Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications TR-505-A2 TRANSCEIVER MODULE User Manual 8 DM25
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Inc. TRANSCEIVER MODULE 8 DM25
exhibit 8
DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual DM-15/25 Integrator’s Manual 1 OF 38 DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 2 OF 38 DM-15/25 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTEGRATOR’S MANUAL............................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE INTEGRATOR’S MANUAL......................................................................................... 4 1.1 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 HOW TO READ THE MANUAL ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 SERVICE AND SUPPORT ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 Web Pages....................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Component Suppliers....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 RELATED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 SAFETY & FCC REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 WARNING: FCC RF EXPOSURE REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................... 6 WARNING: ANTENNA INSTALLATION ....................................................................................................................... 6 MODULE OPERATION ............................................................................................................................................... 6 OEM LABELING ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 POSTED FACILITIES .................................................................................................................................................. 6 ELECTRONIC DEVICES .............................................................................................................................................. 6 BLASTING AREAS .................................................................................................................................................... 6 POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES ................................................................................................................. 7 VEHICLES ................................................................................................................................................................ 7 FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AN AIRBAG .............................................................................................................. 7 RESPONSIBLE USE.................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.11.1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE DM-15/25 MODULES............................................................................................................. 7 3.1 A Guide to Safe and Responsible Wireless Communication Device Use..................................................... 7 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTEGRATING THE DM-15/25 MODULE ............................................................................................................... 9 4.1 MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Connector Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1.2 General Electrical and Logical Characteristics.............................................................................................. 13 4.1.3 Power Interface............................................................................................................................................. 13 4.1.3.1 4.1.3.2 4.1.3.3 4.1.4 4.1.4.1 4.1.4.2 4.1.5 4.1.6 Audio interface .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Analog Audio ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Digital Audio .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Serial Data Interface ..................................................................................................................................... 20 General Purpose Signals ............................................................................................................................... 20 APPLICATION IO DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................................................... 21 5.1 5.2 Power Consumption ................................................................................................................................... 14 Power Supply, Ground and Signal Pins....................................................................................................... 14 MODULE_PWR_EN_B (WAKE) ................................................................................................................. 16 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 SYSTEM CONNECTOR IO FUNCTIONALITY ............................................................................................................... 21 RECOMMENDED CIRCUITRY .............................................................................................................................. 24 6.1 STATUS ................................................................................................................................................................. 24 6.1.1 MODULE_PWR_EN_B (Wake) ..................................................................................................................... 25 6.2 DATA .................................................................................................................................................................... 25 6.2.1 VPPFLASH/DCD .......................................................................................................................................... 26 DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 3 OF 38 6.3 PCM ..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 6.4 ANALOG AUDIO ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 6.4.1 Creating an analog ground............................................................................................................................ 27 6.4.2 Creating an analog reference voltage (BIAS) ................................................................................................. 28 6.4.3 Analog ground vs. AGND .............................................................................................................................. 29 6.4.4 Microphone path ........................................................................................................................................... 29 6.4.5 Loudspeaker path .......................................................................................................................................... 30 6.4.6 Antenna connector......................................................................................................................................... 30 6.5 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................................... 31 6.5.1 Speech Calls.................................................................................................................................................. 31 6.5.2 Value Carrier Services................................................................................................................................... 31 6.5.3 Short Message Services.................................................................................................................................. 32 6.5.3.1 6.5.4 Services for Short Message Control............................................................................................................ 32 Data Functionality......................................................................................................................................... 33 6.5.4.1 6.5.4.2 6.5.5 6.5.6 6.5.7 6.5.8 6.5.9 6.5.10 TDMA ........................................................................................................................................................ 33 AMPS ........................................................................................................................................................ 33 Telematics capability..................................................................................................................................... 34 Over the air activation (OTA) ........................................................................................................................ 35 Hints for integrating the module .................................................................................................................... 35 Precautions ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Where to install the module............................................................................................................................ 35 Network and subscription .............................................................................................................................. 36 6.5.10.1 Possible communication disturbances..................................................................................................... 36 TECHNICAL DATA .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Figures Figure 1: DM-15/25 Module .....................................................................................................................8 Figure 3: 30-pin system connector ..........................................................................................................11 Figure 4: 30-pin system connector footprint ............................................................................................12 Figure 5 PCM timing diagram for DM-15/DM-25 ..................................................................................19 Revision History RELEASE DATE SUMMARY OF CHANGES P1B P2B 2/14/02 2/27/02 4/02/02 Initial Release- MCH Added FCC warning in 4.3.3 Removed Developer’s Kit and AT Commands. Added FCC and Safety section. Added I/O Description DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 4 OF 38 Introduction to the Integrator’s Manual 1.1 Overview This manual is for use as a guide to the setup, installation, and use of the DM-15/25 module into your application. The module may be tested using the Developer’s Kit which is supplied together with the a DM-15/25 module and all the necessary tools. The DM-15/25 module is intended for mounting into an application developer’s chassis to provide wireless communication capability for the product. The target chassis could be in a wide variety of forms such as a residential electric meter, a point of sale terminal, an alarm panel, or an automobile console. All initial configuration, mode control, and operational commands are issued to the module over an RS-232 serial port using a flexible AT command format. The module circuitry has been designed to meet the environmental requirements of a large range of commercial and industrial users. 1.2 How to read the manual This manual is divided into four chapters. Chapter 2 is Safety & FCC Requirements. Chapter 3 gives a general overview of the integrator’s manual and the intended use of the DM-15/25 module. A list of related documents as well as a list of abbreviations used all through the manual is also included. Information concerning Service and Support is also presented. The description of the DM-15/25 module is presented in Chapter 4, including explanation on how to integrate the DM-15/25 with the customer application and the DM-15/25 technical data. Chapter 5 describes the function of the Signal and data pins. Chapter 6 describes the recommended circuitry, with reference designs. Information on the Developer Kit in described in the Developers Kit Manual The full set of AT commands available in the DM-15/25 are described in the AT Command Set Manual. 1.3 Service and Support 1.3.1 Web Pages For more information about where you can buy our modules or for recommendations of accessories and components, look at our Web Pages. The address is: http://www.sonyericsson.com/m2m/ To register for product news and announcements or for product questions, contact the Sony Ericsson modules Technical Support group: • Telephone: 919-472-1122 (staffed Monday-Friday 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM EST). • Email: modules.supportusa@sonyericssonmobile.com 1.3.2 Component Suppliers Description System Connector Antenna Connector and cabling 1.4 Part # 515.569.035.030.xxx Various Additional Information http://www.oduusa.com http://www.amp.com Amphenol 908-22101 Related Documents The DM-15/25 is based upon the following mobile standards: • • • • Aeris MicroburstTM RF Module, Requirements, rev 19.0 (DM-15A, DM-25) TIA/EIA/IS-91 – Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard for 800 MHz Analog Cellular TIA/EIA-136-270-A Mobile Station Minimum Performance Standard, August 1999 FCC Part 15, 22, Radiated Emissions Limits, Public Mobiles Services These standards define the requirements for a Cellular System mobile station using AMPS analog and TDMA technology. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 1.5 Abbreviations AGND AT BMI CLI CSD CTS DCCH DCD DFMS DTMS DTR EDB EMC EMI ESD ESN FCC GND IRA ISDN ISO LED LSB ME MO MS MT NAM NVM OEM PAD PCB PCM PIN RD RF RLP RTS SID SMS TA TD TE Analog Ground Attention command Base Mobile Interworking Calling Line Identification Circuit Switched Data Clear To Send Digital Control Channel Data Carrier Detect Data From Mobile Station Data To Mobile Station Data Terminal Ready External Data Bus Electromagnetic Compatibility Electromagnetic Interference Electrostatic Discharge Electronic Serial Number Federal Communications Commission Chassis Ground International Reference Alphabet Integrated Services Digital Network International Standards Organization Light-Emitting Diode Least Significant Bit Mobile Equipment Mobile Originated Mobile Station Mobile Terminated Number Assignment Module Non-Volatile Memory Original Equipment Manufacturer Protocol Adapter Printed Circuit Board Pulse Code Modulation Personal Identification Number Receive Data, also known as DFMS Radio Frequency Radio Link Protocol Request To Send System Identifier Short Message Service Terminal Adapter Transmit Data, also known as DTMS Terminal Equipment 5 OF 38 DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 6 OF 38 Safety & FCC Requirements 2.1 Warning: FCC RF Exposure Requirements This module is approved for mobile operations only with respect to CFR 47 part 2.1091. If this module is intended to be used as a portable device, the OEM integrators should investigate separate approval to satisfy SAR requirements of 2.1093. 2.2 Warning: Antenna Installation • At no time is the antenna to be located closer than 27 centimeters to a normally occupied location or person. • At no time should an antenna system with greater than 1.0 dB gain be used with this module in any normally occupied area. In an automotive configuration, an antenna with a 2.5dB gain and a minimum 1.5 dB of cable loss should be used. 2.3 Module Operation Safe and efficient use of this module requires a properly terminated antenna. DO NOT operate the module with a damaged or missing antenna, replace a damaged or missing antenna immediately otherwise damage to the module may result and could violate FCC regulations. DO NOT operate this device within 27 centimeters of a person unless proper shielding from the antenna is installed. 2.4 OEM Labeling A label must be affixed to the outside of the end product into which the authorized module is incorporated, with a statement similar to the following: This device contains TX FCC ID: XXXXXX (where “XXXXXX” is the FCC ID of the module). 2.5 Posted Facilities Do not operate this device where posted notices require wireless devices to be turned off. 2.6 Electronic Devices Most electronic equipment is shielded from RF signals. However, certain electronic equipment may not be shielded properly against RF signals. Pacemakers The Health Industries Manufacturers Association recommends that a minimum separation of six (6) inches be maintained between a wireless transmitter and a pacemaker to avoid potential interference with the pacemaker. These recommendations are consistent with the independent research and recommendations of Wireless Technology Research. Persons with Pacemakers should always keep the antenna/module more than 27 centimeters from their pacemaker when the module is on; if you have a reason to suspect that interference is taking place, turn off the module immediately. Hearing Aids Some digital wireless devices may interfere with some hearing aids. Other Medical Devices If you use any other type of personal medical device in the presence of this transceiver, consult the manufacturer of your device to determine if it is adequately shielded from external RF energy. Your physician may be able to assist you in obtaining this information. 2.7 Blasting Areas To avoid interfering with blasting operations, turn your module off when in a “blasting area” or in areas posted: “Turn off two-way radio”. Obey all signs and instructions. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 7 OF 38 2.8 Potentially Explosive Atmospheres Turn your module off when in any area with a potentially explosive atmosphere and obey all signs and instructions. Sparks in such areas could cause an explosion or fire resulting in bodily injury or even death. Areas with a potentially explosive atmosphere are often, but not always, clearly marked. They include such areas as gasoline stations; below deck on boats; fuel or chemical storage or transfer facilities; vehicles using liquefied petroleum gas (such as propane or butane); areas where the air contains chemicals or particles, such as grain dust or metal powders; and any other area where you would normally be advised to turn off your vehicle engine. 2.9 Vehicles RF signals may affect improperly installed or inadequately shielded electronic systems in motor vehicles. Check with the manufacturer or its representative regarding your vehicle. You should also consult the manufacturer of any equipment that has been added to your vehicle. 2.10 For Vehicles Equipped with an Airbag An airbag inflates with a great force. Do not place objects including both installed or portable wireless equipment in the area over the airbag or in the airbag deployment area. If in-vehicle wireless equipment is improperly installed and the airbag inflates, serious injury could result. 2.11 Responsible Use OEM Manufacturers providing telematic devices for vehicular use are encouraged to incorporate the following CTIA guidance for safe and responsible wireless communication device use into their user’s manuals: 2.11.1.1 A Guide to Safe and Responsible Wireless Communication Device Use TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN THE U.S. TODAY TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE UNIQUE COMBINATION OF CONVENIENCE, SAFETY AND VALUE DELIVERED BY THE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE. QUITE SIMPLY, THE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE GIVES PEOPLE THE POWERFUL ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE BY VOICE— ALMOST ANYWHERE, ANYTIME— WITH THE BOSS, WITH A CLIENT, WITH THE KIDS, WITH EMERGENCY PERSONNEL OR EVEN WITH THE POLICE. EACH YEAR, AMERICANS MAKE BILLIONS OF CALLS FROM THEIR WIRELESS PHONES, AND THE NUMBERS ARE RAPIDLY GROWING. Overview of the DM-15/25 Modules 3.1 Overview The DM-25 is an 800MHz AMPS/TDMA, and 1900MHz TDMA transceiver module. At 1900 MHz it is a Class IV module. At 800MHz it can be configured to be either a Class I or Class II module. The DM15 has the same functionality as the DM25, it however is 800MHz only. Both are designed for consumer and OEM industrial data applications. The DM-15/25 module is intended for mounting into an application developer’s chassis to provide wireless communication capability for the product. The target chassis may take a wide variety of forms such as a residential electric meter, a point of sale terminal, an alarm panel, or an automobile console. All initial configuration, mode control, and operational commands are issued to the DM-15/25 module over an RS-232 serial port using a flexible AT command format, as described in the AT Command section of this document. A single system connector provides serial communications, power, and I/O signaling. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual Figure 1: DM-15/25 Module 8 OF 38 DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 9 OF 38 Integrating The DM-15/25 Module 4.1 Mechanical Description The DM-15/25 has no mechanical elements other than the main PCB assembly. All critical electronic components are shielded using sheet metal cans to prevent internal and external electromagnetic interference from degrading the module’s performance and to prevent the module from interfering with other nearby devices. The module is plugged into the fixed mating connector and secured with 4 screws to the standoff posts. The module has no keypad, display, microphone, speaker or battery. The physical dimensions of the DM-15/25 module are as indicated in the figure shown below. Note! All the measurements are in millimeters. Figure 3: Physical Dimensions of the DM-15/25 DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 10 OF 38 The following shows the allowed contact area to the module. Contact to areas other than the areas shown below should be avoided due to the possibility that electrical components or pc-board connectors may be exposed. Note also a “Heat Sink”area is shown. This contact point can be used for contacting a heat sink if needed when operation within the user’s enclosure restricts air flow. Figure 4 Contact Areas for the DM-15/25 4.1.1 Connector Overview External interfaces to the module are made primarily through a 30-pin, standard 0.050-inch pitch, ODU header shown below. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual Figure 2: 30-pin system connector 11 OF 38 DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 12 OF 38 Figure 3: 30-pin system connector footprint Section 4.1.3.2 shows the PIN-connection of the different signals connected to the interface as well as a short description of the signals. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 4.1.2 13 OF 38 General Electrical and Logical Characteristics Many of the signals present in the interface are CMOS signals where the following levels apply. CMOS Output / Input electrical characteristics Parameters Test conditions Limits Units Min. 4.1.3 Typ. Max. High level output voltage (IOH= 800 µA) VOH 0.9 * VDD VDD Low level output voltage (IOL= 800 µA) VOL 0.1* VDD Volts High-Level Input Voltage (VIH) VIH 0.8 * VDD VDD Low-Level Input Voltage (VIL) VIL 0.2 * VDD Volts Logic Voltage Min Nominal Max Units VDD 3.3 3.4 3.5 Volts Volts Volts Power Interface The module is able to operate in several modes and different output power levels. Typical applications require output power levels similar to those in a handheld cellular phone, which is considered a power class IV unit for dual mode operation. It is possible to increase the output power level to that of a class I unit (4 W nominal) during the 5 second analog burst data mode. Table 1 below shows the nominal output power levels (Effective Radiated Power, assuming an antenna system gain of 1 dBd (2.5 dBd antenna gain with 1.5 dB cable loss)). Mobile Station Power Level (dBW) 10 Class I, AMPS -2 -6 -10 -14 -18 -22 -22 -22 -22 Class II, AMPS -2 -6 -10 -14 -18 -22 -22 -22 -22 Class II TDMA -2 -6 -10 -14 -18 -22 -22 -22 -22 Class IV, TDMA -2 -2 -2 -6 -10 -14 -18 -22 -27±3 -32±4 -37±5 Class IV, PCS -2 -2 -2 -6 -10 -14 -18 -22 -28±3 -33±4 -38±5 Table 1. Mobile Station Nominal Power Levels *Note: Output power levels maintained within range of +2 / -4 dB for PL0-7 Power levels 8-10 are valid for digital mode only, maintained within range of +2 / -6 dB DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 14 OF 38 4.1.3.1 Power Consumption 4.1.3.1.1 Transmit Mode Power class selection VCC_5V (peak) VCC_12V (peak) Heat Sink Busrt Mode Class I AMPS Class II TDMA Class II 600-ma 1,300-ma 9o C/watt recommended Busrt Mode Class I AMPS Class IV TDMA Class IV 1,000-ma 1,300-ma Not required Table 2 Power Consumption in Transmit/talk mode 4.1.3.1.2 Standby Mode DC current in mA Average AMPS Mode 45 TDMA Mode 45 PCS Mode 35 Table 3 Power Consumption in Standby Mode 4.1.3.1.3 Sleep Mode (Minimum DC Power consumption) A power down or “sleep mode” is available in which the module is placed in a low power consumption state under control of the host application. In this mode, the unit consumes approximately 30 uA of current as measured from the VCC_5V supply input on pins 29 and 30 of the system connector. The MODULE_PWR_EN_B (WAKE) signal, on pin 8 of the system connector is tied to VCC_5V through a 330kΩ resistor and therefore needs to be driven low by an external open collector transistor in order to turn the module off. Turning off the external open collector transistor causes the MODULE_PWR_EN_B (WAKE) signal to float, which returns the unit to full operation, although there may be some delay (3-4 seconds) while the module reestablishes cellular service with the cellular network. 4.1.3.2 Power Supply, Ground and Signal Pins The signals related to the power supply are: VCC_12, 13.8 V ± 20%, 1.3A max power supply, connected to the pin numbers 25, 27 and 28 and needed for 3 Watt burst applications and VCC_5, 5 volt ± 13.3% regulated, 1A max (1A peak during TDMA burst) regulated power supply connected to pin numbers 29 and 30. Following is a list of the power supply requirements and signal pinout`: DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 15 OF 38 MODEL Description DM15 800 MHz, Class 4 TDMA/AMPS, Single 5-V supply +/-10% DM-15A, 800 MHz, Class 4 TDMA/AMPS; Class 1 Burst Data; Dual Supply required (+5v +/-10%, 13.8v +/- 20%) Selectable mode for Class 2 TDMA/AMPS; Class 1 Burst Data , Dual Supply required (+5v +/-10%, 12v +/- 10%) DM-25 800/1900 MHz, Class 4 TDMA/AMPS, Class 1 Burst Data, Dual Supply required (+5v +/-10%, 13.8v +/- 20%) Selectable mode for Class 2 TDMA-800/AMPS, Class 1 Burst Data , Dual Supply required (+5v +/-10%, 12v +/- 10%) Note: Use of Class 2 AMPS requires heat sink of 9 deg C/Watt for full temperature range operation. The ground signals in DM-15/DM-25 are Analog Ground, AGND, connected to pin number 5, and chassis Ground, GND, connected to the system connector interface through pin numbers 1, 2, 4, 17 and 18. Following is a list of the ground pins: Pin DM-15/DM-25 Description GND Chassis Ground GND Digital Ground AGND Analog Ground 17 GND Digital Ground 18 GND Digital Ground Analog Ground (AGND) The AGND lead is the analog audio reference ground. It is the return signal for Audio To Mobile Station (ATMS), Audio From Mobile Station (AFMS). Electrical characteristics: Imax < 45 mA (peak) The AGND is connected to the chassis Ground (GND) in the ME, and only there. The application should not be connected to neither GND nor AGND. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 16 OF 38 Chassis Ground (GND) GND is the logical reference of all digital signals in the System Interface as well as the DC return of the power supply signal, VCC_5V and VCC_12V (used for AMPS burst modes). Electrical characteristics: Iaverage < 0.7 A Ipeak < 2 A Note! That no GND pin can withstand over 0.5 A. 4.1.3.3 MODULE_PWR_EN_B (WAKE) The MODULE_PWR_EN_B (WAKE) signal is a TTL compatible active high input. This signal (pin 8 on the system connector), is tied to VCC_5V through 330kΩ resistor, recommend open collector/drain transistor; short this pin to GND to power down the module. 4.1.4 Audio interface The audio-related signals are: the analog audio signals ATMS (Audio To Mobile Station), and AFMS (Audio From Mobile Station), and the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) signals (PCMULD, PCMDLD, PCMCLK, and PCMSYNC). Pin DM-15/DM-25 Description AFMS Audio Output From Module ATMS Audio Input to Module 13 PCMCLK External PCM Clock Output 14 PCMSYNC External PCM frame Sync 15 EXTPCMULD External PCM Voice Input 16 PCMDLD External PCM Voice Input 4.1.4.1 Analog Audio ATMS (pin 6 on the system connector) is the analog audio input to the module. When it is active, it is connected to the radio via the audio processing stages in the module. ATMS is also used as the microphone input from the portable Handsfree. When enable via the AT*NAUD command, a DC bias is provided from the ATMS. The AFMS (pin 3 on the system connector) is the analog audio output from the module. When it is active it is connected to the radio via the audio processing stages in the module. The audio signal then comes out of the output AFMS. It is also used as a earpiece driver for the Portable Handsfree accessory. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 17 OF 38 Pin DM-15/DM-25 Description AFMS Audio Output From Module ATMS Audio Input to Module The factory default audio settings are presented in the following table. Refer to AT*NAUD AFMS Module audio output Output Impedance (active state) Output Impedance (inactive state) Output Impedance (pwr down state) Drive capacity into 50 Ω Drive capacity into 5 kΩ External Device audio input Input Impedance Volume control ATMS (0.3 – 3.5 kHz) Zout < 10 Ω in series with ≥3.3 uF (-20%) Zout < 10 Ω to VDD/2 Zout > 30 kΩ 1.1 VP-P min. 2.0 VP-P min./ 4.0 VP-P max. Zin > 50 Ω ± 12 dB from nominal > - 40 dB (mute) Levels to external audio input at mid 28 mVrms nominal 450 mVrms volume max. All sources must be AC coupled except for a microphone device. MIC should be DC coupled in order for module to supply DC power to microphone. External audio source Output impedance (active state) Zout ≤ 100 Ω Output impedance (inactive state) Zout > 10 k Module audio input Input impedance Zin > 2 kΩ Output DC level unloaded for external 2.0 V min. MIC Levels from external audio source 45 mVrms nominal 340 mVrms (default) max. Audio input signal is amplified an 1.5 mVrms nominal additional 32 db and a DC bias is provided to the microphone when using the AT*NAUD command for HF mode. 4.1.4.2 Digital Audio The DM-15/DM-25 provides digital audio capability over the system connector. The digital audio signals enable the connection of a digital audio source. The receiver is bypassing the analog audio processing functions performed within the ME. The digital audio interface includes the following PCM signals: DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 18 OF 38 Pin DM-15/DM-25 Description 13 PCMCLK External PCM Clock Output 14 PCMSYNC External PCM frame Sync 15 PCMULD External PCM Voice Input 16 PCMDLD External PCM Voice Input Already defined CMOS output/input electrical characteristics apply (see Section 4.1.2 General Electrical and Logical Characteristics). The voltage levels at the PCM interface are in accordance with the 3.3 V DC CMOS technology. The PCM format (for PCMULD and PCMDLD) follows a linear PCM data format with 13-bit data embedded in a 16-bit word. The data bits in PCMULD (input) and PCMDLD (output) are aligned so that the MSB in each word occurs on the same clock edge. See timing diagram in Figure 4. 4.1.4.2.1 Data Format The DM-15/DM-25 module implements a 13-bit PCM with the 13-bit data embedded in a 16-bit word as follows. The output data is compatible with the linear PCM data I/O of an industry standard Texas Instrument DSP. Each PCM word shall contain 16-bits D0 - D15. D13 - D1 is the 2´s complement value of the 13-bit PCM, with D13 as the sign bit. D14 and D15 are always set to be equivalent with D13, and D0 can contain an optional LSB if a 14-bit word is used. D13 is the MSB while D1 is the LSB if a 14-bit word is not used. Note that the MSB is sent in first place. Bit Contents D15 - D14 D13 – D1 D0 Equal to D13 Two complement of the 13-bit PCM Optional additional data = D13 MSB D14 D0 13 bit PCM D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 16 bit data word D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 LSB DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 19 OF 38 4.1.4.2.2 Timing Timing shall be according to the following diagram (see Figure 4). The signals in the diagram shall be interpreted according to the following relation. DM-15/DM-25 signal Diagram name PCMCLK PCMCLK (output) PCMSYNC PCMSYN (output) PCMULD PCMI (input) PCMDLD PCMO (output) Figure 4 PCM timing diagram for DM-15/DM-25 The meaning and value of the timing parameters are described in Table 4. Name fPCMCLK fPCMSYN tPSS tPSH tDSL tDSH tPDLP Description clock frequency PCM clock frequency PCMSYN (setup) to PCMCLK (fall) PCMSYN pulse length PCMI (setup) to PCMCLK (fall) PCMI (hold) from PCMCLK (fall) PCMO valid from PCMCLK (rise) Min Typ 200 Max 10 20 10 10 Table 4 PCM timing parameters for DM-15/DM-25 25 Unit kHz kHz ns ns ns ns ns DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 4.1.5 20 OF 38 Serial Data Interface The serial channels are used as asynchronous communication links between the application system and the module. The following table shows the serial data channels related signals: Pin DM-15/DM-25 Description Dir 19 DCD Data Carrier Detect 21 CTS Clear To Send 22 DTR Data Terminal Ready 23 TD Serial Data To Module (DTMS) 24 RTS Request To Send 26 RD Serial Data From Module (DFMS) All the serial-channel-related signals have the same electrical characteristics. In the following table you can see some of these characteristics. The common CMOS electrical specifications defined in Section 4.1.2 General Electrical and Logical Characteristics are valid for all these signals. The standard character format is 1 start bit, 8 data bits, non-parity and 1 stop bit. In all, there are 10 bits per character. Note! That the signal levels do not match the standard RS232 (V.28). 4.1.6 General Purpose Signals The module provides two general purpose binary inputs and two general purpose binary outputs on the system connector. The AT*EGPI command described in section, allows an application to query the states of the two general purpose binary inputs. The AT*EGPO command described in section, allows an application to query or set the states of the two general purpose binary output inputs. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual Pin DM-15/DM-25 Description OUTPUT 2 General Purpose Binary Output # 2 INPUT 2 General Purpose Binary Input # 2 10 OUTPUT 1 General Purpose Binary Output # 1 12 INPUT 1 General Purpose Binary Input # 1 21 OF 38 The general purpose output signals OUTPUT 1 and OUTPUT 2 are CMOS open drain outputs with 1 mA drive. The general purpose input signals INPUT 1 and INPUT 2 are CMOS bi-directional, tri-state output with 2mA drive. Application IO description 5.1 General This section describes the IO functionality, and recommended implementation. 5.2 System connector IO functionality Note 1: The application IO can be one of the following listed types: • Logic input (no pull up or pull down resistors required). • IOC Logic open-collector input. • Logic output (no pull up or pull down resistors required). • OOC Logic open-collector output. • I/O Logic I/O. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 22 OF 38 The pin direction in this table is seen from the application’s point of view. Group Pin No. Name Application Requirements App I/O1 HW flow control is by default enabled in the phone module. 23 TD (DTMS) 26 RD (DFMS) 24 RTS 21 CTS 22 DTR 19 VPPFLASH/DCD Data Data Logic output to phone module. The application shall set this output active high upon startup. Logic input from phone module. Logic output to phone module. Pulled down by the phone module (R > 20k). The application shall set this pin active low when ready to receive data. Logic input from phone module. This signal is initially set high, indicating that the phone module is not ready to receive data. It is set low when the phone module is ready to receive data. Logic output to phone module. This signal is pulled up in the phone module (R > 20k). This signal should be set high by the application during a data call. A high to low transition will terminate the data call. This signal is asserted (logic high) by the application when it wishes to open a communications channel. The phone module then prepares the modem to be connected to the telephone circuit, and, once connected, maintains the connection. When DTR is de-asserted (logic low), the phone module is switched to "on-hook" to terminate the connection. DCD: Logic input from phone module. This signal is set default high. It goes low indicating that a data or fax call is established, (CONNECT) received from remote modem. The signal goes high when data connection is disconnected. Sent from the phone module (DCE) to the application (DTE) to indicate that it has received a basic carrier signal from a (remote) DCE. I/O VPPFLASH: The application shall not apply a voltage to this pin unless they intend to use it as VPPFLASH in which case it becomes a power output. PCM 15 PCMULD Logic output to phone module. 16 PCMDLD Logic input from phone module. 14 PCMSYNC Logic input from phone module. 15 PCMCLK Logic input from phone module. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual Analog Audio 23 OF 38 Analog reference. This signal is an analog reference output by the phone module. This signal is connected to GND in one place in the phone module. Under no AGND circumstances shall it be connected to any ground or be used as ground in the application. See 3.4 for more detailed information. ATMS Single ended audio output to phone module. AFMS Single ended audio input from phone module. MODULE_PWR Logic open collector output that is set low by the application to enable power to the phone module. The EN_B pull-up resistor resides in the phone module. OOC Status 2420 RINGER Pulse Modulated logic input from phone module. The application must provide power amplification if the current draw is expected to exceed 1mA. 40 USB_D- No termination. Leave open. RESERVED No termination. Leave open. 12 RESERVED Terminate with a ~100k resistor to DGND. RESERVED Terminate with a ~100k resistor to DGND. 10 RESERVED No termination. Leave open. 11 RESERVED Terminate with a ~100k resistor to DGND. Unused Reserved NC DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 24 OF 38 Recommended Circuitry Abbreviations: • VCC • VREF Represents the logic supply voltage used by the application. Represents the logic supply voltage used by the phone module. Component proposals: • Transistors not showing a base resistor should be interpreted as a BRT (Built in Resistor Transistor) i.e. Toshiba RN1308. • The inverting buffers should preferably be Schmitt-Triggered, i.e. Toshiba TC7S14 or similar. 6.1 Status The status group contains four signals, one output signal from the application and three input signals to the application. Application 0 = Phone Module Power OFF 1 = Phone Module Power ON Phone Module 12, MODULE_PWR_EN_B VCC 24, RINGER DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 25 OF 38 6.1.1 MODULE_PWR_EN_B (Wake) This signal, located on pin 12 in the system connector, enables the main 5V supply in the phone module so that it powers on. This is an open collector input to the phone module. Its reference voltage is the main 5V supply. 6.2 Data The data group contains six signals, three output signals from application, two input signals to application, and one I/O signal. Phone Module Application VCC 1 - 100k VREF RxD CTS 30, RD (DFMS) 25, CTS VREF VREF 27, TD (DTMS) 28, RTS 26, DTR 1 - 100k TxD RTS DTR VREF 1 - 100k VPPFLASH_EN VCC 1 - 100k DCD VREF 23, VPPFLASH/DCD 100k DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 6.2.1 26 OF 38 VPPFLASH/DCD This signal, located on pin 23 in the system connector, can be used by the application to enable flashing of the phone module. To enter flash-mode, the application shall set VPPFLASH_EN active high, then enable the MODULE_PWR_EN_B pin. The circuitry above ensures that a high enough signal is input on VPPFLASH without overloading the DCD input buffer. 6.3 PCM The PCM group contains four signals, three input signals to the application, and one output signal from the application. Application Phone Module VCC PCM_IN PCM_SYNC PCM_CLK 1 - 100k VREF 19, PCMDLD 18, PCMSYNC 17, PCMCLK VREF 1 - 100k PCM_OUT VREF 20, PCMULD DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 6.4 27 OF 38 Analog Audio 6.4.1 Creating an analog ground An analog ground plane should be generated, which connects to GND in one point so that high frequency digital current is not floating through the analog ground. Connecting the analog ground in only one point avoids ground currents from power supplies and other high current circuitry from creating noise in the analog circuitry. This common point should be located where the analog supply voltage (VANA) is generated (at filter (A), or regulator (B) depending on implementation). 12V 5V VANA Regulator VANA DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 28 OF 38 6.4.2 Creating an analog reference voltage (BIAS) The BIAS reference should be generated from the analog supply voltage (VANA) and be referenced to the analog ground. This reference shall be used to bias all analog circuitry in the application. VANA 100k BIAS 100k The bias can be tapped directly from the resistor voltage divider, but the amplifier will make the bias more stable and less susceptible to noise. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 6.4.3 29 OF 38 Analog ground vs. AGND The AGND signal output from the module is not a ground. It is an analog reference, which is connected to the main ground used by the module in one place inside the module. It should not under any circumstances be used as a ground or connected to a ground in the application. AGND must be treated as a signal. Together with ATMS and AFMS it creates a semi differential interface. The analog ground shall be used as ground plane for the analog circuitry of the application. It should not be connected to the AGND signal output from the phone module. 6.4.4 Microphone path An application using the analog audio interface must re-reference the signal from its own internal BIAS to AGND received from the module. The figure below shows an example of a microphone implementation. C3 VCC C5 R1 R3 C2 R2 C2 R5 R4 R2 R4 <=1k >=2.2uF ATMS R3 R5 R1 >=2.2uF AGND C3 BIAS C5 The microphone should preferably be connected to its pre-amplifier differentially, which will minimize noise picked up along the way from the microphone to its amplifier. If the impedance is the same on both microphone lines, and the lines are run in parallel, the same amount of noise is picked up on both lines. This noise is then removed in the differential amplifier stage. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 6.4.5 30 OF 38 Loudspeaker path An application using the analog audio interface must re-reference the AFMS-signal from AGND to its own internal BIAS. The figure shows a differential implementation. C1 is chosen to create the correct HP frequency response. R1 and R2 determine the gain, and C2 and R2 determine the LP frequency response. C2 R2 AFMS C1 R1 >=10k Internal App + AGND C1 R1 >=10k Internal App R2 C2 BIAS 6.4.6 Antenna connector The antenna connector is the hub for transmission of the Radio Frequency (RF) signals from the DM-15/DM-25 module to the external antenna. The antenna connector of the module is surface mounted, micro miniature snap-on MA/-COM connector (P/N 2367-5002-54). A wide variety of compatible mating connectors are available. Pigtail assembly (P/N 9960-2100-24), and the inter-series cable assembly (P/N 9960-4100-XX) from M/A-COM are two options using pre-assembled cables. Another mating option is a right angle crimp jack from M/A-COM that uses standard RG-type coaxial cable. Custom cables assemblies can be manufactured to individual requirements using standard off-the-shelf coaxial cable and mating connectors (TNC, SMA, etc.) with either RG-178 or RG-316 size M/A-COM connectors. Since the mating connector can rotate through 360o, the application developer has maximum flexibility for routing the RF coax assembly. The total height of the mated pair using M/A-COM pre-assembled RF connectors is 0.12 inches. The mated pair height using the right angle crimp jack is approximately 0.290 inches. Physical dimensions of the two module connector types are shown below. The pigtail and the right angle crimp. The physical dimensions of the connector are shown in the drawing below. .152 (3.86) Pigtail Assembly .223 (5.66) Right Angle Crimp Jack Electrical performance parameters are valid only when the terminating impedance at the output of the antenna connector exhibits a VSWR of less than 2:1 for all phase angles in the frequency band of operation. High VSWR loads at the antenna connector adversely affect current consumption, linearity, and power efficiency of the module and may prevent operation or cause internal damage. The RF performance of the DM-15/DM-25 meets the requirements of the TIA/EIA-136-270-B specification. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 31 OF 38 Electrical characteristics at the antenna interface Nominal impedance 50 Ω (better than 2:1) Output Power 3 Watt peak (Class 1) Burst Modem, AMPS 2 Watt peak (Class 2) AMPS, DAMPS 0.6 Watt peak (Class 4) AMPS, DAMPS, PCS Better than - 116 dBm 12 dB SINAD, AMPS Better than - 110 dBm <3% BER, DAMPS Better than –110 dBm <3% BER, PCS Static Sensitivity 6.5 Functional Description This chapter describes the functionality of the DM-15/DM-25 module. The module performs a set of telecom services according to TIA/EIA-136. The functions of the display and keypad, usually used to make calls, are implemented by issuing AT Commands over the serial interface. To find out how to send SMS messages, make data calls, use the burst mode services and handle the Phone Book. 6.5.1 Speech Calls The module offers the following telecom services: • Telephony according to EIA/TIA-136. • Emergency according to EIA/TIA-136. An incoming call is indicated by an AT unsolicited result code (RING indicator). The audio input and output signals in the interface (AFMS and ATMS) will carry analog speech in full duplex (transmitting and receiving simultaneously). The module supports both Full-Rate speech coding and Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR), if EFR is available in the network. For EFR to be usable, changes must be made in the module’s internal parameters. 6.5.2 Value Carrier Services The module supports the following value carrier services: • Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP). Enables the called module to get the CLI (phone number) of the calling party. • Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR). Allows the calling module to enable or disable the presentation of the CLI (phone number) to the called party when originating a call (dialling). • Call Forwarding. Permits the called module to have the network send incoming calls to a desired phone number. • Call Waiting. Permits the module to be notified of an incoming call, for example, if the module is engaged in an active call. The module can either accept, reject or ignore the incoming call. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 32 OF 38 • Conference Calls (Multiparty). Permits the module to maintain simultaneous communication with more than one party. • Call Barring. Allows the module to bar certain categories of outgoing or incoming calls. The categories are determined by one or more barring programs. Note! Some value carrier services as Call Forwarding and Call Waiting may vary depending on your service provider’s network. Value carrier services are activated/deactivated via the ATD command using a specific code. This code might vary depending on the service provider. Consult your service provider for further information. 6.5.3 Short Message Services The DM-15/DM-25 module provides the functional capability to create and send text messages across the air interface. These messages are transported on the air interface via the layer-3 R-DATA message. The key management attribute of a short message is the folder in which it resides. Folders are convenient groupings of similar messages. For example, common folders are in-box, out-box and hold-box. This pool of folders use a common set of indices (internally controlled) to reference each message location. The incoming messages are stored in non-volatile memory until deleted by the host application using the AT+CSDM command . The module supports the following SMS services in TDMA: • Sending : Mobile-originated (MO) according to EIA/TIA 136-350. • Receiving: Mobile Terminated (MT) according to EIA/TIA 136-350. The maximum length of an SMS message is 201 bytes. 6.5.3.1 Services for Short Message Control The services provided by the DM-15/DM-25 module for short message control are the followings: •Message formatting – The module formats short messages for transmitting over the air interface. •Message storage – The module stores messages received over the air interface in an in-box; it queues messages for transmission over the air interfce in an out-box. •Default information element storage – The module stores default information elements for use in formatting short messages. •Message reference assigment – The module assigns message reference numbers to new short messages that are transmitted over the air interface. •Message index assigment – The module assigns message index numbers to messages received over the air interface. •Privacy Management – The module supports privacy criteria. •Message reporting – The module reports incoming messages received over the air interface. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 6.5.4 33 OF 38 Data Functionality 6.5.4.1 TDMA • Asynchronous Circuit Switch Data (CSD) according to EIA/TIA 136-350. AMPS • AMPS Data over the voice channel. In this case an external modem connected to the analog audio signals (ATMS, AFMS) is needed. • Microburst/Vburst mode (by Aeris). • The DM-15/DM-25 module supports Aeris Microburst and Vburst protocols. These protocols enable applications to send either short messages or 1045 byte data-grams to the Aeris data center. The short messages in Microburst mode are sent using dialed digits inside a feature request. Feature requests are pages with a ‘*’character followed by 15 digits. In Microburst/Vburst mode the DM-15/DM-25 module does not use either IRDB or WIN4 list. • The Microburst and Vburst service is detected by listening for pages to area code 175 or area code 180 respectively. • Application providers that use Aeris Microburst/Vburst protocols must obtain Microburst and Vburst documentation from Aeris (see section 1.4) • Sony Ericsson Burst Modem. • The Sony Ericsson Burst Modem protocol enables applications to send 250-byte messages on an AMPS voice channel. • In order to have a complete solution customers must develop an application to control the module, obtain service with a cellular provider, and develop a call center to process incoming data packets or voice calls. • The DM-15/DM-25 module supports several control channel selection modes. The Sony Ericsson Burst Modem protocol may use a standard IRDB lookup mode or a GTE Win4 scanning mode.. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 34 OF 38 Burst modem application -Natural Microsystems AG/4000 Card. - Four T1 Lines, 96 ports. T1 Host Modem Server BS Automatic Call Director T1 module V.27ter modem RX/TX data PBX control (Digital PBX) T1 MSC operator T1 data base Application Server PSTN The 250 Byte Message Protocol The key feature of the 250-byte protocol is that it allows applications to send up to 250 bytes of data during a voice call. The voice conversation is suspended while data is transferred. The 250-byte protocol utilizes powerful error detection and correction algorithms to maximize the chance of delivering error free data. The data in each packet is duplicated three times to enable majority logic correction, the data is encoded with a convolution encoder that allows multiple bit error correction, and each ten data bytes are protected by a 16 bit CRC. If a first attempt to send the data packet fails then it is retransmitted up to two more times. The time to send 250 bytes varies between 5 and 15.5 seconds depending on the number of retransmissions. 6.5.5 Telematics capability Sony Ericsson DM-15/DM-25 modules can be used in two different modes. The two modes are called NAM-1 and NAM-2. In NAM-1 mode the module is a TDMA dual mode phone. Applications can use NAM-1 mode to place analog or digital calls. NAM-1 also supports digital data modes such as short message service. In NAM-2 mode, also called “telematics” mode, the module behaves similar to an AMPS-only phone. Applications can use telematics mode to send short data packets on an analog voice channel. In order to switch between NAM-1 and NAM-2 modes the module must be reset, therefore applications that desire to use both modes are necessarily more complex. The NAM-1 and NAM-2 modes share the same ESN as well as most of the configuration settings. The important exceptions are MIN, band order, SID and SOC. These parameters can be set independently for telematics DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 35 OF 38 mode. This means that applications that want to use both modes may choose a different carrier for NAM-2. Using different carriers raises some complications with IRDB settings. 6.5.6 Over the air activation (OTA) The DM-15/DM-25 supports Over the Air Programming as defined in EIA/TIA 136 Rev. B 6.5.7 Hints for integrating the module This chapter, which gives you advice and helpful hints on how to integrate the DM-15/DM-25 with the application, should be taken as a guide. Note! The circuits on the test board are not shielded. Thus take proper precautions for avoiding ESD and EMI. 6.5.8 Precautions Here is a list of preparations that you should make before beginning the integration work that is described in this chapter. 6.5.9 • Where to install the module. • Safety Standards. • Network and subscription. • Antenna. Where to install the module Make sure that the module is installed so that the environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, vibration, etc., are not beyond the limits specified for it. See also section 7 Technical Data. Make sure that the signal strength is sufficient. To improve signal strength, move the antenna to another position. Signal strength may depend on how close the module is to a radio base station. Degradation in signal strength could be a result of disturbance from another source, for example, an electronic device nearby. You can verify signal strength by issuing the AT command AT+CSQ. Tip! Before installing the module, use an ordinary mobile telephone to check a possible location for it. Consider signal strength as well as cable length in determining the location for the module and antenna. That way, you will find out if it is practical to install the module where you intended. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 36 OF 38 6.5.10 Network and subscription Make sure that the AMPS/TDMA network provides the necessary telecommunication services. Contact your service provider. Make sure that the location at which you intend to use the module is within the network coverage. If you intend to use SMS for the application, make sure that this is included in your (voice) subscription. 6.5.10.1 Possible communication disturbances • Noise can be caused by electronic devices and radio transmitters. • Path-loss occurs as the strength of the received signal steadily decreases with the distance from the transmitter. • Shadowing is a form of environmental attenuation of radio signals that is caused by hills, buildings, trees or even vehicles. Inside buildings this can cause problems, especially if the walls are thick and reinforced. • Multi-path fading is a sudden decrease or increase in the signal strength. This is the result of interference caused when direct and reflected signals reach the mobile phone simultaneously. Flat surfaces such as buildings, streets, vehicles, etc, can reflect signals. • Hand-over occurs when you move from one cell to another in the AMPS/TDMA network. It transfers your present mobile phone call from one cell to another. Hand-over will interfere briefly with communication and could cause a delay, or at worst, a disruption. DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 37 OF 38 Technical Data Mechanical specifications Maximum length: 4.050 in Maximum width: 1.827 in Maximum thickness: 0.50 in Weight: 44 g Power supply voltage, normal operation VCC_5V VCC_12V Nominal Voltage: 5.00 Volts 13.8 Volts Class I 12.0 Voltts Class II Voltage range: 4.5 – 5.5 Volts 11.1 – 16.6 Volts Class I 10.8 – 13.2 Volts Class II Power Consumption (Maximum): 1 Amps (1A Peak during TDMA Burst) 1.3 Amps Radio specifications DM-15 DM-25 Frequency range: TX: 824 – 849 RX: 869 – 894 TX: 824 – 849; 1850-1910 RX: 869 – 894; 1930-1990 Maximum RF output power: 2 W TDMA 3 W Analog Burst Only 2 W TDMA 3 W Analog Burst Only Antenna impedance: 50 Ω 50 Ω VSWR (Maximum): 2:1 2:1 Environmental specifications Operating temperature range: -30°C to +70°C: TIA/EIA 136-270A Specification -40°C to –30°C: –3dB Degradation beyond –30°C Spec +70°C to +85°C: –3dB Degradation beyond +70°C Spec Storage temperature range: -40 0C to +85 0C Maximum relative humidity: 95% ± 3% at +40 0C Stationary vibration, sinusoidal: Displacement: 7.5 mm Acceleration amplitude: 20 m/s2 40 m/s2 Frequency range: 2-8 Hz 8-200 Hz 200-500 Hz DM15/25 Integrator’s Manual 38 OF 38 Stationary vibration, random Acceleration spectral density (m2/s2): 0.96 2.88 0.96 Frequency range: 5-10 10-200 200-500 60 min per/axis Non-stationary vibration, including shock Shock response spectrum I, peak acceleration: - 3 shocks in each axis and direction: 300 m/s2, 11 ms Shock response spectrum II, peak acceleration: - 3 shocks in each axis and direction: 1000 m/s2, 6 ms Bump: Acceleration 250 m/s2 Free fall transportation: 1.2 m Rolling pitching transportation: Angle: 35 degrees, period: 8s Static load: 10 kPa Low air pressure/high air pressure: 70 kPa / 106 kPa Phone memory Maximum number of entries stored in the phone book. 200 Maximum number of SMS messages. 100 entries or a total of 2 kBytes of data.
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