Southwest Microwave MTP Perimeter Intrusion Sensor User Manual MicroTrack

Southwest Microwave Inc Perimeter Intrusion Sensor MicroTrack

Text and Drawing

Southwest Microwave, Inc. Security Systems Division MicroTrack A BURIED TERRAIN FOLLOWING OUTDOOR PERIMETER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM User Guide Preliminary Edition Version 1.0
1. Introduction 5 1.1 MicroTrack Security Applications 1.2 MicroTrack Sensor Characteristics 1.3 MicroTrack Features and Benefits 1.4 Comparison to Past Generation Buried Cable Sensors 1.5 MicroTrack System Components 1.5.1 Major Hardware and Software Components MicroTrack Processor (MTP) MicroTrack Sensor Cable Assembly (MTC400) MicroTrack Site Manager Software (MTS) 1.5.2 Installation and Spare Components MicroTrack Enclosure - Non-Metallic (MTE-NM) MicroTrack Enclosure - Metallic (MTE-ME) MicroTrack Enclosure - Stainless Steel (MTE-SS) MicroTrack Enclosure - Pedestal (MTE-PE) MicroTrack Link (MTL) MicroTrack Termination (MTT) MicroTrack Splice Kit (MTS) MicroTrack Lead-in Cable Assembly (02A15909-A01) MicroTrack Sensor Cable (MTC400) 1.5.3 Optional Hardware and Software Components Relay Module (RM) Map Monitor Software with PC and Color Monitor 1.6 MicroTrack System Configuration Parameters 2. MicroTrack System Components 13 (section to be completed when production hardware is available) 3. Site Planning and System Configuration 14 3.1 Site Survey 3.2 System Configuration and Layout 3.2.1 Determining Total Sensor Cable Length 3.2.2 Lead-in Cable and Connectors 3.2.3 Determining the Quantity of Sensor Cable Assemblies per System 3.2.4 Determining the Quantity of MicroTrack Processor (MTP) Units 3.2.4.1 Network and Standalone Configurations 3.2.4.2 Redundant Power and Data System Configuration 3.2.4.3 Positioning and Powering MTP Units 3.2.5 Determining the Quantity of Systems per Map Monitor 3.2.6 Adding Auxiliary Sensor Inputs and Outputs to MTP’s 3.2.7 When to use a Relay Module (RM) 3.2.8 Sensor Cable Installation Components 3.2.8.1 Determining the Quantity of MicroTrack Links (MTL) 3.2.8.2 Determining the Quantity of MicroTrack Terminations (MTT) 3.2.8.3 Determining the Quantity of Splice Kit (MTS) 3.3 Sample System Configuration – A Four MTP Redundant Closed-loop System 3.4 Sample System Configuration – A Two MTP Open Loop System with Auxiliary Sensors MicroTrack User Guide 2 April 1, 2004
4. System Design 23 4.1 System Design Parameters 4.1.1 Selecting the Optimum Sensor Cable Spacing and Position Near Fences Proximity to Fences and Fence Types Burial Medium Conductivity Site Environment and Occurrence of Frost 4.1.2 Double Fences , Concertina and Razor Tape 4.1.3 Animals and the Detection Field 4.1.4 Cable Spacing Near Buildings 4.1.5 Accommodating Grass, Trees and Shrubs 4.1.6 Uneven Terrain 4.1.7 Rain, Standing Water and Run-off 4.1.8 Burying Sensor Cables in Soil 4.1.9 Burying Sensor Cables in Concrete or Asphalt with a Thickness ≥10 cm (4 inches) 4.1.10 Burying MicroTrack Sensor Cables in Concrete or Asphalt with a Thickness < 10 cm (4 inches) 4.1.11 Burying MicroTrack Sensor Cables in a Variety of Installation Mediums 4.1.12 Bypassing Large Non-metallic Drainage Pipes and Culverts 4.1.13 Buried Electrical Cables, Conduits and Wires 4.1.14 Overhead Electrical Cables and Conduits 4.1.15 Lead-in and Sensor Cable Startup – Linear 4.1.16 Lead-in and Sensor Cable Startup – Corner 4.1.17 Making Turns with Sensor Cables 4.1.18 Terminating the Sensor Cable Near Buildings 5. MicroTrack Installation 43 5.1 Staking out the Location of MicroTrack Components on the Perimeter 5.2 Installing MicroTrack Processors (MTP) 5.2.1 Positioning the MTP 5.2.2 Installing the MicroTrack Enclosure (MTE) and Protecting Cables 5.2.3 Grounding the MTP 5.2.4 Power and Data Connections between the MTP and the Control Center 5.2.4.1 Connecting the Map Monitor using RS422 5.2.4.2 Connecting the Power Supply to the MTP 5.3 Installing Sensor Cables and Components 5.3.1 Installing Sensor Cable Assemblies 5.3.2 Personnel and Equipment Required to Install Sensor Cable Sets 5.3.3 General Guidelines for Installing Sensor Cable Assemblies 5.3.4 Cable Trenching 5.3.5 Inspecting and Laying-out MTC400 Sensor Cable Assemblies 5.3.6 Guidelines for Installing the First MTC400 Sensor Cable Assembly 5.3.7 Guidelines for Installation of the Second MTC400 Sensor Cable Assembly 5.3.8 Guidelines for the Installation of an Adjacent MTC400 Sensor Cable Assembly 5.4 Installing MicroTrack Links (MTL) 5.4.1 Guidelines to Install an MTL on a Sensor Cable Assembly MicroTrack User Guide 3 April 1, 2004
5.4.2 Guidelines to Install an MTL on an Adjacent Sensor Cable Assembly 5.5 Installing MicroTrack Terminations (MTT) 5.5.1 Guidelines to Install an MTT at the End of a Sensor Cable Assembly 5.6 Final Connections 5.7 Backfilling the Cable Trenches APPENDIX 1 – MICROTRACK SPECIFICATIONS (to be inserted in final edition) APPENDIX 2 – SITE SURVEY CHECKLIST Copyright Southwest Microwave, Inc. April 2004 Southwest Microwave, Inc. 9055 South McKemy Street Tempe, Arizona 85284-2956 Tel: (480) 783-0201 Fax: (480) 703-0401 Email: infossd@southwestmicrowave.com Web: www.southwestmicrowave.com MicroTrack User Guide 4 April 1, 2004
MicroTrack A BURIED TERRAIN FOLLOWING OUTDOOR PERIMETER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM User Guide – Preliminary Edition 1. Introduction Welcome to Southwest Microwave’s new buried cable outdoor perimeter intrusion detection system – MicroTrack – the most advanced buried cable sensor system available. MicroTrack is the first buried cable sensor that is truly site-adaptive and can both detect and locate intruders. MicroTrack is a smart sensor with an integral power and data network. It is patented and it is the first outdoor intrusion detection sensor to use ultra wide band FS/PCM (frequency stepped, phase code modulated) technology – the same technology used in radar altimeters. MicroTrack is the latest member of Southwest Microwave’s Intrepid family of outdoor perimeter intrusion detection products. And, like its cousin, MicroPoint, it also incorporates Sensitivity Leveling and Free Format Zoning. MicroTrack is terrain following with the ability to go up and down hills and around corners. It provides a large invisible detection field and operates in difficult environmental conditions with a very high probability of detection and low false and nuisance alarm rate. MicroTrack uses Multi-Segment Target Analysis (MSTA) – a new concept in sensor design enabling each sensor cable to be divided into small subcells (each 1.1 meter (3.6 ft.) in length) to be independently adapted to site conditions and analyzed. MicroTrack overcomes numerous limitations of past generation buried cable sensors. This User Guide provides instructions on site planning and how to install and operate MicroTrack. Figure 1.1 MicroTrack Terrain Following Detection Field MicroTrack User Guide 5 April 1, 2004
1.1 MicroTrack Security Applications MicroTrack can be used to detect intruders entering and/or leaving a secure facility. It is typically installed on the secure side of the facility and in close proximity to a fence (or wall). In high security applications involving two fences (or walls), MicroTrack is commonly installed between the fences. MicroTrack can also be installed in open areas provided there is some means, such as a low profile courtesy fence (or wall) to limit access to the system, to avoid nuisance alarms from large animals and passers-by. Typical site applications are listed and illustrated below. • Military installations • Parked aircraft areas • Government facilities • Nuclear power plants • Electrical substations • Equipment storage areas • Pharmaceutical plants • Correctional facilities • Commercial airports • VIP estates • Oil, gas and petrochemical facilities • R&D facilities • Banking and computer centers • Vehicle parking areas • Communications facilities • Border crossing area 1.2 MicroTrack Sensor Characteristics The MicroTrack sensor consists of an electronics processor unit and two pairs of buried sensor cables. A detection field is created around each pair of sensor cables for a distance of up to 200 meters, or a total of 400 meters per processor. The cables are buried in soil, asphalt, concrete or other burial medium. The processor uses ultra wide band FS/PCM transmission to create an invisible electromagnetic detection field around and along the cables. This approach provides a far superior probability of detection (Pd) and lower false and nuisance alarm rate (FAR/NAR) compared to other sensors. MicroTrack can also communicate with and provide power to a variety of auxiliary sensors. MicroTrack detects walking, running, crawling, rolling and jumping intruders. MicroTrack will locate intruders to within approximately five meters (16 ft.). It will also operate in unfavorable and changing environmental conditions, including, rain, wind, snow, hail, fog, blowing sand and seismic effects. The processor unit transmits radio frequencies between 20 and 30 MHz through one of the sensor cables which acts as a transmit cable. The second sensor cable acts as a receive cable and provides information back to the processor. This process creates an electromagnetic surface wave moving above the ground surface and along the cables. An intruder crossing the cables significantly changes the surface wave, thus altering the return signal on the receive cable. The processor unit compares the transmitted and received signals in terms of phase and amplitude and declares an alarm when changes occur which match a human intruder. MicroTrack will also detect tunnelers moving within one meter (3 ft.) of the sensor cable. Detailed performance specifications for MicroTrack are provided in Appendix 1. MicroTrack User Guide 6 April 1, 2004
1.3 MicroTrack Features and Benefits MicroTrack provides a combination of features and performance benefits unequalled in other outdoor sensors. These include: • Invisible detection field – unobtrusive and covert • Wide detection field pattern – volumetric high-security detection • Terrain following – follows ground contours and goes around corners • Target location – the ability to locate intruders anywhere along the cable • Sensitivity leveling – the sensor adapts precisely to its installed environment so detection sensitivity is uniform along the entire length of sensor cable • Free format zoning – up to 50 detection zones per processor can be created in software anywhere along the sensor cable(s) • Secure power and data networking – power and data are transmitted on the detection cables for each processor and auxiliary sensors • Default calibration – a flat line calibration is used for quick initial system set-up • Remote diagnostics via modem – for quick problem resolution and lower support costs • Uniform sensor cable – the sensor cable is identical from one end to the other for easy repair • Factory-made connections – for high reliability eliminates the need to install cable connectors in the field • Sensor cable configuration – fewer components make it easier to configure and install MicroTrack User Guide 7 April 1, 2004
1.4 Comparison to Past Generation Buried Cable Sensors MicroTrack’s unique sensor design has achieved significant benefits when compared to some of the application challenges and limitations of past generation buried cable sensors. Some of these benefits have a significant impact on performance, some relate to broadening applications, while others relate to ease of installation and commissioning, and consequently result in cost savings. MicroTrack Past Generation Buried Cable Sensors Detection zones Independent of sensor cable– up to 50 per processor Fixed zones – limited to one zone per sensor cable Target location Locates to within five (5) meters (16 ft.) Limited to fixed detection zone Burial medium Sensor cable can be installed through a variety of burial mediums without modification Sensor cables are usually limited to one burial medium and/or attenuators must be used Ability to compensate for burial medium Adapts automatically to actual site conditions along entire sensor cable (150 subcells) Limited to one setting per sensor cable Need to adjust cable No Cable must be raised or lowered to accommodate variations in burial medium Need to assemble sensor cable in field No Requires cable cutting and numerous connections in field affecting system integrity Threshold settings Up to 20 per processor Limited to one per cable Pd:FAR/NAR High:Very low Moderate to High:Moderate Remote diagnostics Full control Limited Sensor cable repair Uniform cable easy to repair Graded cable requires matching section for repair Connectors No field installed connectors required – connectors are factory installed Connectors are installed in field compromising reliability MicroTrack User Guide 8 April 1, 2004
1.5 MicroTrack System Components MicroTrack system components are presented in three categories: major hardware and software components, installation and spare components and optional components. Additional details are included in Section 2. 1.5.1 Major Hardware and Software Components MicroTrack Processor (MTP) The MTP is the principal component of the MicroTrack system. It provides all the electronic processing for two-200 m (656 ft.) sensor cable sets for a total length of 400 m (1312 ft.). It is packaged in a black metal EMI/RFI housing which must be installed in a weather-tight enclosure when used outdoors. Up to eight (8) MTP’s can be linked together using MicroTrack Links. One MTP is powered by a 48 VDC power supply and additional MTP’s share power and data through the sensor cable. A second power supply is required when more than four (4) MTP’s are linked together. MicroTrack Sensor Cable Assembly (MTC400) An MTC400 sensor cable assembly consists of one spool of sensor cable and 20 m (66 ft.) of lead-in cable. Cable junctions are factory made to ensure high integrity. A TNC connector is installed on the lead-in cable to connect with the MTP. A MicroTrack Link is installed at the far end of the sensor cable to link with the sensor cable assembly leading to the next MTP. MT400 cable assemblies are available in two lengths: 105 m (344 ft.) MTC400-105, and 205 m (672 ft.) MTC400-205. They can be buried in soil, concrete or asphalt. Labels are included to identify transmit and receive cables. Two MTC400 sensor cable assemblies are required to make one sensor cable set. MicroTrack Site Manager Software (MTS) Site Manager Software consists of two Microsoft Windows™ based programs that run on a PC. One is called Installation/Service Tool and the other is Drawing Tool. 1.5.2 Installation and Spare Components MicroTrack Enclosure - Non-Metallic (MTE-NM) This is a weather-tight enclosure used to house an MTP. It is a NEMA 4 enclosure made from fiberglass or similar non-metallic material. It includes a tamper switch assembly, pre-drilled mounting plate, hardware, and U-bolts t attach it to a fence post. MicroTrack Enclosure - Metallic (MTE-ME) This is painted steel weather-tight enclosure to house an MTP. It is also NEMA 4 rated and includes a tamper switch assembly, pre-drilled mounting plate, hardware, and U-bolts t attach it to a fence post. MicroTrack User Guide 9 April 1, 2004
MicroTrack Enclosure - Stainless Steel (MTE-SS) This is stainless steel weather-tight enclosure to house an MTP in a high corrosion environment. It is also NEMA 4 rated and includes a tamper switch assembly, pre-drilled mounting plate, hardware, and U-bolts t attach it to a fence post. MicroTrack Enclosure - Pedestal (MTE-PE) A pedestal enclosure is used as an alternative to protect an MTP and provides a more discrete installation by blending in with familiar enclosures. This pedestal is the same one used by the telephone and cable TV industry. A protective cover is installed inside the pedestal over the MTP to further protect it from rain, snow and dust. In addition, a pedestal mounting stake, mounting brackets, and a tamper switch assembly will be provided. MicroTrack Link (MTL) MicroTrack Links are used to terminate the RF in one cable set while allowing power and data communication to pass to the adjoining sensor cable set and to the next MTP. One MTL is attached to the end of each of the four adjoining MicroTrack Sensor cables. Each MTL has three wires protruding from the end (red for DC power, white for FSK data, and black for ground) which are connected to the next MTL in the system (for connecting the two transmit cables together, and the two receive cables together). MTL’s include an enclosure with circuit card, cable glands, potting compound and water-tight wire nuts. MicroTrack Termination (MTT) MTT’s are used to terminate the transmitted RF signal at the end of a cable set. They are used when there is no adjoining cable set. [Note: a short MTT will be required for use at the MTP when only one sensor cable set is used.] MicroTrack Terminations are used at the far ends of the first and last cable sets in an open loop configuration used to terminate the RF and data communications (assuming the system ends with a sensor cable set and not an MTP). An MTT has one five (5) meter long black wire protruding from the end that serves as the lead-out cable. This includes the PCB, lead-out wire, enclosure, cable glands, and potting compound. An MTT is required for each sensor cable assembly, i.e., two MTT’s are required for a sensor cable set. MicroTrack Splice Kit (MTS) An splice kit is used to repair a damaged section of one sensor cable. A kit includes two splice boxes and potting compound. A length of MTC400 sensor cable is required and must be ordered separately. MicroTrack Lead-in Cable Assembly (02A15909-A01) This is 20 meters (66 ft.) of lead-in cable with ferrites and a factory-installed TNC connector. A splice box with connectors and potting compound will be included and partially assembled onto the cable. Note MicroTrack User Guide 10 April 1, 2004
that the Lead-in Cable Assembly must be replaced as a unit, never spliced or repaired. Cable labels are included. MicroTrack Sensor Cable (MTC400) MTC400 sensor cable is used to replace sections of damaged sensor cable. It is available on spools of 105 m (344 ft.) or 205 m (672 ft.) for use with MicroTrack Splice Kits. Shorter cable lengths are available on special order. 1.5.3 Optional Hardware and Software Components The following optional components are available to complement MicroTrack. Relay Module (RM) Relay Modules are used to communicate with auxiliary sensors and other devices on the perimeter. Each RM provides for six (6) relay inputs, six (6) contact outputs, four (4) analog inputs to various devices, and 12 VDC power output to auxiliary sensors. RM’s receive power from and communicate directly with an MTP. Up to 15 RM’s can be connected to an MTP. Map Monitor Software with PC and Color Monitor Map Monitor software provides easy to use operator command and control for MicroTrack and auxiliary sensors. It uses Microsoft Windows™ based software and a PC with a color monitor to display all sensor zones on a custom site map. The Map Monitor communicates with all MicroTrack MTP and SIM units and displays the precise location of an intrusion. MicroTrack User Guide 11 April 1, 2004
1.6 MicroTrack System Configuration Parameters MicroTrack can be configured in many ways and used in conjunction with a wide variety of complementary sensors. A summary of the configuration limits for MicroTrack and its system components is as follows: Parameter Configuration Limit Sensor cables per cable set Two MTC400 Sensor Cable Assemblies Sensor cable sets per MTP Two Sensor Cable Sets, total of 400 m (1312 ft.), maximum Detection zones per MTP 50 detection zones (independent of sensor cable sets) MTP’s per system Eight per system, total of 3200 m (2 miles) Detection zones per system 400 zones (eight MTP’s x 50 zones each) MTP’s with redundant power and data per system Five (5) MTP’s with 10 cable sets, total of 2000 m (1.25 miles) Inputs and outputs per RM Six (6) inputs, six (6) outputs and four (4) analog RM’s per MTP 15 per MTP Systems per Map Monitor Four MicroTrack systems and maps, total of 12.8 km (8 miles) MicroTrack User Guide 12 April 1, 2004
2. MicroTrack System Components (This section will be prepared when production hardware is available) Figure 2.a MicroTrack Processor Unit Inputs and Outputs MicroTrack User Guide 13 April 1, 2004
3. Site Planning and System Configuration Site planning is an essential step to ensure MicroTrack is properly applied and configured to a specific site. Site planning includes visiting the site, assessing site characteristics and defining the basic system configuration. Once this step is complete we can proceed to detailed system configuration and layout which includes defining what MicroTrack system components are required and how they will be distributed around the site. The first step in this process is performing a site survey. 3.1 Site Survey The purpose of conducting a site survey is to determine how MicroTrack can be best applied to the site, determine the users installation preferences and operational needs, identify site specific situations affecting the MicroTrack installation, determine the system components required, assess the need for auxiliary sensors and interfacing with them, and define installation parameters, including the type of equipment required, as well as time and cost. Prior to conducting a site survey there are a few items which should be obtained and reviewed with the end user, site manager or person responsible for site security. • Obtain as-built drawings of the perimeter area and aerial photographs if they exist  Determine the location of services crossing the perimeter, including: water, sewer, gas and electrical • Review the drawings with the site manager and discuss preferences and options for locating MicroTrack • Determine if there are any site conditions relevant to sensor positioning and performance including weather, areas subject to flooding, snow accumulation, frequent access by staff or public, need for auxiliary sensors, etc. • Determine if mobile radios and/or two-way radios are used at the site and make note of their frequencies • Determine if CCTV cameras are or will be used in conjunction with MicroTrack and note their location and coverage if installed to match zones • Determine location of the control center and note the distance from the perimeter, and determine how MicroTrack will be monitored or interfaced with other systems To conduct the site survey make sure that you have the following items: • A long tape measure – 100 ft. (33 m) length is ideal, or distance measuring wheel • A camera or video camcorder (user permission may be required) • This Site Survey section of the User Guide and a copy of the checklist in Appendix 2 • A notepad and clipboard and pen or pencil (and proper footwear depending on site conditions) MicroTrack User Guide 14 April 1, 2004
Now you are ready to walk around the perimeter of the site, preferably with the end user, to assess installation conditions and the best location for MicroTrack and auxiliary sensors, if required. Here are the important steps to consider during the walk-around: • Select the path where MicroTrack sensor cable will be installed – typically along the inside of the perimeter fence (or wall) or between two fences (or walls) – ideally, a distance from 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.5 m) from the fence. If there are no site drawings available, make a sketch of the perimeter • Take photographs of key features and reference where the photographs were taken on the sketch or drawing • Walk along the perimeter corridor and make note of the location and size, as appropriate, of the items below which are up to 20 feet (6 m) from each side of the proposed sensor cable path. Take photographs of features during the walk and note  Measure the length of each side of the perimeter, distances between fences and buildings, location of gates, roads, sidewalks and obstacles  Identify the type of fence, its height and types of gate (swing or sliding)  Identify the location of services including water, sewer, power, gas, telephone, which may be buried less than one meter (3 ft.) deep  Identify the burial medium along the perimeter corridor: soil, asphalt, concrete - Dig small test holes 10 in. (25 cm) deep in a few areas along the sensor cable path to determine the nature of the soil, i.e., is it consistent, contains rocks, debris, sand, clay soil, etc. This will determine if sand backfill is required to cover the sensor cables - Measure the asphalt thickness (and/or concrete) to determine if the sensor cable can be cut into the asphalt [if 3 in. (8 cm) or more] or should be installed in the soil below - Measure the length of asphalt (and/or concrete) areas to assess the amount of material that has to be saw cut for the sensor cable  Identify the location of culverts which may be less than one meter (3 ft.) from the buried sensor cables (these may have to be shielded if non-metallic)  Identify areas where water runoff occurs and determine if provision must be made to prevent erosion and runoff over the cable path • Determine the location of auxiliary sensors, e.g., along the entire perimeter or only at gates • Contact Southwest Microwave, Inc., Technical Support, if you require assistance at: Tel 1-480-783-0201, x338, Fax 1-480-793-0401 Email: gusf@southwestmicrowave.com MicroTrack User Guide 15 April 1, 2004
3.2 System Configuration and Layout The second step in the site planning process is determining what MicroTrack components and how many are required. Then we can define how they will be placed around the site. 3.2.1 Determining Total Sensor Cable Length The first step is to determine the perimeter length of the sensor cable path. Exact measurements are preferable. However, as a guideline, if the sensor cable set will be installed within 15 feet (4.5 m) of the fence, for rough estimating purposes, use the total perimeter length of the fence line to estimate the total length of sensor cable required. Total Perimeter Length ≈ Total Sensor Cable Set Length 3.2.2 Lead-in Cable and Connectors Each MTC400 sensor cable includes a 20 m (66 ft.) length of lead-in cable. The lead-in is factory connected to the sensor cable and is installation-ready with factory installed TNC connectors for connection to the MTP. 3.2.3 Determining the Quantity of Sensor Cable Assemblies per System To determine the number of sensor cable assemblies required for a site we must first decide which length of each cable set is preferred. There are two standard sensor cable lengths available: MTC400-105, 105 m (344 ft.) long MTC400-205, 205 m (672 ft.) long Each sensor cable includes an additional five (5) meters (16 ft.) of sensor cable for a startup overlap with the adjacent sensor cable set for the detection field to build up to its full height. Note that the five meters used for startup are not to be counted when determining total sensor cable set length requirements. The startup overlap is made only at the MTP. The longer cable set is more cost effective. Note that cable sets are independent of detection zones and up to 50 detection zones can be defined for every two sensor cable sets, i.e., 50 zones can be created of any length for a distance of up to 400 m (1312 ft.) of sensor cable. Assuming the MTC400-205 cable assembly is selected, the number of sensor cable sets and sensor cable assemblies required for a site is determined as follows: Quantity of MTC400-205 Sensor Cable Sets = Total Sensor Cable Set Length 200 m Alternatively, if the MTC400-105 cable assembly is preferred, Quantity of MTC400-105 Sensor Cable Sets = Total Sensor Cable Set Length 100 m MicroTrack User Guide 16 April 1, 2004
Sensor cable sets can be customized on-site to any length between 10 m (33 ft.) and the maximum length of 200 m (656 ft.). The number of cable sets should always be an even number to utilize the dual cable set capability of the MicroTrack MTP. Quantity of Sensor Cable Sets per System ≡ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 Maximum Quantity of MTC400 Sensor Cable Assemblies per MTP = 2 x Quantity of Sensor Cable Sets 3.2.4 Determining the Quantity of MicroTrack Processor (MTP) Units Each MTP can have two MTC400 sensor cable sets, and the maximum number of MTP’s per system is eight (8). It is possible for an MTP to have only one sensor cable set provided a MicroTrack Termination is installed on the unused side of the MTP. Quantity of MTP’s per System ≡ Number of Sensor Cable Sets 2 3.2.4.1 Network and Standalone Configurations MTP’s can be used in one of two configurations: either network or standalone. A network system is where a series of MTP’s are linked together so that power and data pass from one MTP to the next through the sensor cable. Quantity of MTP’s per Network System ≡ up to 8 (3.2 km or 2 miles) An even number of cable sets should be used with one or more MTP’s. Shorter length sensor cable sets can be used to close a perimeter if using 200 m (656 ft.) cable sets exceeds the required perimeter length. One 48 VDC power supply can power up to four (4) MTP’s. A second power supply will be required for additional MTP’s. An FSK repeater will be required when more than five (5) MTP’s are used. If the perimeter length exceeds the “System” limit of eight (8) MTP’s, additional MTP’s can be installed as a “second System” with a separate power and data link with from the Map Monitor (or alternative alarm monitoring system) in the control center. There is no need to synchronize MTP’s or MTP “Systems”. A system is considered “standalone” when each MTP is independently powered and communicated with from the control center. 3.2.4.2 Redundant Power and Data System Configuration It is possible to configure MicroTrack with fully redundant closed loop power and data communications as shown below in Figure 3.1. This feature ensures system integrity is maintained should a sensor cable MicroTrack User Guide 17 April 1, 2004
Figure 3.1 Redundant power and data configuration be cut or damaged rendering it inoperable. In this configuration, one MTP is powered from the control center and power and data communications are sent to the other MTP’s through the sensor cable as illustrated below. FSK data networking is used for communications on the sensor cable between MTP’s. Up to five MTP units can be configured with redundant power and data. Maximum Quantity of MTP’s per Redundant System ≡ 5 (2 km or 1.25 miles) 3.2.4.3 Positioning and Powering MTP Units The first MTP should be positioned at a point on the perimeter closest to the control center to provide best access for power and data communications. MTP’s are usually installed on or near the perimeter fence and can be located up to 20 m (66 ft.) from the sensor cable set. Power and data connections are made directly to the panel of the first MTP, while adjacent MTP’s have their power and data fed from one to the other through the sensor cables. There are two methods of powering MTP’s to provide for smart sensor data communications, and one method which uses each MTP as an independent standalone sensor with simple alarm relay output, i.e., no smart sensor data communications:  Option 1: Power one MTP directly from the control center and additional MTP’s via the sensor cable; all with smart sensor data communications via the sensor cable (maximum of four (4) MTP’s per 48 VDC power supply, and eight (8) MTP’s per System).  Option 2: Power each MTP independently with smart sensor data communications via the sensor cable (eight MTP’s per System)  Option 3: Power each MTP independently and have separate and simple relay alarm output, i.e., the smart sensor data communications capability is not used. MicroTrack User Guide 18 April 1, 2004
3.2.5 Determining the Quantity of Systems per Map Monitor Up to eight (8) complete MicroTrack systems can be connected to one Map Monitor. Each system can have a separate site map associated with it. Quantity of MicroTrack Systems per Map Monitor ≡ up to 8 3.2.6 Adding Auxiliary Sensor Inputs and Outputs to MTP’s MicroTrack’s integral power and data capability can also provide output power and data communications for auxiliary sensors. A list of typical inputs and outputs are as follows: • Outdoor intrusion detection sensors, at gates, sallyports, roads or complete perimeter, such as:  Microwave at gates  MicroPoint fence disturbance sensor – a smart sensor • Gate entry barriers and access control points • Interior intrusion detection sensors, including alarm panels • Perimeter lighting • Closed circuit television cameras (CCTV), e.g., input to PTZ control The following options are available for power and data communications with auxiliary sensors: • Sensor Interface Module (SIM) – 8 relay inputs, 8 relay outputs, output power 12 VDC @ 150 ma, communications via RS232/422/485 • Sensor Multiplex Module (SMM) – 8 relay inputs, communications via RS485 3.2.7 When to use a Relay Module (RM) Relay Modules are used to communicate with auxiliary sensors and other devices on the perimeter. Each RM provides for six (6) relay inputs, six (6) contact outputs and four (4) analog inputs to various devices. RM’s receive power from and communicate directly with an MTP. A maximum of 15 RM’s may be connected to one MTP. 3.2.8 Sensor Cable Installation Components Installation components are required to link sensor, terminate and repair cable sets. The following section describes where they are used and how they are selected. MicroTrack User Guide 19 April 1, 2004
3.2.8.1 Determining the Quantity of MicroTrack Links (MTL) MicroTrack Links connect sensor cable assemblies from the “A” side of one MTP to the “B” side of the next MTP. One MTL is required for each sensor cable assembly. Therefore, a total of four (4) MTL’s are required for each MTP. Quantity of MTL’s per Sensor Cable Assembly = 1 3.2.8.2 Determining the Quantity of MicroTrack Terminations (MTT) An MTT is used at the end of each sensor cable assembly when there is no adjoining sensor cable set, i.e., the system is open loop. Quantity of MTT’s per Sensor Cable Assembly = 1 3.2.8.3 Determining the Quantity of Splice Kit (MTS) Splice kits are used to repair a damaged section of sensor cable and should be ordered as a back-up item. It is recommended to have at least two splice kits available should a sensor cable set incur damage, one kit to repair each cable. Spare sensor cable will also be required and a minimum quantity of 50 m (164 ft.) is recommended. MicroTrack User Guide 20 April 1, 2004
3.3 Sample System Configuration – A Four MTP Redundant Closed-loop System The system shown in Figure 3.2 will be used to define the components and quantities required to order a complete MicroTrack System. Figure 3.2 Sample Configuration of a Four MTP Redundant Closed-loop System Item Model No. Description Quantity1 MTP MicroTrack Processor Unit 4 2 MTE-ME Weather-tight Enclosure - metallic 4 3 MTC400-205 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Assembly, 205 m (672 ft.) 16 4 MTL MicroTrack Link 16 5 PS48 Power Supply 120VAC to 48 VDC 1 6 Intrepid Map Monitor Software License – version 4.0 1 7 01A15028-A01 Modem Kit for Remote Service 1 8 Standard PC with Microsoft Windows 2000 or XP 1 9 MTS Splice Kit 2 10 MTC400 Sensor Cable - spare 50 m 11 Data and Power Cable, as required TBD MicroTrack User Guide 21 April 1, 2004
3.4 Sample System Configuration – A Two MTP Open Loop System with Auxiliary Sensors The system shown below in Figure 3.3 will be used to define the components and quantities required to order a complete MicroTrack System. Figure 3.3 Sample Configuration of a Two MTP Open-loop System with Auxiliary Sensors Item Model No. Description Quantity 1 MTP MicroTrack Processor Unit 2 2 MTE-ME Weather-tight Enclosure - metallic 2 3 MTC400-205 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Assembly, 205 m (672 ft.) 8 4 MTL MicroTrack Link 8 5 MTT MicroTrack Termination 4 6 PS48 Power Supply 120VAC to 48 VDC 1 7 Intrepid Map Monitor Software License – version 4.0 1 8 RM Relay Module 1 9 01A15028-A01 Modem Kit for Remote Service 1 10 Standard PC with Microsoft Windows 2000 or XP 1 11 MTS Splice Kit 2 12 MTC400 Sensor Cable - spare 50 m 13 Data and Power Cable, as required TBD MicroTrack User Guide 22 April 1, 2004
4. System Design This section will provide guidance on how to design a MicroTrack System. It includes information on sensor performance characteristics, selecting cable spacing and positioning, how the sensor cables should be installed in different burial mediums, how to deal with various site environmental conditions, and how to layout the sensor cables. 4.1 System Design Parameters System design addresses the key application parameters to apply MicroTrack to a wide variety of sites. This includes optimum sensor cable spacing, proximity to fences, installation in different burial mediums, environmental effects, animals, uneven terrain, concertina and razor tape, vehicles, buildings and obstacles, culverts, detection field startup and turning corners. 4.1.1 Selecting the Optimum Sensor Cable Spacing and Position Near Fences One of the first steps of system design is to select the optimum sensor cable spacing for the site. Sensor cable spacing is primarily site dependent and based on a combination of the following parameters: • Proximity to fences, buildings, roads, sidewalks and passers-by • Burial medium characteristics, e.g., type of soil, concrete, asphalt, etc. • Environmental conditions such as frost Before we go into detail on how to optimize cable spacing it is important to identify a characteristic of MicroTrack’s detection field. MicroTrack is designed to detect human intruders crossing its primary detection field, as shown below in Figure 4.1. It can also detect larger objects, such as vehicles, with its secondary detection field. Figure 4.1 MicroTrack Detects Both People and Vehicles MicroTrack User Guide 23 April 1, 2004
It is important to recognize the existence of this secondary field because it governs the safe distance from which MicroTrack can be positioned from fences, buildings and roads without interference and potential nuisance alarms. Cable spacing for MicroTrack can range from 1 to 2 meters (3.3 to 6.6 feet). Since the detection field extends approximately 50 cm (20 inches) on each side of the sensor cable the total detection field width can range from 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 feet) as shown below in Figure 4.2. The detection field height remains constant at one meter (3.3 feet) over this range of cable spacing. Figure 4.2 MicroTrack Detection Field and Cable Spacing Range for Various Burial Mediums Narrower cable spacing has the advantage of permitting MicroTrack to be installed in more restrictive areas, such as between closely spaced fences and between a fence and a building - with a low potential for nuisance alarms. A wider detection field increases the probability of detection for running and jumping intruders. The key site dependent factors which dictate cable spacing are presented below. Proximity to Fences and Fence Types The first parameter to consider in determining sensor cable spacing is the proximity to a metal fence. It is important that MicroTrack be located at the right distance from a metal fence to avoid nuisance alarms and to avoid detection at or beyond the fence. Generally, the higher the mechanical and electrical integrity of the fence the closer the sensor cable can be located. It is the electrical characteristics of the fence which are most important to MicroTrack. Fences which are constructed of solid fabric, such as welded mesh, palisade or expanded metal the create the lowest electrical noise. Chain link mesh fences are often a source of electrical noise, especially if the mesh is poorly tensioned and the post and rails move with wind action or thermal effects, and therefore can be a source of nuisance alarms if MicroTrack is too close to the fence. MicroTrack User Guide 24 April 1, 2004
Non-metallic fences, such as wooden fences or PVC fences, can be placed closer to or within the detection field without any affect on nuisance alarm rate. However, it is important to consider position of the fence and detection field with respect to nearby roads and passers-by to ensure they are not detected. Table 4.1 provides guidelines for fence proximity based on fence condition and soil conductivity. More information on effect of burial medium conductivity is presented below. Distance between Fence and Sensor Cable for Low and High Conductivity Burial Mediums Fence Type (Metal) Low Conductivity (sandy soil, asphalt, concrete) 0.1< σ<1.0 mS/m (TBD) High Conductivity (high clay content soils) 1.0< σ<30 mS/m (TBD) Highly tensioned or rigid fabric 3 m (10 feet) 2 m (6.6 feet) Low tensioned with loose fabric 4 m (13 feet) 3 m (10 feet) Table 4.1 Typical Distances between Metal Security Fences and Sensor Cable (measured from fence to closest sensor cable) Burial Medium Conductivity Burial medium conductivity is the next key parameter in determining cable spacing. Burial medium conductivity affects detection field size. Low conductivity which is typical of light sandy (silica based) soils tend to produce a very large detection field compared with high conductivity burial mediums (high clay or mineral content soils) which create a more standard size detection field. Concrete and asphalt also usually have a low conductivity depending on the type of aggregates used. Soil conductivity should be evaluated at various locations along the proposed cable path to determine cable spacing and position with respect to fences and other objects. Soil samples should be collected from a depth of 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) below the surface. Conductivity can be easily measured on site (there are many commercially available devices) or samples can be taken and provided to a testing laboratory for analysis. Site Environment and Occurrence of Frost The last key parameter in determining cable spacing, site environment, is important in regions where deep ground frost occurs, i.e., frost down to or deeper than the sensor cables. Ground frost has the effect of significantly changing the soil permittivity (by an order of magnitude) such that the detection field becomes very large compared to the size of the detection field when the ground is frost-free. The opposite effect occurs when frozen ground completely thaws-out – the detection field will diminish in size. So frequent calibration checks are important for sites having deep frost conditions. There are other site environment parameters, such as rain, snow, ice, and ground moisture content to consider, however, deep ground frost has the greatest effect. Water, particularly moving water, is another parameter of MicroTrack User Guide 25 April 1, 2004
importance which will be addressed in a subsequent section. Deep snow has the effect of slightly enlarging the detection field. However, snow should not be allowed to build up to such a depth as to enable an intruder to tunnel under the snow. While MicroTrack will detect and identify the location of the intruder, it will be difficult to assess and verify an intrusion with CCTV. A summary of the key factors affecting cable spacing is presented below in Table 4.2. Cable Spacing Determinants Site Parameters – in Order of Priority Narrow 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 5 ft) Wide 1.5 to 2 m (5 to 6.6 ft)1. Sensor proximity to fence(s) Close – 2.5 to 3 m (8 to 10 ft) Far – > 3 m (10 ft) 2. Burial medium conductivity Low to medium 0.1< σ<1.0 mS/m (TBD) Medium to high 1.0< σ<30 mS/m (TBD) 3. Site environment Frost Frost-free Table 4.2 Sensor Cable Spacing is Determined by a Combination of Factors It is important to create a uniform detection field to ensure that the probability of detection is maintained and optimized with respect to the nuisance alarm rate. While it may appear that a larger detection field is preferable, it is not, because the larger field may be affected by fence generated electrical noise, greater sensitivity to nearby road traffic and environmental changes. Figure 4.3 illustrates guidelines for a typical site with a high security chain link fence and medium to low conductivity soil where frost would occur. Figure 4.3 MicroTrack Detection Field Proximity to Fences and Roads for Typical Site Conditions MicroTrack User Guide 26 April 1, 2004
4.1.2 Double Fences , Concertina and Razor Tape Double fences are often used at high security sites and MicroTrack is usually installed between the fences. At correctional sites, it may be desirable to install MicroTrack inside the inner fence to provide an advanced warning of an escape attempt, depending on the availability of space. In some cases, it may be preferable to install MicroTrack both inside the inner fence and between the fences. Many high security sites use barbed concertina wire or razor tape on fence tops, as well as stacked on the ground, as illustrated below in Figure 4.3. Concertina and razor tape can cause electrical noise as a result of wind action or thermal changes if placed to close to MicroTrack. For this reason it would be best not to install razor tape between the fences unless there is sufficient space to position MicroTrack. Should it be necessary to install razor tape between the fences the same distance rules for spacing the sensor cable from a fence would apply to the razor tape. Figure 4.4 MicroTrack Detection Field between Fences for Typical Correctional Site 4.1.3 Animals and the Detection Field Large animals, such as deer, horses and large dogs, can also be detected by MicroTrack. Therefore, fencing would be required to keep animals away from the detection field if nuisance alarms from these sources are to be avoided. Small animals, such as birds, rabbits, marmots, and small dogs, will not be detected by MicroTrack. The reason they are not detected is because their body mass, particularly their water content, i.e., their electromagnetic cross-section, is so small that they are not seen by MicroTrack. While larger animals with a body mass equal to or larger than an adult human will be easily detected. MicroTrack User Guide 27 April 1, 2004
4.1.4 Cable Spacing Near Buildings One of the unique features of MicroTrack is its ability to accommodate restrictions such as narrower spaces, as illustrated below in Figure 4.5. This example shows a building intruding into the secure area between fences. To accommodate this narrower space, the sensor cable spacing can be reduced by approximately two-thirds. Thus, if the cable spacing was 1.5 m (5 feet) before the building, then it can be gradually reduced to approximately 1 m (3.3 feet) starting about 3 m (10 feet) before the building. The cable can be restored back to its former spacing after the building if space permits, as shown below. Figure 4.5 Reducing Sensor Cable Spacing for Narrower Spaces 4.1.5 Accommodating Grass, Trees and Shrubs MicroTrack can be installed in and around a wide variety of vegetation including lawns, field grass, trees and shrubs. While most high security sites will have a sterile area where no trees or vegetation is permitted, there are numerous sites with various forms of vegetation which must be accommodated. Installing MicroTrack under lawns where grass is kept short by routine mowing is ideal. Areas where grasses are allowed to grow wild and tall will not affect MicroTrack’s detection performance. However, if tall grasses, 30 cm (1 foot) or more, accumulate moisture from dew or rain and move do to wind action, nuisance alarms are possible. Tall grasses create a security assessment problem because they could allow an intruder to hide unseen. If necessary, MicroTrack can be installed close to large shrubs. However, nuisance alarms could occur if the shrubs have large leafy moisture laden branches and move with the wind. Detection performance should not be affected, although assessment could be compromised by providing cover for an intruder. MicroTrack can also be installed close to and around trees, large or small as shown below in Figure 4.6. A concern with installing sensor cables close to trees is the potential damage to the tree(s) root system MicroTrack User Guide 28 April 1, 2004
resulting from trenching. To avoid damaging roots, trenches can be hand dug and the sensor cable threaded under or around the roots of the tree. Unlike seismic sensors, the motion of a tree or its roots should not cause nuisance alarms because their rate of motion is much too slow to affect MicroTrack’s electromagnetic field. However, should large leafy branches move rapidly due to wind action within the detection field, or break and fall into the detection field, nuisance alarms could occur. Detection performance will not be affected by the presence of trees within or close to the detection field. While it is preferable not to have trees close to a secure area because they limit assessment, MicroTrack can be easily adapted to such sites. How far should MicroTrack sensor cables be installed from trees and shrubs? There is no universal rule, however, unless there is no alternative, a minimum of 1 m (3.3 feet) is preferable for leafy shrubs. The distance from trees depends more on the practicality of installing under or around tree roots. Sensor cables can be installed around one side of the tree, or if there is insufficient space they can be divided so that one cable goes around each side of the tree. Figure 4.6 Routing Sensor Cables Around Trees, Shrubs and Buildings 4.1.6 Uneven Terrain MicroTrack is a terrain following sensor so it can be easily adapted to sites with uneven terrain as illustrated below in Figure 4.7. It is preferable to avoid abrupt changes in slope so that the detection field can develop smoothly along the cable path. Abrupt changes of more than 30 degrees may reduce detection field height or cause gaps near the ground depending on the direction of slope change. MicroTrack User Guide 29 April 1, 2004
Figure 4.7 MicroTrack Detection Field is Terrain Following and Goes Up and Down Hills 4.1.7 Rain, Standing Water and Run-off Rain falling through the detection field will not adversely affect detection performance nor cause nuisance alarms. The issue to be concerned about rain is what happens to all the water after it reaches the ground. If water is allowed to accumulate into large puddles (larger than 1 to 2 m [3.3 to 6.6 feet] across) over the sensor cables two events are likely to occur. First, large drops from heavy rain will cause the puddles to Figure 4.8 Encouraging water runoff reduces potential nuisance alarms from moving water MicroTrack User Guide 30 April 1, 2004
be disturbed, and, secondly, strong wind could cause wave action on the puddles. Both effects could generate nuisance alarms. There are a variety of solutions to either completely avoid or at least minimize this problem. To prevent the accumulation of water over the sensor cable it is recommended that the ground surface be either slightly crowned or sloped as shown above in Figure 4.8. In areas where puddles cannot be avoided, it is recommended that crushed stone be applied over the surface to either eliminate puddles or minimize puddle surface area. The most desirable solution, if possible, is to provide drainage to allow the water to drain away from the sensor cable area. It is important to note that standing water is not a problem for MicroTrack, and neither is having the sensor cables installed in a totally saturated burial medium, e.g., mud. The problem is having moving water near the sensor cables! Since MicroTrack detects objects which have a certain electromagnetic cross-section and have motion, large bodies of water moving close to the sensor cables exhibit similar characteristics and could cause nuisance alarms. Therefore, having running water, such as stream moving across or along the sensor cable path is to be avoided. 4.1.8 Burying Sensor Cables in Soil MicroTrack sensor cables are usually directly buried in soil as shown below in Figure 4.9. Trenches are dug with a mechanical walk-along or ride-on trencher. They can also be direct buried using a vibratory plow. Rocks should be removed from the trench to avoid damaging the cable. Also, if sharp rocks are present it is advisable to place screened soil around the cable to prevent mechanical damage. This is especially necessary where frost action may move rocks and sharp stones into the cable. The tolerance for cable depth is ±2.5 cm (1 inch) and cable spacing is ±5 cm (2 inches). While it is recommended to maintain these tolerances, minor deviations will be compensated by the sensitivity leveling calibration technique. Figure 4.9 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Burial in Soil MicroTrack User Guide 31 April 1, 2004
After the trench is made it should be inspected to check depth and to remove rocks and debris. It is very important that metal objects be removed from the immediate area (up to 1 m [3 feet]) from where the cables will be installed as these could be a potential source of nuisance alarms. The sensor cable is supplied on 60 cm (2 foot) diameter wood spools containing either 105 or 205 m (344 or 672 feet) including a 20 m (66 feet) section of lead-in cable. The lead-in includes factory installed TNC connectors, therefore no connectors are installed in the field. The far end of the cable is trimmed to length and is either terminated with a MicroTrack Termination (MTT) for a single cable set, or joined to the next sensor cable set with a MicroTrack Link (MTL). Details on these components and how to connect them are provided in Section 5. The cable should be laid loosely in the trench starting from the MTP with the lead-in cable. There is no need to tension the cable. After both cables are spooled-off the trench can be partially backfilled. This is best done by hand with a garden or landscape rake. Then yellow plastic “caution tape” can be laid on the soil and the remaining soil backfilled into the trench using a plow or by back dragging a bucket loader. Avoid driving directly on the cable trench. Additional details on how to layout the trenches and install the cable is provided below in Section 5. 4.1.9 Burying Sensor Cables in Concrete or Asphalt with a Thickness ≥10 cm (4 inches) There are two methods of burying MicroTrack sensor cables in concrete and asphalt depending on the thickness of each material. When the thickness is greater than 10 cm (4 inches), the materials can be slotted with a concrete saw and the sensor cable installed directly in the material, as shown below in Figure 4.11. In general, concrete and asphalt are considered to have low conductivity, depending on the aggregates used. Figure 4.11 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Installation in Concrete (or Asphalt) over 10 cm (4 in.) thick MicroTrack User Guide 32 April 1, 2004
The saw cuts are made with a walk-behind concrete and pavement saw. Concrete dust and debris should be removed from the saw cut with compressed air jet. Then the slot should be treated with a concrete sealer. The cable is then laid at the bottom of the slot and covered with a 16 mm (5/8 inch) diameter foam backer rod which serves to hold the cable at the bottom of the slot and provides a waterproof barrier. A high quality traffic grade sealant is applied to provide a waterproof seal over the concrete and backer rod. There are several varieties available, such as Gold Label Loop Sealant and Bondo P-606 Flexible Sealer. A gap of at least 13 mm (1/2 inch) should remain between the top of the backer rod and the top of the slot to allow for adequate bonding of the sealant. The saw cut can be either 45 mm (1.75 inches) deep, as shown above, which is recommended for reinforced concrete, or 60 cm (2.4 inches) deep for non-reinforced concrete. The deeper slot will require the use of two 16 mm (5/8 inch) diameter foam backer rods to fill the additional depth. The same approach applies to asphalt surfaces with a thickness greater than 10 cm (4 inches). 4.1.10 Burying MicroTrack Sensor Cables in Concrete or Asphalt with a Thickness < 10 cm (4 inches) When the thickness of the concrete or asphalt is less than 10 cm (4 inches) it is best to cut completely through the materials to install the cables in the soil below as shown in Figure 4.12. The material is saw cut to a width of approximately 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) depending on the base materials. The larger width is recommended when there is a deep base of crushed stone. The concrete or asphalt can then be removed and disposed of. A trencher can be used to excavate the crushed stone and soil to the depth of 20 cm (8 inches) below the concrete or asphalt. If there is only crushed stone at that depth the trench should be made deeper, up to 30 cm (12 inches) deep, and backfilled with soil so that the cable is installed in soil at the specified depth. If necessary, geotextile fabric can be used to stabilize the soil and prevent it from sifting into the crushed stone. Figure 4.12 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Burial in Asphalt (or Concrete) less than 10 cm (4 in.) thick MicroTrack User Guide 33 April 1, 2004
The sensor cable should be partially backfilled and “caution tape” installed between the soil and crushed stone. The trench can then restored by patching the asphalt or concrete to match the top surface. Figure 4.13 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Can be Buried in a Variety of Mediums 4.1.11 Burying MicroTrack Sensor Cables in a Variety of Installation Mediums As shown above in Figure 4.13, MicroTrack sensor cable can be buried in a variety of mediums while providing a detection field with uniform sensitivity. Variances in burial medium characteristics are compensated by MicroTrack’s unique sensitivity leveling calibration technique which will be introduced in the Section 6. 4.1.12 Bypassing Large Non-metallic Drainage Pipes and Culverts When large non-metallic drainage pipes or culverts (over 10 cm [4 inches] in diameter) are located within one meter (3 feet) of the sensor cable they should be shielded so that water flowing through them will not be detected by MicroTrack. This could occur from water surges, i.e., when water rapidly begins or stops flowing. This effect would not be sensed by MicroTrack in metallic pipes or culverts which provide their own shielding. There are two methods to provide shielding. If the pipes are small diameter, i.e., up to 15 cm (6 inches), it may be more practical to wrap them in a metal foil, preferably one which has a plasticized coating to prevent corrosion. Larger pipes and culverts should be shielded using a large sheet of metal, such as galvanized steel, as shown below in Figure 4.14. Note that the shielding should extend to the bottom of the pipe. MicroTrack User Guide 34 April 1, 2004
Figure 4.14 Metal shielding over Non-metallic Culvert The shielding should also extend over the pipe or culvert for a distance of one meter (3 feet) to each side of the sensor cable path as shown below in Figure 4.15. It should be a continuous piece of metal or if multiple sections are used, they should be fastened together to ensure there are no loose metal contacts between the sections which could generate electrical noise. Figure 4.15 Metal shielding over Non-metallic Culvert - Side View MicroTrack User Guide 35 April 1, 2004
Small pipes, such as those used for irrigation and sprinkler systems should not cause any interference with MicroTrack. However, if MicroTrack is installed within the range of an operating water sprinkler head nuisance alarms may occur when the system starts and stops. Nuisance alarms are not likely to occur while the sprinkler system is operating, assuming the sprinklers are providing a fine uniform spray. 4.1.13 Buried Electrical Cables, Conduits and Wires The presence of electrical cables either buried directly in the ground or installed in metal conduits should not have any adverse effect on MicroTrack if they are located one meter (3 feet) or more from the sensor cable, which is the minimum depth they are usually permitted by building codes. However, if electrical conduits are buried within one meter (3.3 feet) of the cable, it is important that they be mechanically well connected so that there are no intermittent contacts which could be sensed by MicroTrack. Should any cables, conduits or wires be located near the sensor cables they may locally alter the detection field depending on their orientation. If they are perpendicular to the sensor cable they should not adversely effect performance, and should variances occur they would be compensated through sensitivity leveling during system calibration. Cables, conduits or wires running parallel to the sensor cable may degrade performance and should be kept 2 m (6.6 feet) away from the sensor cables. 4.1.14 Overhead Electrical Cables and Conduits Overhead electrical cables and wires should not have any effect on MicroTrack if they are located more than 2 m (6.6 feet) above the ground. Conduits, unless they are mechanically well connected, could cause nuisance alarms if they are located within the secondary detection field. 4.1.15 Lead-in and Sensor Cable Startup – Linear Lead-in cables are used to link the MicroTrack Processor (MTP) electronics to the sensor cable. The lead-in cable is 20 m (66 feet) long and are factory spliced to the sensor cable. It is a double shielded cable so RF energy will not escape before it reaches the sensor cable. Each MTP supports two sensor cable sets, one that goes to the right, and the other goes to the left. Since the detection field takes approximately 4 meters (13 feet) from the start of the sensor cable to develop to its full height and width. the two cable sets must be overlapped for a distance of 8 meters (26 feet) to provide a continuous detection field, as shown below in Figure 4.16. MicroTrack User Guide 36 April 1, 2004
Figure 4.16 Sensor Cable Overlap for Detection Field Startup at MTP (Side view) This figure shows a side view of how the detection field starts and develops to full height and width over the overlap distance. The sensor cables for each cable set are in fact buried at the same depth, although they are drawn separately for clarity. However, the sensor cables from the A side are separated horizontally from the sensor cables on the B side by a distance of 30 cm (12 inches). This is better illustrated below in Figure 4.17. Figure 4.17 Sensor Cable Overlap to Achieve full Detection Field Height at Startup(Plan view) MicroTrack User Guide 37 April 1, 2004
The lead-in cables to the MTP can be positioned in the triangular format as shown above in Figure 4.17, or in a rectangular pattern. The lead-in trenches must be at least 7 m (23 feet) long to ensure there is no RF feedback from the sensor cables back to the MTP from the lead-in cable. The lead-in cable is a fixed length and cannot be shortened. Excess lead-in cable must be buried in the lead-in cable trench in a zigzag pattern or coiled and buried in the ground. The lead-in cable is not to be overlapped with the sensor cable. Figure 4.18 Lead-in Cable Crossing under Sensor Cable at Start-up Where lead-in cable crosses sensor cable it must be buried under the sensor cable by at least 10 cm (4 inches), as shown in Figure 4.18. 4.1.16 Lead-in and Sensor Cable Startup – Corner When an MTP is located in the corner of a perimeter a different startup approach is used, as shown below in Figure 4.19. In this example, the first 4 m (13 feet) of each sensor cable set is positioned so that at the point of intersection of the two cable sets the detection field from each cable set will have developed to its full height and width. The system illustrated below shows a very confined startup area at a site with double fencing. When there is only one fence it may be possible to spread out the startup area which would make it easier to trench and backfill. Note that all lead-in cables are located in separate trenches located at least 30 cm (12 inches) apart. The sensor cable spacing for the startup section should be at least 1 m (3.3 feet) wide up to the cross-over. Cables which cross over each one another should be separated by at least 10 cm (4 inches) as shown above in Figure 4.18. MicroTrack User Guide 38 April 1, 2004
Figure 4.19 Sensor Cable Overlap with a Corner Located MTP Between Double Fences 4.1.17 Making Turns with Sensor Cables Sensor cables can be turned around corners and obstacles in either a smooth continuous curve or in incremental steps. When MicroTrack sensor cables must turn a corner, it is important to keep in mind that it is not only the sensor cable which must be turned but also the detection field. While it may be possible to rapidly turn the sensor cable, it is not possible to rapidly turn the detection field. For this Figure 4.20 The Do’s and Don’ts of Turning Corners with Sensor Cable MicroTrack User Guide 39 April 1, 2004
reason, the sensor cable must be turned a rate which will allow the detection field to follow the cable path and not cause it to skew away from the cable path and into other objects. Figure 4.20 illustrates the right and wrong way to make a 90º turn. In the diagram on the left, notice how the detection field closely follows the sensor cable when it is turned along a 6 m (20 foot) radius. While the detection field flows slightly away from the cable during the turn it soon returns to follow the cable after the turn. However, in the diagram on the right, a sharp right-angle turn is made which causes the detection field to skew past the cable and run into the fence before eventually realigning itself with the cable path. This should be avoided because not only could the fence now cause nuisance alarms, but detection will likely occur beyond the perimeter fence. Another method to turn sensor cables around corners is to take short step turns. Depending on the turning space available, step turns of up to 30º can be taken, as shown below in Figure 4.21. The minimum distance between multiple steps should not be less than 3 m (10 feet), based on the inside step distance as shown below. Figure 4.21 Making Sensor Cable Corners with 30° Step Turns In terms of site planning and distances between MTP’s, keep in mind that the outer cable will need to be longer than the inner cable. For example, with a turning radius of 6 m (20 feet), the outer cable will need to be approximately 2.5 m (8 feet) longer than the inner cable. Hence, if one cable set is used on a small perimeter where there may be four 90º corners, make sure that the length of the outer cable is accounted for, e.g., four 90º turns would result in a difference in length between the outer and inner cables of approximately10 m (33 ft). It is always preferable to make gentle continuous turns when changing direction. This provides better control over the path of the detection field. The difference between continuous and multiple step turns for a double fence configuration is illustrated below in Figure 4.22. Note that the distance between the inner sensor cable and the fence corner for the three-step turn should not be less than 1 m (3.3 feet). MicroTrack User Guide 40 April 1, 2004
An simple way to layout the three step turn is to stake-out a 90º radius turn and then divide the quadrant in half, as shown above in Figure 4.21. Straight lines can then be drawn between the two halves which represent the first and second 30º steps. Figure 4.22 Turning Sensor Cable Around 90° Corners between Double Fences 4.1.18 Terminating the Sensor Cable Near Buildings MicroTrack sensor cables should be terminated well before a building, gate or fence, so that the detection field does not continue into the object. Otherwise, nuisance alarms may occur, for example, from people moving inside the building or from metal objects on or within the building. When the sensor cable set is terminated away from the building as shown below in Figure 4.23, a gap will remain between the detection field and the building. Unless another MicroTrack sensor cable set is overlapped with the end of the detection field illustrated below, it is recommended that a microwave transceiver unit or a dual microwave/infrared sensor be installed to fill the detection gap up to the building. The microwave unit could be connected directly to a MicroTrack MTP or RM for power and data, so that it is fully integrated with MicroTrack. MicroTrack User Guide 41 April 1, 2004
Figure 4.23 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Termination Near Building with Microwave Auxiliary Sensor MicroTrack User Guide 42 April 1, 2004
5. MicroTrack Installation This section will describe how to layout and install MicroTrack sensor cables, sensor cable components and MicroTrack electronics. 5.1 Staking-out the Location of MicroTrack Components on the Perimeter This section will outline the steps for positioning the MicroTrack Processors (MTP’s), laying out the sensor cable sets, MicroTrack Links (MTL) and MicroTrack Terminations (MTT) along the perimeter. a. Identify the location of each MTP around the perimeter according to the criteria set out in Section 3.2.4. Measure the distance between adjacent MTP’s to make sure they will not exceed the length of the two cable sets which will be installed between the MTP’s. b. Stake-out the start and end points for each sensor cable set starting from the first MTP. i) Outer sensor cable. Stake the outer sensor cable start point centered at each MTP. Then stake the corner points and the end points where MTL’s will be installed (usually mid-way between the MTP’s). Stake the position of the cable closest to the perimeter fence first. The position of this cable is based on the criteria set out in Section 4.1.1. ii) Inner sensor cable. Stake the location inner sensor cable based on the sensor cable width selected. Stake the start points at each MTP, corner points and the end points, as above. iii) Stake-out the corner details based on either an arc radius turn or 30º step-turns described above in Section 4.18. Use several stakes to define the corners. c. Stake-out the lead-in cables for the A side and B side for each cable set. See example shown in Figure 5.6. d. Stake-out the startup area where adjacent cable sets overlap each other. Be sure to keep a minimum separation distance (horizontally) of at least 30 cm (1 foot) between the lead-in cables and sensor cables. Use stakes to mark each change of direction. e. Now connect the stakes along each cable path with mason’s line. One cable set at a time. Ensure the line(s) are taut, then using surveyor’s marker paint (or a paint wheel), paint along each line to identify exactly where the trenches are to be made. Repeat steps b. through e. for each cable set. f. Remove the mason lines but leave the stakes in place to make it easier for the trenching operator to provide a line-of-sight. (Remove and set aside each stake as the trencher approaches.) g. Now stake-out the path for the power and data lines from the first MTP to the control center. If there are more than four (4) MTP’s, an additional power supply must be installed, and an MicroTrack User Guide 43 April 1, 2004
additional trench may be required. Also, if auxiliary sensors will be installed the paths for power and data lines will need to be staked-out. 5.2 Installing MicroTrack Processors (MTP) The front panel of a MicroTrack Processor with its key interface points is shown below in Figure 5.1. Figure 5.1 MicroTrack Processor Front Panel 5.2.1 Positioning the MTP MTP’s must be located within the 20 m (66 ft.) length of the lead-in cables and outside the detection field. This distance accounts for the branching-out to the detection field startup overlap, the vertical distance to the enclosure, and the loop around the MTP to the TNC connection points. Typically, MTP’s are located within 3 m (10 ft.) of the sensor cables. 5.2.2 Installing the MicroTrack Enclosure (MTE) and Protecting Cables MTP’s are installed in a weather-tight MicroTrack Enclosure (MTE) as shown below in Figure 5.2. Several enclosure options are offered, as listed above in Section 1.5.2. The MTE can be mounted directly on a perimeter fence post or on a freestanding post near the perimeter with the hardware provided. A pre-drilled mounting plate and fasteners are included to mount the MTP within the enclosure. The MTE is sized to provide sufficient space to loop the lead-in cables around the MTP to facilitate connecting them to the MTP. Alternatively, a user supplied equivalently rated NEMA 4 or IP65 enclosure may be substituted. MTP’s can also be mounted in: a) a pedestal enclosure of the type MicroTrack User Guide 44 April 1, 2004
commonly used by the telephone and CATV industry, b) a nearby building, or c) a buried submersion-proof enclosure. The lead-in cables, and power and data communications cables should be protected in either a PVC or galvanized steel conduit. The conduit can be installed directly in the ground below the enclosure or in a concrete base as illustrated in Figure 5.2. 5.2.3 Grounding the MTP The first MTP should be grounded as shown in Figure 5.2. 1. Use and 8 AWG solid copper wire 2. Connect the copper wire to a JB70 surge protection module/junction box 3. Pull the copper wire through the “knockout” hole in the enclosure 4. Connect the copper wire to a ground rod that meets local electrical codes. We recommend using a floating ground for additional MTP’s which are powered from the same power supply and communicated with through the sensor cable, maximum four (4) MTP’s. Figure 5.2 MicroTrack Processor Installation 5.2.4 Power and Data Connections between the MTP and the Control Center A PC based Map Monitor is located in the control center to communicate with the MTP’s. It is used to setup and calibrate the MTP and to provide alarm monitoring command and control. The power supply MicroTrack User Guide 45 April 1, 2004
for the MTP’s is also located in the control center. Details on connecting these units to an MTP are provided below. 5.2.4.1 Connecting the Map Monitor using RS422 RS422 communications are used between the Map Monitor and the MTP. A RS422/RS232 converter kit will be required to convert to the standard RS232 COM port on the Map Monitor PC. The converter kit is available from Southwest Microwave. We recommend using a shielded twisted four-pair cable 24 AWG cable such as Belden 8306 or equivalent. Note that use of larger conductors is not recommended. The higher capacitance can affect the data transmission. This cable can be used for distances of up to 1500 m (5000 ft.). RS422, unlike RS232, is a differential interface that defines voltage levels, and driver/receiver electrical specifications. On the differential interface, logic levels are defined by the difference in voltage between a pair of outputs or inputs. In contrast, a single-ended interface, for example RS232, defines the logic levels as the difference in voltage between a single signal and a common ground connection. Differential interfaces are typically more immune to noise or voltage spikes that may occur on the communication lines. Differential interfaces also have greater drive capabilities that allow for longer cable lengths. Figure 5.3 Connecting an MicroTrack Processor to the Control Center 5.2.4.2 Connecting the Power Supply to the MTP Power is supplied to the first MTP on the perimeter from a 48 VDC power supply. The power supply is usually located in the control center. MTP’s accept DC voltage input from 10.5 to 60 VDC. The size of the power cable wire gauge required depends on the distance between the control center and the first MicroTrack User Guide 46 April 1, 2004
MTP, as well as the total number of MTP’s and auxiliary units. Contact Southwest Microwave for assistance regarding your specific requirements. It is recommended that UPS with battery backup be used to provide power in emergency conditions. 5.3 Installing Sensor Cables and Components MicroTrack sensor cable components include an MTC400 sensor cable assembly, MicroTrack Links (MTL) and MicroTrack Terminations (MTT), as shown below in Figure 5.4. Both MTL’s and MTT’s include a PVC enclosure, cable glands and encapsulating potting compound for water-tight connections. Figure 5.4 MicroTrack Sensor Cable Components Each MTC400 sensor cable assembly includes a factory-spliced lead-in cable with ferrite beads and a TNC connector for quick connection to the MicroTrack MTP processor, as shown below in Figure 5.5. No connectors are installed in the field. After the sensor cable assembly is installed and the sensor cable is trimmed to length, either a MTL or a MTT is installed directly to the cable center conductor and outer braid. These steps will be described below. MicroTrack User Guide 47 April 1, 2004
Figure 5.5 Sensor Cable Assembly MTC400 with integral Lead-in Cable Assembly 5.3.1 Installing Sensor Cable Assemblies MTC400 Sensor cable assemblies are installed beginning from the lead-in cable end at the startup overlap area. A diagram of the startup overlap area is shown below in Figure 5.7. A step-by-step procedure for installing the first two sensor cable assemblies is provided below. 5.3.2 Personnel and Equipment Required to Install Sensor Cable Sets The following will be required: 1. A power trencher and operator will be required to excavate the cable trenches. 2. A minimum of two people will be required to carry an MTC400 sensor cable spool to “spool-off” the cable into the trench. 3. A trenching shovel will be required to open trenches near equipment, to remove excess soil and to level the bottom of the trench, and a garden or landscaper’s rake for initial backfilling. 4. A narrow trench-width garden hoe will also be helpful to smooth-out the bottom of the trench. 5. An assortment of electrical technicians tools and a medium-size cable cutting tool. 6. A depth gauge to ensure the trench depth is uniform. A long tool handle with a wooden stake nailed or taped to the handle at the required height is a quick and easy way to check depth. MicroTrack User Guide 48 April 1, 2004
5.3.3 General Guidelines for Installing Sensor Cable Assemblies 1. Lead-in cables should cross sensor cables at right angles and be installed below the sensor cables by at least 10 cm (4 in.). 2. The separation distance between cables running parallel to each other should be not less than 30 cm (12 in.). 3. Make smooth bends; do not bend cables sharply. 4. Install cables with sufficient slack so they can move with expanding and contracting soil. Do not tension the cables when laying them in the trench. See Figure 5.6 below. Figure 5.6 Install Sensor with some Slack to Provide for Strain Relief 5. When spooling-off the cable make sure it does not “coil-off” the side of the spool which will cause a spiral twist. 6. When installing cables in soil, ensure that there are no sharp stones close to the cable, and remove large stones and rocks which may damage the cable. Use screened soil for backfilling the immediate area surrounding the cable if it easier than removing the stones. 7. When installing cables in hard materials such as concrete, ensure that expansion joints (and cracks) are crossed at an angle of at least 30 degrees. Place a short section of backer rod in the joint (or crack) under the cable for a distance of 10 cm (4 in.) on each side of the cable. 8. Do not walk on, drive over or damage the cables with shovels, rakes or other tools. MicroTrack User Guide 49 April 1, 2004
9. Attach the identification labels provided on the lead-in cables of each spool at about 10 cm (4 in.) from the TNC connectors so that the four cables are identified as: TX A, TX B, RX A and RX B. Also, with a marker write the corresponding cable identifier on the side of each cable spool. Also, add the MTP number to each, so that each spool, for example for MTP #1, is identified as: TX A1, TX B1, RX A1 and RXB1. 5.3.4 Cable Trenching After the cable path is staked and marked the cable trenches can be made with an powered trencher, such as a DitchWitch. Straight cable runs can also be plowed-in. However, startup areas at the MTP’s should be either dug by hand or with a trencher. Details for trenching the cable startup area are shown above in Figures 4.17 and 4.18, and below in Figures 5.7 through 5.9. It is recommended that all cable trenches be made prior to installing sensor cable assemblies. This is a safety measure to prevent inadvertently damaging the sensor cables. Exceptions can be made for very large sites where it would be practical to install cables in one area while excavating in another. The depth of the trenches for all cables is 20 cm (8 in.), except where the lead-in cables cross under the sensor cables. In this case, the lead-in cables should be buried 10 cm (4 in.) deeper. Figure 5.7 Typical Startup Overlap Area Installation 5.3.5 Inspecting and Laying-out MTC400 Sensor Cable Assemblies Prior to installation, inspect all MTC400 spools to ensure they have not been damaged during transit. Transfer four MTC400 spools to the startup area of each MTP. MicroTrack User Guide 50 April 1, 2004
The sequence of installing the sensor cables depends on the length of the perimeter and work crew size. For a small site involving, for example, two or three MTP’s, it is best to start from the first MTP and work in a one direction until all cable sets are installed. For the examples presented in this guide, cable sets will be installed in a clockwise direction. For larger sites involving numerous cable sets, and where two or more work teams are employed, cables may be simultaneously installed in each direction or at different locations. Two people are required to install the cable. This is accomplished by inserting a steel pipe (or dowel) through the center of the spool and “spooling-off” the cable while walking along each side of the cable trench as shown in Figure 5.8, below. Figure 5.8 Spooling-off a Sensor Cable Assembly 5.3.6 Guidelines for Installing the First MTC400 Sensor Cable Assembly 1. Into the center of the MTC400 spool labeled TX A insert the steel pipe into the cable spool to “spool-off” the cable. 2. Beside stake #2, the start of the A side sensor cable, spool-off the TX A lead-in cable and about 2 m (6 ft.) of sensor cable. Lay the sensor cable and the spool on the ground away from the startup overlap area, as shown in Figure 5.9. (Note that the figures below refer to TX A1, TX B1, etc., to denote the cables associated with MTP #1. The cables associated with MTP #2 will be referred to as TX A2, TX B2, etc.) 3. Position the lead-in/sensor cable junction at the beginning of the startup overlap area next to stake #2, as shown below in Figure 5.9. 4. Lay about 2 m (6 ft.) of lead-in cable in the trench (dug 10 cm (4 in.) deeper) leading back towards the MTP. Cover the lead-in cable with soil up to the level of the sensor cable trenches MicroTrack User Guide 51 April 1, 2004
for a distance of 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the cable junction. Coil the remaining lead-in away from the startup overlap area. 5. Into the center of the MTC400 spool labeled TX B insert the steel pipe to “spool-off” the cable. 6. Beside stake #1, the start of the B side sensor cable, spool-off the TX B lead-in cable and about 2 m (6 ft.) of sensor cable. Lay the sensor cable and the spool on the ground away from the startup overlap area near the TX A spool. 7. Position the lead-in/sensor cable junction at the beginning of the startup overlap area next to stake #1, as shown below in Figure 5.9. Cover the lead-in cable and the sensor cable with soil for a distance of about 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the junction. Figure 5.9 Installing the First Sensor Cable Assembly 8. Now take the MTC400 spool labeled TX B and spool-off the sensor cable into the TX B trench. Ensure the cable has slack and is not taut when laid in the trench. Go past stake #3 by about 1 m (3 ft.) and set the spool down. Do not cut the cable from the spool until the adjacent cable set is installed. 9. This completes laying the first MTC400 sensor cable assembly, TX B. Do not backfill the cable trenches until all the cables are connected to the MTP(s) and adjacent cable sets, and preliminary testing has been performed. 5.3.7 Guidelines for Installation of the Second MTC400 Sensor Cable Assembly 1. Into the center of the MTC400 spool labeled RX A insert the steel pipe to “spool-off” the cable. MicroTrack User Guide 52 April 1, 2004
2. In line with stake #2, the start of the A side sensor cable, spool-off the RX A lead-in cable and about 4 m (6 ft.) of sensor cable. Lay the sensor cable and the spool on the ground away from the startup overlap area near spool TX A, as shown below in Figure 5.10. 3. Position the lead-in/sensor cable junction at the beginning of the startup overlap area inline with stake #2, as shown below in Figure 5.10. 4. Lay about 1 m (3 ft.) of lead-in cable in the trench (dug 10 cm (4 in.) deeper) leading back towards the MTP. Cover the lead-in cable with soil up to the level of the sensor cable trenches for a distance of 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the cable junction. Coil the remaining lead-in away from the startup overlap area. Figure 5.10 Installing the Second Sensor Cable Assembly 5. Into the center of the MTC400 spool marked RX B insert the steel pipe to “spool-off” the cable. 6. Beside stake #1, the start of the B side sensor cable, spool-off the RX B lead-in cable and about 4 m (13 ft.) of sensor cable. Lay the sensor cable and the spool on the ground away from the startup overlap area to the right and beyond the TX A spool. 7. Position the lead-in/sensor cable junction at the beginning of the startup overlap area next to stake #1, as shown below in Figure 5.10. Cover the lead-in cable and the sensor cable with soil for a distance of about 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the junction. 8. Now take the MTC400 spool labeled RX B and spool-off the sensor cable into the RX B trench. Ensure the cable has slack and is not taut when laid in the trench. Go past stake #3 by about 1 m (3 ft.) and set the spool down. Do not cut the cable from the spool until the adjacent cable set is installed. MicroTrack User Guide 53 April 1, 2004
9. This completes laying the second MTC400 sensor cable assembly, RX B. Do not backfill the cable trenches until all the cables are connected to the MTP(s) and adjacent cable sets, and preliminary testing has been performed. 5.3.8 Guidelines for the Installation of an Adjacent MTC400 Sensor Cable Assembly To install the two adjacent sensor cable assemblies TX A2 and RX A2, as shown below in Figure 5.11, repeat the above steps. The sequence is described below, however, just remember we will now be installing the “A” side cables and setting aside the “B” side cables: 1. Start with the TX B2 cable assembly. Place the cable junction at stake #4 and lay the cable assembly spool aside. Then cover the cable with soil for a distance of about 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the junction. See Section 5.3.6 steps 1 to 4. Figure 5.11 Installing Sensor Cable Sets Between MTP’s 2. Next, install the TX A2 according to the steps outlined above in Section 5.3.6 steps 5 to 10. Go past stake #3 by about 1 m (3 ft.) and set the spool down. Now both sensor cable assemblies (TX B1 & TX A2) can be cut so that the end of each cable assembly overlaps the other by at least one foot. Then remove the two spools (TX B1 and TX A1) from the work area. If there is extra sensor cable on the spools it should be retained as spare sensor cable. 3. Now take the RX B2 sensor cable assembly and place the cable junction at stake #5. Then cover the cable with soil for a distance of about 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the junction and lay the cable assembly aside. Follow the steps outlined above in Section 5.3.7, steps 1 to 4. 4. The last step is to install RX A2. Follow the steps outlined in Section 5.3.7 steps 5 to 9. Place the cable junction in line with stake #4 and lay the cable assembly spool aside. Then cover the cable with soil for a distance of about 1 m (3 ft.) each side of the junction. Go past stake #3 by MicroTrack User Guide 54 April 1, 2004
about 1 m (3 ft.) and set the spool down. Now both sensor cable assemblies (RX B1 & RX A2) can be cut so that the end of each cable assembly overlaps the other by at least one foot. Then remove the two spools (RX B1 and RX A1) from the work area. If there is extra sensor cable on the spools it should be retained as spare sensor cable. 5. The next step is to install the MicroTrack Links (MTL) which will be described in the following section. Links can be installed either after each pair of sensor cable assemblies are installed or after all sensor cable assemblies are installed. 5.4 Installing MicroTrack Links (MTL) MicroTrack Links connect the ends of adjacent MicroTrack sensor cable assemblies, as shown below in Figure 5.11. They are installed in the field and prevent the RF field from passing from one sensor cable assembly to the next while allowing FSK data and power to continue to the next sensor cable assembly. Figure 5.12 MicroTrack Links Pass Power and Data to the Next Sensor Cable while Stopping RF 5.4.1 Guidelines to Install an MTL on a Sensor Cable Assembly 1. Position the MTL beside the stake defining the junction for the two adjacent sensor cable assemblies, e.g., stake #3 in Figure 5.11. 2. Remove the cover of the MTL enclosure by backing-off the two screws from the base. Ensure they are retained in the cover for quick reassembly. Set the cover aside. 3. Loosen the cable gland at the end of enclosure and insert about 30 cm (1 ft.) of sensor cable through the gland and out of the enclosure. A longer length can be used if preferred. MicroTrack User Guide 55 April 1, 2004
4. Prepare the end of the sensor cable for connection to the circuit card in the MTL enclosure, as follows (refer to Figure 5.13 below): a. Trim-off excess sensor cable so that the cable end aligns with the terminals of the circuit card in the MTL enclosure. b. Cut back and remove 3 cm (1.25 in.) of the outer jacket c. Unbraid the outer braid, remove the flooding compound with a solvent such as xylene or kerosene, and pigtail the wire strands to a length of about 2 cm (0.75 in.) d. Cut back the dielectric to expose 1 cm (0.4 in.) of the center conductor. 5. Raise the circuit card from the enclosure and loosen the other cable gland if necessary. Then partially withdraw the sensor cable back through the cable gland so that the sensor cable center conductor and outer braid are in a position to be connected to the terminals of the circuit card. Make the connections. Note that the terminals are marked “center” for the center conductor and the other for the “braid”. Figure 5.13 MicroTrack Links Connect to Each End of a Sensor Cable Assembly 6. Gently withdraw the sensor cable back through the cable gland while pushing the circuit card into the enclosure. If necessary, gently pull on the three wires extending from the other cable gland to help seat the circuit card assembly. 7. Check that all connections are secure, then tighten the cable glands at each end of the enclosure. 8. Now position the MTL so that it is level and preferably above ground. MicroTrack User Guide 56 April 1, 2004
9. Prepare the encapsulating potting compound supplied with the MTL and mix the two components according the instructions supplied on the package. This step may be deferred until all the MTL’s are assembled and ready for the potting compound. In this case, seal the MTL’s with adhesive tape to prevent soil or moisture from entering the enclosure and as a warning that the MTL’s are not ready for burial. 10. Pour the potting compound slowly into the enclosure and fill the enclosure up to the top. While pouring tilt the enclosure slightly from side to side to ensure the compound flows under and around the circuit card, and check that the compound is not leaking out through the cable glands. 11. Reinstall the cover on the enclosure and tighten the screws. The potting compound will cure with the cover in place. 5.4.2 Guidelines to Install an MTL on an Adjacent Sensor Cable Assembly 1. Position the MTL for the A2 sensor cable assembly so that the left end is aligned with or slightly overlaps the MTL from the B1 sensor cable assembly, as shown below in Figure 5.14. Figure 5.14 MicroTrack Links and Terminations Must Be Aligned 2. Repeat steps 2 through 11 in Section 5.4.1.above to complete the installation of this MTL. 3. To link the two MTL’s together, connect wire nuts of the matching red, white and black wires extending from the end of each MTL. 4. Repeat steps in Section 5.4.1 above and this section to install the MTL’s on the other two sensor cable assemblies: TXB1 and TXA2. The completed installation is shown below in Figure 5.15. MicroTrack User Guide 57 April 1, 2004
Figure 5.15 MicroTrack Links Installed at the End of Two Sensor Cable Sets 5.5 Installing MicroTrack Terminations (MTT) MicroTrack Terminations are used at the end of MicroTrack sensor cable assemblies, as shown below in Figure 5.16. They are installed in the field and enable the detection field to gradually decay, as shown in Figure 4.23 above, while providing an end of line termination for FSK data. Figure 5.16 MicroTrack Terminations Stop RF and Allow Detection Field to Terminate MicroTrack User Guide 58 April 1, 2004
An MTT includes a PVC enclosure with a circuit card, cable glands, 5 m (16 ft.) of lead-out cable and encapsulating potting compound for water-tight in-ground connections. MTT’s are used when a sensor cable assembly is used in an open loop configuration, i.e., there is no adjacent sensor cable assembly. MTT’s are installed in pairs, one at the end of each sensor cable assembly. 5.5.1 Guidelines to Install an MTT at the End of a Sensor Cable Assembly The procedure to install an MTT is similar to the procedure for installing an MTL at the end of a sensor cable set (two sensor cable assemblies) and is outlined below: 1. Position the MTT at the stake which defines the end of cable set. (When an MTT is being installed to terminate a sensor cable set near a building, refer to the diagram shown above in Figure 4.23.) 2. Remove the cover of the MTT enclosure by backing-off the two screws from the base. Ensure they are retained in the cover for quick reassembly. Set the cover aside. 3. Loosen the cable gland at the end of enclosure and insert about 30 cm (1 ft.) of sensor cable through the gland and out of the enclosure. A longer length can be used if preferred. Figure 5.17 MicroTrack Terminations Stop RF and Allow Detection Field to Terminate 4. Prepare the end of the sensor cable for connection to the circuit card in the MTT enclosure, as follows (refer to Figure 5.17 above): a. Trim-off excess sensor cable so that the cable end aligns with the terminals of the circuit card in the MTT enclosure. MicroTrack User Guide 59 April 1, 2004
b. Cut back and remove 3 cm (1.25 in.) of the outer jacket c. Unbraid the outer braid, remove the flooding compound with a solvent such as xylene or kerosene, and pigtail the wire strands to a length of about 2 cm (0.75 in.) d. Cut back the dielectric to expose 1 cm (0.4 in.) of the center conductor. 5. Raise the circuit card from the enclosure and loosen the other cable gland if necessary. Then partially withdraw the sensor cable back through the cable gland so that the sensor cable center conductor and outer braid are in a position to be connected to the terminals of the circuit card. Make the connections. Note that the terminals are marked “center” for the center conductor and the other for the “braid”. 6. Gently withdraw the sensor cable back through the cable gland while pushing the circuit card into the enclosure. If necessary, gently pull on the lead-out wire extending from the other cable gland to help seat the circuit card assembly. 7. Check to ensure all connections are secure, then tighten the cable glands at each end of the enclosure. 8. Now position the MTT so that it is level and preferably above ground. 9. Prepare the encapsulating potting compound supplied with the MTT and mix the two components according the instructions supplied on the package. This step may be deferred until all the MTT (and MTL’s, if required) are assembled and ready for the potting compound. In this case, seal the MTT’s with adhesive tape to prevent soil or moisture from entering the enclosure and as a warning that the MTT is not ready for burial. 10. Pour the potting compound slowly into the enclosure and fill the enclosure up to the top. While pouring tilt the enclosure from side to side to ensure the compound flows under and around the circuit card, and check that the compound is not leaking out through the cable glands. 11. Reinstall the cover on the enclosure and tighten the screws. The potting compound will cure with the cover in place. 12. Now place the MTT in the cable trench and extend the lead-out cable and place it in the cable trench. Ensure there is slack in the cable for strain relief. 13. Install the MTT on the adjacent sensor cable assembly by following steps 1 through 12 above. Ensure the MTT’s are aligned with each other. 5.6 Final Connections After all the MTL and MTT connections are made and are ready for burial the remaining steps are to make connections to the MTP’s. The following steps are required: 1. At the sensor cable startup overlap area located at each MTP, uncoil and install the lead-in cables for each sensor cable assembly in the appropriate cable trench and lead the TNC ends through the conduit and up to the MTP as shown in Figure 5.2, above. MicroTrack User Guide 60 April 1, 2004
Note: excess lead-in cable should be coiled and buried close to the base of the MTP, as shown above in Figure 5.7. Under no circumstance should the lead-in cable be altered by increasing or decreasing its length. 2. Before connecting the TNC connectors to the MTP, it is necessary to test each sensor cable assembly. (A procedure for testing MTL’s is currently being developed.) To test an MTT a multimeter with the ability to measure capacitance will be required. A reading of 1 µF should be measured between the center conductor and the outer braid at the TNC connector. If the reading significantly varies from these levels, it may be necessary to check the connections and/or to replace the MTT. 3. Connect the TNC connectors for each sensor cable assembly to the appropriate connector on the MTP. 4. In the control center, connect the 48 VDC power supply and Map Monitor to the mains power. Connect the RS422 line to the RS232 port of the Map Monitor PC with a RS422/RS232 adaptor. Refer to the setup guide in the Map Monitor Manual for additional details. 5. At the MTP, connect the 48 VDC input power and RS 422 data line from the control center to the first MTP. 5.7 Backfilling the Cable Trenches After all the connections have been made and it has been verified that all system components are functioning, the sensor cable assemblies can be backfilled. The process is as follows: 1. Cover the lead-in and sensor cable with approximately 3 cm (1 in.) of soil. Use a rake and remove sharp stones and rocks before raking the soil over the cable. 2. Place yellow or other brightly colored plastic caution tape on the soil. 3. Backfill the remaining soil into the cable trenches using a grader such as a BobCat. Back drag the soil into the trench and add additional soil as necessary. Do not drive directly along the cable trench. It may be necessary to add water to the soil to improve compaction. 4. Restore the ground surface to match the surrounding area, as required. MicroTrack User Guide 61 April 1, 2004
APPENDIX 1 – MICROTRACK SPECIFICATIONS (to be inserted in final edition) APPENDIX 2 – SITE SURVEY CHECKLIST Item Pre-survey Items Comments Done1 Obtain as-built drawings and aerial photographs of the perimeter area 2 Locate services crossing the perimeter (water, sewer, gas and electrical) 3 Review drawings with the site manager, discuss location of MicroTrack 4 Determine special site conditions relevant to sensor application and performance, e.g., weather, areas subject to flooding, snow accumulation, frequent access by staff or public, need for auxiliary sensors, etc. 5 Determine frequencies of mobile radios and/or two-way radios used at the site 6 Determine if CCTV cameras will be used in conjunction with MicroTrack and how it will be interfaced 7 Determine location of the control center and the distance from the perimeter Item Site Survey Tools Comments Done 1 Long tape measure (100 ft. length) or distance measuring wheel 2 Camera or video camcorder (if permitted) 3 Site Survey section of the User Guide and a copy of this checklist 4 Notepad and clipboard and pen or pencil MicroTrack User Guide 62 April 1, 2004
Item Site Survey – Walk Around Comments Done 1 Select the cable path where MicroTrack will be installed – inside of the perimeter fence (or wall) 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.5 m) from the fence or between two fences (or walls) 2 Walk along the proposed cable path and note the items below: 3 Measure distances from: • fence corner to fence corner • between fences and buildings • location of gates, roads, sidewalks 4 Identify, along the cable path, the location of: • services, including water, sewer, power, gas, telephone, which may be buried 3 ft. (1 m) • low spots where water may pool or run across cable path • trees, shrubs and objects within 15 ft. (5 m) 5 Identify the burial medium along the cable path: • soil, crushed stone, asphalt, concrete 6 Dig small test holes 10 in. (25 cm) deep along the cable path to assess the nature of the soil. • Is it consistent, contain rocks, debris, etc.? • Is sand backfill required? 7 Measure depth of the asphalt (or concrete) to determine if: • The sensor cable can be cut into the asphalt [3 in. (8 cm) or more], or • Must be installed in the soil below 8 Measure the length of asphalt (or concrete) areas to assess the amount of material that has to be saw cut for the sensor cable 9 Identify the location of culverts which may be less than one meter (3 ft.) from the cable path – plan to shield the culverts if non-metallic 10 Determine the need for and/or the location of auxiliary sensors along the perimeter • At gates and sallyports • Across roads, buildings, along fence line, etc. MicroTrack User Guide 63 April 1, 2004

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