Teledesign Systems TS4000EH Radio Modem User Manual TS4000 User s Manual
Teledesign Systems Inc Radio Modem TS4000 User s Manual
Users Manual
TS4000
Radio Modem
User’s Manual
1729 South Main Street
Milpitas, CA 95035
(408) 941-1808
(800) 663-3674
(408) 941-1818 Fax
www.teledesignsystems.com
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techsupport@teledesignsystems.com
This document is copyrighted by Teledesign Systems Inc. with all rights
reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form without the
prior written consent of Teledesign Systems Inc.
Copyright © 2012 by Teledesign Systems Inc. All rights reserved.
This manual has been thoroughly reviewed for accuracy, and every effort has
been made to ensure that the information is accurate and complete. However,
different versions of this product have different features and capabilities, and this
manual reflects only one of those versions. Therefore, Teledesign Systems Inc.
assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions or defects in this material, and
shall not be liable for any damages resulting from their use.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice.
TELEDESIGN SYSTEMS INC. MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH
RESPECT TO THIS DOCUMENT AND SOFTWARE, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Copyright
Disclaimer
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Emissions iii
Emissions
The TS4000 complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules (Code of Federal
Regulations 47CFR Part 15). Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) This device does not cause harmful interference, and (2) this
device must accept any interference received, including interference that may
cause undesired operation.
The TS4000 has been type accepted for operation by the FCC in accordance
with Part 90 of the FCC rules (47CFR Part 90). See the label on the unit for the
specific FCC ID and any other certification designations.
This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian
Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.
The TS4000 has been certified for operation by Industry Canada in accordance
with RSS-119 of the Industry Canada rules. See the label on the unit for the
specific Industry Canada certification number and any other certification
designations.
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Teledesign Systems
Inc. could void the user’s authority to operate this equipment.
Shielded cable must be used with this equipment in order to ensure that it meets
the emissions limits for which it was designed. It is the responsibility of the user
to obtain and use good quality shielded cables with this device.
In order to ensure the safe operation of this radio equipment, the following
practices should be observed.
• DO NOT operate radio equipment near electrical blasting caps or in an
explosive atmosphere.
• DO NOT operate any radio transmitter unless all RF connectors are secure
and any open connectors are properly terminated.
• DO NOT allow the antenna to come close to, or touch, the eyes, face, or any
exposed body parts while the radio is transmitting.
In order to ensure the safe operation of this radio equipment, the minimum
distance that a person should be from the attached antenna when this equipment
is transmitting is 5.5 ft. (165 cm). This is based on using the TS4000 at a power
of 5 watts with a 10dBd (12.1dbi) gain antenna.
FCC Part 15
Part 90
Industry Canada
ICES-003
RSS-119
Notice
Safety Warning
RF Exposure
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Table of Contents iv
Table of Contents
Emissions ......................................................................................................iii
FCC.................................................................................................... iii
Industry Canada................................................................................. iii
Notice.......................................................................................................iii
Safety Warning .......................................................................................iii
RF Exposure ...........................................................................................iii
Table of Contents..........................................................................................iv
TS4000 Overview ...........................................................................................1
Introduction..............................................................................................1
Features....................................................................................................1
Connections.............................................................................................3
Serial Port ...........................................................................................3
Antenna Connector.............................................................................3
Power Connection...............................................................................3
Mounting ..................................................................................................4
Configuring the TS4000..........................................................................4
AirTest - Data Testing .............................................................................4
Upgrading the TS4000 Firmware ...........................................................4
AirScan.....................................................................................................4
Remote Diagnostics................................................................................4
AirCalc - Range Estimation ....................................................................5
Status Lights............................................................................................6
Configuration Program..................................................................................7
Using Help................................................................................................7
System Requirements.............................................................................7
Installation................................................................................................7
TS4000 to PC Connection.......................................................................7
Programming and Retrieving Configurations ......................................8
Storing Configurations ...........................................................................8
Diagnostics ..............................................................................................9
Diagnostics Screen.............................................................................9
Modem Hardware Screen.................................................................10
Radio Hardware Screen ...................................................................10
Serial Port .....................................................................................................11
RS-232 Serial Port Basics.....................................................................11
Connectors........................................................................................11
DCE vs. DTE.....................................................................................11
Asynchronous Data ..........................................................................11
Flow Control......................................................................................11
Serial Port Connector ...........................................................................12
Signal Levels..........................................................................................12
Signal Options .......................................................................................12
RI Pin Signal Options........................................................................13
DSR Pin Signal Options....................................................................13
DTR Pin Signal Options....................................................................13
Configuration Options – Serial Port 1.................................................14
Serial Port 2............................................................................................18
Radio Setup..................................................................................................21
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Table of Contents v
Configuration Options ..........................................................................21
Clear Channel Scan..........................................................................23
Redundancy......................................................................................23
Frequency Programming......................................................................26
Methods of Programming Channels .................................................26
Frequency Configuration Screen......................................................27
Channel Switching ................................................................................28
Channel Change with a Control String .............................................28
Compatibility..........................................................................................29
AirNet Packet Protocol................................................................................31
Overview.................................................................................................31
Configuration Options ..........................................................................33
Packet General .................................................................................33
Packet for Port 1 / Packet for Port 2 .................................................36
Control and Status Strings...................................................................40
Control Strings ..................................................................................40
Status Strings....................................................................................41
Master-Slave System Setup .................................................................42
Setting Packet Timeout.....................................................................42
Data Packet Transmit Time ..............................................................43
Polled System with Store and Forward Repeaters............................44
Single Repeater System ...................................................................45
Dual Repeater System......................................................................47
Three Repeater System....................................................................49
Chain Repeater System....................................................................52
Other System Topologies .................................................................54
CSMA System Setup.............................................................................55
Basic System - Setup Summary.......................................................55
System with Repeaters - Setup Summary........................................56
Setting Slot Time...............................................................................58
Setting Min Idle Slots ........................................................................58
Setting Tx Index................................................................................59
Setting Packet Timeout.....................................................................61
Data Packet Delay ............................................................................62
GPS Configuration.......................................................................................64
Configuration Options ..........................................................................64
Testing ..........................................................................................................67
AirTest ....................................................................................................67
Data Test ..........................................................................................67
BER Test...........................................................................................68
AirScan...................................................................................................69
AirScan Controls...............................................................................69
Remote Diagnostics ....................................................................................70
Remote Diagnostics with Repeaters ................................................70
Remote Diagnostics Screen .............................................................70
Remote Diagnostic Controls.............................................................70
Remote Diagnostics Request and Response Strings ......................72
Upgrading Firmware....................................................................................73
Upgrading...............................................................................................73
Licensing ......................................................................................................74
User’s License.......................................................................................74
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Table of Contents vi
USA (FCC)........................................................................................74
International ......................................................................................75
Manufacturer’s Certification ................................................................75
USA (FCC)........................................................................................75
Industry Canada................................................................................75
International ......................................................................................75
Service and Support....................................................................................76
Contacting Teledesign..........................................................................76
Returning Equipment............................................................................76
Warranty........................................................................................................77
Appendix A - Serial Ports............................................................................78
Standard Case .......................................................................................78
Serial Port 1 Pinout...........................................................................78
Serial Port 2 Pinout...........................................................................78
Watertight Case.....................................................................................78
Pinout................................................................................................78
Standard RS-232 Serial Port Pinout ....................................................80
Standard Usage of the RS-232 Control Signals.................................80
Signal Levels..........................................................................................81
Appendix B – ASCII Character Set.............................................................82
Appendix C – Control and Status Strings.................................................83
General Strings.................................................................................83
Frequency Control Strings................................................................83
Modem Configuration Strings ...........................................................83
Packet Strings...................................................................................84
Diagnostics Strings ...........................................................................86
Appendix D – Internal Jumper Block.........................................................89
Factory Default Jumper Settings ......................................................89
Instructions for Accessing the Jumpers............................................89
Jumper Settings for Power on Serial Port 1 - Pin 9..........................90
Jumper Settings for Power on Serial Port 1 - Pin 4..........................90
Jumper Settings for Power on Serial Port 2 - Pin 9..........................91
Jumper Settings for TTL Levels on Serial Port 1..............................91
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual TS4000 Overview 1
TS4000 Overview
The TS4000 Radio Modem is an integrated radio and modem designed for the
wireless transmission of digital data. The TS4000 can transfer data at rates up
to 12,600 bits per second. The TS4000 includes a synthesized VHF or UHF
transceiver that can be programmed for up to 99 channels.
This product is ideally suited to OEMs and system integrators who require a
versatile radio modem in a single package. The TS4000 is configured with
windows based PC configuration software.
Main Features
High speed channel rates up to 12,600 bits per second.
Selectable operating modes for transparent and packet data operation.
High efficiency switching voltage regulator provides a wide input voltage
range and uses minimum power regardless of the input voltage.
Provides addressed communications for devices that are not directly
addressable themselves.
Includes store-and-forward data repeating for wide area coverage.
Provides two individually configurable data ports.
Supports data activation (three wire) and RTS/CTS handshake protocols.
Configurable RF output power levels.
Programmable receive sensitivity level (squelch) for use on noisy channels.
Watertight case option for outdoor use and marine installations.
Clear Channel Scan - The TS4000 will automatically and dynamically select
the best channel for communication without intervention from the host
equipment.
Automatic CW Station ID - The TS4000 can be configured to periodically
transmit a Morse code station ID.
Remote Diagnostics allows the status of remote TS4000s to be checked
over the air.
Flexible Data Interface
Two highly configurable user data serial ports.
Serial ports support connection to virtually any asynchronous user device.
Full handshake and data activation modes supported on serial port 1.
Data activation mode requires only receive and transmit data lines for full
communication with user device.
Data rates from 1200 to 38,400 baud.
RS-232, RS-485 or TTL signal levels.
Using Serial Port 2 for data is a firmware upgrade option which is available
for all TS4000s. Contact Teledesign for pricing.
Integrated RF Transceiver
Synthesized transceivers cover VHF and UHF bands.
Programmable RF output power levels.
Channel frequencies are stored in internal flash memory and are selectable
on-the-fly using simple ASCII command strings.
Selectable Channel Protocols
User selectable scrambling codes for private network communications.
Optional Forward Error Correction (FEC) using block coding and interleaving
corrects channel induced errors.
User selectable transparent or AirNet packet data transfer modes.
Introduction
Features
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual TS4000 Overview 2
Integrated AirNet Packet Data Protocol
Allows user directed transmissions to only selected destinations.
Provides addressed communications for devices that are not directly
addressable themselves.
Can be optimized for point to point, point to multi-point and full mesh
networks.
Supports group and all-call broadcast transmissions.
Built in CSMA/CA algorithm minimizes transmission collisions to maximize
channel efficiency and utilization.
Individual TS4000s can be configured as store-and-forward data repeaters to
extend radio network coverage.
Remote Diagnostics
Allows the status of remote TS4000s to be checked, over the air, from any
other TS4000.
Parameters include: RSSI (inbound, outbound and repeater), Input Voltage,
Radio Voltage, Temperature, Path (direct of through one or more store and
forward repeaters), and Transmit Power (not available on all units).
Allows for the test and verification of a system independent of host
equipment (RTU, GPS, etc,).
Provides easy determination of the radio coverage and signal quality
between TS4000s.
Available while the system is in normal operation.
Can be used through Serial Port 1 or Serial Port 2 of the TS4000.
Windows display software provided, free of charge, with the TS4000
Configuration Software.
Remote Diagnostics function is available to other equipment through the use
of control strings.
Upgrade available for all TS4000s. Contact Teledesign for pricing.
PC Configurable
Windows based configuration software provides quick setup and testing.
Flash memory program storage allows for easy in field firmware upgrades.
AirTest is included with the TS4000 configuration program. AirTest is a
general purpose wireless modem test program which can be used to verify
operation and to gather performance statistics (BER) about the link between
modems.
Rugged and Reliable
Optional watertight housing and connections designed to withstand abuse
from field and marine use.
External interfaces protected against voltage transients, reverse polarity,
electrical shorts and high VSWR.
Two year warranty.
Free technical support provided during all phases of installation and use.
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual TS4000 Overview 3
The TS4000 has two serial ports that provide a data connection between the
TS4000 and the host equipment. The serial ports are standard RS-232
asynchronous serial interfaces and are setup as DCEs. The serial ports provide
all the standard RS-232 handshake lines. In addition, the TS4000 provides a
number of configuration options that allow the serial port line usage to be
customized for different host equipment (see Serial Port Configuration Options).
Serial port 1 can be configured for either RS-232 or TTL signal levels. To
change the signal level setting, the modem must be opened and the four jumper
plugs next to the serial port connector moved to the desired position (See
Appendix A - Serial Port, Appendix F - Internal Jumper Block).
The serial port connectors are standard 9 pin subminiature D with female pins.
These ports can be mated to with standard PC serial cables. To minimize
emissions and interference, the serial cables used should be good quality
shielded cable (See Appendix A - Serial Port).
A variety of antennas can be used with the TS4000, but it is important that the
antenna provides a 50 ohm load at the radio’s operational frequencies. In
addition, all cabling used with the antenna must be good quality coaxial cable
with 50 ohm impedance.
Caution: The modem should never be allowed to transmit without an
antenna or dummy load attached to the antenna connector.
The TS4000 requires a DC supply voltage between 12 and 24 volts. Note that
the minimum supply voltage depends on the particular radio module in the
TS4000. In addition, the power (watts) used by the TS4000 also depends on the
particular radio module.
Internally, the TS4000 has a high efficiency switching voltage regulator (as
opposed to a linear voltage regulator). The switching regulator minimizes the
amount of power that the TS4000 requires. Also, the power required (watts) is
independent of the input supply voltage.
The power supply current required depends on the input voltage used. This can
be calculated with the following formula.
Max Power Supply Current (amps) = Max Power (watts) / Input Voltage
Max Power = 10 watts (The actual value depends on the particular radio module
in the TS4000).
Power Supply Voltage = 20 volts
Max Power Supply Current = 10 / 20 = 0.5 amps
With the standard case power can be connected through either the power
connector or one of the serial port connectors. The power connector is a 2 pin
Molex Micro-Fit 3.0 (Molex P/N 43045-0202) with pin 1 as ground and pin 2 as
power. The mating plug for this connector is a Molex P/N 43025-0200. See the
Serial Port section for details on connecting power through the serial ports.
Connections
Serial Port
Signal Levels
Standard Case
Antenna Connector
Power Connection
Switching Regulator
Power Supply Current
Example
Standard Case
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual TS4000 Overview 4
The TS4000 has an internal 4 amp fuse for each of the three possible power
connections. The power source used with the TS4000 should also be fused with
an in-line power fuse.
The preferred method of mounting the TS4000 is to use the mounting bracket
supplied with the modem. An alternative is to use the threaded mounting holes
in the bottom of the TS4000 (see Appendix D - Case Dimensions).
The TS4000 is supplied with a windows based PC configuration program.
Configuring the TS4000 consists of configuring the modem operating parameters
and also configuring the frequency channels. For details on how to load and
start the configuration program see Installation in the TS4000 Configuration
Program section.
Making selections with the controls on the various configuration screens sets a
configuration. Once set, configurations can be programmed into the TS4000. In
addition, configurations can be retrieved from the TS4000. Configurations can
also be stored and recalled as PC files. Details about the configuration controls
are available later in this manual and in the on line help of the configuration
program.
Teledesign provides general-purpose wireless modem test software
called AirTest. AirTest can send data and gather performance statistics,
including BER (Bit Error Rate), about the link between two modems.
AirTest is accessed with the AirTest button on the main screen of the
configuration program (See Testing - AirTest).
The TS4000 comes with flash program memory that allows the firmware to be
easily upgraded in the field. Firmware is upgraded with the upgrade program
which is included as part of the TS4000 configuration program. The upgrade
program is started with the Upgrade Firmware button on the main screen of the
configuration program (See Upgrading Firmware).
AirScan is a program that comes with the TS4000 configuration program and
enables the TS4000 to be used as a frequency scanner. AirScan is useful for
determining the frequency and magnitude of potential interference within the
TS4000’s frequency band. AirScan is started with the AirScan button on the
main screen of the configuration program (See Testing - AirScan).
Remote diagnostics is used to check the status of remote TS4000s over the air.
This allows the radio communication to be setup and tested independent of the
host equipment.
Remote diagnostics is an extra cost firmware option which can be used with any
TS4000. The remote diagnostics firmware option upgrade is accomplished the
same way as a standard firmware upgrade (see Upgrading Firmware). Please
contact Teledesign for ordering information.
The remote diagnostics can be accessed using the Remote Diagnostics screen
in the TS4000 Configuration Program and can be operated through either serial
port. For more details see Remote Diagnostics.
Fuses
Mounting
Configuring the
TS4000
AirTest - Data
Testing
Upgrading the
TS4000 Firmware
AirScan
Remote
Diagnostics
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual TS4000 Overview 5
Teledesign provides wireless range estimation software called AirCalc.
AirCalc provides estimates of the flat terrain range of wireless data
communication systems. Actual range of a system can vary
dramatically, and therefore it is important that range is verified with in field tests
in the area of operation. AirCalc is accessed with the AirCalc button on the main
screen of the configuration program.
AirCalc - Range
Estimation
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual TS4000 Overview 6
The TS4000 has three lights (LED) indicators to provide operational status of
transmit (TX), receive (RX) and power (PWR) functions. Special combinations of
these indicators are used to indicate secondary operating modes and fault
conditions.
TS4000 State LEDs Indicator State
Normal Operation PWR
RX
TX
On when the TS4000 is powered.
On when the TS4000 detects activity on the
radio channel.
On when the TS4000 is transmitting.
Program Mode RX, TX Both on continuously.
Reset RX, TX Flash together four times.
Although the reset indication takes about
four seconds to complete, the TS4000 is
fully operational when the flashing
begins.
Transmit Test Mode TX Flashes for the duration of the test.
Invalid Frequency
Channel Fault RX, TX Alternately flash.
This fault occurs if the TS4000 is set for
a channel that does not have a valid
frequency programmed.
Transmit Buffer
Overflow TX Flashes between 6 and 16 times for each
occurrence depending on the details of the
overflow
Receive Buffer
Overflow RX Flashes between 6 and 16 times for each
occurrence depending on the details of the
overflow
Diagnostics Fault PWR Flashes for the duration of the fault.
In this mode the TS4000 has detected a
fault but continues to operate. Operation
may be unreliable due to the fault.
The most common cause of this state is an
out of range power source. The source of
the fault can be diagnosed with the
configuration program (see TS4000
Configuration Program, Diagnostics).
Catastrophic Fault RX, TX Alternately flash until the fault is cleared and
the TS4000 is reset.
In this mode the TS4000 has detected a
catastrophic fault and is non-operational
until the fault is corrected.
The source of the fault can be diagnosed
with the configuration program (see TS4000
Configuration Program, Diagnostics).
Status Lights
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Configuration Program 7
Configuration Program
The configuration program is used to configure the TS4000 for operation.
Configuring the TS4000 consists of independently configuring both the modem
operation and the radio frequency channels. The configuration program consists
of controls and menus. The controls set the configuration and test options. The
menus (line items at the top of the screen) execute program commands.
In addition to configuring the TS4000, the configuration program provides access
to AirTest (wireless modem test software), AirCalc (wireless range estimation),
AirScan (frequency scanning), TS4000 firmware upgrade program (see Testing,
Upgrading Firmware) and remote diagnostics (see Remote Diagnostics).
The configuration program has on-line help that contains information on how to
use the program and also detailed information on specific controls and menus.
Help is accessed by selecting a command from the help menu, pressing the
question button or pressing the F1 key.
Personal computer using a 486 or faster
Microsoft Windows 95 or later
CD-ROM disk drive.
1) Put the CD-ROM in the PC.
2) Run the installation program.
3) Follow the installation instructions.
Serial Cable
To transfer configurations between the TS4000 and a PC, their serial ports must
be connected together. The serial cable used should be a standard straight
through (i.e. pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, etc) serial cable. This is the same type
of cable used to connect a PC to a standard phone modem (See Serial Port).
Before configurations can be retrieved from and programmed into the TS4000
the configuration program must connect to the
TS4000. To connect, select the Connect to
Modem command from the Modem menu or
press the Connect to Modem button.
Connecting to the TS4000 puts it into
program mode which is indicated by the Rx
and Tx lights remaining on continuously.
When connected to the TS4000 the
configuration program may disable (lighter
shade) some of the controls. These disabled
controls are options that are not available with that particular TS4000's version of
firmware. These controls are re-enabled when the connection is broken (using
the Disconnect command from the Modem menu or the Disconnect button).
Using Help
System
Requirements
Installation
TS4000 to PC
Connection
Software Connection
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Configuration Program 8
The configuration of the TS4000 can be read out of the modem by selecting the
Retrieve Configuration command from the Modem
menu or by pressing the Retrieve Configuration
button.
To program a configuration into the TS4000, use
the Program Configuration command from the
Modem menu or the Program Configuration
button.
CAUTION: Programming a configuration into
the TS4000 will write over (destroy) the
configuration currently in the TS4000. To avoid
losing the TS4000’s configuration information,
save the configuration by retrieving it and then
saving it as a PC file.
Configurations can be stored and recalled as PC files. This is done using the
commands under the File menu or the corresponding
buttons.
Command Action
New/Default Create a new file with default values.
New/Default GPS Create a new GPS file with default values. The GPS file is a
stripped down version with just the controls needed for GPS
applications.
Open Open a previously stored file. The user is prompted with a
directory and file list.
Close Close the active file.
Save Save the active file under the current name.
Save As Save the active file under a different name or in a different
directory. The user is prompted with a directory and file list.
Convert to Converts the file between the GPS and standard format.
Recent File List This shows the last ten open files. A file can be recalled by
selecting its name from the list.
Programming and
Retrieving
Configurations
Storing
Configurations
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Configuration Program 9
The configuration program can access diagnostics information from the TS4000.
This is done using commands under the Modem
menu or the corresponding buttons.
Choose the Diagnostics menu to run, read and display diagnostic status of the
TS4000. The diagnostics tests the major components of the modem and also
monitors the power supply voltages.
Diagnostics
Diagnostics Screen
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Configuration Program 10
Choose the Retrieve Modem Hardware menu to read and display the modem
hardware details. These include details on the firmware version and memory
configuration. These modem hardware values are set at the factory based on
the modem hardware included in the TS4000 and cannot be changed.
Choose the Retrieve Radio Hardware menu to read and display the radio
hardware details. This includes details about the radio’s frequency, channel
spacing and transmit power. These values are set at the factory based on the
radio hardware included in the TS4000 and cannot be changed.
Modem Hardware
Screen
Radio Hardware
Screen
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 11
Serial Port
The serial port provides an asynchronous data connection between the TS4000
and the host equipment. The TS4000 serial port is a standard RS-232 serial port
with a number of options to allow connection to a wide variety of serial host
equipment.
The EIA (Electronic Industries Association) RS-232C standard is a standard for
short distance (less than 50 feet) serial communications. The standard defines
the electrical signal levels, interface characteristics and the operation of the
control signals (handshake lines). Although the standard defines the operation of
the handshake lines, there is significant variation in the way these signals are
used by different equipment.
The RS-232 standard does not require the use of a specific connector. However,
most asynchronous RS-232 serial ports use either a 9 pin or 25 pin subminiature
D connector. The same signals are provided with both connectors, but of course
the pinouts are different (see Appendix A - Serial Port).
RS-232 serial ports come in two varieties - DCE (Data Communication
Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). This defines the direction of
the serial port’s lines (driven or received). It also typically defines the polarity of
the connector. DCEs typically use female pin connectors and DTEs typically use
male pin connectors.
Connecting a DCE port to a DTE is the most common setup and requires a
standard straight through cable (i.e. pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, etc.). When
connecting two DCEs or two DTEs together a null modem cable is required. The
purpose of a null modem cable is to cross connect the appropriate signals.
However, null modem cables are not all the same and therefore it is important to
verify that a specific cable is appropriate for a specific application.
The TS4000 is designed to work with asynchronous serial ports. Asynchronous
ports do not use clocks or timing signals to synchronize data transfers. Instead
data is framed into asynchronous characters which the ports synchronize to.
An asynchronous character consists of a start bit, data bits and stop bits. The
start bit indicates the beginning of a character. The number of data bits varies,
but is typically between 7 and 9 bits. The data bits sometimes include a parity bit
that provides error check information with each character. The number of stop
bits also varies but is typically 1 or 2 bits.
Flow control is the method for controlling the flow of data between the DCE and
DTE. Flow control is used to prevent the DTE and DCE data receive buffers
from overflowing. There are several different methods used for flow control and
as with everything related to RS-232 there is no one standard. The two main
variations of flow control are hardware flow control that utilizes the RS-232
handshake lines and software flow control that utilizes characters sent along with
the normal data.
Hardware flow control typically uses two control lines, one for each direction of
data. When a port activates its flow control signal it is indicating its readiness to
receive data. Deactivating the flow control signal indicates that the port can no
longer receive data because its buffer is full or close to full.
RS-232 Serial Port
Basics
Connectors
DCE vs. DTE
Asynchronous Data
Flow Control
Hardware Flow Control
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 12
The most common form of hardware flow control, and the one used by most full
duplex wired (as opposed to wireless) modems, is RTS/CTS. With RTS/CTS
flow control, RTS provides flow control for the DTE and CTS provides flow
control for the DCE. One problem with RTS/CTS flow control is that for many
half duplex modems (most wireless modems) the RTS signal is used to frame
transmit data going from the DTE to the DCE. This use of RTS conflicts with
using RTS for flow control of data to the DTE.
An alternative form of hardware flow control is DTR/DSR. With DTR/DSR flow
control, DTR provides the flow control for the DTE and DSR provides the flow
control for the DCE.
Software flow control uses characters sent over the data lines to control data
flow. These characters are sent along with the normal flow of data between the
DTE and DCE. There is typically one character that is used to stop the flow of
data and a different character to restart data flow. Software flow control can use
any characters to start and stop flow. However the most common characters
used are the ASCII XON (starts flow) and XOFF (stops flow) characters.
Because these are the most common characters used, software flow control is
often referred to as XON/XOFF flow control. The ASCII XON character is the
decimal character 17 (0x11 hex) and is also known as DC1 or Ctrl-Q. The ASCII
XOFF character is the decimal character 19 (0x13 hex) and is also known as
DC3 or Ctrl-S (See Appendix B - ASCII Character Set).
A problem with software flow control is that the normal data passed over the
communications link cannot include the flow control characters. If it does, the
flow of data will be incorrectly stopped or started. This limits the characters that
can be used by the host application and also prevents the sending of binary (all
character numbers) data.
The TS4000 serial ports are setup as DCEs (Data Communication Equipment).
The TS4000 with the standard case uses two 9 pin subminiature D connectors
with female pins for the serial ports. The TS4000 with the watertight case uses a
19 pin environmentally sealed LEMO connector (see Appendix A - Serial Port).
Serial port 1 can be configured for either RS-232 or TTL signal levels. To
change the signal levels, the modem must be opened and the four jumper plugs
next to the serial port connector set to the desired position (see Appendix A -
Serial Port, Appendix F - Internal Jumper Block).
Serial port 2 is always set for RS-232 signal levels.
The serial ports can be used with RS-485 signal levels through the use of an
external signal converter. These external signal converters can be obtained from
Teledesign.
The serial ports can be setup to provide different internal electrical connections
to the DTR, DSR and RI pins. To change the pin connections, the modem must
be opened and the jumper plugs next to the serial port connector set to the
desired position (see Appendix F - Internal Jumper Block).
Software Flow Control
Serial Port
Connector
Signal Levels
Serial Port 1
Serial Port 2
RS-485
Signal Options
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 13
The RI (Ring Indicator) pin is pin 9 of a standard 9 pin subminiature D connector
and is an output for DCEs (the TS4000). The TS4000 has no internal RI signal
and therefore the RI pin is normally left unconnected.
As an alternative, the RI pin can be connected as a power pin into the TS4000.
This is non-standard use of this pin and therefore care should be taken when
connecting the TS4000 to other serial devices. For most serial devices this is not
a problem because RI is a modem (DCE) output and the TS4000 power supply
mostly falls within the allowed voltage range for RS-232 signals. Therefore the
power voltage on this pin is interpreted as an active RI signal. For systems that
use the RI signal differently, or cannot operate with power on this pin, this pin
should be disconnected between the TS4000 and the host equipment.
As an alternative, the RI pin can be connected to the internal DSR output signal.
The DSR (Data Set Ready) pin is pin 6 of a standard 9 pin subminiature D
connector and is an output for DCEs (the TS4000). For the TS4000, the DSR
pin is normally connected to the internal DSR output signal.
As an alternative, the DSR pin can be set to always be in the active high state.
In this case it is internally connected to +5 volts through a 1 K ohm resistor.
The DTR (Data Terminal Ready) pin is pin 4 of a standard 9 pin subminiature D
connector and is an input for DCEs (the TS4000). For the TS4000, the DTR pin
is normally connected to the internal DTR input signal.
As an alternative, the DTR pin of serial port 1 can be connected as a power pin
into the TS4000. This option is only available for serial port 1.
Caution: The use of the DTR pin for power is non-standard. Therefore the
TS4000 serial port must not be connected to a standard serial device that
drives the DTR pin (i.e. a PC). Connecting a TS4000, that is configured for
power through the DTR pin, to a device that drives the DTR pin can result in the
power supply voltage of the TS4000 being shorted to the DTR output of the host
serial port. This could damage to the host device. Therefore, when connecting
the TS4000 to a PC for configuration, make sure that the cable does not have a
DTR (pin 4) connection.
RI Pin Signal Options
RI for Modem Power
RI Connected for DSR
DSR Pin Signal
Options
DSR Always High
DTR Pin Signal
Options
DTR for Modem Power
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 14
The serial port provides a number of configuration options that allows it to be
connected to virtually any asynchronous host equipment. These configuration
options are set using the Serial Port tab of the Modem Configuration.
The baud rate list provides selection of the serial port asynchronous baud rate.
The available selections are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 and 38400
baud.
These options set the number of data bits in each asynchronous character.
These options set the parity of the asynchronous characters.
Selection Description
Hardware Handshake In this mode the RTS handshake line is used to
frame transmit data into bursts. The TS4000 burst
begins when RTS is activated and at least one
character (non-control string) is received.
Transmission ends when RTS goes inactive and
the burst has been completely transmitted.
Data Activation This mode uses a character timer to frame the
transmit data into bursts. The TS4000 burst begins
when one character (non-control string) is received.
The transmit burst is completed when the transmit
data line is idle (no data) for the number of
character periods defined by the data activation
timeout control.
Configuration
Options – Serial
Port 1
Baud Rate List
Data Bits
Parity
Transmit Data Protocol
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 15
Selection Description
Data Activation Timeout
(Timeout Time) This control sets the number of character periods
of idle required on the serial port's transmit data
line to declare the end of a transmit burst.
Char Period = Char Length / Baud Rate
Where: Char Length = Data Bits + Parity + 2
Data Bits is the value selected from the Data Bits
control. Parity is 0 if none is selected from the
Parity control and 1 if even or odd is selected. The
2 added to the accounts for the start and stop bits
of an asynchronous character. Baud Rate is the
value selected from the baud rate list.
When this is active RTS is used to control sleep mode. When RTS is inactive,
the modem will enter sleep mode until RTS is activated.
This option only has effect only in transparent (non-packet) mode. In packet
mode the TS4000 always waits for a complete burst before beginning
transmission.
Selection Description
Disabled The modem begins transmitting as soon as it
receives the first non-control character of a transmit
burst.
Enabled The modem waits for a complete transmit burst
before it begins transmitting.
RTS Control of Sleep Mode
Wait For Complete Burst
Before Beginning
Transmission
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 16
Selection Description
Idle Time Between Bursts This sets the minimum amount of time (in character
periods) that the receive data (RXD) line will be idle
(inactive) between received bursts of data. If this
value is set to zero, the receive data line may
remain active continuously when multiple bursts of
receive data are transferred to the host.
If the DCD line option is set for the Active when
Sending Receive Data to the User then the DCD
line will also be inactive during the receive data line
idle times.
DTR Enabled for Receive
Data Flow Control When enabled, DTR acts as flow control for receive
data coming from the TS4000 to the host. When
DTR is inactive, data received by the TS4000 is
stored in an internal buffer and inhibited from being
sent to the host equipment. The flow of receive
data out of the serial port resumes when DTR is
activated.
Provide RSSI at Receiver When this control is activated, the RSSI (Receive
Signal Strength Indication) of the received packet is
sent as a prefix string to the data.
The string is made up of ASCII characters as
follows:
+TSRxxx
where xxx = receive signal level in –dBms
(i.e. +TSR087 = a –87dBm signal level)
Note that because the value is in –dBms (negative
dBms) a larger receive signal is represented with a
smaller 3 digit number.
Selection Description
Active when Sending
Receive Data to the User DCD is active when receive data is sent out of the
TS4000 via the serial port.
Active when Receiving DCD is active when the TS4000 detects a signal on
the radio channel. This mode can be used to
remote the receive light.
Both DCD is active when either receive data is being
sent out the serial port or when a signal is detected
on the radio channel. Note that for most conditions
and configurations these states overlap.
Receive Data Protocol
DCD Line Control
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 17
Selection Description
Always Active The CTS line is active.
Active when Transmitter is
Sending Data CTS is normally inactive and is activated when the
TS4000 is transmitting and the radio channel is
ready for the transmission of data.
Active when Transmitting CTS is normally inactive and is activated when the
TS4000 is transmitting. Note that the modem
begins transmitting only after it has received at
least one character (non-control string) of data.
This selection can be used to remote the transmit
light.
Delayed RTS CTS is normally inactive and is activated a fixed
time after RTS becomes active. The time is
controlled with the RTS to CTS delay value.
Deactivate when Transmit
Buffer is Full When this is enabled, CTS is deactivated when the
transmit buffer is full. This setting effects all of the
above options.
Selection Description
Active when Operational DSR is active when the TS4000 is powered and
has passed self test.
Active when Transmitting DSR is active when the TS4000 is transmitting.
This selection can be used to remote the transmit
light.
Active when Receiving DSR is active when the TS4000 detects a signal on
the radio channel. This mode can be used to
remote the receive light.
CTS Line Control
DSR Line Control
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 18
Selection Description
Enable Serial Port 2
for Data This enables serial port 2 for transmitting and receiving
data. This does not effect using serial port 2 for
configuration and remote diagnostics. Serial port 2 can
only be used in packet mode (transparent mode is not
available).
i) This function is an extra cost firmware option. Please
contact Teledesign for information on purchasing and
enabling this option.
ii) This feature requires firmware version 6.00 or higher.
iii) This feature also requires that Enable Packet
Operation on the Packet General tab to be checked.
Available for
Configuration This option box cannot be set by the user.
When this is checked it indicates the firmware is a
version (5.00 or higher) that supports the use of Serial
port 2 for configuration of the modem, control of the
modem operation and for diagnostics.
Serial Port 2
Serial Port 2 Enable
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 19
Selection Description
Available for Remote
Diagnostics This option box cannot be set by the user.
When this is checked it indicates that the remote
diagnostics firmware option is enabled (see Remote
Diagnostics).
i) This function is an extra cost firmware option. Please
contact Teledesign for information on purchasing and
enabling this option.
ii) This function also requires version 5.00 or higher
firmware.
iii) Remote diagnostics also requires that AirNet packet
operation is enabled (see AirNet Packet Protocol).
The baud rate list provides selection of the serial port asynchronous baud rate.
The serial port 2 baud rate is fixed at 9600 baud.
The number of data bits for serial port 2 is fixed at eight.
The parity of serial port 2 is fixed at no parity.
Selection Description
Data Activation This mode uses a character timer to frame the
transmit data into bursts. The TS4000 burst begins
when one character (non-control string) is received.
The transmit burst is completed when the transmit
data line is idle (no data) for the number of
character periods defined by the data activation
timeout control.
Timeout Time This control sets the number of character periods
of idle required on the serial port's transmit data
line to declare the end of a transmit burst.
Char Period = Char Length / Baud Rate
Where: Char Length = Data Bits + Parity + 2
Data Bits is the value selected from the Data Bits
control. Parity is 0 if none is selected from the
Parity control and 1 if even or odd is selected. The
2 added to the accounts for the start and stop bits
of an asynchronous character. Baud Rate is the
value selected from the baud rate list.
This sets the minimum amount of time (in character periods) that the receive
data (RXD) line will be idle (inactive) between received bursts of data. If this
value is set to zero, the receive data line may remain active continuously when
multiple bursts of receive data are transferred to the host.
If the DCD line option is set for the Active when Sending Receive Data to the
User then the DCD line will also be inactive during the receive data line idle
times.
DCD is active when the TS4000 detects a signal on the radio channel. This
mode can be used to remote the receive light.
Baud Rate List
Data Bits
Parity
Transmit Data Protocol
Receive Data Protocol –
Idle Time Between Bursts
DCD Line Control – Active
when Radio Carrier
Detected
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Serial Port 20
CTS is active when the TS4000 is transmitting. This selection can be used to
remote the transmit light.
DSR is active when the TS4000 is powered and there are no active faults. An
active fault is indicated by a flashing power light.
CTS Line Control – Active
when Transmitting
DSR Line Control – Active
when Operational
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 21
Radio Setup
The radio setup requires setting the modem configuration options and also
setting the radio frequencies. The modem configuration options are accessed on
the Radio tab of the Modem Configuration. The frequency programming is
accessed with the Frequency Configuration button on the main screen of the
configuration program.
The radio configuration options set the operation of the radio. These
configuration options are set using the Radio tab of the Modem Configuration
portion of the configuration program.
Selection Description
Occupied
Bandwidth The occupied bandwidth sets the amount of frequency
bandwidth that the transmitted signal will use. A higher value
corresponds to more bandwidth and therefore provides better
BER (Bit Error Rate) performance.
The occupied bandwidth must be set to equal to or lower than
the occupied bandwidth that is allowed for the channels in
use.
For operation in FCC jurisdictions, the occupied
bandwidth is fixed (not user configurable) at 11.2KHz
which is the maximum bandwidth allowed for 12.5KHz
channels.
GMSK (BT=0.3) Gaussian Minimum Shifted Keyed modulation with a BT =
0.3.
This is more spectrally efficient than GSMK (BT=0.5)
modulation.
Configuration
Options
Modulation
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 22
Selection Description
GMSK (BT=0.5) Gaussian Minimum Shifted Keyed modulation with a BT =
0.5.
This is the least spectrally efficient modulation. However, it
provides the best BER for a given receive signal level.
Rate The over the air modulation bit rate.
All TS4000s that communicate together must use the same
setting. Lower settings result in better signal demodulation
which results in a better (lower) BER (Bit Error Rate) for a
given receive signal level.
The maximum rate that can be set depends on the settings of
occupied bandwidth and modulation type
This sets the receive signal level at which the receiver is activated. This is
similar to the squelch control on mobile radios. Normally this level is set slightly
lower than the level at which the TS4000 can correctly demodulate the incoming
data.
When using the TS4000 in a high noise environment, this level can be raised so
that the TS4000 is more selective about the signals that it attempts to
demodulate. This is important for configurations that do not allow the TS4000 to
transmit while it is receiving. These include configurations with packet operation
enabled or with the Force Transmit over Receive control disabled.
The TS4000 can be configured to periodically output a Morse code identification
string.
Selection Description
Enable
Automatic
Station ID
When the control is selected, the modem will output the ID
message at the designated repeat time.
Repeat Time This is the amount of time between station ID transmissions.
ID Message This is the text message that is transmitted. The
transmission is formatted as standard Morse code.
This is typically set to be a station call sign, license number or
location.
Selection Description
Active Channel
at Power Down The channel activated at power up is the channel that was
active when the modem was last powered down.
Port 2
Handshake
Lines
The channel is controlled by the handshake input lines of
serial port 2 according to the table below.
RTS DTR Channel
Low Low 1
Low High 2
High Low 3
High High 4
Fixed Channel The channel activated at power up is the channel set in the
corresponding control.
Receive Carrier Detect
Level
Automatic Station ID
Frequency Channel at
Power Up
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 23
Clear Channel
Scan Activates Clear Channel Scan Operation (see below).
The bottom box is the scan list which indicates the channels
that will be scanned. The scan list can be changed with
the channel box, add button and delete button.
Channel List The bottom box is the scan list which indicates the channels
that will be scanned.
Channel Box,
Add Button,
Delete Button
These controls are used to change the channel numbers in
the channel list.
CCS Remote
Operation When this is checked the TS4000 will transmit on the same
channel that it last received a packet from another TS4000.
This function is useful for systems where a unit (the CCS
Remote) needs to respond back to another TS4000 that is at
an advantaged site (a site that has wide radio coverage and
therefore can hear interference that the CCS Remote does
not hear). By transmitting back on the same channel as the
advantaged unit, the CCS Remote unit minimizes the
likelihood that it chooses a channel with interference.
When Clear Channel Scan operation is enabled, the TS4000 will automatically
and dynamically select the least congested channel from the clear channel scan
list. This operation is completely transparent to the host equipment and does not
require any operator intervention.
When clear channel scan is enabled, all of the TS4000s (both transmitters and
receivers) constantly scan the channels of the scan list looking for valid TS4000
transmissions and also looking for interference (noise or transmissions from
other sources). The TS4000s keeps track of the amount of interference on each
channel. Before transmitting, a TS4000 will select the best channel and switch to
the channel with the least amount of interference. The receiving TS4000s will
then see this valid TS4000 transmission during their scans and receive the
packet.
To insure that receiving TS4000s have time to detect and lock up to the
transmissions, the transmit preamble time is increased based on the number of
channels on the scan list. Note that the transmit attack time can be read out of
the modem with the Retrieve Radio Hardware command.
For systems that require very high reliability at some or all sites, Teledesign has
a Redundancy Switch that provides hot standby redundancy for the TS4000.
The Redundancy Switch requires two TS4000s and can be used with one or two
power supplies and one or two external amplifiers.
When using the TS4000s with the Redundancy Switch, the TS4000s can be
configured with any of the options. However, it is essential that the two
redundant modems are configured identically except of the Enable
Redundancy settings.
Clear Channel Scan
Redundancy
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 24
Selection Description
Enable
Redundancy This configures the TS4000s for use with the Redundancy
switch.
Redundant
Modem A The TS4000 that is connected to the A side of the
redundancy switch must have this option checked.
Redundant
Modem B The TS4000 that is connected to the B side of the
redundancy switch must have this option checked.
For redundant modems used in packet mode, the modems will consume
two individual packet addresses. The first address is the value configured on
the Packet for Port tab under Modem Address – Individual. The second is an
individual address 1 number higher. This is done automatically by the TS4000s
and the Individual Address must be configured the same for both redundant
modems. It is essential that the second address is not used by any other
modem in the network.
For additional information please reference the Redundancy Switch User’s
Manual.
Selection Description
Enable Sleep for
Low Voltage With this enabled the modem will go into sleep mode when
the input power drops below the sleep voltage.
Sleep Voltage The voltage which puts the modem into sleep mode.
In sleep mode the status lights will be off with the exception
of the power light which will flash briefly every several
seconds.
Wake Up
Voltage Once the modem is in sleep mode it will remain until the input
voltage rises above this voltage.
When the modem wakes up the Rx and Tx lights will flash
together three times.
Selection Description
Disabled This minimizes the amount of overhead required to send
data.
Enabled Transmit data is block coded (12,8 Hamming) and interleaved
(16 bits). This provides forward error correction (FEC) for
strings of errors up to 16 bits long. Coding requires an extra
50 % overhead on top of formatted data. This type of coding
is ideal for combating errors induced from multi-path fading
common in mobile environments.
The scramble code determines the pseudo-random sequence used to scramble
the transmitted data. This provides data privacy and also randomizes the data
for optimum signal detection. All TS4000s operating in the same network must
use the same scrambling code.
Sleep
Coding (FEC)
Data Scramble Code
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 25
Selection Description
Disabled The modem will not transmit while receiving. Transmit data is
buffered and then transmitted when the TS4000 stops
receiving.
Enabled Transparent Mode: The TS4000 transmits as soon as data is
ready without regard to the receive state.
Packet Mode: The TS4000 will transmit over foreign (non
TS4000) receptions. During a receive, if the TS4000
cannot synchronize then it declares it to be foreign
reception and allows transmission over it.
When enabled, the timeout timer stops the TS4000 from transmitting after the
specified period of continuous transmission. This is used to avoid locking up the
radio channel due to a continuous transmission caused by a fault in the TS4000
or the host equipment
When enabled, the TS4000 does not receive and will transmit regardless of
activity on the channel.
When enabled, the TS4000 will not transmit data sent to it through the serial port.
This sets the transmit power level. The maximum transmit power that can be set
depends on the specific radio module in the TS4000. Therefore the maximum
value that can be set is listed only when the configuration program is connected
to the TS4000.
This is additional attack time added to the radio transmission process. This is
used in setups where the TS4000 is used with a power amplifier or repeater
system that creates an extra delay in establishing the radio channel.
Attack time is the amount of time necessary to establish the radio channel. This
includes the power up time for the transmitter and the time for the receiver to
sense and demodulate the transmit signal. The TS4000 is preset for the
appropriate attack time of the installed radio module. Therefore, this control
should normally be set to zero.
Force Transmit Over
Receive
Transmit Timeout Timer
Transmit Only Operation
Receive Only Operation
Transmit Power
Additional Transmit Attack
Time
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 26
The TS4000 comes in various frequency bands (i.e. 450 to 470 MHz) and can be
programmed for any valid channel within a given frequency band. The TS4000
can be set for up to 99 channels. A channel consists of a receive frequency and
a transmit frequency which can be set to the same or different frequencies.
Frequency channels are programmed into the TS4000 using the configuration
program. To access the frequency program screen press the Frequency
Configuration button on the main screen of the configuration program.
Frequency channel configuration settings are programmed into and retrieved
from the TS4000 the same as the modem configuration settings. There are three
ways to program frequencies into the TS4000 - cloning, using a preprogrammed
file and being an authorized service organization.
The FCC rules state that only authorized organizations should be allowed to
arbitrarily change the frequencies programmed into radio devices. Because of
this, a software enable code is required to enable the arbitrary frequency
programming capability of the TS4000 configuration program. Note that this
enable code is not required to retrieve and display the channel frequencies
programmed in the TS4000.
Contact Teledesign Systems to find the nearest authorized service center.
Cloning is copying the channels from one unit into another unit. Cloning can be
done by any user and does not require a software enable code. Cloning is
accomplished by first retrieving the desired frequency configuration from a unit.
This retrieved file can then be used to program another unit. Note that if the
retrieved frequency file is changed it can no longer be used to program another
unit.
Frequency programming can also be accomplished using a preprogrammed
frequency file. Preprogrammed frequency files must be obtained from
Teledesign. To use the preprogrammed file, first open the file with the frequency
configuration program, then program the TS4000 with the opened file.
Frequency
Programming
Methods of
Programming
Channels
1) Frequency
Programming for
Authorized Organizations
2) Frequency Cloning
3) Preprogrammed
Frequency File
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 27
The minimum and maximum frequencies and the channel spacing depend on the
specific radio module in the TS4000. The configuration program does not know
this information unless it is connected to the TS4000. Therefore, these fields in
the Radio Settings frame only show up when the configuration program is
connected to the TS4000. When the user creates a new frequency configuration
file these values can be set in the channel frequencies frame. This allows the
user to create, modify and store frequency files without being connected to a
TS4000. When a file is used to program frequency channels into the TS4000,
the configuration program compares the radio values with the file values and
determines if they are compatible. If they are compatible then the programming
continues. If they are not compatible then the user is prompted to make the
necessary changes in these values so that only valid frequency channels are
programmed into the TS4000.
Frequency
Configuration Screen
Radio vs. File Settings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 28
During normal operation, the frequency channel can be switched on the fly with:
1) A control String through either serial port.
2) The DTR and RTS control lines on serial port 2. For details, see Radio
Setup – Frequency Channel at Power Up.
3) Automatically with the Clear Channel Scan function. For details, see
Radio Setup – Frequency Channel at Power Up.
The channel is switched by sending the following ASCII character string to either
of the TS4000’s serial port.
+TSCxx Where: xx = Channel number from 01 to 99
Note: The letter characters must be upper case.
The channel change control string is sent to the modem the same as standard
transmit data. For the control string to be recognized it must be the first
characters of a burst of transmit data. If the control string is sent alone (no data
following), then the TS4000 will switch to the receive frequency of the new
channel pair and wait in receive mode. If the control string is sent with a transmit
data burst following it, then the TS4000 will switch to the transmit frequency of
the new channel pair and transmit the burst.
The active channel can be determined with the channel query string. This is done
with the following ASCII character string.
+TSC? Note: The letter characters must be upper case.
The response string is sent out the serial port and is as follows.
1) +TSCxx For single channel systems
Where: xx = Channel number from 01 to 99
2) +TSCCS For modems configured for clear channel scan
If a frequency channel is selected that has not been programmed with valid
frequencies, the modem will not receive or transmit and the RX and TX lights will
alternately flash.
The channel that the TS4000 activates at power up depends on the setting of the
Frequency Channel at Power Up control (see Radio Setup – Frequency Channel
at Power Up).
Channel Switching
Channel Change with
a Control String
Determining the Active
Channel
Invalid Channel Selection
Channel at Power Up
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 29
Compatibility mode allows the TS4000 to be setup to be compatible with our
previous generation TSI9600 radio modem.
Selection Description
Trimble
Compatible
Mode
This mode allows the TS4000 to communicate with Trimble
TrimMark and TrimTalk GPS data links.
TSI9600
Compatibility
Mode
This mode allows the TS4000 to communicate with
Teledesign TSI9600s.
3295
Compatibility This configures the TSI9600 compatibility mode to be suitable
for operation with JDT-3295 modems.
The JDT-3295 is a TSI9600 with slightly different firmware.
Typically the 3295 consisted of an enclosed TSI9600 modem
and interface board connected with a cable to a separately
enclosed radio transceiver.
Selection Description
Data Scrambling This control is equivalent to the data scrambling DIP switch
on the TSI9600 modem board. On the TSI9600 this switch is
marked “H-F”.
Transmit
Deviation This sets the amount of transmit deviation. This should be
set to match the level of the TSI9600.
Normally this should not be changed from the default value.
Compatibility
Enable
Data Protocol
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Radio Setup 30
Selection Description
Transmit Data
Inversion This controls the transmit data polarity in 3295 mode. This
control corresponds to the transmit polarity jumper on the
interface board.
Receive Data
Inversion This controls the receive data polarity in 3295 mode. This
control corresponds to the receive polarity jumper on the
interface board.
This should be set to match the type of Trimble data link that the TS4000 must
operate with.
This should be set to match the channel spacing of the Trimble data link that the
TS4000 must operate with.
These controls enable store and forward repeater operation in Trimble
compatible mode.
Data Polarity
Trimble Options - Mode
Trimble Options – Channel
Spacing
Trimble Options – Store
and Forward Repeaters
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 31
AirNet Packet Protocol
AirNet is an embedded packet protocol available in some Teledesign Systems
modems. AirNet provides a complete protocol that manages the end to end data
transfers of wireless networks. The AirNet protocol is flexible and configurable
so that it can be used with any host (user) system or network architecture.
The basic purpose of the AirNet packet protocol is to ensure that data is reliably
transferred between nodes in the network. This means preventing data from
being lost, repeated or corrupted at the receiving nodes. This is accomplished
by combining transmit data into packets which contain user data and control
information. The control information includes addressing, sequencing and error
detection. Addressing information allows receiving nodes to determine if a
packet is intended for them and also who the source of the packet was.
Sequence information is used so that the data can be reconstructed in the
correct order, and so that repeated packets of the same data are not given to the
user. Error detection is provided by adding a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
onto the packet so that any corruption of the packet can be detected.
The key feature of any packet data protocol is its ability to identify and coordinate
data transfers between individual nodes in a network. In order to move data
between nodes, each node is assigned a unique address. With the AirNet
protocol each node is assigned a unique individual and group address. Group
addresses allow the nodes in a network to be partitioned into classes of service
or segmented into regions. The AirNet protocol allows a data packet to be
transferred to an individual node, to all nodes in a group (group broadcast), or to
all nodes in all groups (network broadcast).
The AirNet protocol also includes multicast reception. Multicast reception is the
ability of a node to receive group broadcasts for groups other than its own. This
allows a node to be a member of a number of different groups at the same time.
Individual node to node data transfers can be sent with or without positive
acknowledgment from the destination node. Positive acknowledgment is the
process where a destination node which receives an error free packet sends a
return packet (without user data) to tell the source node that the packet was
received correctly. This allows the source node to be sure that the data has
been transferred. If the sending node does not receive an acknowledgment
(ACK) packet within a preset period of time then it automatically re-sends (or
retries) the data packet.
Note that broadcast packets are never acknowledged and therefore the source
node cannot be sure that they have been received correctly by all the destination
nodes.
For most wireless data networks, there is the possibility that more than one node
will attempt to transmit simultaneously. This is termed a collision and typically
results in the data from both nodes being lost. To minimize collisions, the nodes
must have an orderly means of accessing the shared channel. The AirNet
protocol uses a CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance) protocol to coordinate channel access (see CSMA System for
details).
In many networks some nodes are unable to directly communicate with all other
nodes in the system due to insufficient RF coverage. To combat this many
systems use frequency translating repeaters that are located at advantaged
Overview
Packet Basics
Addressability
Acknowledgment and
Retries
Channel Access
Store and Forward
Repeater
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 32
(mountaintop) locations. In some situations, the use of a repeater may be
logistically difficult and may not completely solve all propagation problems. The
AirNet protocol provides an option where nodes can be set up as store and
forward repeaters. The relay nodes store packets that they receive and repeat
(forward) the packets when the channel is idle. The relay nodes can be set to
relay all packets or only packets with certain source or destination addresses.
Complete Packet Capability
Nodes automatically re-send packets which are not received correctly.
Robust 32 bit CRC ensures that packets are received correctly.
Adjustable maximum number of retries.
Adjustable maximum packet size - Large packets can be automatically
broken up into smaller packets for reliable transmission.
Easy to Use Host Control and Status
The host (user equipment) controls operation of the packet protocol with
simple ASCII command strings.
No special formatting of user data is required.
Status strings can be enabled to provide information on the success or
failure of packet transmissions.
Addressing
Individual addresses from 1 to 999.
Group addresses from 1 to 60.
Various transfer types
Individual (point to point with acknowledge) - The acknowledgment
provides for guaranteed delivery of the data packets.
Individual without acknowledgment.
Group broadcast - Unacknowledged transfer to all members of a group.
Network broadcast - Unacknowledged transfer to all modems.
Multicast receptions - Allows a modem to receive group broadcasts to
groups other than its own. This can be used to create sub-groups or super-
groups of modems.
Channel Access
CSMA/CA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance.
Adjustable Transmission Index (transmit probability) - Allows a network to be
optimized for maximum efficiency.
Adjustable Slot Time - Allows the modem to be optimized for different radios
and repeater systems.
Store and Forward Data Repeater
Any unit can be configured as a relay node. Allows for easy expansion of the
network.
Repeater filter allows for repeating of only packets to or from select nodes.
This minimizes the amount of repeater traffic created.
Features
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 33
These configuration options are set using the Packet General tab of the Modem
Configuration.
Selection Description
Enable Packet
Operation This activates packet operation for all user data.
The type of Medium Access Control (MAC) determines how a modem decides
when to transmit packets. This effects the transmission of both data and
acknowledgment packets.
Selection Description
Master-Slave The modem will transmit data as soon as the channel
becomes idle. This mode should only be used for master-
slave systems where two modems will never attempt to
transmit at the same time. This also implies that store and
forward repeaters are not used in the system.
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access. This mode should be
selected for systems where multiple modems may attempt
to transmit simultaneously. With this setting, the modem
waits until the channel becomes idle and then transmits in
each following idle slot based on a random probability of
transmission (see CSMA MAC Options - Transmission
Index). This minimizes the potential for collisions in multi-
access systems.
Configuration
Options
Packet General
Packet Activate
Medium (Channel) Access
Control (MAC)
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 34
Control Description
Slot Time This sets the transmit slot time (see Setting Slot Time).
Min Idle Slots This sets the minimum number of idle slots before a
modem attempts transmission (see Setting Min Idle Slots).
If the minimum number of idle slots is set to zero the
modem randomizes its transmission attempts with the first
slot after the channel becomes idle. For values greater
than zero, the modem waits that many slots before
randomizing its transmission attempts.
Tx Index The transmission index (TI) is the inverse of the probability
of transmitting in an idle slot. An index of 4 corresponds to
a 1/4 or 25% chance of transmitting in an idle slot. The
goal of setting TI is to maximize efficiency on the channel.
If TI is set too low then transmissions collide too often. If TI
is set too high then there is excessive unused channel time
in the system (see Setting Transmission Index).
Min Idle Slots and Tx Index can be set differently for different types of packets.
The following table describes the different packet types.
Type Description
Data Packets These are any packets that carry user data. These include
data packets for all the different types of transfers (i.e.
Individual, Individual w/o ACK, Broadcast). These values
are set on the Packet for Port tab.
ACK Packets These are the acknowledgment packets for the individually
addressed data packets. These values are set on the
Packet for Port tab.
Relay Packets These are any packets that repeated with the store and
forward repeater option. Both data packets and ACK
packets can be repeated.
Selection Description
Packet Type The store and forward filtering is based on the packet type.
For most applications the newer Address based filtering is
simpler and more versatile.
Address The store and forward filtering is based on the address of
the source and destination units.
This selection requires that the modem firmware is version
5.20 or higher.
Selection Description
None No packets are repeated.
Some The packets repeated are determined by the address list
control (see below).
All All packets are repeated.
This control consists of a list of address ranges. Each item in the list represents
a range of addresses that are repeated. A packet is repeated if the packet’s
source or destination address matches an address range in the list. The
addresses consist of a group address and a minimum and maximum individual
CSMA MAC Setup
Repeater Filtering
Addresses
Repeater Address List
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 35
address. The user can use as few as one or as many (up to the list size)
address ranges as desired.
Repeating All Network Broadcast Packets
In network broadcast packets the destination group and individual destination
address are zeros. Therefore, setting these addresses to zero in the list will
cause all network broadcast packets, regardless of their source address, to be
repeated
Repeating All Group Broadcast Packets
In group broadcast packets the destination individual address is zero. Therefore,
setting the individual address to zero in the list, for a particular group address,
will cause all group broadcast packets going to that group to be repeated,
regardless of their source address.
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 36
These configuration options are set using the Packet for Port 1 and Packet for
Port 2 tabs of the Modem Configuration.
Control Description
Individual Address The individual address of this modem.
Group Address The group address of this modem. The group address is
used to isolate different sets of individual addresses. It is
also used to filter group broadcast transfers.
Packet for Port 1 /
Packet for Port 2
Modem Address
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 37
Modem Addresses of the two ports
The Modem Addresses of the two ports can be the same or different. If the
addresses are set the same then receive packets addressed for the modem will
be sent out of both serial ports. If the addresses are different then the data
coming out of the serial ports can be separated by address.
Multicast groups allow a modem to receive group broadcasts to groups other
than its own. This allows modems to be combined in subsets and supersets of
their basic groups.
Control Description
Enable Multicast
Reception This control enables the multicast capability of the modem
and also enables the entry of multicast groups.
Multicast Groups This control is a list of multicast addresses. These
addresses have the same range as the group addresses.
The user can use as few or as many (up to the list size)
multicast groups as desired.
By default, a modem accepts two kinds of broadcasts.
Network broadcasts are received by all modems.
Group broadcasts are received by modems with the same group address as
the transmitting modem.
Control Description
Max Retries This control sets the maximum number of transmit retries.
A retry is attempted if a packet is sent and an acknowledge
packet is not received within the time defined by the packet
timeout control. After the maximum number of retries have
been attempted the packet is cleared from the transmit
buffer. Retries do not apply to any kind of broadcast
transfers or individual transfers without acknowledgment.
Max Packet Size This control defines the maximum packet size in bytes.
Any burst that is larger than this number of bytes will be
broken up into multiple packets with this maximum packet
size.
Note that there is a difference between bytes and
asynchronous characters. A byte is always eight bits of
data. The number of bits in an asynchronous character is
dependent on the setting of the asynchronous character
control fields.
Packet Timeout The packet timeout is the amount of time the modem waits
for an acknowledgment before re-sending a packet (see
Network Setup - Setting Packet Timeout).
Multicast Group Reception
Packet Operation
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 38
This field selects the type of transfer that the modem defaults to at power up.
This will remain as the transfer type until it is switched using the appropriate
control string.
Selection Description
Individual Transfer This is a standard point to point data transfer with
acknowledgments.
Individual Transfer
w/o Acknowledge This is a point to point data transfer but without any
acknowledgments. This implies that there are no transmit
retries if the packet is received with errors.
Group Broadcast This is a broadcast to a group of modems. Receiving
modems will accept two types of group broadcasts.
Group broadcasts - Broadcasts where the destination
group matches the receiving modem's group.
Multicast broadcasts - Broadcasts where the
destination group matches a group from the receive
modem's multicast group list. For these broadcasts to
be received, the receiving modem must have multicast
reception enabled.
Network
Broadcast This is a broadcast to all modems.
These fields select the default destination address that the modem defaults to at
power up. This address will remain as the default until it is switched using the
appropriate control strings.
Type Description
Individual Address The default destination individual address.
Group Address The default destination group address.
Default Transfer
Default Destination
Address
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 39
Control Description
Provide Address
at Receiver When this control is activated, the source address of each
received packet is sent as a prefix status string to the data
(see Control and Status Strings).
Provide Positive
Transmit ACKs When this control is activated, a status string is sent to the
user when an acknowledgment is received for a packet.
The corresponding packet number of the packet will be
provided as part of the status string (see Control and Status
Strings). This does not apply to any type of broadcast
transfer or individual transfers without acknowledgment.
Provide Negative
Transmit ACKs When this control is activated, a status string is sent to the
user when the transfer of a packet is unsuccessful (all
retries have been sent and no acknowledgment has been
received). The corresponding packet number of the packet
will be provided as part of the status string (see Control and
Status Strings). This does not apply to any type of
broadcast transfer or individual transfers without
acknowledgment.
Provide RSSI at
Receiver When this control is activated, the RSSI (Receive Signal
Strength Indication) of the received packet is sent as a
prefix string to the data.
The string is made up of ASCII characters as follows:
+TSRxxx
where xxx = receive signal level in –dBms
(i.e. +TSR087 = a –87dBm signal level)
Note that because the value is in –dBms (negative dBms) a
larger receive signal is represented with a smaller 3 digit
number.
For serial port 1 this control is on the Serial Port 1 Tab.
Control Description
Min Idle Slots This sets the minimum number of idle slots before a
modem attempts transmission (see Setting Min Idle Slots).
If the minimum number of idle slots is set to zero the
modem randomizes its transmission attempts with the first
slot after the channel becomes idle. For values greater
than zero, the modem waits that many slots before
randomizing its transmission attempts.
Tx Index The transmission index (TI) is the inverse of the probability
of transmitting in an idle slot. An index of 4 corresponds to
a 1/4 or 25% chance of transmitting in an idle slot. The
goal of setting TI is to maximize efficiency on the channel.
If TI is set too low then transmissions collide too often. If TI
is set too high then there is excessive unused channel time
in the system (see Setting Transmission Index).
Min Idle Slots and Tx Index can be set differently for different types of packets.
The following table describes the different packet types.
Packet Status Data
CSMA MAC Setup
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 40
Type Description
Data Packets These are any packets that carry user data. These include
data packets for all the different types of transfers (i.e.
Individual, Individual w/o ACK, Broadcast).
ACK Packets These are the acknowledgment packets for the individually
addressed data packets.
Relay Packets These are any packets that are repeated with the store and
forward repeater option. Both data packets and ACK
packets can be repeated. These values are set on the
Packet General tab.
Control strings are used to control the operation of the modem. Status strings
are used to provide status information from the modem. Status strings from the
modem can be disabled if they are not needed for a given application. All control
and status strings begin with the ASCII string “+TS”, followed by specific ASCII
letters and numbers corresponding to the particular control field or status value
provided (See Appendix B - ASCII Character Set).
All numbers are formatted as ASCII digits and sent most significant digit first.
iii - Represents a three digit individual address.
gg - Represents a two digit group address.
nn - Represents a two digit packet number.
Control String Description
+TSI Set for individual transfer.
+TSIAiii Set for individual transfer with address change. The three
address characters change the individual destination
address.
+TSICggiii Set for individual transfer with complete address change.
The first two characters are for the group address and the
remaining three are for the individual destination address.
+TSN Set for individual without acknowledgment transfer.
+TSNAiii Set for individual without acknowledgment transfer with
address change. The three address characters change the
individual destination address.
+TSNCggiii Set for individual without acknowledgment transfer with
complete address change. The first two characters are for
the group address and the remaining three are for the
individual destination address.
+TSG Set for group broadcast transfer.
+TSGAgg Set for group broadcast transfer with address change. The
two address characters change the group destination
address.
+TSB Set for a network broadcast transfer (to all modems).
+TSFAggiii Change the modem destination address. The first two
address characters are for the group address and the
remaining three are for the individual address. The type of
transfer remains unchanged.
This command will change the destination address of the
serial port that the command is sent to. If serial port 2 is
not enabled for data, then the command will always change
the serial port 1 destination address regardless of which
Control and Status
Strings
Control Strings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 41
Control String Description
port it is sent to.
+TSFA? Query the modem destination address.
Response: +TSFAggiii
+TSSnn Set the packet number of the next packet transmitted.
Packet numbers are used in status strings to indicate the
success or failure of the transmission of a particular
transmit packet.
The packet number is set to 0 when the modem is reset.
+TSLAggiii Change the modem source address. The first two address
characters are for the group address and the remaining
three are for the individual address.
This command will change the source address of the serial
port that the command is sent to. If serial port 2 is not
enabled for data, then the command will always change the
serial port 1 source address regardless of which port it is
sent to.
+TSLA? Query the modem source address.
Response: +TSLAggiii
Status String Description
+TSIAggiii Received an individual packet from this address. The first
two address characters represent the group address and
the next three the individual address.
+TSNAggiii Received an individual without acknowledgment packet
from this address. The first two address characters
represent the group address and the next three the
individual address.
+TSGAggiii Received a group broadcast packet from this address. The
first two address characters represent the group address
and the next three the individual address.
+TSBAggiii Received a network broadcast packet from this address.
The first two address characters represent the group
address and the next three the individual address.
+TSSFnn Indicates that the transfer of this packet number was not
successful. This status string is returned after the last retry
of this packet has timed out. This does not apply to any
type of broadcast packet or individual without
acknowledgment packets.
+TSSPnn Indicates that the transfer of this packet number was
successful. This does not apply to any type of broadcast
packet or individual without acknowledgment packets.
Status Strings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 42
A master-slave system is one where the host application is designed so that only
one node will ever attempt to transmit at a given time. An example of this type of
system is a polled system with a base station that sequentially poles a number of
remote nodes. In this case the base always initiates a pole and the remotes
respond with the desired data.
To set up AirNet for this type of system, select the Master-Slave selection in the
Packet General tab of the modem configuration. With this selection, the modem
transmits waiting packets as soon as it detects an idle channel. The master-
slave setting should not be used with systems that use store and forward
repeaters.
The packet timeout timer is used for only for individually addressed packets that
expect an acknowledgment (ACK). The packet timeout timer is started after a
data packet is sent. If an ACK is not received before the timer expires, then a
retry transmission of the data packet is sent. This timer should be set longer
than the worst case time it takes to receive an ACK packet.
For a master-slave system, an ACK packet is sent as soon as the data packet is
received and the channel is idle. This can start as soon as the decay time of the
originating modem is finished.
Packet Timeout Time = Decay Time + Attack Time
+ ACK Packet Transmit Time
Where:
Decay Time = Tx Decay Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Tx Decay Time and Tx Attack Time are fixed values that are preset
for the radio in the TS4000. These values can be read out of the
TS4000 using the Retrieve Radio Hardware menu or button. The
Additional Transmit Attack Time is the value set on the radio tab of
the modem configuration.
ACK Packet Transmit Time = ACK Packet Length / Modulation Rate
An ACK packet fits in one data frame (16 bytes) of data. If coding is
used then 50% coding overhead is added to this.
ACK Packet Length -Uncoded = 16 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 128 bits
-Coded = 128 bits x 1.5 = 192 bits
Tx Attack Time = 20 ms
Tx Decay Time = 12 ms
Additional Transmit Attack Time = 0 ms
Over air channel rate = 9600 bps
Coding = Enabled
ACK Packet Transmit Time = 192 / 9600 = 20 ms
Packet Timeout Time = 12ms + 20 ms + 20 ms = 52 ms
Master-Slave
System Setup
Setting Packet
Timeout
Example
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 43
For a master-slave system, the data packet transmit time is constant for a given
packet size. As long as the channel is not busy, a data packet will be sent
immediately upon becoming available for transmission.
Calculating the delay is very similar to the calculation for the packet timeout time
above.
Total Packet Delay Time = Attack Time + Packet Transmit Time
Where:
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Note that the packet delay time does not include the transmit decay time. This is
because the packet is available at the receiving modem as soon as all the data is
transmitted.
Packet Transmit Time = Packet Length / Channel Rate
Packet Length = (Data Bits + Overhead Bits)
x Framing Overhead x Coding Overhead
Overhead Bits = 14 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 112 bits
Framing Overhead = 1.1
Coding Overhead (optional) = 1.5
Packet Length = (Data Bits + 112) x 1.1 { x 1.5 }
Tx Attack Time = 20 ms
Additional Transmit Attack Time = 0 ms
Over air channel rate = 9600 bps
Number of async chars in packet = 50
Number of data bits per async char = 8
Coding = Enabled
Packet Length = ((50 x 8) + 112) x 1.1 x 1.5 = 845 bits
Packet Transmit Time = 845 / 9600 = 88 ms
Total Packet Delay Time = 20 + 88 = 108 ms
Data Packet Transmit
Time
Example
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 44
A polled system is one where a master (or base) station unit polls a number of
remotes in sequence. The master is always the unit that initiates the
communication and one and only one remote unit responds to the master’s
request. This type of system is very common for SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) and telemetry systems
Polled systems are relatively easy to configure and test because the order of
communication is predictable and therefore it is possible to eliminate collisions.
The following section will show a number of system topologies and the
appropriate settings for the TS4000. All of these systems operate on a single
frequency (simplex) although clear channel scan can be used.
Note that the repeater TS4000s can also be connected to host devices and used
as remotes.
There is no forced limit to the number of repeaters that can be in a system.
However, in most cases it is best to use the fewest repeaters possible. Each
additional repeater will add complexity and delay to the system.
Polled System with
Store and Forward
Repeaters
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 45
A single repeater system is one where all communication goes through a single
store and forward repeater.
Polling Host
Base
Remote
Repeater
Remote
Remote
Remote
Blind
Remote
Blind
Remote
Configuration Parameter Setting
All Units
Enable Packet Operation Checked
Medium Access Control (MAC) CSMA
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: Repeater Filtering Address
Default Transfer Network Broadcast
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Packets: Tx Index 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Packets: Tx Index 1
Modem Address: Group 1
Base Site
Modem Address: Individual 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 2
Repeater Site
Modem Address: Individual 2
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 0
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Remote Sites - that hear the repeater
Modem Address: Individual 10+ (each remote must have a unique
address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 1
Single Repeater
System
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 46
Configuration Parameter Setting
Remote Sites - that cannot hear the repeater
Modem Address: Individual 10+ (each remote must have a unique
address)
CSMA MAC Setup-Data Pkts-Min Idle Slots Number of slots for an outbound polling
packet
Number of slots for an outbound polling packet = Packet Transmit Time / Slot Time
Packet Transmit Time = {9 * [Max Outbound Message Length (in bytes) + 14] * Overhead / Air Rate
(in kbps)} + Radio Tx Attack Time (in ms)
Overhead = 1 if Coding (FEC) is Unchecked
Overhead = 1.5 if Coding (FEC) is Checked
Slot Time = 1.5 * Radio Transmit Attack Time
Example:
Max Message Length for Modbus protocol = 255 bytes
Radio Tx Attack Time = 20ms (this value can be read on the Radio Hardware Screen)
Air Rate = 9.6 kbps (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Coding = Unchecked (this is configured on the radio tab)
Slot Time = 1.5 * 20ms = 30ms (this is configured on the Packet General tab)
Packet Transmit Time = [9 * (255 + 14) * 1 / 9.6] + 20 = 273ms
Number of slot for an outbound polling packet = 273/30 = 10 (rounded up from 9.1) (this value
must always be round up)
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 47
A dual repeater system has two repeaters. For the specific configurations
defined in this example, the two repeaters must be able to hear each other.
Polling Host
Base
Remote
Repeater B
Remote
Remote
Remote
Repeater A
Remote
Remote
Configuration Parameter Setting
All Units
Enable Packet Operation Checked
Medium Access Control (MAC) CSMA
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: Repeater Filtering Address
Default Transfer Network Broadcast
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Packets: Tx Index 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Packets: Tx Index 1
Modem Address: Group 1
Base Site
Modem Address: Individual 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
Repeater A Site
Modem Address: Individual 2
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 2
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 0
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Repeater B Site
Modem Address: Individual 3
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 2
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 1
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Dual Repeater System
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 48
Configuration Parameter Setting
Remote Sites - that reliably hear both repeaters
Modem Address: Individual 10+ (each remote must have a unique
address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 2
Remote Sites – that hear only one of the repeaters
Modem Address: Individual 10+ (each remote must have a unique
address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots Base packet transmit slots + Largest Relay
Pkt: Min Idle Slot
Remote Sites – that hear only the base
Modem Address: Individual 10+ (each remote must have a unique
address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots (2 x Base packet transmit slots) + Largest
Relay Pkt: Min Idle Slot
Equations:
Base packet transmit slots = Packet Transmit Time / Slot Time
Packet Transmit Time = {9 * [Max Outbound Message Length (in bytes) + 14] * Overhead / Air Rate (in
kbps)} + Radio Tx Attack Time (in ms)
Overhead = 1 if Coding (FEC) is Unchecked
Overhead = 1.5 if Coding (FEC) is Checked
Slot Time = 1.5 * Radio Transmit Attack Time
Example: Remote Sites – that hear only the base:
Max Message Length for Modbus protocol = 255 bytes
Radio Tx Attack Time = 20ms (this value can be read on the Radio Hardware Screen)
Air Rate = 9.6 kbps (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Coding = Unchecked (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Largest Relay Pkt: Min Idle Slots = Repeater B: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots = 1
Slot Time = 1.5 * 20ms = 30ms (this is configured on the Packet General tab)
Packet Transmit Time = [9 * (255 + 14) * 1 / 9.6] + 20 = 273ms
Base packet transmit slots = 273/30 = 10 (rounded up from 9.1)(this value must be rounded up)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots = (2 x 10) + 1 = 21
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 49
A three repeater system is similar to a two repeater topology but with an additional
repeater extending range to outlying remotes.
For the specific configurations defined in this example, the following must be true:
1) All the remotes must hear at least one repeater site.
2) Repeater B and Repeater C cannot hear each other.
Remote
Polling Host
Base
Remote
Repeater B
Remote
Remote
Repeater A
Remote
Remote
Repeater C
Configuration Parameter Setting
All Units
Enable Packet Operation Checked
Medium Access Control (MAC) CSMA
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: Repeater Filtering Address
Default Transfer Network Broadcast
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Packets: Tx Index 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Packets: Tx Index 1
Modem Address: Group 1
Base Site
Modem Address: Individual 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 4
Repeater A Site
Modem Address: Individual 2
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 0
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Three Repeater
System
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 50
Configuration Parameter Setting
Repeater B Site
Modem Address: Individual 3
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 1
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Repeater C Site
Modem Address: Individual 4
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 2
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay Some
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: Addresses
Group Individual
1 1 (Base)
1 400 - 499 (Remote Sites
that hear Repeater C)
Remote Sites - that hear ONLY the Base
Modem Address: Individual 100+ (each remote must have a
unique address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots (2 x Base packet transmit slots) +
Largest Relay Pkt: Min Idle Slot
Remote Sites - that hear ONLY Repeater A
Modem Address: Individual 200+ (each remote must have a
unique address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots Base packet transmit slots +
Largest Relay Pkt: Min Idle Slot
Remote Sites - that hear Repeater B
Modem Address: Individual 300+ (each remote must have a
unique address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
Remote Sites - that hear Repeater C
Modem Address: Individual 400+ (each remote must have a
unique address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
Equations:
Base packet transmit slots = Packet Transmit Time / Slot Time
Packet Transmit Time = {9 * [Max Outbound Message Length (in bytes) + 14] * Overhead / Air
Rate (in kbps)} + Radio Tx Attack Time (in ms)
Overhead = 1 if Coding (FEC) is Unchecked
Overhead = 1.5 if Coding (FEC) is Checked
Slot Time = 1.5 * Radio Transmit Attack Time
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 51
Example: Remote Sites – that hear only Repeater A
Max Message Length for Modbus protocol = 255 bytes
Radio Tx Attack Time = 20ms (this value can be read on the Radio Hardware Screen)
Air Rate = 9.6 kbps (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Coding = Unchecked (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Largest Relay Pkt: Min Idle Slots = Repeater C: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots = 2
Slot Time = 1.5 * 20ms = 30ms (this is configured on the Packet General tab)
Packet Transmit Time = [9 * (255 + 14) * 1 / 9.6] + 20 = 273ms
Base packet transmit slots = 273/30 = 10 (rounded up from 9.1)(this value must be rounded up)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots = 10 + 2 = 12
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 52
A chain repeater topology is one where the messages are passed down a chain of
repeaters. This is typical for systems that operate along a road, river or railroad
track.
For the specific configurations defined in this example, the base and each repeater
must hear only the next repeater in the chain. For example: Repeater B hears only
Repeater A and C but not the Base and Repeater D.
Remote Polling Host
Base
Repeater B
Remote
Remote
Repeater A
Remote
Remote
Repeater C
Repeater D
Remote
Configuration Parameter Setting
All Units
Enable Packet Operation Checked
Medium Access Control (MAC) CSMA
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: Repeater Filtering Address
Default Transfer Network Broadcast
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Packets: Tx Index 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Packets: Tx Index 1
Modem Address: Group 1
Base Site
Modem Address: Individual 1
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 5
Repeater A Site
Modem Address: Individual 2
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 4
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 0
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Chain Repeater
System
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 53
Configuration Parameter Setting
Repeater B Site
Modem Address: Individual 3
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 4
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 1
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Repeater C Site
Modem Address: Individual 4
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 4
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 2
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Repeater D Site
Modem Address: Individual 5
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots 4
CSMA MAC Setup: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots 3
Store and Forward Repeater Operation: All Packets Relay All
Remote Sites
Modem Address: Individual 10+ (each remote must have a unique
address)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots Base packet transmit slots + Largest Relay
Pkt: Min Idle Slot
Equations:
Base packet transmit slots = Packet Transmit Time / Slot Time
Packet Transmit Time = {9 * [Max Outbound Message Length (in bytes) + 14] * Overhead / Air
Rate (in kbps)} + Radio Tx Attack Time (in ms)
Overhead = 1 if Coding (FEC) is Unchecked
Overhead = 1.5 if Coding (FEC) is Checked
Slot Time = 1.5 * Radio Transmit Attack Time
Example: Remote Sites
Max Message Length for Modbus protocol = 255 bytes
Radio Tx Attack Time = 20ms (this value can be read on the Radio Hardware Screen)
Air Rate = 9.6 kbps (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Coding = Unchecked (this is configured on the Radio tab)
Largest Relay Pkt: Min Idle Slots = Repeater B: Relay Pkts: Min Idle Slots = 3
Slot Time = 1.5 * 20ms = 30ms (this is configured on the Packet General tab)
Packet Transmit Time = [9 * (255 + 14) * 1 / 9.6] + 20 = 273ms
Base packet transmit slots = 273/30 = 10 (rounded up from 9.1)(this value must be rounded up)
CSMA MAC Setup: Data Pkts: Min Idle Slots = 10 + 3 = 13
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 54
The TS4000 is very versatile and can be configured for virtually any system
topology. If one of the above topologies cannot be adapted to match a particular
network then Teledesign can work with you to create a suitable configuration.
The TS4000 also has the capability to selectively repeat messages from groups
or individual remotes. This feature can be used to allow for more complicated
topologies and to minimize the throughput delay.
The following questions will need to be answered prior to creating a suitable
configuration.
1) What sites (base, repeater and remote) can hear each other? In many
cases this can be adjusted by using a directional antenna at the remotes
and pointing them appropriately.
2) What is the maximum message size of the polling message outbound
from the base site to the remotes?
3) What is the maximum message size of the response message inbound
from the remotes to the base site?
Other System
Topologies
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 55
The CSMA MAC (Medium Access Control) is used for systems in which multiple
modems will attempt to access the radio channel simultaneously (multi-access
systems). If two modems attempt to transmit simultaneously, a collision results
which prevents both transmissions from being successfully sent. The AirNet
protocol uses CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance) to provide multi-access capability. The CSMA refers to monitoring
the channel to ensure that it is unused before transmitting a packet.
Collision Avoidance
For multi-access radio systems CSMA alone is typically not enough to prevent
excessive collisions. The problem occurs when one modem is transmitting and
multiple other modems receive data for their hosts and become ready to
transmit. These other modems will wait until the first modem finishes its
transmission and then they will all attempt to transmit simultaneously, resulting in
a collision. This creates the need for collision avoidance. The AirNet protocol
provides this by having modems randomize their transmissions once they detect
an idle channel. In each slot after a modem detects an idle channel, it will decide
with some probability (based on the Transmission Index) whether or not to
transmit. This does not eliminate collisions, but, if the probability is set correctly,
minimizes the collisions to allow for efficient multi-access use of the radio
channel.
Slot Time
The AirNet protocol uses timing slots to determine when to attempt
transmissions. These slots are slightly different from the slots used in
conventional multi-access slotted MACs. The AirNet slots are the minimum
channel detection times or the minimum time from when one modem begins
transmission to when all other modems will detect that transmission. This size
slot guarantees that modems waiting to transmit in consecutive slots will not
collide and allows for very efficient use of the radio channel.
The following is a summary of the suggested settings for a basic CSMA system.
A basic system does not have any store and forward repeaters. Note that more
detail on the parameters and equations can be found later in this section.
Slot Time = Attack Time + Maximum Carrier Detect Time Variation
= 1.5 x Attack Time
Where:
Attack Time = Radio Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Tx Decay Time and Tx Attack Time are fixed values that are preset
for the radio in the TS4000. These values can be read out of the
TS4000 using the Retrieve Radio Hardware menu or button. The
Additional Transmit Attack Time is the value set on the radio tab of
the modem configuration.
Min Idle Slots - ACK Packets = 0
Min Idle Slots - Data Packets = 1
Tx Index - ACK Packets = 1
Tx Index - Data Packets = Estimated Backlogged Nodes / Attempt Rate
Where:
Attempt Rate = (Packet Detection Ratio)1/2
Packet Detection Ratio = Slot Time / Total Packet Time
Total Packet Time = Attack Time + Packet Transmit Time + Decay Time
CSMA System
Setup
Basic System - Setup
Summary
Slot Time
Min Idle Slots
Tx Index
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 56
Packet Transmit Time = Packet Length / Channel Rate
Packet Length = (Data Bits + Overhead Bits)
x Framing Overhead x Coding Overhead
= (Data Bits + 112) x 1.1 { x 1.5 }
Overhead Bits = 14 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 112 bits
Framing Overhead = 1.1
Coding Overhead (optional) = 1.5
Packet Timeout = Decay Time + Attack Time + ACK Packet Transmit Time
Where:
Decay Time = Tx Decay Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
ACK Packet Transmit Time = ACK Packet Length / Channel Rate
ACK Packet Length -Uncoded = 16 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 128 bits
-Coded = 128 bits x 1.5 = 192 bits
The following is a summary of the suggested settings for a system that has one
or more store and forward repeaters. Note that more detail on the parameters
and equations can be found later in this section.
Slot Time = Attack Time + Maximum Carrier Detect Time Variation
= 1.5 x Attack Time
Where:
Attack Time = Radio Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Tx Decay Time and Tx Attack Time are fixed values that are preset
for the radio in the TS4000. These values can be read out of the
TS4000 using the Retrieve Radio Hardware menu or button. The
Additional Transmit Attack Time is the value set on the radio tab of
the modem configuration.
Min Idle Slots - ACK Packets = 0
Min Idle Slots - Relay Packets (Relay #1) = 1
Min Idle Slots - Relay Packets (Relay #2) = 2
...
...
Min Idle Slots - Relay Packets (Relay #Z) = Z
Min Idle Slots - Data Packets = Highest Relay # + 1 = Z + 1
Tx Index - ACK Packets = 1
Tx Index - Relay Packets = 1
Tx Index - Data Packets = Estimated Backlogged Nodes / Attempt Rate
Where:
Estimated Backlogged Nodes (number of nodes that simultaneously
want to transmit) = the greater of
A) Average Number of Backlogged Nodes or
B) 1/4 Maximum Possible Number of Backlogged Nodes
Attempt Rate = (Packet Detection Ratio)1/2
Packet Detection Ratio = Slot Time / Total Packet Time
Packet Timeout
System with
Repeaters - Setup
Summary
Slot Time
Min Idle Slots
Tx Index
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 57
Total Packet Time = Attack Time + Packet Transmit Time + Decay Time
Packet Transmit Time = Packet Length / Channel Rate
Packet Length = (Data Bits + Overhead Bits)
x Framing Overhead x Coding Overhead
= (Data Bits + 112) x 1.1 { x 1.5 }
Overhead Bits = 14 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 112 bits
Framing Overhead = 1.1
Coding Overhead (optional) = 1.5
Packet Timeout = Relay Delays for Data Packet
+ Ack Packet Delay at Destination Node
+ Relay Delays for ACK Packet
Where:
Relay Delays for Data Packet = Relay #1Data Packet Delay
+ Relay #2 Data Packet Delay
...
...
+ Relay #Y Data Packet Delay
Relay #Y Data Packet Delay = Decay Time
+ (Y x Slot Time)
+ Attack Time
+ Data Packet Transmit Time
Data Packet Transmit Time = Data Packet Length / Channel Rate
Data Packet Length = (Data Bits + Overhead Bits)
x Framing Overhead x Coding
Overhead
Overhead Bits = 14 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 112 bits
Framing Overhead = 1.1
Coding Overhead (optional) = 1.5
ACK Packet Delay at Destination Node = Decay Time
+ Attack Time
+ ACK Packet Transmit Time
Relay Delays for ACK Packet = Relay #1ACK Packet Delay
+ Relay #2 ACK Packet Delay
...
...
+ Relay #Y ACK Packet Delay
Relay #Y ACK Packet Delay = Decay Time
+ (Y x Slot Time)
+ Attack Time
+ ACK Packet Transmit Time
ACK Packet Transmit Time = ACK Packet Length / Channel Rate
ACK Packet Length -Uncoded = 16 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 128 bits
-Coded = 128 bits x 1.5 = 192 bits
Decay Time = Tx Decay Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Packet Timeout
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 58
The slot time should be set to the attack time of the radio plus the maximum
variation (uncertainty) in the carrier detection circuit. The variation in the carrier
detection circuit is the difference in the carrier detect time between the radio with
the fastest carrier detect time and the radio with the slowest carrier detect time.
Note that the attack time is made up of the worst case transmitter power ramp up
time plus the worst case carrier detect time. Typically the maximum variation of
the carrier detect circuit is less than half (50%) of the attack time.
Slot Time = Attack Time + Maximum Carrier Detect Time Variation
= 1.5 x Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Tx Attack Time is a fixed value that is preset for the radio in the
TS4000. This value can be read out of the TS4000 using the
Retrieve Radio Hardware menu or button. The Additional Transmit
Attack Time is the value set on the radio tab of the modem
configuration.
The minimum idle slot setting defines the number of slots which a modem will
leave vacant after the modem detects an idle channel and before the modem
attempts to transmit. A setting of 0 means that the modem will attempt
transmission in the first slot after the channel becomes available (idle). A setting
of 1 means that the modem will wait 1 slot after the channel is available before
attempting to transmit. The number of minimum idle slots can be set differently
for each packet type (data, ACK or relay).
The simplest and most efficient system setup is where ACK (acknowledgment)
packets are sent immediately after a valid data packet is received. With this
setup the ACK packets do not contend for the channel the way data packets do.
Correspondingly, the data packets are set so that they will leave the first slot
open for the ACK packets.
This type of setup has the advantage that the delay for receiving an ACK packet
is consistent and predictable. This makes it much easier to set an appropriate
packet timeout (see Setting Packet Timeout).
Min Idle Slots - ACK Packets = 0
Min Idle Slots - Data Packets = 1
Tx Index - ACK Packets = 1 (Always transmit in the first slot)
Tx Index - Data Packets = Attempt Rate (see Setting Tx Index)
For systems with one or more relay nodes, the simplest and most efficient
system setup is where each relay is assigned a particular slot. This way the
repeaters do not collide or contend for the channel the way data packets do. The
data packets are set so that they will leave the necessary number of slots open
for the repeaters and ACK packets.
This type of setup has the advantage that the delay for sending data through the
relay(s) is consistent and predictable. This makes it much easier to set an
appropriate packet timeout (see Setting Packet Timeout).
Min Idle Slots - ACK Packets = 0
Min Idle Slots - Relay #1 = 1
Min Idle Slots - Relay #2 = 2
Setting Slot Time
Setting Min Idle Slots
Systems without
Repeaters
Systems with Repeaters
Min Idle Slots
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 59
...
...
Min Idle Slots - Relay #N = N
Min Idle Slots - Data Packets = Highest Relay # + 1 = N + 1
Tx Index - Relays (All) = 1 (Always transmit in their assigned slot)
Tx Index - ACK Packets = 1 (Always transmit in the first slot)
Tx Index - Data Packets = Attempt Rate (see Setting Tx Index)
The transmission index (TI) is the inverse of the probability of transmitting in an
idle slot. A TI of 10 corresponds to a 1/10 = 10% chance of transmitting in an
idle slot. The goal of setting TI is to maximize efficiency on the channel. If TI is
set too low then transmissions collide too often. If TI is set too high then there
are an excessive number of unused slots.
AirNet allows TI to be set differently for each packet type (data, ACK or relay).
For most systems, TI is set to 1 for ACK and relay packets (see Setting Min Idle
Slots). The setting of 1 corresponds to always transmitting (100% probability) in
a particular slot.
To set TI, the user must make some practical estimates and then do some
calculations based on these estimates. First it is necessary to estimate the
average data packet length. To do this, estimate the average number of data
bits in a packet using the following formulas.
Packet Length = (Data Bits + Overhead Bits)
x Framing Overhead x Coding Overhead
Overhead Bits = 14 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 112 bits
Framing Overhead = 1.1
Coding Overhead (optional) = 1.5
Packet Length = (Data Bits + 112) x 1.1 { x 1.5 }
With this average packet length number, calculate the packet transmit time.
Note that the formulas require the configuration values for transmit attack and
decay time.
Packet Transmit Time = Packet Length / Channel Rate
Total Packet Time = Attack Time + Packet Transmit Time + Decay Time
Decay Time = Tx Decay Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Tx Decay Time and Tx Attack Time are fixed values that are preset
for the radio in the TS4000. These values can be read out of the
TS4000 using the Retrieve Radio Hardware menu or button. The
Additional Transmit Attack Time is the value set on the radio tab of
the modem configuration.
Calculate the packet detection ratio, which is the slot time normalized to the total
packet time. Then, using packet detection ratio, calculate the attempt rate as its
square root.
Packet Detection Ratio = Slot Time / Total Packet Time
Tx Index
Setting Tx Index
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 60
Attempt Rate = (Packet Detection Ratio)1/2
To finally calculate the transmission index we need to estimate the number of
backlogged nodes (the number of nodes that may want to transmit at the same
time). The difficulty in estimating this value is that for most systems this number
is dynamic and can change dramatically depending on what is occurring in the
system.
For systems where the backlog can vary, estimate the average number of
backlogged nodes for the most common scenario and also estimate the
maximum number of backlogged nodes that will ever occur. If the average
number of backlogged nodes is more than 1/4 of the maximum, then use the
average as the backlog number. Otherwise use 1/4 of the maximum as the
backlog number. The reason for this is that the system must operate under the
worst case conditions. If the backlog is set too low then under worst case
conditions, there will be an excessive number of collisions and the system will be
very slow.
In general it is a good idea to set the transmission index higher than expected as
opposed to lower. This allows the system to more gracefully handle peak traffic.
However, this also causes average efficiency to drop and packet delay time to
increase.
Transmission Index = Estimated Backlogged Nodes / Attempt Rate
Estimated Backlogged Nodes = the greater of
A) Average Number of Backlogged Nodes or
B) 1/4 Maximum Possible Number of Backlogged Nodes
Calculation of the transmission index.
Tx Attack Time = 20 ms
Tx Decay Time = 12 ms
Additional Transmit Attack Time = 0 ms
Over air channel rate = 9600 bps
Coding = Disabled
Average Packet Size = 400 bits
Average Backlogged Nodes = 10
Maximum Backlogged Nodes = 100
Slot Time = 30 ms
Packet Length = (Data Bits + 112) x 1.1 = (400 + 112) x 1.1 = 564
Packet Transmit Time = Packet Length / Channel Rate
= 564 / 9600 = 59 ms
Total Packet Time = Attack Time + Packet Transmit Time + Decay Time
= 20 ms + 59 ms + 12 ms = 91 ms
Packet Detection Ratio = Slot Time / Total Packet Time
= 30 ms/ 91 ms = 0.33
Attempt Rate = (Packet Detection Ratio)1/2 = (0.33)1/2 = 0.57
Since: Max Backlogged Nodes / 4 > Average Backlogged Nodes
Estimated Backlogged Nodes = Max Backlogged Nodes / 4
= 100 / 4 = 25
Transmission Index = Estimated Backlogged Nodes / Attempt Rate
= 25 / 0.57 = 44
Example
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 61
The packet timeout timer is used for individual packets that expect an
acknowledgment (ACK). This timer is started after a data packet is sent. If an
ACK is not received before the timer expires then a retry transmission of the data
packet is sent. This timer should be set longer than the worst case typical
amount of time it takes to receive an ACK packet.
The following calculations are for systems that are setup so that ACK packets
are sent immediately after the data packet transmission is completed without
contending for the channel (see Setting Min Idle Slots). For this type of CSMA
system the packet timeout time is the same as for a Master/Slave system. The
ACK is sent as soon as the decay time of the sending modem is finished.
Packet Timeout Time = Decay Time + Attack Time
+ ACK Packet Transmit Time
Decay Time = Tx Decay Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
ACK Packet Transmit Time = ACK Packet Length / Channel Rate
An ACK packet fits in one data frame (16 bytes) of data. If coding is
used, then 50 % coding overhead is added to this.
ACK Packet Length -Uncoded = 16 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 128 bits
-Coded = 128 bits x 1.5 = 192 bits
The following calculations are for systems that are setup as described in the
Setting Min Idle Slots section. The packet timeout should be set to the amount of
time it takes to send the data packet and then the amount of time it takes to get
back an acknowledgement.
Packet Timeout = Relay Delays for Data Packet
+ Ack Packet Delay at Destination Node
+ Relay Delays for ACK Packet
The amount of time it takes to send a data packet is the sum of the amount of
time it takes each relay to send the data packet.
Relay Delays for Data Packet = Relay #1Data Packet Delay
+ Relay #2 Data Packet Delay
...
...
+ Relay #Y Data Packet Delay
The time it takes each relay to send the packet is basically the packet transmit
time. Added to this must be the number of idle slots between the last
transmission and when the current relay decides to transmit.
Relay #Y Data Packet Delay = Decay Time
+ (Y x Slot Time)
+ Attack Time
+ Data Packet Transmit Time
Setting Packet
Timeout
Systems without
Repeaters
Systems with Repeaters
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 62
Data Packet Transmit Time = Data Packet Length / Channel Rate
Data Packet Length = (Data Bits + Overhead Bits)
x Framing Overhead x Coding Overhead
Overhead Bits = 14 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 112 bits
Framing Overhead = 1.1
Coding Overhead (optional) = 1.5
The ACK packet delay at the destination node is the amount of time it takes for
the destination node to send the ACK packet.
ACK Packet Delay at Destination Node = Decay Time
+ Attack Time
+ ACK Packet Transmit Time
After the ACK packet is transmitted by the destination node, it must be re-
transmitted by the various repeaters in the system. This is the sum of the time it
takes each relay to transmit the ACK packet.
Relay Delays for ACK Packet = Relay #1ACK Packet Delay
+ Relay #2 ACK Packet Delay
...
...
+ Relay #Y ACK Packet Delay
Relay #Y ACK Packet Delay = Decay Time
+ (Y x Slot Time)
+ Attack Time
+ ACK Packet Transmit Time
ACK Packet Transmit Time = ACK Packet Length / Channel Rate
ACK Packet Length -Uncoded = 16 bytes x 8 bits per byte = 128 bits
-Coded = 128 bits x 1.5 = 192 bits
Decay Time = Tx Decay Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
Attack Time = Tx Attack Time + Additional Transmit Attack Time
The average delay is the average amount of time from when a packet is ready
for transmission to when the packet is actually transmitted. This number is for a
single attempt and does not include the time for any retries due to corrupted
transmissions. Note that the average delay varies based on the number of
backlogged nodes in the system at a given time. Also note that the average
delay varies substantially even with constant conditions due to the random
nature of events.
For ease of notation we shall rename some of the parameters.
Tslot = Slot Time
PDR = Packet Detection Ratio
TI = Transmission Index
N = Backlogged Nodes
PR = (TI - 1)/TI
Average Delay = Tslot x (1 + PDR - PRN)
PDR x ln(1/PR)
Data Packet Delay
Average Delay
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual AirNet Packet Protocol 63
Where: ln symbolizes the natural log function.
Using the values from the previous example, calculate the average delay for
various backlogs.
Tslot = Slot Time = 30 ms = 0.03 sec
PDR = Packet Detection Ratio = 0.33 (from previous example)
TI = Transmission Index = 44 (from previous example)
PR = (TI - 1)/TI = (44 - 1)/ 44 = 0.977
Average Delay = Tslot x (1 + PDR - PRN) = 0.03(1 + 0.33 - 0.977N)
PDR x ln(1/PR) 0.33 ln(1/0.977)
= 0.03(1.33 - 0.977N) = 3.91(1.33 - 0.977N)
0.00768
Backlogged Nodes (N) 10 25 50 75 100
Average Delay (sec) 2.1 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.8
The probable delay calculation allows the user to calculate the expected delay
given some probability that the transmission actually occurs. The probable delay
value can be used for calculating a packet timeout value for a system where the
ACK packets do not use an immediate ACK and have a transmission index the
same as the data packets. It can also be used to calculate timeouts for layers of
the protocol stack above the modem on the host system. Note that the probable
delay value does not include any transmission times due to repeaters and
acknowledgement packets.
The basis of the probable delay is the average delay calculated above. As noted
before, the average delay will vary based on the actual number of backlogged
nodes in a system.
Probable Delay = Average Delay x ln(1/(1 - Probability of Sending))
Where:
The Probability of Sending is a fractionalized percentage (i.e. 50% =
0.50, 95% = 0.95).
Calculate the probable delay for various probabilities of sending in terms of the
average delay.
Probability of Sending (%) 25 50 75 90 95 99 99.9
Probable Delay (Avg. Delays) 0.29 0.69 1.38 2.30 3.00 4.61 6.91
Note that the 50% probability of sending value is not equal to the average delay.
This is because the delay spread is a statistical distribution where the mean and
median delays are not the same.
Example
Probable Delay
Example
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual GPS Configuration 64
GPS Configuration
The GPS Configuration is designed to provide a simplified set of configuration
options for use with differential GPS and RTK systems. In these GPS reference
systems, one base unit transmits a GPS correction and one or more rover units
receive and use this reference information.
A GPS type configuration can be converted to a standard configuration using the
Convert To selection under the File menu.
Selection Description
Base The base is the unit that transmits the GPS reference
corrections.
A base unit will not send receive data out of its serial port.
However the Rx light will indicate activity on the radio channel.
Rover The rover is a unit that receives the GPS reference corrections.
A rover will not transmit data that it receives through its serial
port.
In this mode the Tx light indicates if an error free packet has
been received and how strong the receive signal was.
1 flash: A good receive packet with a low signal.
2 quick flashes: A good receive packet with a medium signal.
3 quick flashes: A good receive packet with a strong signal.
Repeater A repeater is a unit that repeats the GPS corrections in order to
increase the range between the base and the rover.
Note that a repeater unit can also be used to provide data to a
GPS rover host.
The baud rate list provides selection of the serial port asynchronous baud rate.
Configuration
Options
Function
Baud Rate List
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual GPS Configuration 65
This indicates the number of data bits in each asynchronous character.
This indicates the parity of the asynchronous characters.
Selection Description
Channel
Spacing This setting should be configured to match the maximum
channel spacing allowed by the user’s license. This value
controls the amount of frequency bandwidth (occupied
bandwidth) that the transmitted signal will use. A higher
value corresponds to more bandwidth and therefore provides
better BER (Bit Error Rate) performance and a higher
maximum over the air data rate.
For operation in FCC jurisdictions, the channel spacing
is fixed (not user configurable) at 12.5KHz.
Air Rate The over the air modulation bit rate.
Selection Description
Fixed Channel The channel activated at power up is the channel set in the
corresponding control.
Clear Channel
Scan Activates Clear Channel Scan Operation.
The bottom box is the scan list which indicates the channels
that will be scanned. The scan list can be changed with the
channel box, add button and delete button.
When Clear channel operation is enabled, the TS4000 will
automatically and dynamically select the least congested
channel from the clear channel scan list. This operation is
completely transparent to the host equipment and does not
require any operator intervention.
When clear channel scan is enabled, all of the TS4000s (both
transmitters and receivers) are constantly scans the channels
of the scan list looking for valid TS4000 transmissions and
also looking for interference (noise or transmissions from
other sources). The TS4000s keeps track of the amount of
interference on each channel. Before transmitting, a TS4000
will select the best channel and switch to the channel with the
least amount of interference. The receiving TS4000s will
then see this valid TS4000 transmission during their scans
and receive the packet.
To insure that receiving TS4000s have time to detect and
lock up to all transmissions, the transmit preamble time is
increased based on the number of channels on the scan list.
This sets the transmit power level. The maximum transmit power that can be set
depends on the specific radio module in the TS4000. Therefore the maximum
value that can be set is listed only when the configuration program is connected
to the TS4000.
Data Bits
Parity
Radio Operation
Frequency Channel at
Power Up
Transmit Power
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual GPS Configuration 66
The TS4000 can be configured to periodically output a Morse code identification
string.
Selection Description
Enable
Automatic
Station ID
When the control is selected, the modem will output the ID
message at the designated repeat time.
Repeat Time This is the amount of time between station ID transmissions.
ID Message This is the text message that is transmitted. The
transmission is formatted as standard Morse code.
This is typically set to be a station call sign, license number or
location.
This sets the receive signal level at which the receiver is activated. This is
similar to the squelch control on mobile radios. Normally this level is set slightly
lower than the level at which the TS4000 can correctly demodulate the incoming
data.
When using the TS4000 in a high noise environment, this level can be raised so
that the TS4000 is more selective about the signals that it attempts to
demodulate. This is important for configurations that do not allow the TS4000 to
transmit while it is receiving. These include configurations with packet operation
enabled or with the Force Transmit over Receive control disabled.
This mode allows the TS4000 to communicate with Trimble TrimMark and
TrimTalk GPS data links.
Automatic Station ID
Receive Carrier Detect
Level
Trimble Compatible
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Testing 67
Testing
AirTest is Teledesign’s general purpose wireless modem test software. AirTest
can send data and gather performance statistics about the link between multiple
modems.
AirTest is modem independent and can be used with any asynchronous serial
communications device.
To start AirTest press the AirTest button on the main screen of the configuration
program. For details on using AirTest consult AirTest’s on line help.
To test the operation of the TS4000, AirTest can be used to pass data between
two modems.
1) Attach two TS4000s each to a PC serial port.
2) Configure AirTest for serial port settings (baud rate, data bits and parity) that
match the attached TS4000’s settings (Setup Manu – Port Setup).
3) Transmit data between the TS4000s by typing a message into the Tx
Message box of the Comm Port window followed by the ENTER key.
4) Automated tests can be run that will send data and verify that it is received
correctly. To select a test, use the Test Setup command from the Setup
menu. Use the on line help to obtain more information about each test.
AirTest
Data Test
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Testing 68
A BER (Bit Error Rate) test is used to determine how good a radio environment is
for transmitting data. The BER result tells the percentage of bits that are
corrupted. A BER of 3.0 x 10-4 means that 3 out of 10,000 (104) bits are
corrupted.
The longer a BER test runs the more accurate the result. To get an accurate
result a BER test should be run until at least 100 errors have been received.
This provides a 90% confidence level in the BER value. However, in a relatively
error free environment this can take a very long time. An alternative is to run the
BER test until at least 10 errors have been received which provides a 68%
confidence level.
AirTest can be setup to run a BER test. To run a BER test, the TS4000s must be
configured with packet operation disabled. This is because when the TS4000 is
setup for packet operation it discards corrupted packets and does not send them
out the serial port.
1) Attach two TS4000s each to a PC serial port.
2) Configure AirTest for serial port settings (baud rate, data bits and parity) that
match the attached TS4000’s settings (Setup Manu – Port Setup).
3) Select and start one of the automated tests. To select a test, use the Test
Setup command from the Setup menu. Use the on-line help for details about
the different tests.
4) Observe the results by click on the Show Status button on the Comm Port
window.
BER Test
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Testing 69
AirScan enables the TS4000 to be used as a frequency scanner. AirScan is
useful for determining the frequency and magnitude of potential interference
within the TS4000’s frequency band.
To start AirScan press the AirScan button on the main screen of the
configuration program.
AirScan scans each channel within a set range of frequencies. The granularity of
the scan is fixed at the minimum channel spacing of the TS4000.
Selection Description
Live In this mode the scanning overwrites the previous values of
signal magnitude.
Peak Hold The display shows only the largest magnitude signal. Use
the Clear Screen button to reset the values.
This sets the frequency in the middle of the display. Note that the frequencies at
the edges of the display are also indicated.
This is the frequency span from the left edge to the right edge of the display.
AirScan
AirScan Controls
Display
Center Frequency
Frequency Span
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Remote Diagnostics 70
Remote Diagnostics
Remote diagnostics is used to check the status of remote TS4000s over the air.
This allows the radio communications for a system to be setup and tested
independent of the host equipment.
Remote diagnostics is available while the host system is in operation and can be
accessed through serial port 1 or 2 of the TS4000. The remote diagnostics
screen is accessed from the main screen of the TS4000 Configuration Program.
Remote diagnostics is an extra cost firmware option which can be used with any
TS4000. The remote diagnostics firmware option upgrade is accomplished the
same way as a standard firmware upgrade (see Upgrading Firmware). Please
contact Teledesign for ordering information.
When using remote diagnostics in a system with store and forward repeaters, it
is important that the repeaters are enabled to repeat individually addressed
packets. The remote diagnostic packets are all individually addressed because
only one unit is queried at a time.
Many systems use network broadcast packets (received by all TS4000s) and the
repeaters are configured only to repeat these packets. For details see the
section AirNet Packet Protocol – Configuration Options – Packet General.
To use remote diagnostics, open the Remote Diagnostics screen of the TS4000
Configuration Program. This requires version 5.00 or later version of the
configuration program.
These controls configure the serial port and must be set to match the
configuration of the TS4000s serial port.
Remote Diagnostics
with Repeaters
Remote Diagnostics
Screen
Remote Diagnostic
Controls
Serial Port
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Remote Diagnostics 71
To have the program set these automatically, connect to the modem (Modem
menu – Connect to Modem), then select the desired retrieve button. The
program will then disconnect from the modem and set the serial port settings to
match the modem.
This button is used to retrieve the diagnostics data from the TS4000 that the PC
is physically connected to. This function does not require the remote diagnostics
firmware upgrade option.
These defines the address of the TS4000 that will be queried over the air. They
can also be used to choose the address to be removed from the diagnostics list.
This button retrieves the remote diagnostics data from the TS4000 indicated by
the address controls.
This button retrieves the remote diagnostics from all TS4000s in the diagnostics
list.
This is the maximum time that the program will wait for a diagnostics response.
When this is enabled, the type of diagnostics selected (Local, Retrieve One or
Retrieve All) will be polled repeatedly until it is stopped. The time between polls
is set with the Repeat Time control.
This will clear the Successes/Attempts field of the diagnostics list. All other fields
will be unaffected.
Field Description
Group Address Group address of the modem.
Individual Address Individual address of the modem.
An A or B after the address indicates that the modem is
part of a redundancy switch and which modem it is.
Path This field indicates the path of the diagnostics data.
Local: The data is from the modem physically connected to
the PC
Direct: The data was received over the air without being
repeated by a store and forward repeater.
Repeater: The data was received over the air through a
store and forward repeater. The address of the
repeater is also shown.
The data may come though multiple repeaters and
the list will show the last five repeaters with the most
recent repeater listed first. The path field can be
expanded to show additional repeater addresses.
RSSI Inbound The RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indication) value of the
incoming response packet measured at the local modem.
For a local path, this field indicates the RSSI of the last
received packet.
The units are –dBms (negative dBms) and therefore a
lower value indicates a larger received signal.
Retrieve Local Diagnostics
Address
Retrieve Remote
Diagnostics from One Unit
Retrieve Remote
Diagnostics from All Units
in List
Maximum Response Time
Continuous Polling
Clear Successes/Attempts
Diagnostics List
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Remote Diagnostics 72
Field Description
RSSI Outbound The RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indication) value of the
outgoing request packet measured at the remote modem.
The units are –dBms (negative dBms) and therefore a
lower value indicates a larger received signal.
RSSI Repeater The RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indication) value of the
returning response packet measured at the first repeater
that repeats the packet (see Path, above, for information on
the repeater list).
The units are –dBms (negative dBms) and therefore a
lower value indicates a larger received signal.
Input Voltage The input voltage of the modem.
This voltage is measured after a series diode and therefore
is typically about 0.3 volts under the voltage at the power
leads.
Radio Voltage The regulated radio voltage of the modem.
Temp The internal temperature of the modem.
Tx Power Forward The forward (outgoing) transmit power of the modem.
This field is not available on all TS4000 models.
Tx Power
Reflected The transmit power reflected back into the modem.
This field is not available on all TS4000 models.
Successes/
Attempts The number of successfully received diagnostics packets
and the number of attempts.
Response Time The over the air response time of the last successful
attempt.
The accuracy of this number may depend on the operating
system and processor loading of the PC.
Last Attempt The status of the last attempt.
The remote diagnostics function can be used by the user’s host equipment using
the appropriate request and response strings. Details on these can be found in
Appendix E.
Remote Diagnostics
Request and
Response Strings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Upgrading Firmware 73
Upgrading Firmware
The TS4000 comes with flash program memory that allows the firmware to be
easily upgraded in the field. Firmware is upgraded with the upgrade program
which is included as part of the TS4000 configuration program.
1) Attach the TS4000 to a PC serial port.
2) Start the upgrade program by pressing the Upgrade Firmware button on the
main screen of the configuration program.
3) Select the firmware version or firmware option to upgrade to.
a) If the desired firmware version does not show up, us the Find File button
(or menu) to manually search for the necessary file.
4) Press the Connect to Modem button to connect the upgrade program to the
TS4000.
5) Press the Upgrade button and wait for the upgrade to complete.
Upgrading
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Licensing 74
Licensing
To be operated legally, radio equipment requires two types of licensing - a
manufacturer’s certification that the manufacturer obtains and a users license
that the user must obtain.
In most cases, the user of the TS4000 is required to obtain an operating license.
This is the case for most frequency ranges in most areas of the world. Licensing
is done so that the government can coordinate radio users in order to minimize
interference. There are a handful of unlicensed frequency in the VHF band that
are available for use in the United States (see Unlicensed Operation below).
It is the user’s responsibility to obtain the necessary licenses prior to
transmitting over the air with the TS4000. The user is also responsible for
proper setup, operation, and maintenance of the TS4000 so that it complies with
the limits specified by the license.
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Teledesign Systems
Inc. could void the user’s authority to operate this equipment.
Shielded cable must be used with this equipment in order to ensure that it meets
the emissions limits for which it was designed. It is the responsibility of the user
to obtain and use good quality shielded interface cables with this device.
Shielded interface cables are available from most retail and commercial suppliers
of interface cables designed to work with personal computer peripherals.
The TS4000 is licensed under the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Part 90 rules. The FCC regulates the operation and licensing of radio equipment
in the US. To obtain a license to operate radio equipment a user must fill out the
appropriate FCC forms and pay an application fee.
Many FCC licenses also require that the user obtain frequency coordination from
the appropriate organization. The coordination organizations handle the up front
work of qualifying applications and allocating channels. The appropriate
coordination organization depends on the type of license (voice, data, paging,
etc.), type of user (business, government, etc.) and the frequencies
To help with the licensing process, there are companies who, for a fee, will fill out
and file the paperwork necessary to obtain a license.
Atlas License Company
800-252-0529
www.alcds.com
Professional Licensing Consultants
972-248-2400
www.fcc-licensing.com
DCI/LAO (Licensing Assistance Office)
800-866-4222
www.dci-lao.com
Radio Licensing Services
800-304-8821
www.radiolicensing.com
User’s License
USA (FCC)
Licensing Service
Companies
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Licensing 75
FCC – Federal Communications Commission
888-225-5322
www.fcc.gov
PCIA (Coordination agency for most business licenses)
800-759-0300
www.pcia.com
Countries other than the USA have different rules for operating radio equipment.
The user should work with the appropriate government agency to obtain the
necessary licenses and to make sure that the TS4000 meets the licensing
requirements.
To sell most radio equipment, the manufacturer must obtain a certification that
guarantees that their equipment meets the necessary regulations for operation.
The regulations vary based on the country and frequency of operation.
The TS4000 has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B
digital device, pursuant to Part15 of the FCC rules (Code of Federal Regulations
47CFR Part 15). Operation is subject to the condition that this device does not
cause harmful interference.
The TS4000 has been type accepted for operation by the FCC in accordance
with Part 90 of the FCC rules (47CFR Part 90). See the label on the unit for the
specific FCC ID and any other certification designations.
This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian
Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.
The TS4000 has been certified for operation by Industry Canada in accordance
with RSS-119 and RSS-210 of the Industry Canada rules. See the label on the
unit for the specific Industry Canada certification number and any other
certification designations.
Many countries allow radio equipment that meets the FCC rules to be operated.
However, some countries have their own rules which radio manufactures must
comply with. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that the TS4000 meets the
required regulations.
Other Contacts
International
Manufacturer’s
Certification
USA (FCC) Part 15
Part 90
Industry Canada
ICES-003
RSS-119
International
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Service and Support 76
Service and Support
We at Teledesign Systems are committed to providing excellent service and
support to our customers. Our goal is to make using our products as easy and
painless as possible. To accomplish this Teledesign provides free technical
support for all our products during all phases of sales, installation, and use.
Service and technical support can be reached during our normal business hours
of 8 AM to 5 PM (Pacific Standard Time) Monday through Friday. Teledesign
Systems can be reached at the following phone numbers.
(800) 663-3674 or (800) MODEMS-4 (USA & Canada)
(408) 941-1808
(408) 941-1818 (Fax)
In addition we have a web site which contains our latest product information and
downloads:
www.teledesignsystems.com
We can be reached by email at:
techsupport@teledesignsystems.com
productsales@teledesignsystems.com
We can be reached by mail at:
Teledesign Systems Inc.
1729 South Main Street
Milpitas, CA 95035
USA
Before returning equipment to Teledesign, please call for an RMA number and
shipping information. This allows us to plan for your shipment in order to provide
the best possible service. When returning equipment, please include a note
indicating the symptoms of the failure and any other pertinent information.
Contacting
Teledesign
Returning
Equipment
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Warranty 77
Warranty
Teledesign Systems Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in
materials and workmanship for a period of two (2) years from the date of
shipment. During the warranty period, Teledesign Systems Inc. will, at its option,
either repair of replace products that prove to be defective.
This warranty shall not apply to any defect, failure or damage caused by misuse,
abuse, improper application, alteration, accident, disaster, negligence, use
outside of the environmental specifications, improper or inadequate
maintenance, or incorrect repair or servicing not performed or authorized by
Teledesign Systems Inc.
TELEDESIGN SYSTEMS INC. SHALL IN NO EVENT HAVE OBLIGATIONS OR
LIABILITIES TO BUYER OR ANY OTHER PERSON FOR LOSS OF PROFITS,
LOSS OF USE OR INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE),
STRICT LIABILITY, OR ANY OTHER THEORY OR FORM OF ACTION, EVEN
IF TELEDESIGN SYSTEMS INC. HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
THEREOF, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE,
DELIVERY, USE, REPAIR, OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS PRODUCT
(INCLUDING EQUIPMENT, DOCUMENTATION AND SOFTWARE). IN NO
EVENT SHALL THE LIABILITY OF TELEDESIGN SYSTEMS INC. ARISING IN
CONNECTION WITH ANY PRODUCT EXCEED THE ACTUAL AMOUNT PAID
FOR SUCH PRODUCT.
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, WRITTEN OR
ORAL, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Two Year Warranty
Exclusions
Limitations
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix A - Serial Ports 78
Appendix A - Serial Ports
Connector
The standard case uses a DE-9 subminiature 9 pin D connector with female pins
for each serial port.
Pin Signal Direction Notes
1 Data Carrier Detect (DCD) Output
2 Receive Data (RD) Output
3 Transmit Data (TD) Input
4 Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
Alt) Modem Power
Input
Input
[1] [2]
5 Signal Ground (SG) --
6 Data Set Ready (DSR)
Alt) Always in high state
Output
Output
[1] [3]
7 Request to Send (RTS) Input
8 Clear to Send (CTS) Output
9 Not Connected
Alt) Data Set Ready (DSR)
Alt) Modem Power
--
Output
Input
[1] [4]
Pin Signal Direction Notes
1 Data Carrier Detect (DCD) Output
2 Receive Data (RD) Output
3 Transmit Data (TD) Input
4 Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Input
5 Signal Ground (SG) --
6 Data Set Ready (DSR)
Alt) Always in high state
Output
Output
[1] [3]
7 Request to Send (RTS) Input
8 Clear to Send (CTS) Output
9 Not Connected
Alt) Data Set Ready (DSR)
Alt) Modem Power
--
Output
Input
[1] [4]
Connector
The watertight case uses a single 19 pin LEMO HCG.2B.319 connector with
female pins. The recommended mating plug for this connector is a LEMO
FGG.2B.319 series cable mounted connector.
Pin Port Signal Direction Notes
1 2 Signal Ground (SG) --
2 2 Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Input
3 2 Transmit Data (TD) Input
4 2 Receive Data (RD) Output
5 2 Data Carrier Detect (DCD) Output
6 1 Signal Ground (SG) --
7 1 Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Input [5]
8 1 Transmit Data (TD) Input
Standard Case
Serial Port 1 Pinout
Serial Port 2 Pinout
Watertight Case
Pinout
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix A - Serial Ports 79
Pin Port Signal Direction Notes
9 1 Receive Data (RD) Output
10 1 Data Carrier Detect (DCD) Output
11 -- Ground (Power) --
12 -- Modem Power Input
13 2 Clear To Send (CTS) Output
14 2 Request To Send (RTS) Input
15 2 Data Set Ready (DSR)
Alt) Always in high state
Output
Output
[1] [3]
16 1 Not Connected
Alt) Data Set Ready (DSR)
--
Output
[1] [4]
[5]
17 1 Request To Send (RTS) Input
18 1 Data Set Ready (DSR)
Alt) Always in high state
Output
Output
[1] [3]
19 1 Clear To Send (CTS) Output
Data
Port 2
19
12
11
13
67
8
516
415 9
17
1018
314
2
1
Power (+)
Ground (-)
Ground
Ground
DTR-2
RTS-1 RD-1
DCD-1
DSR-1
CTS-2
RD-2
TD-2 RTS-2
DSR-2
RI-1
TD-1
CTS-1
DCD-2
DTR-1
TS4000 LEMO Connector
(viewed from front of TS4000)
Data
Port 1
Modem
Power
[1] These pins have multiple internal signals that they can be connected to. The
connection options are selected with internal jumper plugs (see Appendix F -
Internal Jumper Block).
[2] This pin is normally setup as the serial port Data Terminal Ready (DTR) line,
which is an input for DCEs (input to the TS4000). As an alternative, this pin
can be setup to feed DC power into the TS4000.
Caution: The use of the DTR pin for a DC power input connection is
non-standard. Therefore the TS4000 serial port must not be connected
to a standard serial device that drives the DTR pin (i.e. a PC). This could
result in the power supply voltage of the TS4000 being shorted to the DTR
output of the host serial port, which could damage to the host device.
Therefore, when connecting the TS4000 to a PC for configuration, make sure
that the cable does not have a DTR (pin 4) connection.
[3] This pin is normally setup as the serial port Data Set Ready (DSR) line,
which is an output for DCEs (output of the TS4000). As an alternative, this
Notes
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix A - Serial Ports 80
pin can be set to always be in the active high state. In this case the pin is
internally connected to +5 volts through a 1 KΩ resistor.
[4] For standard RS-232 ports this pin is the Ring Indicator (RI) line, which is an
output for DCEs (the TS4000). However, the TS4000 does not have an RI
line internally. Instead, this pin can be connected to the serial port Data Set
Ready (DSR) line which is an output for DCEs (output of the TS4000), or this
pin can be setup to provide DC power into the TS4000.
The use of this pin as a power pin is non-standard and therefore care should
be taken when connecting the TS4000 to standard serial devices. For most
serial ports this is not a problem because RI is a modem (DCE) output and
the TS4000 power supply mostly falls within the allowed voltage range for
RS-232 signals. Therefore the power voltage on this pin is interpreted as an
active RI signal. For systems that use the RI signal differently, or that cannot
operate with power on this pin, this pin should be disconnected between the
TS4000 and the host equipment.
[5] For the watertight version of the TS4000, the alternate jumper block option to
supply power to the modem via this pin should not be used due to the
amperage limitation of the flex circuit connecting the LEMO connector to the
modem board.
Signal Connector Pinout Direction
Signal Name Mnemonic 9 Pin 25 Pin DCE DTE
Signal Ground SG 5 1, 7 -- --
Transmit Data TD 3 2 Input Output
Receive Data RD 2 3 Output Input
Request to Send RTS 7 4 Input Output
Clear to Send CTS 8 5 Output Input
Data Carrier Detect DCD 1 8 Output Input
Ring Indicator RI 9 22 Output Input
Data Set Ready DSR 6 6 Output Input
Data Terminal Ready DTR 4 20 Input Output
Signal Description
Request to Send (RTS) Request for transmission from the DTE.
Clear to Send (CTS) Response (to the Request to Send) from the DCE
indicating a readiness to transmit data.
Data Carrier Detect (DCD) Status from the DCE indicating that it is receiving.
Ring Indicator (RI) Status from the DCE indicating that it has
detected the ring state.
Data Set Ready (DSR) Status from the DCE indicating that it is
operational.
Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Status from the DTE indicating that it is
operational.
Standard RS-232
Serial Port Pinout
Standard Usage of
the RS-232 Control
Signals
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix A - Serial Ports 81
Serial port 1 can be configured for either RS-232 or TTL signal levels. The signal
level selection is controlled with internal jumper plugs (see Appendix F - Internal
Jumper Block).
The RS-232 standard defines minimum and maximum voltage levels for the
drivers and receivers. However, in practice the drivers and receivers work
correctly with signal levels that are different from the specification.
Level (volts DC)
Type Low High
Drivers (into a 3k to 7k ohm load)
RS-232 Specification
Actual TS4000 Drive Levels
-15 to -5
-9 to -6
+5 to +15
+6 to +9
Receivers (with 3k to 7k ohm load)
RS-232 Specification
Actual TS4000 Receive Levels
-25 to -3
-25 to +0.8
+3 to +25
+2.4 to +25
Level (volts DC)
Type Low High
Output (Driver) 0.0 to +0.4
(sinking up to 4 mA) +3.0 to +5.0
(sourcing up to 4 mA)
Input (Receiver) -25 to +0.8 +2.4 to +25
(3k to 7k ohm load)
The signal polarity is the same for both RS-232 and TTL operation.
Level State
Voltage Low Mark
Control signal inactive
Stop bit state (end of async character)
Logic one data bit state (within async character)
Voltage High Space
Control signal active
Start bit state (beginning of async character)
Logic zero data bit state (within async character)
Signal Levels
RS-232 Signal Levels
TTL Signal Levels
Signal Polarity
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix B - ASCII Character Set 82
Appendix B – ASCII Character Set
Control Value
Char Char Dec Hex
Ctrl-@ NUL 0 00
Ctrl-A SOH 1 01
Ctrl-B STX 2 02
Ctrl-C ETX 3 03
Ctrl-D EOT 4 04
Ctrl-E ENQ 5 05
Ctrl-F ACK 6 06
Ctrl-G BEL 7 07
Ctrl-H BS 8 08
Ctrl-I HT 9 09
Ctrl-J LF 10 0A
Ctrl-K VT 11 0B
Ctrl-L FF 12 0C
Ctrl-M CR 13 0D
Ctrl-N SO 14 0E
Ctrl-O SI 15 0F
Ctrl-P DLE 16 10
Ctrl-Q DC1 17 11
Ctrl-R DC2 18 12
Ctrl-S DC3 19 13
Ctrl-T DC4 20 14
Ctrl-U NAK 21 15
Ctrl-V SYN 22 16
Ctrl-W ETB 23 17
Ctrl-X CAN 24 18
Ctrl-Y EM 25 19
Ctrl-Z SUB 26 1A
Ctrl-[ ESC 27 1B
Ctrl-\ FS 28 1C
Ctrl-] GS 29 1D
Ctrl-^ RS 30 1E
Ctrl-_ US 31 1F
Value
Char Dec Hex
SP 32 20
! 33 21
“ 34 22
# 35 23
$ 36 24
% 37 25
& 38 26
‘ 39 27
( 40 28
) 41 29
* 42 2A
+ 43 2B
, 44 2C
- 45 2D
. 46 2E
/ 47 2F
0 48 30
1 49 31
2 50 32
3 51 33
4 52 34
5 53 35
6 54 36
7 55 37
8 56 38
9 57 39
: 58 3A
; 59 3B
< 60 3C
= 61 3D
> 62 3E
? 63 3F
Value
Char Dec Hex
@ 64 40
A 65 41
B 66 42
C 67 43
D 68 44
E 69 45
F 70 46
G 71 47
H 72 48
I 73 49
J 74 4A
K 75 4B
L 76 4C
M 77 4D
N 78 4E
O 79 4F
P 80 50
Q 81 51
R 82 52
S 83 53
T 84 54
U 85 55
V 86 56
W 87 57
X 88 58
Y 89 59
Z 90 5A
[ 91 5B
\ 92 5C
] 93 5D
^ 94 5E
_ 95 5F
Value
Char Dec Hex
‘ 96 60
a 97 61
b 98 62
c 99 63
d 100 64
e 101 65
f 102 66
g 103 67
h 104 68
i 105 69
j 106 6A
k 107 6B
l 108 6C
m 109 6D
n 110 6E
o 111 6F
p 112 70
q 113 71
r 114 72
s 115 73
t 116 74
u 117 75
v 118 76
w 119 77
x 120 78
y 121 79
z 122 7A
{ 123 7B
| 124 7C
} 125 7D
~ 126 7E
DEL 127 7F
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix E – Control and Status Strings 83
Appendix C – Control and Status Strings
All characters are ASCII and all numbers are formatted as ASCII digits and sent
most significant digit first.
Control String Description
+TSZ Reset the modem.
Status String Description
+TSRxxx Receive RSSI preamble. This function must be enabled
(see Serial Port section).
xxx = receive signal level in –dBms
(i.e. +TSR087 = a –87dBm signal level)
Note that because the value is in –dBms (negative dBms) a
larger signal is represented with a smaller 3 digit number.
Control String Description
+TSCxx Change channel
xx = channel number from 01 to 99
+TSC? Channel query string.
Response:
1) +TSCxx - for single channel systems
xx = channel number from 01 to 99
2) +TSCCS - for systems configured for clear channel
scan
Control String Description
+TSWxxx Change transmit power
xxx = transmit power in 0.1 watt (i.e. 050 = 5.0 watts)
+TSMSFx Change the store and forward repeater operation.
Options:
1) +TSMSFA - repeat all packets
2) +TSMSFN - repeat no packets
3) +TSMSFS:gg,aaa-bbb:gg,aaa-bbb:gg,aaa-bbb!
- repeat some packets as indicated by the list.
address list:
:gg,aaa-bbb - this represents a line item in the
packet address list.
gg - indicates the group address
aaa - indicates the starting individual address
bbb - indicates the ending individual address
examples:
:03,006-123 - the modem will repeat packets will
repeat packets with a source or
destination address in group 3 from
6 to 123.
:00,000-000 - the modem will repeat all network
General Strings
General Control Strings
Message Status Strings
Frequency Control
Strings
Modem Configuration
Strings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix E – Control and Status Strings 84
Control String Description
broadcast packets regardless of
their source address.
:05,000-000 - the modem will repeat all group
broadcast packets going to group 5
regardless of their source address.
There can be a maximum of 20 addresses in the list.
4) +TSMSF? - query the store and forward setting
Response:
i) +TSRSFA - modem configured to store and forward
all packets
ii) +TSRSFN - modem configured to store and forward
no packets
iii) +TSRSFS - modem configured to store and forward
some packets. The list of addresses
has the same format as the set list
above.
iv) +TSRSFX - invalid setting or the modem is
configured for packet type store and
forward filtering.
+TSMPP Program the configuration parameters into non-volatile
memory.
This process may take as long as 1 second. During this
time, the modem will be unavailable for normal operation.
All numbers are formatted as ASCII digits and sent most significant digit first.
iii - Represents a three digit individual address.
gg - Represents a two digit group address.
nn - Represents a two digit packet number.
Control String Description
+TSI Set for individual transfer.
+TSIAiii Set for individual transfer with address change. The three
address characters change the individual destination
address.
+TSICggiii Set for individual transfer with complete address change.
The first two characters are for the group address and the
remaining three are for the individual destination address.
+TSN Set for individual without acknowledgment transfer.
+TSNAiii Set for individual without acknowledgment transfer with
address change. The three address characters change the
individual destination address.
+TSNCggiii Set for individual without acknowledgment transfer with
complete address change. The first two characters are for
the group address and the remaining three are for the
individual destination address.
+TSG Set for group broadcast transfer.
+TSGAgg Set for group broadcast transfer with address change. The
two address characters change the group destination
address.
Packet Strings
Packet Control Strings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix E – Control and Status Strings 85
Control String Description
+TSB Set for a network broadcast transfer (to all modems).
+TSFAggiii Change the modem destination address. The first two
address characters are for the group address and the
remaining three are for the individual address. The type of
transfer remains unchanged.
This command will change the destination address of the
serial port that the command is sent to. If serial port 2 is
not enabled for data, then the command will always change
the serial port 1 destination address regardless of which
port it is sent to.
+TSFA? Query the modem destination address.
Response: +TSFAggiii
+TSSnn Set the packet number of the next packet transmitted.
Packet numbers are used in status strings to indicate the
success or failure of the transmission of a particular
transmit packet.
The packet number is set to 0 when the modem is reset.
+TSLAggiii Change the modem source address. The first two address
characters are for the group address and the remaining
three are for the individual address.
This command will change the source address of the serial
port that the command is sent to. If serial port 2 is not
enabled for data, then the command will always change the
serial port 1 source address regardless of which port it is
sent to.
+TSLA? Query the modem source address.
Response: +TSLAggiii
Status String Description
+TSIAggiii Received an individual packet from this address. The first
two address characters represent the group address and
the next three the individual address.
+TSNAggiii Received an individual without acknowledgment packet
from this address. The first two address characters
represent the group address and the next three the
individual address.
+TSGAggiii Received a group broadcast packet from this address. The
first two address characters represent the group address
and the next three the individual address.
+TSBAggiii Received a network broadcast packet from this address.
The first two address characters represent the group
address and the next three the individual address.
+TSSFnn Indicates that the transfer of this packet number was not
successful. This status string is returned after the last retry
of this packet has timed out. This does not apply to any
type of broadcast packet or individual without
acknowledgment packets.
+TSSPnn Indicates that the transfer of this packet number was
successful. This does not apply to any type of broadcast
packet or individual without acknowledgment packets.
Packet Status Strings
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix E – Control and Status Strings 86
Control String Description
+TSDL Request diagnostics from the local modem.
+TSDAggiii Request remote diagnostics from the modem with address
ggiii.
gg = Group address as ASCII characters
iii = Individual address as ASCII character
The local diagnostics response is a total of 45 bytes with the following fields.
Structure Field Description
Header +TSDL
This is a five character string in ASCII format.
Local Address A five character string of numbers (most significant digit
first) in ASCII format that indicates the address of the local
modem.
The first two characters indicate the group address.
The last three characters indicate the individual address.
Diagnostic Version A single binary character indicating the version of this
structure.
Reserved One byte – reserved for future use
Local RSSI A one byte binary number indicting the RSSI (Rx Signal
Strength Indication) of the last message received.
In units of –dBms (negative dBms)(i.e. a 87 = -87dBm).
A lower number indicates a stronger receive signal.
Repeater RSSI A one byte field that is unused for local diagnostics.
Remote RSSI A one byte field that is unused for local diagnostics.
Input Voltage A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the input
voltage in 0.01 volt increments (i.e. 2432 = 24.32 volts).
Note that this voltage is measured after a series diode and
therefore is typically about 0.3 volts under the voltage at the
power leads.
Radio Voltage A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
regulated radio voltage in 0.01 volt increments (i.e. 2432 =
24.32 volts).
Temperature A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
internal temperature in degrees Celsius
RF Forward Power A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
forward (outgoing) transmit power in 0.1 watt increments
(i.e. 34 = 3.4 watts).
This field is not available on all TS4000 models.
A value of -1 (0xFFFF) indicates that this is not available
from the TS4000.
A value of -32768 (0x8000) indicates that there has not
been a transmission since the last reset and therefore
no measurement has been taken.
RF Reflected A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
Diagnostics Strings
Diagnostics Request
Strings
Local Diagnostics
Response Structure
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix E – Control and Status Strings 87
Structure Field Description
Power reflected (incoming) transmit power in 0.1 watt increments
(i.e. 34 = 3.4 watts).
This field is not available on all TS4000 models.
A value of -1 (0xFFFF) indicates that this is not available
from the TS4000.
A value of -32768 (0x8000) indicates that there has not
been a transmission since the last reset and therefore
no measurement has been taken.
Redundancy A one byte field indicating if the TS4000 is part of a
redundancy switch setup.
0 = Not in a redundancy switch
1 = The TS4000 is the A modem in a redundancy switch
2 = The TS4000 is the B modem in a redundancy switch
Unused A nine byte field that is not currently used.
Store and Forward
Repeater List A ten byte field that is unused for local diagnostics.
The remote diagnostics response is a total of 45 bytes with the following fields.
Structure Field Description
Header +TSDA
This is a five character string in ASCII format.
Local Address A five character string of numbers (most significant digit
first) in ASCII format that indicates the address of the
remote modem.
The first two characters indicate the group address.
The last three characters indicate the individual address.
Diagnostic Version A single binary character indicating the version of this
structure.
Reserved One byte – reserved for future use.
Local RSSI A one byte binary number indicting the RSSI (Rx Signal
Strength Indication) of the last message received.
In units of –dBms (negative dBms)(i.e. a 87 = -87dBm).
A lower number indicates a stronger receive signal.
Repeater RSSI A one byte binary number indicting the RSSI (Rx Signal
Strength Indication) of the returning request message at the
first repeater that hears it.
In units of –dBms (negative dBms)(i.e. a 87 = -87dBm).
A lower number indicates a stronger receive signal.
Remote RSSI A one byte binary number indicting the RSSI (Rx Signal
Strength Indication) of the transmitted (outgoing) request
message at the responding unit.
In units of –dBms (negative dBms)(i.e. a 87 = -87dBm).
A lower number indicates a stronger receive signal.
Input Voltage A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the input
voltage in 0.01 volt increments (i.e. 2432 = 24.32 volts).
Note that this voltage is measured after a series diode and
therefore is typically about 0.3 volts under the voltage at the
Remote Diagnostics
Response Structure
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix E – Control and Status Strings 88
Structure Field Description
power leads.
Radio Voltage A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
regulated radio voltage in 0.01 volt increments (i.e. 2432 =
24.32 volts).
Temperature A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
internal temperature in degrees Celsius
RF Forward Power A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
forward (outgoing) transmit power in 0.1 watt increments
(i.e. 34 = 3.4 watts).
This field is not available on all TS4000 models.
A value of -1 (0xFFFF) indicates that this is not available
from the TS4000.
A value of -32768 (0x8000) indicates that there has not
been a transmission since the last reset and therefore
no measurement has been taken.
RF Reflected
Power A two byte (high byte first) binary number indicting the
reflected (incoming) transmit power in 0.1 watt increments
(i.e. 34 = 3.4 watts).
This field is not available on all TS4000 models.
A value of -1 (0xFFFF) indicates that this is not available
from the TS4000.
A value of -32768 (0x8000) indicates that there has not
been a transmission since the last reset and therefore
no measurement has been taken.
Redundancy A one byte field indicating if the TS4000 is part of a
redundancy switch setup.
0 = Not in a redundancy switch
1 = The TS4000 is the A modem in a redundancy switch
2 = The TS4000 is the B modem in a redundancy switch
Unused A nine byte field that is not currently used.
Store and Forward
Repeater List A ten byte field that indicates the addresses of the last 5
store and forward repeaters that the response message
was repeated by.
Each repeater address is a two byte field (high byte first)
with the 6 most significant bits indicating the group address
(a value from 1 to 60) and the 10 least significant bits
indicating the individual address (a value from 1 to 999).
The address of the most recent store and forward repeater
that the response packet was repeated by is at the end of
the list.
If the packet was not repeated by any store and forward
repeaters then the entire field will be zeros. If the packet
was repeated by one store and forward then the last two
bytes of this field will indicate the address of the repeater
and the remaining 8 bytes will be zeros.
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix F – Internal Jumper Block 89
Appendix D – Internal Jumper Block
The TS4000’s jumper block lies between the radio flex circuit connector and
serial port connector on the top side of the modem circuit board. With the radio
flex circuit connector on the right side of the jumper block, the jumper block will
be oriented as shown below with pin 1 located at the bottom right corner. Unless
otherwise specified by the customer, the TS4000 is shipped from the factory with
eleven jumpers installed as shown below.
Port 1 DTR RS232/TTL signal
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
25
27
29
17
19
21
23
31
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
26
28
30
18
20
22
24
32 CPU I/O
Port 2 DSR 1k pullup
Port 2 DSR pin
Port 2 RI pinPort 2 RI pin
DC power
DC powerDC power
DC power
Port 2 DSR RS232 signal
Port 1 DSR TTL signal
Port 1 RI pin
Port 1 DTR pinPort 1 DTR pin
Port 1 RI pin
Port 1 DSR RS232 signal
Port 1 CTS TTL signal
Port 1 RD TTL signal
Port 1 DSR RS232 signal
Port 1 DSR pin
Port 1 DSR 1k pullup
Port 1 DCD TTL signal
Port 1 CTS RS232 signal
Port 1 CTS pin
Port 1 RD pin
Port 1 RD RS232 signal
Port 1 DSR TTL signal
Port 1 DCD RS232 signal
Port 1 DCD pin
Ground
(spare)
TS4000 Jumper Block
Default Factory Settings
Caution: This procedure should be performed on an Electro-Static
Discharge (ESD) safe work surface to insure that the internal circuitry of
the TS4000 radio modem is not damaged.
Remove the four 4-40 x 3/8” hex socket head screws on the outside corners
of the TS4000’s front face plate.
Place the small flat blade screw driver between the front face plate and the
case on the bottom of the radio modem near the serial port 1 connector.
Gently pry the front face plate away from the edge of the case until the front
face plate and radio modem subassembly releases from the thermal pad at
the rear of the case.
Slide the radio modem subassembly completely out of the case.
Remove the two 3/16” hex jack screws holding the serial port 2 connector to
the front face plate.
Using the small flat blade screw driver, gently rock the 50 pin flex circuit
connector out of the connector on the modem circuit board. Rock the
connector by placing the small flat blade screw driver under the brown end
tabs of the connector and against the silver brackets on the sides of the
modem circuit board. Apply pressure to gently lift up each end of the flex
connector, alternating sides until the flex connector pops free of the TS4000
Factory Default
Jumper Settings
Instructions for
Accessing the
Jumpers
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix F – Internal Jumper Block 90
board. Do not pull on the flex circuit to remove the flex connector from
TS4000 because this will damage the flex circuit.
Lift the body of the serial port 2 connector up and on top of the radio module
circuit board to move the flex circuit away from the jumper block. With the
radio flex connector on the right side of the jumper block, the jumper block
will be oriented as shown above with pin 1 located at the bottom right corner.
To enable power on pin 9 (RI - Ring Indicator) of serial port 1, locate the jumpers
across pins 17 and 18, and pins 19 and 20. Remove these two jumpers using
the small needle-nose pliers or tweezers and reinstall the jumpers across pins 17
and 19, and pins 18 and 20, as shown below.
Port 1 - Pin 9
RI Signal
Jumpers
Open
(default) Modem
Power
19
17
20
18
19
17
20
18
To enable power on pin 4 (DTR – Data Terminal Ready) of serial port 1, locate
the jumpers across pins 13 and 15, and pins 17 and 18. Remove these two
jumpers using the small needle-nose pliers or tweezers and reinstall the jumpers
across pins 15 and 17, and pins 16 and 18, as shown below.
Caution: The use of the DTR pin for a DC power input connection is non-
standard. Therefore the TS4000 serial port must not be connected to a
standard serial host device that drives the DTR pin (i.e. a PC). This could
result in the power supply voltage of the TS4000 being shorted to the DTR output
of the host serial port, which could damage the host device. Therefore, when
connecting the TS4000 to a PC for configuration, make sure that the cable does
not have the DTR (pin 4) line connected.
Port 1 - Pin 4
DTR Signal
Jumpers
Port 1
DTR
RS-232/
TTL
Signal
Modem
Power
15
13
16
18 17
15
13
16
18 17
Jumper Settings for
Power on Serial Port 1
- Pin 9
Jumper Settings for
Power on Serial Port 1
- Pin 4
TS4000 Radio Modem User’s Manual Appendix F – Internal Jumper Block 91
To enable power on pin 9 (RI - Ring Indicator) of serial port 2, locate the jumpers
across pins 23 and 24, and pins 25 and 26. Remove these two jumpers using
the small needle-nose pliers or tweezers and reinstall the jumpers across pins 23
and 25, and pins 24 and 26, as shown below.
Port 2 - Pin 9
RI Signal
Jumpers
Open
(default) Modem
Power
25
23
26
24
25
23
26
24
To enable TTL levels for serial port 1 move the following jumpers as shown
below.
Move the jumper across pins 2 and 4 to pins 1 and 2.
Move the jumper across pins 5 and 7 to pins 5 and 6.
Move the jumper across pins 8 and 10 to pins 9 and 10.
Move the jumper across pins 12 and 14 to pins 11 and 12.
Port 1 DTR RS232/TTL signal
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
25
27
29
17
19
21
23
31
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
26
28
30
18
20
22
24
32 CPU I/O
Port 2 DSR 1k pullup
Port 2 DSR pin
Port 2 RI pinPort 2 RI pin
DC power
DC powerDC power
DC power
Port 2 DSR RS232 signal
Port 1 DSR TTL signal
Port 1 RI pin
Port 1 DTR pinPort 1 DTR pin
Port 1 RI pin
Port 1 DSR RS232 signal
Port 1 CTS TTL signal
Port 1 RD TTL signal
Port 1 DSR RS232 signal
Port 1 DSR pin
Port 1 DSR 1k pullup
Port 1 DCD TTL signal
Port 1 CTS RS232 signal
Port 1 CTS pin
Port 1 RD pin
Port 1 RD RS232 signal
Port 1 DSR TTL signal
Port 1 DCD RS232 signal
Port 1 DCD pin
Ground
(spare)
TS4000 Jumper Block
Serial Port 1 TTL Level Settings
Jumper Settings for
Power on Serial Port 2
- Pin 9
Jumper Settings for
TTL Levels on Serial
Port 1