Ritron RIT34-1650 VHF Transceiver Module User Manual RITRON INC

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RITRON, INC.
PRELIMINARY 05-14
RITRON MODELS DTX-X65 SERIES
PROGRAMMABLE
FM TRANSCEIVER MODULES
MAINTENANCE & OPERATING
MANUAL
PRELIMINARY!
FOR USE ONLY BY AUTHORIZED SERVICE/MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DTX MODULES
INTRODUCTION
1.1
GENERAL
1.2
MODEL IDENTIFICATION
1.3
FCC REGULATIONS
MODELS DTX-165 AND DTX-265 SPECIFICATIONS
2.1
GENERAL
2.2
TRANSMITTER
2.3
RECEIVER
DTX-165/265 INPUT/OUTPUT CONNECTOR
ACCESSORIES
OPERATION
5.1
CHANNEL SELECTION
5.2
POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE
5.3
DUTY CYCLE/KEY-DOWN LIMITATIONS
5.4
OPERATING MODES
5.5
RNET COMPATIBILITY MODE
PROGRAMMING
6.1
PC PROGRAMMING KIT
6.2
LOADING THE PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
6.3
COMPUTER SOFTWARE COPYRIGHTS
6.4
USING THE PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
6.5
PROGRAMMER MENUS
II
MAINTENANCE
IMPORTANT MAINTENANCE INFORMATION
THEORY OF OPERATION
8.1
DTX-165/265 RF BOARD
8.2
DTX-365/465 RF BOARD
8.3
CONTROL/LOADER BOARD
HARDWARE OPTIONS
10
ALIGNMENT
10.1
REQUIRED TEST EQUIPMENT
10.2
ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
GENERAL
The RITRON High Power DTX Plus modules are programmable 2-way radios, which operate either in the
VHF or UHF professional FM communications bands as well as a number of other bands in the 220 MHz
and 350 MHz region. Each of eight channels can be programmed to contain a unique set of operating
frequencies. The High Power DTX Plus module is made up of two PC boards, an RF board and a
control/loader board. These two boards are enclosed in a metal case with two connectors on one end; a 50
ohm BNC connector for connection to an antenna and a DB-15 sub-miniature connector for control
input/output and a power input connector on the other end.
In addition, the RF board/heat sink assembly is available as a stand-alone unit for system integrators.
1.2
MODEL IDENTIFICATION
The part number system for the High Power DTX Plus module is as follows:
The module has a part number in the form of “DTX-A65-BCDEF” where:
A is the major frequency band designator:
1=VHF (136-174 MHz bands)
2=216-222 MHz band
3=340-400 MHz bands
4=UHF (400-430 MHz and 450-470 MHz bands)
B is the sub-band designator:
G=136-162 for #1 above , 340-360 MHz for #3 above, and 400-430 MHz for #4 above.
A=420-440
B=430-450
O=148-174 for #1 above, 216-222 for #2 above, 360-380 for #3 above, and 450-470 for #4 above.
M=380-400 for #3 above.
C=470-490
T=490-512
Note that not all of the sub-bands listed above may be available, and that other sub-bands may
become available.
C is the connector designator:
B=BNC connector
D designates the IF bandwidth:
W=wide (25/30 kHz channel bandwidth)
N=narrow (12.5/15 kHz channel bandwidth)
S=very narrow (5/ 6.25/ 7.5 kHz channel bandwidth)
E designates the maximum power level:
30=30 watts
F designates whether the control/loader board has a regulator and if so, at what current level:
I=high current regulator; the unit operates from 10-15 volts at 30 watts max.
Example: A DTX-265-OBN30I would be a VHF module for operation between 216 and 222 MHz with a
BNC RF connector, narrow (12.5 kHz channel bandwidth) IF bandwidth, 30 watts maximum output power,
and an internal regulator to allow operation from 10 to 15 volts.
The part number system for a stand-alone RF board/Heat Sink assembly is the same as that for a module
except that “F” designator (regulator option) does not exist and a “D” is appended at the end.
1.3
FCC REGULATIONS
1.3.1
LICENSING
For those frequency bands governed by FCC rules, the FCC requires that the radio owner obtain a station
license for his radio before using the equipment to transmit, but does not require an operating license or
permit. The station licensee is responsible for proper operation and maintenance of his radio equipment,
and for ensuring that transmitter power, frequency and deviation are within the limits specified by the
station license. This includes checking the transmitter frequency and deviation periodically using
appropriate methods. Note also, that wideband operation (25/30 kHz channel bandwidth) may not be
permitted.
1.3.2
PRODUCT CERTIFICATION
The High Power DTX modules are certified by the FCC for operation in the United States and by Industry
Canada for operation in Canada on certain frequency bands and sub-bands for transmission of either voice
or data signals when aligned according to the alignment procedure for the proper bandwidth and when
operated as a complete unit in the metal case. Operation of the RF board as a stand-alone unit or in
combination with any other equipment, in any mode outside the alignment procedure, or with the clipper
filter electronically disabled will require the filing of a new type acceptance application with the FCC by
the user.
1.3.3
SAFETY STANDARDS-RF EXPOSURE (DTX-165)
RF ENERGY EXPOSURE AWARENESS AND CONTROL INFORMATION, AND OPERATIONAL
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FCC OCCUPATIONAL USE REQUIREMENTS:
BEFORE USING THIS 2-WAY RADIO, READ THIS IMPORTANT RF ENERGY AWARENESS AND
CONTROL INFORMATION AND OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE
WITH THE FCC’S AND IC’S RF EXPOSURE GUIDELINES.
NOTICE: This radio is intended for use in general population/uncontrolled conditions.
This 2-way radio uses electromagnetic energy in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum to provide
communications between two or more users over a distance. It uses radio frequency (RF) energy or radio
waves to send and receive calls. RF energy is one form of electromagnetic energy. Other forms include, but
are not limited to, electric power, sunlight and x-rays. RF energy, however, should not be confused with
these other forms of electromagnetic energy, which when used improperly can cause biological damage.
Very high levels of x-rays, for example, can damage tissues and genetic material.
Experts in science, engineering, medicine, health and industry work with organizations to develop
standards for exposure to RF energy. These standards provide recommended levels of RF exposure for both
workers and the general public. These recommended RF exposure levels include substantial margins of
protection. All 2-way radios marketed in North America are designed, manufactured and tested to ensure
they meet government established RF exposure levels. In addition, manufacturers also recommend specific
operating instructions to users of 2-way radios. These instructions are important because they inform users
about RF energy exposure and provide simple procedures on how to control it. Please refer to the following
websites for more information on what RF energy exposure is and how to control your exposure to assure
compliance with established RF exposure limits.
http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/rf-faqs.html
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/index.html
Federal Communications Commission Regulations:
The FCC rules require manufacturers to comply with the FCC RF energy exposure limits for mobile 2-way
radios before they can be marketed in the U.S. When 2-way radios are used as a consequence of
employment, the FCC requires users to be fully aware of and able to control their exposure to meet
occupational requirements. Exposure awareness can be facilitated by the use of a label directing users to
specific user awareness information.
The DTX 2-way radio has an RF exposure product label. Also, this DTX manual includes information and
operating instructions required to control your RF exposure and to satisfy compliance requirements.
Compliance with RF Exposure Standards:
The DTX two-way radio is designed and tested to comply with a number of national and international
standards and guidelines (listed below) regarding human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic
energy. This radio complies with the IEEE and ICNIRP exposure limits for general population/uncontrolled
RF exposure environment at duty factors of up to 50% talk and 50% listen and is authorized by the FCC for
occupational use. In terms of measuring RF energy for compliance with the FCC exposure guidelines, your
radio antenna radiates measurable RF energy only while it is transmitting (during talking), not when it is
receiving (listening) or in standby mode. The DTX two-way radio complies with the following RF energy
exposure standards and guidelines:
• United States Federal Communications Commission, Code of Federal Regulations; 47 CFR §§ 2 sub-part
J.
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
C95. 1-1992.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) C95.1-1999 Edition.
Copyright Telecommunications Industry Association
To control exposure to yourself and others and ensure compliance with the occupational/controlled
environment exposure limits always adhere to the following procedures:
Guidelines:
• User awareness instructions should accompany device when transferred to other users.
• Do not use this device if the operational requirements described herein are not met.
Instructions:
• Transmit no more than the rated duty factor of 50% of the time. To transmit (talk or send data), assert the
PTT input pin. To receive calls, un-assert the PTT input. Transmitting 50% of the time, or less, is
important because this radio generates measurable RF energy exposure only when transmitting (in terms of
measuring for standards compliance).
• Transmit only when people are at least the recommended minimum lateral distance away, as shown in
Table 1, from a properly installed according to installation instructions, externally-mounted antenna.
NOTE - Table 1 lists the recommended minimum lateral distance for bystanders in an uncontrolled
environment from transmitting types of antennas (i.e., monopoles over a ground plane, or dipoles) at
several different ranges of rated radio power for mobile radios installed on a vehicle.
Table 1. Rated Power and Recommended Lateral Distance for quarter-wave ground plane antenna:
Rated Power of DTX
2-way Radio
Recommended Minimum Lateral
Distance from Transmitting Antenna
5 watts or less:
30 to 5 Watts:
19.2 inches (48.7 cm)
35.3 inches (89.6 cm)
Antennas
• Install antennas taking into account the recommended minimum lateral distances in Table 1. These
antenna installation guidelines are limited to antennas with appropriate ground planes. The antenna
installation should additionally be in accordance with:
a.) The requirements of the antenna manufacturer/supplier.
b.) Instructions in this manual including minimum antenna cable lengths.
c.) Antennas other than those shown in Table 1 must be tested with the High Power DTX module
for RF exposure compliance in the environment in which it is to be used per the FCC’s OET
Bulletin 65, Edition 97-01 or Industry Canada RSS-102.
• Use only a VHF quarterwave antenna or equivalent antenna or other antennas as specified in Table 1.
Unauthorized antennas, modifications, or attachments could damage the radio and may violate FCC
regulations.
Approved Accessories
• This radio has been tested and meets the FCC RF exposure guidelines when used with the Ritron
accessories supplied or designated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance
with the FCC’s RF exposure guidelines, and may violate FCC regulations.
• For a list of Ritron approved accessories see this user manual, or visit the following website which lists
approved accessories: www.ritron,com
Contact Information:
For additional information on exposure requirements or other information, contact Ritron at (317) 8461201 or at www.ritron.com.
2
SPECIFICATIONS
2.1
GENERAL
FCC/IC Identifier
Model
DTX-165-0
DTX-265-0
DTX-365-0
DTX-465-0
FCC
AIERIT34-1650
AIERIT34-2650
AIERIT34-3650
AIERIT34-4650
IC
1084A-RIT341650
1084A-RIT342650
1084A-RIT343650
1084A-RIT344650
FCC Rule Parts
90
Industry Canada Rule Parts
RSS-119
Frequency Ranges
DTX-165-0
DTX-265-0
DTX-365-G
DTX-365-0
DTX-365-M
DTX-465-G
DTX-465-A
DTX-465-B
DTX-465-0
DTX-465-C
DTX-465-T
* Not Available Yet
136-174 MHz
216-217MHz, 220-222 MHz
340-360 MHz*
360-380 MHz*
380-400 MHz*
400-430 MHz*
420-440 MHz*
430-450 MHz*
450-470 MHz
470-490 MHz*
490-512 MHz*
Number of Channels
Transmit/Receive Spacing
Up to the span of the sub-band
Mode of Operation
Simplex or Half Duplex
Frequency Control
PLL Synthesizer
Channel Increment (Synthesizer step size)
DTX-165/265
DTX-365/465
2.5 kHz/3.125 kHz
6.25 kHz
Emissions Bandwidth
Very narrow mode
Narrow Mode
Wide Mode
4.0-4.8 kHz depending upon modulation
11 kHz
16 kHz
Frequency Stability
-30 C to +50 C
-40 C to +60 C
+/-1.0 ppm
+/-1.5 ppm
Supply Voltage
11 to 16 VDC
RF Input/Output Connector
BNC standard
Supply Input Connector
2-Pin Molex
Data Interface
15 pin subminiature D type
Operating Temperature
-30 to +60 C
2.2
Maximum Dimensions (L x W x H)
6.6” x 5.0” x 2.4” including connectors
Weight
35 oz.
TRANSMITTER( DTX-165)
Operating Bandwidth
Up to the span of the sub-band
RF Output Power (internally adjustable)
5 to 30 watts
Duty Cycle
5 to 100 % depending upon ambient
temperature(see chart elsewhere in manual)
RF Load Impedance
50 ohms
Modulation Distortion (per TIA/EIA 603)
5 % max.
Modulation Frequency Response (+1/-3 dB, ref 1 kHz)
Narrowband wideband versions:
w pre-emphasis
w/o pre-emphasis
Very narrowband versions:
w/o pre-emphasis
400 Hz to 2500 Hz
50 Hz to 2700 Hz
Transmitter Attack Time:
10 ms max
Spurious and Harmonics
-25 dBm max.
FM Hum and Noise
Verynarrow band (5/6.25/7.5 kHz) operation
Narrowband (12.5/15 kHz) operation
Wideband (25/30 kHz) operation
40 dB min.
45 dB min.
50 dB min.
Group Delay Variation (Within Frequency Response)
5 us max.
Current Drain
Depends upon supply voltage
(see chart elsewhere in manual).
AUX IN adjustment range (60% rated dev.)
w pre-emphasis (@ 1 kHz)
w/o pre-emphasis (flat)
2.3
50 Hz to 1200 Hz
200 to 1000 mV rms
40 to 300 mV rms
RECEIVER (DTX-165)
Operating Bandwidth
Up to span of the sub-band
Sensitivity (12 dB SINAD @ 1 kHz w de-emphasis)
0.25 uV (-119.0 dBm)
RF Input Impedance
50 ohms nominal
Adjacent Channel Selectivity
+/-6.25 kHz w very narrow IF
+/- 12.5 kHz w narrow IF
+/- 25 kHz w wide IF
45 dB min.
60 dB min.
70 dB min.
Spurious and Image Rejection
IF/2
Image & other
60 dB min.
70 dB min.
Intermodulation Rejection
68 dB min.
FM Hum and Noise
Very narrowband (5/6.25/7.5 kHz) operation
Narrowband (12.5/15 kHz) operation
Wideband (25/30 kHz) operation
40 dB min.
45 dB min.
50 dB min.
Conducted Spurious
-57 dBm max.
Receive Attack Time (transmit to receive)
10 ms max.
Carrier Detect Attack Time
5 ms max.
Audio Distortion
5 % max.
Audio Response (+1/-3 dB, ref 1 kHz)
Narrowband and wideband versions:
w de-emphasis
w/o de-emphasis
Very narrowband versions:
w/o de-emphasis
400 Hz to 2500 Hz
100 Hz to 3500 Hz
Receive Current Drain
AUX OUT Adjustment Range (60 % rated dev.)
w de-emphasis (@ 1 kHz)
w/o de-emphasis (@1 kHz)
100 Hz to 1500 Hz
Depends upon supply voltage options (see
chart elsewhere in manual).
50 to 500 mV rms open circuit
250 to 1800 mV rms open circuit
3
DTX INPUT/OUTPUT CONNECTORS
DB-15 Connector Pinout
Pin Number
Name
Description
CS0
Channel Select low bit
CS1
Channel Select mid bit
CS2
Channel Select high bit
MIC IN
Microphone Input
CSN
High/Low Power or Channel 1/2 (in RNet Mode)
NC
No Connection
AUX IN
Auxiliary Input
Wideband input for data.
AUX OUT
Auxiliary Output
Wideband output for data.
PGN IN/OUT
Programming I/O
External programmer
connects here.
10.
CTS
Clear to Send
Asserted when
transmitter can accept
modulation.
11.
RX MON
Monitor
Breaks squelch in receive.
12.
AUDIO OUT
Audio PA Output
Output of audio PA.
13.
DCD
Carrier Detect
Carrier detect output.
14.
PTT/RTS
Push to Talk
Activates transmitter.
15.
GND
Ground
Negative supply point and
reference for all inputs.
2-Pin Molex Connector
+Vsupply
+10-16VDC
Ground
GND
Comments
Input for microphone type
signals to be transmitted. Signals
at this input are pre-emphasized,
limited, and filtered. This input is
disabled in very narrowband mode.
Pinout Description
Pin Number
Description
CS0-Least significant bit of the channel select lines. Active high 5 volt TTL/CMOS
level. Internal 10 k pull-up to +5 volts.
CS1-Mid bit of the channel select lines. Active high 5 volt TTL/CMOS level. Internal
10 k pull-up to +5 volts.
3
CS2-Most significant bit of the channel select lines. Active high 5 volt TTL/CMOS
level. Internal 10 k pull-up to +5 volts.
Channel
CS2
CS1
CS0
0 = Logic low
1 = Logic high
Note: Due to the internal pull-up resistors, the unit defaults to channel 8 if the channel
pins are left open (unconnected). Channel 8 would be the nominal channel when the
Ritron programmer is connected.
MIC IN-Microphone input. This input accepts microphone-type input signals for
transmit. This input is a higher gain version of the AUX IN input. This input is not
available in very narrow channel mode.
CSN-Depending upon how it is programmed, this input selects between channels 1 and 2
or between high and low RF output power. This input is TTL/CMOS level type input
with a logic low required for channel 1/low power and a logic high required for channel
2/high power. Internal 10 k pull-up to +5 volts.
NO CONNECTION.
AUX IN-This is the main audio input for modulation. The gain through this input to the
modulator is programmable, as is the use of pre-emphasis, but not independently of the
MIC IN. This signal passes through the clipper and clipper filter.
AUX OUT-This is the broadband output of the receiver. The gain from the receiver to
the output is programmable, as is the use of de-emphasis. The choice of AC or DC
coupling from the RF board discriminator is also programmable. The coupling at the
output of this pin is AC coupled, however. It can be converted to DC coupling with
internal hardware modifications. Note: The output impedance is approximately 600
ohms. Therefore, it is not recommended that this output drive loads with less than
1000 ohms unless the resultant voltage drop is accounted for.
PGN IN/OUT-Connect via RITRON DTXP-PCPK PC Programming Kit to computer for
programming the unit.
10
CTS-Clear-To-Send output from the unit which indicates that the unit is transmitting a
carrier at the correct frequency and power level and is ready to accept an input signal to
be transmitted. This output would normally become asserted in response to a PTT RTS
(see pin 14 description below) activation. The polarity of this output can be programmed.
The output is active low 5 volt logic with an internal 10 k ohm pull-up to 5 volts. It can
source up to 10 mA when low.
11
RX MON-This input breaks the squelch (unmutes) on the receiver i.e. allows for
monitoring the channel even when a signal not strong enough to break squelch is present.
Input levels are TTL/CMOS; polarity may be programmed. Internal 10 k pull-up to +5
volts.
4
12
AUDIO OUT-This is the output of the audio power amplifier. This output can drive up
to 100 milliwatts into an 8 ohm load. The output level can be controlled by
programming. De-emphasis can be applied to this output, but not independently of the
AUX OUT output. Note that this output level varies with the adjustment via the
programmer of the AUX OUT level. Thus, the AUX OUT level should be set first before
adjusting the AUDIO OUT level.
13
DCD-Carrier detect output. This output becomes asserted when a signal strong enough to
exceed the programmed squelch threshold is present. This output is not affected by the
RX MON input. The polarity can be programmed. The output is active low 5 volt logic
with an internal 10 k pull-up to +5 volts. It can source up to 10 mA when low.
14
PTT/RTS-Push to Talk/Request to Send. This input commands the unit to transmit.
Input levels are TTL/CMOS; polarity may be programmed. Internal 10 k pull-up to +5
volts.
15
GND-System ground. All signals and voltages are referenced to this input. The negative
side of the power supply should connect here.
ACCESSORIES
Note: Programming kits are for use by authorized service/maintenance personnel only.
The Programming Kit for DTX Plus radios (via compatible computer) is model DTXP2-PCPK-1. It
includes:
1) Programming Software CD, DTXP2-PCPS-1.
2) 1 25 pin PC to 6 pin modular adapter cable with built-in interface circuitry, 9/RTC-PAS.
3) 1 modular adapter to DB-15 connector cable with power cable, DTXP-PAC.
4) 9-Pin to 25-Pin Adapter, 2147C001.
Factory programming of channels and features is also optional. Contact the factory for details.
5
OPERATION
5.1
CHANNEL SELECTION
The DTX module supports eight channels. The desired channel is chosen via pins 1, 2, and 3 of the 15 pin
connector as shown:
Channel
Pin 3 (CS2)
Pin 2 (CS1)
Pin 1(CS0)
0 = Logic low (0 to 0.3 VDC)
1 = Logic high (3.5 to 5.0 VDC or left unconnected)
A logic low is a voltage level below 1 volt while a logic high is a voltage level above 3.5 volts. These three
pins have an internal 10 k pull-up resistor to + 5 volts. Therefore, any pin left unconnected will assume a
logic high state. Do NOT apply voltages outside the range of 0 to +5 volts to these pins. Note: When the
Ritron programming cable is connected, these pins are not connected and thus, assume a logic high state.
Therefore, the radio will be on channel 8 when the Ritron programming cable is connected.
A change in the channel selection in receive will cause the receiver to operate on the new channel. In
transmit, however, the channel selection is only checked upon a push-to-talk activation. Changes in
channel during transmit will not change the transmit operating channel of the unit until the unit is cycled
from transmit to receive and back to transmit.
5.2
POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE
The 2-pin Molex connector is the supply voltage input to the unit. One should be absolutely sure of the
proper voltage and current requirements before applying power.
The DTX-165, DTX-265, DTX-365, and DTX-465 units use 12.5 volt RF power modules. The supply
voltage can be at any voltage between 11 and 16 volts. Since the module is powered directly from this
voltage, the supply should be “clean” and, preferably, regulated. The output power will vary with supply
voltage. Switching power supplies can be used, but care must be taken that the output waveform is low
noise. Also, the module antenna should never be placed near an unshielded switching power supply.
5.3
CURRENT DRAIN VS SUPPLY VOLTAGE (DTX-165)
The current drain of the module is a function of the supply voltage and the RF output in transmit. Typical
current drain values are shown in the table below:
Receive Mode
Supply Voltage
11.0 V
12.5 V
16.0 V
Internal Regulator
Yes
Yes
Yes
Current Drain
142 mA
142 mA
142 mA
Transmit Mode – 5 watt output power
Supply Voltage
Internal Regulator
11.0 V
12.5 V
16.0 V
Yes
Yes
Yes
Current Drain
2.2 A
2.3 A
2.4 A
Warning: Although the output power can be set as low as 5 watts, and the module is
certified as low as 5 watt, operation below 5 watts output power is not recommended. At low
power levels, the output power can vary by 50% or more with variations in ambient
temperature.
Transmit Mode – 15 watt output power
Supply Voltage
Internal Regulator
11.0 V
12.5 V
16.0 V
Yes
Yes
Yes
Transmit Mode – 30 watt output power
Supply Voltage
Internal Regulator
11.0 V
12.5 V
16.0 V
5.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Current Drain
3.9 A
4.0 A
4.1 A
Current Drain
5.7 A
5.9 A
5.9 A
DUTY CYCLE/KEY-DOWN LIMITATIONS (DTX-165)
The major heat generating component within the modules is the RF power amplifier which has a maximum
temperature limit that should not be exceeded. In addition, the temperature within the module itself must
be kept below the maximum temperature of the reference oscillator to ensure that regulatory frequency
stability limits are observed. As a result, depending upon the RF output power, the supply voltage, and the
ambient temperature, limits upon the average transmit duty cycle and the maximum continuous transmitter
on time exist. These limits are summarized below for operation in still air:
Ambient Temperature (C)
5 watts RF output
15 watts RF output
30 watts RF output
Duty Cycle (%)
Key-Down Time (min)
25
50
100
50
25
50
100
50
25
50
75
25
Blowing air across the large finned heat sink can significantly improve the duty cycle/key-down times.
5.5
OPERATING MODES
5.5.1
RECEIVE
Carrier Detect and Squelch Operation
The DTX is a transceiver; i.e. it can receive and transmit, although not at the same time. A carrier detect
system exists within the unit to detect the presence of a carrier which controls the logic state of the DCD
(data carrier detect) output. The RF levels at which this output changes state are programmable. In
addition, the unit may be programmed such that the audio outputs, AUDIO OUT and AUX OUT, are
muted (squelched) in conjunction with DCD operation. In units where squelch operation has been enabled,
the RX MON input can be used to override a squelched condition. The DCD output is not affected by the
RX MON operation.
Receiver Audio Outputs
Two receiver audio outputs are present on the DTX module. The AUX OUT is a general purpose output
which can have pre-emphasis enabled or bypassed. Its gain can be controlled and its output is designed to
drive 1000 ohm or higher loads. The coupling from the discriminator on the RF board may be set to AC or
DC by the programmer. DC coupling allows for internal bandwidth to extend to DC, but if a high gain
value is chosen for the AUX OUT, clipping may occur on the waveform due to discriminator voltage
offsets. AC coupling removes this issue. The output stage is AC coupled, but can be modified for DC
coupling. This requires replacing a coupling capacitor with a zero-ohm resistor. Contact Ritron for details
on this modification. The AUDIO OUT is always de-emphasized, but its gain can be programmed. This
output can drive 8-ohm speaker-type loads. In the programmer menu, there is provision to set both the
AUX OUT levels and the AUDIO OUT levels. However, the AUDIO OUT level is dependent upon the
AUX OUT level. Therefore, the AUX OUT level should be set before setting the AUDIO OUT level.
5.5.2
TRANSMIT
PTT Operation
The transmitter is activated by placing the PTT/RTS (Push-To-Talk/Request-To-Send) input in its asserted
state. This state is programmable. If the unit is to operate in simplex (transmitter and receiver on the same
frequency), one should check for activity on the channel before transmitting. This can be done by checking
the state of the DCD output. In addition, the unit can be programmed so that transmit operation is inhibited
if the DCD threshold has been exceeded (busy channel lockout option).
CTS Output
The CTS (Clear To Send) output goes to its active state when the unit has powered up the transmitter, it is
locked on the correct transmit frequency, and it is ready to accept modulation. This output may be used to
signal a modem to start transmitting data. If this output is not used, to avoid losing data, a delay of at least
12 ms is required between PTT/RTS activation and the application of data.
Transmitter Audio Inputs
Two mutually exclusive audio inputs are available on the DTX module. The AUX IN is a general-purpose
input with an input impedance greater than 50 k-ohms and is capacitive coupled with a lower roll-off
frequency of about 25 Hz. The MIC IN input is a higher gain input designed for connection to a standard
electret or dynamic microphone. The choice of the input source is made via the programmer. The selected
signal can be set for a pre-emphasized or flat audio response and the gain can also be set. At maximum
gain, the AUX IN signal input can achieve 60% rated modulation with about 25 mv rms input signal while
the MIC IN signal can achieve the same modulation with 4 mv rms in the low gain position and 0.5 mv in
the high gain position.
High/Low Power
If RNet compatibility mode is not programmed into the unit, high and low power levels can be
programmed into the unit on a channel by channel basis. High power is selected by placing the CSN input
at a logic high state. Placing the CSN input at a logic low state chooses low power. The CSN input has an
internal pull-up resistor; it will assume the high state and the module will be set for high power when left
unconnected.
Specialized Modem Operation
Modems designed to achieve the highest data rates possible in a radio channel may require a direct DC
connection to the modulation path and the removal of the limiter-filter. In order to receive FCC
Certification, the DTX module must either be tested and approved with a specific modem connected to the
transmitter, or a modulation limiter and limiter-filter must always be present in the transmit modulator
audio path with the modulation inputs AC coupled. To allow for the most flexibility for the end user, the
unit was certified as a stand-alone unit. It is possible, with hardware modifications and special
programming software (not supplied with the unit), to DC couple the AUX IN input and/or defeat the
limiter-filter. The modulation limiter would still be in place, but the deviation of the DTX module could be
set such that the modulation limit within the DTX module is never reached. The deviation would be set by
the modem level and the AUX IN gain setting. The end user/system integrator would then bear the
responsibility of obtaining certification or operating in a frequency band where certification is not required.
Contact RITRON for details. Note: Most modems will connect directly to the DTX without requiring
any special modifications or programming.
Antenna Placement
The DTX module is enclosed in a metal housing for RF shielding. However, RF emitting sources located
very close (less than 12 inches) to the unit can at times affect its operation. It is not recommended that an
antenna be connected directly to the module’s BNC connector unless the RF output power is set for less
than 5 watts or the module is placed within another RF-tight enclosure.
5.6
RNET COMPATIBILITY MODE
The DTX module can be programmed to mimic some of the behavior of the RNet 450 radio. In the RNet
compatibility mode, the CSN input is used as a channel selector line. A logic low selects channel 1 while a
logic high selects channel 2. The channel select lines, CS0, CS1, and CS2 have no effect. Also, the DCD
output is held in its true state during transmit. It would normally be false in transmit.
5.7
RECEIVER SELF-QUIETING SPUR (BIRDIE) FREQUENCIES (DTX-165)
Receiver self-quieting spurious signals (birdies) are internally generated signals that result from the
outputs and harmonics of the outputs of the various oscillators that form part of the DTX radio. These
usually sound like unmodulated carriers -- signals with "dead air." The DTX has two oscillators that tend
to cause birdies, the 14.4 MHz reference oscillator and the 12.288 MHz oscillator on the control/loader
board. Of these two, the 14.4 MHz is by far the most significant due to its proximity to the sensitive
receiver circuitry. Most of the spur frequencies in the following table have sensitivity degraded by 3 dB or
less. Frequencies where the sensitivity is degraded more than 4 dB below specification are in bold.
Frequencies that are integer multiples of the 14.4 MHz reference oscillator typically cause a reduction in
sensitivity of 10 dB or more and are in bold and in red. Note that a birdie is not the same thing as a
receiver spurious response. A spurious response is the receiver hearing a signal on a frequency other than
that to which it has been programmed.
Self-Quieting Frequencies(MHz)
DTX-165
6
PROGRAMMING
To program DTX Module, the RITRON PC Programming Kit, DTXP2-PCPK-1, must be used.
6.1
PC PROGRAMMING KIT
The user should install the programming software on the host computer. The RITRON adapter cables
connect the radio to a computer’s serial communications port. Once the cables are hooked up, the user runs
the programmer software. This program transfers data between radio and computer memory.
6.1.1
PROGRAMMING KIT CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS
The Programming Kit for DTX Plus radios (via compatible computer) is model DTXP2-PCPK-1. It
includes:
1) Programming Software CD, DTXP2-PCPS-1.
2) 1 25 pin PC to 6 pin modular adapter cable with built-in interface circuitry, 9/RTC-PAS.
3) 1 modular adapter to DB-15 connector cable with power cable, DTXP-PAC.
4) 9-Pin to 25-Pin Adapter, 2147C001.
The Programmer Kit requires a PC compatible computer with Windows 95 or later operating system
installed. The computer must have an RS-232 serial port available. A hard disk drive is also required.
6.2
LOADING THE PROGRAMMER SOFTWARE
Insert the Software disc which contains the programmer in the CD/DVD/CD ROM drive of the host
computer. The program should load automatically. If not, view the contents of the CD ROM and double
click on the install.exe file. Follow the instructions as they appear on the screen. At the conclusion of the
installation procedure, the programming software will be resident on the user’s host computer.
6.3
COMPUTER SOFTWARE COPYRIGHTS
The RITRON, Inc. products described in this manual include copyrighted RITRON, Inc. computer
programs. Laws in the United States and other countries grant to RITRON, Inc. certain exclusive rights in
its copyrighted computer programs, including the exclusive right to distribute copies of the programs, make
reproductions of the programs, and prepare derivative works based on the programs. Accordingly, any
computer programs contained in RITRON, Inc. products may not be copied or reproduced in any manner
without the express written permission of RITRON, Inc. The purchase of RITRON, Inc. products does not
grant any license or rights under the copyrights or other intellectual property of RITRON, Inc. except for
the non-exclusive, royalty fee license to use that arises in the sale of a product, or as addressed in a written
agreement between RITRON, Inc. and the purchaser of RITRON, Inc. products.
6.4
USING THE PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
Note: Power up the radio and connect it, via the programming cable, to the host computer before
opening the programmer.
Upon starting the programming software, a screen will appear with two buttons at the upper right, Program
Radio and Programmer Configuration. Program radio reads the configuration of the radio and moves the
user to the program radio menus which are described below. Programmer configuration is used to select
the appropriate serial port and password (if desired).
Note: Changes made to the radio via the programmer will be accepted by the radio, but will not be
permanent i.e. if the radio is powered down, the changes will be lost. The pages of the radio menu
will have a button, Update Radio, which will make changes permanent.
6.5
PROGRAMMER MENUS
The DTX Programmer has five menus or pages, selectable via tabs at the top of each page, which are
always visible. These pages are:
1. Frequency-Used to program the channel frequencies of the radio.
2.
Settings-Used to set programmable features/functions of the radio.
3.
Alignment-Used to align and set the internal digital potentiometers in the radio. Information on the
use of this page is found in the Maintenance section of the manual.
4.
Summary-Used to summarize on one page the model, settings, and alignment information.
5.
Restore Data-Used to program the unit with a set of previously saved frequency and setting values.
The programmer also has radio buttons on the top right of each page. These are:
1. Receiving-This button is the software equivalent to the hardware PTT input. Clicking on this button
forces the radio into transmit mode where the button will change to Transmitting. Clicking it again will
put the radio back into receive.
2.
Monitor-This button is the software equivalent to the hardware RX MON input. Clicking on this button
will override any squelch operation.
3.
Clone Radio-This button is used to update the radio with the changes that have been made via the
programmer as shown on the programming screens with the exception of the deviation and balance
settings. Since the deviation and balance settings are unique to each radio, even though the actual
deviation may be the same, this button allows the personality of one radio to be shown on the
programming screens and then loaded into another radio. Also, if the programmer is disconnected and
then reconnected, this button will still function. If the deviation and balance settings have not been
changed which is normal, this button is performs the same as the update radio button below.
4.
Update Radio-This button is used to update the radio with all of the changes that have been made via
the programmer. Although the radio accepts changes as they are made via the programmer, the
changes are volatile i.e. they are lost when the radio is powered off. Clicking on this button makes the
changes non-volatile so that they are saved and stored permanently unless changed via the
programmer.
5.
Read Radio-Forces the programmer to do a read of the radio to update the programmer screens with
the current state of the radio. This allows a radio to be connected to the programmer and powered up
without closing and then reopening the programmer.
6.5.1 FREQUENCY SELECTION
The Frequency page has fields for the transmit and receive frequencies of each channel. Channel
information can be entered by clicking on the appropriate box and entering the desired frequency. The
frequency chosen must be within the operating range of the radio and on a frequency for which the
synthesizer is capable of channeling i.e. for VHF, divisible by 2.5 kHz and for UHF, divisible by 5 or 6.25
kHz. When the RNET compatibility mode is chosen via the settings menu, only channel one and two are
available for programming.
6.5.2 SETTINGS
The Settings page allows for programming various parameters of the radio. These are detailed below:
Audio Input- Allows a choice between the two audio inputs for transmit, the Aux In input and the
Microphone input. As a rule, the microphone input has higher gain, but conversely, cannot accept as high
an input level. If the Microphone input is selected, the Microphone Gain box to its right will allow a choice
of two gain settings; there is no microphone gain setting available on the alignment page. Note that even if
signals are applied to both inputs, only the one selected will be transmitted. Factory default is AUX IN.
TX Pre-emphasis- Allows for the signal path from AUX IN and the MIC IN input to be either preemphasized or flat. Most applications where the AUX IN input is used work best with a flat response.
Factory default is flat response.
RX De-emphasis- Allows for the signal path from the discriminator to the AUX OUT and Audio Out to be
either de-emphasized or flat. Most applications where the AUX OUT output is used work best with a flat
response. Factory default is for flat response.
Busy Channel Lockout- Prevents the transmitter from activating when the carrier detect output is true.
Used to prevent interference on a channel where activity already exists. Not normally enabled in half
duplex operation since the transmit and receive channels are not on the same frequency. Factory default is
for this function to be off.
Squelch Enable- Allows the receive audio paths to be muted when the carrier detect output is false. It is
used to prevent the output of noise from the audio outputs when no signal is present. Due to the finite
squelch attack time, some high-speed modems work best with unsquelched audio. The factory default is
for this function to be set for never mute.
DCD Output Logic Level- Allows the setting of the polarity of the DCD (Data Carrier Detect) output.
Active high means that the true state is a logic high while active low means that the true state is logic low.
Normal setting is active high. The factory default is active high.
Microphone Gain- Available when the Audio Input selection is set to Microphone. This box allows the gain
of the signal at the Microphone input to be set either low or high. Factory default is for the Microphone
input gain to be set to low. Note that if the Audio Input is set to AUX IN above, no signal from the
Microphone input will be passed to the transmitter.
Audio PA- Turns the AUDIO OUT output on or off. Turning the AUDIO OUT output off when not needed
saves current drain in receive.
RX Discriminator Coupling- Selects whether the coupling from the discriminator output on the RF board is
AC or DC coupled to the control/loader board. Since the audio outputs of the control/loader board are AC
coupled, this function is normally set for AC as well. Setting this function to DC will extend the low
frequency receiver response somewhat, but makes the audio output subject to clipping due to DC offsets on
the discriminator output. For true response to DC, a hardware jumper options can be made for DC coupling
at the AUX OUT. (See the Hardware Options section under Maintenance for details on this option.) If this
is done, this function should be set for DC. For direct-modulated type of data streams such as true FSK,
RRCFSK, 4FSK, etc., DC coupling may be indicated, even if the output of the unit is not modified for true
DC coupling to the output. AFSK modulation types such as Bell 202, etc. should use AC coupling. The
factory default is AC.
CSN Input- Selects whether RNET Compatibility mode is to be used. See section 5.6 for an explanation of
this function. Normal operation is to set this for high/low Power. The factory default is high/low power
mode.
High Pass Filter- When RX Discriminator Coupling is set to AC, this box is enabled. This box allows a
choice of two rolloff frequencies for the lower high-pass rolloff. The 250 Hz selection may attenuate
certain types of data signals and cause tilt on square waves, but is the fasted at responding to changes in
discriminator DC level caused by frequency errors on either the receiver or the receiving transmitter. For
better low-frequency response, 50 Hz may be selected.
CSN Input- Controls the function of the CSN pin. This pin can be used to select one of two transmitter
power levels in the High/Low Power position or can be used to select one of two channels in the RNET
Channel 1/2 mode. See Section 5.6, RNET COMPATIBILITY MODE for details on this selection.
CTS Output Logic Level- Sets the polarity of the CTS (Clear-To-Send) output. Setting for active high
caused the true logic state to be high. Active high is the normal setting. The factory default is active high.
Monitor Polarity- The monitor input is used to override the action of the receiver squelch (mute) when
squelch is active. This function sets the polarity, active low or active high, of this input. When active,
squelch is disabled, even is enable via the Squelch Enable setting above.
PTT/RTS Input Logic Level- Sets the polarity of the PTT/RTS input. Normally set for active low i.e.
transmitter is activated when this input is at the logic low state. Due to the internal pull-up resistor,
setting this to active high will cause activation of the transmitter when the PTT/RTS input is left
unconnected. The factory default is active low.
Green LED- Sets the operation of the green LED on the front of the radio. The choices are:
a. Off-The green LED is never on.
b. Power ON-The green LED is on whenever the radio is powered up.’
c. Carrier Detect-The green LED is on whenever a carrier is detected that is above the
programmed carrier detect on threshold.
d. RX Synthesizer Lock-The green LED is on whenever the frequency synthesizer is locked while
in receive mode. This is the factory default setting.
Red LED- Sets the operation of the red LED on the front of the radio. The choices are:
a. Off-The red LED is never on.
b. RX-The red LED is on whenever the radio is actually transmitting. This is the factory default
setting.
TX Timeout Timer- Allows for limits on the maximum time the transmitter may be continuously keyed.
When set, the maximum limit is set in the box. To prevent overheating and possible damage to the unit,
this is normally set on with a time of 60 seconds of less. See section 5.4 for limits on maximum key-down
times. The factory default is 60 seconds.
6.5.3 ALIGNMENT
The alignment page is used for setting the values of the digital gain settings which are used for aligning the
unit and setting the gains of the audio paths. The unit leaves the factory already aligned, but the user may
wish to change the values of some of the input and output gain settings. Different systems or modems may
require different input and output levels.
Audio Input (TX) Gain- This input allows adjustment of the signal level to be applied to the modulation
limiter and filter circuits from either the AUX IN or MIC IN inputs. At the maximum gain setting, the AUX
IN signal input can achieve 60% rated modulation with about 25 mv rms input signal while the MIC IN
signal can achieve the same modulation with 4 mv rms in the low gain position and 0.5 mv in the high gain
position. The setting can vary from 0 for muted input to 32 for maximum gain.
Aux Out (RX) Gain- Sets the audio level of the AUX OUT output and also affects the level of the AUDIO
OUTPUT, even though the AUDIO OUTPUT has its own level control (see Audio PA Gain below).
Carrier Detect On and Carrier Detect Off- Sets the carrier detect on and off values in dBm. For proper
operation, always set the carrier detect on value to a higher level than the carrier detect off value. Typical
values might be -100 dBm for carrier detect on and -114 dBm for carrier detect off. The difference between
the two values represents the squelch hysteresis and is used to prevent squelch chatter when the receive
signal is near the squelch setting values. Typical hysteresis would be between 2 and 4 dB.
TX Frequency Trim and RX Frequency Trim- These values allow the transmitter and receiver to be
trimmed on frequency. A typical adjustment range is about +/-2 kHz. This adjustment is set at the factory
and should not be changed except by trained service technicians with the proper equipment.
Audio PA Gain- Sets the audio level of the AUDIO OUT output. Note that the AUDIO OUT level is also
affected by the Aux Out(RX) Gain setting. Therefore, the Aux Out(RX) Gain should be set before setting
the Audio PA Gain, even if the AUX OUT output is not being used. If the AUX OUT output is not being
used, the Audio PA Gain should be set to .
Deviation and Balance- Set such that the maximum deviation will fall within the regulatory requirements
and that the transmit audio response has the correct characteristics. Deviation and Balance do not need to
be adjusted after a change in programmed frequency. New values are calculated by the radio when a
frequency is entered in the frequency menu. The values are shown in the box at the bottom of the page on a
per-channel basis. Note that even though the values may differ by channel, unless the values in the boxes
have been edited, the deviation and balance of the radio will be the same on all channels, just the values to
achieve equal balance and deviation may differ. One can actually modify the calculated deviation and
balance values per channel by entering values in the boxes, but this requires the services of a very qualified
technician and the proper test equipment. The radio has been properly aligned at the factory and should not
need to be adjusted. Details on how to perform these adjustments are found in the Alignment section.
TX Low Power and TX High Power- Sets the global power level for the transmitter in watts for the two
positions of the CSN input. A logic high on the CSN input would cause the radio to use the TX High Power
setting while a logic low on the CSN would cause the radio to use the TX Low Power setting. Note that the
names Low and High Power are purely arbitrary and that the Low Power value can actually be set to be
higher than the High Power value if desired. If it is desired that the power levels be set different values for
different channels, the desired power levels can be inserted into the box at the bottom of the page. Note,
however, if a change is made in the TX Low Power and/or TX High Power values in the slide bar area, it
will affect all channels equally.
Instructions for using the alignment page can be found in section 13 of this manual.
6.5.4 SUMMARY
The summary page summarizes the information shown on the other three pages and, in addition, includes
the model and serial number of the unit.
6.5.5 RESTORE EEPROM
This selection is used to load a previously saved radio configuration file to the radio connected to the
programmer. This is of benefit when a number of radios are to set to the same frequencies and with the
same switch settings. There are three options for this page, but none will copy the deviation and balance
settings since these are unique to each radio, even if the actual deviation of a set of radios is identical. The
top selection allows all settable parameters, including power levels and squelch settings to be read. The
second selection does not read in the power levels and squelch in case these have already been set in the
recipient radio. The last selection is for someone who has a configuration file from a series DTX-X54 and
want to load it into the series DTX-X60. Older radio parameters are converted and presented such that the
audio levels should be the same. Note that the RF power levels and squelch levels cannot be converted and
must be set on the new radio by hand.
6.5.6 SAVING A CONFIGURATION
Upon exiting the programmer via the exit button, the user will be presented with a box which allows the
saving of the current configuration. This is useful if a number of other radios are to be programmed with
the same frequencies and settings. If one does not wish to save the current configuration, the cancel icon
should be selected. Also, if changes to the radio have been made via the programmer and the radio has not
been updated, the user will be prompted to update the radio.
II
MAINTENANCE
10
IMPORTANT MAINTENANCE INFORMATION
Surface Mount Repair: RITRON surface mount products require special equipment and servicing
techniques. Improper servicing techniques can cause permanent damage to the printed circuit board and/or
components, which is not covered by RITRON’s warranty. If you are not completely familiar with surface
mount component repair techniques, RITRON recommends that you defer maintenance to qualified service
personnel.
Precautions For Handling CMOS Devices: The DTX transceiver module contains complementary metaloxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, which require special handling techniques. CMOS circuits are
susceptible to damage by electrostatic or high voltage charges. Damage can be latent, with no failure
appearing until weeks or months later. For this reason, take special precautions any time you disassemble
the module. Follow the precautions below, which are even more critical in low humidity environments.
1) Storage/transport-CMOS devices that will be stored or transported must be placed in conductive
material so that all exposed leads are shorted together. CMOS devices must not be inserted into
conventional plastic “snow” or plastic trays of the type that are being used for other semiconductors.
Conductive containers are typically gray or pink in color.
2) Grounding-All CMOS devices must be placed on a grounded bench surface. The technician that will
work on the radio/CMOS circuit must be grounded before handling the radio. Normally, the
technician wears a conductive wrist strap in series with a 100 k resistor to ground.
3) Clothing-Do not wear nylon clothing while handling CMOS circuits.
4) Power Off-Remove power before connecting, removing, or soldering on a PC board that contains
CMOS devices.
5) Power/Voltage Transients-Do not insert or remove CMOS devices with power applied. Check all
power supplies to be used for testing CMOS devices, making sure that no voltage transients are
present.
6) Soldering-Use a soldering iron with a grounded tip for soldering CMOS circuitry.
7) Lead-Straightening Tools-When straightening CMOS leads, provide ground straps for the tool used.
VCO Shield: The VCO shield is virtually impossible to remove without damaging either the PC board or
nearby components. The parts within the shield are low failure items; repair or replacement should not be
required unless the RF board is mishandled. If failure of a part within the shield is deemed to have
occurred, the RF board should be returned to RITRON for service or replacement.
Unit Disassembly and Re-assembly:
1) Case Removal
a)
Remove the two screws at the rear of the unit. These screws secure the rear bracket to the case.
Removal of these screws requires a TORX T-10 driver.
b) Remove the three side screws (one on one side, two on the other). These screws secure the front
bracket to the case. Removal of these screws requires a TORX T-9 driver.
c)
Slide the case off the two-board assembly.
2) Board Separation
Remove the two screws that secure the control/loader board to the rear bracket. The rear bracket stays
connected to the RF board. Remove the two screws that secure the RF board to the front bracket. The
front bracket stays connected to the control/loader board. These four screws are removed with a
TORX T-9 driver. The two boards are held together by their interconnecting header/socket. Gently
pry the two boards apart at the header/socket. The RF board is then rotated and tilted so to allow the
right angle BNC connector to pass through the hole in the front bracket.
3) Re-assembly is the reverse of assembly with the rear screws installed before the side screws.
8
THEORY OF OPERATION
8.2
DTX-165 RF BOARD
8.2.1
RECEIVER
RF amplifier and Bandpass Filters
The incoming RF signal from the antenna connector passes backwards through the transmitter harmonic
filter and to a diode switch. The diode switch, CR101, CR103, and CR201 route the RF signal to a
lumped-element bandpass filter and then an amplifier Q101. The amplifier is followed by another lumpedelement filter. The lumped element filters are designed to pass all signals within the 215-245 MHz band
without much attenuation, but to attenuate out-of-band signals.
1st Mixer, 1st IF filters, and 1st IF Amplifier
The output of the front-end stage is passed to the first mixer U101. This device converts the RF signal to
the first IF frequency of 43.65 MHz. L107, R108, and C132 match the mixer output to the 1 st IF filter
Y101.
The first IF filter, Y101, is at the first IF frequency of 43.65 MHz and has a passband of +/-6 kHz. This is
followed by an identical filter, Y102. The output of the 1st IF filters is amplified by Q105 and then routed
to the IF IC U102.
2nd IF IC
U102 is an integrated FM IF IC which contains a mixer, high gain limiting IF amplifier, FM discriminator
(detector), and other support circuitry. The mixer in U102 converts the RF signal at the first IF to the
second IF of 450 kHz. The output of the mixer exits the IC and is filtered by the second IF filter, FL101.
The output of the filter re-enters the IC and drives the high gain limiting amplifier. Because the
discriminator inside U102 is sensitive to both amplitude and frequency modulation components, a limiter
must precede it to remove any amplitude modulation. The output of the limiter amplifier drives the
discriminator. The resonator for the discriminator is Y103.
2nd Local Oscillator
The two mixers in this radio act to produce an output signal whose frequency is equal to the difference
between the frequency present at the RF input port and the frequency at the local oscillator port. To
convert signals at the first IF frequency of 43.65 MHz to that of the second IF at a frequency of 450 kHz, a
local oscillator signal at a frequency of 43.2 MHz (43.65 – 0.45) is used. This signal is created by tripling
the output of the radio’s 14.4 MHz master reference oscillator, Y401. Transistor Q106 acts as a frequency
tripler. Its associated components are used to bias the transistor at an harmonic rich bias point and to filter
the output such that only the third harmonic remains for use as the 2nd local oscillator.
VCO and Synthesizer
The frequency synthesizer is responsible for generating the carrier in transmit and the first local oscillator
in receive. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an oscillator whose frequency can be controlled by an
external signal. The receiver synthesizer, almost wholly contained within U401, divides the VCO
frequency by digital dividers and compares the result with an accurate reference. An error signal,
proportional to the frequency error is created which is routed to the frequency control input of the VCO.
This action locks the VCO to a frequency which is equal to the reference frequency multiplied by the
divider number. To set the VCO frequency, different divider numbers can be programmed into the
synthesizer. In most synthesizer designs, the divider must be an integer, which forces the reference
frequency to be equal to the synthesizer step size. This synthesizer, however, uses a fractional-N technique
to generate smaller step sizes. The reference frequency is derived by digitally dividing the frequency of the
14.4 MHz master oscillator. When locked, the VCO attains the same relative frequency stability as that of
the master oscillator.
The output of the VCO is amplified to a level of about 0 dBm by Q401 and Q402. Q603 with R602 and
C604 act as a very low noise power supply filter for the VCO.
8.2.2
Transmitter
PA Driver Stages
The output of the VCO buffer drives Q203 to provide a drive level to the RF PA device of about +17 dBm.
The supply voltage to this stage is switched on in transmit by Q201 and Q202.
PA Module, Lowpass Filter, and T/R Switch
When driven by +17 dBm, the PA module, U201, is capable of producing full rated power at the antenna
connector. Pin 2 of the module is used for power control. The output power level can be varied from less
than 5 watts to full power by changing the voltage at this pin.
To reduce carrier frequency harmonics of the PA module output to acceptable levels, lowpass filters are
inserted between the module and the antenna connector. To isolate the PA module from the receiver, an
electronic T/R switch is used. The switch is formed around PIN diodes CR101 and CR201 which are
turned on in transmit and are off in receive.
8.3
CONTROL/LOADER BOARD
The control/loader board is responsible for controlling the operation of the RF board and for processing the
audio input and output signals to and from the RF board and to and from the outside.
Audio Chain
The audio processing, both transmit and receive, is handled by the audio Codec IC, U302 and the DSP
microcontroller U301. These devices handle pre-emphasis, modulation limiting, and lowpass filtering on
transmit as well as de-emphasis and filtering on receive.
In transmit, the audio inputs are routed to the Codec IC. This IC has internal analog to digital converters
which convert the analog input to a digital data stream. This data stream is sent to the DSP processor where
the signal is adjusted in level, filtered, limited, and filtered again. The output digital signal is sent back to
the Codec IC where digital to analog converters convert the signal back to analog for routing to the RF
board for FM modulation.
In receive, the raw discriminator audio from the RF board is passed to the Codec and is converted to a
digital signal. The digital signal is processed by the DSP processor for level and frequency response and
sent back to the Codec. The Codec converts the signal back to analog where it is sent to the I/O connector.
Other Analog Functions
To supply the proper voltages for the two boards, various voltage regulators are used. U310 is used to
produce +7.5 VDC for the RF board. U308 and U309 are used to supply +5 VDC and +3.3 VDC for the
control/loader board.
HARDWARE OPTIONS
The DTX is setup at the factory in a configuration that should be acceptable for most users. The most
common changes required are effected through the programmer without removing the cover from the unit.
There are, however, a number of component jumper changes which can be made which may result in more
satisfactory integration in a data system. These changes require the soldering and unsoldering of SMD
components and should be undertaken only by qualified service personnel. Refer to the PCB component
locator and schematic diagrams as needed.
9.1
CONTROL/LOADER BOARD OPTIONS
9.1.1
AUX OUT COUPLING
The AUX OUT output is normally AC coupled through C372. If DC coupling is desired, an 0805 size
SMD zero ohm jumper resistor (RITRON P/N 47100000) must be soldered in the location of C372. (In
lieu of a zero ohm jumper, a small piece of wire may be carefully soldered between the pads.) The AUX
OUT DC level then becomes nominally 1.67 volts.
9.1.2
AUX IN COUPLING
The AUX IN input is normally AC coupled through C352. DC coupling is possible, however, the carrier
frequency of the unit would then become directly affected by the DC voltage present. If DC coupling is
desired, C352 must be removed and an 0805 size SMD zero ohm jumper resistor (RITRON P/N 47100000)
must be soldered in the C352 location. The DC voltage should be 2.5 volts nominal and very well
regulated. Note: The FCC Type Acceptance obtained by RITRON is invalid once this modification is
made. The user is responsible for obtaining type acceptance in a configuration which includes the
device which is connected to the AUX IN input.
9.2
RF BOARD OPTIONS
9.2.1
DISCRIMINATOR POLARITY
The polarity of the discriminator output at pin 14 of J102 is configured at the factory such that an increase
in RF frequency causes an increase in DC voltage. This is considered “normal” mode. An inverted mode
is available where an increase in frequency causes a decrease in voltage. This is effected by removing
R130 and placing it in the open pad pair denoted as R125
10
ALIGNMENT
Warning: Alignment must only be performed by qualified and trained service personnel.
The DTX module is aligned at the factory before shipment and should need no further adjustment. It is
possible that the gain settings for the audio input and output signal paths may need optimized. The
frequency trim, deviation, and balance should not need adjustment. The procedure for performing all of the
alignment steps is detailed below. The unit should not be opened for alignment; all adjustments are
electronic and effected through the programmer software.
10.1
REQUIRED TEST EQUIPMENT
Depending upon which alignment steps are to be performed, some or all of the following pieces of test
equipment may be required:
DC Power Supply - capable of operating at the correct voltage for the module and capable of 7 Ampere
minimum current.
RF Signal Generator- capable of operating at the carrier frequency of the module with an output level
adjustment and able to be frequency modulated.
FM Demodulator/Deviation Meter- capable of operating at the carrier frequency of the module.
RF Frequency Counter- must operate at the RF frequency of the unit with a resolution of 10 Hz or better
and an accuracy of +/-1 ppm (+/-150 Hz at VHF, +/-450 Hz at UHF) or better.
Audio Oscillator- must have sinewave output allow for output frequency and amplitude adjustment.
Oscilloscope
RF Power Attenuator or Dummy Load with coupled output- must be 50 ohms impedance at the operating
frequency and rated for the output power of the module and have an output which can drive the FM
demodulator at the correct level and the frequency counter.
RF Power Meter- capable of accurately indicating the RF output power of the module.
Note: Except for the power supply, a two-way radio test set may include most, if not all, of the required
equipment.
10.2
ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
It is not absolutely necessary to perform all of the alignment steps detailed below. However, some
adjustments interact somewhat with others e.g. balance affects deviation, deviation affects AUX IN gain,
and the output power AUX IN gain has a slight affect on TX frequency trim. It may be prudent to spot
check all of the adjustments which interact. These will be indicated in the particular alignment step.
The programmer must be connected to the unit via the programming interface cable and the alignment
screen selected. During alignment, the channel may be selected via the channeling control lines on the
module or through the programmer. A channel pull-down menu allows for the selection. Also, the unit can
be keyed through the programmer, if desired. Note: Interrupting the power supply to the unit while the
programmer software is open will require exiting the software and re-opening it.
10.2.1
RX FREQUENCY TRIM
The RX Frequency Trim trims the unit on frequency during receive. This setting, if incorrect, may degrade
receive sensitivity, distortion, and possible recovered audio level, which in turn affects AUX OUT (RX)
Gain and Audio PA Gain. The receive frequency trim is not affected by any other alignment step.
To determine if the receiver is correctly trimmed to frequency, the 1 st local oscillator frequency must be
measured. DO NOT KEY THE UNIT DURING THIS PROCEDURE AS SERIOUS DAMAGE TO
THE COUNTER MAY RESULT!
A channel with a receive frequency programmed into it should be selected. The correct local oscillator will
be displayed on the programmer channel box. The frequency on the counter should be observed and the
RX Frequency Trim value adjusted for least error. Because of the very low local oscillator level at the
antenna terminals, the frequency counter may not be able to read the frequency. If so, perform the TX
Frequency Trim adjustment detailed later and set the RX Frequency Trim value to match that of the proper
TX Frequency Trim value.
10.2.2
AUX OUT GAIN
To set the AUX OUT gain, an RF signal generator must be connected to the DTX module. Its frequency
should be set to that of a programmed channel. The generator should be modulated at the desired
deviation, typically 60 % of maximum, with a 1 kHz tone. The RF output level is not critical, but should be
above any squelch threshold which may have been set. –70 dBm should be sufficient. If not, squelch can
be disabled via the settings menu of the programmer for this procedure.
With an oscilloscope connected to the AUX OUT output, the AUX OUT Gain setting should be set to value
which produces the desired output level. Note that the output impedance of the AUX OUT is about 600
ohms. If the load impedance of the load that will be connected to this output is less than 10 k or so, a
resistor of a value equal to the load impedance should be connected to the AUX OUT output when making
the adjustment.
10.2.3
AUDIO PA GAIN
To set the Audio PA gain, an RF signal generator must be connected to the DTX module. Its frequency
should be set to that of a programmed channel. The generator should be modulated at the desired
deviation, typically 60 % of maximum, with a 1 kHz tone. The RF output level is not critical, but should be
above any squelch threshold which may have been set. A –70 dBm level should be sufficient. If not,
squelch operation can be disabled via the settings menu of the programmer.
With an oscilloscope connected to the AUDIO OUT output, the AUDIO OUT Gain setting should be set to
value which produces the desired output level.
10.2.4
CARRIER DETECT ON AND CARRIER DETECT OFF
The Carrier Detect On and Carrier Detect Off settings control the RF level (or Signal-to-noise ratio) at
which the DCD output goes true and what level at which it goes false. To prevent chattering on noise,
these two settings are not normally the same. 3 to 5 dB of hysteresis is usually provided i.e. if the RF
signal level is increased from zero, at some point, the DCD output will go from false to true. The RF level
may then have to be decreased by several dB before the DCD output goes false again. This prevents
chattering with signal levels near the carrier detect level. If squelch is enabled, the receive audio muting
will follow the DCD output. The desired carrier detect levels can be directly entered via the alignment
screen in dBm and then fine tuned with a high quality signal generator, if necessary.
To determine the state of the DCD output, connect a DC coupled oscilloscope or DVM to the DCD output.
It may help to disable the squelch via the Monitor input or Monitor button on the programmer so that the
receive audio signal can be continuously observed i.e. not squelched when DCD is false.
10.2.5
TX LOW POWER AND HIGH POWER
The transmitter output power level can be programmed on a per channel basis via the alignment page of the
programmer. If RNet Compatibility has not been programmed on the settings page, both the low and high
power levels can be set. If RNet Compatibility has been programmed, only high power can be set. The TX
High Power and TX Low Power settings in the TX Power box act to select a common value for all
channels. Individual values for each channel can be entered in the per channel boxes at the bottom of the
screen. Power is set in watts with a resolution of 0.1 watt. The power level can be confirmed and fine
tuned, if desired, by connecting the radio to an accurate wattmeter.
10.2.6
AUX IN GAIN
To set the Aux In gain, an audio oscillator or appropriate signal source (e.g. modem) should be connected
to the Aux In input at the desired input level. An FM deviation meter should be connected to the antenna
connector through a suitable attenuator or coupler. The unit should be keyed for transmit and the Aux In
gain should be adjusted for the desired deviation, typically 60 % of rated deviation.
10.2.7
TX FREQUENCY TRIM
This setting is used to trim the transmitter to frequency. This value should not normally need adjustment.
However, as the unit ages and/or if the transmitter power or the Aux In gain is changed significantly, slight
corrections may be prudent. Note: Any adjustments must be made at a unit temperature of 25 +/- 2 C (77
+/- 1.8 F). Due to internal heating, this adjustment must not be made after the unit has been transmitting
unless it has been allowed to cool to the correct temperature. Likewise, the adjustment itself should be
made as quickly as possible.
The unit should be set to a channel which is at an output power which is close to what will be used the
majority of the time. The RF output of the unit should be coupled to a frequency counter through a suitable
attenuator or coupler. Ensure that no modulation source is connected to the MIC IN or AUX IN. The PTT
should be activated and the TX Frequency Trim value adjusted for the correct frequency. The value can be
changed while the unit is transmitting.
10.2.8
DEVIATION AND BALANCE
The deviation adjustments are used to set the maximum limiting deviation of the transmitter. This must be
set properly to ensure that the unit will meet the regulatory spurious emissions requirements, in particular,
occupied bandwidth. The balance adjustment is used to ensure a proper relationship between the
modulating signal to the reference and to the VCO. If the ratio i.e. balance is not correct, the transmit audio
frequency response will not be correct which could result in a distorted data waveform.
The optimum values for deviation and balance vary in a predictable manner as a function of carrier
frequency. In order to relieve the user of having to adjust deviation and balance each time a transmit
frequency is entered or changed, the radio calculates the required values based upon the correct values for
two special alignment frequencies. These required values have already been determined at the factory and
are stored in the unit. As transmit frequencies are entered or changed, new calculated values will appear in
the per channel boxes at the bottom of the screen. These values can be changed on a channel by channel
basis, if desired.
The procedure detailed here is for setting the deviation and balance at the special alignment frequencies so
that the deviation and balance will be correct at any programmed frequency. This same procedure can be
used to set any given channel values in the per channel boxes.
An FM demodulator should be connected to the RF output of the module through a suitable power
attenuator or coupler. The demodulator filters should be set for no de-emphasis, as low a highpass cutoff as
possible (<50 Hz, preferably down to DC), and a lowpass cutoff of approximately 15 kHz. The
demodulator output should be connected to an oscilloscope so that it can be observed.
An audio oscillator should be connected to the AUX IN input. The output waveform should be sine, the
level at zero, and at a frequency of 500 Hz. Confirm that the Aux In Gain value is at least 10.
On the channel drop-down menu, select lower band edge. Activate the PTT, and while observing the
demodulated waveform on the oscilloscope, begin increasing the audio oscillator’s output level or the Aux
In setting. The waveform should begin as a sinewave and at some point show clipping. The clipped
portion may not necessarily be flat. The audio oscillator level should be set so that a substantial portion of
the waveform is clipped, at least 50 %. Adjust the balance value so that the clipped portion is flat i.e.
horizontal rather than tilted. Although the programmer can change values while transmitting, it is better to
unkey between value entries. After the balance is set, the deviation should be set to a value of 1.2 kHz for a
very narrow channel, 2.3 kHz for a 12.5 kHz channel or 4.6 kHz for a 25/30 kHz channel. Select the upper
band edge on the channel menu and repeat. As a result of this procedure, the per channel balance and
deviation values may have changed.

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Title                           : RITRON, INC
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