Radio Activity srl KA080 4m BAND BASE STATION User Manual ENB52 KAIROS 1v3

Radio Activity srl 4m BAND BASE STATION ENB52 KAIROS 1v3

User Manual

      Radio Activity S.r.l.   Via De Notaris, 50 - 20128 Milano- Italy – email: comm@radioactivity-tlc.it - www.radioactivity-tlc.com  Tel. +39.02.36514205 - FAX/Voicebox +39.1782.242408  - CCIAA Milano N° 1728248 - VAT Id.  04135130963           KKAAIIRROOSS  UUsseerr  MMaannuuaall  Version 1.3
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  2 / 41   Summary  1 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1  LOCAL LAWS RESTRICTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2  DOCUMENT COPYRIGHTS .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3  DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4  MODIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2 PRODUCT SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.1  RF EXPOSURE COMPLIANCE ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.2  IMPROPER USE ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3  POWER SUPPLY ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4  ANTENNA SYSTEM / LIGHTNING .................................................................................................................. 8 3 RADIO DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.1  FRONTAL PANEL ...................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2  RADIO STATUS LED ................................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1 LINUX booting status ................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.2 DSP booting phase ..................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.3 Led during radio calibration ....................................................................................................... 13 3.2.4 Radio Led during regular function status................................................................................... 13 3.2.5 Maintenance status ................................................................................................................... 14 3.3  REAR PANEL .......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 RX inputs specifications ............................................................................................................. 15 3.3.2 TX output specifications ............................................................................................................. 16
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  3 / 41 3.3.3 GPS antenna .............................................................................................................................. 17 3.3.4 Power supply .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.3.5 I/O ports ..................................................................................................................................... 22 3.4  OPTION BOARDS .................................................................................................................................... 25 4 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................... 26 4.1  IMPROPER USE ...................................................................................................................................... 26 4.2  THERMAL DISSIPATION............................................................................................................................ 26 4.3  POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 26 4.4  ANTENNA ............................................................................................................................................. 27 4.5  AF INTERFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 27 4.6  MANUAL SETTINGS ................................................................................................................................ 27 4.7  SELF-TEST PROCESS ................................................................................................................................ 28 4.8  PPS SIGNAL .......................................................................................................................................... 28 4.9  ON SITE CHECK LIST ................................................................................................................................ 28 4.10  IP DISCOVER ...................................................................................................................................... 29 4.11  PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................................ 30 5 PARAMETERS CONFIGURATION AND REMOTE CONTROL ................................................................ 31 5.1  SIP/RTP GATEWAY ............................................................................................................................... 32 6 ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................... 33 6.1  KAIROS VS RA-XXX COMPARISON .......................................................................................................... 33 6.2  RADIO FREQUENCY ................................................................................................................................. 34 6.2.1 Transmitter ................................................................................................................................ 34 6.2.2 Receiver ...................................................................................................................................... 34 6.3  IP INTERFACING ..................................................................................................................................... 35 6.3.1 LAN protocols ............................................................................................................................. 35 6.3.2 Ports and connectors ................................................................................................................. 35 6.3.3 LAN requirements ...................................................................................................................... 36
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  4 / 41 6.3.4 Codec VoIP ................................................................................................................................. 36 6.3.5 SNMP protocol ........................................................................................................................... 36 6.4  GPS/GLONASS ANTENNAS .................................................................................................................... 37 6.4.1 GPS/GLONASS antenna requirements ....................................................................................... 37 6.5  FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................................................................................ 37 6.6  BRANCHING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................... 38 6.6.1 TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power ........................................... 38 6.6.2 Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals ................................................................ 38 6.7  OTHER SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 38 6.7.1 Environmental parameters ........................................................................................................ 38 6.7.2 Power supply .............................................................................................................................. 39 6.7.3 Mechanical characteristics ........................................................................................................ 39 6.7.4 Audio balanced interfaces ......................................................................................................... 39 7 REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE .......................................................................................................... 40 7.1  NOTICE FOR EC USERS ............................................................................................................................ 40 7.2  NOTICE FOR US USERS ............................................................................................................................ 41 7.3  NOTICE FOR CANADIAN USERS ................................................................................................................. 41
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  5 / 41 KAIROS – User manual Thank you for your purchase of this product. KAIROS comes out from the best Italian tradition, where all details, also the invisible ones, are important and  need  a  care.  Designing  a  mobile  radio infrastructure is an art, that needs a complete knowledge of all the possible aspects to avoid unexpected situations. Our long experience in building  infrastructure  has  generated  this professional  transceiver:  the  right  building block  for  a  number  of  applications  ranging from  a  simple  standalone  repeater  to  a national  wide  system.  We  solved  the complexity to ease your creativity. Main characteristics: Available Models Model KA-080 KA-160 KA-350 KA-450 KA-500 KA-900 MHz 66-88 136-174 350-410 400-470 450-527 806-941 Channelization 25/20/12,5/6,25 KHz RF output power 1-25 W / 100% duty cycle / selectable per channel Synthesis step 50Hz Frequency stability 0,5 p.p.m.  (without GPS or digital correction) Synchronization sources Internal ref., GPS/GLONASS, Ethernet IEE-1588v2, 2 wire, Digital RX, External Operating temperature   -30°C ÷ +60°C Power supply (negative ground) Min. Typ. Max. 11V 13,2V 15V Power consumption TX: 60 W @25W RF / RX: 5 W @Main+Div enabled Dimensions & weight 160x200x45mm / 1.4Kg Audio lines 2x 4 wires + E&M LAN port Ethernet 10BT/100TX (auto MDI/MDI X) on an RJ45 socket IP multisite bandwidth 70 kb/s in analog to/from Master 24 kb/s in DMR to/from Master (both DMR timeslots) Max tolerable IP delay 960ms (round trip) Alarm & control I/O 1xInput + 7xOutput Auxiliary I/O 4xInput + 1xOutput + 1xAnalog input
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  6 / 41  1  Foreword This manual is intended for use by experienced technicians familiar with RF and IP technology. It contains information required for installation, setup and maintenance of a KAIROS based radio infrastructure. 1.1  Local laws restrictions The  use  of  this  product  is  subjected  to  the  local  laws  and  in  most  cases  requires  a  specific  license.  As example, it may be prohibited in some RF bands or part of them, or may be limited in the RF power. Please, verify the local law requirement before to use the equipment. 1.2  Document Copyrights No  distribution or  duplication of  this  document or  any  portion  of  it  shall  take place  without the express written permission of Radio Activity. No part of this manual may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form for any purpose without the express written permission of Radio Activity. 1.3  Disclaimer The information in this document are carefully controlled, up-dated and are believed to be entirely reliable. However, no responsibility is  assumed  for  inaccuracies. Furthermore, Radio  Activity reserves the right to make changes to any products herein to improve readability, function, or design. Radio Activity does not assume  any liability arising out  of the applications or  use  of  any product or circuit described  herein;  nor does it cover any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. 1.4  Modifications  CAUTION:  Changes  or  modifications  not  expressly  approved  by  RF  Innovations  may  void  the  user’s authority to operate the equipment legally, as well as any warranty provided.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  7 / 41 2  Product Safety  2.1  RF Exposure Compliance FCC Guidelines described in the OET Bulletin 65, state limits for maximum permissible exposure (MPE) and specify the maximum power density for “General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure”. This limit is 0.2 W/m² for VHF band (30-300 MHz) and f/1500 for UHF band (300-1500 MHz). It implies a constraint in terms of the minimum distance which people must keep from transmitting antenna, in order to maintain the human exposure under the allowed limit.  With  the  assumption  that  a  collinear  omnidirectional  antenna  is  used  with  a  medium/high  gain  of  8dBi (=6.3  numeric)  and  that  the  transmitter  is  set  at  its  maximum  power  (30W,  if  a  +20%  is  considered  as possible effect of tolerance), it is possible to calculate the minimum distance of people from the antenna by using the following equation for RF power decay in free space (far field): S = ( P x G / 4 x π r2 ) where: S = maximum power density P = maximum transmitted RF power G = antenna gain R = distance from antenna. This gives:  r = √ ( P x G / S x 4 x π ) For VHF (150-174MHz) equipments the minimum safety distance is r = 2,75 m. For UHF (407-470MHz) equipments the minimum safety distance is r = 2,36 m. For further information on human RF exposure, contact your local health department. For example, Health Canada’s Safety Code 6 provides a comprehensive set of guidelines. For  mobile  usage,  this  transmitter  must  not  be  co-located  or  operating  in  conjunction  with  any  other antenna or transmitter. 2.2  Improper use It is recommended to install the equipments in closed cabinet, to allow only authorized people to access to them, in order to avoid handling or improper use of equipments and to avoid accidental contact with hot surfaces.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  8 / 41 2.3  Power supply The  equipment  requires a  13.2Vdc/5A,  negative grounded, power  supply.  It  is  recommended  to  insert  a 10A  fuse  in  the  power  supply  cable  near  the  power  supply  source  (e.g.:  a  battery)  to  avoid  dangerous damage due to lightening event or to accidental short circuits along power supply cables. The  equipment  is  designed  to  be  powered  by  a  safe  supply  source  which  grants  a  double  insulation  of output voltage from dangerous voltages. The electric plant must contain a switch to cut off power supply lines, according to national law and directives. Use  only  certified  power  supply  devices  and  connect  a  ground  cable  to  the  GND  Ø5MA  nut  to  avoid lightning  and  rescue  problems.  Remember  that  a  lightning  on  the  antenna  system  could  pass  the  RF discharger arriving to the chassis of  the equipment. A robust GND cable  short the energy preserving the other equipments in the same site. 2.4  Antenna system / lightning Providing adequate lightning protection is critical to a safe reliable communications site. Unless KAIROS has got many protections, RF transmission cables, and AC and DC power lines must all be protected to prevent excessive lightning energy from entering the site. To  reduce  lightning  problems,  use  lightning  rod  on  the  top  of  the  radiating  tower;  anchor  strongly  the metallic parts of the tower to the GND plane.  Insert, in coaxial cables coming from the antennas, adequate RF dischargers before to enter in the shelter and connect them shortly to the extern GND plane.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  9 / 41 3  Radio description KAIROS is a very sophisticated digital transceiver, target for high performance professional use. Its architecture provides the capability of supporting a number of features resulting in a extremely flexible two-way radio communications solution. Due to its flexibility, the complete parameters programming is not an  easy  task.  To  perform  a  perfect  programming  to  match  the  desired  application,  it  is  required  a  very skilled  and  expert  technician.  Radio  Activity  strongly  suggest  to  require  a  complete  programming  of  the equipments from Factory before the expedition. In  the  following we  suppose  that  the equipments are already  programmed for  the  application.  Only  the setup of minor items will be described. 3.1  Frontal panel The following picture shows the frontal panel of KAIROS.   In the frontal panel there are 2 connectors: 1. 10BT/100TX  Ethernet  connector  for  the  remote  control  of  the  equipment  and  for  data/audio packets communication 2. optional RS232 (115.2Kbit/sec, 8,N,1) or USB serial port for remote controlling the equipment by a PC or for special purposes. The USB/RS232 led indicate the presence and the activity of these serial port. In the frontal panel there are also the power on/off button and some dual color LEDs for monitoring the status of the equipment: ∞ power on/off button; pressing this button once for 150ms to 4 seconds the equipment is powered on. To switch off the equipment, press the button for at least 2 sec: the Radio Status led will start a RED  fast  lamping  for  2  sec  to  advise  the  user  that  the  equipment  is  starting  the  shutdown procedure, then the lamping becomes GREEN and slow to indicate that the equipment is ready to
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  10 / 41 switch  off.  Now,  releasing  the  button,  the  equipment  switches  off.  Note  that  the  last  on/off condition  will  be  saved  also  in  case  of  power  supply  break  therefore  the  equipment  will automatically switch on after a black out. At equipment switched off,  pressing this button for  at least  4  sec,  the  equipment  goes  in  “IP  discover  status”.  See  the  related  chapter  for  additional information. ∞ LAN  Activity  led;  the  LINK  led  green  indicates  the  Ethernet  signal  presence,  the  ACT/SPEED  led indicates the LAN traffic and the Ethernet speed (green = 100Mb/s, red=10Mb/s). ∞ Supply  led;  when  green  it  indicates  that  the  equipment  is  correctly  supplied.  When  the  input voltage  is  outside the  equipment  limits  (too  low or  too  high),  this  led  becomes  red.  When  off  it indicates that the equipment is switched off or an inverted polarity of power supply connection. ∞ IP  network  status  led;  the  READY  led  becomes  green  when  the  LINUX  O.S.  and  DSP  are  running correctly and the equipment is ready for operation. The led NETWORK is: o flashing  slowly  (1  sec)  green  when  the  equipment  is  correctly  registered  to  its  Master station o flashing red when a Master station is defined but the equipment isn’t correctly registered to it o off when in standalone mode (e.g.: single repeater / mobile) ∞ Radio status led; these led reports many run time information about the status of the equipment. During the regular functioning, Radio Led carry the following information: Led Status TX 2 slow flashing green => warning, the startup loop test failed green => the TX Timeslot 2 DMR is on air red  => the equipment is performing the internal calibration/test fast flashing red  => fail: the TRX is not functioning TX 1 slow flashing green => warning, the Audio Loop test failed green => the TX Timeslot 1 DMR is on air red  => the equipment is performing the internal Audio Loop test fast flashing red  => fail: the TX is unlocked or not functioning RX 2 green => the RX Timeslot 2 DMR is busy (RX active) or the Squelch is open (a carrier is detected) slow flashing red => warning: the time/frequency synchronization is lost fast flashing red  => fail: the RX diversity is not functioning RX 1 green => the RX Timeslot 2 DMR is busy (RX active) or the Tone code squelch is detected slow flashing green => the PPS signal is present and locked (for 1 sec every 9 sec) slow flashing orange => the PPS signal is present but not locked slow flashing red => warning: the PPS signal is not present fast flashing red  => fail: the RX main is not functioning ALL LED  orange for 1 sec every 9 sec => The TRX is not active (in a 1+1 assembly only)
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  11 / 41 These  led  report  also  the  equipment  status  during  the  boot/startup  phase;  see  the  paragraph below for a detailed explanation. 3.2  Radio status led The “RX1 – RX2 – TX1 –  TX2”  led  assume  different meaning during  the  functioning. There are four main conditions where they give different groups of information: 1) LINUX booting state, 2) DSP booting state, 3) radio calibration/self test state, 4) regular function state, 5) switching off, 6) maintenance state. 3.2.1  LINUX booting status Pressing the power on/off button for at least 250ms, the equipment is powered on and starts to load programs. The  FPGA  is  the  first  internal  device  that  starts  its  job  testing  all internal clocks and other essential signals. The RX1 – RX2 – TX1 – TX2 led,  directly  managed  by  the  FPGA,  give  indications  about  the  HW status  until  the  LINUX  processor  is  running  when  the  Ethernet connection isn’t available. If all internal signals are ok, these led alternate green and red lamping, moving from right to left (red) and vice versa (green) indicating the LINUX O.S. start up phase. This condition appears until the LINUX and DSP SW are running. In the case the running condition doesn’t appears (wait at least 10-15 seconds from the power on), and the led continue to move left and right, the LINUX SW or the DSP SW may be corrupted or not valid, therefore the equipment can’t operate. If the condition that led continue to move left and right doesn’t appear in 1-2 seconds from the power on, the  FPGA  has  detected  a  fail  in  internal  signals.  In  case  of  this  situation,  please  contact  the  Technical Assistance. For your knowledge, in this case these led are indicating the type of fail as follow: RX1: a fast red/green flashing of this led indicates that there is at least one fail in the internal clock/signal. The fail should be indicated by the other led as explained in the following. RX2: it reports the 40MHz DPS clock status as follow: Slow green flashing DPS clock is ok Fast green flashing DPS clock is present but unlocked fast red flashing DPS clock is absent  TX1: it reports the 20MHz LINUX clock status as follow: Slow green flashing LINUX clock is ok Fast green flashing LINUX clock is present but unlocked fast red flashing LINUX clock is absent
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  12 / 41  TX2: it reports the 12,8MHz Reference clock status as follow: Slow green flashing Reference clock is ok fast red flashing Reference clock is absent  Finally, a correct equipment startup should happen as follow: 1) Supply led becomes green pressing the on/off button 2) RX1 flashes fast red/green for less than 1 sec 3) RX1 – RX2 – TX1 – TX2 led continue to alternate on/off red/green, moving left and right for 10-15 sec 4) RX1  –  RX2 –  TX1  –  TX2  led  go  off for  1  sec and  then  start  to  indicate  the  DSP booting phase  as described in the next paragraph 3.2.2  DSP booting phase Once the LINUX O.S. is ready, the DSP starts. This condition is indicated by all Radio Led off condition and the ending of the alternate on/off red/green, moving left and right indication. DSP starts to check all its internal peripherals and report results on the Radio Led, step by step, as follow: 1. It  verifies  the  FPGA  to  DSP  communication  and  the  status  of  all  essential  internal  signals.  If  the result is ok, the Radio Led “TX2” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step. 2. The DSP checks audio peripherals, closing them in both digital and analog loops. If the result is ok, the Radio Led “TX1” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step. If the result is fail, the Radio Led “TX1” becomes red and the DSP stops. The LINUX processor should start the DSP again in 5-10 sec.  This  condition  (DSP  continuous  restarting)  is  maintained  until  this  test  is  surpassed.  If  this condition appears, it’s very probable an HW problem. Please contact Factory for repairing the unit. 3. The DSP programs and checks IF peripherals. If the result is ok, the Radio Led “RX2” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step. If the result is fail, the Radio Led “RX2” becomes red and the DSP stops. The LINUX processor should start the DSP again in 5-10 sec. This condition (DSP continuous restarting) is maintained until this test is surpassed. If this condition appears, it’s very probable an HW problem on RX parts. Please contact Factory for repairing the unit. 4. The DSP calibrates the IF and internal DAC/ADC. 5. DSP  requests  to  LINUX  the  EEP  saved  setup  parameters.  When  all  parameters  are  correctly received, the Radio Led “RX1” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  13 / 41 6. Radio  Led  test.  This test may be useful to check the  real  functioning  of  all  led. All  Radio  Led are switched on green for 1 sec. Then they are all switched on red for 1 sec, and again all switched on green for 1 sec. 7. DSP startup phase is ended and the Radio Led are switched off. The next operation of the startup is the radio calibration as described in the following paragraph. 3.2.3  Led during radio calibration When  LINUX  and  DSP  programs  are  running  and  all  the  internal  signals  are  checked  by  the  FPGA,  the equipment  starts  the  calibration/self  test  procedure.  The  procedure  executes  always  a  minimum  set  of measurements to check the equipment basic functionalities (fast TX=>RX loop test). Many other automatic tests can  be required (distortion, audio response, deviation accuracy, XTAL filter responses, …) but, since they blocks the equipment for some tens of seconds, their use has to be required via the setup tool. If these optional tests are not required, the setup tool indicate the last value registered. The self tests can be required at every time, not only after a reset, via the setup tool. During the calibration/self test phase the Radio Led “TX2” indicates that: ∞ Red color, slow flashing => test is running ∞ Green color, slow flashing => test is finished with fail result ∞ Off => test is finished ok If the result of a test isn’t good, the “TX2” led maintains the green flashing status also when the calibration is finished to indicate a warning condition. Note: a calibration fail is not necessary a failure indication. Since these test are very accurate and selective, in many cases a failure indication can be due only to local disturbs received from the antenna or from a temporary condition. Therefore this indication should be  considered as warning state not  as fail state. In case of doubt, try to repeat the calibration test or contact Factory. 3.2.4  Radio Led during regular function status Once booting and calibration/test phases are ended, the equipment starts normal operation. The default channel is loaded into PLLs and the equipment search the other radio Network elements (e.g.: the Master station). At the same time the DSP synchronizes the internal time and clock on the defined source (e.g.: GPS receiver). See the main paragraph “Frontal Panel” for the table explaining the meaning of these led during the regular functioning.  Note: Special version or customized SW may differ in indications.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  14 / 41 3.2.5  Maintenance status See the “IP discover procedure” described in a following paragraph to enter into the maintenance status and the related led signaling. 3.3  Rear panel The following picture shows the rear panel of KAIROS.  In the rear panel there are (up to) 7 connectors: ∞ RX diversity/main – female SMA-type connector. They are the input of the diversity/main channels of  the  receiver.  they  are  ground  referred  to  discharge  eventual  static  voltage,  50  Ohm  of  RF impedance. Don’t apply continuous voltage to these inputs. ∞ TX – female SMA-type connector. It is the output of the transmitter. It is ground referred, 50 Ohm of RF impedance. Don’t activate the transmitter without a proper load (50 Ohm) at this connector. ∞ GPS Antenna – female SMA-type connector (optional). A 5Vcc @ max 100mA is superimposed into this connector to supply an external amplified GPS antenna. See the antenna details in the related paragraph. ∞ I/O  interface  -  25  pin  D-SUB.  This  connector  holds  a  12Vdc  power  supply,  the  balanced  audio interfaces, alarm I/O and some signals useful to interface KAIROS with external devices. For further information about the use of these I/O see the related paragraph. ∞ Expansion  connector  -  6  pins.  This  connector  holds  the  signals  for  GPS  interfacing  and  for  1+1 assembly realizations. For further information about the use of these I/O see the related paragraph. ∞ Power  supply  –  2  pins.  A  13,2Vdc  @5A max  should  be  applied  to  this  connector.  The  polarity  is indicated in the panel.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  15 / 41 Finally  don’t  forget  to  connect  a  ground  cable  to  the  GND  Ø5MA  nut  to  avoid  lightning  and  rescue problems. 3.3.1  RX inputs specifications KAIROS has got two RX inputs, one named “main” and the other named “diversity”. The contemporary use of both receivers gives excellent performances over fading events. For further information, see the “ENB33 - Soft diversity reception” document. Both inputs have the following characteristics (typical): Nominal impedance  50 Ohm Operating maximum input  -10 dBm Maximum input without permanent damages  +10 dBm Received signal band  0..5000 Hz Blocking level (>1MHz far from RX frequency) -32 dBm RSSI measurement range  -130 to -60 dBm Synthesis step  50 Hz Connector type  SMA  In duplex applications an external duplexer filter is requested. Using standard European duplex spacing, this filter  must  attenuate  at  least  75dB  between  TX  and  RX  to  avoid  noise  and  TX/RX  instability  during transitions. For lower duplex spacing or when an external power amplifier is used, increase the attenuation to assure the maximum levels indicated  in the KAIROS manual. When KAIROS operates in simplex/half duplex mode, it is needed to mount the internal TX/RX RF switch as indicated  in  the  following  figure.  Note  that  this  switch  can’t  be  enabled/installed  outside  Factory.  This feature must  be  requested directly  at  order.  In  this  case  the  TX  connector assumes  the  role  of Antenna connector and the RX main is internally switched to the antenna when the TX isn’t active. The RX diversity in such condition can be used regularly as diversity channel:  The  internal  isolation  between  the  Diversity  channel  and  the  TX  is  around  80dB.  This  allow  special realization like a duplex/simplex station:
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  16 / 41  This  realization  allow  to  operate  like  a  normal  duplex  station  on  f1=f_rx  and  f2=f_tx,  and  also  in simplex/direct  mode  at  f2.  The  soft  diversity  feature,  obviously,  in  this  special  application  is  lost.  More details can be asked to Factory. 3.3.2  TX output specifications Direct and reflected output powers are measured by a directional coupler. Power control circuit acts in a closed loop and keeps constant the total power at MOSFET drain. If reflected power or mosfet temperature exceeds protection threshold, regulation circuit will lower output power up to safe levels for transmitter. Even though the TX implements many internal protections, it is recommended to connect a 50 Ohm load to the TX port before to transmit. An impedance mismatch at this port may produce unwanted intermodulation products or instability. So it is recommended to verify accurately the branching system tuning before to place in service the equipment. Play  attention:  a  ports  reversal  between  TX  and  RX  or  transmitting  in  a  channel  outside  the  branching tuning, may destroy the RX and damage the TX! Connector type SMA Nominal impedance 50 Ohm Output power at the connector 1/5/10/15/20/25 W RF final transistor protection to high temperature 85°C +/- 5°C progressively reducing the RF power Maximum power dissipation 50W Modulation bandwidth 0 .. 5000 Hz Synthesis step 50 Hz Transmitting duty cycle Continued 100% ROS protection Min.10’ in short circuit as well as in open circuit Frequency stability (without GPS) 0.5 p.p.m. Max reverse input signal -20dBm to avoid intermodulation products +20dBm no damage
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  17 / 41 Power amplifier works in C class and ensures a very high efficiency, lowering the needed power from supply system  and  lowering  the  thermal  dissipation  inside  the  cabinet. When  used  at  full  power  and  high  duty cycle rate, the temperature of the equipment can increase some tens of °C over the ambient temperature. Inside KAIROS a thermal sensor is hosted and it is directly connected to the internal microcontroller which enables the command for air forced cooling fan of the cabinet if the temperature rises over 85°C. For heavy duty applications it is recommended to assure appropriate ventilation and to protect users to accidentally touch the equipment when hot. The current flowing into final amplifier transistor is continuously monitored by microcontroller to verify the correct functioning and to reveal an eventual efficiency degradation. KAIROS is equipped with an harmonic filter to lower spurious emissions under required levels by existing regulations. In  some  applications,  for  example  in  multi  carriers  assembly  or  in  sites  with  many  transmitters,  it  is recommended  to  use  isolators/circulators  to  reduce  possible  intermodulation  problems.  Note  that  an isolator assures only a limited isolation bandwidth: it can’t isolate a VHF TX from a UHF one! In similar cases diplexers or cavity filters should be used. Unless the TX has got a built-in protection to a load mismatching, it is strongly recommended to achieve at the TX output connector a VSWR (referenced to 50 Ohm) between 1 to 1.3.  3.3.3  GPS antenna KAIROS may be (optionally) equipped with an embedded receiver for GPS service, with  high precision Pulse Per  Second (PPS) output function in  order to  synchronize the station. Only an external active antenna is required. The specifications of the external GPS antenna are: Connector (RF + remote power supply) SMA Impedance 50 Ohm Sensitivity Tracking up to -159 dBm Antenna gain From 20 to 45 dB, depending on cable length, to obtain a total gain between 12 dB and 26 dB (assumes a 3 dBic patch antenna). A typical value of 25 dB is best in most cases. Frequency band GPS L1 1575.42 +/- 10 MHz Maximum Noise Figure < 2.5 dB including pre-selector DC Voltage 5Vcc @ max 100mA superimposed into the SMA RF connector Out of Band Rejection -60 dB @ +/- 50 MHz off center frequency Lightening Protection 90 V, 20 kA, 8/20 -S Suggested model GPS-TMG-SP-40N from PCTEL Broadband Technology
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  18 / 41 The GPS quality and the effective antenna efficiency can be checked connecting to the equipment through the setup tool:  The PPS acquire time is around 1 minute with good GPS signals (the frontal led “RX1” flashes red until the PPS is ready). Once the PPS is acquired (the frontal led “RX1” flashes orange), another minute is request to synchronize in time and frequency the equipment (than the frontal led “RX1” flashes green synchronously with the arriving PPS). KAIROS has the ability to automatic switch the synch source selecting the best available. The synch priority is settable using the synch mask of the setup tool:  In multi equipment assembly like a multicarrier trunking application, it is possible to use only 1 GPS receiver shearing  the  PPS  signals  to  the  other  equipments  via  the  6pin  connector  placed  in  the  back  of  the equipment as shown in the following paragraphs.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  19 / 41 3.3.3.1  In site GPS sharing A  special  technique  is  implemented  to  allow  also  the  use  contemporary  2  or  more  GPS  receivers  for redundancy. The follow figure explain how to share the PPS:  In the example above, 4 KAIROS are assembled in the same cabinet. Two GPS antennas are used realizing a 1+1 redundancy in the synchronization source. The timing signal, sent out from both KAIROS equipped with the  GPS  receiver,  is  used  from  all  the  other  ones.  A  special  protocol  on  the  1-wire  timing  bus  allows automatic 1+1 redundancy management. Since  the  timing  bus  (pin2-PPS  and  pin6-GND)  carries  a  very  high  precision  signal, this  cable must  be  as short as possible and placed away from high power RF antennas. Strong RF signals applies near this cable may corrupts the synchronization integrity. Since  the  frontal  led  “RX1”  flashes  green  synchronously  with  the  PPS  signal,  this  led  should  flash  in  the same instant on all the equipments connected together. This immediately gives a feedback about the right connection in the rack. This configuration requires the following setup in the equipments: KAIROS “A” and “D”: 1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) 2nd choice External PPS (full) 3rd choice Internal PTP (if this protocol is supported by the IP network) 4th choice Internal ref (full) PPS to rear plug Internal ref  KAIROS “B” and “C”: 1st choice External PPS (full) 2nd choice Internal PTP (if this protocol is supported by the IP network) 3rd choice Internal ref (full)
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  20 / 41 4th choice Internal ref (full) PPS to rear plug Insulated  3.3.3.2  GPS sharing in RF linked stations The main synchronization source in a RF linked simulcast network should be the GPS. In case of GPS failure, the link transceiver is able to recover a time and frequency reference from the DMR signaling coming from the  Master  station.  This  reference  isn’t  as  precise  as  the  GPS  one  but  it  is  enough  accurate  to  assure simulcast operation with small degradations in the overlap area. KAIROS has the ability to automatic switch the synch source selecting the best available. The GPS sharing configuration is identical of the previous figure “GPS/PPS sharing example” where:   Slave Master A Link transceiver Link transceiver B Broadcast simulcast transceiver Broadcast simulcast transceiver C - Additional link receivers D Broadcast simulcast transceiver Broadcast simulcast transceiver  The Broadcast transceiver can be equipped of the GPS receiver in case it is needed a redundancy in the GPS signal (position “B” of the previous table). Since  the  frontal  led  “RX1”  flashes  green  synchronously  with  the  PPS  signal,  this  led  should  flash  in  the same instant on all the equipments connected together. This immediately gives a feedback about the right connection in the rack. This configuration requires the following setup in the equipments: KAIROS “A”:  Slave Master 1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) 2nd choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full) 3rd choice RF link (DMR) Internal ref (full) 4th choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) PPS to rear plug Internal ref Internal ref  KAIROS “B” and “C”:  Slave Master 1st choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full) 2nd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) 3rd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) 4th choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full)
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  21 / 41 PPS to rear plug Insulated Insulated  KAIROS “D”:  Slave Master 1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) 2nd choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full) 3rd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) 4th choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) PPS to rear plug Internal ref Internal ref  3.3.4  Power supply The  equipment  requires  a  13.2Vdc  nominal  power  supply  with  negative  to  ground.  KAIROS  switches  off when a polarity inversion or an out of range Vdc values are detected to its power supply input. An internal circuit protects the equipment during fast voltage transients (e.g.: in mobile application)  and during accidental short circuit. It allows also a “soft start” limiting the in-rush current during the power-on phase. KAIROS  implements  also  a  non-restoring  protection  (internal  fuse)  to  save  the  equipment  from  heavy transients  due  to  lightening.  This  protection  acts  absorbing  the  excess  energy  incoming  from  the  power supply  cable.  Note  that,  after  a  lightening  event,  this  protection  may  short  the  power  supply  input. Therefore it is recommended to insert a 10A fuse in the power supply cable near the power supply source (e.g.: a battery)  to  avoid dangerous damage due to lightening event or to accidental short  circuits  along power supply cables. Internal power supply is not isolated. KAIROS must be supplied by an isolated power supply (from mains) with a minimum isolation equal to the one of an IEC 61558-2-6 compliant safety transformer or equivalent. The power supply input has the following characteristics: Input Voltage 10.8 – 15.6 Vdc, neg. ground, Nominal 13.2V Max ripple 30 mVpp Polarity reversal protection up to -70 V Power supply protections Electronic protection with automatic restore for overvoltage and undervoltage events Short-circuit protection Electronic protection with automatic restore Power supply connector 2 pole model Phoenix Contact Power consumption @160MHz 13.2Vdc – typical values for both DMR timeslot used Power off : 1mA GPS Receiver (without external antenna) : 30mA LINUX & LAN (no TRX active): 150mA
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  22 / 41 LINUX & LAN + RX main on : 260mA LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity on : 310mA LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity + TX @1W : 1A LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity + TX @5W : 1.8A LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity + TX @10W : 2.5A LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity + TX @25W : 4.0A  The DMR TIER 2 standard doesn’t require a continuous transmission from the repeater. Thus it’s easy to calculate the battery’s autonomy as the following example:  Considering a simple KAIROS repeater operating at 10W for the 25% of time, the mean power requirement is:  I_mean=2,5*25% + 0,310*70% = 625 + 230 = 855mA In case of a main power supply failure, a small 65Ah battery pack gives more than 3 days of full operation. 3.3.5  I/O ports KAIROS provides some I/O ports fitted into the 25 pin D-SUB connector and the 6 pins connector placed in the back. Some of these I/O are specialized (e.g.: PTT_out or ALRM_out) but can be re-defined for special applications. I/O contacts are not isolated from ground, they are referred to ground and pre-polarized by +3.3V. Due to this configuration, for safety reason, they can be connected to very low voltage external circuits only. Here following it is descripted the standard applications of these auxiliary pins.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  23 / 41 3.3.5.1  Digital I/O The  I/O  output  pins  (PWR_GOOD,  M_1,  M_2,  PTT_OUT_conn,  I/O_OUT_1,  ALR_OUT,  FAN, OUT_1+1_MNG_CONN)  are  open  collector  type  able  to  switch  up  to  20mA/40Vdc.  A  470  Ohm  resistor limits the maximum current and a 47K resistor refers the output to the internal 3.3V. The  I/O  input  pins  (REMOTE_OFF,  E_1,  E_2,  I/O_IN_2,  I/O_IN_3,  ALR_IN1,  ALR_IN2,  PPS_IN_CONN)  are internally pull-upped to  the 3.3V. A pair of diodes protect the  input  from  voltage  below  zero. This input switch on closing it to GND. The function of such pins are: REMOTE_OFF : [IN] it is equivalent to push the on/off button in the front of the equipment. When KAIROS is in on condition, closing this pin to GND for at least 3 seconds produces a switch off condition. When in off condition, closing this pin to GND for at least 250 milliseconds produce a switch on. See the Power on/off button description for further details using this pin. PWR_GOOD : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the equipment is regularly switched on E_1, E_2 : [IN] closing them to GND advise the equipment that a valid audio signal is incoming from the Line (like a PTT signal) M_1, M_2 :  [OUT] they are  closed  to  GND  when  a valid audio  signal  is  sent  to  the  Line  (like  a  SQUELCH advise) I/O_IN_2,  I/O_IN_3  :  [IN]  general  purpose  inputs;  they  can  be  used  in  special  applications  that  need  to acquire  external  status  like:  opening  cabinet  detection,  opening  site  door,  main  power  supply  presence (with external switch) I/O_OUT_1  :  [OUT]  general  purpose  output;  it  can  be  used  in  special  applications  that  need  to  set  an external device/relays ALR_IN1,  ALR_IN2  :  [IN]  alarm  input;  closing  them  to  GND  produces  an  alarm  advise  to  the  Supervisor Centre. Each alarm can be configured via the setup tool; it is possible to define a DMR TXT message or a SNMP trap for the 0 to 1 transition and for the 1 to 0. Typical application is the open site/cabinet event. ALR_OUT  :  [OUT] it  is  open  from GND  when  the  equipment  detects  an  alarm condition.  Power  off  is  an alarm condition. FAN : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the temperature of the internal RF power amplifier rises above the threshold (typ 65°C). It can be used to switch on cooling fans in a cabinet. PTT_OUT_conn : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the transmitter goes on air. It is possible to insert a pre-time to allow the right switching on time to an external RF power amplifier. PPS_IN_CONN : [IN/OUT] this pin supports an external PPS signal or can share the internal PPS (from GPS receiver or from the PTP or from other sourced synch). As described previously, a bus connection between different co-located KAIROS realizes a multiple GPS reception with automatic backup. This pin can also be
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  24 / 41 configured to accept an external synchronous clock or an external pulse per second signal. Contact Factory for further details. IN/OUT_1+1_MNG_CONN  :  [IN/OUT]  these  pins  support  a  simple  protocol  to  allow  two  KAIROS  to functioning as 1+1 (main and spare) equipment. V_ext_1  :  [IN  analog]  not  isolated  inputs  for  voltage  sensing  (10KOhm  /  0..24V  referred  to  ground);  the value of this voltage can be seen via the remote control tool. +12Vcc_TO_EXT : [OUT aux supply] this pin provides 13.2V, limited at 400mA, to supply a general purpose external device 3.3.5.2  Audio I/O KAIROS provides two 2/4 wires + E&M balanced interface for external audio devices like consoles or phone lines.  These  audio  ports  carry  analog  or  DMR  communications  (in  this  case  the  AMBE  codec  option  is requested). The inputs are IN_1A/IN_1B for the  Audio  Line 1 and IN_2A/IN_2B  for the Audio  Line 2 (Z_in = 20KOhm differential / 10KOhm single ended). The outputs are OUT_1A/ OUT_1B for the Audio Line 1 and OUT_2A/ OUT_2B for the Audio Line 2. These two outputs have different impedance: ∞ Audio Line 1  Z_out = 600 Ohm differential / 300 Ohm single ended. ∞ Audio Line 2  Z_out = 150 Ohm differential / 75 Ohm single ended. These IN/OUT ports are balanced and ground referred (NOT FLOAT! don’t apply to these pins more than 20Vdc). For long line use, it is recommended to insert an external 1:1 transformer in order to isolate the port from static voltage difference that can be arise between the line ends. They can be used as balanced (suggested method) or as single ended using only one of the IN/OUT pin. The nominal level of the audio signal in/out is -10dBm and can be regulated via setup tool between -20 and 0 dBm (-14 to -6dBm in single ended). These  Audio  ports,  in  conjunction  with  the  E_1,  E_2,  M_1,  M_2  I/O  signals  described  before,  realize  a double 4Wire+E&M interface. In analog communications the standard settings of these ports are: ∞ Audio Line  1  is  the audio port  for  Console; it is  a  PM  (phase modulated =  the  incoming  audio  is emphasized) audio port ∞ Audio  Line  2  is  the  audio  port  for  External  modem  (e.g.:  paging  interface);  this  port  is  a  FM (frequency modulated = the incoming audio is “flat”) audio port In digital communication, if the AMBE option board is installed, these ports have the following roles: ∞ Audio Line 1: this port is connected to the DMR timeslot 1.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  25 / 41 ∞ Audio Line 2: this port is connected to the DMR timeslot 2; it is needed the dual AMBE option Note that the audio port can be configured in many different modes. For example the Audio Line 1 can be used to synchronize two base stations through a 2 wire long line. The audio line settings (levels, filters, PM/FM in-out, …) are modifiable with the setup tool, using the “LINE setup” mask. 3.4  Option boards KAIROS has got two internal connectors for placing option boards. The main option boards are: ∞ GPS receiver: embedded receiver for GPS/GLONASS service, with high precision Pulse Per Second (PPS)  output  function  in  order  to  synchronize  the  station.  Only  an  external  active  antenna  is required.  This  option  is  required  for  simulcast  and  special  operations.  Place  it  in  “OPTBOARD  B” position. ∞ AMBE codec: two DSP, one per timeslot, perform the cross-coding of linear audio (mu-law coded) to a DMR audio and vice versa. This option is required for SIP/RTP-IP and local audio applications. This option board can be ordered for 1 or for 2 audio. Place it in “OPTBOARD B” position. ∞ USB  port:  it  allow  to  connect  to  KAIROS  standard  USB  devices  like  Flash  Keys  and  the  remote control modem. Place it in “OPTBOARD A” position. ∞ RS232 port: it allow to connect to KAIROS standard RS232 serial devices like external data logger. Place it in “OPTBOARD A” position.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  26 / 41 The option boards are automatically detected and recognized at the equipment power on.  4  Installation and maintenance 4.1  Improper use It is recommended to install the equipments in closed cabinet, to allow only authorized people to access to them, in order to avoid handling or improper use of equipments and to avoid accidental contact with hot surfaces. 4.2  Thermal dissipation The repeater may be installed in any location suitable for electronic communications equipment, provided that  the  environmental  conditions  do  not  exceed  the  equipment  specifications  for  temperature  and humidity. Humidity conditions should not exceed 95% relative humidity at 50 °C (122 °F). The temperature, measured in close proximity to the equipment, should not exceed -30 °C (-22 °F) to +60 °C  (+140  °F).  Therefore,  if  the  equipment  is  mounted  in  a  cabinet,  the  temperature  within  the  cabinet should be maintained within this range. When planning the installation, observe the following ventilation guidelines: ∞ Outlet cabinet containing the equipments should be designed to ensure a good internal air flux for heating dissipation. A free slot of at least 1TU is recommended between two adjacent equipments. ∞ If several equipments are installed in a single cabinet, ensure adequate cooling/ventilation to each equipment. The cabinets should be equipped with ventilation slots or openings in the front (for air entry) and back or side panels (for air to exit). The cabinet must have a least 15 cm (6 inches) of open space between the air vents and any wall or other objects. ∞ In case RF transmitter is set for its maximum power, it is active with a duty-cycle near to 100% and ambient temperature could be above 40°C, a  larger respect area must be considered around the rack  and  an  air  forced  cooling  system  should  be  eventually  designed  (“FAN”  contact  of  the equipment  can  be  used  to  switch  on  and  off  an  external  cooling  system).  The  transmitter  is protected  against  over-temperature:  if  the  RF  mosfet  temperature  arises  over  85°C,  the microprocessor will automatically decrease the generated RF power in order to make the amplifier work  in  safety  conditions.  The  nominal  RF  power  will  be  restored  as  soon  as  the  mosfet temperature will decrease below 60°C. 4.3  Power supply system Internal power supply voltage is nominally set to 13.2V dc from battery, with negative pole connected to ground, and it is protected against polarity inversion, over-voltage, under-voltage, short-circuits.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  27 / 41 It is recommended to use power supply sources with low impedance output stage to make the hot swap controller of PSU properly work. For example, if the power supply line is very long a  capacitor should be added in parallel in order to reduce the resulting output impedance. The  power  supply  input  has  a  built-in  RF  filter  that  reduce  the  inout  noise.  A  ferrite  bead  should  be inserted in the power supply cable for very low noise applications or for cable length that exceeds 3 meters. Note: use cable with adequate section and don’t insert inductive devices because they could produce extra-voltage that activate internal electronic protections giving on/off instability. Power supply cable dimensions must be calculated for a maximum current absorption of 5A @13.2V DC, in order to avoid significant voltage drop, especially after fast transient. They must be protected by a fuse or a short  circuit  protection  system which should  be  placed as  near  as  possible  to  each  power supply source (AC/DC and battery). It is also recommended to connect a good ground reference to the rack, to its metal components and to  KAIROS by using the screw on the rear side of the equipment. 4.4  Antenna Antenna discharger are recommended to prevent damages due to eventual atmospheric discharges. These devices  should  be  placed  on  antenna  connection  cable,  just  before  equipments  installation  shelter,  and they must be connected to an good ground reference. Attention must be paid also to connect the eventual diversity receiver to the radiant system: the input of this receiver is directly connected to a SMA connector on the back side of the rack, without any filter. The corresponding antenna must be placed far enough from the transmitting antenna in order to avoid receiver desensitization and to get the correct isolation. To avoid any problem, it is recommended to insert a notch or a pass-band cavity to protect the receiver. If an external branching is connected to the equipment, it must be designed to ensure minimum reflected power  at  the  TX  port  (VSWR  referenced  to  50  Ohm  less  than  1.3)  and  the  needed  isolations  between transmitter and receivers. See the branching paragraph in the engineering specification appendix. 4.5  AF interface These IN/OUT ports are balanced and ground referred (NOT FLOAT! don’t apply to these pins more than 20Vdc). For long line use, it is recommended to insert an external 1:1 transformer in order to isolate the port from static voltage difference that can be arise between the line ends. A 2/4W telephone line can be connected to the equipment only using an external circuit with high isolation and with discharges to prevent damages due to eventual atmospheric discharges on the line. 4.6  Manual settings No manual settings are required for KAIROS repeaters.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  28 / 41 4.7  Self-test process  During  self-test  process  internal  parameters  of  modulator  and  demodulators  are  tuned  by  generating  a signal through the synthesizer of the transmitter, by automatically connecting its output to the input of the receiver and by analyzing the received signal. If a strong signal is received by the external antenna during self-calibration, it is possible that  the  process  ends with  errors (a corresponding “warning”  alarm  will  be displayed on both frontal leds and monitor of PC for remote control). In this case the DSP will load from flash memory the previously saved  parameters without any problem for the transceiver. To obtain better results from self-test process, it is recommended to set the calibration frequency as near as possible to the transmitter frequency; if there is a range of  allowed frequencies for transmission, it is recommended to set the centre of this range as the calibration frequency. 4.8  PPS signal For applications in simulcast networks where the source of synchronization is the PPS signal by GPS, if this signal is missing, the radio coverage of the areas which are reached by several repeaters with the same field strength, is not ensured.  Attention must be paid in choosing and placing the GPS antenna. The GPS quality and the effective antenna efficiency can be checked connecting to the equipment through the setup tool. 4.9  On site check list Once the equipment is placed in the transmission site it is a good practice to measure some parameters to be sure that the site is ready and for future reference. The main measures should be: ∞ Power supply voltage; it should be 13,2Vdc measured at the KAIROS input. The internal monitor, accessible  via  the  setup  tool,  should  indicate  around  13,2V  +/-  300mV  in  standby;  this  standby value should not  decrease for  more  than  -600mV  in  TX  @10W  and -800mV  in TX @25W (values valid for VHF model). Be sure that, at the nominal RF power, the power supply be at least 12Vdc. Remember that noisy power supply may produce unwanted disturbs both in TX and in RX.  ∞ TX power to the antenna; keeping in account the branching loss, it should be within +/-1 dB (+/-2W @10W) respect to the nominal power set. ∞ Antenna and branching system; verify the reflected power at the TX output and at the branching output  to  the  antenna.  Unless  the  TX  has  got  a  built-in  protection  to  a  load  mismatching,  it  is strongly  recommended  to  achieve  at  the  TX  output  connector  a  VSWR  (referenced  to  50  Ohm) between 1 to 1.3. In presence of higher value of VSWR, the system performance will be degraded. In this case a variety of symptoms might appear, like: 1. The  reflected  power  might  change  varying  the  length  of  cable  between  transmitter  and  the branching system.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  29 / 41 2. The transmitter might generate spurious radiations. 3. The  transmitter might  increase  its floor noise;  this  can produce de-sensitivity on  the  receiver path. 4. The transmitter output power might become erratic, either too high or too low as measured on a wattmeter. In case of  a  poor  branching system, the use of a ferrite isolator  at  the  output of  the  transmitter should solve the reflected power problem. ∞ RX  sensitivity; since KAIROS is  a  digital  transceiver,  the  sensitivity  should  be  measured  in  digital. Anyway, considering that the digital demodulation is only a SW algorithm, it is enough to measure the sensitivity in analog. The sensitivity should be measured on both channels, Main and Diversity, with  the  branching  filters.  The  S/N  should  be  better  than  20dB  with  a  RF  field  of  -110dBm @12.5KHz of channelization. ∞ RX de-sensitivity; this measure verify the RF pollution that influences the antenna. Connect the RX input to the antenna inserting a directional coupler. The sensitivity measured with the antenna and substituting it with a dummy load should differ for few dB (typical value: 2-6 dB @160MHz, 1-3dB @450MHz). If the measured value is not satisfactory, you can try to insert a band pass cavity filter.  ∞ RX  de-sensitivity  when  the  TX  is  on;  this  measure  verify  the  correct  isolation  of  the  TX/RX  filter system.  Connect  the  antenna  input  to  a  duplex  test  set  analyzer.  The  sensitivity  with  the  TX  on respect  when  off,  should  differ  for  less  than  3  dB  (this  value  may  vary  with  the  TX/RX  band separation). ). If the measured value is not satisfactory, the TX/RX isolation of the branching filter should  be  increased;  the  problem  may  be  also  in  the  noise  of  the  power  supply  when  the equipment is in TX. ∞ Verify the IP network functionality (if the equipment is a part of a network); if the Master station is present, a KAIROS slave should register itself to the master within 1 minute. The led “NETWORK” in the frontal panel should blink green. Verify all the signal path: a signal received locally must arrive to the Master (see its voter mask), must be selected in the master and must be transmitted locally. Be sure that the signal re-transmitted is effectively the signal coming from the Master  and not a local copy. ∞ At the  end remember to save on your PC all configuration parameters of the base  station; these parameters can be very useful to clone a substituting unit in case of fail. 4.10  IP discover When  KAIROS  is  placed  in  field  or  coming  back  from  a  site,  maybe  a  problem  to  connect  to  it  if  the  IP address is unknown. A simple way to discover the IP is switching on KAIROS with the following procedure. 1. Switch off the equipment
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  30 / 41 2. At equipment switched off, press the on/off button for at least 4 sec (all Radio Led will be orange), until the Radio Led start to flash orange slowly 3. Release the  on/off button => the Radio Led start to flash green fast 4. Press again the on/off button within 4 seconds => the equipment goes in “IP discover status” 5. KAIROS performs all the setup procedure but its IP becomes: 172.33.16.140/16; during this status the Radio Led flash orange every 2 seconds to advise that the equipment is in a maintenance status 6. Connect the setup tool  to 172.33.16.140/16 address to see/change the  IP currently in  use  in  the equipment 7. At the end of the procedure switch off the equipment pressing the on/off button for at least 2 sec as usual At the next power on, the equipment will assume the last IP saved. 4.11  Preventive Maintenance KAIROS  does  not  require  a  scheduled  preventive  maintenance  program;  however,  periodic  visual inspection and cleaning is recommended. Check that the external surfaces of the radio are clean, and that all external controls and switches are functional. It is not recommended to inspect the interior electronic circuitry.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  31 / 41  5  Parameters configuration and Remote Control Working  parameter  of  the  station  are  completely  programmable  through  a  SW  package  and  a  PC connection. The visible (and programmable) parameters set is very wide and extends from radio channel setting  to  tuning  voltage  measure  of  each  local  oscillator.    The  software  is  called  KAIROS_Manager  for single base-stations or DMR_NetControl for network systems. Remote  diagnostic  of  radio  stations  from  PC  can  be  performed  through  the  Ethernet  interface  of  the station. This  interface is  absolutely standard and very diffused, so relatively simple to be remoted. Radio Activity stations can be equipped with an external GPRS modem which will provide remote access to the station, if the installation site is covered by this service and if the Mobile Provider allows the machine to machine connection. Each operation can be remotely performed, exactly the same as in local connection, including  FW  down-loading,  configuration  Down-loading  and  up-loading,  station  check,  parameters changing. Communication  and  supervision  unit  can  spontaneously  transmit  diagnostic  messages  if  defined  “self-alarming” events happen. This is useful to automatically check the stations. Here following an example of remote control forms:  For further details about remote control software, refer to proper documentation (SW user manuals).
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  32 / 41 5.1  SIP/RTP Gateway KAIROS can run an optional “DMR Gateway” agent to interface Analog and DMR radio systems to several external networks (the AMBE codec option board is requested). It allows radio users to easily communicate and interoperate with: ∞ External telephone applications like conventional PSTN equipments (external interface needed) and VoIP systems (SIP PABX, SIP Hardphones, Softphones, Open Source SIP platforms). ∞ Dispatching  systems  and  control  room  applications  like  analog  4-wire  +  E&M  consoles,  RTP  based consoles, SIP based dispatching systems for control room applications, to connect a Base Station (or a radio network) to a local operator desk. ∞ Other users under different radio networks/repeater (Wide Area Mobility).  The DMR Gateway Agent translates Voice (full duplex audio streams from/to DMR coded audio to G.711 µ-law or a-law) and Data streams, along with the  associated signaling (for example SIP  RequestsDMR or DTMFDMR) to provide the interconnection between these communication systems. The DMR Gateway Agent runs into  the KAIROS engine without the need of an external PC.  This Agent is compatible with the DTI/DMR Gateway module of the RRAA--XXXXXX family of DMR Base Station (blue series) and can be used in the same system. These  Agent  manages  one  or  two  DSP  processors  for  audio  encoding/decoding  (vocoders).  A  lot  of applications may be available by using the extremely compact coded bandwidth and the powerful built-in functionalities. The applications are targeted to the DMR radio communication Dispatching Room. This audio can be easily managed using standard audio program and application on a PC. Radio Activity will provide the protocol descriptions to allow his partners to develop their own applications. See the SIP/RTP Gateway document for more details.
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  33 / 41 6  Engineering specifications 6.1  KAIROS vs RA-XXX comparison The main differences between the RA-XXX and the KAIROS families are:  KAIROS RA-XXX Mechanic Single module Multi module assembly Weight 1,3 Kg 6 Kg Operative System LINUX LINUX Internal Memory (RAM/FLASH) 128Mbyte/64Mbyte 32Mbyte/32Mbyte Diversity RX Always present Option Power supply 13,2Vdc (11 to 15V) 12Vdc; 24 – 48 Vdc as option RX power consumption <5W <8W TX Power 25W (15W at 900MHz band) 25W Simulcast Yes (as option) Yes (as option) Channelization 25/20/12,5/6,25 KHz 12,5 KHz; 25/20 KHz as option Bands 66-88; 136-174; 350-410; 400-470; 450-520; 860-927 MHZ  68-88; 146-174; 400-470 MHZ Dual mode DMR/Analog Yes (as option) Yes DMR TIER 3 Yes (as option) Yes (as option) Operation FDMA duplex / half duplex / Direct mode (2TS)/TDMA duplex FDMA duplex / half duplex (as base station) Vehicular/mobile repeater Yes No Built in audio lines 2 (Timeslot 1 and 2 DMR ) 1 User I/O 4 not insulated 4 insulated Internal GPS Receiver Option Option Internal GSM for remote Control  No  Option SIP/RTP Gateway Internal Option or external DTI module  external DTI module needed 1+1 (Main/Spare) operation Yes (as option) Yes (as option) RS232 Serial port Yes (as option) Yes (included in the I/O module) USB Port Yes (as option) No Design year 2014 2007
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  34 / 41 6.2  Radio frequency Radio Transceiver model KA080, KA160, KA350, KA450, KA500, KA900, typical values. 6.2.1  Transmitter Output power at the connector 1/5/10/15/20/25 W Connector  SMA RF  final  transistor  protection  to  high temperature  85°C +/- 5°C progressively reducing the RF power Available modulation FM, PM, GFSK, 4FSK, 2DFSK Modulation bandwidth 0 .. 5000 Hz Synthesis step 50 Hz Transmitting duty cycle Continued 100% ROS protection Min.10’ in short circuit as well as in open circuit Adjacent channel noise -75 dBc @25KHz / -65 dBc @12.5KHz FM distortion < 1.5 % Noise -56 dBp @25KHz / -47 dBp @12.5KHz Frequency stability (without GPS) 0.5 p.p.m. (without digital correction) Max reverse input signal -20dBm to avoid intermodulation products +20dBm no damage Emission Designator (ITU) 4FSK Digital Modulation (DMR) 12.5 KHz Data Only: 7K60FXD 12.5 kHz Data and Voice: 7K60FXE FM Modulation 12.5 kHz: 11K0F3E (voice); 11K0FXD (data) 25 kHz: 16K0F3E (voice); 16K0FXD (data) 20 kHz: 14K0F3E (voice); 14K0FXD (data) 6.2.2  Receiver  Maximum sensitivity -116 dBm @20 dBp SINAD -118dBm @5% BER without diversity -121dBm @5% BER with diversity Operating maximum input -10 dBm Maximum  input  without  permanent damages  +10 dBm Reception mode Vector I & Q Received signal band 0..5000 Hz Synthesis step 50 Hz Co-channel protection 8 dB @25 KHz / 12 dB @12.5KHz
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  35 / 41 Adjacent channel selectivity 73 dB @25 KHz / 63 dB @12.5 KHz Blocking protection 80 dB Intermodulation protection 75 dB Intercept 3° order IP3in +15 dBm Distortion <2 % @1KHz Noise -53 dBp @25 KHz / -47 dBp @12.5 KHz Frequency stability  0.5 p.p.m. (without digital correction) 6.3  IP interfacing 6.3.1  LAN protocols  6.3.2  Ports and connectors UTP LAN Port Ethernet 10BT/100TX (auto MDI/MDI-X) on an RJ45 socket Protocols for voice packets Proprietary between base stations or Audio Gateway (RA-TI-XXX): UDP/IP  (ipv4),  unicast  (from  Slave  or  RA-TI-XXX to  master)  and selectable from multicast/unicast/broadcast (from master to  Slave or  RA-TI-XXX),  with  DSCP  set  to  “EF”  (Telephony service  class), according to RFC 4594 Between the Audio Gateway and SIP/Dispatching applications: RTP (Real Time Protocol) according to RFC 3550  Protocols  for  BS  “internal”  network control  UDP/IP  (ipv4),  unicast  and  multicast,  with  DSCP  set  to  “CS6” (Network Control service class), according to RFC 4594 Protocols  for  remote  control,  setup and surveillance UDP/IP and TCP/IP (ipv4) unicast and broadcast  with DSCP set to “AF13”  (High-Throughput  Data service  class),  according  to  RFC 4594 PTP Precision Time Protocol over IP It delivers  the  highest level  of  precision clock synchronization for real time industrial connectivity based on the IEEE 1588 standard Audio  format  between  Master  and Salves or RA-TI-XX Analog: 64 kb/s – 8 bit x 8 KHz selectable linear or mu-law coded DMR: AMBE II+TM (Advanced Multi-Band Excitation) Audio frame block net payload Analog: 60 ms – 480 bytes/samples DMR  selectable  single/double  timeslot:  60  ms  – 27  bytes  each timeslot Audio  format    between  RA-TI-XX  and PC/SIP application  RTP 64 kb/s – 8 bit x 8 KHz selectable A or mu-law coded Messaging   format    between  RA-TI-XX and PC/SIP application  variable length RTP  for text messaging according to RFC 4103
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  36 / 41 Optical LAN Port (option) Ethernet 100FX on SC-SC socket (not yet available) Serial control Port RS232 V.24 asynchronous 600 ÷ 115200 bps (optional) USB control Port (optional)  6.3.3  LAN requirements  6.3.4  Codec VoIP Uncoded audio source 64 kbps – 8bitx8KHz Net bit-rate (1CH) 2450 bps FEC Coded bit-rate (1CH) 3600 bps Audio frame block 20ms Coder algorithm AMBE II+TM (Advanced Multi-Band Excitation) DMR compatibility Motorola (Mototrbo series), Hytera, Sepura  6.3.5  SNMP protocol Version compatibility 2.0 Maximum  number of  managed  server 8 Jitter  (deviation  of  averaged  packet time delay) The Base Station is able to compensate Jitter delay up to 200 ms. The  total  delay  averaged  +  jitter  must  not  exceeds  400ms  (each way) Maximum delay The Base Station is able to compensate round trip delay less then 900ms (jitters included) Packet loss < 0.1 % Minimum  bandwidth  (network signaling  and  remote  control  polling inclusive) SLAVE or RA-TI-XX: 70 kb/s in analog to/from Master 24 kb/s in DMR to/from Master (both timeslots) MASTER to serve N SLAVES  or RA-TI-XX (both timeslots): Using multicast (preferred method) or broadcast: 70 kb/s in analog to Slaves, 70 kb/s x N from Slaves 24 kb/s in DMR to Slaves, 24 kb/s x N from Slaves Using unicast: 70 kb/s x N in analog to Slaves, 70 kb/s x N from Slaves 24 kb/s x N in DMR to Slaves, 24 kb/s x N from Slaves
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  37 / 41 ports Traps description On MIB file included in the standard SW package  6.4  GPS/GLONASS antennas 6.4.1  GPS/GLONASS antenna requirements Connector (RF + remote power supply) SMA Impedance 50 Ohm Sensitivity Tracking up to -159 dBm Antenna gain From 20 to 45 dB, depending on cable length, to obtain a total gain between 12 dB and 26 dB (assumes a 3 dBic patch antenna). A typical value of 25 dB is best in most cases. Frequency band GPS L1 1575.42 +/- 10 MHz Maximum Noise Figure < 2.5 dB including pre-selector DC Voltage 5Vcc @ max 100mA superimposed into the SMA RF connector Out of Band Rejection -60 dB @ +/- 50 MHz off center frequency Lightening Protection 90 V, 20 kA, 8/20 -S Suggested model GPS-TMG-SP-40N from PCTEL Broadband Technology  Note:  It  is  necessary  only  1  antenna  per  site  independently  from  the  number  of  base  stations.  The  pps signal received from one base station can be shared to the other ones in the same cabinet via the 6-pins bus on the back of KAIROS. 6.5  Frequency bands Model Frequency band KA-900  UHF – HH => 865-941 MHz KA-500  UHF – H => 450-527 MHz KA-450  UHF – M => 400-470 MHz KA-350 UHF – L  => 350-410 MHz KA-160 VHF – H => 136-174 MHz KA-080 VHF – L => 66-88 MHz KA-040* VHF – LL => 30-40 MHz  * please, ask to Factory the availability
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  38 / 41 6.6  Branching requirements 6.6.1  TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power   Band +/-40MHz +/-9MHz +/-4.5MHz +/-3MHz +/-1.5MHz +/-0.8MHz UHF – HH 75dB      UHF – H/L 75dB 76dB     VHF – H 75dB 75dB 76dB 78dB 81dB 85dB VHF – L 75dB 75dB 75dB 75dB 78dB 81dB  6.6.2  Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals    Band +/-1MHz +/-500KHz +/-100KHz +/-50KHz +/-25KHz +/-12.5KHz UHF – HH -32dBm -43dBm -45dBm -47dBm -49dBm -58dBm UHF – H/L  -32dBm -41dBm -43dBm -44dBm -48dBm -56dBm VHF – H -32dBm -40dBm -42dBm -43dBm -47dBm -54dBm VHF – L -32dBm -36dBm -38dBm -40dBm -43dBm -50dBm  6.7  Other specifications 6.7.1  Environmental parameters Operating Temperature -30 ÷ +60 °C Storage Temperature -40 ÷ +70 °C Relative Humidity  (operating and storage)  Max 80% not condensed TXRX mainTXRX main
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  39 / 41 6.7.2  Power supply Input Voltage 10.8 – 15.6 Vcc, neg. ground, Nominal 13.2V Max ripple 30 mVpp Polarity reversal protection up to -70 V Power supply protections Electronic protection with automatic restore for overvoltage and undervoltage events Short-circuit protection Electronic protection with automatic restore Power supply connector 3 pole model Phoenix Contact Ground connections A Ø5MA nut on the rear side of the base station The central contact on the power supply connector Power consumption TX: 60 W @25W RF RX: 4.5 W (with both RX main and diversity enabled) 6.7.3  Mechanical characteristics Dimensions (including connectors)  48 x 197x 220  mm 19” Rack mount assembly for up to 2 transceivers  87 (2TU) x 426 x 220 mm 19” Rack mount assembly for up to 6 transceivers  215 (5TU) x 426 x 220 mm Weight (1 transceiver)  1.350 g 6.7.4  Audio balanced interfaces Interface type 2x4+E&M balanced lines Line isolation 25 V / (1500V with external phone line interface) Used audio bandwidth 300÷3400 Hz Input/output Impedance  Line1 => 600 Ohm differential / 300 Ohm single ended Line2 => 150 Ohm differential / 75 Ohm single ended Side tone reflection < - 20 dB Output nominal level -30 .. 0 dBm Input nominal level -30 .. 0 dBm Level adjust software by 0.1dB step Ring  detect  (with  external  phone  line interface)  60..120 Vpp @25Hz Release  tone  detection(with  external phone line interface)  3 pulses of 425Hz @50% duty 250ms/250ms
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  40 / 41 7  REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE KAIROS is compliant with the existing regulations, in particular: ∞ EN  300  086-2:  Technical  characteristics  and  test  conditions  for  radio  equipment  for  analogue speech. ∞ EN 300 113-2: Technical characteristics and test conditions for non speech radio equipment  for the transmission of data. ∞ FCC: Part 90; subpart I ∞ IC: RSS119 ∞ ETSI  TS  102361  (part  1;2;3):  Electromagnetic  compatibility  and  Radio  spectrum  Matters  (ERM); Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) Systems. The equipment is  able to manage OSI stack layers 1–2–3 of the DMR protocol, offering an active interaction with mobile terminals. ∞ EMC : EN 301489-1; EN 301489-5 ∞ EMF: EN50385 ∞ EMC for bus & train: EN 50498; EN 50121-3-2; EN 50155 ∞ Safety : EN 60065 A1 The product is conformed to the Directive 1999-5-CE. The  product  is  conformed  to  the  Directive  2002/95/CE  -  RoHs  (“ro-has”).  It  doesn’t  contain concentrations exceeding the permitted limits for the following substances: ∞ Lead (Pb) ∞ Mercury (Hg) ∞ Cadmium (Cd) ∞ Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) ∞ Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) ∞ Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)  The  use  of  this  equipment  may  be  subject  to  the  specific  authorization  by  the  national  authority responsible for spectrum management, and it should operate under the local government laws.  Please refer to  the  document “Declaration of  conformity KA-xxx.doc” (where  “xxx” is the specific model, which is referred to) for signed certification of compliance of the KAIROS to normatives. 7.1  Notice for EC users KAIROS  products  have  been  certified  by  and  registered  to  Notify  Body  ACB  nr.  1588,  according  to  the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC. The following table shows the list of EU Countries where the equipment is intended to be used:
KAIROS User Manual - version 1.3   Radio Activity S.r.l.  12/11/2014  41 / 41 AT BE BG CH  CY CZ DE  DK EE  ES FI  FR  GB GR HU IE  IS  IT  LT  LU LV MT NL  NO PL  PT RO SE  SI  SK TR                                                         7.2  Notice for US users This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standards. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: 1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and  2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part  15  of  the  FCC  Rules.  These  limits  are  designed  to  provide  reasonable  protection  against  harmful interference  when  the  equipment  is  operated  in  a  commercial  environment. This  equipment  generates, uses,  and  can  radiate  radio  frequency  energy  and,  if  not  installed  and  used  in  accordance  with  the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense. Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by Radio Activity may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment. 7.3  Notice for Canadian users Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes: 1. l'appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage, et  2. l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout  brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en compromettre le fonctionnement.

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