Technalogix TAU1000 UHF TELEVISION BROADCAST AMPLIFIER User Manual TAU 1000 sept03

Technalogix, Ltd. UHF TELEVISION BROADCAST AMPLIFIER TAU 1000 sept03

USERS MANUAL

TAU-1000 POWER AMPLIFIER NEW ADVENTURES IN BROADCASTING Technalogix
You’ve already unpacked it, haven’t you? You’ve unpacked it and plugged it in and turned it on and fiddled with the knobs. No? Okay, good. Please take a few minutes to read the manual and familiarize yourself with your new Technalogix power amplifier. We believe that this manual, and of course our equipment, should be everything you need to get on the air with superb broadcast quality video. We understand that a capable and confident user will get the most out of our product and we have made every attempt to educate readers of all technical levels. If there is something that is not clear, or you require further information, please do not hesitate to contact us and we’ll be glad to help out. Technalogix Ltd. #4, 8021 Edgar Industrial Place Red Deer, Alberta, Canada T4P 3R3 Phone: 403.347.5400 Fax: 403.347.7444 URL: www.technalogix.ca Email: technical@technalogix.ca sales@technalogix.ca We truly appreciate that you have chosen us as your television broadcast system supplier. Happy viewing.
Table of Contents SECTION I- SAFEGUARDS ..............................................................................................I-1 SAFETY AND FIRST AID.....................................................................................................I-2 OPERATING SAFEGUARDS................................................................................................I-3 SECTION II - WARRANTY.............................................................................................II-1 SECTION III - OVERVIEW..............................................................................................III-1 STANDARD FEATURES....................................................................................................III-1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION..............................................................................................III-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM (TAU-1000).......................................................................................III-3 BLOCK DIAGRAM (TAU-500) .........................................................................................III-5 BLOCK DIAGRAM (COMBINER/FILTER ENCLOSURE)......................................................III-7 SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................................................III-9 SECTION IV - RF COMPONENTS.................................................................................IV-1 AMPLIFIER PALLETS........................................................................................................IV-1 POWERDIVIDER/COMBINER............................................................................................IV-4 CIRCULATOR/ISOLATOR..................................................................................................IV-4 FINAL 2-WAY COMBINER................................................................................................IV-5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER..................................................................................................IV-5 FILTER.............................................................................................................................IV-5 SECTION V - POWER SUPPLY SECTION...................................................................... V-1 SECTION VI - MONITOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM........................................................VI-1 CONTROL BOARD OVERVIEW (SERIES II-REV I)............................................................VI-1 POWER SUPPLY COMPONENTS......................................................................................VI-1 INTERFACE COMPONENTS..............................................................................................VI-2 SIGNAL CONDITIONING COMPONENTS...........................................................................VI-4 DISPLAY COMPONENTS ..................................................................................................VI-5 MICROCONTROLLER COMPONENTS ...............................................................................VI-6 FAULT SHUTDOWN..........................................................................................................VI-7 ENCLOSURE INTERFACING..............................................................................................VI-8 REMOTE PORT................................................................................................................VI-8 BILL OF MATERIALS........................................................................................................VI-9 SCHEMATICS ................................................................................................................ VI-11 SECTION VII - MECHANICAL SECTION...................................................................... VII-1
SECTION VIII - INSTALLATION.................................................................................. VIII-1 BUILDING RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... VIII-1 HEATING AND COOLING REQUIREMENTS.................................................................... VIII-2 ELECTRICAL SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................ VIII-3 ANTENNA AND TOWER RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................... VIII-4 SHELTER SECURITY..................................................................................................... VIII-5 UNPACKING AND INSPECTION...................................................................................... VIII-6 LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS (TAU-500 POWER AMPLIFIERS)................................................................................................................. VIII-7 LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS (POWER SUPPLY)..... VIII-9 LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS (COMBINER/FILTER)VIII-11 INITIAL HOOK UP........................................................................................................VIII-13 SECTION IX - OPERATING PROCEDURE......................................................................IX-1 SECTION X - MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING............................................... X-1 TROUBLESHOOTING........................................................................................................ X-2
I-1 Section I - Safeguards General Safeguards This section is written as a general guide to keep all 5 fingers on your hand and is intended for those having previous knowledge and experience with these kinds of equipment. It is not intended to contain a complete statement of all safety precautions, which should be observed by personnel using this or other electronic equipment. DOCUMENTATION - Read, retain and follow instructions before operating the equipment. There is a lot of useful information in the manual, and besides, we spent a lot of time writing it! ENVIRONMENT - To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose this equipment to rain, moisture, or rye and sodas at the company Christmas party. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. SERVICING - Do not attempt to service this equipment yourself as opening or removing covers can result in a warm tingly feeling and will void the warranty. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.
I-2 Safety and First Aid Personnel engaged in the installation, operation, maintenance, or servicing of electronic equipment are exposed to the hazard of high voltage. It is imperative that all safety regulations and precautions are consistently observed. Knowledge of first aid procedures is recommended. The following information is presented as a reference only. • At all times, avoid placing any part of the body in series between ground and circuit points, whether power is on or off. • Dangerous voltage may be present in equipment even though power is off. Do not open the cabinet. Refer servicing to qualified service personnel. • It is the duty of all personnel to be prepared to give adequate emergency first aid treatment and thereby prevent avoidable loss of life. • There are three principle degrees of burns, recognizable as follows: • a first-degree burn reddens the skin. • a second-degree burn blisters the skin. • a third degree burn chars the flesh and frequently places the victim in a state of shock accompanied by respiratory paralysis. • Respiratory paralysis can cause death by suffocation within seconds. It is imperative that the approved methods of artificial respiration are initiated immediately and continue until the victim’s breathing is normal. • A muscular spasm of unconsciousness may render the victim unable to break free of the electric power. If this is the case, turn the power off immediately. DO NOT TOUCH THE VICTIM OR YOU MAY SHARE THE SAME PREDICAMENT. • If the power cannot be turned off immediately, very carefully loop a dry rope, article of clothing, length of strong cloth or a rolled-up newspaper around the victim and pull the victim free of the power source. Carefully avoid touching the victim or clothing. • Once free of the power source, the victim must be placed in a reclining position and covered with a blanket or newspapers to keep warm. At the first opportunity, enlist help in summoning a doctor. If a doctor cannot be summoned, transport the victim to the doctor or a hospital. Be sure the victim is kept well covered and warm while awaiting professional treatment.
I-3 Operating Safeguards It is a known fact that our broadcast transmitters and translators enjoy 50-ohm load impedances. So much so, that it is imperative you maintain 50-ohm impedances throughout your system. In return, your equipment will provide you with maximum power transfer to the antenna and decreased reflected power heading back towards the amplifier pallets, reducing the amount of magic smoke that gets let out of the power amplifier. Before anything is turned on, ensure that there is a 50-ohm path from the output of each stage to the input of the next, all the way to the antenna. In addition to maintaining proper 50-ohm impedances throughout the signal chain, it is also important, whenever possible, to make sure the RF drive going to the input of the power amplifier is removed before turning on or turning off the DC power supply. This is because all of the RF transistors used in the individual amplifier pallets are fabricated with LDMOS (Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology. Nice and linear yes, but they do not like to make any RF power when their supply voltages are not within a specific range. When you first turn your power amplifier on or off, the DC power supply’s output voltage may take a while to stable out to a safe operating voltage. Ten seconds wait before applying the RF drive will ensure no issues arise. Our power amplifiers are designed to reliably generate a specific RF output power. Failing to adhere to overdriven amplifier warnings can decrease the reliability of your system, and frankly, makes our repair department busy and grumpy. If you need to transmit to a little larger coverage, you are better off increasing antenna gain, and more importantly, antenna height above average terrain. On TV and FM broadcast frequencies, insufficient antenna height puts an upper limit on your range, regardless of power levels, as the distance from your antenna to the radio horizon is limited.
II-1 Section II - Warranty Our legalese is straightforward. It is simply designed to give you peace of mind and helps you resist the temptation to have your electronics friend try to repair your Technalogix product. Technalogix Ltd. products have been completely tested and found to meet specifications and be in proper operating condition. They are warranted to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment. If the system becomes damaged in shipment and there are obvious signs of damage to the outside of the packaging, notify your courier immediately before that courier walks out the door. Technalogix Ltd. will not be liable for damages of whatever nature arising out of or in connection with the equipment or its use thereof. Technalogix does not assume responsibility for injury or damage resulting from the practices of untrained or unqualified personnel in the handling of this equipment. Technalogix Ltd. warranty does not include: • misuse, neglect or accident. • incorrect wiring and /or improper installation. • unauthorized repairs, modifications or use in violation of instructions issued by Technalogix. • incidental or consequential damages as a result of any defect. • reshipment cost or insurance of the unit or replacement units or parts. • acts of nature or terrorism. Technalogix agrees, at our option, to remedy warranted defects or furnish a new part in exchange for any part of a unit which, under normal installation, use and service, becomes defective. The user will pay for transportation costs to and from the repair center.
II-2 To claim your rights under this warranty: • Contact Technalogix and describe the problem in as much detail as possible. See troubleshooting section in this manual. If a solution cannot be found at this time, it may be determined that the unit will have to be returned to Technalogix for repair, once a Return Materials Authorization (RMA) number is provided. Please look under our web site (www.technalogix.ca) for the RMA form (Service) and fill it out. Either fax it to us or email to us. • Package equipment carefully for prepaid shipment to Technalogix. Include a written description of the problem experienced, a copy of the original invoice establishing warranty status, and the RMA. Technalogix reserves the right to make revisions in current production of the equipment and assumes no obligation to incorporate these changes in earlier models. Shipping Address: Technalogix Ltd. ATTN: RMA# #4, 8021 Edgar Industrial Place Red Deer, Alberta, Canada T4P 3R3 Ph: 403.347.5400 Made in Canada, returned for repairs
III-1 Section III – Overview Standard Features • Narrow output bandpass filter allows adjacent channel operation • Front panel Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) to monitor forward and reflected RF power, and DC voltage • Microcontroller-based monitoring and control ensures amplifier will never be overdriven and high VSWR will not damage amplifier • AC circuit breaker on back panel to eliminate replacement of fuses • All aluminium enclosure maintains power amplifier’s light weight • Simple design using commonly available parts ensures reliable operation • Predominate and third-order intermodulation distortion exceeds Industry Canada and FCC specification.
III-2 Principle of Operation The TAU-1000 power amplifier supplies a 1000-watt peak video signal with 10% aural power on any of the UHF television channels 14 through 69. Please note that channel selection must be made at time of order, as the transmitter or translator is calibrated and tested to the channel requested and is not field tuneable. The TAU-1000 power amplifier is a modular solid-state 1000-watt broadcast amplifier utilizing readily available RF components wherever possible, thus enhancing the serviceability of the equipment. The TAU-1000 features ultra linear amplification and individual channel RF output bandpass filtering. The amplifier modules are stable for high reliability and long service life. The amplification of the TAU-1000 is comprised of (2) TAU-500 500-watt power amplifiers. Firstly, the output of the modulator or processor gets split into (2) RF signals of equal amplitude. Each output of the 2-way power divider is then fed into a TAU-500 Power Amplifier. Finally, the outputs of each TAU-500 are combined to generate 1000-watts of peak visual power in addition to an aural carrier, as seen in the TAU-1000 block diagram.
TO WATTMETERAND ANTENNARF OUT TAU-500COMBINERFILTERTAU-500SPLITTER2-WAYMODULATOR/PROCESSORPOWER SUPPLYTAU-1000 Overall Block DiagramDate: May 24, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
III-3 Inside each 500-watt power amplifier, the signal passes through an RF attenuator to limit the output power level of the power amplifier, to help buffer any transients that may come into the power amplifier, and most importantly, allow for provisions to balance the gain of the TAU-500 to the other TAU-500. After attenuation, the signal gets preamplified through a TECH–30U driver amplifier before the signal gets split into (2) signals for final amplification using a 2-way Wilkinson microstrip power divider. The final amplification stage is comprised of (2) P300-UHF final amplifiers. The outputs of the (2) final amplifier pallets are combined with a 2-way Wilkinson microstrip combiner and pass through an isolator and dual directional coupler for protection and monitoring purposes, as illustrated in the following TAU-500 block diagram.
To Wattmeter and AntennaA=14dB min.A=14dB min.A=+38dB min.A=-0.2dB typicaliA=-0.2dB typicalA=-0.5dB typicalA=-0.05dB typicalRF INPUT RF OUT TECH-30USPLITTER2-WAYP300-UHF FINALP300-UHF FINAL2-WAYCOMBINERVVDIRECTIONAL COUPLERVCIRCULATORATTENUATIONTERMINATION50 OHMTAU-500 Block DiagramDate: May 24, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
III-5 After amplification, the signal exits the power amplifier enclosure and goes into the combiner/filter enclosure, where the signals from each 500-watt amplifier are combined. After combining, the amplified signals are filtered with a bandpass filter and monitored again with another directional coupler before heading out to an antenna for broadcast, as depicted in the following combiner/filter block diagram.
A=-0.45dB typ. A=-0.6dB typ.A=-0.05dBTO WATTMETERAND ANTENNARF OUT PA2 OUT PA1 OUT 2-WAYCOMBINERVVCOUPLERDIRECTIONALFILTERTAU-1000 Combiner Enclosure Block DiagramDate: May 24, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
III-7 Specifications The following specifications were taken with a Technalogix modulator/processor. Should a different modulator or processor be used, specifications could vary. For this reason, we recommend that any different modulator/processor be shipped to Technalogix so the system can be matched and set up optimally. In addition, the audio/video ratio the input to the power amplifier needs to be –10 dB in order for the software and LCD readout to be accurate. RF Characteristics Frequency range any specified UHF Channel 14 to 60** Frequency Response (one channel) ±0.5 dB Frequency Stability ±250 Hz Selectivity 60 dB (adjacent channel) Minimum Input Level 0 dBmV Rated Visual Output Power 1000 Watts Rated Aural Output Power 10% of peak visual power IF Output Level +35 dBmV nominal Input Impedance 75 Ohms Output Impedance 50 Ohms Harmonics > 60 dB below rated power Predominant Intermodulation Distortion dBc = decibels below visual carrier + 920 kHz > -53 dBc - 920 kHz > -53 dBc + 2.66 MHz > -53 dBc - 2.66 MHz > -53 dBc + 5.42 MHz > -53 dBc + 7.16 MHz > -53 dBc 3rd Order Intermodulation Distortion + 4.5 MHz > -60 dBc + 9.0 MHz > -60 dBc All others > -60 dBc Spurious Emissions > -60 dBc ** Stand-alone power amplifier will operate from channels 14-69. PAL Video Characteristics Input Level to modulator (for 87.5% modulation) 1.0 VPP Differential Phase (at 87.5% modulation) ±2 Degrees Differential Gain (at 87.5% modulation) 2% Group Delay < ±40 nS Video Group Delay Pre-emphasis Conforms to IC/FCC specifications K-Factor 1.9% for 2T Pulse Hum and Noise > 60 dB below rated power
III-8 Aural Characteristics Input Level for 25 kHz Deviation 0.3 VPP Frequency Response (Standard Pre-emphasis) ±1 dB Harmonic Distortion (25 kHz Deviation) < 1% 50 Hz to 15 kHz Amplitude Modulation Noise > 50 dB Frequency Modulation Noise > 60 dB Intercarrier Stability ±250 Hz Physical Characteristics Power Requirements Power Supply 230 VAC, 28 AAC Operating Temperature 0 - 50°C Dimensions TAU-500 Power Amplifier (each) W-19" flange (17” encl.), D-25-¼", H-8-¾” (5U) Combiner W-19" flange (17” encl.), D-25-¼", H-8-¾” (5U) Power Supply W-19" flange (17” encl.), D-25-¼", H-7” (4U)
IV-1 Section IV – RF Components Amplifier Pallets The TECH-30U driver pallet consists of (2) separate printed circuit board stages – The first stage is an ultra-linear class-A stage with (3) gain sections providing a typical adjustable power gain of 26dB to 37dB at 10-watts peak. This stage typically draws 2.5 Adc quiescent and a maximum drain current of 5 Adc. The second stage is a linear class AB stage with a typical gain of 13 dB. This stage typically draws 1.0 Adc quiescent and a maximum drain current of 10 Adc. The currents on both stages can be found by measuring the voltage drop across the +30 Vdc input and the I sense connector. The resistance separating these connections is 0.01 ohms, providing a 10 mV per ampere ratio. The P300-UHF pallets used in the final amplification stage use LDMOS (Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology. LDMOS technology offers higher gain, efficiency and linearity over standard MOSFET and Bipolar devices and enhances ruggedness and reliability. LDMOS transistors have the added advantage of not having BEO (Beryllium Oxide) in their construction. The P300-UHF amplifier pallets have a typical gain of 15dB (14dB minimum) and draw no more than 23Adc. Currents for these pallets must be measured with an ammeter in series with the power supply lead. Each of the amplifier pallets is connectorized to optimize servicing and accessibility. All amplifier pallets must have the transistor drain voltages reach at least 26Vdc before the RF drive is applied.
P300-UHF-16 Schematic
IV-4 Power Divider/Combiner (internal to each TAU-500 enclosure) A Wilkinson power divider and combiner are used to split the RF signal into, and combine the amplified RF signal out of the (2) P300 final amplifier pallets. Flanged power resistors help ensure that any differences between the inputs or outputs are balanced. The Wilkinson design takes advantage of the fact that an impedance transformation can take place across a quarter-wavelength transmission line if the line has different impedance than the source or load impedances being matched. In this case, quarter-wavelengths of 75-ohm coaxial are used to maintain 50-ohm impedances at the input and output of the Wilkinson divider/combiner. Due to its electrical and mechanical symmetry, the Wilkinson design’s performance over moderate bandwidths is superior to other types. This design maintains phase and amplitude equality, in addition to providing isolation and matched outputs. Circulator/Isolator (internal to each TAU-500 enclosure) A circulator and load termination (popularly described as an isolator) is installed into each TAU-500 directly after the amplification stage and before the directional coupler. RF power will flow through the isolator in one direction (from the amplifier stage to the directional coupler). RF power applied in the opposite direction (back into the amplifier stage) will experience a high loss. Hence, the isolator isolates the TAU-500 power amplifier enclosure from external influences. The potentially damaging reflected power heading back towards the amplifier stage gets dumped into the flanged termination resistor. In addition, these reflected signals cannot mix in the amplifier stage and produce intermodulation distortion products. Each circulator has a maximum insertion loss 0.5dB and a minimum isolation of 17dB. The load termination is rated at 250 watts, 50-ohms.
IV-5 Final 2-Way Combiner (internal to combiner/filter enclosure) The RF outputs from the (2) TAU-500 amplifier modules then pass into a final enclosure where the signals are combined, then filtered and monitored once again. The combiner is a 2-way, 1,000-watt power combiner with a maximum phase imbalance of +/-1 degree. Minimum isolation is -18 dB and maximum insertion loss is -0.45 dB from 170 to 280 MHz. Minimum return loss from ports 1 to 2 (input to input) is -25 dB and -20 dB on port 3 (output). Directional Coupler (internal to TAU-500 and combiner/filter enclosures) The Technalogix dual directional couplers provide DC voltages proportional to forward and reflected RF power monitoring. These analog voltages are converted for processing using a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter and provide the control system with valuable data for monitoring purposes. The directional couplers installed in the power amplifier and filter enclosures have peak detection circuits on the forward RF power side of the coupler and average detection circuits on the reflected RF power side of the coupler. This is to allow the end user to set power in a manner that is more independent of modulation and closer to a true tip-of-sync meter. Hence, the readings on the displays in the power amplifier system are peak for forward and average for reflected. Output power should be set by the following procedure: THE POWER OUTPUT SHOULD NEVER BE ADJUSTED EXCEPT UNDER THE TEST CONDITIONS OF NO AURAL CARRIER, WITH THE VISUAL CARRIER MODULATED WITH SYNC AND BLANKING. The directional coupler has a typical insertion loss of 0.05dB and its Type N connectors can handle 1,500 watts peak. The coupler requires 8 to 8.5Vdc to power the internal electronics of the coupler and is supplied from the control printed circuit board at the front of each enclosure. Filter The passive bandpass filter rejects spurious and harmonic output products and passes the UHF channel RF output. The cavity resonator uses aperture coupling and is a linear resonator design. Typical insertion loss is 0.6 dB to 1.0 dB depending on channel frequency. Average roll off is –33 dBc at a point 4.5 MHz below the peak visual carrier frequency and –30 dBc 9.0 MHz above the peak visual carrier frequency. The filter is DC grounded on both the input and output for additional lightning protection.
V-1 Section V – Power Supply Switching AC-DC power supplies are used to power the amplifier pallets, the control circuits, and all of the fans. There are (2) supplies are set at 31.0 Vdc nominally. All fans run off this same supply, though they pass through a series dropping resistor to lower the supply voltage, as the fans are 24Vdc. A 24Vdc nominal power supply is located in the combiner enclosure. It simply supplies power to the control PCB and the cooling fan. The power supplies in the power supply enclosure are Absopulse HBC3600-P5677, adjusted to 31.0V with no load. The power supply found in the combiner/filter enclosure is a Mean Well S-60-24. The switching power supplies are fully protected against short circuit and output overload. Short circuit protection is a cycling type power limit. The internal AC fuse is designed to blow only on a catastrophic failure in the unit – the fuse does not blow on overload or short circuit. The thermal shutdown automatically recovers when the power supply chassis cools down. AC (220Vac) is fed into the power supply enclosure via a 4-position circular connector and then through a resettable circuit breaker. The AC for the combiner/filter enclosure (220Vac or 110Vac) is fed through a filtered EMI AC entry.
VI-1 Section VI – Monitor and Control System Control Board Overview (Series II-rev I) The control printed circuit boards (PCB) are located at the front of each enclosure connected directly to the back of the liquid crystal displays (LCD) and are identified as Series II – rev I PCBs. The main purpose of the Series II - rev I PCB is to monitor the RF power and the DC supply voltages in the power amplifier and filter enclosures and to monitor just the DC supply voltages in the power supply enclosure. In all cases, a DC voltage proportional to the parameter being sampled is conditioned, protected, buffered, and then run into an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) where software processes the signal. The software processing determines if the parameters are within the predetermined safe operating levels and displays the parameters on the LCD for monitoring purposes. The Series II - rev I PCB can be broken apart into (5) main component areas: the power supply, interface, signal processing, display, and microcontroller. Schematics are found later in this section. Power Supply Components There are (4) power supply voltages generated on the Series II – rev I PCB: 1. +5Vdc for all logic and general purpose PCB supply voltage 2. +4Vdc for the LED backlighting on the LCD 3. -4Vdc for the contrast voltage required by the LCD 4. +5Vdc for the directional coupler supply The +5Vdc is generated from a small switching power supply comprised of C101, C102, D102, L101, and U101. This power supply accepts DC input voltages up to 40Vdc (unless U101 is an HV option, then the maximum input voltage is +60Vdc) and outputs +5Vdc at up to 1Adc. This voltage is always on, as the ON/OFF pin on U101 is hard-wired to the ‘on’ configuration. C103, L102, and C104 form a noise choke to help filter out switching noise or RF noise that may radiate onto the control circuit board. The +4Vdc is generated from a small switching power supply comprised of components C105, C106, D103, L103, and U102. This power supply accepts DC input voltages up to +40Vdc (unless U102 is an HV option, then the maximum input voltage is 60Vdc) and outputs +5Vdc at up to 1Adc. The voltage then gets dropped down to +4Vdc through R101. This backlight voltage can be turned on and off via the ON/OFF pin on U102. The PCB is designed in a manner that allows this voltage to be hard-wired on all the time or controlled from the microcontroller through latch U111. This selection is made with jumper J102. The -4Vdc is generated using a switched capacitor voltage converter design, using components C109, C110, R102, R103, U104, and VR101. U4 accepts +5Vdc from the general purpose +5Vdc supply and generates -5Vdc. This voltage then gets dropped across the voltage divider (R102, R103) to generate the contrast voltage specific to the LCD that is installed in the system.
VI-2 The voltage required by the directional coupler is generated with a standard linear voltage regulator, U103 if it is a voltage other than +5Vdc. C107 and C108 helps clean up any ripple or noise that might be on the output voltage. In the standard configuration, where the directional coupler requires +5Vdc, the +5Vdc is simply taken from the U101 filtered power supply output. Interface Components The interface section of the Series II – rev I PCB includes the front panel switch interfacing in addition to the buzzer and carrier disable output circuits. The (4) membrane switches found on the front panels of each enclosure are tied to the microcontroller through an isolation stage to avoid any static discharge or noise on the switch wiring from reaching the microcontroller. Optoisolators U105 and U106, in addition to components R104…R115 create the necessary isolation to the sensitive microcontroller. By depressing any membrane switch, a ground (0V) is applied to the input of the optoisolators. The optoisolators will, in turn, output a ground (0V) to the microcontroller when any switch is depressed. The membrane switches found on the front panels of the enclosures operate in the following manner with a depress: POWER – When unit is plugged in, AC is supplied to the switching power supply input, but the amplifiers are still turned off. In order to turn the amplifiers on, assuming the rocker switch is turned on, wait ten seconds after plugging the PA in and push in the “POWER” tactile button. The LCD will read “Soft Start Warm Up, Please Wait”. After ten seconds the bias voltages will be turned on and you may then plug in the RF drive. Depress for (1) second to turn on and (3) seconds to turn system off. In the case of multiple enclosures, all POWER switches are tied together in each enclosure, so only one switch needs to be depressed. NAVIGATE – Turns on backlight to LCD and displays forward and reflected RF power and DC supply voltage parameters. When power amplifier is first turned on, the LCD comes on automatically and this information is displayed. Information is displayed for several minutes before the backlight turns off and the display is cleared. This is set up so as not to burn any pixels into the LCD from extended on time. In the case of multiple enclosures, the NAVIGATE switches are individual to each enclosure. SELECT – Turns on backlight to LCD and displays forward and reflected RF power and DC supply voltage parameters. When power amplifier is first turned on, the LCD comes on automatically and this information is displayed. Information is displayed for several minutes before the backlight turns off and the display is cleared. This is set up so as not to burn any pixels into the LCD from extended on time. In the case of multiple enclosures, the SELECT switches are individual to each enclosure.
VI-3 RESET – Tactile switch resets the monitor and control system. The amplifier gets shut down for under 0.5 seconds and comes back on with each depress of the reset button. At the same time, all fault counters in the microcontroller software are reset and the LCD is reset in the same manner as it is with a depress of the NAVIGATE button. Reset switches are individual to each enclosure but may be tied together externally through the remote port, as explained later in this section. The buzzer control comes from pin 7 on microcontroller U114. The control signal passes through R116 and turns on the base of transistor Q101, which allows current to flow through the single tone magnetic buzzer. Jumper J105 simply turns off the buzzer when removed. The carrier disable circuit applies a shutdown voltage to the driver pallet in the system. The U114 generates the signal out of pin 21 and controls transistor Q102 through R117. When Q102 is turned off, the shutdown voltage to the driver is floating and the carrier is on. During a fault condition, when Q102 is turned on, the shutdown voltage is applied to the carrier disable on the driver. Relay K101, which outputs the carrier disable, is protected from transient spikes by D104. Signal Conditioning Components The signal processing section of the Series II – rev I PCBs is used to buffer potentially noisy or damaging signals from the ADC. Power supply samples and forward and reflected power from a directional coupler are then digitized. Firstly, all analog signals are protected with a resettable fuse and transient voltage suppressor (TVS) combination. These components ensure that voltages above the Vbr breakdown voltage of the TVS get clamped and do not pass farther down the circuit. After this protection stage, the analog voltages get dropped with voltage dividers to safe levels for the buffers and ADC. For example, a +30Vdc power supply sample gets dropped to a level below the +2.5Vdc voltage reference U109 of the ADC. After the voltage dividers, the analog signals get buffered with U107 and U108, configured as unity gain voltage followers. Finally, after some further decoupling capacitors and filters, the analog signals get digitized by the 8-channel, 10-bit ADC (U10) and sent to the microcontroller through a serial interface. There are (3) analog voltages that get conditioned and processed: DC power supply sample, forward RF power, and reflected RF power. Specifically, the components are as follows: DC power supply – J108 (pin 1 floating and direct connection), F107, C120, L108, C121, R129, R130, VR105, U108, C122, C123, L109, C124 and U110. Forward RF power – J108 (pin 2), F106, D109, C117, C118, L107, C119, R127, R128, VR104, U108, C125, L110, C126, C127, and U110. Reflected RF power – J108 (pin 3), F105, D108, C114, C115, L106, C116, R125, R126, VR103, U108, C130, L112, C131, C132, and U110.
VI-4 Display Components The display section of the Series II – rev I PCB is comprised of the LCD and the components that make up the data bus to send the data from the microcontroller to the LCD. Specifically, the LCD is an alphanumeric 20X4 display that uses the industry standard 44780 controller and a parallel interface for data communications. Firstly, the microcontroller sends out the data to be displayed via a serial bus where the signals are latched with U111 and U112 and converted to a parallel data stream. The parallel data then transfers directly to the LCD through connector J109. J109 also carriers the power supply for the LCD. Microcontroller Components The heart of the monitor and control system found in Series II - rev I PCBs is microcontroller U114. This microcontroller analyzes all RF power levels and voltages to ensure that all operating parameters are within their predetermined safe operating levels. If a fault is found, appropriate action is taken to help protect the system from damage, which may include turning the RF carriers off. A full description of all faults and their respective actions is found later in this section. The power supply for the microcontroller is monitored closely via supervisor U113. Should the +5Vdc supply drop below +4.5Vdc, a microcontroller reset is generated to ensure there are no brown out conditions that may latch the microcontroller up to an unknown state. The front panel Reset momentary switch is also tied to this line after optoisolation. The microcontroller is run off of a 4.000MHz clock source, generated by ceramic resonator CR101. If the software is running, LED D110 will be lit. Finally, U115 stores all characters for the LCD to minimize the overhead required for the microcontroller, and also stores the current state of the power ON/OFF of the system. This is to ensure that, in the event of a power outage, the system returns to the exact state is was before power was interrupted.
VI-5 Fault Shutdowns On the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) the following messages may appear: If you see this message, the system will: - shut amp down for 1 minute - automatically turn amp on after 1 minute and check again for overdriven amplifier - come back to the same power level that it was set If you see this message, the system will: - shut amp down for 5 minutes - automatically turn amp on after 5 minutes and check again for high VSWR - come back to the same power level that it was set
VI-6 Remote Port The remote port allows external control of the transmission system via the DB25 connector on each enclosure. All functions on the remote port are simply hard-wired or paralleled to existing wiring to provide a secondary method of control to the user, and are activated as follows: pin 1: ground to reset microcontroller, float otherwise pin 2: ground for 2 seconds to toggle carrier on/off, float otherwise pin 3: common ground pin 4: DC power supply sample Enclosure Interfacing In the event of a fault in the combiner/filter enclosure, for example high reflected power or overdriven output levels, the power amplifier enclosures need to know that there is a fault. A DB9 cable accomplishes this by sending a fault signal from the combiner/filter enclosure to indicate to the power amplifier enclosure that action may need to be taken. Specifically, the shutdown circuitry on the combiner/filter enclosure’s control PCB sends a ground signal through the DB9 to one of the optoisolated inputs on the power amplifier’s control PCB. The power amplifier control PCB, in turn, then sends its shutdown voltage out to disable the driver and turn off the carrier.
Series II - Bill of MaterialsI21-Jun-05Item Qty Components Description Tolerance Package Equivalency1 1BZ101BUZZER, magnetic, 5V, single tone SMD CT-1205CCUI CT-1205C2 2 C101, C105 CAPACITOR, electrolytic, 100uF, 63V <=20% SMT (Panasonic VS "G" size) Panasonic ECE-V1JA101P, NIC NACEW101M63V10x10.53 2 C102, C106 CAPACITOR, electrolytic, 330uF, 35V <=20% SMT (Panasonic VS "G" size) Panasonic ECE-V1VA331P, NIC NACEW331M35V10x10.54 21C103, C104, C107, C112, C113, C115, C116, C118, C119, C120, C121, C123, C124, C125, C126, C128, C129, C130, C131, C133, C134 CAPACITOR, ceramic, 0.01uF, 63V <=20% SMT 0805 Digikey C0805C103K5RACTU5 7C108, C111, C140, C143, C144, C145, C146 CAPACITOR, ceramic, 0.1uF, 25V <=20% SMT 1206 Utech GMC31X7R104K50NT6 2C109, C110CAPACITOR, electrolytic, 100uF, 25V <=20% SMT (Panasonic VS "E" size) Panasonic ECE-V1EA101UP7 7C114, C117, C122, C127, C132, C135, C147 CAPACITOR, tantalum, 1uF, 16V <=20% SMT 3216 Sprague 293D105X9035B2T8 1 CR101CLOCK, ceramic resonator, 4.000 MHz, w/capsf <= 0.5% C <= 20% Through hole, 3-position, 0.1" spacing ECS Inc. ZTT-4.00MG9 1 D101TV Power Amplifier: DIODE, TVS, 600 watts, Vwm=30V, Vbr min=33.3 SMB Crydom SMBJ30A; GI SMBJ30A10 1 D101FM Power Amplifier: DIODE, TVS, 600 watts, Vwm=48V, Vbr min=53.3 SMB Crydom SMBJ48A; GI SMBJ48A11 2D102,D103DIODE, schottky, If=3A, Vr=60V SMC International Rectifier 30BQ06012 1D104DIODE, rectifier, If=1A, Vr=200V SMADiodes Inc S1D-1313 2 D108, D109DIODE, TVS, 600 watts, Vwm=5.0V, Vbr min=6.4 SMB Crydom SMBJ5.0A; GI SMBJ5.0A14 1D110DIODE, LED, RED, clear or diffused SMT 1206 Lumex SML-LX1206IW15 1 F101FUSE, resettable, Ihold=0.75A, Itrip=1.5A, Vmax=72V 0.23" lead spacing, 20AWG leads Raychem RXE075; Bourns MF-R07516 3 F105, F106, F107FUSE, resettable, Ihold=0.14A, Itrip=0.34A, Vmax=60V miniSMD Raychem miniSMDC014-217 1 J101CONNECTOR, 4-position plug, 180 degree wire entry, 90 degree screw access, 5.08mm 0.2" spacing Wieland 25.340.3453, Weco 10.808.10418 1 J101CONNECTOR, 4-position header, pluggable, vertical, closed, 5.08mm Through hole, 0.2" spacing Wieland 25.350.3453, Weco 20.806.12819 2 J102, J106CONNECTOR, breakaway header strip, 3-position, 0.1", square post Through hole, 0.1" spacing Molex 22-28-4300; Samtec TSW-130-05-T-S20 1 J105CONNECTOR, breakaway header strip, 2-position, 0.1", square post Through hole, 0.1" spacing Molex 22-28-4300; Samtec TSW-130-05-T-S21 3J102, J105, J106CONNECTOR, 2-position post shunts0.1" spacingAMP 382811-6; Samtec SNT-100-BK-T22 1 J103CONNECTOR, 5-position plug, 180 degree wire entry, 90 degree screw access, 5.08mm 0.2" spacing Wieland 25.340.3553.023 1 J103CONNECTOR, 5-position header, 0.1", vertical Through hole 0.2" spacing Wieland 25.350.3553.024 2 J107, J108CONNECTOR, 3-position plug, 180 degree wire entry, 90 degree screw access, 5.08mm 0.2" spacing Wieland 25.340.3353, Weco 10.808.10325 2 J107, J108CONNECTOR, 3-position header, pluggable, vertical, closed, 5.08mm Through hole, 0.2" spacing Wieland 25.350.3353, Weco 20.806.12726 1J109CONNECTOR, terminal strip, 16-position Through hole, 0.1" spacing Samtec TSW-116-18-T-S27 1J109CONNECTOR, socket strip, 16-position Through hole, 0.1" spacing Samtec SSW-116-03-T-S28 1K101RELAY, DPDT, 5V, 2Adc contact, SMD Relay - Aromat - TX SA Aromat TX2SA-5V29 1 L101INDUCTOR, 680uH, Irms=0.4A, DCR=2.02 ohms SMT JW Miller 3316-681M30 10L102, L105, L106, L107, L108, L109, L110, L111, L112, L113INDUCTOR, 0.01uH, Imax=0.45A, DCR=0.13 omhs +/- 10% SMT 1210 KOA KL32TE010K31 1 L103INDUCTOR, 680uH, Irms=1.3A, DCR=0.2 ohms SMT (Talema S5) Talema SWS-0.85-68032 1 LCD10120 X 4 character liquid crystal display, LED backlit 4-40 pem mount (4) Varitronix 20464K33 1 PCB101Series II, revision H printed circuit board, soldermask, silkscreen, FR4 Alberta Printed Circuits, MPC, GRM, Enigma, …34 2 Q101, Q102 TRANSISTOR, NPN, Ic=1A, Vce=40V SMT SOT-23Fairchild MMBT2222A; Zetex FMMT2222A; Diodes Inc MMBT2222A-735 1 R101 RESISTOR, 4.7 ohm, 1/2 watt, carbon film 5% SMT 2010 Panasonic ERJ-12ZYJ4R7U36 1 R102RESISTOR, 15.0 ohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF15R0V37 1 R103RESISTOR, 75.0 ohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Digikey MCR10EZHF1001, Panasonic ERJ-6ENF75R0V38 11R104, R105, R106, R109, R110, R111, R112, R115, R116, R132, R134RESISTOR, 1.00 kohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF1001V39 4R107, R108, R113, R114RESISTOR, 10.0 kohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF1002Vrevision:date:Optional part depending on power level of TV or FM
Series II - Bill of MaterialsI21-Jun-0540 1 R117RESISTOR, 4.99 kohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF4991V41 1R124RESISTOR, 13 kohm, 1/8 watt1% SMD 0805 Rohm MCR10EZHF130242 4R125, R127, R126, R128 RESISTOR, 1 kohm, 1/8 watt 1% SMD 0805 Rohm MCR10EZHF100143 1R129RESISTOR, 121 kohm, 1/8 watt1% SMD 0805 Rohm MCR10EZHF121344 1R130RES, 2.15 kohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Rohm MCR10EZHF215145 1R131RES, 120 ohm, 1/10 watt, thick film 1% SMD 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF1200V46 2 U101, U102TV Power Amplifier: REGULATOR, switching, 5Vdc, 3A, fosc=52kHz SMD TO-263-5 National LM2576S-5.047 2 U101, U102FM Power Amplifier: REGULATOR, switching, 5Vdc, 3A, fosc=52kHz SMD TO-263-5 National LM2576HVS-5.048 1 U104 REGULATOR, inverter, 100mA SMD SOIC-8National LM2660M; Analog Devices ADM8660, Maxxim MAX66049 2U105, U106OPTOISOLATOR, dual, Viso=5300VacSMD DIP8 Fairchild MCT6S50 1U108OP AMP, quad, low voltageSMD SOIC-14 National LMV324M51 1 U109REFERENCE, 2.50V (for TV PA >= 250Wpk) +/-0.2% SMD SOT-23 National LM4040BIM3-2.552 1U110ADC, 10-bit, 10-channelSMD SOIC-20 Analog Devices AD7812YR53 2 U111, U112 LOGIC, 8-bit shift register with latches SMD SOIC-16Fairchild MM74HC595M; On Semi MC74HC595AD; Phillips 74HC595D54 1 U113SUPERVISOR, n-channel, open drain, internal pullup resistor SMD SOT-23 MCP130T-450I55 1 U114MICROCONTROLLER, OTP, 4k, 22 I/O lines Through hole DIP-28 Microchip PIC16C63A-04/SP56 1 J111Connector, socket, 28-position, DIP, 0.3" spacing Through hole DIP-28 Jameco 112299CL or equivalent57 1U115MEMORY, 8k X 8, EEPROM, SPISMD SOIC-8Microchip 25LC640I/SN58 1VR101do not stuff59 4VR102, VR103, VR104, VR105 RES, variable, 10 kohm, 1-turn, 3mm SMD Bourns TC33 Bourns TC33X-2-103Edate:revision: Optional part depending on power level of TV or FM
BK LTCTRLSELECT1SERIES II, REV. I - Control System+5Vdc C107Vin CondC104C103L102VR101+C109+C110P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8U104BkLtCtrlGND VcouplerGND Vin L101D102+C101D101F1013J101 1Vin2Vout4Feedbk3Gnd5On/OffU101+C102+5Vdc 4J101+C105+C1062Vin1Vout4Feedbk3Gnd5On/OffU102D103L103Pin15LCDINCOMOUTU103C1081J101J1012+5Vdc Pin3LCD J102R103R102R101A. SivacoeSERIES II: Control SystemI Power Supply SectionDate: March 28, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
Buzzerdelete2SERIES II, REV. I - Control SystemD104J104 3J104 5SEL In J104 4J104 2NAV In J104 1+5VdcJ106J103 5Ground J103 3J103 4J103 2+5Vdc+5VdcR104R117J1072Q102Rly.Ctrl+5VdcK101Rly. COMRly. N/ORly. N/CJ1073J1071Buzzer J105Q101+5VdcR116RES In NC(RC6) VW In PWR In J103 1P1P2P3P4 P5P6P7P8U106P1P2P3P4 P5P6P7P8U105R105 R106R109 +5VdcR107 R108VW uPC PWR uPC R115R110 R111 R112+5VdcR113 R114PIN17uPCRES uPC BZ101A. SivacoeSERIES II: Control SystemI Interface SectionDate: March 21, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
3For U7PSUFWDRFLLow Threshold AdjustSERIES II, REV. I - Control SystemJ1084Analog 4VR105VR104VR103C121L108C120Vin Cond+C117+C114C119C118L107L106C116C115VR102564117+U1082/4324111+U1081/41094118+U1083/4121341114+U1084/4J1081Analog 1J108 2Analog 2J108 3Analog 3Isoltd 4Isoltd 3Isoltd 2Isoltd 1C112F107F106F105D108D109C113+5VL105D107D106F103F104C111Isoltd 6Isoltd 7Isoltd 8121341114+U1074/4J1088Analog 8D105F102Analog 7 J1087Analog 6 J1086Analog 5 J10859104118+U1073/4324111+U1071/4R124R130R129R128R127R126R125R119R118R120R121R122R123A. SivacoeSeries II: Control SystemI Analog Input SectionDate: March 21, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
Pin 3 on U109 is left unconnected on PCB4FWDPSURFLLow ThreshSERIES II, REV. I - Control SystemC133L113C130L112C125L110C123L109C129C128L1112 1U109+5VdcFor U110C140+C142C141+C139C138+C137C136+C135C134+C132C131+C127C126C124+C122DtoUPC DfromUPCDclk ConvStrtIsoltd 1Isoltd 2Isoltd 3Isoltd 4Isoltd 6Isoltd 7Isoltd 8VrefCrefVin1AGNDVin2Vin3Vin4Vin5Vin6Vin7 Vin8A0DGNDTFSRFSDoutDinDclkConvStartVddU110R131A. SivacoeSeries II: Control SystemI Analog Conversion SectionDate: March 21, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
SERIES II, REV. I - Control System5U11: LCD control signals, LCD backlight control, and External interface outputsU12: LCD data bus (D0...D7) D0...D7 is text or instructionPin3LCD uPCPIN14Q1031Ext. PSUserial_outresetshift_clklatch_clkoutput_enserial_inQa(out_1)Vcc Qb(out_2)Qc(out_3)Qd(out_4)Qe(out_5)Qf(out_6)Qg(out_7)Qh(out_7)GNDU112Latch2CSLatch1CS+5VdcC143BkLtCtrlPin15LCD234Unbuf A Unbuf B Unbuf C Unbuf D 1615LED A LED K 32J1091LCD Vo LCD Vdd LCD Vss 654 78910111213LCD RS LCD R/*WLCD E LCD D6 LCD D5 LCD D4 LCD D3 LCD D2 LCD D1 LCD D0 LCD D7 Dclk DfromUPC14J1105serial_outresetshift_clklatch_clkoutput_enserial_inQa(out_1)Vcc Qb(out_2)Qc(out_3)Qd(out_4)Qe(out_5)Qf(out_6)Qg(out_7)Qh(out_7)GNDU111R133R132A. SivacoeSeries II: Control SystemI LCD SectionDate: March 2, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
SERIES II, REV. I - Control System6+C147C144D110Dclk DtoUPC Dig.In 3Dig.In 2Dig.In 1C146Buzzer Latch2CSLatch1CSDfromUPCRly.CtrlReset Dig.Out2CONVST Dig.Out1VccC145+5VdcMCLR/VppRA0RA1RA2RA3RA4RA5VssOSC1/CLKinOSC2/CLKoutRC0/T1CKIRC1/CCP2RC2/CCP1RC3/SCK/CL RC4/SDI/SDARC5/SD0RC6/TX/CKRC7/RX/CKVssVddRB0/INTRB1RB2RB3RB4RB5RB6RB7U114*CSSO*WPVss SISCK*HOLDVccU115VccGNDResetU113OSC1OSC2GNDCR101R134A. SivacoeSeries II: Control SystemI Microcontroller SectionDate: March 2, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
Red 22AWGGreen 22AWGGrey 22AWGPurple 22AWGBrown 22AWGGrey 22AWGRed 22AWGPurple 22AWGBrown 22AWGWhite 22AWGGreen 22AWGPower Amplifiers CombinerV+ PSU RESJ3<3> PWRJ3<1> DISJ7<2>12345678910111213141516171819202122232425DB25REMOTE PORT123456789DB9PA2 CTRL123456789DB9PA1 CTRL+PADDISABLEDRIVER123456789J1V+ PSU 123456789DB9CTRL12345678910111213141516171819202122232425DB25REMOTE PORTDISJ7<2>PWRJ3<1>RESJ3<3> RC6J3<4>A. SivacoeRemote port and control wiringDate: January 31, 2005 Page: 1 of 1Rev ID
VII-1Section VII – Mechanical Section The heat sink allows the amplifiers to operate at a cooler temperature and prevents overheating, which helps the longevity of the entire system. The heat sink has hollow fins, which help dissipate the heat from the amplifiers faster than a conventional serrated or corrugated fin. In addition to the cooling effects of the heat sink, within each 500-watt power amplifier enclosure, there are six fans that each provide 170 cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air flow (into zero static pressure). There are three fans mounted at the front of the heat sink and three mounted at the back end of the heat sink. The fans are mounted side-by-side to produce the best cooling for the system and are operating in a push-pull configuration to assist with heat dissipation. The fans are a 24Vdc variety, so there are series dropping resistors to drop the higher power supply voltage down to a safe level.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-1 Section VIII - Installation This section contains installation recommendations, unpacking, inspection, and installation instructions for the power amplifier. We are sure that you are chomping at the bit to install your new system, so we recommend that you read the following sections very carefully. Building Recommendations The quality of the building is of great importance if you are to expect long life and continued performance from the power amplifier. The building must be clean, dry, temperature controlled and secure. Don’t forget to allow space in the building for any additional racks to house test equipment, a workbench area, line regulating transformers, ladders, equipment and parts storage, first aid kit, emergency generator if used, as well as heating and cooling devices that may be unique to your installation. A sloping roof will tend to develop leaks less rapidly. The building should be well roofed with good material. The cooling load will be lowered with reflective or light colored roofing material.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-2 Heating and Cooling Requirements The environment’s temperature will contribute greatly to the length of the power amplifier’s life. Technalogix recommends that the building’s filtered air intake must have capacity for all air-flow in the building plus an additional 20%. Keep the intake below the roofline to avoid intake of solar heated air. Please ensure that the intake and exhaust areas are on the same side of the building to avoid pressure differentials during windy conditions. Also, do not position intake near exhaust’s preheated air. If air conditioning is required to cool the shelter, discuss the situation with a qualified HVAC technician. Under average conditions, 12,000 BTUs will cool approximately 500 square feet to a comfortable level.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-3 Electrical Service Recommendations Technalogix recommends that a qualified, licensed local electrician be consulted for the required electrical service. We suggest local electricians because: • The personnel knows the local codes • The personnel can be on site readily • You are apt to get better overall support if you give what business you can to local suppliers Technalogix recommends that proper AC line conditioning and surge suppression be provided on the primary AC input to the power amplifier. All electrical service should be installed with your national electrical code in your area, any applicable provincial or state codes, and good engineering practice. Special consideration should be given to lightning protection of all systems in view of the vulnerability of most transmitter or translator sites to lightning. Lightning arrestors are recommended in the service entrance. Straight and short grounds are recommended. The electrical serviced must be well grounded. Do not connect the unit to an open delta primary power supply, as voltage fluctuations could harm the unit. Branch your circuits. Do not allow your lights, your workbench plugs, and your transmitting or translating equipment to operate on one circuit breaker. Each transmitter or translator should have its own circuit breaker, so a failure in one does not shut off the whole installation.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-4 Antenna and Tower Recommendations Your preliminary engineering workgroup should establish your antenna and tower requirements, both for receiving and transmitting antennas. Construction of sturdy, high quality antenna/tower systems will pay off in terms of coverage of your service area, the overall quality and saleability of your radiated signal, and reduced maintenance expenses. Technalogix provides complete turnkey antenna systems if needed. If your site is serving as a translator, your receiving antenna should be in line of sight to the originating station all year round. The foliage will change with season. Transmitting antennas can enhance or seriously impair the transmitter/translator output. The selection, routing, and length of coaxial cable are extremely important in the installation. If there is a 3 dB line loss in the cable between your unit’s output and the transmitting antenna, a 1000-watt unit will only deliver 500 watts to the antenna. Buy the best cable you can obtain, route it via the shortest way to the antenna, and keep it straight. Do not form it into sharp bends on its way. Do not use any more cable fittings for the installation than absolutely necessary. All cautions here apply equally to all coaxial cables in the system - input and output. Pay attention to radial ice accumulation when designing the transmission system. It is not uncommon for at least an inch of ice to build up on the tower and antenna. This in turn significantly increases the weight, cross section, and wind loading of the system. Attaching the transmission line to the tower is crucial to maintain a safe and reliable operation. Nylon wire ties and electrical tape will breakdown in the sunlight and ultimately fail, creating a potentially dangerous situation. It is important to use proper clamps and hoisting grips and also ensure that the transmission line is grounded to the tower in several locations. When high currents flow through the tower in the event of lightening strikes, some of that current will through the outer conductors of the transmission lines. Due to the resistance difference between the steel tower and copper transmission line, a significant voltage can be developed, often resulting in arcing between the outer jacket and outer conductor, thus pitting the conductor. Preventative maintenance is crucial in ensuring that safety is maintained. Specifically, check that transmission line grounds are tight and are not missing any hardware. Frequently inspect support clamps or spring hangers. Consider investing in an ice break, if you haven’t already done so, as shards of falling ice can damage the transmission line – and if it is going to happen, it will happen at an important time. Check the tower light photocells and conduit. The better-known tower manufacturers offer complete technical and safety documentation with their towers. Be sure that you have this information as it regards wind loading, guying, etc. The best-designed antenna system will function poorly if shortcuts and compromises are used during installation. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions exactly, along with any engineering data prepared for the site. Be absolutely safe and certain about this aspect as human lives may be at stake.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-5 Shelter Security The FCC requires that the transmitter or translator be secure from entry or control by unauthorized persons, and that any hazardous voltages or other dangers (including most tower bases) be protected by locks or fences as necessary to protect personnel and prevent unauthorized tampering or operation. Security of the building further implies that it be secure from wildlife. Use sturdy construction materials, including sheet metal if necessary. Holes around conduit, cable, and other similar entry points should be stuffed with steel wool and caulked to prevent entry of wildlife. Other features of security for your shelter may include its location with respect to the prevailing wind conditions. A location leeward of some natural topographical feature will prevent wind damage and snowdrifts. Check the soil runoff conditions that may slow or hasten wind or water erosion and other concerns that may be unique to your location.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-6 Unpacking and Inspection Check the outside of the container. Carefully open the container and remove the power amplifier. Retain all packing material that can be reassembled in the event that the equipment must be returned to the factory. Exercise care in handling equipment during inspection to prevent damage due to rough or careless handling. Visually inspect the enclosure of the power amplifier for damage that may have occurred during shipment. Check for evidence of water damage, bent or warped chassis, loose screws or nuts, or extraneous packing material in connectors or fan failures. Inspect all connectors for bent connector pins. If the equipment is damaged, a claim should be filed with the carrier once the extent of the damage is assessed. Technalogix cannot stress too strongly the importance of immediate careful inspection of the equipment and subsequent immediate filing of the necessary claims against the carrier if necessary. If possible, inspect the equipment in the presence of the delivery person. If the equipment is damaged, the carrier is your first area of recourse. If the equipment is damaged and must be returned to the factory, phone for a return authorization. Claims for loss or damage may not be withheld from any payment to Technalogix, nor may any payment due be withheld pending the outcome thereof. Technalogix cannot guarantee the carrier’s performance.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-7 Location and Function of Controls and Connectors (TAU-500 Power Amplifier) The following illustration depicts the location of the connectors when installing each of the 500-watt power amplifiers (TAU-500).
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-8 POWER - Tactile button to turn carriers on and off. To turn off, must be depressed for at least 2 seconds. Tied internally through DB9 connectors to all other POWER buttons. NAVIGATE - Tactile button to refresh screen after two minute screen saver times out. All monitoring and protection continues during screen saver. SELECT- Tactile button to refresh screen after two minute screen saver times out. All monitoring and protection continues during screen saver. RESET - Tactile button to reset microcontroller in control board. Also clears existing faults. Individual control board with reset comes back on with soft start feature. RF IN – RF input from modulator or processor. BNC connector, 50 ohm. RF OUT – 500-watt RF output. Connects to RF IN on filter enclosure. N connector, 50 ohm. CONTROL – Bi-directional control signals communicating with the filter enclosure. DC IN – DC Input from power supply enclosure. Polarized to avoid improper hook up. REMOTE PORT - pin 1: ground to reset microcontroller, float otherwise pin 2: ground for 2 seconds to toggle carrier on/off, float otherwise pin 3: common ground pin 4: DC power supply sample (28Vdc nominal)
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-9 Location and Function of Controls and Connectors (Power Supply) The following illustration depicts the location of the connectors when installing the power supply.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-10 POWER - Tactile button to turn carriers on and off. To turn off, must be depressed for at least 2 seconds. Tied internally through DB9 connectors to all other POWER buttons. NAVIGATE - Tactile button to refresh screen after two minute screen saver times out. All monitoring and protection continues during screen saver. SELECT- Tactile button to refresh screen after two minute screen saver times out. All monitoring and protection continues during screen saver. RESET - Tactile button to reset microcontroller in control board. Also clears existing faults. Individual control board with reset comes back on with soft start feature. AC IN – AC input to switching power supply. AC BREAKER – Resettable circuit breaker is used to protect against inrush currents and high current draw from switching power supply. The thermal circuit breaker is a single pole configuration. PA PSU - DC supply outputs to each power amplifier. DC cabling is identical and can be hooked up to either PA. AC ON/OFF - AC rocker swith (SPST) to supply AC to the AC-DC switching power supply.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-11 Location and Function of Controls and Connectors (Combiner/Filter)
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-12 POWER - Tactile button to turn carriers on and off. To turn off, must be depressed for at least 2 seconds. Tied internally through DB9 connectors to all other POWER buttons. NAVIGATE - Tactile button to refresh screen after two minute screen saver times out. All monitoring and protection continues during screen saver. SELECT- Tactile button to refresh screen after two minute screen saver times out. All monitoring and protection continues during screen saver. RESET - Tactile button to reset microcontroller in control board. Also clears existing faults. Individual control board with reset comes back on with soft start feature. RF In – 500-watt RF inputs from power amplifiers. Signal then passes through combiner, band pass filter and monitoring. RF OUT – 7/16” DIN type 50 ohm connector directly on output of directional coupler. To be connected in series with Thru-line wattmeter (or equivalent) and then to antenna. PA CTRL – Bi-directional control signals. REMOTE PORT - pin 1: ground to reset microcontroller, float otherwise pin 2: ground for 2 seconds to toggle carrier on/off, float otherwise pin 3: common ground pin 4: DC power supply sample (28Vdc nominal) AC IN – AC input to switching power supply (24 VDC supply for control system and fan). Use supplied IDC to NEMA cable.
Technalogix Ltd. VIII-13 Initial Hook Up 1. Ensure that the antenna has been swept and has a return loss of greater than 20dB (VSWR = 1.2:1). This should be done before connecting the antenna cable to the transmitter output. 2. Check that your video source is present. 3. Place the transmitter/translator in its permanent location near a receptacle supplying required AC voltage. DO NOT APPLY AC POWER AND TURN ON POWER TO THE TRANSMITTER / TRANSLATOR AT THIS TIME SINCE THE RF OUTPUT MUST BE PROPERLY LOADED BEFORE OPERATION. 4. Place an appropriate AC power line protector, conditioner, and/or surge suppressor across the AC supply line. 5. Hook up the modulator or processor as shown in their respective manuals for a transmitter or translator. Do not connect the modulated signal from the RF OUT on the modulator or processor to RF IN on the power amplifier at this time. Because of the characteristics of LDMOS devices, the RF drive should not be connected to the power amplifier until after the power supply and bias voltages are present and stable. 6. Ensure that modulator or processor RF output level is turned down as far as possible. 7. Ensure that the audio modulation is set to 100% with the audio signal supplied, as described in the appropriate modulator/processor manual (will be factory set). 8. Ensure that the video modulation level is set to 87.5% with the video signal supplied, as described in the appropriate modulator/processor manual (will be factory set). 9. Install the DC power supply lead (4 Awg) between the power supply enclosure and power amplifier enclosure. 10. Install the DB9 cables from the power amplifier enclosure to the filter enclosure and the power supply enclosure to the filter enclosure. It does not matter which DB9 cable is used as they are both identical. 11. Hook up the RF cabling from the output of the power amplifiers to the RF inputs on the combiner/filter enclosure. 12. Connect the transmitting antenna cable to the RF OUT N-type connector on the filter enclosure RF output.
IX-1 Section IX - Operating Procedure Assuming the previous installation instructions have been completed and cautions noted, and the TAU-500 power amplifier is ready to receive a properly modulated video and audio signal, proceed with the following steps to place the system in operation. The TAU-500 power amplifier has been factory aligned for channel frequency (per system specification), signal levels and optimum performance. IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU RUN YOUR SYSTEM INTO A DUMMY LOAD BEFORE INSTALLING PERMANTLY TO MAKE SURE THERE ARE NO DAMAGES CAUSED IN SHIPPING AND THE UNIT IS RUNNING PROPERLY 1. Do not apply RF drive signal to the power amplifier at this time. 2. Verify that all control and RF cables are tight and properly seated in or on the mating connector. 3. Plug the modulator or processor into AC mains. 4. Plug the 5U filter enclosure into AC mains. 5. Switch AC rocker switch to “ON” position on filter enclosure. 6. Verify that the filter enclosure’s fan is on. 7. Plug the 5U power amplifier enclosure into 220V AC mains. 8. Verify that the power supply fans are all on. 9. Ensure that the modulator/processor is turned on and set up according to its instructions. Depress the POWER tactile button to turn the unit on. 10. The internal soft start circuitry will turn the bias voltages off until the power supply to the amplifier pallets is fully stable. The message on the LCD indicates when the soft start is running. Once complete, the Forward and Reflected Power and Power Supply readings will appear on the LCD in the filter and power amplifier enclosures. 11. After the soft start is complete, apply the RF drive signal (which still should be turned down) between the modulator or processor and the 2-way splitter input. This ensures that the RF drive signal is applied only after the power supply is stable and the bias voltages are applied to the amplifier.
IX-2 12. The TAU-500 LCDs show the user the present status of the amplifiers. Adjust RF output power to desired level (see Important RF Power Notice in previous section). Verify that the FWD Power reads 400 to 500 Watts on the filter enclosure - depending on signal content. The system is set up for 500 watts peak visual power on each power amplifier using the sync and blanking signal and should read 500 watts FWD Power on the LCD under this condition only. The output power level can be adjusted using the modulator or processor’s RF output level adjust. Keep in mind that the system will shut down should the forward RF output power level be exceeded. 13. Ideally, the RFL Power should read zero. However, should a high VSWR be detected, the system will automatically shut down and cycle as previously described. This is also a peak wattage reading. 14. Verify that the power supply reads approximately 30 Volts DC (see supplied final inspection sheet for factory settings of power supply levels) on the LCD on the power amplifiers and power supply enclosures and 24Vdc on the combiner/filter enclosure. 15. Look at the transmitted output using a suitable monitor. The picture and sound quality should be clean and sharp. If the output picture and sound quality is unsatisfactory, check the input signals, connections to the antenna system, antenna and transmission line VSWR, and the physical condition of the antenna. If reception problems are encountered, and the quality of transmission is satisfactory, the difficulty is often with the receiving antenna or with obstructions in the path between the transmitter/translator and receiver.
X-1 Section X – Maintenance and Troubleshooting Periodic Maintenance If your unit employs a filter on the air inlet for the fans, the filter should be cleaned every 30 days. If the equipment is operated in a severe dust environment, the filters on the inlet fan may need to be cleaned more regularly. Turn the system off and unplug all of the AC inlet cords. The filter can be lifted off the fan and cleaned using an air compressor at low pressure. While the filter is out, clean the fan blades themselves with a small brush. The fans themselves do not need lubrication. The interior of the cabinets should be cleaned and inspected annually. Turn the system off and unplug all of the AC inlet cords. Remove the top lid by unscrewing the 6-32 machine screws. Use extreme caution when working near the AC input terminal. The power amplifier and power supply store hazardous capacitances and voltages. Using either compressed air or a brush with soft bristles, loosen accumulated dust and dirt and then vacuum the interior of the cabinet. Complete a visual inspection of the interior, making sure there are no loose connections or discolorations on any components from heat. Nothing inside the power amplifier enclosure exceeds a temperature that is not comfortable to the touch under normal operating conditions, so any signs of discoloration indicate potential damage. All modular components inside the enclosure are attached to aluminium mounting plates for easy removal and replacement. Ensure that plates are secured and the mounting hardware is tight.
X-2 Troubleshooting The first and most important aspect of troubleshooting anything is to be systematic. Note where you have looked and what you found. Look first for the obvious. • Make a physical inspection of the entire facility. Are all necessary connections properly made? Do you see any signs of obvious damage within the equipment? • Is the AC power ‘ON’ to the site and the equipment? (Check fuses and circuit breakers if necessary.) • Are all the switches in the correct operating position? • Is the input signal present? • Check LCD readings for presence of forward and reflected power and 30 V DC supply levels. The above is an aid in determining the fault if some aspect of the system is not operating. The following table deals with quality of operation: Symptom Possible Fault Correction Horizontal bars in picture (may roll either way depending on phase) AC grounding / AC interference Install EMI/RFI filter in AC line Ensure modulator/processor and power amplifier share a common ground Diagonal lines in picture Interference Install EMI/RFI filter in AC line Determine source and frequency of interfering signal (spectrum analyzer may be required)
X-3 Symptom Possible Fault Correction Weak output or picture Low level input signal Verify presence and level of input signal Low output power Verify power amplifier output with wattmeter and dummy load Incorrect modulation depth Adjust to meet specification High reflected power Incorrect load Ensure amplifier connected to transmission line Ensure correct antenna impedance (50 ohms) Check antenna tuning and VSWR. Verify correct cable for transmission line length Check all cables for visible damage (kinks, nicks or cuts) Check all connectors for poor connections, water or corrosion Check alignment of antenna Check for physical damage of antenna, including ice build-up
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