption key. The key canbe automatically generated based on a Pass phrase. Fill in your Pass phrase (any printable ASCIIcharacter, min. 1 char., max. 128 char.). The same Pass phrase must be set in all units within thenetwork•ManualThe key can be configured manually (fill in 32 Bytes of 64 hexa chars) or it can be randomly generatedusing Generate button. The same key must be in all units within the network, i.e. it has to be gener-ated only in one unit and copied to the others.MTU [bytes]*Default = 1500 Bytes [70 - 1500] (max. packet size)When a packet to be transmitted from the Radio interface is longer than the MTU (Maximum Transmis-sion Unit) set, the RipEX router performs standard IP fragmentation. A packet longer than the configuredsize is split into the needed number of fragments, which are then independently transmitted - the firstpacket(s) is (are) transmitted fragment-size long, the last packet contains the remaining bytes. Thereassembly of the fragments into the original packet normally takes place in the unit at the end of thepath.Reducing the maximum length of a frame on a Radio link may improve its performance under unfavour-able conditions (interference, multi-path propagation effects). However the recommended place todetermine the packet size is the actual user interface, e.g. a COM port. Note that the IP fragmentingis possible in the Router mode only.7.3.3. ETH* Active only when Router modeRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.108Advanced Configuration
Fig. 7.6: Menu EthernetIPDefault = 192.168.169.169IP address of ETH interfaceMaskDefault = 255.255.255.0Mask of ETH interfaceDefault GWDefault = 0.0.0.0 (= not active)When Operating mode is set to Bridge, it is the default gateway (applies to whole RipEX). When Oper-ating mode is set to Router, it is not displayed here. Default GW can be set only in the Routing menu.DHCP*List box: Off, ServerDefault = OffServerDHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server in RipEX sets network configuration (IP address,Mask, Gateway) in connected DHCP clients. They have to be connected to the same LAN as the ETHinterface of RipEX. The Mask set is the same as on RipEX ETH, the Gateway is the IP address of ETHinterface of RipEX. Typical DHCP client is e.g. a PC used for configuration of RipEX.Important! Never activate the DHCP Server when ETH interface of RipEX is connected to LAN, whereanother DHCP server is operating.•Start IPDefault = IP address of ETH interface + 1DHCP Server assigns addresses to connected clients starting from this address.•End IPDHCP server assigns IP addresses to clients from the range defined by Start IP and End IP (inclus-ive).109© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
•No of leasesDefault = 5 [1 - 255]Maximum number of DHCP client(s) which can RipEX simultaneously serve. It can not be morethan the number of addresses available in the Start IP - End IP range.•Lease timeout [DD:HH:MM:SS]Default = 1 day (max. 10 days)A DHCP Client has to ask DHCP Server for refresh of the received configuration within this timeout,otherwise the Lease expires and the same settings can be assigned to another device (MAC).•Assigned IP'sTable shows MAC addresses of Clients and IP addresses assigned to them by the Server. Expirationis the remaining time till the respective Lease expires. If the assigned IP addresses are required tobe deleted, set DHCP Server to Off, then action Apply and set DHCP server to On (+Apply) again.•Preferred IP'sIt is possible to define which IP should be assigned by the Server to a specific MAC. The requestedIP has to be within the Start IP – End IP range.Shaping*List box: On, OffDefault = OffEthernet interface could easily overload the Radio channel. Because of that, it is possible to shapetraffic received from the ETH interface.If On, specified volume of Data [Bytes] in specified Period [s] is allowed to enter the RipEX from ETHinterface. The first packet which exceeds the limit is stored in the buffer and transmitted when newPeriod starts. Further over-limit packets are discarded.SpeedList box: Auto, 100baseTX/Full, 100baseTX/Half, 10baseT/Full, 10baseT/HalfDefault = AutoCommunication speed on the Ethernet interface.Modbus TCP*Use this setttings only for Modbus TCP Master when it communicates with both types of Modbusslaves using either Modbus RTU or Modbus TCP protocols. Or when TCP/IP communication shouldrun locally between Modbus Master and RipEX in Modbus TCP network. Read Help and Applicationnote Modbus in RipEX.For more information refer to the manual Application note / Modbus TCP1.** - denotes items to be used only when either all or some RTUs (Remote Telemetry Unit) on remotesites are connected via RS232 or RS485 interface to RipEX, using the Modus RTU protocol. Thenautomatic conversion between Modbus TCP and Modbus RTU protocols takes place for such units.List box: On, OffDefault = Off•My TCP portDefault = 502 [1 - 65 535]TCP port used for Modbus TCP in RipEX.1http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/modbus.htmlRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.110Advanced Configuration
•TCP Inactivity [s]Default = 120 [0 - 16 380]TCP socket in RipEX is kept active after the receipt of data for the set number of seconds.•Broadcast**List box: On, OffDefault = OffSome Master SCADA units send broadcast messages to all Slave units. SCADA application typicallyuses a specific address for such messages. RipEX (Protocol utility) converts such message to anIP broadcast and broadcasts it to all RipEX units resp. to all SCADA units within the network.If On, the address for broadcast packets in SCADA protocol has to be defined:•Broadcast address format - List box Hex, Dec - format in which broadcast address is defined.•Broadcast address - address in the defined format (Hex, Dec)•Address translationList box: Table, MaskDefault = MaskIn a SCADA protocol, each SCADA unit has a unique address, a "Protocol address". In RipEX Radionetwork, each SCADA unit is represented by an IP address (typically that of ETH interface) and aUDP port (that of the protocol daemon or the COM port server to which the SCADA device is con-nected via serial interface).A translation between "Protocol address" and the IP address & UDP port pair has to be done. Itcan be done either via Table or via Mask.Each SCADA message received from serial interface is encapsulated into a UDP/IP datagram,where destination IP address and destination UDP port are defined according the settings of Addresstranslation.○MaskTranslation using Mask is simpler to set, however it has some limitations:− all IP addresses used have to be within the same network, which is defined by this Mask− the same UDP port is used for all the SCADA units, which results in the following limitations:− SCADA devices on all sites have to be connected to the same interface (COM1 or COM2)− only one SCADA device to one COM port can be connected, even if the RS485 interface isused■Base IPDefault = IP address of ETH interfaceWhen the IP destination address of the UDP datagram, in which serial SCADA messagereceived from COM1(2) is encapsulated, is created, this Base IP is taken as the basis andonly the part defined by Mask is replaced by 'Protocol address'.■MaskDefault = 255.255.255.0A part of Base IP address defined by this Mask is replaced by 'Protocol address'. The SCADAprotocol address is typically 1 Byte, so Mask 255.255.255.0 is most frequently used.■UDP port (Interface)List box: COM1, COM2, TS1-TS5, TCPM1, Manual.Default = COM1This UDP port is used as the destination UDP port in the UDP datagram in which serialSCADA packet received from COM1(2) is encapsulated. Default UDP ports for COM1, COM2or Terminal servers 1-5 (TS1-TS5) or Modbus TCP (TCPM1) can be used or UDP port canbe set manually. If the destination IP address belongs to a RipEX and the UDP port is notassigned to COM1(2) or to a Terminal server or to any special daemon running in the destin-ation RipEX, the packet is discarded.○Table111© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
The Address translation is defined in a table. There are no limitations like when the Masktranslation is used. If there are more SCADA units on RS485 interface, their “Protocol addresses”translate to the same IP address and UDP port pair.There are 3 possibilities how to fill in aline in the table:1. One "Protocol address" to one "IP address" (e.g.: 56 ===> 192.168.20.20)2. Interval of "Protocol addresses" to one "IP address" (e.g.: 56 – 62 ===> 192.168.20.20)3. Interval of "Protocol addresses" to interval of "IP addresses" (e.g.: 56 – 62 ===> 192.168.20.20– 26). It is possible to write only the start IP and dash, the system will add the end address itself.■Protocol addressThis is the address which is used by SCADA protocol. It may be set either in Hexadecimalor Decimal format according the List box value.Protocol address length can be 1 Byte, only for DNP3 and UNI protocols 2 Bytes.■IPIP address to which Protocol address will be translated. This IP address is used as destinationIP address in UDP datagram in which serial SCADA packet received from COM1(2) is en-capsulated.■UDP port (Interface)This is the UDP port number which is used as destination UDP port in UDP datagram inwhich the serial SCADA message, received from COM1(2), is encapsulated.■NoteYou may add a note to each address up to 16 characters long for your convenience. (E.g.“Remote unit #1 etc.). Following characters are not allowed:" (Double quote)` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)■ActiveYou may tick/untick each translation line in order to make it active/not active.■ModifyDelete and Add buttons allow to add or to delete a line. The lines can be sorted using upand down arrows.Terminal servers*Generally a Terminal Server (also referred to as a Serial Server) enables connection of devices withserial interface to a RipEX over the local area network (LAN). It is a virtual substitute for devices usedas serial-to-TCP(UDP) converters.Examples of the use:A SCADA application in the centre should be connected to the Radio network via a serial interface,however for some reason that serial interface is not used. The operating system (e.g. Windows) canprovide a virtual serial interface to such application and converts the serial data to TCP (UDP) datagrams,which are then received by the Terminal server in RipEX.This type of interconnection between RipEX and application is especially advantageous when:• there is not any physical serial interface on the computer• the serial cable between the RipEX and computer would be too long (e.g. the RipEX is installedvery close to the antenna to improve radio coverage).• the LAN between the computer and the place of RipEX installation already existsRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.112Advanced Configuration
• Modbus TCP is used with local TCP sessions on slave sites or when combination of Modbus RTUand Modbus TCP is used. For more information refer to Application note Modbus TCP/RTU2Thisapplies also to other SCADA protocol TCP versions, e.g. DNP3 TCP.ImportantThe TCP (UDP) session operates only locally between the RipEX and the central computer,hence it does not increase the load on Radio channel.In some special cases, the Terminal server can be also used for reducing the network load from applic-ations using TCP. A TCP session can be terminated locally at the Terminal server in RipEX, user dataextracted from TCP messages and processed like it comes from a COM port. When data reaches thedestination RipEX, it can be transferred to the RTU either via a serial interface or via TCP (UDP), usingthe Terminal server again.•Terminal serverList box: On, OffDefault = OffIf On, up to 5 independent Terminal servers can be set up. Each one can be either of TCP or UDPType,Inactivity is the timeout in sec for which the TCP socket in RipEX is kept active after the lastdata reception or transmission, My IP address of a Terminal server has to be always the same asthe IP address of the RipEX ETH interface, My Port can be set as required. Destination IP andDestination port values belong to the locally connected application (e.g. a virtual serial interface).In some cases, applications dynamically change the IP port with each datagram. In such a caseset Destination port=0. RipEX will then send replies to the port from which the last response wasreceived. This feature allows to extend the number of simultaneously opened TCP connectionsbetween a RipEX and locally connected application to any value up to 10 on each Terminal server.Protocol follows the same principles as a protocol on COM interface. You may tick/untick each in-dividual Terminal server in order to make it active/inactive.Note: Max. user data length in a single datagram processed by the Terminal server is 8192 Bytes.TCP proxy*Compared to UDP, the TCP protocol generates more load (longer headers, extra handshake datagrams),which in some circumstances may significantly reduce the user data throughput in a narrowband radiomodem network. The TCP proxy module converts TCP to UDP (and vice-versa) so that only UDP da-tagrams are transferred over the Radio channel. TCP sessions are maintained only locally betweenthe end RipEX and the connected application device (at both ends of the RipEX network).NoteThe TCP proxy module is activated and configured independently in each end RipEX.To successfully handle an end-to-end application TCP session, the two respective end1.RipEXes have to be configured properly to match the same destination and sourceaddress/port pairs.2. Some applications use the TCP session status or handshake datagrams (TCP ACK)RTT for important decisions at the application level. It is not recommended to use TCPproxy with such applications, since the status of the local TCP sessions at the respectiveends of the RipEX network is not synchronized. It is also highly recommended to useTCP proxy only with the ACK setting „On“ (Settings/Device/Operating mode). Neverthe-2http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/modbus.html113© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
less be aware that any individual datagram can be lost. The locally run TCP sessionscannot guarantee 100% data integrity end-to-end.3. RipEX can handle up to 100 concurrent TCP proxy connections.List box: On, OffDefault = Off•TCP Inactivity [s]Default = 120Timeout in sec for which the TCP socket in RipEX is kept active after the last data reception ortransmission.•IPIP address or interval of IP addresses (e.g.: 192.168.20.20 – 192.168.20.26) for which the TCP/UDPconversion is done.0.0.0.0 means all IP addresses.•PortPort or interval of Ports (e.g.: 40100 – 40200), in conjunction with IP addresses in the same line,for which the TCP/UDP conversion is done.•DirectionDst – IP and Port as defined above are considered as Destination in the received packetSrc – IP and Port as defined above are considered as Source in the received packet•NoteYou may add a note to each address up to 16 characters long for your convenience. (E.g. “Remoteunit #1 etc.). Following characters are not allowed:" (Double quote)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)•ActiveYou may tick/untick each line in order to make it active/not active.•ModifyDelete and Add buttons allow to add or to delete a line. The lines can be sorted using up and downarrows.ARP proxy & VLAN•General description•ARP proxy (Router mode only)When a remote device connected over a Router-mode RipEX network does not support routing(i.e. the default gateway cannot be configured), the narrowest possible subnet should be configuredon the respective Eth interface of the RipEX connected to it and the ARP proxy switched on. TheRipEX then answers ARP requests for all IP addresses routed to its radio interface. Correspondingsettings can be used in the RipEX connected to the central application device, thus enabling therouted RipEX network to act as a direct (V)LAN connection for such devices.Beware! Whenever there is more than one IP device connected to a RipEX, or even more RipEXesconnected to the same physical Eth, the ARP proxy must be used with the utmost care!! Subnetsrouted to the radio interface must be reduced to the minimum necessary, default gateway shouldnever be used. Accidental unwanted ARP responses may destroy all communication in the con-nected LAN!•VLANRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.114Advanced Configuration
Unlimited number of VLANs can be set, but only for the ETH interface, not for the Radio one. VLANis defined by VLAN ID and IP and Mask. Several different Subnets can be assigned to a VLAN.Each VLAN may be seen as a virtual ETH0.VLAN_ID interface. In addition to setting multiple VLANs,the original ETH0 interface may be left non-VLAN, i.e. for receiving/transmitting frames without aVLAN tag.○Router modeWhen ARP proxy&VLAN is On, the RipEX Eth interface can receive/transmit also frames withthe respective VLAN IDs. Upon receiving a frame, the VLAN tag is stripped and the IP packetcontinues through the RipEX network according to the routing table rules. When a packet isrouted to be transmitted over one of the virtual Eth interfaces, the respective VLAN tag is addedto the frame.Note 1: Since the VLAN ID added to a packet/frame transmitted from Eth interface dependssolely on the local RipEX configuration (Routing table and VLAN), it is independent of the originalVLAN ID which has been stripped off upon the packet entry into the first RipEX. Remember todouble-check your configuration to avoid VLAN ID mismatching.Note 2: When in Router mode, no Subnet on Ethernet may overlap with a Subnet on Radio in-terface. Subnets on Ethernet could overlap each other (they may not be identical). For the sakeof clarity, we nevertheless recommend IP subnets for different VLANs to be set without anyoverlapping.○Bridge modeVLAN settings apply only to packets destined to the local RipEX (e.g management traffic, terminalserver sessions etc.) All the remaining packets (frames) are processed transparently by thebridge regardless of their VLAN tags (these are kept untouched). Packets forwarded to the radiointerface are transmitted as broadcasts over the radio channel. Reciprocally, only the packetssourced in the local RipEX are processed according to VLAN setting, i.e. possibly tagged withthe respective VLAN ID. Packets arriving over the radio channel are again transparently forwar-ded, depending on the bridge MAC address table.• ConfigurationList box: On, OffDefault = OffTo create Subnet click on Add Subnet. The new Subnet line appears. Fill in IP/MASK. Unlimitednumber of virtual Ethernet interfaces (Alias IP addresses) can be set.To create VLAN click on Add VLAN.The new VLAN line appears. Each VLAN can have its Subnets. Network overlapping among subnetsis possible. When overlapping, the subnet with the narrowest mask takes effect for respective IP.○Interface.VLAN IDBehind decimal point in ETH0. fill in VLAN ID. Values 1 - 4094 are possible.The first line (Main Ethernet interface) can be also defined as the VLAN. Tick the box and theunit can be “VLAN only”.○PriorityList box: possible valuesDefault = 0 Fixed priority can be assigned to a VLAN frame which is created in outgoing RipEX.Note: Priority Code Point (PCP): a 3-bit field which refers to the IEEE 802.1p priority. It indicatesthe frame priority level. Values are from 0 (best effort) to 7 (highest); 1 represents the lowest115© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
priority. These values can be used to prioritize different classes of traffic (voice, video, data,etc.).○Unit Manag.Tick when RipEX management shall be possible using this VLAN. Make sure Unit Managementis On for one VLAN at least (typically the Eth0). Remember you could lose the connection toyour RipEX.○ARP proxyAvailable only when Operating mode is set to Router.When ticked, the respective interface generates ARP responses for all IP addresses which arerouted to the Radio interface according to the Routing table (in this specific RipEX unit).Be very careful when using this feature, ARP proxy can disable all traffic in the LAN !!!Note 1: When two RipEX units are connected via their Ethernet ports in the same LAN, their IPnetworks defined on Radio interface must not overlap (both units would reply to the same ARPrequest).Note 2: It is highly recommended to activate ARP proxy as the last change when all the othersettings are done.Note 3: Check your routing rules twice – routing within a single LAN requires carefull IP addressplanning to fit as narrow subnet masks as possible for the individual routes.○NoteYou may add a note to each line up to 16 characters long for your convenience. (E.g. “Remoteunit #1 etc.). Following characters are not allowed:" (Double quote)` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)○ActiveYou may tick/untick each line in order to make it active/not active. VLAN is active when at leastone of its subnets is active (even the first line can be inactive).○ModifyAdd Subnet creates the new Subnet line. Add VLAN creates the new VLAN line. Delete deletesrespective line. The VLAN lines can be sorted using up and down arrows.7.3.4. COM's* Active only when Router modeThe COM ports in RipEX are served by special daemons, which are connected to the IP network througha standard Linux socket. Consequently a COM port can be accessed using any of the two IP addresses(either ETH or Radio interface) used in a RipEX and the respective UDP port number. The source IPaddress of outgoing packets from COM ports is equal to IP address of the interface (either Radio orEthernet) through which the packet has been sent. Outgoing interface is determined in Routing tableRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.116Advanced Configuration
according to the destination IP. The default UDP port numbers are COM1 = 8881, COM2 = 8882. Ifnecessary they may be changed using CLI, nevertheless it is recommended to stick to the default valuesbecause of dependencies between different settings (e.g. Protocols) in the network.ImportantUDP port settings is valid only in Router mode. In Bridge mode all packets received by COMport are broadcasted to all COM ports on all RipEXes within the network.Fig. 7.7: Menu COMTypeList box: possible valuesDefault = RS232COM1 is always RS232, COM2 can be configured to either RS232 or RS485.ImportantThe settings of Data rate, Data bits, Parity and Stop bits of COM port and connected devicemust match.Baud rate [bps]List box: standard series of rates from 300 to 115200 bpsDefault = 19200Select Baud rate from the list box: 300 to 115200 bps rates are available.Serial ports use two-level (binary) signaling, so the data rate in bits per second is equal to the symbolrate in baudsData bitsList box: 8, 7Default = 8The number of data bits in each character.ParityList box: None, Odd, Even117© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Default = NoneWikipedia: Parity is a method of detecting errors in transmission. When parity is used with a serialport, an extra data bit is sent with each data character, arranged so that the number of 1-bits in eachcharacter, including the parity bit, is always odd or always even. If a byte is received with the wrongnumber of 1s, then it must have been corrupted. However, an even number of errors can pass theparity check.Stop bitsList box: possible valuesDefault = 1Wikipedia: Stop bits sent at the end of every character allow the receiving signal hardware to detectthe end of a character and to resynchronise with the character stream.Idle [bytes]Default = 5 [0 - 2000]This parameter defines the maximum gap (in bytes) in the received data stream. If the gap exceedsthe value set, the link is considered idle, the received frame is closed and forwarded to the network.MRU [bytes]Default = 1600 [1 - 1600]MRU (Maximum Reception Unit) — an incoming frame is closed at this size even if the stream of bytescontinues. Consequently, a permanent data stream coming to a COM results in a sequence of MRU-sized frames sent over the network.NoteVery long frames (>800 bytes) require good signal conditions on the Radio channeland the probability of a collision increases rapidly with the length of the frames. Hence1.if your application can work with smaller MTU, it is recommended to use values in 200– 400 bytes range.2. This MRU and the MTU in Radio settings are independent. However MTU should begreater or equal to MRU.Flow controlList box: None, RTS/CTSDefault = NoneRTS/CTS (Request To Send / Clear To Send) hardware flow control (handshake) between the DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) and RipEX (DCE - Data Communications Equipment) can be enabled inorder to pause and resume the transmission of data. If RX buffer of RipEX is full, the CTS goes down.Note: RTS/CTS Flow control requires a 5-wire connection to the COM port.Protocol*List box: possible valuesDefault = NoneEach SCADA protocol used on serial interface is more or less unique. The COM port daemon performsconversion to standard UDP datagrams used in RipEX Radio network. Each protocol has its individualRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.118Advanced Configuration
configuration parameters, which are described in separate Help page (accessible from configurationlight box Protocol - click on Protocol, then on Help). Protocol “None” simply discards any data receivedby the COM port or from the network, which means that the respective COM port is virtually disconnectedfrom the RipEX.7.3.5. ProtocolsFig. 7.8: Menu Protocols COMGenerallyEach SCADA protocol like Modbus, DNP3, IEC101, DF1 etc. has its unique message format, mostimportantly its unique way of addresing of remote units. The basic task for protocol utility is to checkwhether received frame is within protocol format and it is not corrupted. Most of the SCADA protocolsare using some type of Error Detection Codes (Checksum, CRC, LRC, BCC, etc.) for data integritycontrol, so RipEX calculates this code and check it with the received one.RipEX radio network works in IP enviroment, so the basic task for Protocol interface utility is to convertSCADA serial packets to UDP datagrams. The Address translation settings are used to define thedestination IP address and UDP port. Then these UDP datagrams are sent to RipEX router, processedthere and they are typically forwarded as unicasts to Radio channel to their destination. When thegateway defined in the Routing table belongs to the Ethernet LAN, UDP datagrams are rather forwardedto the Ethernet interface. After reaching the gateway (typically a RipEX router again), the datagram isforwarded according to the Routing table.NoteEven if UDP datagrams, they can be acknowledged on the Radio channel (ACK parameterof Router mode), however they are not acknowledged on Ethernet.When the UDP datagram reaches its final IP destination, it should be in a RipEX router again (eitherits ETH or Radio interface). It is processed further according its UDP port. It can be delivered to COM1(2)port daemon, where the datagram is decapsulated and the data received on the serial interface of thesource unit are forwarded to COM1(2). The UDP port can also be that of a Terminal server or any119© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
other special protocol daemon on Ethernet like Modbus TCP etc. The datagram is then processed ac-cordingly to the respective settings.RipEX uses a unique, sophisticated protocol on Radio channel. This protocol ensures high probabilityof data delivery. It also guarantees data integrity even under heavy interference or weak signal conditionsdue to the 32 bit CRC used, minimises the probability of collision and retransmits frame when a collisionhappens, etc., etc. These features allow for the most efficient SCADA application arrangements to beused, e.g. multi-master polling and/or spontaneous communication from remote units and/or parallelcommunication between remote units etc.NoteThese Radio protocol features are available only in the Router mode. The Bridge modeis suitable for simple Master-Slave arrangement with a polling-type application protocol.1.2. All timeouts in parameters described below are calculated from time, when packet issent into COM driver, i.e. it includes the transfer time of the packet. Take it into accountespecially when there is a low Baud rate set in COM setings.Common parametersThe parameters described in this section are typical for most protocols.There is only a link to them in description of the respective Protocol.Mode of Connected deviceList box: Master, SlaveDefault = MasterTypical SCADA application follows Master-Slave scheme, where the structure of the message is differentfor Master and Slave SCADA units. Because of that it is necessary to set which type of SCADA unit isconnected to the RipEX.ImportantFor SCADA Master set Master, for SCADA Slave set Slave.•MasterSCADA Master always sends addressed messages to Slaves. The way of addressing is differentfrom SCADA protocol to SCADA protocol, so this is one of the main reasons why an individualProtocol utility in RipEX for each SCADA protocol has to be used.○BroadcastList box: On, OffDefault = OffSome Master SCADA units sends broadcast messages to all Slave units. SCADA applicationtypically uses a specific address for such messages. RipEX (Protocol utility) converts suchmessage to a customized IP broadcast and broadcasts it to all RipEX units resp. to all SCADAunits within the network.If On, the address for broadcast packets in SCADA protocol has to be defined:■Broadcast address format - List box Hex, Dec - format in which broadcast address isdefined.■Broadcast address - address in the defined format (Hex, Dec)○Address translationList box: Table, MaskDefault = MaskRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.120Advanced Configuration
In a SCADA protocol, each SCADA unit has a unique address, a "Protocol address". In RipEXRadio network, each SCADA unit is represented by an IP address (typically that of ETH interface)and a UDP port (that of the protocol daemon or the COM port server to which the SCADA deviceis connected via serial interface).A translation between "Protocol address" and the IP address & UDP port pair has to be done.It can be done either via Table or via Mask.So SCADA message received from serial interface is encapsulated into a UDP/IP datagram,where destination IP address and destination UDP port are defined according the settings ofAddress translation.■MaskTranslation using Mask is simpler to set, however it has some limitations:− all IP addresses used have to be within the same network, which is defined by this Mask− the same UDP port is used for all the SCADA units, which results in the following limitations:− SCADA devices on all sites have to be connected to the same interface (COM1 or COM2)− only one SCADA device to one COM port can be connected, even if the RS485 interfaceis used•Base IPDefault = IP address of ETH interfaceWhen the IP destination address of UDP datagram, in which serial SCADA message re-ceived from COM1(2) is encapsulated, is created, this Base IP is taken as the basis andonly the part defined by Mask is replaced by 'Protocol address'.•MaskDefault = 255.255.255.0A part of Base IP address defined by this Mask is replaced by 'Protocol address'. TheSCADA protocol address is typically 1 Byte, so Mask 255.255.255.0 is most frequentlyused.•UDP port (Interface)List box: COM1,COM2, TS1-TS5, TCPM1, Manual.This UDP port is used as the destination UDP port in UDP datagram in which serialSCADA packet received from COM1(2) is encapsulated. Default UDP ports for COM1,COM2 or Terminal servers 1-5 (TS1-TS5) or Modbus TCP (TCPM1) can be used or UDPport can be set manually. If the destination IP address belongs to a RipEX and the UDPport is not assigned to COM1(2) or to a Terminal server or to any special daemon runningin the destination RipEX, the packet is discarded.■TableThe Address translation is defined in a table. There are no limitations such as when the Masktranslation is used. If there are more SCADA units on RS485 interface, their “Protocol ad-dresses” should be translated to the same IP address and UDP port pair, where the multipleSCADA units are connected. There are 3 possibilities how to fill in the line in the table:− One "Protocol address" to one "IP address" (e.g.: 56 −−> 192.168.20.20)− Interval of "Protocol addresses" to one "IP address" (e.g.: 56 – 62 ===> 192.168.20.20)− Interval of "Protocol addresses" to interval of "IP addresses" (e.g.: 56 – 62 ===>192.168.20.20 – 26). It is possible to write only the start IP and dash, the system will add theend address itself.•Protocol addressThis is the address which is used by SCADA protocol. It may be set either in Hexadecimalor Decimal format according the List box value.Protocol address length can be 1 Byte, only for some protocols, e.g. DNP3 and UNI canalso be 2 Bytes.•IP121© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
IP address to which Protocol address will be translated. This IP address is used as des-tination IP address in UDP datagram in which serial SCADA packet received from COM1(2)is encapsulated.•UDP port (Interface)This is UDP port number which is used as destination UDP port in UDP datagram inwhich the serial SCADA message, received from COM1(2), is encapsulated.•NoteYou may add a note to each address up to 16 characters long for your convenience. (E.g.“Remote unit #1 etc.).•ActiveYou may tick/un-tick each translation line in order to make it active/not active.•ModifyEdit Delete Add buttons allow to edit or to add or to delete a line. The lines can be sortedusing up and down arrows.•SlaveSCADA Slave typically only responds to Master requests, however in some SCADA protocols itcan communicate spontaneously.Messages from serial interface are processed in similar way as at Master site, i.e. they are encap-sulated in UDP datagrams, processed by router inside the RipEX and forwarded to the respectiveinterface, typically to Radio channel.○Broadcast acceptList box: On, OffDefault = OnIf On, broadcast messages from the Master SCADA device to all Slave units are accepted andsent to connected Slave SCADA unit.Protocols implemented:NoneAll received frames from COM port as well as from the RipEX network are discarded.Async linkAsync link creates asynchronous link between two COM ports on different RipEX units. Receivedframes from COM1(2) or from a Terminal server 1-5 are sent without any processing transparently toRadio channel to set IP destination and UDP port. Received frames from Radio channel are sent toCOM1 or COM2 or Terminal server 1-5 according UDP port settings.•Parameters○Destination IPThis is IP address of destination RipEX, either ETH or Radio interface.○UDP port (Interface)This is UDP port number which is used as destination UDP port in UDP datagram in whichpacket received from COM1(2) is encapsulated.C24C24 is a serial polling-type communication protocol used in Master-Slave applications.When a RipEX radio network runs in the Router mode, multiple C24 Masters can be used within oneRadio network and one Slave can be polled by more than one Master.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.122Advanced Configuration
Underlined parameters are described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterAddress translationTableMaskSlave•Protocol framesList box: 1C,2C,3C,4CDefault = 1COne of the possible C24 Protocol frames can be selected.•Frames formatList box: Format1,Format2,Format3,Format4,Format5Default = Format1One of the possible C24 Frames formats can be selected. According to the C24 protocol specification,it is possible to set Frames formats 1-4 for Protocol frames 1C-3C and formats 1-5 for 4C.ImportantThe RipEX accepts only the set Protocol frames and Frames format combination. Allother combinations frames are discarded by the RipEX and not passed to the application.•Local ACKList box: Off, OnDefault = OffAvailable for Protocol frame 1C only. When On, ACK on COM1(2) is send locally from this unit, notover the Radio channel.CactusCactus is a serial polling-type communication protocol used in Master-Slave applications.When a RipEX radio network runs in the Router mode, multiple Cactus Masters can be used withinone Radio network and one Slave can be polled by more than one Master.Underlined parameters are described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterBroadcastNote: There is not the possibility to set Broadcast address, sinceCactus broadcast messages always have the address 0x00. Hencewhen the Broadcast is On, packets with this destination are handledas broadcasts.Address translationTableMask123© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
SlaveBroadcast accept•Max gap timeout [ms]Default = 30The longest time gap for which a frame can be interrupted and still received successfully as oneframe. It should not be set below 10ms, while 15–40 ms should be OK for a typical Cactus protocoldevice.ComliComli is a serial polling-type communication protocol used by Master-Slave application.When RipEX radio network run in Router mode, more Comli Masters can be used within one Radionetwork and one Slave can be polled by more Masters.Broadcasts packets are not used, so the configuration is using only some parameters describedCommon parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterAddress translationTableMaskSlaveDF1Only the full duplex mode of DF1 is supported. Each frame in the Allen-Bradley DF1 protocol containsthe source and destination addresses in its header, so there is no difference between Master and Slavein the Full duplex mode in terms of RipEX configuration.•Block control modeList box: BCC, CRCDefault = BCCAccording to the DF1 specification, either BCC or CRC for Block control mode (data integrity) canbe used.•BroadcastAccording to the DF1 specification, packets for the destination address 0xFF are consideredbroadcasts. Hence when Broadcast is On, packets with this destination are handled as broadcasts.Address translationTableMask•Advanced parameters○ACK LocallyList box: Off, OnDefault = OnIf "On", ACK frames (0x1006)are not transferred over-the-air.When the RipEX receives a data frame from the connected device, it generates the ACK frame(0x1006) locally. When the RipEX receives the data frame from the Radio channel, it sends theRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.124Advanced Configuration
frame to the connected device and waits for the ACK. If the ACK is not received within 1 sec.timeout, RipEX sends ENQ (0x1005). ENQ and ACK are not generated for broadcast packets.DNP3Each frame in the DNP3 protocol contains the source and destination addresses in its header, so thereis no difference between Master and Slave in terms of the RipEX configuration. The DNP3 allows bothMaster-Slave polling as well as spontaneous communication from remote units.•Broadcast - Note: There is not the option to set the Broadcast address, since DNP3 broadcastmessages always have addresses in the range 0xFFFD - 0xFFFF. Hence when Broadcast is On,packets with these destinations are handled as broadcasts.Address translationTableMaskIEC 870-5-101IEC 870-5-101 is a serial polling-type communication protocol used by Master-Slave application.When RipEX radio network run in Router mode, more IEC 870-5-101 Masters can be used within oneRadio network and one Slave can be polled by more Masters.IEC 870-5-101 protocol configuration is using all parameters described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterBroadcast - only On, Off. Protocol broadcast address is not configurable, it is definedby Address mode in Advance parameter (default 0xFF)Address translationTableMaskSlaveBroadcast accept•Advanced parameters○Address modeEven if IEC 870-5-101 is the standard, there are some users which customized this standardaccording their needs. When addressed byte has been moved, RipEX has to read it on thecorrect location.■IEC101Address byte location according to IEC 870-5-101 standard.Broadcast from Master station is generated when address byte is 0xFF.■2B ADDRTwo byte address (IEC 870-5-101 standard is 1 Byte). The frame is 1 Byte longer thanstandard one. There is Intel sequence of bytes: low byte, high byte. Mask Address translationhas to be used, because Table one is limited just to one byte address length.Broadcast from Master station is generated when address is 0xFFFF.■TELEGYRThe Control byte in standard IEC packet is omitted. The frame is 1 Byte shorter than standardone. This is typically used in Telegyr 805/809 protocol.125© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Broadcast from Master station is generated when address byte is 0x00.■SINAUTThe sequence of Address byte and Control byte in the frame is changed-over.Broadcast from Master station is generated when address byte is 0x00.ITT FlygtITT Flygt is a serial polling-type communication protocol used in Master-Slave applications.ITT Flygt protocol configuration uses all parameters described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterBroadcastNote: There is not a possibility to set the Broadcast address, since ITTFlygt broadcast messages always have the address 0xFFFF. Hence whenthe Broadcast is On, packets with this destination are handled as broad-casts.•First Slave AddressDefault = 1Slave addresses are not defined in the ITT Flygt protocol. HoweverSlave addresses have to be defined in the RipEX network. This is theFirst Slave address in decimal format.•Number of SlavesDefault = 1Since the ITT Flygt protocol Master (centre) polls the Slaves (remotes)one by one without any addressing, number of slaves has to be defined.Address translationTableMaskSlaveBroadcast accept•Wait timeout [ms]Default = 5000An ITT Flygt Slave sometimes sends the WAIT COMMAND (0x13) to its Master. The RipEX doesnot accept the next WAIT COMMAND (discards it), till the Wait timeout does not expire. The Re-commended value is in the 1-10 seconds range.ModbusModbus RTU is a serial polling-type communication protocol used by Master-Slave application.When RipEX radio network run in Router mode, more Modbus Masters can be used within one Radionetwork and one Slave can be polled by more Masters.Modbus protocol configuration uses all parameters described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.126Advanced Configuration
BroadcastAddress translationTableMaskSlaveBroadcast acceptProfibusRipEX supports Profibus DP (Process Field Bus, Decentralized Periphery) the widest-spread versionof Profibus. The Profibus protocol configuration uses all parameters described inCommon parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMasterBroadcastAddress translationTableMaskSlaveBroadcast acceptRP570RP570 is a serial polling-type communication protocol used in Master-Slave applications.When a RipEX radio network runs in the Router mode, multiple RP570 Masters can be used withinone Radio network and one Slave can be polled by more than one Master.Underlined parameters are described in Common parameters.Mode of ConnecteddeviceMaster•Local simulation RBList box: Off, OnDefault = OffThe RP570 protocol Master very often transmits the RB packets (hold packets) solely to checkwhether slaves are connected. In order to minimize the Radio channel load, the RipEX can beconfigured to respond to these packets locally and not to transmit them to the slaves over the Radiochannel.If On, the RipEX responds to RB packets received from the RP 570 master locally over the COMinterface. However from time to time (RB period) the RB packets are transferred over the networkin order to check whether the respective slave is still on. When the RB response from the slave tothis RB packet is not received over the Radio channel within the set RB timeout, i.e. the respective127© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
slave is out of order, the central RipEX stops local answering to RB packets from the master for therespective slave.•RB Net period [s]Default = 10The RipEX responds to the RB packets locally and in the set RB period the RB packets are trans-ferred over the network.•RB Net timeout [s]Default = 10 (maximum=8190)Whenever an RB packet is sent over the network, the set RB Net timeout starts. When the RB re-sponse from the remote unit (slave) is not received within the timeout, i.e. the respective slave isout of order, the central RipEX stops the local answering to RB packets from the master for the re-spective slave.Address translationTableMaskSlaveSlave•Local simulation RBList box: Off, OnDefault = OffThe RP570 Slave expects to receive RB packets from the Master. When the Local simulation RBon the Master is On, the RB packets are transferred over the Radio channel only in the RB Netperiod (see Master settings). The Local simulation RB has to be set the same (On or Off) on allsites in the network, i.e. on the master as well as all slaves.If On, the RipEX generates RB packets locally and transmits them over the COM interface in theRB Request period and expects the RB response for each RB packet from the RP570 Slave withinthe RB Response timeout. When the RipEX does not receive the response(s) from the RP570 slave,the RipEX does not respond to the RB packet from the Master which it receives over the Radiochannel.•RB Request period [ms]Default = 200 (maximum=8190)RipEX sends locally RB packets to the connected RTU in the set period.•RB Response timeout [ms]Default = 500 (maximum=8190)The RipEX expects a response to the RB packet within the set timeout. If it is not received, theRipEX does not respond to RB packets from the Master received over the Radio channel.•RTU address (Hex)Default = 01Active only when the Local simulation RB is On. The connected RTU’s address is supposed to befilled in. This address (0x00-0xFF) is used in the RB packets generated locally in the RipEX andtransmitted over the COM.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.128Advanced Configuration
Siemens 3964(R)The 3964 protocol is utilized by the Siemens Company as a Point-to-Point connection between twocontrollers. Meanwhile it has developed into an industry standard that can be found on many devicesas a universal communications interface. 3964R is the same as 3964, in addition it only uses BCC(Block Check Character). 3964(R) handles only the link layer (L2 in OSI model), hence RipEX uses asimilar way to read “SCADA address” as in UNI protocol.There is a handshake STX(0x02) – DLE(Ox10) on the start of communication and DLE+ETX – DLEon the end. This handshake is performed by RipEX locally, it is not transferred over the RipEX network.Communication goes as follows:LocalRTU->STX->LocalRipexLocalRipex->DLE->LocalRTULocalRTU->DATA+DLE+ETX+BCC->LocalRipexLocalRipex->DATA->RemoteRipex*LocalRipex->DLE->LocalRTURemoteRipex->STX->RemoteRTURemoteRTU->DLE->RemoteRipexRemoteRipex->DATA+DLE+ETX+BCC->RemoteRTURemoteRTU->DLE->RemoteRipex* only this packet is transferred over the RipEX network, all the other ones are handled locally.Underlined parameters are described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMaster•Address modeList box: Binary (1 B), Binary (2B LSB first). Binary (2B MSB first).Default = Binary (1 B)RipEX reads the Protocol address in the format and length set (in Bytes).•Address positionSpecify the sequence number of the byte, where the Protocol addressstarts.Note 1: 3964(R) protocol is using escape sequence (control sequence)for DLE(0x10). I.e. when 0x10 is in user data, 0x1010 is sent instead.When address position is calculated, the bytes added by escape se-quence algorithm are not taken into account.Note 2: The first byte in the packet has the sequence number 1, not 0.BroadcastAddress translationTableMaskSlaveBroadcast accept•DLE timeout [ms]129© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Default = 1000 (min. 300, max. 8190)RipEX expects a response (DLE) from the connected device (RTU) within the set timeout. If it isnot received, RipEX repeats the frame according to the “Retries” setting.•Retries [No]Default = 3 (min. 0, max. 7)When DLE timeout is „On“, and DLE packet is not received from the connected device (RTU)within the set DLE timeout, RipEX retransmits the frame. The number of possible retries is specified.•PriorityList box: Low, HighDefault = LowWhen the equipment sends STX and receives STX instead of DLE, there is a collision, bothequipments want to start communication. In such a case, one unit has to have a priority. If the Pri-ority is High, RipEX waits for DLE. When it is Low, RipEX send DLE.Note: Obviously, two pieces of equipment which are communicating together must be set so thatone has High priority and the other has Low.•BCCList box: On, OffDefault = OnBCC (Block Check Character) is a control byte used for data integrity control, it makes the reliabilityhigher. BCC is used by 3964R, 3964 does not use it.RipEX checks (calculates itself) this byte while receiving a packet on COM. RipEX transmits DLE(accepts the frame) only when the check result is OK. BCC byte is not transferred over the RipEXnetwork, it is calculated locally in the end RipEX and appended to the received data.SLIPSLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) allows the Internet Protocol3(IP), normally used on Ethernet4, tobe used over a serial line5. SLIP modifies a standard IP packet by prepending and appending a specialSLIP END character to it, which allows packets to be distinguished as separate. SLIP requires a COMport configuration of 8 data bits, no parity6and flow control7. SLIP does not provide error detection8,being reliant on other high-layer protocols for this. A SLIP connection needs to have its IP address9configuration set each time before it is established.•Local IPIP address assigned to COM port (local point of SLIP protocol) used for p-t-p communication withConnected device. It has to be within the subnet defined by Peer IP and Peer IP mask.•Peer IPThis is IP address of Connected device (remote point of SLIP protocol) on the other end of RS232.•Peer IP maskPeer IP and Peer IP mask defines Subnet, which is routed into SLIP on respective COM.3http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Internet%20Protocol4http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ethernet5http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/serial%20line6http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parity7http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hardware%20flow%20control8http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/error%20detection9http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/IP%20addressRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.130Advanced Configuration
Note: Peer IP and Peer IP mask defines IP subnet which is automatically routed to respective COM.This subnet can not overlap with any other subnet in RipEX defined on Radio, ETH or VLAN.UNIUNI is the "Universal" protocol utility designed by RACOM. It is supposed to be used when the applic-ation protocol is not in the RipEX list and the addressed mode of communication is preferable in thenetwork (which is a typical scenario). The key condition is that messages generated by the Masterapplication device always contain the respective Slave address and that address (or its relevant part)position, relative to the beginning of the message (packet, frame), is always the same (Address position).Generally two communication modes are typical for UNI protocol: In the first one, communication hasto be always initiated by the Master and only one response to a request is supported; in the secondmode, Master-Master communication or combination of UNI protocol with ASYNC LINK protocol andspontaneous packets generation on remote sites are possible.The UNI protocol is fully transparent, i.e. all messages are transported and delivered in full, withoutany modifications.Underlined parameters are described in Common parameters.Mode of Connected deviceMaster•Address modeList box: Binary (1 B), ASCII (2 B), Binary (2B LSB first). Binary (2BMSB first).Default = Binary (1 B)RipEX reads the Protocol address in the format and length set (in Bytes).The ASCII 2-Byte format is read as 2-character hexadecimal represent-ation of one-byte value. E.g. ASCII characters AB are read as 0xABhex (10101011 binary, 171 decimal) value.•Address positionSpecify the sequence number of the byte, where the Protocol addressstarts. Note that the first byte in the packet has the sequence number1, not 0.•Address mask (Hex)When the Address mode is Binary 2 Bytes, a 16-bit value is read fromthe SCADA protocol message according to the Address mode setting(either the MSB or the LSB first), The resulting value is then bit-maskedby the Address mask and used as the input value for SCADA to IP ad-dress translation (e.g. by a table). The default value of the Addressmask is FFFF, hence the full 16-bit value is used by default.Example:The Address mode is set to Binary (2B LSB first), the Address mask isset to 7FF0 and the Address position is set to 2. The SCADA messagestarts with bytes (in hex) 02 DA 92 C3 .. The 2-Byte address is read as0x92DA (note the LSB came first in the message), Then 0x7FF0 maskis applied and the resulting value 0x12D0 (0x92DA & 0x7FF0) is usedas the input for the translation.•Poll response control131© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
List box: On, OffDefault = OnOn – The Master accepts only one response per a request and it mustcome from the the specific remote to which the request has been sent.All other packets are discarded. This applies to the Master - Slavecommunication scheme.Note: It may happen, that a response from a slave (No.1) is deliveredafter the respective timeout expired and the Master generates the re-quest for the next slave (No.2) in the meantime. In such case the delayedresponse from No.1 would have been considered as the response fromNo.2. When Poll response control is On, the delayed response from theslave No.1 is discarded and the Master stays ready for the responsefrom No.2.Off – The Master does not check packets incoming from the RF channel- all packets are passed to the application, including broadcasts . Thatallows E.g. spontaneous packets to be generated at remote sites. Thismode is suitable for Master-Master communication scheme or a com-bination of the UNI and ASYNC LINK protocols.BroadcastAddress translationTableMaskSlaveBroadcast acceptRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.132Advanced Configuration
7.4. RoutingRouting table is active only when Router mode (Settings/Device/Operating mode) is set. In such acase RipEX works as a standard IP router with 2 independent interfaces: Radio and ETH. Each interfacehas its own MAC address, IP address and Mask. IP packets are then processed according the Routingtable.Unlimited number of Subnets and VLAN’s can be defined on the ETH interface, menu Set-tings/Device/ARP proxy & VLAN. They are routed independently.The COM ports are treated in the standard way as router devices, messages can be delivered to themas UDP datagrams to selected UDP port numbers. Destination IP address of COM port is either IP ofETH or IP of Radio interfaces. The source IP address of outgoing packets from COM ports is equal toIP address of interface (either Radio or Ethernet) through packet has been sent. Outgoing interface isdetermined in Routing table according the destination IP.The IP addressing scheme can be chosen arbitrarily, only 127.0.0.0/8 and 192.0.2.233/30 and192.0.2.228/30 restriction applies. It may happen that also the subsequent addresses from the192.0.2.0/24 subnet according RFC5737 may be reserved for internal usage in the future.7.4.1. Menu RoutingFig. 7.9: Menu RoutingInterfacesRadioIP address and Mask define the IP network (Radio LAN) within RipEX can communicate directly overthe Radio channel, however the radio repeater (defined as the gateway in the route) can be used. Allunits which are supposed to communicate directly have to be within the same Radio LAN.ETHIP address and Mask define the IP network (LAN) in which RipEX can communicate directly over theEthernet. All devices which should be accessible directly have to be within the same LAN.If Subnets (Aliases) or VLAN’s are defined (menu Settings/Device/ARP proxy & VLAN) you can seethem by clicking on VLAN & Subnets on the right side.133© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
RoutesDestination, Mask, GatewayEach IP packet, received by RipEX through any interface (Radio, ETH, COM1 or COM2), has got adestination IP address. RipEX (router) forwards the received packet either directly to the destinationIP address or to the respective Gateway, according to the Routing table. Any Gateway has to be withinthe network defined by IP and Mask of one of the interfaces (Radio, ETH), otherwise the packet isdiscarded.Each line in the routing table defines a Gateway (the route, the next hop) for the network (group ofaddresses) defined by Destination IP and Mask. When the Gateway for the respective destination IPaddress is not found in the Routing table, the packet is forwarded to the Default gateway. When Defaultgateway is not defined (0.0.0.0), the packet is discarded.The network (Destination and Mask) can by specified in both formats. Either 10.11.12.13/24 in Destin-ation or 10.11.12.13 in Destination and 255.255.255.0. in Mask columns. RipEX displays and convertsboth formats. There is also a balloon tip while the cursor is in the specific line on the Mask. It showswhich IP addresses are included in the network which is routed to the respective Gateway.Note: Networks defined by IP and Mask for Radio and ETH interfaces must not overlap.BackupList box: possible valuesDefault = OffAny Backup route defined in Backup table can be assigned to a specific route. In such a case Gatewayin the respective line of Routes table turns grey and serves only for information regarding which gatewayfrom alternative ones (defined in Backup table) is active. The same Backup can be assigned for differentroutes.NoteYou may add a note to each route with your comments up to 16 characters (only ASCII is supported)for your convenience. (E.g. “Central station” etc.). Following characters are not allowed:" (Double quote)` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)ActiveYou may tick/un-tick each route in order to make it active/not active. This feature is advantageous e.g.when one needs to redirect some route temporarily. When Default GW is un-ticked to not active, itsGateway is set to 0.0.0.0 and Backup is set to Off. The other lines keep their settings even when not-active.ModifyDelete and Add buttons allow to delete or add a line. One may order the lines using up and down arrows.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.134Advanced Configuration
BackupRipEX is capable to test path between two RipEX IP addresses (even behind a repeater or LAN). Whenthe connection fails, RipEX automatically uses alternative gateway(s) defined in the Alternative pathscolumn with the priority according to the line sequence. The system always tries to use the route withthe highest priority, e.g. automatically switches back when the failed route starts to work.Hello packets are used for path testing. Each direction (back and forth) is tested independently, i.e. therouting can be non-symmetrical. Data in the transmitted Hello packet carry the information about receivedHello packets from the counterpart (Peer IP). The path is evaluated as the good one, when Hellopackets from counterpart (carried the info, that counterpart successfully received „my” Hello packets)are received. i.e. each side decides itself which outbound route (gateway) will be used.Backup path status is displayed: Up – green background, Down – red background, Unknown – yellowbackground, Currently used – bold.•NameYou can name Backup path as per your choice. The name can be up to 16 characters long for yourconvenience. (E.g. “Remote unit #1 etc.). Following characters are not allowed:" (Double quote)` (Grave accent)\ (Backslash)$ (Dollar symbol); (Semicolon)•Hysteresis [s]Alterative path is kept for the time set in order to avoid chaotic switching among different paths underunstable conditions.•SNMP TrapWhen ticked, SNMP Trap is sent whenever there is a change in the path status: Up, Down, Unknown,Currently used.•Peer IPIP address of the RipEX (either its Radio or Ethernet interface) on the remote end of the Backuppath (Hello packet is sent there). Only RipEX IP of Radio or the main Ethernet interface can beused, no Subnets.Note: Do not forget to set correct routing to „Peer IP“ for Hello packets.•GatewayMore Gateways (alternatives) can be defined for one Backup path. When the path using the first(highest priority) Gateway fails, the next one (defined on the next line) is automatically used. Gatewaydisplayed in Bold is currently used.•PolicyPolicy defines the conditions for switching to the alternative gateway.•ParametersList box: Default, Manual,Default = Default•Default – Default (recommended) values are set and can not be edited.•Manual – Values can be set manually.○Hello packet period [s]Default = 60 sec, [Max=3600]When the set period expires, the next Hello packet is transmitted. To avoid the collisions, thereis a jitter of approx. 5%.○Hello packet success rate [%]135© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
List box: possible valuesDefault = 87.5When a lower percentage of Hello packets than set has been delivered to the counterpart, theunit switches to the next alternative gateway in the line. (The info about successfully deliveredoutbound Hello packets are carried by received Hello packets)○RSS [-dBm]Default = Off [255= Off]Hello packets carry the info about average RSS (saved in respective Statistic table) on eachradio hop on its way. When any RSS on the way is lower than the set one, the unit switches tothe next alternative gateway in the line. Each individual packet is evaluated.○Lower priority paths checkingList box: On/OffDefault = OnIf On, all alternative routes are checked, including the lower priority ones (Hello packets aretransmitted). Advantage – if active route fails, system switches only to functional alternative.Disadvantage – when e.g. GSM for backup is used, Hello packets used for testing are charged.Routes with a higher priority than the active one are always tested.Note 1: the number of Backup paths is not limited. The number of Alternative routes is min.2 and max.16 (active ones). There can be more than 16 Alternative routes defined, only active ones are checked.Note 2: When Optimization (Settings/Radio/Optimization) is “On”, UDP packets with both source anddestination port 8886 are not transferred over the network, they are discarded in end RipEX. UDPpackets with source port 8903 are not optimized, even if Optimization is “On”.Note 3: When SW key Backup routes or Master key expires, Backup path configuration is lost.Buttons•Apply - applies and saves the changes.•Cancel - restores original values.•Find - finds (highlights the respective line in the table) the route for a specific IP address if exists.•Check routing - highlights duplicate routes for specific IP if they exist.•Backup status - refresh the status of backup routes (Good, Failure, Unknown, Currently used)RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.136Advanced Configuration
7.5. Diagnostic7.5.1. Neighbours and StatisticFig. 7.10: Menu NeighboursNeighbours and Statistics follow the same pattern.Most importantly, they share a common time frame. One Log save period and one Difference log (pairof Clear and Display buttons) apply to both logs.For both logs there is a history of 20 log files available, so the total history of saved values is 20 days(assuming the default value of 1440 min. is used as Log save period). The files are organized in a ringbuffer. Whenever a new file is opened or the Operating mode is changed, the numbers of files areshifted, i.e. 0->1, 1->2, etc.Then both the Neighbours and the Statistic log values are accumulated and weight-averaged over thewhole Log save period (one day by default). Hence a fresh change in a traffic pattern is not completelyaveraged out when the recent log is e.g. 23 hours long.When a fresh and shorter sample of the log values is needed, there is a Difference log available. Ituses an independent buffer for data and can be cleared and displayed anytime.ButtonsAll buttons are common for both logs, Neighbours and Statistic:•Save button – the log is manually saved, stored in the history file and cleared. This equals to situationwhen the Log save period expires. When the Operating mode (Bridge / Router) is changed, the logis also Saved.Note: Remember that both the Neighbours and Statistic logs are saved.• DifferenceClear button – when pressed, the Difference log is cleared. The standard Neighbour and Statisticlogs are not touched. Similarly, when the Log save period expires and the Neighbour and Statisticlogs are cleared, the values in Difference log are not touched.Note: Remember that both Neighbours and Statistic logs are cleared.Display button – displays values of the Difference log, i.e. the values accumulated from time whenthe Set button has been pressed.137© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
Notice, that the Log start, Last upd. and Log uptime labels at the top change to Diff. start, Diff. upd.and Diff. uptime when the Difference log is displayed. They show the respective values for Differencelog.• HistoryThere is a possibility to display history logs using standard buttons. They are placed on the left sideof the button bar. The Refresh button displays the latest log values.Top bar•Date Information about the actual date and time in the RipEX. It can be set in Settings/Device/Timemenu.•Log startDate and time when the log has been cleared and started.The log is cleared and started when Log save period expires or when Save buton is pressed orwhen power is switched On.•Last updateDate and time when log has been displayed. For actual values click the Refresh button.•Log uptimeThe difference between Log start and Last update.•Log Save periodIt redirects to Settings/Device/Neighbours&Statistics where Statistic&Neighbours log save periodcan be set.Also the Watched values broadcasting period can be set there. This is a period in which RipEXperiodically broadcasts its Watched values to neighbouring units, where they are saved and canbe displayed in the Neighbours table.NeighboursNeighbours log provides information about neighbouring units (Neighbour = RipEX, which can be ac-cessed directly over the radio channel, i.e. without a repeater).Protocol on Radio channel uses MAC addresses. A unit can learn the IP address of its neighbour onlywhen it receives its broadcast of Watched values (it contains both MAC and IP addresses). Thus whenWatched values broadcasting is Off in a Neighbour (Settings/Device/Neighbours&Statistics), there isMAC address on the respective line in the Neighbours table. When a known IP adress of a Neighbourchanges, the unit cumulates data to the old IP address till it receives the next Watched values broadcast.Maximum number of Neighbours listed in the table is 100. If this number is exceeded, the least signi-ficant Neighbour is omitted. The first criterion is whether this RipEX communicates with the Neighbourand the second criterion is the RSS level.Neighbours TableGenerally:• there are balloon tips with on line help for column names• the table can be sorted (descending/ascending) by any column, by clicking the column name•two values are displayed for each item: Last and Average. Last is the last value received, the Averageis a running average over all values received since the start of the log. The values received morerecently weigh up to 50% more in the average than the earlier ones.• if a value in the table is underlined, it is a link to Graphs• green background indicates, that the item is monitored for alarm and its average value is within the“normal” range (Settings/Device/Alarm management)RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.138Advanced Configuration
• red background indicates, that the item is monitored for alarm and its average value is in the alarmrange (Settings/Device/Alarm management)• when the value of RSS, DQ, Ucc, Temp, PWR, VSWR is not known, N/A is displayed. These N/Avalues are not displayed in Graphs•Ucc, Temp, PWR, VSWR are refreshed every 1s. The other values in both, Neighbours and Statisticstables are refreshed every 20s• IP addresses:○Bridge modeDue to broadcast pattern of traffic in Radio channel, all frames generated by user application(s)cumulate in one line in the Neighbour table. When diagnostic or service frames (e.g. Watchedvalues) are transmitted in the network, they are listed in separate lines, distinguished by IP ad-dress of their respective Ethernet interfaces.○Router modeMAC addresses of Radio interface are used for link layer communication on Radio channel.When RipEX knows the IP address corresponding with the MAC address (the IP has been thedestination IP of a packet transferred), IP address is displayed. If the IP address is not known,the MAC address is displayed.The first three columns are logged by the receiving RipEX itself.○Received headers [Count]Total number of frame headers received from the respective RipEX.○RSS [dBm]Received Signal Strength.○DQData Quality of received frames. The DQ value is about proportional to BER (bit error ratio) andabout independent of the data rate and modulation used. Consequently when data rate is lowered,the DQ value increases and the other way round. Judging the DQ values requires experience,rule-of-thumb figures are as followsvalues: DQ below 100 means the link is unusable, aroundt125 short packets starthould getting through, about 160 and above can be considered “good”values.The remaining columns contain values broadcasted by neighbouring units in their Watched valuesbroadcasting periods(Settings/Device/Neighbours&Statistics).○TxLost [%]The probability of a transmitted frame being lost (100 * Lost frames / All transmitted frames).This value is broadcasted only when Router mode is used and ACK is On.○Ucc [V]Power voltage measured on power input.○Temp [°C]Temperature inside of the RipEX.○PWR [W]The actual value of Radio output power measured by RipEX itself.○VSWRVoltage Standing Wave Ratio (1.0=best, 1.0–1.8=acceptable, >2.5=indicates a serious problemin antenna or feeder)○Packets [Rx/Tx]The total number of packets received from / transmitted to ETH, COM1, COM2 interfaces.Can be used for interface activity diagnostic.139© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
StatisticFig. 7.11: Menu StatisticStatistic log provides information about communication on all interfaces: Radio, ETH, COM1, COM2and ETH Protocols (Modus TCP, Terminal servers, TCP proxy). VLAN packets are part of ETH.Balloon tips provide on line help for all column names. These tips explain the meanings and the wayof calculation of individual values.Meaning of IP addresses listed:Rx - for received (Rx) packets, the IP source address from UDP header is displayed. Values in DATApart of the table are calculated for this source IP (origin), values in RADIO PROTOCOL part are for thelast radio hop.Tx - for transmitted (Tx) packets, the IP destination address from UDP header is displayed. Values inDATA part of the table are calculated for this destination IP (final destination), values in RADIO PRO-TOCOL part are for the next radio hop.NoteRemember that the IP source and IP destination addresses of user IP packets are notthe IP addresses of RipEXes who transport them.1.2. ETH Protocol packets for TCP proxy are counted on "TCP socket", i.e. between RipEXEthernet and Host device. Rx from Host device to RipEX, Tx from RipEX to Host.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.140Advanced Configuration
7.5.2. GraphsGraphs functions as well as meanings of Overview,Detail,Sampling period are described in thehelp Settings/Device.Fig. 7.12: Menu Graphs•Sampling periodHere just for information, to be set in Settings/Graphs.•File periodFile period corresponds to the time, for which the values have been recorded in the file. The 60samples per graph file result in (depending on the Sampling period) 60 (2d 11:00:00), 120 (4d23:00:00), 240 (9d 23:00:00) or 720 (29d 23:00:00) hours recorded in each file.•Available filesList box: possible valuesDefault = the newest fileThere is a list of files, which are saved in RipEX and which can be displayed. Date and time corres-ponds with the start of the file.•1st IPList box: possible valuesDefault = This unit141© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
List of IP addresses of RipEX units from which the graph values are available. The list of recordedunits can be set in Settings/Device/Graphs. More in help Settings/Device.•1st lineList box: possible valuesDefault = TxLostThere is a list of values, which can be displayed. These values are also recorded in Neighbours orStatistic files. Their meanings can be found in help Neighbours&Statistic.•2nd IP, 2nd lineIt is possible to display two values from the same unit or from two different ones.•Show thresholdsYou can show thresholds for the displayed value which are set in the unit (Settings/Device/Alarmmanagement).When graph file is opened and threshold values are changed, new values are displayed in the nextgraph file. Present graph works till the end of its range threshold values set when started.•AlarmWhen displayed value is out of threshold, a red line on the bottom of the graph is shown with itsdate and time displayed in a balloon tip.•HistoryThere is a possibility to change displayed file(s) using standard buttons (Previous 10…6 5 4 .. Next).They are placed below the graph.•ButtonsRefresh - complete refresh of the screen, i.e. also files in list boxes are updatedDisplay - displays/refresh ONLY data in graph according to current settings aboveStart/Stop - only for Detail graph. Active (displayed on the screen) when Detail Graph start (to beset in Settings/Graphs) is set to Single. Start button activates the sampling. Stop button can closethe file before 60 samples are saved.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.142Advanced Configuration
7.5.3. ToolsPingFig. 7.13: Menu PingPing (Packet InterNet Groper) is a utility used to test the reachability of a particular host on an IP network.It operates by sending echo request packets to the target host and waiting for an echo response. Inthe process it measures the rtt (round trip time - the time from transmission to reception) and recordsany packet loss.The source IP address of Ping in RipEX is always the IP address of Radio interface.While using Ping, be sure that correct routing between source and destination IP addresses exists.Also pinged device has to have ICMP echo response enabled. RipEX has the ICMP echo responsealways enabled.ImportantPing utility generates on-line report each 2 seconds while you are connected to Local unitand each 10 sec. while it is generated from Remote unit and it is transffered over Radiochannel.143© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
■Ping TypeList box: ICMP, RSSDefault = RSS○ICMPThis is a standard ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) ping. It can be used against eitherRipEX or any device connected to RipEX Radio network.○RSSRSS Ping Type uses a special UDP packets and provides extension report which includes:• RSS and DQ information for each radio hop for each individual ping•RSS and DQ statistic (average, min., max.) for radio hop with the lowest RSS in both directions• Histogram of rtt of pings divided to 5 intervals• Load and Throughput• PER (Packet Error Rate)• BER (Bit Error Rate)■DestinationDefault = 127.0.0.1Destination IP address■Length [bytes]Default = 80The length of user data, the range from 8 to 4096 Byte. Some overhead to this Length is alwaysadded like these:ICMP - 28 bytesRSS - 43 bytes for IP+UDP+RACOM header + 8 bytes (Trace-RSS and DQ) per each radio hop +4 bytes (marking in server)RSS ping can not be longer than 3/4 MTU.■CountDefault = 5Number of pings to be transmitted. The allowed range is from 1 to 1024.■Period [ms]Default = 1000When this Period expires, the next Ping is transmitted. The range is from 1000 (1 sec.) to 3600000(1 hour).■Timeout [ms]Default = 10000Timeout from 1000 (1 sec.) to 3600000 (1 hour).When ping (the response) is not received within this timeout, it is counted as lost.■ReportA short report is generated in run-time for each individual ping packet. When the Ping utility isstopped, an overall statistic report is displayed.○ICMPStandard Linux ping reports are provided:•Run-time report:"88 bytes from 192.168.131.243: icmp_req=1 ttl=63 time=360 ms"88 bytes = total packet lenght192.168.131.243 = destination IPicmp_req = ping sequence numberttl = time to live, max. number of hops (passing through router) of the packet in the networkRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.144Advanced Configuration
time = rtt (round trip time), the time from transmission of ICMP echo request to reception ofICMP echo response•Statistic report:"5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4002ms""rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 327.229/377.519/462.590/45.516 ms"time = total time of ping utility (From Start to Stop buttons)rtt min/avg/max/mdev = round trip time, minimal/average/maximal/standard deviation○RSS•Run-time report:"131 bytes from 192.168.131.243: seq=1 rtt=0.805s""10.10.10.241-->10.10.10.242 :56/209[RSS/DQ]-->10.10.10.243:51/225[RSS/DQ]-->192.168.131.243""192.168.131.243-->10.10.10.242 :46/214[RSS/DQ]-->10.10.10.241 :57/213[RSS/DQ]-->10.10.10.241"131 bytes = RSS packet size (RACOM header + data + trace)10.10.10.242 = repeater IP192.168.131.243 = destination IPseq = ping sequence numberrtt = round trip time, the time from transmission to reception•Statistic report:"5 packet(s) transmitted, 5 received, 0.00% packet loss (0 corrupted), time 4.48 sec""rtt: min/avg/max/mdev = 0.371/0.483/0.805/0.166 sec."corrupted = number of packets which have been received (UDP header is OK) neverthelesstheir data have been corrupted (CRC over data is not OK)time = the total time of ping utility (From Start to Stop buttons)rtt min/avg/max/mdev = round trip time, minimal/average/maximal/standard deviation"Load: 1098 bps""Throughput: 1098 bps"Load = the load generated by Ping utilityThroughput = the througput provided by Radio network"PER: 0.00% round trip, 0.00% one-way""BER: 0.00% round trip, 0.00% one-way"PER - Packet Error Rate, i.e. the probability of a packet being lost. It is calculated for boththe whole round trip and a one-way trip.BER - Bit Error Rate, the probability of one bit received with incorrect value. Only packets,no bits can be lost in packet radio network. When a single bit is received wrong, the wholepacket is lost. The BER is calculated from the PER based on this assumption."Radio hop with lowest RSS – direction to Destination""RSS: 56.0/56.8/58.0/0.7 min/avg/max/mdev""DQ : 208.0/219.0/232.0/9.4 min/avg/max/mdev""Radio hop with lowest RSS – direction from Destination""RSS: 56.0/56.4/57.0/0.5 min/avg/max/mdev""DQ : 208.0/216.2/223.0/5.3 min/avg/max/mdev"There is RSS (Received Signal Strenght) and DQ (Data Quality) information from the radiohop with lowest RSS, separately for both directions (To and From the destination RipEX).The mdev values for both the RSS and DQ are provided, giving idea on signal homogeneity.The lower values are recorded, the more reliable the link should be. The “Homogenity” showsthe jitter of RSS values from individual pings.145© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
"rtt histogram (time interval in sec.: %, count)"" 0.000 - 2.500: 100.00% 5" XXXXXXXXXX" 2.500 - 5.000: 0.00% 0"" 5.000 - 7.500: 0.00% 0"" 7.500 - 10.000: 0.00% 0""10.000 - inf: 0.00% 0"There is the distribution of rtt (round trip times) of received pings. Time intervals in the tableare 1/4 of the Timeout set in ping parameters. The XXXX... characters at the end of the lineform a simple bar chart.■ButtonsStart - starts pingingStop - stops pinging, Statistic report is displayed afterwardsClear - clears the reports on the screenMonitoringFig. 7.14: Menu MonitoringMonitoring is an advanced on-line diagnostic tool, which enables a detailed analysis of communicationover any of the interfaces of a RipEX router. In addition to all the physical interfaces (RADIO, ETH,RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.146Advanced Configuration
COM1, COM2), some internal interfaces between software modules can be monitored when such ad-vanced diagnostics is needed.Monitoring output can be viewed on-line or saved to a file in the RipEX (e.g. a remote RipEX) anddownloaded later.Description of internal interfaces can be found below.■InterfacesTick boxes:RADIO, COM1, COM2, ETH, InternalWhen ticked, the setting for the respective interface(s) is enabled. When the "Internal" interface isticked, another set of interface tick-boxes appears as follows:Internal:RADIO, COM1, COM2, TS1, TS2, TS3, TS4, TS5, Modbus TCP, TCP proxyWhen ticked, the setting for the respective internal interface(s) is enabled (see the description below).■Common parameters for all interfaces:○Rx TxTick boxes.When ticked, packets (frames, messages) coming in the respective direction are monitored. Apacket is considered a Tx one when it comes out from the respective software module (e.g.RADIO or Terminal Server) and vice versa. When an external interface (e.g. COM:phy) ismonitored, the Tx also means packets being transmitted from the RipEX over the respectiveinterface (Rx means "received"). Understanding the directions over the internal interfaces maynot be that straightforward, please consult the diagram below for clarification.Please note the separate monitoring of Rx or Tx frames is not possible at the ETH interface.○DisplayList box: HEX, HEX+ASCII, ASCIIDefault = HEXThe format of monitoring output.○Offset [bytes]Default = 0Number of bytes from the beginning of packet/frame, which will not be displayed. The Lengthof bytes will be displayed starting from the immediately next byte.This feature is not available at the ETH interface.○Length [bytes]Default = 100Number of bytes, which will be displayed from each packet/frame.Example: Offset=2, Length=4 means, that bytes from the 3rd byte to the 6th (inclusive) will bedisplayed:Data (HEX): 01AB3798A28593CD6B96Monitoring output: ... 3798A285 ...■Filter parameters for IP/ARP packets(available for RADIO, ETH and Internal RADIO (router), COMn(router), TSn(router), ModbusTCP(router), TCP proxy (TCP), TCP proxy(router)):○IP srcIP source address range in the following format: aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd/mask147© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
○IP dstIP destination address range in the following format: aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd/mask○Port srcTCP/UDP source port (range) in the following format: aaaa(-bbbb)○Port dstTCP/UDP destination port (range) in the following format: aaaa(-bbbb)○Include reverseTick box.When ticked, the frames defined by the IP src (or the IP dst) and the Port src (or the Port dst)will be displayed from both route directions, i.e. any „src“ value is used as a „dst“ as well (andvice-versa) by the filter.○Protocol type(available for RADIO, ETH and Internal RADIO (router))Tick boxes for displaying specific protocols only. "Other" means displaying everything exceptthe four listed protocols (even non-IP frames in case of the RADIO interface).■Interface specific parameters – RADIO○Radio IP srcThe Radio IP source address of the frame has to be within the range defined:aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd/mask.○Radio IP dstThe Radio IP destination address of the frame has to be within the range defined:aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd/mask.○Headers:List box: None, Radio Link, Data Coding, BothDefault = None• None – only the Radio Link Protocol data is displayed• Radio Link – Radio Link Control Header is displayed. It contains e.g. frame type, No., RadioMAC addresses etc.• Data Coding – Data Coding Header is displayed. It contains information on data part com-pression, fragmentation and encryption.• Both – Both the above mentioned headers are displayed.Note: that it may be quite difficult to locate the original payload in the data part of a Radio LinkProtocol frame. Depending on the operation mode (Bridge vs. Router) and the interface usedby the application (ETH, COM, Terminal Server...), different protocol headers (ETH, IP, UDP...)may be present and the whole data part may be compressed and encrypted.○Promiscuous mode:List box: On, OffDefault = Off• Off – only frames which are normally received by this unit, i.e. frames whose Radio IP des-tination equals to Radio IP address of this RipEX unit and broadcast frames are processedfurther by monitoring filters.• On – all frames detected on the Radio channel are passed to monitoring filters○Link Control FramesRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.148Advanced Configuration
List box: On, OffDefault = Off• Off – Radio Link Control Frames (e.g. ACK frames) are never displayed.• On – Radio Link Control Frames which pass the other monitoring filters are displayed○Bridge mode○Router modeTick boxes.When RADIO interface is in the Promiscuous mode, the unit is capable to monitor (receive) theframes which are transmitted in different operation modes (Bridge x Router) from the one set inthis unit. Although such frames cannot be fully analysed by the monitoring engine, their contentis displayed when the corresponding mode tick box is ticked. Note that only the applicable tickbox is visible, i.e. when Operating mode is Router, than Bridge mode tick box and vice versa.○Rx streamTick box.When ticked, received stream mode frames are included in the monitoring output. Applies toBridge mode with Stream mode frame closing only. Warning : Stream mode traffic typicallyconsists of large number of short frames, hence excessive amount of monitoring data may begenerated. Note that TX frames in stream mode are not monitored.○Corrupted framesTick box.Default = TickedWhen un-ticked, the corrupted ("header CRC error", "data CRC error", etc.) received frames arenot displayed. This may be useful when the communication in the channel is heavily disturbedby interference or noise, resulting in „garbage“ messages which can make the monitoring outputdifficult to read.■Interface specific parameters - ETH○ETH HeadersList box: On, OffDefault = OffWhen On, the ETH header is included in the monitoring output. Otherwise only the IP packet isdisplayed.Note: When VLAN ID of VLAN packets is required to be displayed, ETH Headers must be "On".○Management trafficList box: On, OffDefault=OffWhen Off, datagrams to and from HTTPS, HTTP and SSH ports in this unit are not monitored.This avoids monitoring loop under normal circumstances, i.e. when the on-line monitoring isviewed on local PC connected via the ETH interface.○Advanced parameters:User ruleThe standard tcpdump program is used for ETH monitoring. An arbitrary user rule in tcpdumpsyntax can be written in the text box. The rule is then added after the rules generated fromthe filters set for the ETH interface on this web page.Note: Not all general rules are supported. When unsupported or wrong syntaxes are used,the warning (ETH monitoring terminated. Invalid tcpdump parameters?) will be displayed.149© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
■Internal - RADIO (router):○Headers:List box: None, Packet (IP), Frame (ETH)Default: None• None – Only the payload data is displayed, e.g. the data part of a UDP datagram.• Packet (IP) – Headers up to Packet layer are included, i.e. the full IP packet is displayed.• Frame (ETH) – The full Ethernet frame is displayed, i.e. including the ETH header■Monitoring output control○Show time diff.Tick box.Default = UntickedWhen ticked, the time difference between subsequent packets is displayed in the monitoringoutput.○File periodList box: 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 3 hours, 24 hours, OffDefault = 5 min○File sizeList box: 1 KB, 10 KB, 50 KB, 100 KB, 500 KB, 1 MB, max (~2 MB)Default = 100 KBUpon clicking the File start button, the file is cleared and the monitoring output is copied into it.When the selected File period expires or the File size has been reached, whichever event occursfirst, the file is closed and left waiting to be downloaded later. The start and stop of monitoringto file is independent of the on-line monitoring, i.e. the monitoring output is recorded even whenthe on-line monitoring is stopped.■ButtonsButtons located at the bottom of the monitoring screen come in two groups:left: Start,Stop,Clear buttons, which control the on-line monitoring, andright: File Start,File Stop,File Status,Download buttons, which control the recording into thefile.The two processes can be started/stopped by the respective buttons independently any time. Onlyone of the Start/Stop (File Start/File Stop) button pair is accessible at a time, depending on thestatus of the respective monitoring process (the other button is gray).The Clear button clears the screen with on-line monitoring output, even when the monitoring isrunning at the moment.The File Status button refreshes the status of the file which is stored in RipEX and of the recordingprocess. It is recommended to use this button whenever you can not be sure whether your browseris synchronized with the server in the RipEX.The Download button invokes the Download File dialog.Whenever the Start or File Start button is activated, the current settings of the monitoring fromyour web page are applied. When you change any setting on the page, both Start and File Startbuttons indicate that a change has been made. They turn red when the respective monitoring processis idle and they change into Apply button when the monitoring is running, i.e. when the respectiveStart (File Start) button has been gray. Clicking the Apply button enforces the configuration change(e.g. adding one more interface) to the running monitoring process■Internal interfaces descriptionRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.150Advanced Configuration
Internal interfaces are the interfaces between a SW module and the central router module. All theseinterfaces can be located in Fig. 1 below:COMPORTSMODULE ROUTER&BRIDGEMODULETERMINAL &MODBUSTCPSERVERS&TCP PROXYRADIOCHANNELMODULECOM1COM2ETHRADIOvirtualcom/TCP ethernetRadioModemUnitRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxRxTxFig. 7.15: Monitoring• The central router and bridge module acts as a standard IP router or bridge, i.e. decides to whichinterface an IP packet goes next.• The COM ports module does the conversion from messages received over the serial ports toUDP datagrams and vice-versa.• The Radio channel module wraps (unwraps) IP packets into radio channel frames and handlesall sorts of service frames.• Terminal servers process messages from/to virtual COM ports, transforming them into/from thesame UDP datagrams as the COM port module does. The Modbus TCP server similarly processespackets of Modbus TCP(RTU) protocol - see the relevant application note (Modbus TCP/RTU)for details. Since it is possible to monitor the messages from virtual COM and the resulting UDPdatagrams independently, the TSn and the Modbus TCP have two internal interfaces – distin-guished as (com) and (router).TCP proxy converts TCP datagrams to UDP ones, while maintaining the original TCP sessionlocally. The two internal interfaces can be used to independently monitor the TCP and UDPsides on the (com) and (router), respectively.■Internal Errors and Warning displayed by monitoring•Errors (red background)○ Requested monitoring data missingRequired data for monitoring are not available for an unknown reason.Can be displayed on an independent line while any interface is being monitored.○ RF preheader error"RF-preheader" is a part of header transmitted by the most robust modulation.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ RL header CRC error"RL-header" is Radio Link protocol header.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Bridge stream datablock header CRC error151© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
"Bridge stream DB-header" is header of Data block transmitted while Operating mode isBridge and Frame closing (COM's) is Stream.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is monitored as part of a packet header.○ Data CRC errorData CRC error.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is monitored as part of a packet header.•Warnings (yellow background)○ Record sequence problem – reconfiguration?There is a problem in sequence of records. The system may have to be reconfigured withother Settings or Routing pages.Can be displayed on an independent line while any interface is being monitored.○ Record sequence problem. Some records may be lost.There is a problem in sequence of records for an unknown reason. One or more recordshave been lost.Can be displayed on an independent line while any interface is being monitored.○ [x] missing record(s) detected'x' (replaced by specific number) records are missing.Can be displayed on an independent line while any interface is being monitored.○ Monitoring restarted. Some records may be lost.Monitoring system has been restarted e.g. because of monitoring configuration change.Some records may be lost.Can be displayed on an independent line while any interface is being monitored.○ ETH monitoring terminated. Invalid tcpdump parameters?Monitoring of ETH interface has been stopped. Probably because of unsupported or wrong'tcpdump' syntax in Monitoring/ETH/Advanced parameters/User rule.Can be displayed on an independent line while ETH interface is being monitored○ Interface not ready!RF interface is not ready. May happen when system is booting, after reconfiguration, afterradio part recalibration made automatically after some time etc. The packet is discarded.Displayed while "Internal-RADIO" (Tx) interface is being monitored as part of a packetheader.○ RF interface not ready!Monitoring of ETH interface has been stopped. Probably because of unsupported or wrong'tcpdump' syntax in Monitoring/ETH/Advanced parameters/User rule.Can be displayed on an independent line while ETH interface is being monitored○ Interface not ready - high radio board temperature!The transmitting is blocked because radio board has reached a temperature higher than 95°C.Displayed while "RADIO" (Tx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ RF interface not ready - high radio board temperature!The transmitting is blocked because radio board has reached a temperature higher than 95°C.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.152Advanced Configuration
Displayed while "Internal-RADIO" (Tx) interface is being monitored as part of a packetheader.○ Frame reception cancelledMonitoring of ETH interface has been stopped. Probably because of unsupported or wrong'tcpdump' syntax in Monitoring/ETH/Advanced parameters/User rule.Can be displayed on an independent line while ETH interface is being monitored○ Duplicated frameDuplicated frame has been detected. It is discarded.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Queue fullRadio interface Tx queues are full and next request for frame transmitting has been received.The frame is discarded.Displayed while "RADIO" (Tx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Incompatible frame?Incompatible frame has been received. A few of the possible causes may be foreign RL-protocol, unknown RLP packet type, unknown RLP packet group, unknown service, incorrectETH frame, unsupported IP frame type, ...Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ ACKUnexpected ACK received.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of packet header.○ Can't decrypt - configuration problem?The frame cannot be decrypted. Probably wrong configuration, e.g. different AES encryptionkeys are used.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Can't decryptThe frame cannot be decrypted.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is beingmonitored as part of a packet header.○ Can't decompressThe frame cannot be decompressed. (The compression is done automatically and can beswitched off only over the CLI).Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Bridge mode frameThe frame in "Bridge" format has been received, but Operating mode is set to Router.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Stream mode frameThe frame in "Bridge/Stream" format has been received, but Operating mode is not Bridgeor Frame closing (COM's) is not Stream.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.○ Router mode frameThe frame in "Router" format has been received, but Operating mode is set to Bridge.Displayed while "RADIO" (Rx) interface is being monitored as part of a packet header.153© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
7.6. Maintenance7.6.1. SW feature keysFig. 7.16: Menu SW feature keysCertain advanced RipEX features have to be activated by software keys. On the right side one maysee the list of available keys and their respective status values.Possible status values are:•Not present•Active•Active (timeout dd:hh:mm:ss) – the key can be time limited. For such a key, the remaining timeof activity is displayed (1d 07:33:20). Time of activity of a key is counted only when the unit isswitched on. Time limited key can be put on hold, i.e. temporarily deactivated. Press the correspond-ing Hold button (possibly several Hold buttons for several selected keys) and then press the Applybutton to put the selected key(s) on hold.On hold (timeout dd:hh:mm:ss) – the key is On hold, i.e. temporarily not active. To re-activatetesuch a key, press the Activate and then Apply buttons.•Master – when Master key (unlocks all keys) is active.•Master (On hold) – The time-limited key for a specific feature is On hold, however the feature isactive because of the Master key.There are two ways to input the SW key into RipEX: Fill in the key you have received from RACOM oryour distributor in the Key box using copy/paste or the SW key can be uploaded from a file. Fill in theSW Key file, or browse your disk in order to find the file. When a file is selected, it can be uploaded.•Upload – when pressed, the selected SW key is uploaded into the RipEX, however it is not yetactive. You can subsequently upload more keys.•Apply – when pressed, all the uploaded keys are activated and/or status values of Time limitedkeys are changed following their respective buttons Activate or Hold have been pressed. Afterwardsthe unit automatically reboots itself.Note: SW feature key can be downloaded also from USB flash. Read details in the Firmware paragraph.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.154Advanced Configuration
7.6.2. ConfigurationFig. 7.17: Menu Maintenance Configuration•UNIT○Back up – Back up saves the active configuration into a backup file in the unit.○Restore – configuration saved in the backup file in the unit is activated and the unit reboots itself.○Factory settings – sets the factory defaults and activates them. Neighbours, Statistic andGraphs databases are cleared. The unit reboots afterwards.The following items are NOT cleared when the Factorry settings are applied:1. Technical support package2. Firmware archive3. Configuration backup4. SSL certificate (when your own certificate is used)5. Folder /home/… in LinuxWhen you need to reset the device access parameters (the login, password, Ethernet IPetc.) to defaults, press the RESET button on the bottom-side of RipEX enclosure for 15 sec.See the User manual for details.•FILE○Save to file – saves the active configuration into a file.Configuration can be uploaded from a file. Fill in the Configuration file, or browse your disk inorder to find the file. When a file is selected, it can be uploaded.○Upload – uploads configuration from the selected file and activates it. The unit reboots itselfafterwards.7.6.3. FirmwareFig. 7.18: Menu Maintenance FirmwareThe firmware in the unit consists of several parts, however they come in one firmware package(file_name.cpio). Individual part names and their versions can be seen. There can be two versions offirmware packages stored within the unit – “Active” and “Archive”. Unit is always using the Active version.The Archive version is there just for convenience and safety of firmware manipulations. It can also beuploaded to a remote unit over the Radio channel.155© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
•Upload to Archive – Fill in Firmware file, or browse your disk in order to find the file. When a fileis selected and the “Upload to Archive” button pressed, it is uploaded and becomes the Archivefirmware.Noteit is recommended to do this only over reliable Ethernet connections and not over theRadio channel.•Archive to Active – when pressed, the Active firmware is substituted by the Archive firmware.Either “All” or only “Only the different” versions are replaced according to the Versions list boxsetting. The unit reboots itself afterwards.•Copy Archive to Other unit – he Archive firmware package can be copied to another unit typicallyover Radio channel. Fill in the IP address of the desired unit and press the button.NoteIf possible, copy FW only over one Radio hop where radio link is quality sufficiently high.Otherwise it can be very time consuming. When Router mode is used, don’t forget toset correct Routing tables settings.Note: New firmware as well as SW feature keys can be uploaded directly from a USB flash disk. OnlyFAT32 file system on flash disk is supported. Download firmware file from www.racom.eu. Save thisfile without any change (name) in the root directory of USB flash. When SW key(s) will be uploaded,save the respective file(s) also in the root directory with the file name(s) unchanged. More SW keyscan be saved on a single flash disk. Remember that SW key is unique for each individual RipEX S/N.When more then one fw files are on the flash disk, the highest version is uploaded. The highest versionon flash can be lower (or the same) than in RipEX, downgrade from flash is supported. Upload fromflash is equal to Maintenance/Firmware/Upload to Archive plus Maintenance/Firmware/Versions=Allplus Maintenance/Firmware/Archive to Active.Plug USB flash with file(s) as above in RipEX USB connector, Status LED starts to blink within 5 sec.,it changes between green and red colors. When the LED blinks slowly (1x per sec.), correct file(s) hasbeen detected on flash. Note: when LED blinks fast (3x per sec.), expected files have not been foundand USB flash can be removed.Upload starts and Status LED can change its colors and blinking during upload. When upload is finished,the LED blinks fast (3x per sec.). USB flash can be removed.The whole process can take up to 10 min. (FW approx. 8 min., SW key approx. 1 min.). There is alog(s) saved on USB disk (/logs) with information about upload process.Don’t remove USB flash while uploading. USB flash could be damaged!7.6.4. PasswordFig. 7.19: Menu Maintenance PasswordRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.156Advanced Configuration
It is highly recommended to change default password (admin) even if the user name remains alwaysthe same (admin). When the Apply button is pressed, the unit reboots.7.6.5. Miscellaneous•Reboot – when pressed, the unit correctly shuts down and starts again (performs the cold startwhich equals to a power cycle). The reboot time is approx. 25 sec.•BRC Radio MAC – when pressed, an ARP reply packet is broadcasted over the Radio channel.When e.g. a RipEX unit has been replaced by a spare one with the same Radio IP, but differentRadio MAC address, the neighbouring RipEXes update their ARP tables only after their respectivetimeout expires. Forced transmission of an ARP reply restores the communication with the neigboursimmediatelly.Note: The ARP reply packet is automatically transmitted after every boot, hence the manual invocationshould not be necessary. Nevertheless broadcasting an extra ARP reply following any IP or MAC addresschange is a good and recommended practice.7.6.6. SSL certificateIt is possible to download your own SSL certificate into RipEX for https communication used for webconfiguration. 2048 bits certificate is supported and recommended, however the 512 or 1024 bits certi-ficates can also be used. SSL certificate may have one or two files. Both options are supported.•Certificate fileFill in the Certificate file, or browse your disk in order to find the file.•Key fileWhen your SSL certificate consists of two files, fill in the Key file, or browse your disk in order to findthe file.When file(s) is selected, it can be uploaded.•Upload – when pressed, the selected Certificate is uploaded into the RipEX, however it is not activeyet.•Apply – when pressed, the uploaded certificate is activated. Afterwards the unit automatically rebootsitself.•Default – when pressed, the default RACOM SSL certificate is uploaded. To be activated, Applybutton has to be executed.7.6.7. RF transmission testIt is intended to be used for laboratory measurements or antenna testing.•TypeList box: Carrier, Random dataCarrier – only unmodulated carrier is transmittedRandom data – modulated random data is transmittedDefault = Carrier•Period [s]Default = 15 s (possible values 1s – 50s)During this time period RipEX transmits after Start button is executed.157© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAdvanced Configuration
7.6.8. Technical support packageFig. 7.20: Menu Maintenance ConfigurationTechnical support package is the file where some internal events are recorded. It can be used by RACOMtechnical support when a deeper diagnostic is required. The most recent part of it can be downloadedto the local PC.•Log depthList box: possible valuesDefault = 500This is the number of rows downloaded. The greater the number of rows, the longer the history tobe found in the file. However more lines means greater file size as well. When downloaded from aremote unit over Radio channel in poor signal conditions, a lower Log depth should be selected.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.158Advanced Configuration
8. CLI ConfigurationCLI interface (Command Line Interface) is an alternative to web access. You can work with the CLIinterface in text mode using an appropriate client, either ssh (putty) or telnet.CLI “login” and “password” are the same as those for web access via browser. Access using ssh keysis also possible. Keys are unique for each individual RipEX Serial number. Private key is downloadedin RipEX, for public key kindly contact RACOM and provide RipEX S/N.Connecting with a putty client. Type the following command into the window Host Name (or IP address):admin@192.168.169.169Press Open. Then enter the password admin.Thu Mar 31 10:56:47 CEST 2011Welcome to RipEX Command Line Interface (CLI) on station: RipEX 50For help try: cli_helpCLI(admin):~$The cli_help command shows a list of all available functions. The commands can be completedusing the Tab key. If you select the command with the left mouse button, you can copy it to the clipboardand then use the right mouse button to insert it into the location of the cursor. You can use the -tparameter to send commands to remote RipEX’s. Every command gives a comprehensive help wheninvoked with -h or –help parameter.An example of a parameter request for the COM1 port of the RipEX with IP 192.168.1.1:CLI(admin):~$ cli_cnf_show_com 1 -t 192.168.1.1COM UDP port setting: Default (d)COM UDP port (manual): 50001COM link type: RS232 (RS232)COM bitrate: 19200 (19200)COM data bits: 8 (8)COM parity: None (n)COM stop bits: 1 (1)COM idle size: 5 charsCOM MTU: 1600 bytesCOM handshake: None (n)COM break length: 1000 charsCOM protocol: None (n)The CLI is a powerful tool for advanced management of RipEX, especially suited for automated tasks.It is best learned through its own help system, hence it is not described in further detail here.159© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterCLI Configuration
9. Troubleshooting1. I don’t know what my RipEX’s IP is – how do I connect?• Use the "X5" – external ETH/USB adapter and a PC as a DHCP client. Type 10.9.8.7 into yourbrowser’s location field.• Alternatively, you can reset your RipEX to default access by pressing the Reset button for along time, see Section 4.2.6, “Reset button”. Afterwards, you can use the IP 192.168.169.169/24 to connect to the RipEX. Note that, inaddition to resseting access parameters to defaults, your firewall rules will be cleared as well.2. My PC is unable to connect to the RipEX.• In PC settings, Network protocol (TCP/IP)/Properties, the following configuration is sometimesused:General tab - Automatically receive address from a DHCP serverAlternate configuration tab - User defined configuration,e.g. 192.168.169.250Use this configuration instead:General tab - Use the following IP,e.g. 192.168.169.250• Verify your PC’s IP address from the command line:Start/Run/commandipconfigSend a ping to the RipEX:ping 192.168.169.169If the ping runs successfully, look for a problem with the browser configuration. Sometimes thebrowser may need minutes to make new connection.3. I’m configuring the RipEX in its default state but it’s not working.• There is another RipEX with the default configuration in close vicinity. Switch it off.4. I have configured one RipEX in its default state. But I cannot connect to another.• Your PC keeps a table of IP addresses and their associated MAC addresses. You can view itfrom the command line:Start/Run/commandarp -aIP address physical address type192.168.169.169 00-02-a9-00-fe-2c dynamicAll RipEX’s share the default IP address but their MAC addresses are different, meaning thisrecord interferes with your purpose. The timeout for automatic cache clearing may be longerso you can delete the entry manually by typing:RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.160Troubleshooting
arp -d 192.168.169.169or delete the entire table by typing:arp -d *Then you can ping the newly connected RipEX again.5. I have assigned the RipEX a new IP address and my PC lost connection to it.• Change the PC’s IP address so that it is on the same subnet as the RipEX.6. I entered the Router mode and lost connection to the other RipEX’s.• Enter correct data into the routing tables in all RipEX’s.7. The RSS Ping test shows low RSS for the required speed.• Use higher output, a unidirectional antenna, better direct the antenna, use a better feed line,taller pole. If nothing helps, lower the speed.8. The RSS Ping test reports good RSS but low DQ.• When the DQ value is much lower then it should be at the given RSS, typicaly it is a case ofmulti-path propagation. It can cause serious problems to data communication, especially whenhigh data rates are used. Since the interfering signals come from different directions, changingthe direction of the antenna may solve the problem. A unidirectional antenna should be usedin the first place. Metallic objects in close vicinity of the antenna may cause harmful reflections,relocating the antenna by few meters may help. Change of polarization at both ends of the linkcould be the solution as well.9. The RSS Ping test shows bad homogeneity.• Quite often the bad homogeneity comes together with a low DQ. In that case follow the advicegiven in the previous paragraph. If the DQ does correspond to the RSS level, you should lookfor unstable elements along the signal route – a poorly installed antenna or cable, movingobstacles (e.g. cars in front of the antenna), shifting reflective areas etc. If you cannot removethe cause of disturbances, you will need to ensure signal is strong enough to cope with it.161© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterTroubleshooting
10. Safety, environment, licensing10.1. FrequencyThe radio modem must be operated only in accordance with the valid frequency license issued by na-tional frequency authority and all radio parametres have to be set exactly as listed.ImportantUse of frequencies between 406.0 and 406.1 MHz is worldwide-allocated only for Interna-tional Satellite Search and Rescue System. These frequencies are used for distress beaconsand are incessantly monitored by the ground and satellite Cospas-Sarsat system. Otheruse of these frequencies is forbidden.10.2. Safety distanceSafety distances with respect to the US health limits of the electromagnetic field intensityare in Minimum Safety Distance tables below, calculated for different antennas andRipEX power levels. The distances were calculated according to EN 50 385 andEN 50 383 and apply to the far-field region only. Whenever the result is comparable orsmaller than the actual size of the respective antenna, the field intensity is even smallerthan the far-field based calculation and the safety limit is never exceeded. For the outputpower 0.2 W or lower the safety limit is not exceeded at any distance and any of theantennas.The minimal safe distance is typically ensured by the antenna position on a mast. When special install-ation is required, the conditions of the standard EN 50385: 2002 have to be met. The distance betweenthe persons and antenna shown in the table bellow comply with all applicable standards for humanexposure of general public to RF electromagnetic fields.Tab. 10.1: Minimum Safety Distance 160 MHz160 MHz/2 m band – 10 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]901902.94.6single dipoleOV160.11202705.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.21302806.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.321046017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5160 MHz/2 m band – 5 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]601402.94.6single dipoleOV160.1RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.162Safety, environment, licensing
160 MHz/2 m band – 5 W RF power901905.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.2902006.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.315033017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5160 MHz/2 m band – 4 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]601202.94.6single dipoleOV160.1801705.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.2801806.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.313029017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5160 MHz/2 m band – 3 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]451102.94.6single dipoleOV160.1701505.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.2701506.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.312026017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5160 MHz/2 m band – 2 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]40902.94.6single dipoleOV160.1601205.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.2601306.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.310021017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5160 MHz/2 m band – 1 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]30602.94.6single dipoleOV160.140905.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.240906.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.3163© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
160 MHz/2 m band – 1 W RF power7015017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5160 MHz/2 m band – 0.5 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]20452.94.6single dipoleOV160.130605.87.6stacked double dipoleOV160.230706.38.05 element directional YagiSA160.35011017.812.59 element directional YagiSA160.5Tab. 10.2: Minimum Safety Distance 300–400 MHz300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 10 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]601302.94.6single dipoleOV380.1801805.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.2801805.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.3902007.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.514031017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 5 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]40902.94.6single dipoleOV380.1601305.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.2601305.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.3701407.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.510022017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 4 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]35802.94.6single dipoleOV380.1501105.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.2RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.164Safety, environment, licensing
300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 4 W RF power501105.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.3601307.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.59020017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 3 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]30702.94.6single dipoleOV380.1451005.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.2451005.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.3501107.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.58017017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 2 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]25602.94.6single dipoleOV380.135805.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.235805.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.340907.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.57014017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 1 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]20402.94.6single dipoleOV380.125605.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.225605.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.330707.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.55010017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 0.5 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]165© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
300–400 MHz/70 cm band – 0.5 W RF power15302.94.6single dipoleOV380.120405.87.6stacked double dipoleOV380.220405.87.63 element directional YagiSA380.320457.48.75 element directional YagiSA380.5307017.812.59 element directional YagiSA380.9Tab. 10.3: Minimum Safety Distance 928–960 MHz928–960 MHz – 8 W RF powerDist. where the FCC limits are met forGain G[–]Gain G[dBi]Antenna descriptionAntennacodeGeneral Population/ Controlled Expos-ure [cm]General Population/ Uncontrolled Ex-posure [cm]30.869.02.924.65single dipoleOV900.148.9109.37.338.655 element directional YagiSA900.592.1205.926.014.1512 element directional YagiSA900.1210.3. High temperatureIf the RipEX is operated in an environment where the ambient temperature exceeds55 °C, the RipEX must be installed within a restricted access location to prevent humancontact with the enclosure heatsink.10.4. RoHS and WEEE complianceThe RipEX is fully compliant with the European Commission‟s RoHS (Restriction of Certain HazardousSubstances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment) and WEEE (Waste Electrical and ElectronicEquipment) environmental directives.Restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS)The RoHS Directive prohibits the sale in the European Union of electronic equipment containing thesehazardous substances: lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls(PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).End-of-life recycling programme (WEEE)The WEEE Directive concerns the recovery, reuse, and recycling of electronic andelectrical equipment. Under the Directive, used equipment must be marked, collectedseparately, and disposed of properly. Racom has instigated a programme to managethe reuse, recycling, and recovery of waste in an environmentally safe manner usingprocesses that comply with the WEEE Directive (EU Waste Electrical and ElectronicEquipment 2002/96/EC).Battery Disposal—This product may contain a battery. Batteries must be disposed of properly, andmay not be disposed of as unsorted municipal waste in the European Union. See the product docu-RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.166Safety, environment, licensing
mentation for specific battery information. Batteries are marked with a symbol, which may include let-tering to indicate cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), or mercury (Hg). For proper recycling return the battery toyour supplier or to a designated collection point.10.5. Hazardous locationsRipEX unit shall be used in hazardous locations with following specification:II 3G Ex ic IIC T4 Gcaccording to IEC 60079-0 standard under following conditions:• Installation has to be done with conformity to standard EN 60079-25 Explosive atmospheres -Intrinsically safe electrical systems, with special attention to lightning protection.• The unit must be powered with an intrinsically safe power source.• The antenna has to be installed outside the hazardous zone.• Do not manipulate the RipEX (e.g. plug or unplug connectors) unless powered down or the area isknown to be non-hazardous.• Only USB equipment dedicated for hazardous locations shall remain connected permanently.• Repairs, including exchange of internal battery, shall only be undertaken by an authorized repairshop.• This equipment is not intended to withstand particularly adverse service conditions (for example,rough handling, humidity effects, ambient temperature variations, effects of chemical agents, corro-sion).ImportantDO NOT HANDLE UNLESS THE AREA IS KNOWN TO BE NON-HAZARDOUSFor individual interface maximum voltage and current see the following table:Tab. 10.4: Maximum voltage and current of individual interfacesrecommendedmin. cross sectionof Cu wiremax. currentmax. voltageIN/OUTV03VH-H 2×0.55 A30 VDCDC Power 0.5 mm2V03VH-H 1×0.510 mA30 VDCSI 0.5 mm2V03VH-H 1×0.510 mA30 VDCAlarm input 0.5 mm2V03VH-H 1×0.52 A30 VDCAlarm output 0.5 mm2LiYCY 4×0.1460 mA±15 VDCRS232 0.14 mm2LiYCY 4×0.1460 mA±15 VDCRS485 0.14 mm20.5 A5 VDCUSB 0.5 mm2STP CAT 5E±2.5 VDCEthernet RJ45167© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
See Fig. 10.2, “ATEX C ertificate RipEX”10.6. Conditions of Liability for Defects and Instructions for Safe Operationof EquipmentPlease read these safety instructions carefully before using the product:• Liability for defects does not apply to any product that has been used in a manner which conflictswith the instructions contained in this operator manual, or if the case in which the radio modem islocated has been opened, or if the equipment has been tampered with.• The radio equipment can only be operated on frequencies stipulated by the body authorised by theradio operation administration in the respective country and cannot exceed the maximum permittedoutput power. RACOM is not responsible for products used in an unauthorised way.• Equipment mentioned in this operator manual may only be used in accordance with instructionscontained in this manual. Error-free and safe operation of this equipment is only guaranteed if thisequipment is transported, stored, operated and controlled in the proper manner. The same appliesto equipment maintenance.•In order to prevent damage to the radio modem and other terminal equipment the supply must alwaysbe disconnected upon connecting or disconnecting the cable to the radio modem data interface. Itis necessary to ensure that connected equipment has been grounded to the same potential.• Only undermentioned manufacturer is entitled to repair any devices.10.7. Important NotificationsSole owner of all rights to this operating manual is the company RACOM s. r. o. (further in this manualreferred to under the abbreviated name RACOM). All rights reserved. Drawing written, printed or repro-duced copies of this manual or records on various media or translation of any part of this manual toforeign languages (without written consent of the rights owner) is prohibited.RACOM reserves the right to make changes in the technical specification or in this product function orto terminate production of this product or to terminate its service support without previous written noti-fication of customers.Conditions of use of this product software abide by the license mentioned below. The program spreadby this license has been freed with the purpose to be useful, but without any specific guarantee. Theauthor or another company or person is not responsible for secondary, accidental or related damagesresulting from application of this product under any circumstances.The maker does not provide the user with any kind of guarantee containing assurance of suitabilityand usability for his application. Products are not developed, designed nor tested for utilization indevices directly affecting health and life functions of persons and animals, nor as a part of another im-portant device, and no guarantees apply if the company product has been used in these aforementioneddevices.RACOM Open Software LicenseVersion 1.0, November 2009Copyright (c) 2001, RACOM s.r.o., Mírová 1283, Nové Město na Moravě, 592 31Everyone can copy and spread word-for-word copies of this license, but any change is not permitted.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.168Safety, environment, licensing
The program (binary version) is available for free on the contacts listed on http://www.racom.eu. Thisproduct contains open source or another software originating from third parties subject to GNU GeneralPublic License (GPL), GNU Library / Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and / or further author li-cences, declarations of responsibility exclusion and notifications. Exact terms of GPL, LGPL and somefurther licences is mentioned in source code packets (typically the files COPYING or LICENSE). Youcan obtain applicable machine-readable copies of source code of this software under GPL or LGPL li-cences on contacts listed on http://www.racom.eu. This product also includes software developed bythe University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.10.8. Product ConformityRACOM declares that the RipEX radio modem & router is in conformity with the es-sential requirements and other relevant requirements of the Directive of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council 1999/5/EC on radio equipment and telecommunicationsterminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity.169© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
Declaration of Conformity – RipEXwww.racom.euWedeclare under our own responsibility that the productManufacturer: RACOMAddress: Mirova 1283, 592 31 Nove Mesto na Morave, Czech RepublicVAT: CZ46343423RACOM s.r.o. • Mirova 1283 • 592 31 Nove Mesto na Morave • Czech RepublicTel.: +420 565 659 511 • Fax: +420 565 659 512 • E-mail: racom@racom.euThe above named equipment is classified as a Class 2 radio equipment and it is marked with Equipment ClassIdentifier      in accordance with Commission Decision 2000/299/EC.The product is in conformity with the following standards and/or other normative documents:Spectrum (art 3.2)              EN 300 113–2 V1.5.1EMC (art 3.1.b)                  EN 301 489–1 V1.9.2, EN 301 489–5 V1.3.1Safety (art 3.1.a)                EN 60950–1:2006EN 60950–1:2006/A11:2009EN 60950–1:2006/A12:2011EN 60950–1:2006/A1:2010Nove Mesto na Morave, 2 of April 2013Jiri Hruska, CEOndProduct: RipEX-160Purpose of use: Radio modem & Routerto which this declaration relates is in conformity with the essential requirements and other relevantrequirements of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 1999/5/EC on radioequipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of theirconformity.RipEX-300RipEX-400ver. 1.2Fig. 10.1: Declaration of Conformity RipEXRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.170Safety, environment, licensing
171© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.172Safety, environment, licensing
Fig. 10.2: ATEX C ertificate RipEX173© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
IECEx Cerification is available on http://iecex.iec.ch/iecex/iecexweb.ns1OpenDocument web page.10.9. Compliance Federal Communications CommissionTab. 10.5: Compliance Federal Communications CommissionFCC IDFCC partCodeSQT-RIPEX-13590RipEX-135SQT-RIPEX-15490RipEX-154SQTRA400-40090RipEX-400SQTRA400-43290RipEX-432pending90RipEX-470SQT-RIPEX-928101RipEX-9281http://iecex.iec.ch/iecex/iecexweb.nsf/ae7eea0d12561594c1256d0200448859/f80d2f406f7354fec1257d2d002a77c8?RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.174Safety, environment, licensing
10.10. Country of OriginCountry of Origin DeclarationManufacturer: RACOM s.r.o.Address: Mirova 1283, 592 31 Nove Mesto na Morave, Czech RepublicVAT No: CZ46343423We, the manufacturer, hereby declare that Country of Origin of theand its accessories is the Czech Republic, EU.RipEX Radio modem& RouterNove Mesto na Morave,Jiri Hruska, CEO1 of March 2014www.racom.euRACOM s.r.o. • Mirova 1283 • 592 31 Nove Mesto na Morave • Czech RepublicTel.: +420 565 659 511 • Fax: +420 565 659 512 • E-mail: racom@racom.euPart Number DescriptionRipEX-160 RipEX Radio modem & Router, 138–174 MHzRipEX-300 RipEX Radio modem & Router, 300–400 MHzRipEX-400 RipEX Radio modem & Router, 400–512 MHzRipEX-HS 19" Hot standby chassis, RipEX units excl., pow. supplies incl.RipEX-HSB 19" Battery pack chassis for RipEX-HS, batteries excl.RipEX_DEMO_CASE Demo case (without radio modems)RipEX_D_RACK_230 19" rack shelf –double, incl. 2× PS 100–256 VAC / 24 VDCRipEX_D_RACK_48 19" rack shelf –double, incl. 2× PS 48 VDC / 24 VDCRipEX_DUMMYLOAD Dummy load antennaRipEX_FAN_KIT Fan kit, for external coolingRipEX_F_BRACKET Flat-bracket, for flat mountingRipEX_L_BRACKET L-bracket, for vertical mountingRipEX_S_RACK_MS 19" rack shelf –single, incl. MS2000/12 + AKU 7.2 AhRipEX_S_RACK_230 19" rack shelf –single, incl. PS 100–256 VAC / 24 VDCRipEX_S_RACK_48 19" rack shelf –single, incl. PS 48 VDC / 24 VDCver. 1.1Fig. 10.3: Country of Origin declaration for RipEX175© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterSafety, environment, licensing
10.11. WarrantyRACOM-supplied parts or equipment ("equipment") is covered by warranty for inherently faulty partsand workmanship for a warranty period as stated in the delivery documentation from the date of dispatchto the customer. The warranty does not cover custom modifications to software. During the warrantyperiod RACOM shall, on its option, fit, repair or replace ("service") faulty equipment, always providedthat malfunction has occurred during normal use, not due to improper use, whether deliberate or acci-dental, such as attempted repair or modification by any unauthorised person; nor due to the action ofabnormal or extreme environmental conditions such as overvoltage, liquid immersion or lightning strike.Any equipment subject to repair under warranty must be returned by prepaid freight to RACOM direct.The serviced equipment shall be returned by RACOM to the customer by prepaid freight. If circumstancesdo not permit the equipment to be returned to RACOM, then the customer is liable and agrees to reim-burse RACOM for expenses incurred by RACOM during servicing the equipment on site. Whenequipment does not qualify for servicing under warranty, RACOM shall charge the customer and bereimbursed for costs incurred for parts and labour at prevailing rates.This warranty agreement represents the full extent of the warranty cover provided by RACOM to thecustomer, as an agreement freely entered into by both parties.RACOM warrants the equipment to function as described, without guaranteeing it as befitting customerintent or purpose. Under no circumstances shall RACOM's liability extend beyond the above, nor shallRACOM, its principals, servants or agents be liable for any consequential loss or damage caused directlyor indirectly through the use, misuse, function or malfunction of the equipment, always subject to suchstatutory protection as may explicitly and unavoidably apply hereto.RipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.176Safety, environment, licensing
Appendix A. OID mappings"MIB tables", and whole file "OID mappings" can be downloaded from:http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/radio-modem-ripex.html#download1More details are described in Application note:See RipEX App notes, SNMP21http://hnilux.racom.cz:3004/eng/products/radio-modem-ripex.html#download2http://www.racom.eu/eng/products/m/ripex/app/snmp.html177© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterOID mappings
Appendix B. AbbreviationsMDIX Medium dependent interface crossoverACK AcknowledgementAES Advanced Encryption Standard MIB Management Information BaseNMS Network Management SystemATM Automated teller machineBER Bit Error Rate N.C. Normally ClosedN.O. Normally OpenCLI Command Line InterfaceCRC Cyclic Redundancy Check NTP Network Time ProtocolMRU Maximum Reception UnitCTS Clear To SenddBc decibel relative to the carrier MTU Maximum Transmission UnitOS Operation SystemdBi decibel relative to the isotropicdBm decibel relative to the milliwat PC Personal ComputerPER Packet Error RateDCE Data Communication EquipmentDHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol POS Point of salePWR PowerDNS Domain Name ServerDQ Data Quality RF Radio FrequencyRipEX Radio IP ExchangerDTE Data Terminal EquipmentEMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility RoHS Restriction of the use of HazardeousSubstancesFCC Federal Communications CommissionRPT RepeaterFEC Forward Error CorrectionRSS Received Signal StrengthFEP Front End ProcessorRTS Request To SendGPL General Public LicenseRTU Remote Terminal Unithttps Hypertext Transfer Protocol SecureRX ReceiverIP Internet ProtocolSCADA Supervisory control and data acquisitionkbps kilobit per secondSDR Software Defined RadioLAN Local Area NetworkSNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolLOS Line-of-sightMAC Media Access ControlRipEX Radio modem & Router – © RACOM s.r.o.178Abbreviations
TCP Transmission Control ProtocolTS5 Terminal server 5TX TransmitterUDP User Datagram ProtocolVSWR Voltage Standing Wave RatioWEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment179© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterAbbreviations
IndexSymbols10. Feedline cable, 74Aaccessories, 67addressingbridge, 17router, 21alarmin/out, 45management, 98antenna, 43dummy load, 74, 76mounting, 85separated, 64Bbasic setup, 80bench test, 76brcCOM, 120diagnostic, 103TCP, 110bridge, 14, 90CCOMparameters, 116protocols, 119config. file, 155configurationCLI, 159web, 88connect PC, 76connecting HW, 76connectors, 43cooling fan, 68, 84Copyright, 7Ddefaultparameters, 8, 77setting, 48, 155demo case, 68diagnostic, 26dimensions, 40Eenvironment, 162ETH param., 108Ffactory settings, 155features, 10firewall, 97firmware, 155firmware update, 27GGNU licence, 168GPS, 49, 64graphs, 103, 141grounding, 86HHazardous locations, 167helps on web, 88Hot Standby, 94Iimportant notifications, 168input hw, 45installation, 81IP/serial, 25Kkeys sw, 28, 154LLED, 50licensing, 162Mmanagement, 104menudiagnostic, 137header, 88maintenance, 154routing, 133settings, 90status, 89MIB tables, 177Modbus TCP, 110modelofferings, 64monitoring menu, 146mounting180© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & Router
bracket, 70, 82DIN rail, 81rack, 71, 83multipath propagation, 33Nneighbours, 103, 138networkexample, 23layout, 35planning, 29networktmanagement, 26Oordering code, 64output hw, 45Ppart number, 64password, 156ping menu, 143pooling, 14power management, 100productcode, 64Conformity, 169protocols COM, 119Qquick guide, 8Rradioparameters, 55, 105router, 10repeaterbridge, 17, 91router, 19, 21report-by-exception, 14reset, 48, 157RipEX, 10RipEX Hot Stanby, 67RoHS and WEEE, 166router, 19, 92, 133routing table, 133Ssafety, 162distance, 162SCADA, 24sensitivity, 54sleep, 45, 52SNMPl, 96standards, 12statistics, 103, 140stream, 92supplyconnection, 44, 46, 87consumption, 52, 100SW feature keys, 154Ttechnical parameters, 51technical support, 158Terminal server, 113time, 95troubleshooting, 160UUSB adapter, 67, 68WWEEE compliance, 166Wifi, 102181© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterIndex
182
Appendix C. Revision HistoryRevisionThis manual was prepared to cover a specific version of firmware code. Accordingly, some screensand features may differ from the actual unit you are working with. While every reasonable effort hasbeen made to ensure the accuracy of this publication, product improvements may also result in minordifferences between the manual and the product shipped to you.2011-08-31Revision 1.1First issue2011-12-31Revision 1.2PoE is not supported in RipEX from 1.1.2012, so all information about PoE has been removed2011-01-26Revision 1.3Added information about Monitoring Upgraded information about Terminal servers (IP port dynamicalchanges support)New serial SCADA protocols - RP570, C24 Melsec, ITT Flygt, Cactus2012-07-11Revision 1.4Added information about RipEX-HS, Hot Standby unit.Upgraded chapters: Technical specification, Model offerings, Accessories, Safety distance, AdvancedConfiguration2013-04-29Revision 1.5Added information about new features: Backup routes, TCP proxy, ARP proxy& VLAN, FW and SWkeys upgrade via USB, SLIP and Siemens 3964(R) SCADA protocolsUpgraded chapters: Important Notice, Key Features, Bridge mode, Firmware update and upgrade,Technical specification, Model offerings, Accessories, Warranty, Advanced Configuration2014-02-17Revision 1.6Added information about new features: 50 kHz channel spacing, Wifi management, L2 firewall, Flashdisc – unit configuration, ssl certificate.Upgraded chapters: Getting started, Key Features, RipEX in detail, Product, Bench test, Technicalspecification, Model offerings, Accessories, Advanced Configuration2014-05-30Revision 1.7Added information about Country of OriginAdded chapter: Country of Origin2014-11-25Revision 1.8Added information about hazardous locationsAdded Ex CertificatesUpgraded chapter Advanced Configuration2015-01-22Revision 1.9Added information about RipEX-900Upgraded information about Ex Certificates183© RACOM s.r.o. – RipEX Radio modem & RouterRevision History

Navigation menu