SIMREX DMESSII DataMover ESS-II User Manual DMESS Front

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DataMover ESS
DataMoverTM ESS
DataMoverTM ESS-II
Wireless IP/Ethernet Transceiver
DataMover ESS-II Firmware Release 1
DataMover ESS Firmware Release 6.2.1
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
MAY 2006
User’s Guide
SIMREX Corporation
SIMREX CORPORATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW AND APPLICATIONS .......... 1
1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Model Offerings .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2 Differences Between ESS and ESS-II ........................................................................................ 6
1.2 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Wireless LAN .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 Point-to-Point LAN Extension ..................................................................................................... 7
1.2.3 Backhaul for Serial Radio Networks ........................................................................................... 7
1.2.4 Multiple Protocols and/or Services ............................................................................................. 8
1.2.5 Wireless LAN with Mixed Services ............................................................................................. 9
1.2.6 Upgrading Older Wireless Network with
Serial Interfaces .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.7 High-Speed Mobile Data ...........................................................................................................10
1.3 NETWORK DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS...........................................................................11
1.3.1 Extending Network Coverage with Repeaters .......................................................................... 11
1.3.2 Protected Network Operation using Multiple Access Points ..................................................... 13
1.3.3 Collocating Multiple Radio Networks ........................................................................................ 13
1.4 SIMREX CYBER SECURITY SUITE .................................................................................. 14
1.5 ACCESSORIES .................................................................................................................. 16
2 TABLETOP EVALUATION AND TEST SETUP ....... 19
2.1 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................... 21
2.2 STEP 1—INSTALL THE ANTENNA CABLING .................................................................. 21
2.3 STEP 2—MEASURE & CONNECT THE PRIMARY POWER ............................................ 22
2.4 STEP 3—CONNECT PC TO THE TRANSCEIVER ........................................................... 22
2.5 STEP 4—REVIEW TRANSCEIVER CONFIGURATION .................................................... 23
2.5.1 Getting Started ......................................................................................................................... 23
2.5.2 Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 23
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2.5.3 Basic Configuration Defaults .................................................................................................... 23
2.6 STEP 5—CONNECT LAN AND/OR SERIAL EQUIPMENT ............................................... 24
2.7 STEP 6—CHECK FOR NORMAL OPERATION ................................................................ 25
3 EMBEDDED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ................... 27
3.1 MS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 29
3.1.1 Differences in the User Interfaces ............................................................................................ 29
3.2 ACCESSING THE MENU SYSTEM ................................................................................... 31
3.2.1 Methods of Control ................................................................................................................... 32
3.2.2 PC Connection & Log In Procedures ....................................................................................... 32
3.2.3 Navigating the Menus ............................................................................................................... 37
3.3 BASIC DEVICE INFORMATION......................................................................................... 38
3.3.1 Starting Information Screen ...................................................................................................... 38
3.3.2 Main Menu ................................................................................................................................ 39
3.3.3 Configuring Basic Device Parameters ...................................................................................... 40
3.4 CONFIGURING NETWORK PARAMETERS ..................................................................... 42
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
Network Configuration Menu .................................................................................................... 42
IP Address Configuration Menu ............................................................................................... 44
Ethernet Port Configuration Menu ............................................................................................ 45
DHCP Server Configuration ..................................................................................................... 46
SNMP Agent Configuration ...................................................................................................... 48
3.5 RADIO CONFIGURATION.................................................................................................. 50
3.5.1 Radio Configuration Menu ...................................................................................................... 50
3.5.2 Mobile Data Configuration ........................................................................................................ 57
3.6 CONFIGURING THE SERIAL INTERFACES..................................................................... 60
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.6.6
3.6.7
3.6.8
3.6.9
Overview .................................................................................................................................. 60
Serial Data Port Configuration Menu ........................................................................................ 63
Configuring for UDP Mode ....................................................................................................... 64
Configuring for TCP Mode ........................................................................................................ 67
Configuring for PPP Mode ........................................................................................................ 70
IP-to-Serial Application Example ..............................................................................................71
Point-to-Point Serial-to-Serial Application Example .................................................................72
Point-to-Multipoint Serial-to-Serial Application Example .......................................................... 73
Mixed Modes ............................................................................................................................ 75
3.7 CYBER SECURITY CONFIGURATION ............................................................................. 77
3.7.1 Device Security ........................................................................................................................ 77
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3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5
Wireless Security ...................................................................................................................... 79
RADIUS Authentication ............................................................................................................ 81
RADIUS Configuration ............................................................................................................. 82
Certificate Management (Remote transceivers only) ............................................................... 83
3.8 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION ...................................................................................... 84
3.8.1 Performance Information Menu ................................................................................................ 84
3.8.2 Network Performance Notes .................................................................................................... 95
3.9 MAINTENANCE.................................................................................................................. 99
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.9.4
3.9.5
3.9.6
3.9.7
Reprogramming Menu ............................................................................................................100
Configuration Scripts Menu ....................................................................................................105
Authorization Keys Menu ....................................................................................................... 114
Auto-Upgrade/Remote-Reboot Menu ..................................................................................... 114
Radio Test Menu .................................................................................................................... 115
Ping Utility Menu .................................................................................................................... 117
Reset to Factory Defaults ....................................................................................................... 117
4 TROUBLESHOOTING AND
RADIO MEASUREMENTS .....................................119
4.1 TROUBLESHOOTING...................................................................................................... 121
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
Interpreting the Front Panel LEDs ..........................................................................................121
Troubleshooting Using the Embedded Management System ................................................122
Using Logged Operation Events .............................................................................................126
Alarm Conditions ....................................................................................................................126
Correcting Alarm Conditions ..................................................................................................128
Logged Events ........................................................................................................................129
4.2 RADIO (RF) MEASUREMENTS ....................................................................................... 131
4.2.1 Antenna System SWR and Transmitter Power Output ...........................................................132
4.2.2 Antenna Aiming ......................................................................................................................133
5 PLANNING A RADIO NETWORK .......................... 135
5.1 INSTALLATION PLANNING ............................................................................................. 137
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
General Requirements ...........................................................................................................137
Site Selection .........................................................................................................................139
Terrain and Signal Strength ....................................................................................................139
Antenna & Feedline Selection ................................................................................................140
How Much Output Power Can be Used? ...............................................................................143
Conducting a Site Survey .......................................................................................................143
A Word About Radio Interference ...........................................................................................144
5.2 dBm-WATTS-VOLTS CONVERSION CHART .................................................................. 147
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6 TECHNICAL REFERENCE ..................................... 149
6.1 DATA INTERFACE CONNECTORS ................................................................................. 151
6.1.1 LAN Port .................................................................................................................................151
6.1.2 COM1 Port .............................................................................................................................152
6.1.3 COM2 Port .............................................................................................................................152
6.2 FUSE REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE ............................................................................ 153
6.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................... 154
6.4 CHANNEL HOP TABLE.................................................................................................... 157
6.5 SNMP USAGE NOTES..................................................................................................... 159
6.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................159
7 GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS ....... 165
Copyright Notice
This publication is protected by U.S.A. copyright law. Copyright 2006, SIMREX Corporation. All
rights reserved.
ISO 9001 Registration
SIMREX Corporation DataMover products adheres to the internationally-accepted ISO 9001
quality system standard.
To our Customers
We appreciate your patronage. You are our business. We promise to serve and anticipate your
needs. We will strive to give you solutions that are cost effective, innovative, reliable and of the
highest quality possible. We promise to build a relationship that is forthright and ethical, one that
builds confidence and trust.
What Products are Covered in this Manual?
This manual covers two members of the SIMREX DataMover ESS Transceiver Series, both of
which are designed to be operated under the FCC’s Part 15 license-free rules. The ESS radio is a
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) transceiver that operates at data speeds of 256 and
512 kbps.
The ESS-II is a similar design, but it is certified under the Digital Transmission System (DTS) provisions of FCC Part 15 and can operate at data speeds of 512 or 1024 kbps. Operational differences
between these two models are identified, as necessary, in this manual.
NOTE: DataMover ESS and DataMover ESS-II transceivers are not over-the-air compatible.
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Other DataMover ESS Documentation
Installation Guide—The associated DataMover ESS Installation Guide, P/N MAN.ESS-INSTALL,
is provided with the transceiver and is limited to essential information needed for installers. The
installation guide assumes some guidance to installers will be provided by the readers of this
manual. This includes such things as antenna selection, radio communication site survey tools and
techniques, and network design.
Related Materials on the Internet—Data sheets, frequently asked
questions, case studies, application notes, firmware upgrades and other updated information is available on the SIMREX Web site
at www.simrex.com.
About SIMREX Corporation
For almost 2 decades, SIMREX Corporation’s wireless products have been providing wireless networking solutions with applications in SCADA, telemetry, telecommunications, mobile data and
online transaction markets. SIMREX Corporation provides licensed and unlicensed solutions,
installed worldwide.
The majority of SIMREX DataMover radios deployed are still installed and performing within our
customers' wireless networks. That’s because our DataMover products are designed and manufactured according to ISO 9001 control guidelines and meet stringent global quality standards.
Thanks to our durable products and comprehensive solutions, SIMREX is a wireless leader in
industrial automation—including oil and gas production and transportation, water/wastewater
treatment, supply and transportation, electric transmission and distribution and many other utility
applications. SIMREX is also at the forefront of wireless communications for private and public
infrastructure and online transaction processing. Now is an exciting time for SIMREX and our customers as we look forward to further demonstrating our abilities in new and emerging markets.
As your wireless needs change you can continue to expect more from SIMREX. We'll always put
the performance of your network above all. Visit us at www.simrex.com for more information.
OPERATIONAL & SAFETY NOTICES
RF Exposure
Professional installation required. The radio equipment described in this guide emits radio
frequency energy. Although the power level is low, the concentrated energy from a directional antenna may pose a health hazard. Do not allow people to come closer than 23 cm
(9 inches) to the antenna when the transmitter is operating in indoor or outdoor environments. More information on RF exposure is on the Internet at
www.fcc.gov/oet/info/documents/bulletins.
UL/CSA Notice
This product is available for use in Class 1, Division 2, Groups A, B, C & D Hazardous Locations. Such locations are
defined in Article 500 of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) publication NFPA 70, otherwise known as
the National Electrical Code.
The transceiver has been recognized for use in these hazardous locations by two independent agencies —Underwriters
Laboratories (UL) and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). The UL certification for the transceiver is as a Recognized Component for use in these hazardous locations, in accordance with UL Standard 1604. The CSA Certification is in accordance with CSA STD C22.2 No. 213-M1987.
UL/CSA Conditions of Approval: The transceiver is not acceptable as a stand-alone unit for use in the hazardous
locations described above. It must either be mounted within another piece of equipment which is certified for
hazardous locations, or installed within guidelines, or conditions of approval, as set forth by the approving agencies.
These conditions of approval are as follows:
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The transceiver must be mounted within a separate enclosure which is suitable for the intended application.
The antenna feedline, DC power cable and interface cable must be routed through conduit in accordance with the
National Electrical Code.
Installation, operation and maintenance of the transceiver should be in accordance with the transceiver's installation
manual, and the National Electrical Code.
Tampering or replacement with non-factory components may adversely affect the safe use of the transceiver in hazardous locations, and may void the approval.
A power connector with screw-type retaining screws as supplied by SIMREX must be used.
Do not disconnect equipment unless power has been switched off or the area is known to
be non-hazardous.
EXPLOSION
HAZARD!
Refer to Articles 500 through 502 of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70) for further
information on hazardous locations and approved Division 2 wiring methods.
FCC Part 15 Notices
The transceiver series complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation. This device is specifically designed to be used under Section 15.247
of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Any unauthorized modification or changes to this device without the express
approval of SIMREX Corporation may void the user’s authority to operate this device. Furthermore, the DataMover
ESS is intended to be used only when installed in accordance with the instructions outlined in this manual. Failure to
comply with these instructions may also void the user’s authority to operate this device.
Part 15 rules also require that the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) from an DataMover ESS installation not
exceed 36 dBm. Refer to Antenna & Feedline Selection on Page 140 for more information.
Industry Canada RSS Notices
Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device
must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be chosen so that the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is not more than that permitted for successful communication.
This device as been designed to operate with the antennas listed below, and having a maximum gain of 12 dB.
Antennas not included in this list or having a gain greater than 12 dB are strictly prohibited for use with this device.
The required antenna impedance is 50 ohms. Refer to Table 5-3 on Page 146 for a list of antennas acceptable for use
with this transceiver.
Manual Revision and Accuracy
This manual was prepared to cover a specific version of firmware code. Accordingly, some screens and features may
differ from the actual unit you are working with. While every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy
of this publication, product improvements may also result in minor differences between the manual and the product
shipped to you. If you have additional questions or need an exact specification for a product, please contact our Customer Service Dept. using the information at the back of this guide. In addition, manual updates can often be found on
the SIMREX Web site at www.simrex.com.
Environmental Information
The manufacture of this equipment has required the extraction and use of natural resources. Improper disposal may
contaminate the environment and present a health risk due to hazardous substances contained within. To avoid dissemination of these substances into our environment, and to limit the demand on natural resources, we encourage you to
use the appropriate recycling systems for disposal. These systems will reuse or recycle most of the materials found in
this equipment in a sound way. Please contact SIMREX Corporation or your supplier for more information on the
proper disposal of this equipment.
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PRODUCT OVERVIEW
AND APPLICATIONS
1 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
Contents
1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION ..................................................... 3
1.1.1 Model Offerings ........................................................................ 5
1.1.2 Differences Between ESS and ESS-II ..................................... 6
1.2 APPLICATIONS....................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Wireless LAN ........................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Point-to-Point LAN Extension ................................................... 7
1.2.3 Backhaul for Serial Radio Networks ......................................... 7
1.2.4 Multiple Protocols and/or Services ........................................... 8
1.2.5 Wireless LAN with Mixed Services ........................................... 9
1.2.6 Upgrading Older Wireless Network with
Serial Interfaces .................................................................................. 10
1.2.7 High-Speed Mobile Data .......................................................... 10
1.3 NETWORK DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .............................. 11
1.3.1 Extending Network Coverage with Repeaters ......................... 11
1.3.2 Protected Network Operation using Multiple Access Points .... 13
1.3.3 Collocating Multiple Radio Networks ........................................ 13
1.4 SIMREX CYBER SECURITY SUITE....................................... 14
1.5 ACCESSORIES....................................................................... 16
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1.1
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The SIMREX DataMover ESS transceiver provides an easy-to-install
wireless local area network (WLAN) service with long range and secure
operation. It supports both Ethernet and serial data interface options at
over-the-air data speeds of up to 1 Mbps (ESS-II) and 512 kbps (ESS).
NOTE: For information on the DataMover ESS ENI, which provides
expanded gateway and protocol conversion capabilities not
found in the DataMover ESS (DF1 to EIP, and MODBUS to
MODBUS TCP conversions), refer to the SIMREX ESS/ENI
Supplement.
Invisible place holder
Figure 1-1. The SIMREX DataMover ESS Transceiver
Rugged Packaging
The transceiver is housed in a compact and rugged cast-aluminum case
that need only be protected from direct exposure to the weather. It contains a single printed circuit board with all necessary components for
radio operation and data communications. The only user-serviceable
component inside the case is a fuse on the DC power input line.
Simple Installation
Most installations employ an omni-directional antenna at the Access
Point (AP) location and a directional antenna at each Remote unit. The
antenna is a vital link in the system and must be chosen and installed correctly. Consult INSTALLATION PLANNING on Page 138 for guidance
on choosing suitable installation sites and antennas.
For basic services, simply connect an antenna, connect your Ethernet
LAN to the transceiver’s LAN port, apply primary power, set a few operating parameters, and you are done. No license is required for operation
in the U.S.A., Canada, and many other countries. Check requirements
for your region before placing the transceiver in service.
Secure Operation
Data network security is a vital issue in today's wireless world. The
DataMover ESS radios provide multiple tools to help you build a network that minimizes the risk of eavesdropping and unauthorized access.
Some are inherent in the radio's operation, such as the use of 900 MHz
spread-spectrum transmissions; others include data encryption,
enabling/disabling remote access channels, and password protection.
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Remember, security is not a one-step process that can simply be turned
on and forgotten. It must be practiced and enforced at multiple levels,
24 hours-a-day and 7 days-a-week. See “SIMREX CYBER SECURITY
SUITE” on Page 14 for more information about the transceiver’s security tools.
Robust Radio
Operation
The transceiver is designed for frequency-hopping spread-spectrum
operation in the license-free 900 MHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. It can provide reliable communications at distances up
to 25 miles (40 km) over favorable terrain, even in the presence of weak
signals or interference. Frequency hopping allows the transceiver to
avoid interference from other transmitters in the same band, and provides frequency diversity for more reliable transmission. The
over-the-air MAC increases reliability by adding retries to failed messages.
The DataMover ESS-II transceiver, which is certified to operate under
DTS rules (hopping not required), also hops in order to achieve the same
benefits that are realized with the DataMover ESS transceiver which is
certified under FHSS rules.
Flexible Services
Users with a mixture of equipment having Ethernet and serial data interfaces can choose to use one or two of the user-configurable serial ports
through the use of a Remote Dual Gateway. This flexibility allows the
transceiver to provide services in data networks that are being migrated
from legacy serial/EIA-232-based hardware to the faster and more
easily interfaced Ethernet world.
Flexible
Management
Configuration, commissioning, troubleshooting and other maintenance
activities can be done locally or remotely. Four different modes of
access are available: local RS-232 console, local or remote IP access
(via Telnet or SSH), web browser (HTTP, HTTPS, and SNMP
(v1/v2/v3). The text-based interface (RS-232 console Telnet and SSH)
is implemented in the form of easy-to-follow menus, and the terminal
server configuration includes a wizard to help you set up the units correctly.
Transceiver
Features
The transceiver’s design makes the installation and configuration easy,
while allowing for changes in the future.
• Long Range—Up to 25 miles (40 km) in line-of-sight conditions. Repeater stations may be used to extend the operational
range. (Refer to TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS on Page 154
for more detailed information on range.)
• Industrial-Grade Product—Extended temperature range for
trouble-free operation in extreme environments
• Robust Radio Communications—Designed to operate in dense,
high-interference environments
• Robust Network Security—Prevents common attack schemes
and hardware from gaining access or control of network. Common attack events logged and reported by alarms.
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• High Speed—1 Mbps (ESS-II) is 100-times faster than 9.6 kbps
radios. (ESS transceiver speed is 512 kbps).
• Plug-and-Play Connectivity—Ethernet bridge configuration
option requires minimal setup
• Serial Ports—Gateway for serial-based equipment to IP/Ethernet networks with embedded terminal server. Site-to-site configurations are also possible.
• Single hardware package provides configuration as Access
Point or Remote
1.1.1 Model Offerings
The transceiver comes in two primary models—Access Point and
Remote. Three types of Remote Gateways are available—the Ethernet
Bridge, the Serial Gateway, and the Dual Gateway supporting both
IP/Ethernet and serial services. Table 1-1 summaries the different interface abilities for each type.
A unit can be configured by the owner to operate as an Access Point or
as a Remote with some restrictions. Only the Dual Gateway Remote
units can be reconfigured as an Access Point. Ethernet Bridge and a
Serial Gateway Remotes cannot be reconfigured as Access Point unless
they are first upgraded to Dual Gateway type. This is accomplished with
an “Authorization Key” purchased from the factory. Each one of these
individual software keys is associated with the serial number of the corresponding unit.
Table 1-1. Transceiver Models and Data Interface Services
Model
Type
LAN1
COM11
COM2
Access Point3
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Remote…
Ethernet
Bridge2
Yes
No
No
Serial
Gateway2
No
Yes
Yes
Dual Gateway3
Yes
Yes
Yes
NOTES
1. Provides access to the embedded Management System on all units.
2. Can be upgraded to Dual Gateway with an Authorization Key.
3. Can be configured as an Access Point or Dual Gateway through the
embedded Management System.
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1.1.2 Differences Between ESS and ESS-II
The ESS and ESS-II Transceivers, while similar in many respects, do
have some key differences. The main differences are summarized in
Table 1-2:
Table 1-2. Transceiver Differences (ESS vs. ESS-II)
Characteristic
ESS
ESS-II
Data Rate
256/512 kbps
512 kbps/1 Mbps
FCC Certification
Type
FHSS
DTS
Encryption
RC4-128
AES-128
Channel size
316.5 kHz
600 kHz
Channel operation
Zones
Channels
Firmware
Specific for ESS
Specific for ESS-II
NOTE: The DataMover ESS and DataMover ESS-II transceivers are
not over-the-air compatible.
1.2
APPLICATIONS
The following sections provide illustrations of typical transceiver installations. This is meant as an overview only. It is recommended that a network manager be involved in all installation planning activities.
1.2.1 Wireless LAN
The wireless LAN is the most common application of the transceiver. It
consists of a central control station (Access Point) and one or more associated Remote units, as shown in Figure 1-2 on Page 7. A LAN provides
communications between a central WAN/LAN and remote Ethernet
segments. The operation of the radio system is transparent to the computer equipment connected to the transceiver.
The Access Point is positioned at a location from which it can communicate with all of the Remote units in the system. Commonly, this is a
high location on top of a building or communications tower. Messages
are exchanged at the Ethernet level. This includes all types of IP traffic.
A Remote transceiver can only talk over-the-air to an Access Point unit
(AP). Peer-to-peer communications between Remotes can only take
place indirectly via the AP. In the same fashion, an AP can only talk
over-the-air to associated Remote units. Exception: Two APs can communicate with each other “off-the-air” through their Ethernet connectors
using a common LAN/WAN.
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Invisible place holder
Remote
LAN
Remote
Remote
LAN
LAN
Remote
Access Point
LAN
WAN/LAN
Figure 1-2. Typical Wireless LAN
1.2.2 Point-to-Point LAN Extension
A point-to-point configuration (Figure 1-3) is a simple arrangement
consisting of an Access Point and a Remote unit. This provides a communications link for the transfer of data between two locations.
Invisible place holder
Access Point
Remote
LAN/WAN
LAN
Figure 1-3. Typical Point-to-Point Link
1.2.3 Backhaul for Serial Radio Networks
One of the primary design features of the transceiver is to provide a path
for serial devices to migrate to IP/Ethernet. Many radio networks in
operation today still rely on serial networks at data rates of 9600 bps or
less. These networks can use the transceiver as a means to continue
using the serial service, while allowing the rest of the infrastructure to
migrate to an IP format.
A Remote transceiver using one serial port for the data stream, and the
other for network-wide diagnostics can support operational radio networks built with SIMREX serial-based radios, such as DataMover
Transparent, DataMover SS and others. In the case of radios using a
single port for data and diagnostics, the capabilities are doubled. The
data streams are delivered to an IP socket in an application, or in serial
format using the Access Point.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 1-4. Backhaul Network
1.2.4 Multiple Protocols and/or Services
Prior to the DataMover ESS, two radios were often used to service two
different types of devices (typically connected to different SCADA
hosts). An ESS or ESS-II radio provides this functionality with a single
remote radio. Each of the two serial ports can be connected via IP to different SCADA hosts, transporting different (or the same) protocols.
Both data streams are completely independent and the transceiver provides seamless simultaneous operation as shown in Figure 1-5 on
Page 8.
Invisible place holder
Figure 1-5. Multiple Protocol Network
By using a single radio, the cost of deployment is cut in half. Beyond
requiring only one radio instead of two, the biggest cost reduction comes
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from using half of the required infrastructure at the remote site: one
antenna, one feedline, one lightning protector and ancillary hardware.
Other cost reductions come from the system as a whole, such as reduced
management requirements. And above all, the potential for future applications that run over Ethernet and IP, such as video for remote surveillance.
1.2.5 Wireless LAN with Mixed Services
The ESS transceiver is an excellent solution for a long-range industrial
wireless LAN. It offers several advantages over commercial solutions—
primarily improved performance over extended distances. The rugged
construction of the radio and its extended temperature range make it an
ideal solution even in harsh locations. In extreme environments, a
simple NEMA enclosure is sufficient to house the unit.
The transceiver trades higher speed for longer range. Commercial
802.11a/b/g solutions are designed to provide service to relatively small
areas such as offices, warehouses and homes. They provide high data
rates but have limited range. The ESS transmits at a higher power level,
uses a different frequency band, has higher sensitivity, and a narrower
channel to concentrate the radio energy and reach farther distances. It is
designed for industrial operation from the ground up.
IP-based devices that may be used with the transceiver include a new
breed of more powerful Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). These, as well as other devices, may
be used in applications ranging from SCADA/telemetry monitoring,
web-based video, security monitoring, and voice over IP. Figure 1-6
shows a typical wireless IP network.
Invisible place holder
Figure 1-6. Extended-Range LAN with Mixed Applications
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1.2.6 Upgrading Older Wireless Network with
Serial Interfaces
Millions of wireless data products have been sold in the last two decades
for licensed and license-free operation, many of them sold by SIMREX
Corporation. There are several ways that these systems can benefit from
incorporating ESS equipment. The chief advantages are interface flexibility (serial and Ethernet in one unit), and higher data throughput. By
taking advantage of its built-in serial and Ethernet interfaces, the transceiver is well suited to replace leased lines, dial-up lines, or existing
MAS 900 MHz data transceivers.
Replacing Legacy Wireless Products
In most cases, legacy radio transceivers supporting serial-interface
equipment can be replaced with ESS transceivers. Legacy equipment
can be connected to the transceiver through the COM1 or COM2 port with
a DB-25 to DB-9 cable wired for EIA-232 signaling. The COM2 port
supports all standard EIA-232 signaling and acts as a data-terminal
equipment device (DTE).
NOTE: Several previous SIMREX-brand products had non-standard
signal lines on their interface connectors (for example, to
control sleep functions and alarm lines). These special functions are not provided nor supported by the ESS transceiver.
Consult equipment manuals for complete pinout information.
Supplement legacy wireless network with IP services
The ESS Dual Gateway model can support up to two serial devices and
one Ethernet connection at the same time. The serial interfaces (COM1
and COM2) operate in two different modes: Connectionless UDP and
connection-orientated TCP.
In the UDP mode, the transceiver supports point-to-multipoint
serial-port to serial-port connectivity. In the TCP mode, it supports
point-to-point Ethernet/IP to serial port connectivity.
For further details on the transceiver’s Serial Gateway interface modes,
see “CONFIGURING THE SERIAL INTERFACES” on Page 61.
1.2.7 High-Speed Mobile Data
The ESS radios support high-speed data communications in a mobile
environment. Remote radios roam between different access points, providing seamless transitions and continuous coverage. For additional
information on configuring a mobile network, refer to Mobile Data Configuration on Page 58.
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1.3
NETWORK DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
1.3.1 Extending Network Coverage with Repeaters
What is a Repeater System?
A repeater works by re-transmitting data from outlying remote sites to
the Access Point and vice-versa. It introduces some additional
end-to-end transmission delay but provides longer-range connectivity.
In some geographical areas, obstacles can make communications difficult. These obstacles are commonly large buildings, hills, or dense
foliage. These obstacles can often be overcome with a repeater station.
Option 1—Using two transceivers to form a repeater station
(back-to-back repeater)
Although the range between transceivers can be up to 40 km (25 miles)
over favorable terrain, it is possible to extend the range considerably by
connecting two units together at one site in a “back-to-back” fashion to
form a repeater, as shown in Figure 1-7. This arrangement should be
used whenever the objective is to utilize the maximum range between
stations. In this case, using high-gain Yagi antennas at each location will
provide more reliable communications than their counterparts—omnidirectional antennas.
Invisible place holder
Remote
REPEATER
INT
Access
Point
LIN
IN
PO
LAN
O-P
T-T
Remote
Ethernet
Crossover Cable
Remote
LAN
Access Point
Remote
LAN/WAN
LAN
Figure 1-7. Typical LAN with a Repeater Link
Overview
Two transceivers may be connected “back-to-back” through the LAN
Ports to form a repeater station. (The cable must be a “cross-over”
Ethernet cable for this to work). This configuration is sometimes
required in a network that includes a distant Remote that would otherwise be unable to communicate directly with the Access Point station
due to distance or terrain.
The geographic location of a repeater station is especially important. A
site must be chosen that allows good communication with both the
Access Point and the outlying Remote site. This is often on top of a hill,
building, or other elevated terrain from which both sites can be “seen”
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by the repeater station antennas. A detailed discussion on the effects of
terrain is given in Section 5.1.2, Site Selection (beginning on Page 140).
The following paragraphs contain specific requirements for repeater
systems.
Antennas
Two antennas are required at this type of repeater station—one for each
radio. Measures must be taken to minimize the chance of interference
between these antennas. One effective technique for limiting interference is to employ vertical separation. In this arrangement, assuming
both are vertically polarized, one antenna is mounted directly over the
other, separated by at least 10 feet (3 Meters). This takes advantage of
the minimal radiation exhibited by most antennas directly above and
below their driven elements.
Another interference reduction technique is to cross-polarize the
repeater antennas. If one antenna is mounted for polarization in the vertical plane, and the other in the horizontal plane, an additional 20 dB of
attenuation can be achieved. (Remember that the corresponding stations
should use the same antenna orientation when cross-polarization is
used.)
Network Name
The two radios that are wired together at the repeater site must have different network names. To set or view the network names, see “STEP 3—
CONNECT PC TO THE TRANSCEIVER” on Page 22 for details.
Option 2—Using the AP as a Store-and-Forward Packet
Repeater
A wireless network can be extended through the use of an alternate
arrangement using the Access Point as a repeater to re-transmit the signals of all stations in the network. The repeater is a standard transceiver
configured as an Access Point, and operating in Store and Forward
mode. (See Figure 1-8.)
Invisible place holder
Remote
Remote
LAN
Remote
Access Point
REPEATER
LAN
LAN/WAN
Remote
LAN
Figure 1-8. Typical network with store-and-forward repeater
As with the conventional repeater described in Option 1 above, the location of a store and forward repeater is also important. A site must be
chosen that allows good communication with both the Access Point and
the outlying Remote site. This can be on the top of a hill, building, or
other elevated terrain from which all sites can be “seen” by the repeater
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station antenna. A detailed discussion on the effects of terrain is given
in Section 5.1.2, Site Selection (beginning on Page 140)
1.3.2 Protected Network Operation using Multiple
Access Points
Although SIMREX transceivers have a very robust design and have
undergone intensive testing before being shipped, it is possible for isolated failures to occur. In mission-critical applications, down time can
be virtually eliminated by using some, or all, of the following configurations:
In a point-to-multipoint scenario, the Access Point services multiple
remotes. A problem in the Access Point will have an effect on all
remotes, since none will have access to the network. When operation of
the network does not tolerate any down time, it is possible to set up a
protected configuration for the Access Point to greatly reduce the possibility of this occurrence.
Two or more Access Points can be configured with the same Network
Name and kept active simultaneously, each with its own independent
antenna. In this scenario, Remotes will associate with either one of the
available Access Points. In case of a failure of one of the AP’s the
Remotes will quickly associate with another of the remaining Access
Points re-establishing connectivity to the end devices.
The Access Points are unaware of the existence of the other AP’s.
Because the hopping algorithm uses both the Network Name and the
Wireless MAC address of the AP to generate the hopping pattern, multiple AP’s can coexist—even if they use the same network name. The
collocated AP’s will be using different hopping patterns and frequencies
the great majority of the time. Although some data collisions will occur,
the wireless-MAC is built to tolerate and recover from such occurrences
with minimal degradation.
1.3.3 Collocating Multiple Radio Networks
Many networks can operate in relatively close physical proximity to one
another provided reasonable measures are taken to assure the radio
signal of one Access Point is not directed at the antenna of the second
Access Point.
The Network Name and the association process
The Network Name is the foundation for building individual radio networks. It is part of a beacon signal broadcast by the Access Point (AP)
to any Remote units with the same Network Name. Remotes that join the
network are referred to as being “associated” with the Access Point unit.
Multiple APs with the same Network Name should be used with care.
Using the same Network Name in multiple APs may result in Remotes
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associating with undesired APs and preventing data exchange from
occurring as planned.
The use of a different Network Name does not guarantee an interference-free system. It does however, assure that only data destined for a
unique network is passed through to that network.
Co-Location for
Multiple Networks
It may be desirable to co-locate Access Points at one location to take
advantage of an excellent or premium location that can serve two independent networks. Each network should have unique Network Name
and each AP unit’s antenna should be provided as much vertical separation as is practical to minimize RFI.
NOTE: All transceivers are shipped with the Network Name set to
“Not Programmed.” The Network Name must be programmed
in order to pass data and begin normal operations.
Can radio frequency interference (RFI) disrupt my wireless
network?
When multiple radio networks operate in close physical proximity to
other wireless networks, individual units may not operate reliably under
weak signal conditions and may be influenced by strong radio signals in
adjacent bands. This radio frequency interference cannot be predicted
with certainty, and can only be determined by experimentation. If you
need to co-locate two units, start by using the largest possible vertical
antenna separation between the two AP antennas on the same support
structure. If that does not work, consult with your factory representative
about other techniques for controlling radio frequency interference
between the radios. (See “A Word About Radio Interference” on
Page 145 for more details.)
1.4
SIMREX CYBER SECURITY SUITE
Today the operation and management of an enterprise is becoming
increasing dependent on electronic information flow. An accompanying
concern becomes the cyber security of the communication infrastructure
and the security of the data itself.
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The transceiver is capable of dealing with many common security
issues. Table 1-3 profiles security risks and how the transceiver provides
a solution for minimizing vulnerability.
Table 1-3. Security Risk Management
Security Vulnerability
SIMREX Cyber Security Solution
Unauthorized access to the backbone
network through a foreign remote radio
• 802.1x RADIUS authentication
• Approved Remotes List (local)
Only those remotes included in the
AP list will associate
“Rogue” AP, where a foreign AP takes
control of some or all remote radios and
thus remote devices
• 802.1x RADIUS authentication
• Approved AP List
A remote will only associate to those
AP included in its local authorized
list of AP
Dictionary attacks, where a hacker runs a
program that sequentially tries to break a
password.
• Failed-login lockdown
Denial of service, where Remote radios
could be reconfigured with bad
parameters bringing the network down.
•Remote login with SSH or HTTPS
After 3 tries, the transceiver ignores
login requests for 5 minutes. Critical
event reports (traps) are generated
as well.
•Local console login
•Disabled HTTP & Telnet to allow
only local management services
Airsnort and other war-driving hackers in
parking lots, etc.
•900 MHz operation is not
interoperable with standard 802.11b
wireless cards
•The transceiver cannot be put in a
promiscuous mode
•Proprietary data framing
Eavesdropping, intercepting messages
•AES-128 encryption (ESS-II)
•RC4-128 encryption (ESS)
Key cracking software
• Automatic Rotating Key algorithm
Replaying messages
• Automatic Rotating Key algorithm
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Table 1-3. Security Risk Management
Security Vulnerability
SIMREX Cyber Security Solution
Unprotected access to configuration via
SNMPv1
•Implement SNMPv3 secure
Intrusion detection
• Provides early warning via SNMP
operation
through critical event reports
(unauthorized, logging attempts,
etc.)
• Unauthorized AP MAC address
detected at Remote
• Unauthorized Remote MAC
address detected at AP
• Login attempt limit exceeded
(Accessed via: Telnet, HTTP, or
local)
• Successful login/logout
(Accessed via: Telnet, HTTP, or
local)
1.5
ACCESSORIES
The transceiver can be used with one or more of the accessories listed in
Table 1-4. Contact the factory for ordering details.
Table 1-4. Accessories
16
Accessory
Description
SIMREX Part
No.
AC Power
Adapter Kit
A small power supply module designed for
continuous service. UL approved. Input:
120/220; Output: 13.8 Vdc @ 2.5 A
ESS-PWR-KIT
OmniDirectional
Antennas
Rugged antennas well suited for use at Access
Point installations. Consult with your factory
Sales Representative for details
Call factory
Yagi Antenna
(Directional)
Rugged antennas well suited for use at Remote
installations. Consult with your factory Sales
Representative for details.
Call factory
TNC Male-to-N
Female Adapter
One-piece RF adaptor plug.
ESS-ADPTTNCM-NF
TNC Male-to-N
Female Adapter
Cable
Short length of coaxial cable used to connect the
radio’s TNC antenna connector to a Type N
commonly used on large diameter coaxial
cables.
CAB.ESS-TNC36N (3FT./1M)
Ethernet RJ-45
Crossover
Cable (CAT5)
Cable assembly used to cross-connect the
Ethernet ports of two transceivers used in a
repeater configuration.
(Cable length ≈ 3 ft./1M)
CAB.ESSRJ45X
2-Pin Power
Plug
Mates with power connector on transceiver.
Screw terminals provided for wires, threaded
locking screws to prevent accidental disconnect.
ESS-CONN2P
DataMover ESS User’s Guide
CAB.ESS-TNC72N (6FT./1.8M)
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Table 1-4. Accessories (Continued)
Accessory
Description
SIMREX Part
No.
Ethernet RJ-45
Straight-thru
Cable (CAT5)
Cable assembly used to connect an Ethernet
device to the transceiver. Both ends of the cable
are wired identically.
(Cable length ≈ 3 ft./1M)
CAB.ESSRJ45S
EIA-232
Shielded Data
Cable
Shielded cable terminated with a DB-25 male
connector on one end, and a DB-9 female on the
other end. Two lengths available (see part
numbers at right).
CAB.ESSDB25M-9F-6
(6 ft./1.8m)
CAB.ESSDB25M-9F-15
(15 ft./4.6m)
EIA-232
Shielded Data
Cable
Shielded cable terminated with a DB-9 male
connector on one end, and a DB-9 female on the
other end, 6 ft./1.8m long.
CAB.ESSDB9M-9F-6
Fuse
Small, board-mounted fuse used to protect
against over-current conditions.
ESS-FUSE-2A
Flat-Surface
Mounting
Brackets &
Screws
Brackets: 2″ x 3″ plates designed to be screwed
onto the bottom of the unit for surface-mounting
the radio.
ESS-MNTBRKT
Screws: 6-32/1/4″ with locking adhesive.
(Industry Standard MS 51957-26)
MS6-32-ESS
DIN Rail
Mounting
Bracket
Bracket used to mount the transceiver to
standard 35 mm DIN rails commonly found in
equipment cabinets and panels.
ESS-DINBRKT
COM2 Interface
Adapter
DB-25(F) to DB-9(M) shielded cable assembly
(6 ft./1.8 m) for connection of equipment or other
EIA-232 serial devices previously connected to
“legacy” units. (Consult factory for other lengths
and variations.)
CAB.ESSDB25F-DB9M
SIMREX
DataMover
NMS Software
PC-based network management system for
new-generation SIMREX transceivers. Allows
radio control and diagnostics in a hierarchal map
perspective.
ESSNETMGR
Bandpass Filter
Antenna system filter that helps eliminate
interference from nearby paging transmitters.
ESS-FLTRA2
Ethernet Surge
Suppressor
Surge suppressor for protection of Ethernet port
against lightning.
ESS-SURGERJ
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TABLETOP EVALUATION
AND TEST SETUP
2 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
Contents
2.1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 21
2.2 STEP 1—INSTALL THE ANTENNA CABLING ....................... 21
2.3 STEP 2—MEASURE & CONNECT THE PRIMARY POWER. 22
2.4 STEP 3—CONNECT PC TO THE TRANSCEIVER ................ 22
2.5 STEP 4—REVIEW TRANSCEIVER CONFIGURATION ......... 23
2.5.1 Getting Started ......................................................................... 23
2.5.2 Procedure ................................................................................. 23
2.5.3 Basic Configuration Defaults .................................................... 23
2.6 STEP 5—CONNECT LAN AND/OR SERIAL EQUIPMENT.... 24
2.7 STEP 6—CHECK FOR NORMAL OPERATION ..................... 25
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2.1
OVERVIEW
It is best to set up a tabletop network that can be used to verify the basic
operation of the transceivers and give you a chance to experiment with
network designs, configurations or network equipment in a convenient
location. This test can be performed with any number of radios.
When you are satisfied that the network is functioning properly in a
bench setting, field installation can be performed. Complete information
for field installation, including mounting dimensions and antenna selection, is provided in INSTALLATION PLANNING on Page 138
For the following evaluation, one of the transceivers in the network must
be set to Access Point service (Device Mode = Access Point) for proper
operation.
NOTE: It is important to use a “Network Name” that is different from
any currently in use in your area during the testing period. This
will eliminate unnecessary disruption of traffic on the existing
network while you become familiar with the transceiver or
evaluate variations of unit operating parameters.
To simulate data traffic over the radio network, connect a PC or LAN to
the Ethernet port of the Access Point and PING each transceiver several
times.
2.2
STEP 1—INSTALL THE ANTENNA
CABLING
Figure 2-1 is a drawing of the tabletop arrangement. Connect the
antenna ports of each transceiver as shown. This will provide stable
radio communications between each unit while preventing interference
to nearby electronic equipment from a large number of co-located units.
Remote
Invisible place holder
Remote
POWER ATTENUATORS
• Fixed or adjustable
• 1W Minimum Rating
Remote
LAN
COM
COM
PWR
LINK
LAN
COM
COM
PWR
LINK
Access Point
COMPUTER
POWER DIVIDER
NON-RADIATING ATTENUATORS
• Install on unused divider ports (if any)
• 1W Minimum Rating
Figure 2-1. Typical setup for tabletop-testing of radios
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NOTE: It is very important to use attenuation between all units in the
test setup. The amount of attenuation required will depend on
the number of units being tested and the desired signal strength
(RSSI) at each transceiver during the test. In no case should a
signal greater than –50 dBm be applied to any transceiver in
the test setup. An RF power output level of +20 dBm is recommended. (See “Radio Configuration Menu” on Page 51.)
2.3
STEP 2—MEASURE & CONNECT
THE PRIMARY POWER
The primary power at the transceiver’s power connector must be within
10–30 Vdc and be capable of continuously providing a minimum of 8
Watts (typical power consumptions are: 760 mA @ 10.5 Vdc, 580 mA
@ 13.8 Vdc, and 267 mA @ 30 Vdc).
A power connector with screw-terminals is provided with each unit.
Strip the wire leads to 6 mm (0.25"). Be sure to observe proper polarity
as shown in Figure 2-2 with the positive lead (+) on the left.
NOTE: It will take about 30 seconds for the transceiver to power up
and be ready for operation.
Invisible place holder
Lead
Binding
Screws (2)
Wire Ports
Figure 2-2. Power Connector, Polarity: Left +, Right –
CAUTION
POSSIBLE
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE
2.4
The transceiver must only be used with negative-ground systems. Make sure the polarity of the
power source is correct. The unit is protected from
reverse polarity by an internal diode and fuse.
STEP 3—CONNECT PC TO THE
TRANSCEIVER
Connect a PC’s Ethernet port to the LAN port using an Ethernet crossover cable. The LAN LED should light. Alternately, you can use a serial
cable to connect to the COM1 port. (Figure 2-3 on Page 25)
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2.5
STEP 4—REVIEW TRANSCEIVER
CONFIGURATION
2.5.1 Getting Started
Start by logging into the Access Point. Set up the Access Point first
because the Remotes are dependent on its beacon signal to achieve the
“associated” state.
NOTE: Transceivers are shipped from the factory set to the “Remote”
mode unless they are marked differently.
Once the Access Point is up and running, move the computer connection
to each of the Remote units, log-in at each unit, review their configuration, set their IP addresses and Network Name and wait for each to
achieve the associated state.
With all units associated, you will be ready to connect and test your data
services.
2.5.2 Procedure
The following is a summary of the configuration procedure that must be
done on each unit in the system. Key parameters are shown on the
Embedded Management System overview (Figure 3-1 on Page 30). A
lists of parameters can found in two tables: Table 4-5 on Page 128 and
Table 4-7 on Page 131. Detailed information on using the Management
System can be found in MS INTRODUCTION on Page 30.
NOTE: The Management System supports the use of “configuration
files” to aid in uniformly configuring multiple units. These are
detailed in Using Configuration Scripts on Page 107.
2.5.3 Basic Configuration Defaults
Table 2-1 provides a selection of key operating parameters, their range,
and default values. All of these are accessible through a terminal emulator connected to the COM1 serial port or through a Web browser connected to the LAN Port. (See Figure 5-1 on Page 138 for hookup.)
NOTE: Access to the transceiver’s Management System and changes
to some parameters, are controlled by password when
accessing by means of a Web browser or Telnet.
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Table 2-1. Basic Configuration Defaults
Item
Menu Location
Default
Values/Range
Device Mode1
Main Menu>>
Network Configuration>>
Device Mode
Marked on unit’s
ID label
• Access Point
• Dual Remote
• Serial Gateway
• Ethernet Bridge
Network Name
Main Menu>>
Network Configuration>>
Network Name
“Not
Programmed”
• 1–15 alphanumeric
characters
IP Address
Main Menu>>
Network Configuration>>
IP Address
192.168.1.1
Contact your network
administrator
RF Output
Power
Main Menu>>
Radio Configuration>>
RF Output Power
30 dBm (1.0
Watt)
20–30 dBm @ 50Ω
(0.1–1.0 Watts)
Unit Password
Main Menu>>
Device Information>>
User Password
admin
(lower case)
• 1–8 alphanumeric
characters
• Case-sensitive;
can be mixed case
• Case-sensitive;
can be mixed case
1. Ethernet Bridge and Serial Gateway will not be displayed if a superior mode is authorized for this unit.
A unique IP address and subnet are required to access the browser-based
Management System either through the LAN port, or remotely
over-the-air.
2.6
STEP 5—CONNECT LAN AND/OR
SERIAL EQUIPMENT
Connect a local area network to the LAN port or serial devices to the
COM1 (DCE) or COM2 (DTE) ports. Make sure your transceivers are
capable of supporting your devices. (See Table 1-1 . Transceiver Models
and Data Interface Services, on page 5 for a summary of model capabilities.) The LAN port will support any Ethernet-compatible equipment.
This includes devices that use the Internet Protocol (IP).
NOTE: If you configure COM1 for payload data service while you are
plugged into it, you will not be able to access the management
system. Alternate methods for accessing the management
system are: use Telnet or the web browser through the Ethernet
port; use Telnet or the web browser through the antenna port
(remote management).
Figure 2-3 on Page 25 shows the default functions and services for the
interface connectors.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 2-3. Interface Connectors, Functions & Defaults
2.7
STEP 6—CHECK FOR NORMAL
OPERATION
Once the data equipment is connected, you are ready to check the transceiver for normal operation.
Observe the LEDs on the top cover for the proper indications. In a normally operating system, the following LED indications will be seen
within 30 seconds of start-up:
• PWR—Lit continuously
• LINK—On, or blinking intermittently to indicate traffic flow
• LAN—On, or blinking intermittently to indicate traffic flow
Table 2-2 provides details on the LED functions.
Table 2-2. Transceiver LED Functions
LED Label
LAN
Indication
ON
LAN detected
Blinking
Data TX/RX
OFF
LAN not detected, or excessive
traffic present
COM1
(MGT System)
Blinking
Data TX/RX
OFF
No data activity
COM2
Blinking
Data TX/RX
PWR
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
Activity
OFF
No data activity
ON
Primary power (DC) present
Blinking
Unit in “Alarmed” state
OFF
Primary power (DC) absent
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Table 2-2. Transceiver LED Functions (Continued)
LED Label
Activity
Indication
LINK
ON
Default state
(Access Point)
Blinking
Data Tx/Rx
OFF
Traffic exceeds the capacity of
the radio network
LINK
ON
Associated to AP
(Remote
Gateway)
Blinking
Data Tx/Rx
OFF
Not associated with AP
If the radio network seems to be operating properly based on observation of the unit’s LEDs, you can use the PING command to verify the link
integrity with the Access Point or pointing your browser to another
Remote unit’s IP address in the same network.
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EMBEDDED
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
Contents
3.1 MS INTRODUCTION............................................................... 29
3.1.1 Differences in the User Interfaces ............................................ 29
3.2 ACCESSING THE MENU SYSTEM ........................................ 31
3.2.1 Methods of Control ................................................................... 32
3.2.2 PC Connection & Log In Procedures ....................................... 32
3.2.3 Navigating the Menus .............................................................. 37
3.3 BASIC DEVICE INFORMATION.............................................. 38
3.3.1 Starting Information Screen ...................................................... 38
3.3.2 Main Menu ............................................................................... 39
3.3.3 Configuring Basic Device Parameters ..................................... 40
3.4 CONFIGURING NETWORK PARAMETERS .......................... 42
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
Network Configuration Menu .................................................... 42
IP Address Configuration Menu ............................................... 44
Ethernet Port Configuration Menu ............................................ 45
DHCP Server Configuration ..................................................... 46
SNMP Agent Configuration ...................................................... 48
3.5 RADIO CONFIGURATION ...................................................... 50
3.5.1 Radio Configuration Menu ..................................................... 50
3.5.2 Mobile Data Configuration ........................................................ 57
3.6 CONFIGURING THE SERIAL INTERFACES.......................... 60
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.6.6
3.6.7
3.6.8
3.6.9
Overview .................................................................................. 60
Serial Data Port Configuration Menu ....................................... 63
Configuring for UDP Mode ....................................................... 64
Configuring for TCP Mode ....................................................... 67
Configuring for PPP Mode ....................................................... 70
IP-to-Serial Application Example .............................................. 71
Point-to-Point Serial-to-Serial Application Example ................. 72
Point-to-Multipoint Serial-to-Serial Application Example .......... 73
Mixed Modes ............................................................................ 75
3.7 CYBER SECURITY CONFIGURATION .................................. 77
3.7.1 Device Security ........................................................................ 77
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3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5
Wireless Security ..................................................................... 79
RADIUS Authentication ............................................................ 81
RADIUS Configuration ............................................................. 82
Certificate Management (Remote transceivers only) ............... 83
3.8 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION........................................... 84
3.8.1 Performance Information Menu ................................................ 84
3.8.2 Network Performance Notes .................................................... 95
3.9 MAINTENANCE ...................................................................... 99
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.9.4
3.9.5
3.9.6
3.9.7
28
Reprogramming Menu ............................................................. 100
Configuration Scripts Menu ...................................................... 105
Authorization Keys Menu ......................................................... 114
Auto-Upgrade/Remote-Reboot Menu ...................................... 114
Radio Test Menu ...................................................................... 115
Ping Utility Menu ...................................................................... 117
Reset to Factory Defaults ......................................................... 117
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3.1
MS INTRODUCTION
The transceiver’s embedded management system is accessible through
various data interfaces. These include the COM1 (serial) port, LAN
(Ethernet) port, and via SNMP. Essentially the same capabilities are
available through any of these paths.
For SNMP management, the transceiver is compatible with SIMREX
D-View software. Refer to SIMREX publication MAN.D-VIEW for
more information on this tool. For support of other SNMP software, a
set of MIB files is available for download from the SIMREX Web site
at www.simrex.com. A brief summary of SNMP commands can be
found at SNMP Agent Configuration section on Page 49 of this manual.
The transceiver’s Management System and its functions are divided into
five functional groups as listed below.
• Section 3.3, BASIC DEVICE INFORMATION (beginning on
Page 38)
• Section 3.4, CONFIGURING NETWORK PARAMETERS
(beginning on Page 42)
• Section 3.5, RADIO CONFIGURATION (beginning on Page
51)
• Section 3.6, CONFIGURING THE SERIAL INTERFACES
(beginning on Page 61)
• Section 3.7, CYBER SECURITY CONFIGURATION (beginning
on Page 78)
• Section 3.8, PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION (beginning on
Page 85)
• Section 3.9, MAINTENANCE (beginning on Page 100)
Each of these sections has a focus that is reflected in its heading. The
section you are now reading provides information on connecting to the
Management System, how to navigate through it, how it is structured,
and how to perform top-level configuration tasks. Figure 3-1 on the following page shows a top-level view of the Management System (MS).
3.1.1 Differences in the User Interfaces
There are slight differences in navigation, but for the most part, the content is the same among different user interfaces. You will find a few differences in capabilities as the communications tool is driven by
limitations of the access channel. Below are examples of the Starting
Information Screen seen through a terminal and a Web-browser, respectively.
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Figure 3-1. View of MS with a text-based program—
(Terminal Emulator shown—Telnet has similar menu structure)
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-2. View of the MS with a Browser
(Selections at left provide links to the various menus)
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3.2
ACCESSING THE MENU SYSTEM
The radio has no external controls. All configuration, diagnostics and
control is performed electronically using a connected PC. This section
explains how to connect a PC, log into the unit, and gain access to the
built-in menu screens.
3.2.1 Methods of Control
The unit’s configuration menus may be accessed in one of several ways:
• Local Console—This is the primary method used for the examples in this manual. Connect a PC directly to the COM 1 port
using a serial communications cable and launch a terminal communications program such as HyperTerminal. This method provides text-based access to the unit’s menu screens. Console
control is a hardware-based technique, and is intended for local
use only.
• Telnet or SSH*—Connect a PC to the unit’s LAN port, either
directly or via a network, and launch a Telnet session. This
method provides text-based access to the unit’s menu screens in
a manner similar to a Local Console session. Telnet sessions
may be run locally or remotely through an IP connection.
• Web Browser*—Connect a PC to the unit’s LAN port, either
directly or via a network, and launch a web browser session (i.e.,
Internet Explorer, Netscape, etc.) This method provides a
graphical representation of each screen, just as you would see
when viewing an Internet website. The appearance of menu
screens differs slightly from other methods of control, but the
content and organization of screen items is similar. Web
browser sessions may be run locally or remotely via the Internet.
Telnet, SSH and Web Browser sessions require the use of a straight-through or
crossover Ethernet cable, depending on the whether the PC-to-radio connection is
made directly, or through a network. For direct connection, a crossover cable is
required; For connection via a network, a straight-through type is needed.
Cable type can be identified as follows: Hold the two cable ends side-by-side and
in the same plug orientation (i.e., both locking tabs up or down). Now look at the
individual wire colors on each plug. If the wires on both plugs are ordered in the
same sequence from left to right, the cable is a straight-through type. If they are not
in the same order, it may be a crossover cable, or it may be wired for some other
application. Refer to DATA INTERFACE CONNECTORS on Page 151 for detailed
pinout information.
3.2.2 PC Connection & Log In Procedures
The following steps describe how to access the radio’s menu system.
These steps require a PC to be connected to the unit’s COM 1 or LAN port
as shown in Figure 3-3.
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Invisible place holder
To COM1 or LAN Port
(See Text)
US
LA
CO
M1
CO
M2
CO
M3
PW
Serial or Ethernet
Crossover Cable
(See Text)
Configuration PC
Figure 3-3. PC Configuration Setup
Starting a Local
Console Session
(Recommended for
first-time log-in)
1. Connect a serial communications cable between the PC and the
unit’s COM 1 port. If necessary, a cable may be constructed for this
purpose as shown in Figure 3-4.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-4. Serial Communications Cable (RJ-11 to DB-9)
(Maximum Recommended Cable Length 50 Feet/15 meters)
2. Launch a terminal emulation program such as HyperTerminal and
configure the program with the following settings:
•
•
•
•
19,200 bps data rate
8 data bits, no parity
One stop bit, and no flow-control
Use ANSI or VT100 emulation.
TIP: The HyperTerminal communications program can be accessed on
most PCs by selecting this menu sequence: Start>>Programs>>Accessories>>Communications>>HyperTerminal.
NOTE: Early versions of PuTTY may not operate when using SSH to
connect to the transceiver. The latest version (beta 0.58 at the
time of publication) does not work with the transceiver’s
internal server. However, the latest development snapshot
does work properly. Both the latest released and the latest
development snapshot can be downloaded from:
www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/.
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NOTE: If the unit is powered-up or rebooted while connected to a
terminal, you will see a series of pages of text information
relating to the booting of the unit’s microcomputer. Wait for
the log-in screen before proceeding.
3. Press the
ENTER
key to receive the login: prompt.
4. Enter the username (default username is DataMover). Press
ENTER .
5. Enter your password (default password is admin). (For security, your
password keystrokes do not appear on the screen.) Press ENTER .
NOTE: Passwords are case sensitive. Do not use punctuation mark
characters. You may use up to eight alpha-numeric characters.
The unit responds with the Starting Information Screen (Figure 3-5).
From here, you can review basic information about the unit or press G to
proceed to the Main Menu.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-5. Starting Information Screen—Local Console Session
(Telnet has similar menu structure)
Starting a Telnet
Session
NOTE: This method requires that you know the IP address of the unit
beforehand. If you do not know the address, use the Local
Console method (above) and access the Starting Information
Screen. The address is displayed on this screen.
1. Connect a PC to the unit’s LAN port, either directly or via a network.
If connecting directly, use an Ethernet crossover cable; if
connecting via a network, use a straight-through cable. The LAN
LED lights to indicate an active connection.
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NOTE: When using Ethernet to access the unit, it may be necessary to
change your computer’s IP access to be compatible with the
radio IP address. You can identify or verify the unit’s IP
address by using a Local Console session to communicate with
the radio through its COM 1 Port and viewing the Starting
Information Screen.
2. Start the Telnet program on your computer targeting the IP address
of the unit to which you are connected. and press ENTER .
TIP: A Telnet session can be started on most PCs by selecting:
Start>>Programs>>Accessories>>Command Prompt. At the command
prompt window, type the word telnet, followed by the unit’s IP
address (e.g., telnet 10.1.1.168). Press ENTER to receive the Telnet
log in screen.
NOTE: Never connect multiple units to a network with the same IP
address. Address conflicts will result in improper operation.
3. Enter your username (default username is DataMover). Press
ENTER .
Next, the Password: prompt appears. Enter your password (default
password is admin). (For security, your password keystrokes will not
appear on the screen.) Press ENTER .
The unit responds with a Starting Information Screen (see
Figure 3-5). From here, you can review basic information about the
unit or press G to proceed to the Main Menu.
NOTE: Passwords are case sensitive. Do not use punctuation mark
characters. You may use up to eight alpha-numeric characters.
Starting a Web
Browser Session
NOTE: Web access requires that you know the IP address of the unit
you are connecting to. If you do not know the address, start a
Local Console session (see Starting a Local Console Session
(Recommended for first-time log-in) on Page 33) and access
the Starting Information Screen. The IP address is displayed
on this screen.
1. Connect a PC to the unit’s LAN port, either directly or via a network.
If connecting directly, use an Ethernet crossover cable; if
connecting via a network, use a straight-through cable. The LAN
LED lights to indicate an active connection.
2. Launch a Web-browser session on your computer (i.e., Internet
Explorer, Netscape Navigator, etc.).
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3. Type in the unit’s IP address and press
ENTER .
4. A log-in screen is displayed (Figure 3-6) where you enter a user
name and password to access the unit’s menu system. Note that the
default entries are made in lower case. (Default User Name: DataMover; Default Password: admin)
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-6. Log-in Screen when using a Web Browser
NOTE: Passwords are case sensitive. Do not use punctuation mark
characters. You may use up to eight alpha-numeric characters.
5. Click OK. The unit responds with a startup menu screen similar to
that shown in Figure 3-7. From here, you can review basic information about the unit or click on one of the menu items at the left side
of the screen.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-7. Starting Information Screen—Web Browser Example
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3.2.3 Navigating the Menus
Via Terminal Telnet or SSH Sessions
Recommended for first-time log-in
Local Console Telnet and SSH sessions use multi-layered text menu
systems that are nearly identical. To move further down a menu tree,
you type the letter assigned to an item of interest. This takes you to an
associated screen where settings may be viewed, or changed. In most
cases, pressing the ESCAPE key moves the screen back one level in the
menu tree.
In general, the top portion of menu screens show read-only information
(with no user selection letter). The bottom portion of the screen contains
parameters that can be selected for further information, alteration of
values, or to navigate to other submenus.
When you arrive at a screen with user-controllable parameter fields, you
select the menu item by pressing an associated letter on the keyboard. If
there is a user definable value, the field will clear to the right of the menu
item and you can type in the value you wish to use. Follow this action
by pressing the ENTER key to save the changes. If you make a mistake
or change your mind before pressing the ENTER key, simply press
ESCAPE to restore the previous value.
In some cases, when you type a letter to select a parameter, you will see
a prompt at the bottom of the screen that says Choose an Option. In these
screens, press the keyboard’s SPACEBAR to step through the available
selections. When the desired option appears, press the ENTER key to
choose that selection. In some cases, several parameters may be changed
and then saved by a single keystroke. The ESCAPE key can be used to
cancel the action and restore the previous values.
Logging Out Via
Terminal Emulator
or Telnet
From the Main Menu screen, press Q to quit and terminate the session.
Navigating via Web Browser
Navigating with a Web browser is straightforward with a framed
“homepage.” The primary navigation menu is permanently located on
the left-hand side of this page. Simply click on a desired menu item to
bring it to the forefront.
NOTE: To maintain security, it is best to log-out of the menu system
entirely when you are done working with it. If you do not log
out, the session automatically ends after 10 minutes of inactivity.
Logging Out Via
Web Browser
Click on Logout in the left-hand frame of the browser window. The
right-hand frame will change to a logout page. Follow the remaining
instructions on this screen.
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NOTE: In the menu descriptions that follow, parameter options/range,
and any default values are displayed at the end of the text
between square brackets. Note that the default setting is
always shown after a semicolon: [available settings or range;
default setting]
3.3
BASIC DEVICE INFORMATION
This section contains detailed menu screens and settings that you can
use to specify the behavior of the unit.
3.3.1 Starting Information Screen
Once you have logged into the Management System, you will be presented with a screen that provides an overview of the transceiver and its
current operating condition. It provides an array of vital information and
operating conditions.
Figure 3-8. Starting Information Screen
•
Device Mode—Current
•
Device Name—This
operating mode of the unit as it relates to
the radio network.
is a user-defined parameter that will appear
in the heading of all pages.
(To change it, see Network Configuration Menu on Page 42.)
• Network Name—The name of the radio network in which the unit
is associated.
• IP Address—Unit’s IP address [192.168.1.1]
• Device Status—Condition of the unit’s association with an
Access Point.
At the Access Point:
• Alarmed—A alarm event has been logged and not cleared.
• Operational—Unit operating normally.
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At a Remote:
• Scanning—The unit is looking for an Access Point beacon
signal.
• Exp(ecting) Sync(hronization)—The unit has found a valid
beacon signal for its network.
• Hop Sync—The unit has changed its frequency hopping pattern to match that of the Access Point.
• Associated —This unit has successfully synchronized and
associated with an Access Point.
• Alarmed—The unit is has detected one or more alarms that
have not been cleared.
NOTE: If an alarm is present when this screen is displayed, an “A)”
appears to the left of the Device Status field. Pressing the “A”
key on your keyboard takes you directly to the “Current
Alarms” screen.
•
•
Uptime—Elapsed
time since the transceiver was powered-up.
Firmware Version—Version of firmware that is currently active in
the unit.
• Hardware Version— Hardware version of the transceiver’s printed
circuit board.
• Serial Number—Make a record of this number. It must be provided to purchase Authorization Keys to upgrade unit capabilities. (See “Authorization Keys Menu” on Page 115.)
3.3.2 Main Menu
The next screen, the Main Menu, is the entryway to all user-controllable
features. The transceiver’s Device Name appears at the top of this and all
other screens as a reminder of the unit that is currently being controlled
Figure 3-9. Main Menu
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Starting Information Screen—Select
this item to return to the
start-up screen. (See “Starting Information Screen” on
Page 38)
Network Configuration—Tools to configure the data network layer
of the transceiver. (See “Network Configuration Menu” on
Page 42)
Radio Configuration—Tools to configure the wireless (radio)
layer of the transceiver. (See “Radio Configuration Menu” on
Page 51)
Serial Gateway Configuration—Tools to configure the two serial
ports. (See “Serial Data Port Configuration Menu” on
Page 64)
Security Configuration—Tools to configure the security services
available with the transceiver’s environment. (See “SIMREX
CYBER SECURITY SUITE” on Page 14)
Device Information—Top level user-specific and definable parameters, such as unit password. (See “Device Information” on
Page 40)
Performance Information—Tools to measure the radio and data
layer’s performance of the radio network. (See “Performance
Information Menu” on Page 85)
Maintenance/Tools—Tools to use configuration files, change
firmware and use Authorization Keys to change major unit
capabilities. (See “Authorization Keys Menu” on Page 115)
3.3.3 Configuring Basic Device Parameters
Device Information
Below is the menu/screen that displays basic administrative data on the
unit to which you are connected. It also provides access to some userspecific parameters such as device names.
Figure 3-10. Device Information Menu
•
40
Model Number (Display only)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Serial Number (Display only)
Hardware Version (Display only)
Firmware Version (Display only)—Current
firmware installed and
being used by the transceiver.
Uptime (Display only)—Elapsed time since powering up.
Console Baud Rate—Used to set/display data communications
rate (in bits-per-second) between a connected console terminal
and the radio. [19200]
Device Names Menu—Fields used at user’s discretion for general
administrative purposes. The Device Name field is used by the
transceiver as the “Realm” name for network security and in the
MS screen headings. (See Figure 3-11 on Page 41)
Date—Current date being used for the transceiver logs. User-setable. (Value lost with power failure if SNTP (Simple Network
Time Protocol) server not accessible.)
Time—Current time of day. User-setable.
Setting: HH:MM:SS
(Value lost with power failure if SNTP server not accessible.)
Date Format—Select presentation format:
• Generic = dd Mmm yyyy
• European = dd-mm-yyyy
• US = mm-dd-yyyy
Device Names Menu
Figure 3-11. Device Names Menu
•
Name, used by the transceiver as the
“Realm” name for network login (web browser only) and
menu headings.
• Owner—User defined; appears on this screen only.
• Contact—User defined; appears on this screen only.
• Description—User defined; appears on this screen only.
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•
3.4
Location—User
defined; appears on this screen only.
CONFIGURING NETWORK
PARAMETERS
3.4.1 Network Configuration Menu
The Network Configuration Menu is the home of three parameters that
should be reviewed and changed as necessary before placing a transceiver in service—Device Mode, IP Address and Network Name.
Screens for both the Access Point and Remote units are shown below.
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Figure 3-12. Network Configuration Menu
From Access Point
Figure 3-13. Network Configuration Menu
From Remote Unit
•
Device Mode (User Review Recommended)—Either
a variation of a Remote. [Remote]
Access Point or
•
Network Name (User Review Required)—Name of the radio network
of which this unit will be a part. Essential for association of
Remotes to the Access Point in the network. [Not Programmed]
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TIP: For enhanced security, consider using misspelled words, a combination of letters and numbers, and a combination of upper and
lower case letters. Also, the Network Name should be at least nine
characters long. This helps protect against sophisticated hackers
who may use a database of common words (for example, dictionary attacks) to determine the Network Name.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
44
SNTP Server—Address
of SNTP server (RFC 2030) from which
the transceiver will automatically get the time-of-day startup
time. Without an SNTP server, the date and time must be manually set. An AP will try to get the time and date from the SNTP
server only if an IP address is configured. It will continue to
retry every minute until it succeeds.
A remote will get the time and date from the SNTP server, if an
IP address is configured. Otherwise it gets it from the AP at
authentication time. The transceivers use UTC (Universal Time
Constant) with a configurable time offset. [0.0.0.0]
IP Address Configuration—Presents a menu for configuring the
local static IP address of the transceiver. Detailed explanations
are provided in the section titled IP Address Configuration
Menu on Page 45
Ethernet Port Configuration—Presents a menu for defining the status of the Ethernet port (enabled or disabled), the Ethernet rate
limit, link hardware watch (enabled/disabled), and the Ethernet
link poll address. Detailed explanations of this menu are contained in Ethernet Port Configuration Menu on Page 46
DHCP Server Config(uration)—Menu for configuration of DHCP
services by the Access Point unit. DHCP provides “on-the-fly”
IP address assignments to other LAN devices, including SIMREX DataMover ESS units. [Disabled]
SNMP Config Menu—SNMP configuration parameters.
Mobility Mode—Used to configure whether the transceiver is
enabled or disabled for mobility operation. Note that this selection may appear on both Access Point and Remote menus, but it
only takes effect when set on Remotes. Additional settings and
information for mobility operation are contained in Mobile Data
Configuration on Page 58. [enabled, disabled; disabled].
Maximum Remotes (AP Only)—Number of Remotes permitted to
be associated with (served by) this Access Point. [50]
Database Timeout (AP Only)—This sets the database “age time”
(Remote Listing Menu (Access Points Only) on Page 93) to
determine when a remote is declared as unavailable. The timer
may be set from 0 to 255 minutes and resets each time a message
is received from a remote. [0–255 minutes; 5 minutes]
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•
Database Logging (AP Only)—Determines which types of devices
will be reported as “added” or “deleted” from the AP’s database
(See Section 3.8.1, Performance Information Menu (beginning
on Page 85). In the case of deletions, this information is triggered by a timer expiration as described in the item above.
Available selections are: Remote, All (endpoints and remotes), or
Disabled.
• Ethernet Address (Display Only)—Hardware address of this unit’s
Ethernet interface.
• Wireless Address (Display Only)—Hardware address of the unit’s
wireless interface.
3.4.2 IP Address Configuration Menu
The radios use a local IP address to support remote management and
serial device services. The IP address of a radio can be set as a static IP
address or as a dynamic IP address. When static IP addressing is used,
the user must manually configure the IP address and other parameters.
When dynamic addressing is used, the radio uses a DHCP Client process
to obtain an IP address from a DHCP Server, along with other parameters such as a net mask and a default gateway.
Figure 3-14. IP Address Configuration Menu
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CAUTION: Changes to any of the following parameters while
communicating over the network (LAN or over-the-air) may cause
a loss of communication with the unit being configured. Communication will need to be re-established using the new IP address.
•
IP Address Mode—Defines the source
device. [Static, Dynamic; Static]
•
Dynamic Mode—Enabling
of the IP address of this
this option forces the transceiver (AP
or Remote) to obtain an IP address from any DHCP server available on the LAN. Dynamic Mode is also known as DHCP Client
mode. [Disabled]
• Static IP Address (User Review Recommended)—Essential for connectivity to the transceiver’s MS via the LAN port and to send Ethernet data over the network. Enter any valid IP address that will
be unique within the network. [192.168.1.1]
This field is unnecessary if DHCP is enabled. [255.255.0.0]
Static IP Netmask—The IPv4 local subnet mask. This field is
unnecessary if DHCP is enabled. [255.255.0.0]
• Static IP Gateway—The IPv4 address of the network gateway
device, typically a router. This field is unnecessary if DHCP is
enabled. [0.0.0.0]
The lower three lines of the screen show the actual addressing
at the transceiver whether it was obtained from static configuration or from a DHCP server.
NOTE: Any change made to the above parameters results in the
Commit Changes option appearing on screen. This allows all IP
settings to be changed at the same time.
3.4.3 Ethernet Port Configuration Menu
The transceiver allows for special control of the Ethernet interface, to
allow traffic awareness and availability of the backhaul network for
redundancy purposes.
NOTE: The DataMover ESS Ethernet port supports 10BaseT connections only. This should not present a problem because most
hubs/switches auto-switch between 10BaseT and 100BaseT
connections. Confirm that your hub/switch is capable of
auto-switching data rates.
To prevent Ethernet traffic from degrading performance, place
the transceiver in a segment, or behind routers.
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Figure 3-15. Ethernet Port Configuration Menu
•
Ethernet Port Status—Allows
enabling/disabling Ethernet traffic
for security purposes. Setting it to Follows Link Status enables the
port if there is a connection established with the AP, but disables
it otherwise. [AP: Enabled, Disabled; Enabled]
[Remote: Always On, Follow Radio Link, Disabled; Always On]
• Ethernet Rate Limit—The transceiver will send alarms (SNMP
traps) when the rate reaches 50%, 75%, and 100% to help identify potential problems with traffic.
• Ethernet Link (H/W) Watch (AP Only)—Detects the lack of an Ethernet connection to the LAN port at the electrical level (link integrity). The current AP will broadcast a beacon signal indicating
its “NOT AVAILABLE” status so Remotes that hear it do not
try to associate to it. Once the Ethernet connection is restored,
this beacon signal changes to “AVAILABLE” and Remotes are
allowed to join in. [Disabled]
• Ethernet Link Poll Address (AP Only)—When an IP address is provided, the Access Point pings the remote IP device every 2 minutes to test the integrity of the backhaul link. If this link is not
available, the AP will advertise its “NOT AVAILABLE” status
in the beacon signal so Remotes do not try to associate to it.
Once the IP address is reachable, this beacon signal changes to
“AVAILABLE” and Remotes are allowed to join in. 0.0.0.0 disables this function. Any other valid IP address enables it.
[0.0.0.0]
3.4.4 DHCP Server Configuration
A transceiver can provide automatic IP address assignments to other IP
devices in the network by providing DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) services. This service eliminates setting individual device
IP address on Remotes in the network, but it still requires thoughtful
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planning of the IP address range. One drawback to network-wide automatic IP address assignments is that SNMP services may become inaccessible as they are dependent on fixed IP addresses.
The network can be comprised of radios with the DHCP-provided IP
address enabled or with DHCP services disabled. In this way, you can
accommodate locations for which a fixed IP address if desired.
Figure 3-16. DHCP Server Configuration Menu
NOTE: There should be only one DHCP server active in a network
(DataMover ESS or other DHCP server). If more than one
DHCP server exists, network devices may randomly get their
IP address from different servers every time they request one.
NOTE: Combining DHCP and RADIUS device authentication may
result in a non-working radio module if the DHCP server is
located at a remote radio. The DHCP server should be placed
at the AP location, if possible.
•
Server Status—Enable/Disable responding to DHCP
assign an IP address. [Disabled/Enabled; Disabled]
•
DHCP Netmask—IP
•
•
•
•
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requests to
netmask to be assigned along with the IP
address in response to a DHCP request. [0.0.0.0]
Starting Address—Lowest IP address of the range of addresses to
be provided by this device. [0.0.0.0]
Ending Address—Highest IP address in the range of addresses to
be provided by this device. A maximum of 256 addresses is
allowed in this range. [0.0.0.0]
DNS Address—Domain Name Server address to be provided by
this service.
WINS Address—Windows Internet Naming Service server
address to be provided by this service.
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•
Restart DHCP Server—Selecting this option forces the transceiver
to start servicing DHCP requests using the Starting Address.
Payload data will not be interrupted but may experience some
delays as new addresses are distributed.
3.4.5 SNMP Agent Configuration
The transceiver contains over 100 custom SNMP-manageable objects as
well as the IETF standard RFC1213 for protocol statistics, also known
as MIB II. Off-the-shelf SNMP managers such as Castle Rock Computing SNMPc™ and Hewlett Packard HP OpenView™ may also be
used to access the transceiver’s SNMP Agent’s MIB. The transceiver’s
SNMP agent supports SNMPv3.
The objects are broken up into nine MIB files for use with your SNMP
manager. There are textual conventions, common files and specific files.
This allows the flexibility to change areas of the MIB and not affect
other existing installations or customers.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
msdreg.mib—SIMREX
sub-tree registrations
mds_comm.mib—SIMREX Common MIB definitions for
objects and events which are common to the entire product family
inet_reg.mib—SIMREX sub-tree registrations
inettrv1.mib—SNMPv1 enterprise-specific traps
inettrv2.mib—SNMPv2 enterprise-specific traps
inet_comm.mib— MIB definitions for objects and events which
are common to the entire ESS Series
inet_ap.mib—MIB definitions for objects and events for an
Access Point transceiver
inet_sta.mib—Definitions for objects and events for a Remote
radio
inet_sec.mib—For security management of the radio system.
SNMPv3 allows read/write operation. SNMPv1/2 allows only
for read-only access.
NOTE: SNMP management requires that the proper IP address,
network and gateway addresses are configured in each transceiver of the associated network.
In addition, some management systems may require the MIB
files to be compiled in the order shown above.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-17. SNMP Server Configuration Menu
From Access Point
This menu provides configuration and control of vital SNMP functions.
•
community name with
SNMPv1/SNMPv2c read access. This string can be up to 30
alpha-numeric characters.
• Write Community String—SNMP community name with
SNMPv1/SNMPv2c write access. This string can be up to 30
alpha-numeric characters.
• Trap Community String—SNMP community name with
SNMPv1/SNMPv2c trap access. This string can be up to 30
alpha-numeric characters.
• V3 Authentication Password—Authentication password stored in
flash memory. This is used when the Agent is managing passwords locally (or initially for all cases on reboot). This is the
SNMPv3 password used for Authentication (currently, only
MD5 is supported). This string can be up to 30 alpha-numeric
characters.
• V3 Privacy Password—Privacy password stored in flash memory.
Used when the SNMP Agent is managing passwords locally (or
initially for all cases on reboot). This is the SNMPv3 password
used for privacy (DES encryption). This string can be between
8 and 30 alpha-numeric characters.
• SNMP Mode—This specifies the mode of operation of the radio’s
SNMP Agent. The choices are: disabled, v1_only, v2_only,
v3_only. v1-v2, and v1-v2-v3. If the mode is disabled, the
Agent does not respond to any SNMP traffic. If the mode is
v1_only, v2_only, or v3_only, the Agent responds only to that
version of SNMP traffic. If the mode is v1-v2, or v1-v2-v3, the
Agent responds to the specified version of SNMP traffic.
[v1-v2-v3]
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•
Trap Version—This specifies what version of SNMP will be used
to encode the outgoing traps. The choices are v1_traps,
v2_traps, and v3_traps. When v3_traps are selected, v2-style
traps are sent, but with a v3 header. [v1 Traps, v2 Traps, v3 Traps]
• Auth Traps Status—Indicates whether or not traps will be generated for login events to the transceiver. [Disabled/Enabled; Disabled]
• SNMP V3 Passwords—Determines whether v3 passwords are
managed locally or via an SNMP Manager. The different behaviors of the Agent depending on the mode selected, are described
in SNMP Mode above.
• Trap Manager #1–#4— Table of up to 4 locations on the network
that traps are sent to. [Any standard IP address]
NOTE: The number in the upper right-hand corner of the screen is the
SNMP Agent’s SNMPv3 Engine ID. Some SNMP Managers
may need to know this ID in order interface with the transceiver’s SNMP Agent. The ID only appears on the screen
when SNMP Mode is either v1-v2-v3 or v3_only.
3.5
RADIO CONFIGURATION
There are two primary data layers in the transceiver network—radio and
data. Since the data layer is dependent on the radio layer working properly, configuration of the radio items should be reviewed and set before
proceeding. This section explains the Radio Configuration Menu,
(Figure 3-18 for AP, Figure 3-19 for Remote). The Configuration Menu
is followed a secondary menu, the Skip Zone Options.
3.5.1 Radio Configuration Menu
Figure 3-18. Radio Configuration Menu From ESS Access Point
(ESS-II data rate selection is 512/1024 kbps)
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Figure 3-19. Radio Configuration Menu
From Remote Unit
•
RF Output Power (User Review Recommended)—Sets/displays
RF
power output level. Displayed in dBm. Setting should reflect
local regulatory limitations and losses in antenna transmission
line. (See “How Much Output Power Can be Used?” on
Page 144 for information on how to calculate this value.)
[20–30; 20]
• Data Rate (Remote Only. AP fixed is at 256/512 kbps for ESS; 512/1024
kbps for ESS-II.)—Shows the over-the-air data rate setting for the
Remote radio. Remotes can operate at one of two data rates
when communicating with an AP; 256 kbps or 512 kbps (512
kbps or 1 Mbps for ESS-II). 512 kbps data rates (1 Mbps for
ESS-II) are possible with strong RF signal levels, typically
stronger than –77 dBm RSSI including a 15 dB fade margin.
When the data rate is set to AUTO, the remote radio is able to
change speeds based on the signal quality criteria set in the Auto
Data Rate submenu described later in this section (see Page 55).
[256, 512, AUTO; AUTO]
•
52
Compression (AP Only)—Enabling
this option uses LZO compression algorithm for over-the-air data. Varying levels of data
reduction are achieved depending on the nature of the information. Text files are typically the most compressible, whereas
binary files are the least compressible. On average, a 30%
increase in throughput can be achieved with compression
enabled.
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•
Dwell Time—Duration
(in milliseconds) of one hop on a particular frequency in the hopping pattern. (This field is only changeable on an Access Point. Remotes get their value from AP upon
association.)
[ESS: 16.4, 32.8, 65.5, 131.1, 262.1; 32.8]
[ESS-II: 8.2, 16.4, 32.8, 65.5, 131.1; 32.8]
TIP: If a packet is being transmitted and the dwell time
expires, the packet will be completed before hopping to the next
frequency.
• Beacon Period—Amount of time between Beacon transmissions
(in msec).
Available Intervals: Normal (104 ms), Fast (52 ms), Faster (26
ms), Slow (508 ms), Moderate (208 ms). These values provide relatively quick association times where Fast is very fast (≈ 5 sec)
and the other end, the largest recommended value, the 508 ms
period is slow (≈ 60 sec). [Normal, Fast, Faster, Slow, Moderate; Normal]
TIP: Increasing the Beacon Period will provide a small
improvement in network data throughput. Shortening it
decreases the time needed for Remotes to associate with
the AP. A short beacon period is usually only a benefit
when there are mobile Remotes in the network.
•
Hop Pattern Seed—A user-selectable value to be added to the hop
pattern formula. This is done in the unlikely event that identical
hop patterns are used with two collocated or nearby networks.
Changing the seed value will minimize the potential for RF-signal collisions in these situations. (This field is only changeable
on an Access Point. Remotes read the AP’s value upon association.) [0 to 255; 1]
• Fragment Threshold—Before transmitting over the air, if a packet
exceeds this number of bytes, the transceiver sends the packet
in multiple fragments that are reassembled before being delivered over the Ethernet interface at the receiving end. Only even
numbers are acceptable entries for this parameter. Over-the-air
data fragmentation is not supported on AP units. (See “Network
Performance Notes” on Page 96 for additional information.)
[256–1600 bytes; 1600]
TIP: In an interference-free environment this value should be
large to maximize throughput. If interference exists then
the value should be set to smaller values. The smaller the
packet the less chance of it being interfered with at the cost
of slightly reduced throughput.
•
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RTS Threshold—Number
of bytes for the over-the-air RTS/CTS
handshake boundary. (See “Network Performance Notes” on
Page 96.) [0 to 1600 bytes; 500]
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NOTE: While the transceiver accepts RTS Threshold values below
100, the lowest value that works is 100.
TIP: Lower the RTS Threshold as the number of Remotes or
overall over-the-air traffic increases. Using RTS/CTS is a
trade-off, giving up some throughput in order to prevent
collisions in a busy over-the-air network.
The RTS Threshold should be enabled and set with a value
smaller than the Fragmentation Threshold described above.
RTS forces the Remotes to request permission from the
AP before sending a packet. The AP sends a CTS control
packet to grant permission to one Remote. All other
Remotes wait for the specified amount of time before
transmitting.
(dBm) below which the
received signal strength is deemed to have degraded, and a critical event (alarm) is generated and logged. Under these conditions, the PWR lamp flashes, and a trap is sent to the trap
manager if SNMP is enabled and set properly. [0 to -120; -90]
• SNR Threshold (for alarm)—Value (dB) below which the signal-to-noise ratio is deemed to have degraded and a critical
event is generated and logged. Under these conditions, the PWR
lamp flashes, and a trap is sent to the trap manager if SNMP is
enabled and set properly. [0 to 40; Not Programmed]
• RF Hopping Format—Operation must be compliant with country-specific restrictions for the frequency band used. This option
must be specified when the order is placed and cannot be modified in the field by the user. The available formats are:
• ISM: 902–928 MHz band
• GSM: 915–928 MHz band
• SPLIT: 902-907.5 and 915-928 MHz bands
• CHANNELS: 902–928 MHz, selectable hopping, from 1 to 80
channels. This selection is available only on ESS-II or specially provisioned ESS units.
•
RSSI Threshold (for alarm)—Level
NOTE: When using CHANNELS mode, all radios (AP and Remotes)
must be set to use the same channels in order to establish a link.
If this is not done, the radios will not connect.
NOTE: ESS-II operates only in the CHANNELS mode, with selectable
hopping from 1 to 75 channels.
•
Channel Config—Brings
up a submenu (Figure 3-20) that dis-
plays.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-20. Channel Config Submenu
(In the default configuration, all channels are disabled)
Key to channel indicators:
(no) = Radio channel is not used
(yes) = Radio channel is used
NA
(not available) = Radio channel is not available
•
Clear All—This
command clears all entries in the Channel
Config Menu, resetting the available channels to “no usage.”
Channels that are not available for use will appear with a
notation of or NA. These channels are not available because
of pre-existing conditions, and are not user-configurable.
• Enter Channels—This allows selection of the channels used
for frequency hopping operation. The selection of particular
channels will result in an indication of y. Be aware that these
channels do not become active until the Commit Changes
selection is invoked.
• Commit Changes—This re-boots the radio and loads the active
channels into the frequency list for frequency hopping operation.
Radio Configuration Menu descriptions, continued...
•
Auto Data Rate Configuration—This selection brings up a submenu
as shown in Figure 3-21. For the settings in this submenu to
have any effect, the Data Rate menu item(Page 52) must be set
to AUTO.
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The Auto Data Rate Configuration submenu is typically for use
in environments where signal quality is variable, and you wish
to maintain the highest possible over-the-air data rate as conditions change.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-21. Auto Data Rate Submenu
NOTE: In the description below, “high speed” refers to 512 kbps for
the ESS radio and 1 Mbps for the ESS-II radio.
“Standard speed” refers to 256 kbps for the ESS radio and 512
kbps for the ESS-II.
The Auto Data Rate Configuration submenu consists of two threshold
settings, each accompanied by a “delta” (amount of change) setting.
Using the example of Figure 3-21, assume the current RSSI is -87 dBm.
An RSSI reduction of more than 5 dBm (more negative RSSI number)
would cause a data rate change from high speed to standard speed. Once
the data speed has changed to standard speed, an RSSI increase to the
level of -82 dBm would be required for the radio to switch back to high
speed. This provides an operational “window” or hysteresis range over
which the data speed stays constant despite minor changes in signal
strength.
The SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) threshold and delta operate in the same
manner described above, with the exception that the units are expressed
in relative dB instead of dBm. In the example of Figure 3-21, a drop of
2 dB from a level of 26 dB would result in a data rate change from high
speed to standard speed. For the radio to return to high speed, the SNR
would need to increase to 28 dB. (See Glossary for definition of SNR.)
RSSI or SNR figures alone mean little when determining signal quality.
Both parameters must be considered to get a true understanding of signal
quality. For example, a strong, but noisy signal would likely be less
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useful than a weak signal with low noise levels. Proper use of the
threshold and delta settings will result in smoother, more reliable performance from your wireless link.
Figure 3-21 shows the default values for RSSI and SNR parameters but
these may be changed to optimize performance in your environment. In
properly designed systems, experience has shown that RSSI levels
between -50 dBm and -90 dBm provide reliable operation, provided the
signal-to-noise ratio is 17 dB or above. Tailoring the thresholds with
these baseline values in mind, can provide improved performance in
your system.
The selections on the Auto Data Rate menu are as follows:
•
ADR RSSI Threshold—A
specified received signal strength
value, which, if exceeded by the range of the RSSI Delta setting, causes a data rate change in the transceiver. [-50 to -100;
-87 dBm]
• ADR RSSI Delta—A user-specified difference from the RSSI
Threshold figure which, if exceeded, causes a data rate change
in the transceiver. [0-10; 5]
• ADR SNR Threshold—A user-specified signal-to-noise ratio,
which, if exceeded by the range of the SNR Delta setting,
causes a data rate change in the transceiver. [10-30; 26]
• ADR SNR Delta—A user-specified difference from the SNR
Threshold figure which, if exceeded, causes a data rate change
in the transceiver. [0-10; 2]
Radio Configuration Menu descriptions, continued...
•
Skip Zones (Does not apply to ESS-II. Editable at AP Only.)—This selec-
tion brings up a submenu (Figure 3-22) that displays the current
utilization of zones. Each zone consists of eight RF channels. In
some instances there may be a part of the spectrum used by
another system, that results in “continuous” or “persistent”
interference to your system. To alleviate this form of interference, the transceiver may be programmed to “block out”
affected portions of the spectrum using the Skip Zones Menu.
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Figure 3-22. Skip Zone Options Submenu
(“Commit changes” displayed only on Access Point radios)
Figure 3-22 displays the utilization of 10 zones, each having
eight RF operating frequencies. Zones can be toggled between
Active and Skipped at Access Point units by first keying in the
letter of the zone to be changed, and then pressing the spacebar
to toggle between the two options for each zone. Select the Commit Changes menu item to implement changes. These changes
will be forwarded to all units in the network through the Access
Point’s beacon signal.
A maximum of three zones can be skipped and still be compliant with FCC regulations.
3.5.2 Mobile Data Configuration
Because a mobile environment is more demanding than fixed-site operation, additional considerations must be made at the time of configuration. These key points should be considered for all mobile installations:
• Use middleware—The use of middleware in the mobile laptops is
highly recommended for better operation of a mobile data system.
SIMREX provides middleware from one of the vendors available in
the market. Contact your SIMREX representative for details.
• Plan your network coverage—Deploy Access Points so that they
provide overlapping coverage to each other. Access Points must use
the same network name to enable roaming
• Set the Remote radios to the lower speed (256 kbps for ESS, 512
kbps for ESS-II) to optimize coverage
• Configure the Remote radios for mobile operation—Enable the
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mobility function using the Remote radio’s Network Configuration
Menu (see Figure 3-23). Although a menu selection appears in the
Access Point’s Network Configuration menu, this setting cannot be
changed. When you enable the Remote radio’s Mobility Mode
option, the radio scans for an alternate AP if the RSSI is at or below
the RSSI threshold defined in the Radio Configuration screen (see
Figure 3-24).
• Set the RSSI Threshold to -85 dBm—This level is typically used for
mobile systems with good performance. Make sure there is overlapping coverage of more than one AP to provide a good user experience and continuous coverage.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-23. Enabling Mobility at Remote Radio
After association is lost with an AP, and scanning for an alternate AP is
started, the former AP is placed on a “blacklist” for 10 seconds, to avoid
linking back to the same AP. If no alternate AP is found, a link is eventually made to the same AP as before. This is why it is important to
design a system with sufficient overlapping coverage by multiple APs.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-24. Radio Configuration Menu—Remote
Other parameter settings that should be reviewed for Mobility Mode:
•
radio compression. Data
compression is best performed by the middleware running on
the mobile laptop PC. Gains in efficiency are made because
middleware compresses data at a higher stack level, and it
aggregates multiple data frames and streams into a single
packet. Compression at the radio level, although highly efficient, works at the individual packet level.
• Dwell Time [Set to the minimum value]—This setting controls the
amount of time that the unit spends on each frequency between
hops. Although overall throughput appears to decrease by this
setting the effects of multipath fading are minimized through
frequency diversity.
• Beacon Period [Set to the fastest value]—This parameter defines
the interval at which the Access Point transmits a synchronization beacon to all remotes. A faster setting minimizes resynchronization times when remote radios roam between access
points or in highly interrupted coverage areas (dense buildings,
for example).
• Fragmentation Threshold [remote; 256]—Set to a small value. This
parameter defines the size of the message packets transmitted
over the wireless media. These fragments are reconstructed into
the original packet before delivery to the external device at the
remote end of the link. In a mobile environment with rapidly
changing conditions, setting this value to a minimum value
improves the probability of packets being sent complete on the
first try.
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•
3.6
RTS Threshold [AP; 0 -1600 bytes]—Enable
RTS flow at a small
value. This setting is a wireless equivalent to RTS/CTS flow
control in a wired communications circuit. This mechanism prevents packet collisions caused by the “Hidden Node” scenario,
in which remotes can’t hear each other before transmitting.
When this value is set below 100 or above 1500, it is effectively
disabled.
CONFIGURING THE SERIAL
INTERFACES
3.6.1 Overview
The transceiver includes an embedded serial device server that provides
transparent encapsulation over IP. In this capacity, it acts as a gateway
between serial and IP remote devices. Two common scenarios are PC
applications using IP to talk to remote devices, and serial PC applications talking to remote serial devices over an IP network.
Essentially the same data services are available for both serial ports:
COM1 and COM2. Note that the transceiver’s COM1 port is DCE and
COM2 is DTE. Therefore, if the RTU to be connected is also DTE, then
a null-modem cable will need to be used when connecting to COM2.
NOTE: In the discussion that follows, COM1 and COM2 will be treated
alike unless noted.
Com1 Port–Dual Purpose Capability
The COM1 port is used as a local console connection point and to pass
serial data with an external device. Setting the COM1 port status to Enable
prevents access to the Management System (MS) through this port.
However, the MS can still be accessed via the LAN port using Telnet or
a web browser.
To restore the COM1 port to support Management System services, connect a terminal to the port, select the proper baud rate (19,200 is default),
and enter an escape sequence (+++) to reset it to the console mode.
TCP vs. UDP
Both types of IP services are used by the transceiver embedded serial
device server—TCP and UDP. TCP provides a connection-oriented link
with end-to-end acknowledgment of data, but with some added overhead. UDP provides a connectionless best-effort delivery service with
no acknowledgment.
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Most polled protocols will be best served by UDP service as the protocol
itself has built-in error recovery mechanisms. UDP provides the needed
multidrop operation by means of multicast addressing.
On the other hand, TCP services are best suited for applications that do
not have a recovery mechanism (error-correction) and must have the
guaranteed delivery that TCP provides despite the extra overhead. The
IP-to-Serial example shows how to do this. (See “IP-to-Serial Application Example” on Page 72.)
Serial Encapsulation
Transparent encapsulation, or IP tunneling, provides a mechanism to
encapsulate serial data into an IP envelope. Basically, all the bytes
received through the serial port are put into the data portion of a TCP or
UDP packet (TCP or UDP are user configurable options). In the same
manner, all data bytes received in a TCP or UDP packet are output
through the serial port.
When data is received by the radio through the serial port it is buffered
until the packet is received completely. There are two events that signal
an end-of-packet to the radio: a period of time since the last byte was
received, or a number of bytes that exceed the buffer size. Both of these
triggers are user configurable.
One radio can perform serial data encapsulation (IP-to-Serial) and talk
to a PC. Two radios (or one radio and a terminal server) can be used
together to provide a serial-to-serial channel.
TCP Client vs. TCP Server
On a TCP session there is a server side and a client side. The server is
always waiting for requests from clients. The transceiver can be configured to act as either a server or a client.
The client mode attempts to establish a connection to a server (typically
running on a PC) whenever it receives data on the serial port.
There is also a Client/Server mode where a connection is established in
either the client or server modes. An incoming “keep alive” timer and
outgoing counter
UDP Multicast
IP provides a mechanism to do a limited broadcast to a specific group of
devices. This is known as “multicast addressing.” Many IP routers, hubs
and switches support this functionality.
Multicast addressing requires the use of a specific branch of IP
addresses set apart by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
for this purpose.
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UDP multicast is generally used to transport polling protocols typically
used in SCADA applications where multiple remote devices will
receive and process the same poll message.
As part of the Multicast implementation, the radio sends IGMP membership reports and IGMP queries, and responds to membership queries. It
defaults to V2 membership reports, but responds to both V1 and V2 queries.
You must configure the multicasted serial port as the target for the multicast data (for example, multipoint-to-multipoint mode, or
point-to-multipoint mode where the inbound data is multicast). This
restriction is because a host that only sends data to a multicast address
(for example, point-to-multipoint mode where the ESS acts as a point)
will not join the group to receive multicast data because the host’s
inbound data is directed unicast data.
The serial-to-serial example which follows shows how to provide multicast services. (See “Point-to-Multipoint Serial-to-Serial Application
Example” on Page 74.)
PPP
External devices can connect to the transceiver using PPP
(Point-to-Point Protocol). The transceiver works as a server and assigns
an IP address to the device that connects through this interface.
To gain access to the transceiver from a PC even if the network is down,
a modem may be connected to one of the transceiver’s COM ports that
has been configured with PPP.
Data Buffering
Data buffering is always active regardless of the selected mode. When
Seamless mode is selected, a buffer size of 256 bytes is used. When
custom mode is selected, the size options are: 16. 32, 64, 128, and 256
bytes. The Inter-Frame Delay is settable in either Seamless or Custom
modes.
Implementing Configuration Changes
There are several configuration parameters for the Serial Gateway found
under the Serial Configuration Menu of the Management System. After
making changes to the configuration, you must use the menu’s “Commit
Changes” to assert the changes.
If you are connecting EIA-232 serial devices to the transceiver, review
these parameters carefully.
Serial Configuration Wizard
The Serial Configuration Wizard available through the Serial Gateway
Configuration Menu is recommended for configuration of serial ports. The
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wizard uses a step-by-step process, will eliminate possible conflicting
settings, and streamline complex configurations.
The wizard can be bypassed by selecting option B) View Current Settings
and adjusting the individual settings of the appropriate parameter
3.6.2 Serial Data Port Configuration Menu
The first two menu items present the identical parameter fields for each
port with one exception—Flow Control. This is available only on
COM2.
Figure 3-25. Serial Configuration Wizard
•
Begin Wizard—Tool for configuration of serial ports using a
step-by-step process.
• View Current Settings—Displays all settable options. Depending on the selected IP protocol.
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3.6.3 Configuring for UDP Mode
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-26. UDP Point-to-Multipoint Menu
UDP point-to-multipoint to send a copy of the same packet to multiple
destinations, such as in a polling protocol.
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Status—Enable/Disable
the serial data port.
IP Protocol—Point to Multipoint [TCP, UDP PPP; TCP]. This is
the type of IP port that will be offered by the transceiver’s
serial device server.
Multicast IP Address (used instead of Local IP Address when
using UDP Point-to-Multipoint.)— Must be configured with
a valid Class D IP address (224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255). IP
packets received with a matching destination address will be
processed by this unit [Any legal IP address; 0.0.0.0].
Multicast IP Port (used instead of Local IP Port when using UDP
Point-to-Multipoint.)—This port number must match the
number used by the application connecting to local TCP or
UDP socket. [1-64,000; COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Local IP Port—Receive IP data from this source and pass it
through to the connected serial device. The port number must
be used by the application connecting to local TCP or UDP
socket. [Any valid IP port; COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Time to Live (TTL)—An IP parameter defining the number of
hops that the packet is allowed to traverse. Every router in the
path will decrement this counter by one.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Packet Redundancy Mode—
For proper operation, all radios’
Serial Packet Redundancy mode must match (Single Packet
mode vs. Packet Repeat mode). This is because a transceiver,
when in Packet Repeat mode, sends 12 extra characters
(sequence numbers, etc.) to control the delivery of the
repeated data. Misconfigurations can result in undesired
operation.
Data Baud Rate—Data rate (payload) for the COM port in
bits-per-second. [1,200–115,200; 19200]
Configuration—Formatting of data bytes. Data bits, parity and
stop bits [7N1, 7E1, 7O1, 8N1, 8E1, 8O1, 8N1, 7N2, 7E2, 7O2, 8N2,
8E2, 8O2; 8N1].
Flow Control [Com2 Only]—RTS/CTS handshaking between
the transceiver and the connected device. [Enable, Disable; Disabled]
Serial Mode—When seamless mode is selected data bytes will
be sent over the air as quickly as possible, but the receiver
will buffer the data until enough bytes have arrived to cover
worst-case gaps in transmission. The delay introduced by
data buffering may range from 22 to 44 ms, but the radio will
not create any gaps in the output data stream. This permits
operation with protocols such as MODBUS™ that do not
allow gaps in their data transmission. [Seamless, Custom;
Seamless]
Seamless Inter-Frame Delay— Number of characters that represent the end of a message (inter-character time-out). UDP
packet sizes are delimited and sent out based on the Seamless
Inter-Frame Delay only when receiving data through the
serial port. MODBUS defines a “3.5-character” parameter.
[1–65,535; 4]
Custom Data Buffer Size (Custom Packet Mode only)—Maximum amount of characters, that the Remote end will buffer
locally before starting to transmit data through the serial port.
[16, 32, 64, 128, 256; 32]
Commit Changes and Exit Wizard—Save and execute changes
made on this screen (Shown only after changes have been
entered.)
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-27. UDP Point-to-Point Menu
Use UDP point-to-point configuration to send information to a single
device.
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Status—Enable/Disable
the serial data port.
IP Protocol—UDP Point-to-Point. This is the type of IP port
that will be offered by the transceiver’s serial device server.
[TCP, UDP, PPP; TCP]
Remote IP Address—Data received through the serial port is
sent to this IP address. To reach multiple Remotes in the network, use UDP Point-to-Multipoint.
[Any legal IP address; 0.0.0.0]
Remote IP Port—The destination IP port for data packets
received through the serial port on the transceiver. [1–64,000;
COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Local IP Port—Port number where data is received and passed
through to the serial port. This port number must be used by
the application connecting to this transceiver. [1–64,000;
COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Packet Redundancy Mode— For proper operation, all radios’
Serial Packet Redundancy mode must match (Single Packet
mode vs. Packet Repeat mode). This is because a transceiver,
when in Packet Repeat mode, sends 12 extra characters
(sequence numbers, etc.) to control the delivery of the
repeated data. Misconfigurations can result in undesired
operation.
Data Baud Rate—Data rate (payload) for the COM port in
bits-per-second. [1,200–115,200; 19200]
Configuration—Formatting of data bytes. Data bits, parity and
stop bits [7N1, 7E1, 7O1, 8N1, 8E1, 8O1, 8N1, 7N2, 7E2, 7O2, 8N2,
8E2, 8O2; 8N1].
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•
•
•
•
•
Flow Control (COM2 only)—RTS/CTS handshaking between
the transceiver and the connected device.
[Enable, Disable; Disabled]
Serial Mode— When seamless mode is selected, data bytes
will be sent over the air as quickly as possible, but the
receiver will buffer the data until enough bytes have arrived
to cover worst case gaps in transmission. The delay introduced by data buffering may range from 22 to 44 ms, but the
radio will not create any gaps in the output data stream. This
mode of operation is required for protocols such as MODBUS™ that do not allow gaps in their data transmission.
[Seamless, Custom; Seamless]
Seamless Inter-Frame Delay— Number of characters that represent the end of a message (inter-character time-out). MODBUS defines a “3.5-character” parameter. [1–65,535; 4]
Custom Data Buffer Size (Custom Packet Mode only)—Maximum amount of characters, that the Remote end will buffer
locally before starting to transmit data through the serial port.
[16, 32, 64, 128, 256; 32]
Commit Changes and Exit Wizard—Save and execute changes
made on this screen (Shown only after changes have been
entered.)
3.6.4 Configuring for TCP Mode
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-28. TCP Client Menu (Remote)
•
•
the serial data port.
IP Protocol—TCP Client. This is the type of IP port that will
be offered by the transceiver’s serial device server. [TCP, UDP,
PPP; TCP]
• Primary Host Address—The IP address to be used as a destination for data received through the serial port.
[Any legal IP address; 0.0.0.0]
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Primary IP Port—The destination IP port for data packets
received through the serial port on the transceiver.
[Any valid IP port; COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Secondary Host Address—The IP address to be used as a destination for data received through the serial port in case the primary host address is not available.
[Any legal IP address; 0.0.0.0]
Secondary IP Port—The destination IP port for data packets
received through the serial port on the transceiver used along
with the secondary host address above.
[Any valid IP port; COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Outgoing Connection’s Inactivity Timeout—Amount of time (in
seconds) that they transceiver will wait for data before terminating the TCP session. [0–600; 600]
Data Baud Rate—Data rate (payload) for the COM port in
bits-per-second. [1,200–115,200; 19200]
Configuration—Interface signaling parameters. Data bits, parity and stop bits
[7N1, 7E1, 7O1, 8N1, 8E1, 8O1, 8N1, 7N2, 7E2, 7O2, 8N2, 8E2, 8O2;
8N1].
Flow Control [Com2 Only]—RTS/CTS handshaking between
the transceiver and the connected device.
[Enable, Disable; Disabled]
Serial Mode— If data buffering is Enabled, the radio will operate in seamless mode. Data bytes will be sent over the air as
quickly as possible, but the receiver will buffer the data until
enough bytes have arrived to cover worst case gaps in transmission. The delay introduced by data buffering may range
from 22 to 44 ms, but the radio will not create any gaps in the
output data stream. This mode of operation is required for
protocols such as MODBUS™ and some variants which do
not allow gaps in their data transmission.
[Seamless, Custom; Seamless]
Seamless Inter-Frame Delay— Number of characters that represent the end of a message (inter-character time-out). MODBUS defines a “3.5-character” parameter.
[1–65,535; 4]
Custom Data Buffer Size (Custom Packet Mode only)—Maximum amount of characters, that the Remote end will buffer
locally before starting to transmit data through the serial port.
[16, 32, 64, 128, 256; 32]
Commit Changes and Exit Wizard—Save and execute changes
made on this screen (Shown only after changes have been
entered.)
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-29. TCP Server Menu (AP)
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•
•
70
Status—Enable/Disable
the serial data port.
IP Protocol—TCP Server. This is the type of IP port that will
be offered by the transceiver’s serial device server.
[TCP, UDP, PPP; TCP]
Local Listening IP Port—Receive IP data from this source and
pass it through to the connected serial device. The port number must be used by the application connecting to local TCP
or UDP socket.
[Any valid IP port; COM1: 30010, COM2: 30011]
Data Baud Rate—Data rate (payload) for the COM port in
bits-per-second. [1,200–115,200; 19200]
Configuration—Interface signaling parameters. Data bits, parity and stop bits
[7N1, 7E1, 7O1, 8N1, 8E1, 8O1, 8N1, 7N2, 7E2, 7O2, 8N2, 8E2, 8O2;
8N1].
Flow Control (COM2 only)—RTS/CTS handshaking between
the transceiver and the connected device.
[Enable, Disable; Disabled]
Serial Mode— If data buffering is Enabled, the radio will operate in seamless mode. Data bytes will be sent over the air as
quickly as possible, but the receiver will buffer the data until
enough bytes have arrived to cover worst case gaps in transmission. The delay introduced by data buffering may range
from 22 to 44 ms, but the radio will not create any gaps in the
output data stream. This mode of operation is required for
protocols such as MODBUS™ and some variants which do
not allow gaps in their data transmission.
[Seamless, Custom; Seamless]
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•
Seamless Inter-Frame Delay— Number of characters that represent the end of a message (inter-character time-out). MODBUS defines a “3.5-character” parameter. [1–65,535; 4]
• Custom Data Buffer Size (Custom Packet Mode only)—Maximum amount of characters, that the Remote end will buffer
locally before starting to transmit data through the serial port.
[16, 32, 64, 128, 256; 32]
• Commit Changes and Exit Wizard—Save and execute changes
made on this screen (Shown only after changes have been
entered.)
3.6.5 Configuring for PPP Mode
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-30. PPP Menu
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Status—Enable/Disable
the serial data port.
IP Protocol—PPP. This is the type of IP port that will be offered
by the transceiver’s serial device server. [TCP, UDP, PPP; TCP]
Device IP Address—IP address that will be assigned to the dialing
device once the connection is established. [0.0.0.0]
Data Baud—The baud rate of the serial port of the transceiver to
which the external device is connected.
[1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200; 19200]
Configuration—Byte format of the serial port
[7N1, 7E1, 701, 7N2, 7E2, 702, 8N1, 801, 8N2, 8E2, 802; 8N1]
Flow Control (COM2 only)—RTS/CTS handshaking between the
transceiver and the connected device.
[Enable, Disable; Disabled]
Serial Mode—When seamless mode is selected, data bytes will be
sent over the air as quickly as possible, but the receiver will
buffer the data until enough bytes have arrived to cover worst
case gaps in transmission. The delay introduced by data buffer-
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ing may range from 22 to 44 ms, but the radio will not create any
gaps in the output data stream. This mode of operation is
required for protocols such as MODBUS™ that do not allow
gaps in their data transmission. [Seamless, Custom; Seamless]
• Seamless Inter-Frame Delay— Number of characters that represent
the end of a message (inter-character time-out). MODBUS
defines a “3.5-character” parameter. [1–65,535; 4]
• Custom Data Buffer Size (Custom Packet Mode only)—Maximum amount of characters, that the Remote end will buffer
locally before starting to transmit data through the serial port.
[16, 32, 64, 128, 256; 32]
• Commit Changes and Exit Wizard—Save and execute changes
made on this screen (Shown only after changes have been
entered.)
A PPP session shows the following possible states:
•
Sending LCP Requests—The
PPP server is querying for any clients that need to connect.
• Link Established—A successful PPP connection has been negotiated and an IP address is assigned.
• Port not Enabled—The serial port is disabled.
3.6.6 IP-to-Serial Application Example
You have a choice to use UDP or TCP to establish communications.
This will depend on the type of device you are communicating with at
the other end of the IP network. In this example we will use TCP to illustrate its use.
In TCP mode, the transceiver remains in a passive mode offering a
socket for connection. Once a request is received, data received at the
serial port will be sent out through the IP socket and vice versa, until the
connection is closed, or the link is interrupted. In this mode, the transceiver behaves the same, whether it is an Access Point or a Remote.
(See Figure 3-31 and Table 3-1)
NOTE: The TCP session has a timeout of 10 minutes (600 seconds). If
inactive for that time, it will be closed. The transceiver will
offer the port again for connection after this time expires.
Establishing a
Connection
72
From the PC, establish a TCP connection to the IP address of the
Remote transceiver and to the IP port as configured above (30010—
COM1, 30011—COM2). A Telnet client application can be used to
establish this connection. Data can now be sent between the PC and the
RTU or other connected device.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-31. IP-to-Serial Application Diagram
Table 3-1. Serial Port Application Configuration
IP-to-Serial Connection
Transceiver
Location
Menu Item
Setting
Access Point
None is required
None is required
Remote Unit
IP Address
192.168.0.2
Status
Enabled
IP Protocol
TCP
Baud Rate
9,600 (Example)
Flow Control
None
Local IP Port
30011
3.6.7 Point-to-Point Serial-to-Serial Application
Example
Once the transceivers are configured and the changes have been executed, they begin processing any data presented at the COM ports. Data
presented at the Access Point’s COM port will be packetized and sent via
UDP to the Remote. Upon receiving the packet, the Remote strips the
data out of the UDP packet and sends it out its COM port. Likewise, data
presented at the Remote’s COM port is packetized, sent to the Access
Point, stripped, and sent out the Access Point’s COM port. Note, this
configuration does not use multicast addressing.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-32. Point-to-Point Serial-to-Serial Application Diagram
Table 3-2. Serial Port Application Configuration
Transceiver Location
Menu Item
Setting
Access Point (COM2)1
Status
Enabled
Data Baud Rate
9,600 (Example)
Flow Control
Hardware (Example)
Serial Mode
Seamless
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Table 3-2. Serial Port Application Configuration (Continued)
Transceiver Location
Remote Unit (COM2)1
Menu Item
Setting
SIFD
IP Protocol
UDP
Remote IP
Address
192.168.0.2
(IP address of the Remote radio)
Remote IP Port
30011
Local IP Port
30011
Status
Enabled
Data Baud Rate
9,600 (Example)
Flow Control
X-ON/X-OFF (Example)
Serial Mode
Seamless
SIFD
4 (Characters)
IP Protocol
UDP
Remote IP
Address
192.168.0.1
(IP address of the AP)
Remote IP Port
30011
Local IP Port
30011
1. Either COM port can be used, but they must be the same ones at both ends
of the link. Both COM ports can be used simultaneously for two independent
data channels.
3.6.8 Point-to-Multipoint Serial-to-Serial Application
Example
The operation and data flow for this mode is very similar to
Point-to-Point serial-to-serial application, except that it uses multicast
addressing. The primary difference is that data presented at the Access
Point’s COM port will be packetized and sent via UDP to all of the
Remotes. Upon receiving the packet all of the Remotes strip the data out
of the UDP packet and send it out their COM port. Likewise, data presented at any of the Remotes’ COM ports is packetized, sent to the
Access Point, stripped, and sent out the Access Point’s COM port (see
Figure 3-33, Table 3-3, Figure 3-34, and Figure 3-35 on Page 76.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-33. Point-to-Multipoint Serial-to-Serial Application
Diagram
Invisible place holder
Table 3-3. Serial Port Application Configuration
Transceiver Location
Menu Item
Setting
Access Point (COM2)1
Status
Enabled
Baud Rate
9600 (Example)
Serial Mode
Custom
Flow Control
Disabled
IP Protocol
UDP
Remote IP Address
224.254.1.1—
Multicast Address2
Remote IP Port
30011
Local IP Port
30011
Enable
Enabled
Baud Rate
2,400 (Example)
Serial Mode
Custom
Flow Control
Hardware (Example)
IP Protocol
UDP
Remote IP Address
192.168.0.1
Remote IP Port
30011
Local IP Port
30011
Local Multicast
Address
224.254.1.1 —
Multicast Address2
Remote Units (COM2)1
1. Either COM port can be used, but they must be the same ones at
both ends of the link. Both COM ports can be used simultaneously for
two independent data channels.
2. This address is an example only. Any Class D IP address
(224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255) will work.
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Figure 3-34. Access Point Serial Port Configuration
Figure 3-35. Remote Radio Serial Port Configuration
3.6.9 Mixed Modes
Note that in this example, the TCP mode does not involve the Access
Point. Thus, the transceiver in a single network can run in both modes at
the same time. In other words, some Remotes can be configured for TCP
mode while others can be configured (along with the Access Point) for
UDP mode.
In this configuration, the Host PC can use both data paths to reach the
RTUs. This may be helpful when a mixed collection of RTUs is present
where some RTUs can operate in a broadcast form while others cannot
(see Figure 3-36 on Page 77 and Table 3-4 on Page 77).
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Operation and Data Flow
• Communicate with RTU A by Telneting to Remote 1, port 30011.
• Communicate with RTU B by Telneting to Remote 2, port 30011.
• Communicate with RTUs C and D by sending and receiving data
from the Access Point’s COM port.
• All communication paths can be used simultaneously.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-36. Mixed-Modes Application Diagram
Table 3-4. Serial Port Application Configuration
Transceiver Location
Menu Item
Setting
Access Point
Status
Enabled
Baud Rate
9,600
Flow Control
Disabled
IP Protocol
UDP
Send to Address
A multicast IP address such as
224.254.1.1
Send to Port
30011
Receive on Port
30011
Receive on Address
0.0.0.0 (Not Used)
Status
Enabled
Baud Rate
2,400
Flow Control
Disabled
IP Protocol
TCP
Receive on Port
30011
Status
Enabled
Baud Rate
9,600
Flow Control
Disabled
IP Protocol
UDP
Send to Address
IP address of the AP
Remote Units 1 & 2 (COM2)
Remote Units 3 & 4 (COM2)
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Table 3-4. Serial Port Application Configuration (Continued)
Transceiver Location
Menu Item
Setting
Send to Port
30011
Receive on Port
30011
Receive on Address
224.254.1.1
(The multicast IP address used
for the AP’s Send To Address
above)
3.7
CYBER SECURITY
CONFIGURATION
The cyber security features of the transceiver are grouped into three general areas: controlling access to the radio itself for configuration and
management purpose (Device Security), controlling how and when
radios communicate with each other, as well as how data traffic is handled (Wireless Security) and a special section dealing with authentication and authorization using a central server (RADIUS Configuration).
Figure 3-37 shows the Security Configuration Menu, which is the entry
point for these categories.
Figure 3-37. Security Configuration Menu
(Access Point Version Shown)
3.7.1 Device Security
This group of features controls how the radios can be accessed either
locally or remotely for configuration and management.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-38. Device Security Menu
•
User Auth Method—
Defines whether username and password is
verified locally or via a central server. [Local, RADIUS; Local]
• User Auth Fallback— Defines the alternate authentication mode in
case the authentication server is not available.
[Local, None; Local]
• User Password—Local password for this unit. Used at log-in via
COM1 Port, Telnet, SSH and Web browser. [Up to 8 alphanumeric
characters without spaces (case-sensitive); admin]
TIP: For enhanced security, consider using misspelled words, a combination of letters and numbers, and a combination of upper and
lower case letters. Also, the more characters used (up to eight), the
more secure the password will be. These strategies help protect
against sophisticated hackers who may use a database of common
words (for example, dictionary attacks) to determine a password.
•
SNMP Mode—This specifies the mode of operation of the radio’s
SNMP Agent. If the mode is disabled, the Agent does not
respond to any SNMP traffic. If the mode is v1_only, v2_only,
or v3_only, the Agent responds only to that version of SNMP
traffic. If the mode is v1-v2, or v1-v2-v3, the Agent responds to
the specified version of SNMP traffic.
[disabled, v1_only, v2_only, v3_only, v1-v2, v1-v2-v3; v1-v2-v3]
• Telnet Access—Controls remote access through Telnet sessions
on Port 23 [Enabled, Disabled; Enabled]
• SSH Access— Controls remote access through SSH (Secure
Shell) sessions on Port 22 [Enabled, Disabled; Enabled]
• HTTP Mode— Controls remote access through HTTP sessions on
Ports 80 and 443. Selecting HTTPS forces secure connections to
Port 443. When HTTP Mode is disabled, access through HTTP or
HTTPS is not allowed. [Disabled, HTTP, HTTPS; HTTP]
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•
HTTP Auth Mode—Selects
the method of HTTP log-in authentication. This parameter functions only when HTTP is selected in
the previous menu item. Although the Basic Auth mode requests
a password, the actual password text is transmitted in the clear
(unencrypted). [Basic Auth, MD5 Digest; Basic Auth]
3.7.2 Wireless Security
The features in the Wireless Security menu control the communication
of data across the wireless link. The radios can be authenticated locally
via a list of authorized radios, or remotely via a centralized RADIUS
server. RADIUS is a centralized authentication mechanism based on
standards.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-39. Wireless Security Menu
•
whether device authentication is
executed locally, via a central server, or not at all. Selecting
Local uses the Approved Remotes List described later in this
manual. [None, Local, RADIUS; None]
• Encryption— When enabled, it forces the transceiver to use
AES-128 encryption (RC4-128 on ESS) on all over-the-air messages. This option requires the Encryption Phrase to be previously configured. Both the AP and the Remote radios must use
the same encryption phrase. (Some units may not be authorized
to use encryption. “See “Authorization Keys Menu” on
Page 115” for additional details.) [Enabled, Disabled; Disabled]
• Auto Key Rotation—When enabled, it forces the transceiver to use
the key rotation algorithm to generate a new encryption key
after 500 kilobytes of information has been transmitted, or one
hour has elapsed. [Enabled, Disabled; Disabled]
• Approved Access Points/Remotes List —Displays a menu to manage the list of other radios with which this unit will be permitted
to communicate.
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•
Encryption Phrase—Phrase (text & numbers) that will be used by
the encryption algorithm.
[8 to 29 alphanumeric characters; Blank]
• Force Key Rotation— It triggers an immediate key rotation of the
encryption keys before the internal counters do it automatically.
Local Authentication—Approved Remotes/Access Points
List Submenu
Setting the Device Auth Method to Local forces the transceiver to check the
Approved AP List before a radio link can be established. In the case of a
Remote, the AP must be in the Approved Access Points List before it
accepts the beacon as being valid. In the case of an AP, a Remote must
be in the Approved Remotes List to be granted authorization. Before
enabling this option, at least one entry must already exist in the
Approved AP/Remotes List.
This menu is the same for both Access Points and Remotes and the
names change to reflect their mode. Replace “Remotes” with Access
Points” in the following description.
NOTE: The limit for Remotes (in an Access Point radio) is 255. The
limit for Access Points (in a Remote radio) is 104.
Figure 3-40. Approved Remotes List Menu
•
Add Remote—Enter MAC address of Remote.
[Any valid 6-digit hexadecimal MAC address; 00:00:00:00:00:00]
•
Delete Remote—Enter
MAC address of Remote. For security
purposes, you may want to delete a stolen or deprovisioned
radio from this list.
• Add Associated Remotes—Add all currently associated remotes to
the approved remote list. Alternatively, you can enter each
Remote MAC manually.
• Delete All Remotes—Remove (complete purge) of all Remotes
from current list.
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•
View Approved Remotes—Simple listing of approved Remotes by
MAC address, of radios authorized to join this AP. If a Remote
is not in this list, it will not be able to associate with this AP.
• Save Changes—Saves all changes made during the session with
this menu. Changes are implemented only if they are “saved”
before exiting this menu.
3.7.3 RADIUS Authentication
This section covers the configuration needed for the ESS radios to
access the RADIUS server, which is used for Device Level Security and
for Wireless Access Security. SIMREX does not provide the RADIUS
server software.
Operation of Device Authentication
Device authentication forces the radio to authenticate before allowing
user traffic to traverse the wireless network. When Device Security is
configured to use RADIUS as the Authentication Method, Remote
radios need three types of certificates: public (client), private, and root
(Certificate Authority). These files are unique to each Remote radio and
need to first be created at the server and then installed into each unit via
TFTP. The certificate files must be in DER format.
Device authentication uses the serial number of each radio as the
Common Name (CN) in its certificate and in its RADIUS identity field.
Each Access Point and Remote radio must be identified/recognized by
the RADIUS Server through the Common Name (Serial number) and IP
address entries.
NOTE: Consult your RADIUS network administrator for assistance in
configuration, or for help with other issues that may arise.
To activate device authentication, select Device Auth Method and set
RADIUS as the active mode. The behavior of this setting differs
depending on whether it is implemented on an Access Point or a Remote
transceiver. An explanation of these behaviors is given below:
Access Point: When Device Auth Method is set to RADIUS, the AP disassociates all associated Remotes and waits for the RADIUS Server to
Authenticate the Remotes before allowing data to be passed from them.
When approval is received from the RADIUS Server, data from the
Remote is allowed to pass.
Remote: When Device Auth Method is set to RADIUS, the Remote halts any
data it is passing, and requests Authentication from the RADIUS Server.
If accepted, data is allowed to be transmitted.
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Operation of User Authentication
When user authentication is set to Local or RADIUS, you must enter a valid
user name and password before being allowed to manage the radio. In
RADIUS mode both of these fields may be up to 40 characters long. In
Local mode the user name is ESS and the password may be up to 8 characters long.
When set to RADIUS, all logins to the local configuration services are
required to be authenticated via the RADIUS Server, including telnet
and SSH (Secure Shell) sessions. Authentication must be accepted
before access to the radio menu is granted.
3.7.4 RADIUS Configuration
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-41. RADIUS Configuration Menu
•
Server IP Address—Used
to set/display address of the Server
where the RADIUS application resides.
• Server IP port—1812 is the standard port for authentication (RFC
2865, June 2000) and should not be changed unless instructed
to do so by an administrator.
• Shared Secret—User authentication and Device authentication
require a common shared secret to complete a RADIUS transaction. This entry must match the string used to configure the
appropriate files on the RADIUS Server.
• User Auth Mode—Should be set to PAP or CHAP depending on
the configuration of the server.
NOTE: CHAP is the more secure mode when compared to PAP. PAP
may display the login password in log files at the RADIUS
Server. CHAP will encrypt the login password.
NOTE: The security password may not exceed 40 characters in length.
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3.7.5 Certificate Management (Remote transceivers only)
Use Certificate generation software to generate certificate files and then
install these files into each Remote unit via TFTP. The certificate files
must be in DER format. The Common Name (CN) field in the public
certificate file must match the serial number of the unit it will be
installed in.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-42. Manage Certificates Menu
(NOTE: The appearance of this screen differs from the others because a different
terminal program was used; Menu content is the same regardless of program.)
•
Server IP Address—the
IP address of the Server where the
RADIUS application resides.
• TFTP Timeout should be set appropriately according to the layout
of the network.
Three certificate files (Root, Client, and Private Key) must be present in
each of the Remote radios. Use the commands described below to install
these files into each Remote radio.
•
Certificate Filename—Used
to specify the filename of the certificate file residing on the TFTP server.
• Certificate Type—Selects one of the three file types mentioned
above. [Root Certificate, Client Certificate, Private Key Certificate; Root
Certificate]
• Retrieve Certificate—Initiates the retrieval of the certificate file
from the storage location. A successful installation issues a Complete status message.
NOTE: It is imperative that the three certificate files are installed
correctly into the Remote radio, in their respective file types.
If they are not, it will render the Remote un-authenticated for
data traffic. Consult your RADIUS network administrator if
issues arise.
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3.8
PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
After the basic operation of the radio has been checked, you may wish
to optimize the network’s performance using some of the following suggestions. The effectiveness of these techniques will vary with the design
of your system and the format of the data being sent.
There are two major areas for possible improvement—the radio and the
data network. The following sections will provide you with a variety of
items to check and on many occasions, ways to correct or improve their
performance.
3.8.1 Performance Information Menu
This menu/screen is one of two primary sources of information on the
radio layer and radio network performance.
Figure 3-43. Performance Information Menu
(AP Version Shown)
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RF Output Power (Display only)—Measured
power output.
(See “How Much Output Power Can be Used?” on Page 144)
Signal-to-Noise (Display only)—Current running-average SNR
value all active operating frequencies.
(No value displayed on APs)
RSSI (Display only)—Current running-average Received Signal
Strength Indication for all active operating frequencies.
(No value displayed on APs.)
Actual Data Rate (Display only)—Over-the-air transmission rate (as
opposed to selected data rate) for the remote being monitored.
The fastest data rates can generally be achieved with stronger
signal levels.
RSSI by Zone—Received Signal Strength Indicator by Zone.
(See “RSSI by Zone Menu (Remotes Only)” on Page 86)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Event Log—Access
the menu for managing the unit’s log of
operational activities.(See “Authorization Key—Alter the
unit’s overall capabilities by enabling the built-in resources.
(See “Authorization Keys Menu” on Page 115)” on Page 101)
Packet Statistics—Multiple radio and network operating statistics. (See “Packet Statistics Menu” on Page 90)
Wireless Network Status (Displayed only at Remotes)—Current association state and MAC address of the Access Point.
(See “Wireless Network Status (Remotes Only)” on Page 92)
Remote Listing (AP Display only) —List of basic information for all
Remote units currently associated with this Access Point.
(See “Remote Listing Menu (Access Points Only)” on Page 93)
Endpoint Listing (AP Display only)—List of units accessible by this
AP through associated Remote ports.
(See “Endpoint Listing Menu (Access Points Only)” on
Page 94)
Remote Performance Listing (AP Display only)—(See “Remote Performance Listing Menu (Access Points Only)” on Page 95)
RSSI by Zone Menu (Remotes Only)
This screen displays the strength of RF signals received from the currently associated Access Point.
Network integrity depends in large part on stable radio signal levels
being received at each end of a data link. In general, signal levels
stronger than –80 dBm will provide reliable communication that
includes a 15 dB fade margin.
If you find there is a poor signal level on one zone, check the Packet Statistics Menu section on Page 90 and record the values. Then, set the
questionable zone to “Skipped” in the Radio Configuration Menu (Page
51) and look for an improvement in the Packet Statistics error rates. If
there is none, return the Zone to “Active.”
RSSI measurements and Wireless Packet Statistics are based on multiple samples over a period of several seconds. The average of these
measurements will be displayed by the Management System.
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Figure 3-44. RSSI by Zone Menu
TIP: Under normal circumstances, the signal levels in each zone should
be within a few decibels of each other. If you see one that is significantly lower or higher, it may be a sign of radio frequency interference from another signal source on the 900 MHz band.
See “Network Performance Notes” on Page 96 for further information.
Event Log Menu
The transceiver’s microprocessor monitors many operational parameters and logs them. Events are classified into four levels of importance,
which are described in Table 3-5. Some of these events will result from
a condition that prevents the normal of the unit—these are “critical”
events. These will cause the unit to enter an “alarmed” state and the PWR
LED to blink until the condition is corrected. All events are stored in the
Event Log that can hold up to 8,000 entries.
Table 3-5. Event Classifications
Time and Date
Level
Description/Impact
Informational
Normal operating activities
Minor
Does not affect unit operation
Major
Degraded unit performance but
still capable of operation
Critical
Prevents the unit from operating
The events stored in the Event Log are time-stamped using the time and
date of the locally connected device. Remote units obtain this information from the Access Point when they associate with it. The Access Point
obtains the time and date from a Time Server. This server can generally
be provided by a standard Windows PC server SNTP application. In the
absence of the SNTP services, the user must manually enter it at the
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Access Point. (See “Device Information” on Page 40 for SNTP server
identification.) The manually set time and date clock is dependent on the
unit’s primary power. A loss of power will reset the clock to January 1,
2002 but will not affect previously stored error events.
Figure 3-45. Event Log Menu
•
Current Alarms (Telnet/Terminal only)—View list of root causes that
have placed the Device Status in the alarmed state. (See “Alarm
Conditions” on Page 127)
• View Log—View a list of events stored in the current log. Some
of these events are stored in volatile memory and will be erased
with a loss of power. The events are numbered for easier identification and navigation.
• Clear Log—Purges the log of all events
TIP: Save your Event Log before choosing to clear it in order to
retain potentially valuable troubleshooting information.
(See “Upgrading the Firmware” on Page 102 for an overview on how to transfer files from the transceiver to a
computer on the network using TFTP.)
•
TFTP transfer of the
unit’s event Event Log in a plain text (ASCII) file to a TFTP
server at the remote location.
• TFTP Host Address (Telnet/Terminal only)—IP address of the computer on which the TFTP server resides. This same IP address is
used in other screens/functions (reprogramming, logging, etc.).
Changing it here also changes it for other screens/functions.
[Any valid IP address; 127.0.0.1]
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•
Filename (Telnet/Terminal only)—Name
to be given to the Event
Log file sent to the TFTP server for archiving.
[Any 40-char alphanumeric string; Blank]
NOTE: You may want to change the filename to reflect the type
of log you intend to archive and/or its date.
• TFTP Time-out (Telnet/Terminal only)—Time in seconds the TFTP
server will wait for a packet ACK (acknowledgment) from the
transceiver before suspending the file transfer.
[10 to 120 seconds; 10]
• Syslog Server—IP address to which alarms are sent using the syslog message format. [Any valid IP address; 0.0.0.0]
View Current Alarms
Most events, classified as “critical” will make the PWR LED blink, and
will inhibit normal operation of the transceiver. The LED will remain
blinking until the corrective action has been completed.
An alarm condition is different from a log event in the sense that an
alarm is persistent in nature. That is, an alarm condition remains as an
alarm until it has been cleared by correcting the cause (see Table 4-6 on
Page 129 for corrective action).
Figure 3-46. Current Alarms Screen
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View Event Log
See Table 4-4 on Page 127 for event classifications.
Figure 3-47. Sample Event Log Screen
Packet Statistics Menu
Figure 3-48. Sample Packet Statistics Menu
Wireless Packet
Statistics
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•
•
•
•
•
Packets received—Over-the-air data packets received by this unit
Packets sent—Over-the-air
data packets sent by this Remote.
Bytes received—Over-the-air data bytes received by this Remote.
Bytes sent—Over-the-air data bytes sent by this Remote.
Packets dropped—To-be-transmitted packets dropped as a result
of a lack of buffers in the RF outbound queue.
• Receive errors—Packets that do not pass CRC. This may be due
to transmissions corrupted by RF interference.
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•
Retries—Number of requests to re-send a data packet before it is
acknowledged. If the packet was not acknowledged, this
counter is not incremented.
• Retry errors—Packets discarded after exceeding seven retries
over-the-air.
• Clear Wireless stats—Resets the statistics counter.
•
Ethernet Packet
Statistics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Packets Received by
Zone
Packets received—Packets
received by the transceiver through
the Ethernet port.
Packets sent—Packets transmitted by the transceiver through the
Ethernet port.
Bytes received—Data bytes received by this Remote through its
LAN port.
Bytes sent—Data bytes sent by this Remote.
Packets dropped—Received packets dropped as a result of a lack
of buffers.
Receive errors—Packets that do not pass CRC. This may be due
to collisions in the Ethernet LAN.
Lost carrier detected—A count of the number of packets that the
unit attempted to send out the Ethernet port when the carrier signal of the Ethernet was not present. (No carrier present could be
due to a loose connection, bad or wrong cable, or equipment
failure at the other end of the Ethernet cable.)
Clear Ethernet stats—Resets the statistics counter.
This screen, shown in Figure 3-49, presents a breakdown of wireless
packet statistics by-zone. All zones should report similar numbers. If
one or more zones report lower numbers than the others (2% reduction),
the specific zone is probably experiencing interference. An improvement can be realized by blocking this zone (see Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>Skip Zone Option).
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-49. Packets Received By Zone Menu
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Wireless Network Status
(Remotes Only)
The Wireless Network Status screen provides information on a key
operating process of the transceiver—the association of the Remote with
the Access Point. The following is a description of how this process
takes place and as monitored on the Figure 3-50. Wireless Network
Status Screen" on page 92.
The Transceiver’s
Association Process
After the Remote is powered up and finishes its boot cycle, it begins
scanning the 900 MHz band for beacon signals being sent out from AP
units. If the Remote sees a beacon with a Network Name that is the same
as its own, the Remote will stop its scanning and temporarily synchronize its frequency-hopping pattern to match the one encoded on the AP’s
beacon signal. The Remote waits for three identical beacon signals from
the AP and then it toggles into a fully synchronized “associated” state.
If the Remote does not receive three identical beacons from the Access
Point unit within a predetermined time period, it returns to a scanning
mode and continues to search for an AP with a matching network name
in its beacon.
Under normal circumstances, the association process should be completed within 20 seconds after boot-up. This time can vary depending on
the beacon period setting at the AP. See Beacon Period description in Section 3.5.1, Radio Configuration Menu (beginning on Page 51).
Remote units are always monitoring the beacon signal. If an associated
Remote loses the AP’s beacon for more than 20 seconds, the association
process starts again.
The Wireless
Network
Status Screen
(Remote only)
Figure 3-50. Wireless Network Status Screen
•
Connection Status—Current
state of the wireless network com-
munication.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Scanning—The unit is looking for an Access Point beacon
signal.
• Exp(ecting) Sync(hronization)—The unit has found a valid
beacon signal for its network.
• Hop Sync—The unit has changed its frequency hopping pattern to match that of the Access Point.
• Connected —The unit has established a radio (RF) connection with the Access Point, but has not obtained cyber-security clearance to pass data.
• Associated —This unit has successfully synchronized and
associated with an Access Point. This is the normal status.
• Alarmed—The unit is has detected one or more alarms that
have not been cleared.
Current AP Mac Address—Wireless address of Access Point with
which the Remote is associated.
Current AP IP Address—IP address of Access Point with which
the Remote is associated.
Association Date—Date of last successful association with an
Access Point.
Association Time—Time of day association was established on
the association date.
Latest AP Firmware Version—
AP Auto Upgrade—
AP Reboot when Upgraded—
Remote Listing Menu (Access Points Only)
Figure 3-51. Remote Listing Menu
(List of transceivers associated with this AP)
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MAC Address—Hardware
address of the Remote transceiver.
IP Address—IP Address of the Remote transceiver.
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•
•
State—Current
association state of the Remote transceiver.
AgeTime—Time, in minutes, remaining before the device (address)
will be deleted from the table.
Each transceiver maintains a table with the addresses of the devices
it communicates with. The age-time countdown is restarted to 5
minutes every time a message to/from that device is detected. If no
traffic is exchanged with that device, it then “ages out” of the table.
When traffic is detected it is included again in the table. This optimizes memory space utilization.
• DataRate—Supported data rate by this unit.
Endpoint Listing Menu
(Access Points Only)
This list shows all of the non-ESS Ethernet devices that are known to the
transceiver and is equivalent to the ARP table of IP devices.
Figure 3-52. Endpoint Listing Menu
(Lists all equipment attached to REMOTE transceivers in the network)
•
•
•
MAC Address—Hardware
address of endpoint device.
IP Address—IP Address of endpoint device.
AgeTime—Time, in minutes, remaining before the device (address)
will be deleted from the table.
Each AP maintains a table with the addresses of the remote radios it
communicates with. The age-time countdown is restarted to 5 minutes every time a message to/from that remote is detected. If no traffic is exchanged with that remote, it then “ages out” of the table.
When traffic is detected it is included again in the table. This optimizes memory space utilization.
• via Remote—Hardware address of the radio connected to this device.
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•
RxPkts—Over-the-air data packets received by the transceiver. and
passed on to the endpoint device.
• TxPkt—Number of packets received from the endpoint device and
passed over-the-air.
Remote Performance Listing Menu
(Access Points Only)
Figure 3-53. Remote Performance Listing Menu for ESS AP
(ESS-II will show RxRate as 512 kbps or 1024 kbps)
This screen provides a unit-by-unit summary of all Remote units currently associated with this Access Point. The parameters are displayed
in a column format with each line corresponding to one Remote.
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RxRate—Over-the-air
data rate the radio is currently using. All
transceivers do not need to use the same rate.
RxPkts—Over-the-air data packets received from this unit.
TxPkts—Over-the-air data packets sent to this unit.
RxBCMC—Total number of Broadcast and/or Multicast packets
received over-the-air.
RxViaEP—Packets received by the transceiver through the Ethernet port.
TxViaEP—Packets sent by the transceiver through the Ethernet
port.
RetryEr—Packets discarded after exceeding five retries
over-the-air.
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Serial Data Statistics Menu
This screen provides a summary of port activity for both serial data
ports. These values will be reset to zero after a reboot cycle.
Figure 3-54. Serial Data Statistics Screen
(Both COM1 and COM2 will be shown)
•
of bytes received by the transceiver
through the serial interface
• Bytes out on port—Number of bytes transmitted by the transceiver through the serial interface
• Bytes in on socket—Number of bytes received by the transceiver through the IP socket
• Bytes out on socket—Number of bytes transmitted by the transceiver through the IP socket
Bytes in on port—Number
In general, the number of bytes Out on Socket should follow
the number of bytes In On Port as all bytes received on the
serial port should be transmitted out to the IP interface. The
same should be true in the opposite direction, bytes Out On
Port should follow bytes In On Socket.
• Clear Com1 Statistics—Resets counter to zero.
• Clear Com2 Statistics—Resets counter to zero.
3.8.2 Network Performance Notes
Principles of Network Operation
The following is a list of points that are useful for dealing with the networking aspects of the transceiver.
1. The transceiver acts as a bridge.
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• If any radio in your network is connected to a large LAN, such
as may be found in a large office complex, there may be undesired multicast/broadcast traffic over the air. As a bridge, the
radios transmit this type of frame.
• The radio goes through a listening and learning period at
start-up before it will send any packets over either of its ports.
This is about 10 seconds after the CPU’s operating system has
finished its boot cycle.
• The bridge code in the transceiver operates and makes decisions
about packet forwarding just like any other bridge. The bridge
code builds a list of source MAC addresses that it has seen on
each of its ports.
There are a few general rules that are followed when a packet is
received on any port:
• If the destination address is a multicast or broadcast address,
forward the packet to all remotes.
• If the destination address is not known, forward the packet to
all remotes.
• If the destination address is known, forward the packet to the
port that the destination is known to be on (usually the RF
port).
• The bridge code uses Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to prevent loops from being created when connecting bridges in
parallel. For example, connecting two remotes to the same
wired LAN could create a loop if STP was not used. Every
bridge running STP sends out Bridge Protocol Data Units
(BPDUs) at regular intervals so that the spanning tree can be
built and maintained. BPDUs are 60-byte multicast Ethernet
frames.
2. Distance affects throughput. Because of timers and other components of the protocol, there is a maximum distance limit of 40 miles
for reliable operation. After this, although data still flows, the
throughput will start to drop and latency will increase, due to additional retries between the radios. Repeater stations may be used to
extend this range.
3. Throughput calculations must take into account all overhead.
The following is an example of the overhead at each layer for a
100-bytes of data over UDP:
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Data: 100 bytes
UDP header: 8 bytes
IP header: 20 bytes
Ethernet header: 14 bytes
802.11 header 24 bytes
LLC and SNAP header: 8 bytes
PHY header and FCS: 16 bytes
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Total over-the-air frame size=190 bytes
If the frame is directed (for example: not multicast/broadcast), the
802.11 ACK frame must be accounted for:
• 14 bytes—802.11 ACK
• 30 bytes—Over-the-air ACK frame (including 16 PHY bytes)
If the 802.11 encapsulated Ethernet frame (NOT the UDP or Ethernet
frame) exceeds the RTS threshold, then the overhead for RTS/CTS
frames must also be accounted for.
• 20 bytes—802.11 RTS.
• 14 bytes—802.11 CTS.
• 66 bytes—Total Over-the-air bytes for RTS/CTS with PHY
headers.
If the frame is TCP, then there is a 32-byte TCP header instead of the
8-byte UDP header.
• ARP requests, ARP replies and BPDU’s will affect throughput.
• ARP requests are 60-byte Ethernet frames. 142 bytes
over-the-air.
• ARP replies are 60-byte Ethernet frames. 142 bytes
over-the-air.
• BPDUs are 60-byte Ethernet frames. 142 bytes over-the-air.
Note that the overhead to put a single Ethernet frame
over-the-air is 82 bytes. If RTS/CTS is invoked, it is 148 bytes.
Therefore, the overhead for a minimal Ethernet frame
(60 bytes) is 128% and, as such, gives the transceiver a poor
small-packet performance.
4. Station-to-Station traffic reduces throughput
• When sending frames from an endpoint connected to one transceiver to another endpoint with a different transceiver, the
throughput will be halved at best. This is because all frames
must go through the AP and thus are transmitted twice over the
same radio system. Therefore, in the previous 100-byte UDP
example, the number of over-the-air bytes will be 380 bytes
(190 bytes x 2) if the frame has to go station-to-station.
5. Interference has a direct correlation to throughput.
• Interference could be caused by any unnecessary traffic on the
network from unrelated activities, or Radio Frequency Interference in the wireless spectrum.
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Tips for Optimizing Network Performance
Here are some suggestion on things to try that may maximize
throughput:
1. AP Only: Increment the Dwell Time to the maximum of 262.1 ms.
This lowers the overhead since it will stay longer on a channel. The
down side is that if a particular channel is interfered with it will take
longer to hop to another channel.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>Dwell Time)
2. AP Only: Change the Beacon Period to Normal (508 ms). This will
also reduce the overhead of beacons sent out. On the down side,
association time may be a little longer.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>Beacon Period)
3. Change the Fragmentation Threshold to the maximum of 1600. Longer
packets will be sent over the air reducing overhead. On the other
hand, if a packet is corrupted it will take longer to be retransmitted.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>Fragmentation Threshold)
4. Increase the RTS Threshold to 1600. RTS mechanism is used to
reserve a time slot if packets exceed this number. On the other hand,
a hidden-node might interfere more often than if RTS was not used.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>RTS Threshold)
Decreasing the RTS Threshold, to the 100 to 200 range, may improve
throughput on a busy network. It will add small packets, but reduce
collisions (and resulting re-tries) of large packets.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>RTS Threshold)
5. Activate compression on the Radio Configuration Menu (Compression enabled).
6. Use the Performance Information Menu to check the packets received
by zone. (Remotes Only: Main Menu>>Performance Information>>Packet
Statistics>>Packets Received by Zone)
Readings should be close in value. A significantly lower value (2%
reduction) probably indicates interference. Performance can be
improved by blocking the affected zones at the Access Point. (Main
Menu>>Radio Configuration>>Skip Zone Option)
7. Use the Performance Information Menu to check for errors, retries and
dropped packets. Do the same with Ethernet traffic.
With weak signals, interference, or hidden nodes, the optimal performance may be lower due to collisions and retries.
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Data Latency—TCP versus UDP Mode
The latency of data passing through a network will depend on user data
message length, the overall level of traffic on the network, and the
quality of the radio path.
Under ideal conditions—low traffic and good RF signal path—the
latency for units operating in the TCP mode, will typically be around 5
ms in each direction. However, when UDP multicast traffic is transported, the outbound packet latency (from AP to remote) is dependent
on the beacon period.
UDP multicast packet latency can be minimized by setting the Beacon
Period to Fast (52 ms). Changing beacon rate to Fast will result in an
average latency of 31 ms, assuming outbound packets wait for a beacon
transmission 50% of the time (26ms) plus the normal packet latency
(5 ms).
Data Compression
Enabling this option uses an LZO compression algorithm for
over-the-air data. Varying levels of data reduction are achieved
depending on the nature of the data. Text files are typically the most
compressible, whereas binary files are the least compressible. On
average, a 30% increase in throughput can be achieved with compression enabled.
Compression is used on data packets of 100 bytes or more, including
Ethernet, IP, and TCP/UDP headers.
Packets-per-Second (PPS)
The ESS radio has a limit of 70 PPS. Consider this restriction when
planning your network, especially when smaller packets are expected to
make up the majority of the traffic as is the case with VoIP (Voice over
IP).
3.9
MAINTENANCE
In the normal course of operating a wireless network, you will want to
take advantage of product improvements, and to read and archive the
configuration of your individual transceivers using the Maintenance
Menu. This section provides detail information on how to take advantage of these services.
The maintenance tasks are:
•
100
Reprogramming—
Managing and selecting the unit’s operating
system firmware resources. (See “Reprogramming Menu” on
Page 101)
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•
•
•
•
•
Configuration Scripts—Saving
and importing data files containing unit operating parameters/settings. (See “Configuration
Scripts Menu” on Page 106)
Authorization Key—Alter the unit’s overall capabilities by
enabling the built-in resources. (See “Authorization Keys Menu”
on Page 115)
Auto-Upgrade/Remote-Reboot—Configure when remotes retrieve
new firmware versions from the associated AP, and whether or
not they reboot to the new firmware after receiving the new
firmware. (See “Auto-Upgrade/Remote-Reboot Menu” on
Page 115)
Radio Test—A diagnostic tool for testing RF operation.
(See “Radio Test Menu” on Page 116)
Ping Utility—Diagnostic tool to test network connectivity.
(See “Ping Utility Menu” on Page 118)
Figure 3-55. Maintenance Menu
3.9.1 Reprogramming Menu
The transceiver has two copies of the firmware (microprocessor code)
used for the operating system and applications. One copy is “active” and
the second one is standing by, ready to be used. You can load new firmware into the inactive position and place it in service whenever you
desire.
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Figure 3-56. Reprogramming Menu
(Shown with “Image Copy” Selected)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TFTP Host Address—IP address of the host computer from which
to get the file. [Any valid IP address] This same IP address is used
in other screens/functions (reprogramming, logging, etc.).
Changing it here also changes it for other screens/functions.
Filename—Name of file to be received by the TFTP server.
[Any 40-character alphanumeric string] Verify that this corresponds
to the TFTP directory location. May require sub-directory, for
example: \firmware\ess\ess-4_4_0.ipk.
TFTP Timeout—Time in seconds the TFTP server will wait for a
packet ACK (acknowledgment) from the transceiver before
suspending the file transfer. [2 to 60 seconds; 10]
Retrieve File—Initiate the file transfer from the file from TFTP
server. Placed into inactive firmware position in the transceiver’s non-volatile memory [Y, N]
Image Verify—Initiate the verification of the integrity of firmware
file held in unit.
Image Copy—Initiate the copying of the active firmware into the
inactive image.
Reboot Device—Initiate rebooting the transceiver. This will
interrupt data traffic through this unit, and the network if performed on an Access Point. Intended to be used to toggle
between firmware images.
NOTE: See “Upgrading the Firmware” on Page 102 for
details on setting up the TFTP server.
Upgrading the Firmware
From time-to-time SIMREX offers upgrades to the transceiver firmware. One version of the firmware provides core software resources for
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all transceiver models. Loading new firmware into the unit will not alter
any privileges provided by Authorization Keys and does not require the
transceiver be taken off-line until you want to operate the unit from the
newly installed firmware image.
You must use the embedded Management System for all firmware activities, including uploading from a TFTP server.
File transfers can be initiated through any of the three Management
System gateways:
•
Terminal-Emulator—Use
a terminal emulator program on your
PC, such as HyperTerminal, connected directly to the transceiver’s COM1 port via a serial cable.
• Telnet—Text-based access to the Management System through a
network connection.
• Web Browser—Connect to the transceiver using a Web browser
on a local PC connected directly to the radio’s LAN port or
associated network.
Firmware images are provided free-of-charge on the SIMREX web site
at: www.simrex.com
SIMREX ESS firmware may not be installed in SIMREX
ESS-II radios, or vice-versa.
Installing New
Firmware by TFTP
To install firmware by TFTP, you will need:
• A PC with a TFTP server running.
• The IP address of the PC running the TFTP server.
If you do not know your computer’s address on a Windows PC, you can
use the RUN function from the Start menu and enter winipcfg or ipconfig to
determine your local PC’s IP address. The IP address of the radio can be
found under the Management Systems’ Configuration menu.
(See “Network Configuration Menu” on Page 42.)
There are several alternatives to connecting the transceiver for firmware
upgrade. Figure 3-57 and Figure 3-58 show two variations. It is essential all of the equipment be on the same subnet.
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Invisible place holder
Figure 3-57. Firmware Upgrade Setup—Option 1
(TFTP Server and Firmware File on Same CPU)
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-58. Firmware Upgrade Setup—Option 2
(TFTP Server and Firmware File on Remote Server)
NOTE: The LAN and COM1 ports share a common data channel when
loading firmware over-the-air. Transferring the radio firmware
image file (≈ 3 Mb), may take several minutes depending on
traffic between the TFTP server and the transceiver.
Regardless of your connection to the transceiver, loading firmware/configuration files into the unit’s flash-RAM is much
slower than loading software onto a PC hard drive or RAM.
Upgrade Procedure
104
To load a new firmware file (filename.ipk) into the transceiver, use the
following procedure:
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1. Launch a TFTP server on a PC connected either directly or via a
LAN to the Ethernet port (LAN) of the radio. Point the server
towards the directory containing the firmware image file.
2. Connect to the Management System by whichever means is convenient: Browser or Telnet via the LAN, or Terminal emulator via the
COM1 port.
3. Go to the MS Reprogramming Menu.
(Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Reprogramming Menu)
4. Fill in the information for the:
•
TFTP Host Address—IP
Address of server (host computer) running TFTP server.
• Retrieve File—Name of file (filename.ipk) to be pulled from the
TFTP server holding the firmware file.
5. Pull the firmware file through the TFTP server into the transceiver.
(Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Reprogramming Menu>>Retrieve File)
Status messages on the transfer are posted on the Management System screen.
NOTE: The new firmware image file that replaces the “Inactive
Image” file will be automatically verified.
6. Reboot the transceiver.
Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Reprogramming Menu>>Reboot Device
NOTE: When upgrading to firmware 6.0.0 or later, the unit creates
internal files following the first reboot. This one-time process
delays the response of the HTTP interface for 5-10 minutes. If
DC power is cycled (turned off and back on) during this
process, the files will have to be created again. It is recommended that you wait until this 5-10 minute process is
complete before verifying operation of HTTP, HTTPS, or
SSH.
7. Test the transceiver for normal operation.
End of Procedure
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Error Messages During File Transfers
It is possible to encounter errors during a file transfer. In most cases
errors can be quickly corrected by referring to Table 3-6.
Table 3-6. Common Errors During TFTP Transfer
Error Message
Likely Cause/Corrective Action
Invalid File Type
Indicates that the file is not a valid firmware
file. Locate proper file and re-load.
File not found
Invalid or non-existent filename on TFTP
server
Invalid file path
Invalid or non-existent file path to TFTP server
Timeout
TFTP transfer time expired. Increase the
timeout value.
Flash Error
Flash memory error. Contact factory for
assistance.
Bad CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check reporting a
corrupted file. Attempt to re-load, or use a
different file.
Version String Mismatch
Invalid file detected. Attempt to re-load, or use
a different file.
Sending LCP Requests
The PPP server is querying for any clients that
may need to connect.
Port not Enabled
The serial port is disabled.
3.9.2 Configuration Scripts Menu
Figure 3-59. Configuration Files Menu
•
address of the computer on which the
TFTP server resides. [Any valid IP address]
• Filename—Name of file containing this unit’s configuration profile that will be transferred to the TFTP server. The configuration information will be in a plain-text ASCII format.
[Any 40-character alphanumeric string] May require sub-directory,
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for example: config\ess-config.txt. (See “Using Configuration
Scripts” on Page 107)
NOTE: The filename field is used in identifying the desired
incoming file and as the name of file being exported to the TFTP
server. Before exporting the unit’s configuration, you may want
to name it something that reflect the unit’s services or identification.
• TFTP Timeout—Time in seconds the TFTP server will wait for a
packet ACK (acknowledgment) from the transceiver before
suspending the file transfer. [10 to 120 seconds; 10]
• Retrieve File—Initiate the file transfer of the configuration file
from TFTP server into the transceiver.
• Send File—Initiate the file transfer from the transceiver’s current
configuration file to TFTP server.
NOTE: See “Upgrading the Firmware” on Page 102 for details on
setting up the TFTP server.
A Brief Description of Configuration Files
If you plan to have more than a few radios in your network, use the configuration file feature to configure similar units from a common set of
parameters. There are over 50 user-controllable settings that can be used
to optimize the network and saved into a Configuration File. However,
only four essential parameters need to be reviewed and altered to use the
file with another transceiver.
A Configuration File (data file) will make it easy to apply your unique
settings to any radio(s) you wish. Configuration files will also provide
you with a tool to restore parameters to a “known good” set, in the event
that a parameter is improperly set and performance is affected.
(See “Using Configuration Scripts” on Page 107 for detailed instructions and a sample configuration file.)
Using Configuration Scripts
Configuration Scripts can be created and downloaded from the transceiver that contain a wealth of information on the unit. This file can
serve many purposes, not the least of which is to keep a permanent
“snapshot” of the unit’s configuration at a point in time. These files can
also be used to view the setup of a unit without needing to connect to it.
Examining archival files can be a useful source of information during
troubleshooting.
In the next few sections you will learn about the contents of the file and,
how to use it as a template for configuring multiple transceivers with the
same profile. Ultimately, standardized files can be uploaded into the
transceiver to speed up the installation process.
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Configuration Files can also be uploaded into a transceiver to restore the
settings of a unit using a previously-saved configuration of the unit. This
is particularly convenient after finishing a test using some experimental
settings.
Sample of an Exported Configuration File
The following is a sample of a typical configuration file as produced by
a transceiver containing over 150 parameters; many of which are user
editable. The presentation has been slightly altered to allow notes to
appear below associated parameter lines. Some of the values used in the
calibration of the unit’s built-in test equipment have been deleted to
reduce space. This presentation is offered as a guide to the type of information contained in the file. See “Editing Configuration Files” on
Page 113 for further information.
NOTE: The parameter names and the data values from the Exported
Configuration File are shown in bolded text. Any description
will be found below in an indented paragraph. Descriptions for
parameters that are functionally identical to both COM1 &
COM2 are not repeated.
Beginning of Configuration File
; SIMREX DataMover ESS
; Created 00-03-2002 6:59:41
IP Address: 192.168.1.1
The IPv4 address of this unit. This field is unnecessary if DHCP is
enabled.
NOTE: Changing the IP value via the network will cause a loss of
communication with other devices unaware of the new
address.
IP Netmask: 255.255.255.0
The IPv4 local subnet mask. This field is unnecessary if DHCP is
enabled.
IP Gateway: 0.0.0.0
The IPv4 address of the network gateway device, typically a router.
This field is unnecessary if DHCP is enabled.
Ethernet Address: 00:06:3D:00:00:5D
The physical Ethernet MAC (Media Access Controller) address of
the device. This value is set by the factory and cannot be changed.
Wireless Address: 00:06:3D:00:00:5C
The physical wireless MAC (Media Access Controller) address of
the device. This value is set by the factory and cannot be changed.
Model Number: 900
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The model number of this unit. This value is set by the factory and
cannot be changed.
Serial Number: 1026295
The serial number of this unit. This value is set by the factory and
cannot be changed.
Unit Name: Library Admin Office
A name for this unit. It appears at the top of every menu screen.
Owner: Hilltop College IT
The name of the owner of this unit.
Contact: IT Dept. X232
The contact person regarding this unit.
Description: Link to Campus Server
A brief general description of this unit.
Location: Hollister Bldg. RM450
The location of this unit.
Com1 Port Config: 8N1
Configuration of character size, type of parity, and number of stop
bits to be used.
Com2 Port Config: 8N1
Configuration of character size, type of parity, and number of stop
bits to be used
Max Remotes Allowed: 50
The maximum number of remotes allowed to connect to this
Access Point.
Device Mode: Access Point
Configures the unit to act as a Remote or an Access Point. The
Access Point option is not allowed unless the unit is specifically
ordered as such, or an Authorization Key has been purchased to
allow it.
Dwell Time: 32.8
The amount of time the unit spends at any given frequency in its
hopping pattern. This field is only changeable by an Access Point.
Remotes read the Masters value upon association.
Hop Pattern: 1
RSSH Calibration: 235
RSSL Calibration: 190
Freq Calibration: 8402
Network Name: West Campus Net
The name of the network this unit belongs to. The unit will only
communicate with devices having identical Network Names.
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Date Format: Generic
Specifies the format of the date.
• Generic = dd Mmm yyyy
• European = dd-mm-yyyy
• US = mm-dd-yyyy
Console Baud: 19200
The baud rate of the serial menu console. Default value is
19200 bps.
Company Name: SIMREX
Version Name: 06-1234567
Product Name: DataMover ESS
Beacon Period: Normal
The amount of time in milliseconds between beacon transmissions
by the AP.
Data Rate: 512 kbps
The selected over-the-air data rate. A lower data rate generally
allows more distance between the unit and its Access Point.
RF Output Power Setpoint: 30
The desired amount of RF output power, measured in dBm.
Power Cal Table DAC1: 98
21 additional values follow; do not alter
Active Boot Image: 0
Tx Coefficient1: 0
31 additional values follow; do not alter
Rx Coefficient1: 0
14 additional values follow; do not alter
Skipped Hop Zone1: Active
Skipped Hop Zone2: Skip
Skipped Hop Zone3: Active
Skipped Hop Zone4: Active
Skipped Hop Zone5: Active
Skipped Hop Zone6: Active
Skipped Hop Zone7: Active
Skipped Hop Zone8: Active
Skipped Hop Zone9: Active
Skipped Hop Zone10: Active
Firmware TFTP Host IP: 63.249.227.105
Address of the TFTP Host from which firmware images are downloaded
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Firmware TFTP Filename: inet-4_4_0.ipk
Eventlog TFTP Host IP: 192.168.1.3
Address of TFTP Host to which to send the event log
Eventlog TFTP Filename:
Config Script TFTP Host IP: 192.168.1.33
Address of TFTP Host to which to send the event log
Config Script TFTP Filename: inet_config.txt
Fragmentation Threshold: 1600
Maximum packet size allowed before fragmentation occurs
RTS Threshold: 500
Number of bytes for the RTS/CTS handshake boundary
RSSI Threshold: 0
RSSI value at that the connection is deemed “degraded”
SNR Threshold: 0
SNR value at that the connection is deemed “degraded”
SNMP Read Community: public
Community string for read access using SNMPv1
SNMP Write Community: private
Community string for write access using SNMPv1
SNMP Trap Community: public
Community string sent with traps using SNMPv1
SNMP Trap Manager #1: 0.0.0.0
IP Address of a SNMP manager to which traps will be sent
SNMP Trap Manager #2: 0.0.0.0
SNMP Trap Manager #3: 0.0.0.0
SNMP Trap Manager #4: 0.0.0.0
SNMP Trap Manager #5: 0.0.0.0
Auth trap enable: disabled
Setting to enable SNMP authentication traps
Trap Version: v1 Traps
Selects which SNMP trap format
Package 1 Version: 1.1.0
Indicates the version of firmware in Image 1
Package 2 Version: 1.1.0
TFTP Timeout: 20
Com1 Serial Data Enable: disabled
Setting to enable COM1 data mode
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Com1 Serial Data Mode: UDP
IP Protocol for COM1 data mode
Com1 Serial Data Baud Rate: 9600
Baud rate for COM1 data mode
Com1 Serial Data Tx IP Address: 0.0.0.0
COM1 data will be sent to this IP address
Com1 Serial Data Tx IP Port: 0
COM1 data will be sent to this IP port
Com1 Serial Data Rx IP Port: 0
COM1 data will be received on this IP port
Com2 Serial Data Enable: enabled
Com2 Serial Data Mode: UDP
Com2 Serial Data Baud Rate: 9600
Com2 Serial Data Tx IP Address: 169.254.10.2
Com2 Serial Data Tx IP Port: 0
Com2 Serial Data Rx IP Port: 0
Com1 Serial Data Rx IP Address: 0.0.0.0
COM1 data will be received on this IP address
Com2 Serial Data Rx IP Address: 169.254.0.2
Com2 Serial Data Flow Control: disabled
Enables hardware flow control (RTS/CTS) in COM2 data mode
SNTP Server IP: 0.0.0.0
The IPv4 address of NTP/SNTP Time Server
Com1 Serial Data Seamless Mode: enabled
Setting to enable seamless mode for COM1 data mode
Com2 Serial Data Seamless Mode: enabled
Com1 Serial Data Delimiter Chars: 4
Minimum number of characters which will be considered a gap in
seamless mode for COM1
Com2 Serial Data Delimiter Chars: 4
Com1 Serial Data Buffer Size: 20
Number of output characters which will be buffered in seamless
mode for COM1
Com2 Serial Data Buffer Size: 20
RF Frequency Hopping Format: USA/CANADA
(Read Only) The frequency-hopping rules the radio is configured to
operate under
SNMP Enable: disabled
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Enable/Disable SNMP Agent
Hop Protocol: 1
Frequency hopping protocol version
DHCP Server Enable: disabled
Enable/Disable DHCP Server Daemon
DHCP Netmask: 255.255.255.0
The IP Address to be used as the DHCP Netmask
DHCP Start Address: 192.168.0.11
The IP Address to be used as the starting address
DHCP End Address: 192.168.0.22
The IP Address to be used as the ending address
Approved Remotes List Enable: disabled
Setting to enable the Approved Remotes List
Encryption Enable: disabled
Setting to enable over-the-air data encryption
HTTP Enable: enabled
Setting to enable the HTTP interface
Telnet Enable: enabled
Setting to enable the Telnet interface
HTTP MD5 Authentication: disabled
Setting to enable MD5 Digest Authentication
Automatic Key Rotation: disabled
Setting to enable Automatic Key Rotation
Approved APs List Enable: disabled
Setting to enable the Approved Access Points List
Watch-Link-Status Flag @ AP: disabled
A flag that controls whether the Remotes care about the AP's Ethernet Link Status
Network Name Hash Enable: disabled
A flag that controls whether MD5 hashing is applied to the network
name
End of Configuration File
Editing Configuration Files
Once a Remote unit’s operation is fine-tuned, use the Configuration
Scripts Menu on Page 106 to save a copy of the configuration in a PC.
Once the file is saved in the PC it can be used as a source to generate
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modified copies adjusted to match other devices. The configuration files
can be modified using a text editor or an automated process. (Not provided by SIMREX).
We recommend that you review and update the following parameters for
each individual unit. Other parameters may also be changed.
Table 3-7. Common User-Alterable Parameters
Field
Comment
Range
IP Address
Unique for each individual radio
Any legal IP address
IP Gateway
May change for different groups or
locations
Any legal IP address
Unit Name
Should reflect a specific device.
Any 20-character
alphanumeric string
This information will appear in
Management System headings
Location
Used only as reference for network
administration
Any 40-character
alphanumeric string
System Mode
The application of the parameter in
this field is dependent on the
authorized options stored in the
unit’s permanent memory.
“Access Point”
The mode must be compatible with
any previously installed
Authorization Keys.
“Ethernet Remote”
Used to identify different groups or
locations
Any 15-character
alphanumeric string
Network Name
“Dual Remote”
“Serial Remote”
NOTE: These are
case-sensitive.
Each resulting file should be saved with a different name. We recommend using directories and file names that reflect the location of the unit
to facilitate its identification.
Editing Rules
• You may include only parameters you want to change.
• Change only the parameter values.
• Capitalization counts in some field parameters.
(Example: System Mode)
• Comment Fields
a. Edit, or delete anything on each line to the right of the
comment delineator, the semicolon (;).
b. Comments can be of any length, but must be on the same
line as the parameter, or on a new line that begins with a
semicolon character.
c. Comments after parameters in files exported from a transceiver do not need to be present in your customized files.
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3.9.3 Authorization Keys Menu
Figure 3-60. Authorization Key Menu
•
Authorization Key—Initiate the entering of an Authorization Key
•
Authorized Features—List of authorized features available for use
[enabled, disabled].
into the transceiver’s non-volatile memory.
DataMover ESS-II radios will show an additional selection
called Encryption under Authorized Features.
3.9.4 Auto-Upgrade/Remote-Reboot Menu
NOTE: This menu is only available when SIMREX D-View NMS key
is enabled.
Invisible place holder
Figure 3-61. Auto-Upgrade / Remote Reboot Menu
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•
Auto Upgrade—Causes
all of the Remotes associated to this AP
to read the AP’s newest firmware version (active or inactive)
and upload it via TFTP to the inactive image, but only if it is
newer than the Remote’s current firmware.
• Reboot on Upgrade—Determines how a Remote will behave once
it has uploaded new firmware from the AP as part of an
auto-upgrade. When enabled, the Remote will reboot to the new
firmware.
• Force Reboot—Causes all of the Remotes associated to this AP
to reboot immediately. They will reboot to their current active
image—the same as if the power were re-cycled.
NOTE: To use the Auto Upgrade/Reboot feature, both the AP and
Remotes must already be running version 4.4.0 or newer firmware.
Exception: If the AP has already been upgraded to version 4.4.0
and the Remote is still at 3.5.0 or older, you can upgrade the
Remote by using the AP as a file server. This method allows for
only one remote to be upgraded at a time. Instructions for this
method are given below.
Firmware Upgrade (with AP Acting as a File Server)
An AP running firmware version 4.4.0 (or newer) may be used as a file
server to upgrade Remotes running older firmware (3.5.0 or earlier).
Follow the steps below to perform the upgrade:
1. At the Reprogramming Menu (Page 102), Enter the AP’s IP Address
in the TFTP Server field.
2. Enter upgrade_from_ap.ipk in the Filename field.
NOTE: The filename is case sensitive.
3. Perform the firmware download.
3.9.5 Radio Test Menu
This area provides several useful tools for installers and maintainers.
You can manually key the radio transmitter to make measurements of
antenna performance. (See “Antenna Aiming” on Page 134 for details.)
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Figure 3-62. Radio Test Menu
Shown with Test Mode set to ON
NOTE : Use of the Test Mode will disrupt traffic through the radio. If
the unit is an Access Point, it will disrupt traffic through the
entire network.
Test Mode function is automatically limited to 10 minutes and
should only be used for brief measurement of transmit power.
It may also be manually reset to continue with the testing or
turned off.
•
•
•
•
•
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
Test Mode—Controls access to the transceiver’s suite of tools.
[ON, OFF; OFF]
Frequency—Set radio operating frequency during the testing
period to a single frequency. [915.0000 MHz]
TX Output Power—Temporarily overrides the power level setting in the Radio Configuration Menu. [20]
TxKey—Manually key the radio transmitter for power measurements. [Enable, Disable; Disable]
RSSI—Incoming received signal strength on frequency
entered in the frequency parameter on this screen (–dBm).
This RSSI measurement is updated more frequently than the
RSSI by Zone display of the Performance Information menu.
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3.9.6 Ping Utility Menu
Figure 3-63. Ping Utility Menu
•
•
•
•
IP Addr—Address
to send a PING. [Any valid IP address]
Count—Number of PING packets to be sent.
Packet Size—Size of each PING data packet (bytes).
Go—Send PING packets to address shown on screen.
Screen will be replaced with detailed report of PING activity.
Press any key after viewing the results to return to this menu.
3.9.7 Reset to Factory Defaults
To reset all transceiver parameters back to the factory defaults,
including the password, you must enter a special code (authorization
key) provided by the factory in place of the user name at the time of
login.
This procedure is useful when several parameters have been modified,
and there is no track of changes. It causes the transceiver to return to a
known state.
Password Reset
As part of the reset action the transceiver’s password is reverted to the
default value of admin. As a security measure, this event causes all radio
parameters to return to the factory default settings, including zone skipping (as applicable), baud rate settings, network name, security phrase,
etc.
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TROUBLESHOOTING &
RADIO MEASUREMENTS
4 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
Contents
4.1 TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................ 121
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
Interpreting the Front Panel LEDs ............................................ 121
Troubleshooting Using the Embedded Management System .. 122
Using Logged Operation Events .............................................. 126
Alarm Conditions ...................................................................... 126
Correcting Alarm Conditions .................................................... 128
Logged Events ......................................................................... 129
4.2 RADIO (RF) MEASUREMENTS.............................................. 131
4.2.1 Antenna System SWR and Transmitter Power Output ............ 132
4.2.2 Antenna Aiming ........................................................................ 133
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4.1
TROUBLESHOOTING
Successful troubleshooting of a wireless system is not difficult, but
requires a logical approach. It is best to begin troubleshooting at the
Access Point unit, as the rest of the system depends on the Access Point
for synchronization data. If the Access Point has problems, the operation
of the entire wireless network will be affected.
When communication problems are found, it is good practice to begin
by checking the simple things. Applying basic troubleshooting techniques in a logical progression can identify many problems.
Multiple
Communication
Layers
It is important to remember the operation of the network is built upon a
radio communications link. On top of that are two data levels— wireless
MAC, and the data layer. It is essential that the wireless aspect of the
Access Point and the Remotes units to be associated are operating properly before data-layer traffic will function.
Unit Configuration
There are over 50 user-configurable parameters in the Management
System. Do not overlook the possibility that human error may be the
cause of the problem. With so many possible parameters to look at and
change, a parameter may be incorrectly set, and then what was changed
is forgotten.
To help avoid these problems, we recommend creating an archive of the
transceiver’s profile when your installation is complete in a Configuration File. This file can be reloaded into the transceiver to restore the unit
to the factory defaults or your unique profile. For details on creating and
archiving Configuration Files, see “Using Configuration Scripts” on
Page 107.
Factory Assistance
If problems cannot be resolved using the guidance provided here, review
the SIMREX web site’s technical support area for recent software/firmware updates, general troubleshooting help, and service information.
Additional help is available through our Technical Support Department.
(See “TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE” on the inside of the rear cover.)
4.1.1 Interpreting the Front Panel LEDs
An important set of troubleshooting tools are the LED status indicators
on the front panel of case. You should check them first whenever a
problem is suspected. Table 2-2 on Page 25 describes the function of
each status LED. Table 4-1 below provides suggestions for resolving
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common system difficulties using the LEDs, and Table 4-2 provides
other simple techniques.
Table 4-1. Troubleshooting Using LEDs—Symptom-Based
Symptom
Problem/Recommended System Checks
PWR LED does not
turn on
a. Voltage too low—Check for the proper supply voltage at
the power connector. (10–30 Vdc)
b. Indefinite Problem—Cycle the power and wait
(≈ 30 seconds) for the unit to reboot. Then, recheck for
normal operation.
LINK LED does not
turn on
a. Network Name of Remote not identical to desired Access
Point—Verify that the system has a unique Network Name.
b. Not yet associated with an Access Point with the same
Network Name.
Check the “Status” of the unit’s process of associating with
the Access Point. Use the Management System.
c. Poor Antenna System—Check the antenna, feedline and
connectors. Reflected power should be less than 10% of
the forward power reading (SWR 2:1 or lower).
PWR LED is
blinking
a. Blinking indicates an alarm condition exists.
b. View Current Alarms and Event Log and correct the
problem if possible.
(See “Using Logged Operation Events” on Page 127)
c. Blinking will continue until the source of the alarm is
corrected, for example, a valid IP address is entered, etc.
LAN LED does not
turn on
a. Verify the Ethernet cable is connect at both ends.
LAN LED lights, but
turns off after some
time
Verify traffic in LAN. Typically, the radio should not be placed
in high traffic enterprise LANs, as the it will not be able to pass
this level of traffic. If needed, use routers to filter traffic.
b. Verify that the appropriate type of Ethernet cable is used:
straight-through, or crossover.
4.1.2 Troubleshooting Using the Embedded
Management System
If you have reviewed and tried the things mentioned in Table 4-1 and
still have not resolved the problem, there are some additional tools and
techniques that can be used. The embedded Management System is a
good source of information that may be used remotely to provide preliminary diagnostic information, or may even provide a path to correcting the problem.
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Table 4-2. Basic Troubleshooting Using the Management System
Symptom
Problem/Recommended System Checks
Remote does not
associate; stays in
HOPSYNC
a. Verify the AP has sufficiently large number in the “Max
Remotes” parameter of the Network Configuration Menu.
b. Verify the correct MAC address is listed in the “Approved
Remotes List” or “Approved Access Points List” of the
Security Configuration menu.
Serial data is slow
with UDP multicast
traffic
Change Beacon Period to FAST.
(Radio Configuration Menu)
Cannot access the
MS through COM1
a. Connect to unit via Telnet or Web browser
b. Disable the serial mode for COM1
(Serial Gateway Configuration>>Com1 Serial Data
Port>>Status>>Disabled)
or, if you know the unit’s data configuration:
a. Connect to COM 1 via a terminal set to VT100 and the
port’s data baud rate.
b. Type +++
c. Change the terminal’s baud rate to match the transceiver’s
Console Baud Rate.
d. Type +++
Display on
terminal/Telnet
screen garbled
Verify the terminal/terminal emulator or Telnet application is
set to VT100
Cannot pass IP
data to WAN.
a. Verify your IP settings.
b. Use the PING command to test communication with the
transceivers in the local radio system.
c. If successful with local PING, attempt to PING an IP unit
attached to a transceiver.
d. If successful with the LAN PINGs, try connecting to a
known unit in the WAN.
Wireless Retries
too high.
Possible Radio Frequency Interference—
a. If omnidirectional antennas are used, consider changing to
directional antennas. This will often limit interference to
and from other stations.
b. Try skipping some zones where persistent interference is
known or suspected.
c. The installation of a filter in the antenna feedline may be
necessary. Consult the factory for further assistance.
Password
forgotten.
a. Connect to the transceiver using a terminal through the
COM1 Port.
b. Obtain a password-resetting Authorization Key from your
factory representative.
c. Enter the Authorization Key at the login prompt as a
password.
Packet Repeat
Mode troubles
(extra characters in
data, data not
delivered)
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Verify that all radios in the network have their Packet
Redundancy Mode set to the same selection (Single Packet
vs. Packet Repeat Mode).
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The following is a summary of how several screens in the Management
System can be used as diagnostic tools. For information on how to connect to the Management System See “STEP 3—CONNECT PC TO THE
TRANSCEIVER” on Page 22.
Starting Information Screen
(See Starting Information Screen on Page 38)
The Management System’s “homepage” provides some valuable bits of
data. One of the most important is the “Device Status” field. This item
will tell you if the unit is showing signs of life.
If the Device Status field says “associated,” then look in the network
areas beginning with network data statistics. If it displays some other
message, such as Scanning, Hop Sync or Alarmed, you will need to
determine why it is in this state.
The Scanning state indicates a Remote unit is looking for an Access
Point beacon signal to lock onto. It should move to the Hop Sync and
finally to the Associated state within less than a minute. If this Remote
unit is not providing reliable service, look at the Event Logs for signs of
lost association with the Access Point or low signal alarms. Table 4-3
provides a description of the Device Status messages.
Table 4-3. Device Status1
Scanning
The unit is looking for an Access Point beacon signal. If
this is a Remote radio, Associated means that this unit is
associated with an Access Point
Hop Sync
The unit has found a valid beacon signal for its network
and has changed its frequency hopping pattern to match
that of the AP.
Connected
The unit has established a radio (RF) connection with the
Access Point, but has not obtained cyber-security
clearance to pass data.
Associated
This unit has successfully synchronized and is
“associated” with an Access Point. This is the normal
operating state.
Alarmed
The unit is has detected one or more alarms that have not
been cleared.
1. Available in the Startup Information Screen or the Wireless Status Screen at
the Remotes.
If the Remote is in an “Alarmed” state, the unit may still be operational
and associated. Look for the association state in the Wireless Network
Status screen to determine if the unit is associated. If it is, then look at
the Error Log for possible clues.
If the unit is in an “Alarmed” state and not able to associate with an
Access Point unit, then there may be problem with the wireless network
layer. Call in a radio technician to deal with wireless issues. Refer the
technician to the RADIO (RF) MEASUREMENTS on Page 132 for information on antenna system checks.
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Packet Statistics Menu
(See Packet Statistics Menu on Page 90)
This screen provides detailed information on data exchanges between
the unit being viewed and the network through the wireless and the
Ethernet (data) layers. These include:
Wireless Packet Statistics
• Packets received
• Packets dropped
• Packets sent
• Receive errors
• Bytes received
• Retries
• Bytes sent
• Retry errors
Ethernet Packet Statistics
• Packets received
• Packets dropped
• Packets sent
• Receive errors
• Bytes received
• Retries
• Bytes sent
• Retry errors
• Lost carrier detected
The most significant fields are the Packets Dropped, Retries, Retry
Errors, Receive Errors and Lost Carrier Detected. If the data values are
more than 10% of their sent and received counterparts, or the Lost Carrier Detected value is greater than a few dozen, there may be trouble
with radio-frequency interference or a radio link of marginal strength.
Review the RSSI by Zone Screen’s values (Page 86) for zones that are
more than 2 dB (decibels) below the average level, and for signal level
values that are likely to provide marginal service. For example, an
average level is less than –85 dBm during normal conditions with a data
rate of 256 kbps.
If the RSSI levels in each zone are within a few dB of each other, but
less than –85 dBm, then a check should be made of the aiming of the
antenna system and for a satisfactory SWR. Refer to RADIO (RF) MEASUREMENTS on Page 132 for information on antenna system checks.
NOTE: For a data rate of 512 kbps (1 Mbps for ESS-II), the average
signal level should be –77 dBm or stronger with no interference.
Serial Port Statistics Menu
(See Serial Data Statistics Menu on Page 96)
This screen provides top-level information on data exchanges between
the unit’s serial ports and the network through the wireless and the
Ethernet (data) layers. These include:
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• Bytes In On Port xxx
• Bytes In On Socket xxx
• Bytes Out On Port xxx
• Bytes Out On Socket xxx
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You can use this screen as a indicator of port activity at the data and IP
levels.
Diagnostic Tools
(See MAINTENANCE on Page 100)
The radio’s Maintenance menu contains two tools that are especially
useful to network technicians—the Radio Test Menu and the Ping
Utility. The Radio Test selection allows for testing RF operation, while
the Ping Utility can be used to verify reachability to pieces of equipment
connected to the radio network. This includes transceivers and user-supplied Ethernet devices.
4.1.3 Using Logged Operation Events
(See Event Log Menu on Page 87)
The transceiver’s microprocessor monitors many operational parameters and logs them as various classes of “events”. If the event is one that
affects performance, it is an “alarmed”. There are also normal or routine
events such as those marking the rebooting of the system, implementation of parameter changes and external access to the Management
System. Informational events are stored in temporary (RAM) memory
that will be lost in the absence of primary power, and Alarms will be
stored in permanent memory (Flash memory) until cleared by user
request. Table 3-5 summarizes these classifications.
Table 4-4. Event Classifications
Level
Description/Impact
Storage
Informational
Normal operating activities
Flash
Memory
Minor
Does not affect unit operation
RAM
Major
Degraded unit performance but
still capable of operation
RAM
Critical
Prevents the unit from operating
RAM
These various events are stored in the transceiver’s “Event Log” and can
be a valuable aid in troubleshooting unit problems or detecting attempts
at breaching network security.
4.1.4 Alarm Conditions
(See View Current Alarms on Page 89)
Most events, classified as “critical” will make the PWR LED blink, and
will inhibit normal operation of the transceiver. The LED blinks until
the corrective action is completed.
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Table 4-5. Alarm Conditions (Alphabetical Order)
Alarm Condition Reported
Event Log Entry
SNMP Trap
EVENT_50_LIMIT
Crossed 50% of Eth
Port Rate Limit
rateLimit50(20)
EVENT_75_LIMIT
Crossed 75% of Eth
Port Rate Limit
rateLimit75(21)
EVENT_100_LIMIT
Crossed 100% of Eth
Port Rate Limit
rateLimit100(22)
EVENT_ADC
ADC output Railed
adcInput(3)
EVENT_AP_NN_CHANGED
Network Name changed
at the AP
apNetNameChanged(74)
EVENT_BRIDGE
Network Interface /Error
networkInterface(17)
EVENT_NO_CHAN_CNT
Mismatch in Channel
count at AP/REM
ChanCnt(71)
EVENT_NO_CHAN
Using Channel hopping
but no channels
selected
NoChan(23)
EVENT_COMPRESS
Compression setting
changed
compressionChanged(76)
EVENT_ENDPOINT
Endpoint
Added/Removed (AP
only)
eventEndpoint(67)
EVENT_ETH_LINK_AP*
AP Ethernet Link
Disconnected
apEthLinkLost(19)
EVENT_FLASH_TEST
Flash Test Failed
EVENT_FPGA
FPGA communication
Failed
fpgaCommunication(2)
EVENT_FREQ_CAL
Frequency Not
Calibrated
frequencyCal(7)
EVENT_INIT_ERR
Initialization Error
initializationError(18)
EVENT_IPADDR*
IP Address Invalid
ipAddressNotSet(4)
EVENT_IP_CONN(OK)
EVENT_IPMASK*
ipConnectivityOK(75)
IP Mask Invalid
ipNetmaskNotSet(5)
EVENT_LAN_PORT
128
lanPortStatus(78)
EVENT_MAC
MAC communication
Failed
macCommunication(1)
EVENT_MACADDR
MAC Address Invalid
noMacAddress(6)
EVENT_NETNAME*
Netname Invalid
invalidNetname(12)
EVENT_PLL_LOCK
PLL Not locked
pllLock(10)
EVENT_POWER_CAL
Power Calibrated/Not
Calibrated
powerCal(8)
EVENT_POWER_HIGH
RF Power Control
Saturated High
rfPowerHigh(13)
EVENT_POWER_LOW
RF Power Control
Saturated Low
rfPowerLow(14)
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Table 4-5. Alarm Conditions (Alphabetical Order) (Continued)
Alarm Condition Reported
Event Log Entry
SNMP Trap
EVENT_REMOTE
Remote Added/
Removed (AP only)
eventRemote(66)
EVENT_REPETITIVE
The previous event is
occurring repetitively
EVENT_ROUTE_ADD
Manual entry added to
Routing table
routeAdded(68)
EVENT_ROUTE_DEL
Manual entry deleted
from Routing table
routeDeleted(69)
EVENT_RSSI*
RSSI Exceeds
threshold
rssi(11)
EVENT_RSSI_CAL
RSSI Not Calibrated
rssiCal(9)
EVENT_SDB_ERR
Internal
Remote/Endpoint
database error (AP
only)
sdbError(80)
EVENT_SINREM_SWITCH
Eth/Serial mode switch
in a Single Remote
sinRemSwitch(70)
EVENT_SYSTEM_ERROR*
System Error Cleared;
Please Reboot
systemError(16)
EVENT_TFTP_CONN
TFTP connectivity
achieved
tftpConnection(73)
EVENT_TFTP_ERR
Attempted TFTP
connection failed
tftpConnFailed(79)
* Condition may be corrected by user and alarm cleared.
4.1.5 Correcting Alarm Conditions
(See View Event Log on Page 90)
Table 4-6 provides insight on the causes of events that inhibit the unit
from operating, and possible corrective actions. The Event Description
column appears on the Event Log screen.
Table 4-6. Correcting Alarm Conditions—Alphabetical Order
Event Log Entry
Generating Condition
Clearing Condition
or Action
ADC Failure
The ADC always reads the
same value (either high or
low limit)
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
AP Ethernet Link
Monitor will check state of
Ethernet link and set alarm if
it finds the link down
Ethernet link is re-established
Bridge Down
When the Bridge fails to be
initialized
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
Flash Test Failed
Internal check indicates
corruption of Flash memory
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
FPGA Failure
Communication lost to the
FPGA
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
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Table 4-6. Correcting Alarm Conditions—Alphabetical Order
Event Log Entry
Generating Condition
Clearing Condition
or Action
General System
Error
Internal checks suggest unit
is not functioning properly
Reboot the transceiver
Initialization Error
Unit fails to complete boot
cycle
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
Invalid IP Address
The IP address is either
0.0.0.0 or 127.0.0.1
Program IP address to
something other than 0.0.0.0
or 127.0.0.1
MAC Failure
The monitor task reads the
LinkStatus from the MAC
every second. If the MAC
does not reply 10
consecutive times
(regardless of what the result
is) the CPU assumes the
transceiver has lost
communication to the MAC.
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
Network Interface
Error
Unit does not recognize the
LAN interface
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
Network Name Not
Programmed
Network name is “Not
Programmed”
Change Network Name to
something other than “Not
Programmed”
PLL Out-of-Lock
The FPGA reports a
synthesizer out-of-lock
condition when monitored by
the CPU.
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance.
Power Control
Railed High
Power control can no longer
compensate and reaches the
high rail
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
Power Control
Railed Low
Power control can no longer
compensate and reaches the
low rail
Contact factory Technical
Services for assistance
RSSI Exceeds
Threshold
The running-average RSSI
level is weaker (more
negative) than the
user-defined value.
Check aiming of the
directional antenna used at
the Remote; or raise the
threshold level to a stronger
(less-negative) value.
4.1.6 Logged Events
(See View Event Log on Page 90)
The following events allow the transceiver to continue operation and do
not make the PWR LED blink. Each is reported through an SNMP trap.
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The left hand column, “Event Log Entry” is what will be shown in the
Event Log.
Table 4-7. Non-Critical Events—Alphabetical Order
Event Log Entry
Severity
Description
Association Attempt
Success/Failed
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Association Lost - AP Hop
Parameter Changed
MINOR
Self explanatory
Association Lost - AP's
Ethernet Link Down
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Association Lost - Local IP
Address Changed
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Association Lost - Local
Network Name Changed
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Association Lost/Established
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Auth Demo Mode Expired -Rebooted Radio/Enabled
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Auth Key Entered - Key
Valid/Key Invalid
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Bit Error Rate Below
threshold/Above threshold
INFORM
Self explanatory
Console Access Locked for
5 Min
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Console User Logged
Out/Logged In
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Country/SkipZone Mismatch
INFORM
Self explanatory
Current AP No Longer
Approved
MAJOR
May occur during the Scanning
process at a remote. Indicates that
the received beacon came from an
AP which is not in the “Approved
AP” list. This may be caused by
some remotes hearing multiple
AP's. This event is expected
behavior.
A decryption error is logged when
an encryption phrase mismatch
has occurred. A mismatch is
declared after five consecutive
errors over a 40-second window.
When the error has cleared,
DECRYPT OK will appear.
Decryption Error/Decryption
OK
Desired AP IP Addr Mismatch
INFORM
ETH Rate
Self explanatory
Indicates heavy bursts of traffic on
the unit's Ethernet port (LAN). This
is expected behavior, resulting
from the network configuration.
Ethernet Port
Enabled/Disabled
INFORM
Self explanatory
Expected Sync
Lost/Established
INFORM
Self explanatory
Hop Sync Lost/Established
INFORM
Self explanatory
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Table 4-7. Non-Critical Events—Alphabetical Order (Continued)
Event Log Entry
Severity
Description
Hop Table
Generated/Generation Failed
INFORM
Self explanatory
HTTP Access Locked for 5 Min
MAJOR
Self explanatory
HTTP User Logged
Out/Logged In
MAJOR
httpLogin(49)
Log Cleared
INFORM
Self explanatory
MAC Param Changed
Caused by remotes running in auto
data rate mode. Every time the link
conditions cause a data rate
change, the remote’s MAC
changes to the new rate and
forwards a signal to the AP. This
indicates link quality is changing
and causing the data rate to adjust
accordingly.
Max Beacon Wait Time
Exceeded
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Received Beacon - AP is
Blacklisted
INFORM
Self explanatory
Received Beacon - Netname
Does Not Match
INFORM
Self explanatory
Received Beacon Valid/Errored
INFORM
Self explanatory
Rem Ethernet Link
Connected/Disconnected
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Reprogramming Complete
INFORM
Self explanatory
Reprogramming Failed
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Reprogramming Started
INFORM
Self explanatory
Scanning Started
INFORM
Self explanatory
SNR Within threshold/Below
threshold
INFORM
Self explanatory
System Bootup (power on)
INFORM
Self explanatory
Telnet Access Locked for
5 Min
MAJOR
Self explanatory
Telnet User Logged
Out/Logged In
MAJOR
Self explanatory
User Selected Reboot
MAJOR
Self explanatory
4.2
RADIO (RF) MEASUREMENTS
There are several measurements that are a good practice to perform
during the initial installation. The will confirm proper operation of the
unit and if they are recorded, serve as a benchmark in troubleshooting
should difficulties appear in the future. These measurements are:
• Transmitter Power Output
• Antenna System SWR (Standing-Wave Ratio)
• Antenna Direction Optimization
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These procedures may interrupt traffic through an established network
and should only be performed by a skilled radio-technician in cooperation with the network manager.
4.2.1 Antenna System SWR and Transmitter Power
Output
Introduction
A proper impedance match between the transceiver and the antenna
system is important. It ensures the maximum signal transfer between the
radio and antenna. The impedance match can be checked indirectly by
measuring the SWR (standing-wave ratio) of the antenna system. If the
results are normal, record them for comparison for use during future
routine preventative maintenance. Abnormal readings indicate a possible trouble with the antenna or the transmission line that will need to
be corrected.
The SWR of the antenna system should be checked before the radio is
put into regular service. For accurate readings, a wattmeter suited to
1000 MHz measurements is required. One unit meeting this criteria is
the Bird Model 43™ directional wattmeter with a 5J element installed.
The reflected power should be less than 10% of the forward power
(≈2:1 SWR). Higher readings usually indicate problems with the
antenna, feedline or coaxial connectors.
If the reflected power is more than 10%, check the feedline, antenna and
its connectors for damage.
Record the current transmitter power output level, and then set it to
30 dBm for the duration of the test to provide an adequate signal level
for the directional wattmeter.
Procedure
1. Place a directional wattmeter between the ANTENNA connector and
the antennas system.
2. Place the transceiver into the Radio Test Mode using the menu
sequence below:
(Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Radio Test>>Test Mode>>Y>>ON)
NOTE: The Test Mode has a 10-minute timer, after which it will return
the radio to normal operation. The Radio Test Mode can be
terminated manually by selecting OFF on the menu or temporarily disconnecting the radio’s DC power.
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3. Set the transmit power to 30 dBm. (This setting does not affect the
output level during normal operation—only during Test Mode.)
(Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Radio Test>>Test Mode>>Tx Power Output)
4. Key the transmitter.
(Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Radio Test>>Test Mode>>TxKey>>
Enable)
Use the PC’s spacebar to key and unkey the transmitter ON and
OFF. (Enable/Disable)
5. Measure the forward and reflected power into the antenna system
and calculate the SWR and power output level. The output should
agree with the programmed value.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>RF Power Output)
6. Turn off Radio Test Mode at the Access Point and Remote.
(Main Menu>>Maintenance Menu>>Radio Test>>Test Mode>>Disable)
End of procedure
4.2.2 Antenna Aiming
Introduction
The radio network integrity depends, in a large part, on stable radio
signal levels being received at each end of a data link. In general, signal
levels stronger than –77 dBm (–80 dBm for ESS-II) provides
the basis for reliable communication that includes a 15 dB fade margin.
As the distance between the Access Point and Remotes increases, the
influence of terrain, foliage and man-made obstructions become more
influential and the use of directional antennas at Remote locations
becomes necessary. Directional antennas usually require some
fine-tuning of their bearing to optimize the received signal strength. The
transceiver has a built-in received signal strength indicator (RSSI) that
can be used to tell you when the antenna is in a position that provides the
optimum received signal.
RSSI measurements and Wireless Packet Statistics are based on multiple samples over a period of several seconds. The average of these
measurements will be displayed by the Management System.
The measurement and antenna alignment process will usually take 10 or
more minutes at each radio unit.
The path to the Management System menu item is shown in bold text
below each step of the procedure.
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Procedure
1. Verify the Remote transceiver is associated with an Access Point
unit by observing the condition of the LINK LED (LINK LED = On or
Blinking). This indicates that you have an adequate signal level for
the measurements and it is safe to proceed.
2. View and record the Wireless Packets Dropped and Received Error
rates.
(Main Menu>>Performance Information>>Packet Statistics>>Wireless Packet
Statistics)
This information will be used later.
3. Clear the Wireless Packets Statistics history.
(Main Menu>>Performance Information>>Packet Statistics>>Wireless Packet
Statistics>>Clear Wireless Stats)\
4. Read the RSSI level at the Remote.
(Main Menu>>Performance Information>>RSSI by Zone)
5. Optimize RSSI (less negative is better) by slowly adjusting the
direction of the antenna.
Watch the RSSI indication for several seconds after making each
adjustment so that the RSSI accurately reflects any change in the
link signal strength.
6. View the Wireless Packets Dropped and Received Error rates at the
point of maximum RSSI level. They should be the same or lower
than the previous reading.
(Main Menu>>Performance Information>>Packet Statistics>>Wireless Packet
Statistics)
If the RSSI peak results in an increase in the Wireless Packets
Dropped and Received Error, the antenna may be aimed at an undesired signal source. Try a different antenna orientation.
End of procedure
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PLANNING A RADIO
NETWORK
5 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
Contents
5.1 INSTALLATION PLANNING ....................................................137
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
General Requirements .............................................................137
Site Selection ...........................................................................139
Terrain and Signal Strength ......................................................139
Antenna & Feedline Selection ..................................................140
How Much Output Power Can be Used? .................................143
Conducting a Site Survey .........................................................143
A Word About Radio Interference ............................................144
5.2 dBm-WATTS-VOLTS CONVERSION CHART.........................147
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5.1
INSTALLATION PLANNING
This section provides tips for selecting an appropriate site, choosing an
antenna system, and reducing the chance of harmful interference.
5.1.1 General Requirements
There are three main requirements for installing a transceiver—adequate and stable primary power, a good antenna system, and the correct
interface between the transceiver and the data device. Figure 5-1 shows
a typical Remote Gateway installation.
NOTE: The ESS network port supports 10BaseT connections, but does
not support 100BaseT connections. This should not present a
problem because most hubs/switches auto-switch between
10BaseT and 100BaseT connections. Confirm that your
hub/switch is capable of auto-switching data rates.
To prevent Ethernet traffic from degrading ESS performance,
place the ESS in a segment, or behind routers.
Invisible place holder
Figure 5-1. Typical Installation with a Tower-Mounted Antenna
(Connect user data equipment to any compatible LAN or COM Port)
Unit Dimensions
Figure 5-2 shows the dimensions of the transceiver case and its
mounting holes, and Figure 5-3 on Page 140, the dimensions for
mounting with factory-supplied brackets. If possible, choose a mounting
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4.5″ (11.43 cm)
location that provides easy access to the connectors on the end of the
radio and an unobstructed view of the LED status indicators.
TOP
6.75″ (17.15 cm)
2.5″ (6.35 cm)
FRONT
BOTTOM
THREADED
HOLES FOR
MOUNTING
SCREWS (4)
#6-32 X 1/4″ LONG
4.85″ (12.32 cm)
SIDE
Not to scale
4.25″ (10.8 cm)
1.4″ (3.56 cm)
4.75″ (12.0 cm)
Figure 5-2. Transceiver Dimensions
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Invisible place holder
Figure 5-3. Mounting Bracket Dimensions
5.1.2 Site Selection
Suitable sites should provide:
• Protection from direct weather exposure
• A source of adequate and stable primary power
• Suitable entrances for antenna, interface or other required
cabling
• Antenna location that provides as unobstructed a transmission
path as possible in the direction of the associated station(s)
These requirements can be quickly determined in most cases. A possible
exception is the last item—verifying that an unobstructed transmission
path exists. Radio signals travel primarily by line-of-sight, and obstructions between the sending and receiving stations will affect system performance. If you are not familiar with the effects of terrain and other
obstructions on radio transmission, the discussion below will provide
helpful background.
5.1.3 Terrain and Signal Strength
While the license-free 900 MHz band offers many advantages for data
transmission services, signal propagation is affected by attenuation from
obstructions such as terrain, foliage or buildings in the transmission
path.
A line-of-sight transmission path between the central transceiver and its
associated remote site(s) is highly desirable and provides the most reliable communications link.
Much depends on the minimum signal strength that can be tolerated in
a given system. Although the exact figure will differ from one system to
another, a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) of –77 dBm (–80
dBm for ESS-II) or stronger will provide acceptable performance in
many systems. While the equipment will work at lower-strength signals,
signals stronger than – 77 dBm provide a “fade margin” of 15 dB to
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account for variations in signal strength that may occur from
time-to-time. RSSI can be measured with a terminal connected to the
COM1 Port or with a HTTP browser to the LAN (Ethernet) connector.
(See “Antenna Aiming” on Page 134 for details.)
5.1.4 Antenna & Feedline Selection
NOTE: The transceiver is a Professional Installation radio system and
must be installed by trained professional installers, or factory
trained technicians.
This text that follows is designed to aid the professional
installer in the proper methods of maintaining compliance with
FCC Part 15 limits and the +36 dBm or 4 watts peak E.I.R.P
limit.
Antennas
The equipment can be used with a number of antennas. The exact style
used depends on the physical size and layout of a system. Contact your
factory representative for specific recommendations on antenna types
and hardware sources.
In general, an omnidirectional antenna (Figure 5-4) is used at the Access
Point station site. This provides equal coverage to all of the Remote
Gateway sites.
NOTE: Antenna polarization is important. If the wrong polarization is
used, a signal reduction of 20 dB or more will result. Most systems using a gain-type omnidirectional antenna at the Access
Point station employ vertical polarization of the signal; therefore, the remote antenna(s) must also be vertically polarized
(elements oriented perpendicular to the horizon).
When required, horizontally polarized omnidirectional
antennas are also available. Contact your factory representative
for details.
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Invisible place holder
High-gain Type
Unity-gain Type
Figure 5-4. Typical Omnidirectional Antennas
At Remote Gateway sites and units in point-to-point LANs, a directional
Yagi (Figure 5-5) antenna is generally recommended to minimize interference to and from other users. Antennas are available from a number
of manufacturers.
Invisible place holder
Figure 5-5. Typical Yagi Antenna (mounted to mast)
Feedlines
The choice of feedline used with the antenna should be carefully considered. Poor-quality coaxial cables should be avoided, as they will
degrade system performance for both transmission and reception. The
cable should be kept as short as possible to minimize signal loss.
For cable runs of less than 20 feet (6 meters), or for short range transmission, an inexpensive type such as Type RG-8A/U may be acceptable.
Otherwise, we recommend using a low-loss cable type suited for
900 MHz, such as Heliax®.
Table 5-1 lists several types of popular feedlines and indicates the signal
losses (in dB) that result when using various lengths of cable at
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900 MHz. The choice of cable will depend on the required length, cost
considerations, and the amount of signal loss that can be tolerated.
Table 5-1. Length vs. Loss in Coaxial Cables at 900 MHz
Cable Type
10 Feet
(3.05 m)
50 Feet
(15.24 m)
100 Feet
(30.48 m)
500 Feet
(152.4 m)
RG-214
.76 dB
3.8 dB
7.6 dB
Unacceptable
Loss
LMR-400
0.39 dB
1.95 dB
3.90 dB
Unacceptable
Loss
1/2 inch HELIAX
0.23 dB
1.15 dB
2.29 dB
11.45 dB
7/8 inch HELIAX
0.13 dB
0.64 dB
1.28 dB
6.40 dB
1-1/4 inch HELIAX
0.10 dB
0.48 dB
0.95 dB
4.75 dB
1-5/8 inch HELIAX
0.08 dB
0.40 dB
0.80 dB
4.00 dB
The tables below outline the minimum lengths of RG-214 coaxial cable
that must be used with common SIMREX omnidirectional antennas in
order to maintain compliance with FCC maximum limit of +36 dBi. If
other coaxial cable is used, the appropriate changes in loss figures must
be made.
NOTE: The authority to operate the transceiver in the USA may be void
if antennas other than those approved by the FCC are used.
Contact your SIMREX representative for additional antenna
information.
Table 5-2. Feedline Length vs. Antenna Gain*
(Required for Regulatory compliance)
Antenna
Gain (dBd)
Antenna
Gain (dBi)
Minimum Feedline
Length (Loss in dB)
EIRP Level @
Min. Length
Maxrad Antenna
Part No.
Unity (0 dB)
2.15 dBi
No minimum length
+32.15 dBm
Omni #MFB900
3 dBd
5.15 dBi
No minimum length
+35.15 dBm
Omni # MFB900
5 dBd
7.15 dBi
3.1 meters (1.2 dB)
+35.95 dBm
Omni # MFB900
6 dBd
8.15 dBi
9.1 meters (2.2 dB)
+35.95 dBm
Yagi # BMOY8903
10 dBd
12.15 dBi
24.7 meters (6.15 dB)
+35.25 dBm
Yagi # Z941
*Refer to Table 5-3 for allowable power settings of the transceiver for
each antenna type.
NOTE: There is no minimum feedline length required when a 6 dBi
gain or less antenna is used, as the EIRP will never exceed 36
dBm which is the maximum allowed, per FCC rules. The transceiver’s RF output power may only be adjusted by the manufacturer or its sub-contracted Professional Installer.
The DataMover ESS-II Transceiver is factory set to +29 dBm
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power output to maintain compliance with the FCC’s Digital
Transmission System (DTS) Part 15 rules. These rules limit
power to a maximum of 8 dBm/3 kHz, thus the ESS-II Transceiver is factory set to +29 dBm. When calculating maximum
transceiver power output for ESS-II installations, use +29 dBm
if antenna gain is 6 dBi or less. See How Much Output Power
Can be Used? on Page 144 for power control of higher gain
antennas.
5.1.5 How Much Output Power Can be Used?
The transceiver is normally supplied from the factory set for a nominal
+30 dBm (+29 dBm for ESS-II) RF power output setting; this is the
maximum transmitter output power allowed under FCC rules. The
power must be decreased from this level if the antenna system gain
exceeds 6 dBi. The allowable level is dependent on the antenna gain,
feedline loss, and the transmitter output power setting.
NOTE: In some countries, the maximum allowable RF output may be
limited to less than the figures referenced here. Be sure to check
for and comply with the requirements for your area.
5.1.6 Conducting a Site Survey
If you are in doubt about the suitability of the radio sites in your system,
it is best to evaluate them before a permanent installation is underway.
This can be done with an on-the-air test (preferred method); or indirectly, using path-study software.
An on-the-air test is preferred because it allows you to see firsthand the
factors involved at an installation site and to directly observe the quality
of system operation. Even if a computer path study was conducted earlier, this test should be done to verify the predicted results.
The test can be performed by first installing a radio and antenna at the
proposed Access Point (AP) station site (one-per-system). Then visit the
Remote site(s) with another transceiver (programmed as a remote) and
a hand-held antenna. (A PC with a network adapter can be connected to
each radio in the network to simulate data during this test using the
PING command.)
With the hand-held antenna positioned near the proposed mounting
spot, a technician can check for synchronization with the Access Point
station (shown by a lit LINK LED on the front panel) and measure the
reported RSSI value. (See “Antenna Aiming” on Page 134 for details.)
If adequate signal strength cannot be obtained, it may be necessary to
mount the station antennas higher, use higher gain antennas, select a different site or consider installing a repeater station. To prepare the equipment for an on-the-air test, follow the general installation procedures
given in this guide and become familiar with the operating instructions
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found in the CHAPTER-3 EMBEDDED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM section Page 27.
5.1.7 A Word About Radio Interference
The transceiver shares the radio-frequency spectrum with other 900
MHz services and other Part 15 (unlicensed) devices in the USA. As
such, near 100% error-free communications may not be achieved in a
given location, and some level of interference should be expected. However, the radio’s flexible design and hopping techniques should allow
adequate performance as long as care is taken in choosing station location, configuration of radio parameters and software/protocol techniques.
In general, keep the following points in mind when setting up your communications network.
• Systems installed in rural areas are least likely to encounter interference; those in suburban and urban environments are more likely to
be affected by other devices operating in the license-free frequency
band and by adjacent licensed services.
• Use a directional antenna at remote sites whenever possible.
Although these antennas may be more costly than omnidirectional
types, they confine the transmission and reception pattern to a comparatively narrow lobe, that minimizes interference to (and from)
stations located outside the pattern.
• If interference is suspected from a nearby licensed system (such as a
paging transmitter), it may be helpful to use horizontal polarization
of all antennas in the network. Because most other services use vertical polarization in this band, an additional 20 dB of attenuation to
interference can be achieved by using horizontal polarization.
Another approach is to use a bandpass filter to attenuate all signals
outside the 900 MHz band.
• Multiple Access Point units can co-exist in proximity to each other
with only very minor interference. Each network name has a different hop pattern. (See “Protected Network Operation using Multiple
Access Points” on Page 13.) Additional isolation can be achieved by
using separate directional antennas with as much vertical or horizontal separation as is practical.
• If constant interference is present in a particular frequency zone
(collection of 8 RF channels), it may be necessary to “skip” that
zone from the radio’s hopping pattern. The radio includes built-in
software to help users identify and remove blocked frequency zones
from its hopping pattern. See Page 57 for more information on Skip
Zones.
• If interference problems persist even after skipping some zones, try
reducing the length of data streams. Groups of short data streams
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have a better chance of getting through in the presence of interference than do long streams.
• The power output of all radios in a system should be set for the lowest level necessary for reliable communications. This lessens the
chance of causing unnecessary interference to nearby systems.
If you are not familiar with these interference-control techniques, contact your factory representative for more information.
Calculating System Gain
To determine the maximum allowable power setting of the radio, perform the following steps:
1. Determine the antenna system gain by subtracting the feedline loss
(in dB) from the antenna gain (in dBi). For example, if the antenna
gain is 9.5 dBi, and the feedline loss is 1.5 dB, the antenna system
gain would be 8 dB. (If the antenna system gain is 6 dB or less, no
power adjustment is required.)
2. Subtract the antenna system gain from 36 dBm (the maximum
allowable EIRP). The result indicates the maximum transmitter
power (in dBm) allowed under the rules. In the example above, this
is 28 dBm.
3. If the maximum transmitter power allowed is less than 30 dBm, set
the power to the desired level using the Management System.
(Main Menu>>Radio Configuration>>RF Output Power Setpoint)
For convenience, Table 5-3 lists several antenna system gains and
shows the maximum allowable power setting of the radio. Note that a
gain of 6 dB or less entitles you to operate the radio at full power output
–30 dBm (28.7 dBm for ESS-II).
Table 5-3. Antenna System Gain vs. Power Output Setting
Antenna System Gain Maximum Power Setting Maximum Power Setting
(Antenna Gain in dBi*
(PWR command)
(PWR command)
minus Feedline Loss in dB†)
ESS-II Radio
ESS Radio
EIRP
(in dBm)
Omni 6 (or less)
30
28
36
Omni 9
27
26
36
Yagi 12
24
23
36
Yagi 14
22
Not allowable
36
Yagi 16
20
Not allowable
36
* Most antenna manufacturers rate antenna gain in dBd in their literature. To convert to dBi, add 2.15 dB.
† Feedline loss varies by cable type and length. To determine the loss
for common lengths of feedline, see Table 5-1 on Page 143.
For assistance in the conversion of dBm to Watts, please see
dBm-WATTS-VOLTS CONVERSION CHART on Page 147.
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5.2
dBm-WATTS-VOLTS CONVERSION
CHART
Table 5-4 is provided as a convenience for determining the equivalent
voltage or wattage of an RF power expressed in dBm.
Table 5-4. dBm-Watts-Volts conversion—for 50 ohm systems
dBm V
Po
dBm V
Po
dBm mV
+53
+50
+49
+48
+47
+46
+45
+44
+43
+42
+41
+40
+39
+38
+37
+36
+35
+34
+33
+32
+31
+30
+29
+28
+27
+26
+25
+24
+23
+22
+21
+20
+19
+18
+17
+16
+15
+14
+13
+12
+11
+10
+9
+8
+7
+6
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
200W
100W
80W
64W
50W
40W
32W
25W
20W
16W
12.5W
10W
8W
6.4W
5W
4W
3.2W
2.5W
2W
1.6W
1.25W
1.0W
800mW
640mW
500mW
400mW
320mW
250mW
200mW
160mW
125mW
100mW
80mW
64mW
50mW
40mW
32mW
25mW
20mW
16mW
12.5mW
10mW
8mW
6.4mW
5mW
4mW
3.2mW
2.5mW
2.0mW
1.6mW
1.25mW
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
1.0mW
.80mW
.64mW
.50mW
.40mW
.32mW
.25mW
.20mW
.16mW
.125mW
.10mW
-49
-50
-51
-52
-53
-54
-55
-56
-57
-58
-59
-60
-61
-62
-63
-64
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
100.0
70.7
64.0
58.0
50.0
44.5
40.0
32.5
32.0
28.0
26.2
22.5
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.1
12.5
11.5
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.10
6.40
5.80
5.00
4.45
4.00
3.55
3.20
2.80
2.52
2.25
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.41
1.25
1.15
1.00
.90
.80
.71
.64
.58
.500
.445
.400
.355
.320
.280
.252
.225
.200
.180
.160
.141
.125
.115
.100
.090
.080
.071
.064
.058
.050
.045
.040
.0355
dBm µV
dBm mV
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
-26
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
-32
-33
-34
-35
-36
-37
-38
-39
-40
-41
-42
-43
-44
-45
-46
-47
-48
31.5
28.5
25.1
22.5
20.0
17.9
15.9
14.1
12.8
11.5
10.0
8.9
8.0
7.1
6.25
5.8
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.2
2.85
2.5
2.25
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.25
1.18
1.00
0.90
Po
.01mW
.001mW
.1µW
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70
-71
-72
-73
-74
-75
-76
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84
-85
-86
-87
-88
-89
-90
-91
-92
-93
-94
-95
-96
-97
Po
0.80
0.71 .01µW
0.64
0.57
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.351
0.32
0.286
0.251
0.225 .001µW
0.200
0.180
0.160
0.141
128
115
100
90
80
71
65
58
50
45
40
35
32
29
25
22.5
20.0
18.0
16.0
11.1
12.9
11.5
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.1
6.1
5.75
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.51
3.2
DataMover ESS User’s Guide
Po
.1nW
.01nW
.001nW
dBm µV
-98
-99
-100
-101
-102
-103
-104
-105
-106
2.9
2.51
2.25
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.41
1.27
1.18
dBm nV
-107
-108
-109
-110
-111
-112
-113
-114
-115
-116
-117
-118
-119
-120
-121
-122
-123
-124
-125
-126
-127
-128
-129
-130
-131
-132
-133
-134
-135
-136
-137
-138
-139
-140
1000
900
800
710
640
580
500
450
400
355
325
285
251
225
200
180
160
141
128
117
100
90
80
71
61
58
50
45
40
35
33
29
25
23
Po
.1pW
Po
.01pW
.001pW
.1ƒW
.01ƒW
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TECHNICAL REFERENCE
6 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
Contents
6.1 DATA INTERFACE CONNECTORS ........................................ 151
6.1.1 LAN Port ................................................................................... 151
6.1.2 COM1 Port ............................................................................... 152
6.1.3 COM2 Port ............................................................................... 152
6.2 FUSE REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE ................................... 153
6.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.............................................. 154
6.4 CHANNEL HOP TABLE........................................................... 157
6.5 SNMP USAGE NOTES ........................................................... 159
6.5.1 Overview .................................................................................. 159
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6.1
DATA INTERFACE CONNECTORS
Three data interface connectors are provided on the face of the transceiver. The first, the LAN Port, is an RJ-45 connector. The other two use
two DB-9 interface connectors that use the RS-232 (EIA-232) signaling
standard. Note that the connector for COM1 Port is DCE (Female DB-9)
and the COM2 Port is DTE (male DB-9).
CAUTION
The transceiver meets U.S.A.’s FCC Part 15, Class A limits when used
RADIO FREQUENCY with shielded data cables.
INTERFERENCE
POTENTIAL
6.1.1 LAN Port
The transceiver’s LAN Port is used to connect the radio to an Ethernet
network. The transceiver provides a data link to an Internet Protocol-based (IP) network via the Access Point station. Each radio in the
network must have a unique IP address for the network to function properly.
• To connect a PC directly to the radio’s LAN port, an RJ-45 to
RJ-45 cross-over cable is required.
• To connect the radio to a Ethernet hub or bridge, use a
straight-through cable.
The connector uses the standard Ethernet RJ-45 cables and wiring. For
custom-made cables, use the pinout information below.
12345678
Figure 6-1. LAN Port (RJ-45) Pinout
(Viewed from the outside of the unit)
Table 6-1. LAN Port (IP/Ethernet)
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
Pin
Functions
Ref.
Transmit Data (TX)
High
Transmit Data (TX)
Low
Receive Data (RX)
High
Unused
Unused
Receive Data (RX)
Unused
Unused
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Low
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SIMREX Corporation
6.1.2 COM1 Port
To connect a PC to the transceiver’s COM1 port use a DB-9M to DB-9F
“straight-through” cable. These cables are available commercially, or
may be constructed using the pinout information in Figure 6-2 and
Table 6-2.
Figure 6-2. COM1 Port (DCE)
(Viewed from the outside of the unit.)
Table 6-2. COM1 Port Pinout, DB-9F/RS-232 Interface
Pin
Functions
DCE
Unused
Receive Data (RXD)
<—[ Out
Transmit Data (TXD)
—>[ In
Unused
Signal Ground (GND)
6–9
Unused
6.1.3 COM2 Port
To connect a PC to the transceiver’s COM2 port use a DB-9F to DB-9M
“straight-through” cable. These cables are available commercially, or
may be constructed using the pinout information in Figure 6-2 and
Table 6-2.
Figure 6-3. COM2 Port (DTE)
Viewed from the outside of the radio
Table 6-3. COM2 Port, DB-9M/EIA-232 Interface
152
Pin
Functions
DTE
Data Carrier Detect (DCD)
In ]<—
Receive Data (RXD)
In ]<—
Transmit Data (TXD)
Out ]—>
Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
Out ]—>
Signal Ground (GND)
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Table 6-3. COM2 Port, DB-9M/EIA-232 Interface
6.2
Pin
Functions
DTE
Data Set Ready (DSR)
In ]<—
Request-to-Send (RTS)
Out ]—>
Clear-to-Send (CTS)
In ]<—
Unused
FUSE REPLACEMENT
PROCEDURE
An internal fuse protects the transceiver from over-current conditions or
an internal component failure. It should not be replaced until you are
certain you are in a safe (non-flammable) environment.
1. Disconnect the primary power source and all other connections to
the unit.
2. Place the radio on its back and remove the four Phillips screws on
the bottom cover.
3. Carefully separate the top and bottom covers. There is a flat ribbon
cable between the top cover’s LEDs and the unit motherboard. You
do not need to disconnect the ribbon cable.
4. Locate the fuse and fuse holder between the COM1 port and the
power connector. See Figure 6-4 for details.
5. Loosen the fuse from the holder using a very small screwdriver. Use
a small pair of needle-nose pliers to pull the fuse straight up and
remove it.
6. Using an Ohmmeter, or other continuity tester, verify the fuse is
blown.
7. Install a new fuse by reversing the process.
Littelfuse P/N: 0454002; 452 Series, 2 Amp SMF Slo-Blo
SIMREX P/N: ESS-FUSE-2A
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8. Install the covers and check the transceiver for proper operation.
Figure 6-4.
Internal Fuse and Holder
Assembly Location
Invisible place holder
6.3
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL
Temperature Range:
–30° C to +60° C (–22° F to 140° F)
Humidity:
95% at +40° C (104° F); non-condensing
Primary Power:
10–30 Vdc (13.8 Vdc Nominal)
External Power Supply Options:
110–120/210–220 Vac
Supply Current (typical):
(9 Watts Maximum @ 1 Watt RF Output)
Transmit:
7 watts (10.5-24 Vdc)
9 watts (24.5-30 Vdc)
Receive:
2.8 watts (10.5-24 Vdc)
3.5 watts (24.5-30 Vdc)
MTBF:
35 Years (Telcordia Method 1, Case 3)
Size (Excluding mtg. hardware):
1.25" x 6.75" x 4.5" (H x W x D)
3.15 x 17.15 x 11.43 cm
Mounting w/Optional Hardware:
• DIN Rail
• Flat surface mounting brackets
• 19” rack (1U high)
Weight:
908 g / 2 lb
Case:
Cast Aluminum
Boot Time:
≈ 30 sec
Time Required to Associate
with Access Point:
≈ 20 sec
APPROVALS/HOMOLOGATION
• FCC Part 15.247
ESS FCC identifier: E5MDS-NH900
ESS-II FCC identifier: T72-DMESSII
• Industry Canada RSS-210
ESS certification no.: 3738A 12098
ESS-II certification no.: 6492A-DMESSII
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• UL/CSA Class 1, Div. 2; Groups A, B, C and D
hazardous locations
• Contact factory for information on availability and
governmental approvals in other countries
MANAGEMENT
• HTTP, HTTPS (Embedded Web server)
• Telnet, SSH, COM1 serial port (Text-based menu)
• SNMP v1/v2/v3
• SYSLOG
• SIMREX D-View MS™
DATA CHARACTERISTICS
PORTS:
Ethernet:
Interface Connectors:
RJ-45 Standard
Data Rate:
10BaseT (10 Mbps)
Serial (2 Ports):
Signaling Standard:
EIA-232/V.24
Interface Connectors:
DB-9
Interface:
COM1: DCE / COM2: DTE
Data Rate:
1200–115,200 bps
asynchronous
Data Latency:
< 10 ms typical
Byte Formats:
7 or 8-bit; even, odd, or no-parity; 1 or 2 stop bits
OPERATING MODES:
• Configurable as Access Point or Remote Station
PROTOCOLS:
• Wireless: CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)
• Ethernet: IEEE 802.3, Ethernet II, Spanning Tree
(Bridging), IGMP
• TCP/IP: DHCP, ICMP, UDP, TCP, ARP, Multicast,
SNTP, TFTP
• Serial: PPP, Encapsulation over IP (tunneling) for
serial async multidrop protocols including
Modbus, DNP.3, DF1, BSAP
• Special: Allen-Bradley EtherNet/IP* Modbus/TCP (optional)
CYBER SECURITY
• SIMREX Cyber Security Suite,
Level 1 (ESS-II only):
• AES-128 encryption (optional)
• SIMREX Cyber Security Suite,
Level 2:
• RC4-128 encryption (ESS only)
•Automatic rotating key algorithm
•Authentication: 802.1x, RADIUS, EAP/TLS, PKI,
PAP, CHAP
•Management: SSL, SSH, HTTPS
•Approved AP/Remotes list (local authentication)
•Failed login lockdown
•900 MHz operation and proprietary data framing
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RADIO CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL:
Frequency Range:
902–928 MHz ISM Band
Frequency Hopping Range:
ESS: Ten user-configurable 2.5 MHz-wide zones,
each containing 8 frequencies (ESS)
ESS-II: From one and up to 75 overlapping
channels
Hop Patterns:
8192, based on network name
Frequency Stability:
20 ppm
TRANSMITTER:
Power Output
(at antenna connector):
0.1 to 1.0 watt (+20 dBm to +30 dBm) ±1.0 dB, set
by user
Duty Cycle:
Continuous
Modulation Type:
Binary CPFSK
Output Impedance:
50 Ohms
Spurious:
–67 dBc
Occupied Bandwidth:
DataMover ESS: 316.5 kHz
DataMover ESS-II: 600 kHz
RECEIVER:
Type:
Double conversion superheterodyne
Sensitivity:
DataMover ESS: –92 dBm @ 512 kbps < 1x10-6 BER
DataMover ESS: –99 dBm @ 256 kbps < 1x10-6 BER
DataMover ESS-II: –92 dBm @ 1 Mbps < 1x10-6 BER
DataMover ESS-II: –97 dBm @ 512 kbps < 1x10-6 BER
Intermodulation:
59 dB Minimum (EIA)
Desensitization:
70 dB
Spurious:
60 dB
TRANSMIT/RECEIVE RANGE (Nominal)
DM ESS–256 kbps
DM ESS-II–512 kbps
Fixed Range (typical):
15 miles (24 km)
12 miles (19 km)
Fixed Range (maximum):
60 miles (97 km)
30 miles (48 km)
Mobile Range (parked):
5 miles (8 km)
3 miles (5 km)
Mobile Range (moving):
3 miles (5 km)
1 mile (2 km)
DM ESS–512 kbps
DM ESS-II–1024 kbps
Fixed Range (typical):
8 miles (13 km)
8 miles (13 km)
Fixed Range (maximum):
15 miles (24 km)
15 miles (24 km)
Note: Specifications subject to change without notice or obligation.
NOTE: Range calculations for fixed locations assume a 6 dBd gain
Omnidirectional antenna on a 100 ft tower at the AP, a 10 dBd
gain Yagi on a 25 ft mast at the remote with output power
decreased to yield maximum allowable EIRP (36 dBm), a 10
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dB fade margin, and a mix of agricultural and commercial terrain with line of sight.
Range calculations for mobile units assume a 6 dBd gain Omni
on a 100 ft tower at the AP, a 5 dBd gain Omni with 1 watt
output power at 6 ft height, a 10 dB fade margin, and 90% confidence with near line-of-sight in a mix of agricultural and commercial terrain.
Actual performance is dependent on many factors including
antenna height, blocked paths, and terrain.
6.4CHANNEL HOP TABLE
The DataMover ESS transceiver’s hop table consists of 80 channels,
numbered 0 to 79 as listed in Table 6-4. Center frequencies are calculated as follows (where Fn is the center frequency of channel n):
Fn = 902.5 MHz + n*316.5 kHz
The DataMover ESS-II transceiver operates on the same channel assignments, but because the modulation bandwidth is 600 kHz instead of
316.5 kHz it is recommended that the installer restrict channel usage to
every other channel for units operating in the same area.
NOTE: Channels 24, 26, and 55 are not used.
Table 6-4. Channel Hop Table
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Zone
Channel
Frequency
902.5000
(ESS FHSS lowest channel)
902.8165
(ESS-II DTS lowest channel)
903.1330
903.4495
903.7660
904.0825
904.3990
904.7155
905.0320
905.3485
10
905.6650
11
905.9815
12
906.2980
13
906.6145
14
906.9310
15
907.2475
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Table 6-4. Channel Hop Table (Continued)
158
Zone
Channel
Frequency
16
907.5640
17
907.8805
18
908.1970
19
908.5135
20
908.8300
21
909.1465
22
909.4630
23
909.7795
24
910.0960
25
910.4125
26
910.7290
27
911.0455
28
911.3620
29
911.6785
30
911.9950
31
912.3115
32
912.6280
33
912.9445
34
913.2610
35
913.5775
36
913.8940
37
914.2105
38
914.5270
39
914.8435
40
915.1600
41
915.4765
42
915.7930
43
916.1095
44
916.4260
45
916.7425
46
917.0590
47
917.3755
48
917.6920
49
918.0085
50
918.3250
51
918.6415
52
918.9580
53
919.2745
54
919.5910
55
919.9075
56
920.2240
57
920.5405
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Table 6-4. Channel Hop Table (Continued)
6.5
Zone
Channel
Frequency
58
920.8570
59
921.1735
60
921.4900
61
921.8065
62
922.1230
63
922.4395
64
922.7560
65
923.0725
66
923.3890
67
923.7055
68
924.0220
69
924.3385
70
924.6550
71
924.9715
10
72
925.2880
10
73
925.6045
10
74
925.9210
10
75
926.2375
10
76
926.5540
10
77
926.8705
10
78
927.1870
(ESS-II DTS highest channel)
10
79
927.5035
(ESS FHSS highest channel)
SNMP USAGE NOTES
6.5.1 Overview
The firmware release described in this manual contains major changes
to the transceiver’s SNMP Agent, several new MIB variables, and new
Agent configuration options. This guide reviews the changes and shows
how to properly configure the Agent to take advantage of these new features.
SNMPv3 Support
The updated SNMP Agent now supports SNMP version 3 (SNMPv3).
The SNMPv3 protocol introduces Authentication (MD5/SHA-1),
Encryption (DES), the USM User Table, and View-Based Access (Refer
to RFC2574 for full details). The SNMP Agent has limited SNMPv3
support in the following areas:
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• Only MD5 Authentication is supported (no SHA-1). SNMPv3
provides support for MD5 and SHA-1. Currently, only MD5
Authentication is supported in the SNMP Agent.
• Limited USM User Table Manipulation. The SNMP Agent
starts with 5 default accounts. New accounts can be added
(SNMPv3 adds new accounts by cloning existing ones), but
they will be volatile (will not survive a power-cycle).
New views cannot be configured on the SNMP Agent. Views
will be inherited for new accounts from the account that was
cloned.
The SNMP Agent uses one password pair (Authentication / Privacy) for all accounts. This means that when the passwords
change for one user, they change for all users.
SNMPv3 Accounts
The following default accounts are available for the SNMP Agent:
enc_mdsadmin—Read/write
account using Authentication and Encryp-
tion
auth_mdsadmin—Read/write
enc_mdsviewer—Read
account using Authentication
only account using Authentication and Encryp-
tion
auth_mdsviewer—Read
def_mdsviewer—Read
only account using Authentication
only account with no Authentication or Encryp-
tion
Context Names
The following Context Names are used (please refer to RFC2574 for full
details):
Admin accounts: context_a / Viewer accounts: context_v
All accounts share the same default passwords:
Authentication default password: MDSAuthPwd / Privacy default password: MDSPrivPwd
Passwords can be changed either locally (via the console) or from an
SNMP Manager, depending on how the Agent is configured. If passwords are configured and managed locally, they are non-volatile and
will survive a power-cycle. If passwords are configured from an SNMP
manager, they will be reset to whatever has been stored for local management on power-cycle.
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This behavior was chosen based on RFC specifications. The SNMP
Manager and Agent don’t exchange passwords, but actually exchange
keys based on passwords. If the Manager changes the Agent’s password
the Agent doesn’t know the new password; just the new key. In this case,
only the Manager knows the new password. This could cause problems
if the Manager loses the password. If that happens, the Agent becomes
unmanageable. Resetting the Agent’s passwords (and therefore keys) to
what is stored in flash memory upon power-cycle prevents the serious
problem of losing the Agent’s passwords.
If passwords are managed locally, they can be changed on the Agent (via
the console). Any attempts to change the passwords for the Agent via an
SNMP Manager will fail when the Agent is in this mode. Locally
defined passwords will survive a power-cycle.
In either case, the SNMP Manager needs to know the initial passwords
that are being used in order to talk to the Agent. If the Agent’s passwords
are configured via the Manager, then they can be changed from the Manager. If the passwords are managed locally, then the Manager must be
re-configured with any password changes in order to continue to talk to
the Agent.
Password-Mode Management Changes
When the password management mode is changed, the active passwords
used by the Agent may also change. Some common scenarios are discussed below:
Common Scenarios
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
• Passwords are currently being handled by the Manager. The
assigned passwords are Microwave (Auth), and Rochester (Priv).
Configuration is changed to manage the passwords locally. The
passwords stored on the radio were Fairport (Auth), and
Churchville (Priv) (If local passwords have never been used,
then MDSAuthPwd and MDSPrivPwd will be used). These
passwords will now be used by the Agent to re-generate keys.
The Manager will need to know these passwords in order to talk
to the Agent.
• Passwords are currently being managed locally. The local passwords are Fairport (Auth) and Churchville (Priv). Configuration is
changed to handle the passwords from the Manager. The same
passwords will continue to be used, but now the Manager can
change them.
• Passwords are currently being managed locally. The local passwords are Fairport (Auth) and Churchville (Priv). Passwords are
changed to Brighton (Auth) and Perinton (Priv). The Agent will
immediately generate new keys based on these passwords and
start using them. The Manager will have to be re-configured to
use these new passwords.
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• Passwords are currently being managed locally. The local passwords are Fairport (Auth) and Churchville (Priv). Configuration is
changed to handle the passwords from the Manager. The Manager changes the passwords to Brighton (Auth) and Perinton
(Priv). The radio is then rebooted. After a power-cycle, the radio
will use the passwords stored in flash, which are Fairport (Auth)
and Churchville (Priv). The Manager will have to be re-configured to use these new passwords.
Table 6-5. SNMP Traps (Sorted by Code)
162
SNMP Trap
Severity
Description
systemBoot(32)
INFORM
SNR Within threshold/Below threshold
systemReboot(33)
MAJOR
Telnet User Logged Out/Logged In
startScan(34)
INFORM
Reprogramming Started
rxBeaconErrored(35)
INFORM
Received Beacon - Netname Does Not Match
rxBeaconWrongNetworkName (36)
INFORM
Received Beacon - AP is Blacklisted
rxBeaconFromBlacklistAP(37)
MAJOR
Max Beacon Wait Time Exceeded
expectedSync(38)
INFORM
Expected Sync Lost/Established
hopSync(39)
INFORM
Hop Sync Lost/Established
snr(41)
INFORM
Scanning Started
ber(42)
INFORM
Bit Error Rate Below threshold/Above threshold
associated(43)
MAJOR
Association Lost/Established
apParmChange(44)
MINOR
Association Lost - AP Hop Parameter Changed
reprogStarted(45)
MAJOR
Reprogramming Failed
reprogComplete(46)
MAJOR
Rem Ethernet Link Connected/Disconnected
reprogFailed(47)
INFORM
Reprogramming Complete
telnetLogin(48)
MAJOR
Telnet Access Locked for 5 Min
httpLogin(49)
MAJOR
HTTP User Logged Out/Logged In
countrySkipZoneMismatch(50)
INFORM
Country/SkipZone Mismatch
desiredAPIPMismatch(51)
INFORM
Desired AP IP Addr Mismatch
eventLogCleared(52)
INFORM
Log Cleared
authDemoMode(53)
MAJOR
Auth Demo Mode Expired -- Rebooted
Radio/Enabled
keyEntered(54)
MAJOR
Auth Key Entered - Key Valid/Key Invalid
apEthLinkDown(55)
MAJOR
Association Lost - AP's Ethernet Link Down
noBeacons(56)
MAJOR
MAC Param Changed
apNotApproved(57)
MAJOR
Current AP No Longer Approved
netnameChanged(58)
MAJOR
Association Lost - Local Network Name Changed
ipAddrChanged(59)
MAJOR
Association Lost - Local IP Address Changed
assocTryFail(60)
MAJOR
Association Attempt Success/Failed
remEthLinkLost(61)
INFORM
Received Beacon - Valid/Errored
consoleLogin(62)
MAJOR
Console User Logged Out/Logged In
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Table 6-5. SNMP Traps (Sorted by Code) (Continued)
SNMP Trap
Severity
Description
consoleLockdown(63)
MAJOR
Console Access Locked for 5 Min
telnetLockdown(64)
INFORM
System Bootup (power on)
httpLockdown(65)
MAJOR
HTTP Access Locked for 5 Min
eventRemote(66)
INFORM
Remote added/removed from internal database
eventEndpoint(67)
INFORM
Endpoint added/removed from internal database
routeAdded(68)
INFORM
Radio attempted but failed to add a route to its
internal routing table
routeDeleted(69)
INFORM
Radio attempted but failed to delete a route from its
internal routing table
sinRemSwitch(70)
INFORM
Remote mode was switched (serial to ethernet,
ethernet to serial)
ChanCnt(71)
INFORM
Number of channels defined does not match
(Channel 130 only)
tftpConnection(73)
INFORM
TFTP Server on AP started or finished a transfer
apNetNameChanged(74)
MAJOR
Remote lost association due to a change in the
AP’s netname
ipConnectivityOK(75)
INFORM
Radio is associated AND 1) has an IP address
statically defined, OR 2) received an IP address via
DHCP
compressionChanged(76)
INFORM
Compression state has changed (enabled,
disabled)
macDecryptError(77)
INFORM
MAC has received a packet that it could not decrypt
lanPortStatus(78)
INFORM
Ethernet port has changed (enabled, disabled)
tftpConnFailed(79)
INFORM
TFTP server on AP failed to transfer
sdbError(80)
INFORM
AP encountered an internal database error
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
AND ABBREVIATIONS
7 Chapter Counter Reset Paragraph
If you are new to wireless IP/Ethernet systems, some of the terms used
in this guide may be unfamiliar. The following glossary explains many
of these terms and will prove helpful in understanding the operation of
your radio network.
Access Point (AP)—The transceiver in the network that provides synchronization information to one or more associated Remote units. AP
units may be configured for either the Access Point (master) or Remote
services. (See “Network Configuration Menu” on Page 42.)
Active Scanning—See Passive Scanning
Antenna System Gain—A figure, normally expressed in dB, representing the power increase resulting from the use of a gain-type antenna.
System losses (from the feedline and coaxial connectors, for example)
are subtracted from this figure to calculate the total antenna system gain.
AP—See Access Point
Association—Condition in which the frequency hopping pattern of the
Remote is synchronized with the Access Point station and is ready to
pass traffic.
Authorization Key—Alphanumeric string (code) that is used to enable
additional capabilities in the transceiver.
Bit—The smallest unit of digital data, often represented by a one or a
zero. Eight bits (plus start, stop, and parity bits) usually comprise a byte.
Bits-per-second—See BPS.
BPDU—Bridge Protocol Data Units
BPS—Bits-per-second (bps). A measure of the information transfer rate
of digital data across a communication channel.
Byte—A string of digital data usually made up of eight data bits and
start, stop and parity bits.
CSMA/CA—Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
CSMA/CD—Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)—A technique used to verify data
integrity. It is based on an algorithm which generates a value derived
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from the number and order of bits in a data string. This value is compared with a locally-generated value and a match indicates that the message is unchanged, and therefore valid.
Data Circuit-terminating Equipment—See DCE.
Data Communications Equipment—See DCE.
Datagram—A data string consisting of an IP header and the IP message
within.
Data Terminal Equipment—See DTE.
dBi—Decibels referenced to an “ideal” isotropic radiator in free space.
Frequently used to express antenna gain.
dBm—Decibels referenced to one milliwatt. An absolute unit used to
measure signal power, as in transmitter power output, or received signal
strength.
DCE—Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (or Data Communications
Equipment). In data communications terminology, this is the “modem”
side of a computer-to-modem connection. COM1 Port of the transceiver
is set as DCE.
Decibel (dB)—A measure of the ratio between two signal levels. Frequently used to express the gain (or loss) of a system.
Delimiter—A flag that marks the beginning and end of a data packet.
Device Mode—The operating mode/role of a transceiver (Access Point
or Remote) in a wireless network.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)—An Internet standard that allows a client (i.e. any computer or network device) to obtain
an IP address from a server on the network. This allows network administrators to avoid the tedious process of manually configuring and managing IP addresses for a large number of users and devices. When a
network device powers on, if it is configured to use DHCP, it will contact a DHCP server on the network and request an IP address.
The DHCP server will provide an address from a pool of addresses allocated by the network administrator. The network device may use this
address on a “time lease” basis or indefinitely depending on the policy
set by the network administrator. The DHCP server can restrict allocation of IP addresses based on security policies. An Access Point may be
configured by the system administrator to act as a DHCP server if one is
not available on the wired network.
Digital Signal Processing—See DSP.
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DSP—Digital Signal Processing. DSP circuitry is responsible for the
most critical real-time tasks; primarily modulation, demodulation, and
servicing of the data port.
DTE—Data Terminal Equipment. A device that provides data in the
form of digital signals at its output. Connects to the DCE device.
Encapsulation—Process in by which, a complete data packet, such as
Modbus frame or any other polled asynchronous protocol frame, is
placed in the data portion of another protocol frame (in this case IP) to
be transported over a network. Typically this action is done at the
receiving end, before being sent as an IP packet to a network. A similar
reversed process is applied at the other end of the network extracting the
data from the IP envelope, resulting in the original packet in the original
protocol.
Endpoint—IP address of data equipment connected to the ports of the
radio.
Equalization—The process of reducing the effects of amplitude, frequency or phase distortion with compensating networks.
Fade Margin—The greatest tolerable reduction in average received
signal strength that will be anticipated under most conditions. Provides
an allowance for reduced signal strength due to multipath, slight antenna
movement or changing atmospheric losses. A fade margin of 15 to 20
dB is usually sufficient in most systems.
Fragmentation—A technique used for breaking a large message down
into smaller parts so it can be accommodated by a less capable media.
Frame—A segment of data that adheres to a specific data protocol and
contains definite start and end points. It provides a method of synchronizing transmissions.
Frequency Hopping—The spread spectrum technique used by the
transceiver, where two or more associated radios change their operating
frequencies several times per second using a set pattern. Since the pattern appears to jump around, it is said to “hop” from one frequency to
another.
Frequency Zone—The radio uses up to 80 discrete channels in the 902
to 928 MHz spectrum. A group of 8 channels is referred to as a zone; in
total there are 10 zones.
Hardware Flow Control—A transceiver feature used to prevent data
buffer overruns when handling high-speed data from the connected data
communications device. When the buffer approaches overflow, the
radio drops the clear-to-send (CTS) line, that instructs the connected
device to delay further transmission until CTS again returns to the high
state.
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Hop Pattern Seed—A user-selectable value to be added to the hop pattern formula in an unlikely event of nearly identical hop patterns of two
collocated or nearby radio networks to eliminate adjacent-network interference.
Host Computer—The computer installed at the master station site, that
controls the collection of data from one or more remote sites.
HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IAPP (inter-Access Point Protocol)—A protocol by which access
points share information about the stations that are connected to them.
When a station connects to an access point, the access point updates its
database. When a station leaves one access point and roams to another
access point, the new access point tells the old access point, using IAPP,
that the station has left and is now located on the new access point.
ICMP—Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP (Internet Gateway Management Protocol)—Ethernet level
protocol used by routers and similar devices to manage the distribution
of multicast addresses in a network.
IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Image (File)—Data file that contains the operating system and other
essential resources for the basic operation of the radio’s CPU.
LAN—Local Area Network
Latency—The delay (usually expressed in milliseconds) between when
data is applied at the transmit port at one radio, until it appears at the
receive port at the other radio.
MAC—Media Access Controller
MD5—A highly secure data encoding scheme. MD5 is a one-way hash
algorithm that takes any length of data and produces a 128 bit “fingerprint.” This fingerprint is “non-reversible,” it is computationally infeasible to determine the file based on the fingerprint. For more details
review “RFC 1321” available on the Internet.
MIB—Management Information Base
Microcontroller Unit—See MCU.
Mobile IP—An emerging standard by which access points and stations
maintain network connectivity as the stations move between various IP
networks. Through the use of Mobile IP a station can move from its
home IP network to a foreign network while still sending and receiving
data using it's original IP address. Other hosts on the network will not
need to know that the station is no longer in its home network and can
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SIMREX Corporation
continue to send data to the IP address that was assigned to the station.
Mobile IP also uses DHCP when the station moves into a foreign network.
Mobility—Refers to a station that moves about while maintaining
active connections with the network. Mobility generally implies physical motion. The movement of the station is not limited to a specific network and IP subnet. In order for a station to be mobile it must establish
and tear down connections with various access points as it moves
through the access points' territory. To do this, the station employs
roaming and Mobile IP.
Mode—See Device Mode.
MTBF—Mean-Time Between Failures
Multiple Address System (MAS)—See Point-Multipoint System.
Network Name—User-selectable alphanumeric string that is used to
identify a group of radio units that form a communications network. The
Access Point and all Remotes within a given system should have the
same network address.
Network-Wide Diagnostics—An advanced method of controlling and
interrogating SIMREX radios in a radio network.
NTP—Network Time Protocol
Packet—The basic unit of data carried on a link layer. On an IP network, this refers to an entire IP datagram or a fragment thereof.
Passive Scanning—Scanning is a process used by stations to detect
other access points on network to which it may connect if it needs to
roam. Passive scanning is a slower process in which it listens for information offered by the access points on a regular basis. Active scanning
is a faster process in which the station sends out probe message to which
the access points respond. Passive scanning can be done while maintaining the current network connectivity. Active scanning affects the RF
configuration of the radio and therefore, at least temporarily, disconnects the station from the access point.
PING—Packet INternet Groper. Diagnostic message generally used to
test reachability of a network device, either over a wired or wireless network.
Point-Multipoint System—A radio communications network or
system designed with a central control station that exchanges data with
a number of remote locations equipped with terminal equipment.
Poll—A request for data issued from the host computer (or master PLC)
to a remote radio.
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SIMREX Corporation
Portability—A station is considered connected when it has successfully
authenticated and associated with an access point. A station is considered authenticated when it has agreed with the access point on the type
of encryption that will be used for data packets traveling between them.
The process of association causes a station to be bound to an access
point and allows it to receive and transmit packets to and from the access
point. In order for a station to be associated it must first authenticate
with the access point. The authentication and association processes
occur automatically without user intervention.
Portability refers to the ability of a station to connect to an access point
from multiple locations without the need to reconfigure the network settings. For example, a remote transceiver that is connected to an access
point may be turned off, moved to new site, turned back on, and,
assuming the right information is entered, can immediately reconnect to
the access point without user intervention.
PLC—Programmable Logic Controller. A dedicated microprocessor
configured for a specific application with discrete inputs and outputs. It
can serve as a host or as an RTU.
PuTTY—A free implementation of Telnet and SSH for Win32 and
Unix platforms. It is written and maintained primarily by Simon Tatham
Refer to http://www.pobox.com/~anakin/ for more information.
Remote—A transceiver in a network that communicates with an associated Access Point.
Remote Terminal Unit—See RTU.
RFI—Radio Frequency Interference
Roaming—A station's ability to automatically switch its wireless connection between various access points (APs) as the need arises. A station
may roam from one AP to another because the signal strength or quality
of the current AP has degraded below what another AP can provide.
When two access points are co-located for redundancy, roaming allows
the stations to switch between them to provide a robust network.
Roaming may also be employed in conjunction with Portability where
the station has been moved beyond the range of the original AP to which
it was connected. As the station comes in range of a new AP, it will
switch its connection to the stronger signal. Roaming refers to a station's
logical, not necessarily physical, move between access points within a
specific network and IP subnet.
RSSI—Received Signal Strength Indicator
RTU—Remote Terminal Unit. A data collection device installed at a
remote radio site.
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SIMREX Corporation
SCADA—Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. An overall term
for the functions commonly provided through an MAS radio system.
Skip Zone(s)—Groups of operating channels (frequencies) deleted
from the radio transmitter and receiver operating range.
SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol
SNR—Signal-to-Noise Ratio. A measurement of the desired signal to
ambient noise levels.This measurement provides a relative indication of
signal quality. Because this is a relative number, higher signal-to-noise
ratios indicate improved performance.
SNTP—Simple Network Time Protocol
SSL—Secure Socket Layer
SSH—Secure Shell
STP—Spanning Tree Protocol
Standing-Wave Ratio—See SWR.
SWR—Standing-Wave Ratio. A parameter related to the ratio between
forward transmitter power and the reflected power from the antenna
system. As a general guideline, reflected power should not exceed 10%
of the forward power (≈ 2:1 SWR).
TCP—Transmission Control Protocol
TFTP—Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Trap Manager—Software that collects SNMP traps for display or logging of events.
UDP—User Datagram Protocol
UTP—Unshielded Twisted Pair
WINS—Windows Internet Naming Service. Part of Microsoft Windows NT and 2000 servers that manages the association of workstation
names and locations with Internet Protocol addresses. It works without
the user or an administrator having to be involved in each configuration
change. Similar to DNS.
Zone—See Frequency Zone.
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SIMREX Corporation
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SIMREX Corporation
INDEX
Numerics
100BaseT 137
10BaseT 137
802.11b 9
Access Point (AP), defined 165
accessories 16
Active Scanning, defined 165, 169
Actual Data Rate 84
Add Associated Remotes 80
AgeTime 93
alarm conditions 126
correcting 128
Alarmed 124
Antenna
aiming 133
directional 144
Minimum Feedline Length versus Antenna Gain 142
omnidirectional 141
polarization 140
selection 140
SWR check 132
system gain 165
system gain vs. power output setting 146
system gain, defined 165
Yagi 141
AP
Auto Upgrade 92
Reboot when Upgraded 92
application
IP-to-Serial 71
Mixed-Modes 76
Point-to-Multipoint Serial-to-Serial 73
Point-to-Point Serial-to-Serial 72
Serial Port 76
Approved
Access Points/Remotes List 79
Remotes/Access Points List 80
Associated 124
Association
Date 92
defined 165
Process 91
Time 92
attenuation 22
Auth Traps Status 50
Authorization Key 114, 117
defined 165
Authorized Features 114
Auto Data Rate Menu
RSSI Threshold/Delta 55
SNR Threshold/Delta 55
Auto Key Rotation 79
Auto-Upgrade/Remote-Reboot 114
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
Backhaul
for Serial Radio Networks 7
Network 8
bandpass filter 144
Beacon
Period 52, 98, 99
signal 91
Begin Wizard 63
Bit, defined 165
Bits-per-second (bps), defined 165
BPDU 96
defined 165
BPS, defined 165
Bytes
defined 165
in on port 95
in on socket 95
out on port 95
out on socket 95
received 89, 90
sent 89, 90
cable
Ethernet crossover 22
feedlines 141
serial 22
Clear
Com# statistics 95
Ethernet stats 90
Log 87
Wireless stats 90
Collocating Multiple Radio Networks 13
Commit Changes and Exit Wizard 65, 67, 68, 70, 71
compression 51, 99
Computer
host, defined 168
configuration 23, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70
basic device parameters 40
defaults 23
DHCP server 46
editing files 112
Ethernet Port 45
file 106, 121
IP address 44
network 42
PPP Mode 70
radio parameters 50
scripts 105, 106
security 77
serial interfaces 60
SNMP Agent 48
TCP Mode 67
UDP mode 64
Connection Status 91
connectors 151
Contact 41
DataMover ESS User’s Guide
SIMREX Corporation
cost of deployment 8
Count 117
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), defined 165
CSMA
CA, defined 165
CD, defined 165
Current
Alarms 87
AP IP Address 92
AP Mac Address 92
Custom Data Buffer Size 65, 67, 68, 70, 71
data
baud 70
baud rate 65, 66, 68, 69
buffering 62, 68
compression 99
rate 51
Database
Logging 44
Timeout 44
Datagram, defined 166
DataRate 93
Date 41
Format 41
dB, defined 166
dBi, defined 166
dBm
defined 166
watts-volts conversion 147
DCE, defined 166
default gateway 44
defaults
reset to factory 117
Delete
All Remotes 80
Remote 80
Delimiter, defined 166
deployment costs 8
Description 41
Device
IP Address 70
Mode 38, 42, 43
Mode, defined 166
Name 38, 41
Status 38, 124
DHCP 44, 45
defined 166
Netmask 47
Server Configuration 43
Diagnostic Tools 126
dimensions 137
DKEY command 132
DNS Address 47
DSP (Digital Signal Processing), defined 167
DTE 10, 60
defined 167
Dwell Time 52, 98
Dynamic Mode 45
EIA-232 10
Embedded Management System 23
Encapsulation, defined 167
Encryption 79
ii
Phrase 80
Ending Address 47
Endpoint
defined 167
Listing 85
Listing Menu 93
ENI, SIMREX DATAMOVER ESS 3
Equalization, defined 167
Ethernet
Address 44
Link (H/W) Watch 46
Link Poll Address 46
Packet Statistics 90
port enabled/disabled 46
Rate Limit 46
Event Log 85, 86, 124, 126, 128, 129
Fade Margin 167
Feedline
selection 140, 141
Filename 88, 101, 105
firmware
installing 102
upgrade 101, 115
version 39, 41
Flow Control 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70
hardware, defined 167
Force Key Rotation 80
Force Reboot 115
Fragmentation
defined 167
Threshold 52, 98
Frame, defined 167
Frequency 116
hopping, defined 167
zone, defined 167
fuse replacement 153
gain
antenna, defined 165
system 145
Glossary 165–171
Go 117
Hardware
flow control, defined 167
Version 39, 41
Hop
Format 53
pattern 144
Pattern Seed 52
Pattern Seed, defined 168
Sync 124
Hopping
channels 157
frequency, defined 167
pattern seed, defined 168
Host computer, defined 168
HTTP
defined 168
Security Mode 79
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SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
SIMREX Corporation
IANA 61
IAPP, defined 168
ICMP, defined 168
IEEE, defined 168
IETF standard RFC1213 48
IGMP, defined 168
Image
Copy 101
file, defined 168
Verify 101
ESS-II, differences of 3, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 94, 133, 139, 143
Installation
antenna & feedline 140
feedline selection 141
general information 3
planning 137
requirements 137
site selection 139
site survey 143
Interference 144
Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority 61
Control Message Protocol, defined 168
IP 46
Addr 117
Address 38, 42, 92, 93, 113
address 45
Address Configuration 43
Address Mode 45
Gateway 113
Mobile, defined 168
Protocol 64, 66, 67, 69, 70
tunneling 61
Key
transmitter, for antenna SWR check 132
KEY command 132
user interfaces 29
Maximum Remotes 43
MD5, defined 168
SIMREX DataMover ESS ENI 3
SIMREX Security Suite 14
measurements
radio 131
Media Access Controller, defined 168
MIB
defined 168
files 48
Mobile 57
Mobile Data
Beacon Period 59
Compression 59
configuration 57
Dwell Time 59
Fragmentation Threshold 59
RTS Threshold 60
Mobile IP, defined 168
Mobility
defined 169
Mobility Capability 10
MODBUS 68
Mode
Device, defined 166
mixed 75
serial gateway interface 10
TCP 10
UDP 10
Model Number 40
MTBF, defined 169
Multicast
IP Address 64
IP Port 64
multiple
protocols 8
services 8
LAN 45
defined 168
Latency 99
Latency, defined 168
Latest AP Firmware Version 92
LED
COM1 25
COM2 25
LAN 25, 122
LINK 25, 26, 122, 134, 144
PWR 25, 86, 88, 122, 126, 129
use during troubleshooting 121
Link Established 71
Local
Area Network, defined 168
IP Port 64, 66
Listening IP Port 69
Location 41, 113
Logged Events 129
Lost Carrier Detected 90, 125
NEMA 9
net mask 44
Network
Name 13, 21, 38, 42, 43, 113
Name, defined 169
Time Protocol (NTP), defined 169
-wide diagnostics 169
network
maintenance 99
operation principles 95
performance optimization 98
performance verification 84
network design 11
antennas 12
collocating multiple radio networks 13
network name 12
repeaters 11
using multiple Access Points 13
Using the AP as a Store-and-Forward Packet Repeater 12
using two transceivers to form a repeater station 11
NTP (Network Time Protocol), defined 169
MAC Address 92, 93, 96
Management System 23
Outgoing Connection’s Inactivity Timeout 68
Owner 41
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
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iii
SIMREX Corporation
Packet
defined 169
Redundancy Mode 65, 66
Size 117
Statistics 85, 89, 125
Packets
Dropped 89, 90, 125
Received 89, 90
Received by Zone 90
Sent 89, 90
Passive Scanning, defined 169
Password Reset 117
PC
connection to transceiver 22
Performance Information Menu 98
PING 21, 26, 143
defined 169
Ping Utility 117
PLC 9
defined 170
Point-Multipoint System, defined 169
Point-to-Point
LAN Extension 7
Link 7
Poll, defined 169
port
antenna 132
COM1 10, 22, 23, 24, 60, 71, 140, 152
COM2 10, 24, 60, 71, 152
Ethernet 21
IP 71
LAN 23, 24, 151
not Enabled 71
Portability, defined 170
ports
serial 8
power
how much can be used 143
primary 22
transmitter power output 132
PPP 62
Primary Host Address 67
Primary IP Port 68
Programmable Logic Controller 9
protocol
BPDU 96
ICMP, defined 168
IP 24, 46, 60
MODBUS 68
PPP 62
SNMP 29, 48, 159
defined 171
SNTP 43, 171
STP 96
STP, defined 171
TCP 60, 61, 67, 71, 75, 99
defined 171
TFTP 102
defined 171
UDP 60, 61, 71, 72, 75, 99
defined 171
PuTTY usage 33
defined 170
iv
Radio
Frequency Interference 14, 144
Remote, defined 170
Test 115
range, transmission 9
Read Community String 49
Reboot
Device 101
on Upgrade 115
Receive errors 89, 90, 125
Received Signal Strength Indicator 22, 139
defined 170
Redundancy
Using multiple Access Points 13
Remote
IP Address 66
IP Port 66
Listing 85
Listing Menu 92
Performance Listing 85, 94
radio, defined 170
Terminal Unit 9
Terminal Unit, defined 170
Repeater 11
antennas 12
Network Name 12
Using the AP as a Store-and-Forward Packet Repeater 12
Using two transceivers to form a repeater station 11
reprogramming 100
Resetting the Password 117
Restart DHCP Server 48
Retries 90, 125
Retrieve File 101, 106
Retry errors 90, 125
RetryEr 94
RF Output Power 51, 84
RFI 14
defined 170
Roaming, defined 170
RSSI 22, 84, 116, 125, 133, 139
by Zone 84, 85
defined 170
Threshold 53
RTS Threshold 52, 98
RTS/CTS handshaking 65
RTU 9, 60, 71, 76
defined 170
RxBCMC 94
RxPkts 94
RxRate 94
RxViaEP 94
Save Changes 81
SCADA 8, 9, 62
defined 171
Scanning 124
Active, defined 169
Passive, defined 169
Seamless Inter-Frame Delay 65, 67, 68, 70, 71
Secondary
Host Address 68
IP Port 68
security
Approved Access Points/Remotes List 79
DataMover ESS User’s Guide
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
SIMREX Corporation
Auto Key Rotation 79
encryption 79
Encryption Phrase 80
Force Key Rotation 80
general information 3
HTTP Security Mode 79
risks 15
suite 14
Telnet Access 78
Two-Way Authentication 78
User Password 78
Send
File 106
Log 87
Sending LCP Requests 71
Serial
Configuration Wizard 62
Data Statistics 95
encapsulation 61
Mode 65, 67, 68, 69, 70
Number 39, 40
Port Statistics 125
radio networks, backhaul 7
Server Status 47
Signal strength 139
Signal-to-Noise Ratio 84
defined 171
Simple Network
Management Protocol, defined 171
Time Protocol, defined 171
Site selection 139
Skip Zone, defined 171
SNMP 29
Config Menu 43
defined 171
Mode 49, 78
traps 162
usage 159
V3 Passwords 50
SNR 53
defined 171
Threshold 53
SNTP 43
defined 171
Spanning Tree Protocol 96
Spanning Tree Protocol, defined 171
Specifications 154–157
SSH, defined 171
SSL, defined 171
Standing Wave Ratio 171
Starting
Address 47
Information Screen 40
State 93
Static IP
Address 45
Gateway 45
Netmask 45
Status 38, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70
STP, defined 171
subnet 45
SWR 132, 171
defined 171
performance optimization 132
Syslog Server 88
system gain, antenna 165
SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
system gain, antenna (defined) 165
System Mode 113
TCP 10, 61, 75, 99
Client 61
defined 171
Server 61
Telnet 71
Access 78
Test Mode 116
TFTP
defined 171
Host Address 87, 101, 105
Time-out 88
Timeout 101, 106
Time 41
Time to Live (TTL) 64
Transmission
Control Protocol, defined 171
range 9
transparent encapsulation 61
Trap
Community String 49
Manager 50
Manager, defined 171
Version 50
Troubleshooting 121–131
Using the Embedded Management System 122
Two-Way Authentication 78
TX Output Power 116
TxKey 116
TxPkt 94
TxPkts 94
TxViaEP 94
UDP 10, 61, 72, 75, 99
defined 171
mode 64
Unit Name 113
Uptime 39, 41
User Datagram Protocol, defined 171
User Password 78
Using multiple Access Points 13
UTP, defined 171
V3
Authentication Password 49
Privacy Password 49
via Remote 93
View
Approved Remotes 81
Current Alarms 88
Current Settings 63
Event Log 89
Log 87
volts-dBm-watts conversion 147
watts-dBm-volts conversion 147
WINS
Address 47
defined 171
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SIMREX Corporation
Wireless
Address 44
Network Status 85, 91
Packet Statistics 89
wizard
serial configuration 62
Write community String 49
Yagi antenna 141
Zone, defined 171
vi
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SIMREX MAN.ESS-01, Rev. F1
IN CASE OF DIFFICULTY...
SIMREX products are designed for long life and trouble-free operation. However, this equipment,
as with all electronic equipment, may have an occasional component failure. The following information will assist you in the event that servicing becomes necessary.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Technical assistance for SIMREX products is available from our Technical Support Department
during business hours (8:00 A.M.–5:00 P.M. Eastern Time). When calling, please give the
complete model number of the radio, along with a description of the trouble/symptom(s) that you
are experiencing. In many cases, problems can be resolved over the telephone, without the need for
returning the unit to the factory. Please use one of the following means for product assistance:
NY Phone: 716 206-0174 E-Mail: techsupport@simrex.com
AZ Phone: 480 926-6069 Web: www.simrex.com
FACTORY SERVICE
Component level repair of radio equipment is not recommended in the field. Many components are
installed using surface mount technology, which requires specialized training and equipment for
proper servicing. For this reason, the equipment should be returned to the factory for any PC board
repairs. The factory is best equipped to diagnose, repair and align your radio to its proper operating
specifications.
If return of the equipment is necessary, you will be issued a Return Merchandise Authorization
(RMA) number. The RMA number will help expedite the repair so that the equipment can be
repaired and returned to you as quickly as possible. Please be sure to include the RMA number on
the outside of the shipping box, and on any correspondence relating to the repair. No equipment
will be accepted for repair without an RMA number.
A statement should accompany the radio describing, in detail, the trouble symptom(s), and a
description of any associated equipment normally connected to the radio. It is also important to
include the name and telephone number of a person in your organization who can be contacted if
additional information is required.
The radio must be properly packed for return to the factory. The original shipping container and
packaging materials should be used whenever possible. All factory returns should be addressed to:
SIMREX Corporation
(RMA No. XXXXXX)
5490 Broadway St.
Lancaster, NY 14086 USA
When repairs have been completed, the equipment will be returned to you by the same shipping
method used to send it to the factory. Please specify if you wish to make different shipping arrangements. To inquire about an in-process repair, you may contact our Manufacturing/Service facility
at 716-206-0174 (FAX: 716-204-0476), or via e-mail at techsupport@simrex.com.
SIMREX Corporation
5490 Broadway St.
Lancaster, NY 14086
General Business: +1 716 206-0174
FAX: +1 716 204-0476
Web: www.simrex.com

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