Wuxi MitraStar Technology DSL100HNUT1V3 802.11n 2x2 Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway User Manual DSL 100HNU T1 v3 User s Guide

Wuxi MitraStar Technology Co.Ltd 802.11n 2x2 Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway DSL 100HNU T1 v3 User s Guide

14C0351R-User Manual-2014-12-24

Copyright © 2014 MitraStar Technology Corp. Firmware Version 1.14Edition 1, 12/2014Default Login Detailshttp://192.168.1.1User Name: adminPassword: 1234DSL-100HNU-T1 v3802.11n 2x2 Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port GatewayUser’s Guide
IMPORTANT!READ CAREFULLY BEFORE USE.KEEP THIS GUIDE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.Graphics in this book may differ slightly from the product due to differences in operating systems, operating system versions, or if you installed updated firmware/software for your device. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate.Related Documentation•Quick Start Guide The Quick Start Guide shows how to connect the Device and get up and running right away.
Contents 3Contents9 Chapter 1: Introduction9Overview9 Ways to Manage the Device9 Good Habits for Managing the Device10 Applications for the Device10 Internet Access11 Wireless Access11 Using the WLAN/WPS Button12 The RESET Button12 Using the Reset Button12 LEDs (Lights)15 Chapter 2: Introducing the Web Configurator15 Overview15 Accessing the Web Configurator17 The Web Configurator Layout17 Title Bar18 Main Window19 Chapter 3: Quick Start19 Overview19 Quick Start Setup22 Chapter 4: Connection Status and System Info22 Overview22 The Connection Status Screen24 The System Info Screen28 Chapter 5: WAN Setup28 Overview29 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens29 What You Need to Know About WAN31 Before You Begin32 The Internet Connection Screen36 Advanced Internet Connection38 The More Connections Screen39 More Connections Edit
Contents 443 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup44 The 3G Backup Screen47 WAN Technical Reference47 Encapsulation48 Multiplexing48 VPI and VCI48 IP Address Assignment50 Chapter 6: Wireless50 Overview50 What You Can Do in this Chapter50 Wireless Network Overview52 Before You Begin52 Wireless General Screen 54 No Security55 Basic (Static WEP/Shared WEP Encryption)56 More Secure (WPA2-PSK)57 WPA2 Authentication59 More AP Screen60 Edit More AP61 MAC Authentication Screen63 The WPS Screen65 The WDS Screen67 The WMM Screen68 Scheduling Screen 69 Add or Edit Schedule69 Advanced Screen71 Technical Reference71 Additional Wireless Terms72 Wireless Security Overview74 Signal Problems74 BSS75 MBSSID76 Wireless Distribution System (WDS)77 Chapter 7: Home Networking77 Overview77 What You Can Do in this Chapter77 What You Need To Know80 The LAN Setup Screen82 The Static DHCP Screen82 Before You Begin84 The IP Alias Screen
Contents 585 The UPnP Screen86 The IPv6 LAN Setup Screen91 The File Sharing Screen92 Before You Begin94 Edit File Sharing User95 The Printer Server Screen95 Before You Begin96 Technical Reference98 Installing UPnP in Windows Example101 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example107 Chapter 8: Static Route107 Overview 107 What You Can Do in this Chapter108 Configuring Static Route109 Add/Edit Static Route 110 IPv6 Static Route111 IPv6 Static Route Edit 112 Chapter 9: Quality of Service (QoS)112 Overview112 What You Can Do in this Chapter112 What You Need to Know113 The QoS General Screen 114 The Queue Setup Screen115 Edit a QoS Queue 116 The Class Setup Screen 118 Add/Edit QoS Class 122 The QoS Policer Setup Screen123 Add/Edit a QoS Policer 125 The QoS Game List Screen125 QoS Technical Reference125 DiffServ127 Chapter 10: Network Address Translation (NAT)127 Overview 127 What You Can Do in this Chapter127 What You Need To Know128 The General Screen128 The Port Forwarding Screen 129 The Port Forwarding Screen131 The Port Forwarding Add/Edit Screen132 The DMZ Screen
Contents 6133 The ALG Screen133 Technical Reference133 NAT Definitions134 What NAT Does135 How NAT Works136 Chapter 11: Port Binding136 Overview137 The Port Binding Screen138 Port Binding Summary Screen140 The Any Port Any Service Edit Screen143 Chapter 12: Dynamic DNS143 Overview 143 What You Need To Know144 The Dynamic DNS Screen145 Chapter 13: Filter145 Overview 145 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens146 The IP/MAC Filter Screen148 The IPv6/MAC Filter Screen151 Chapter 14: Firewall151 Overview151 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens152 What You Need to Know About Firewall153 Firewall General Screen154 Default Action Screen155 Rules Screen157 Rules Add Screen159 Customized Services 160 Customized Service Add/Edit 161 DoS Screen161 The DoS Advanced Screen163 Configuring Firewall Thresholds164 Firewall Technical Reference164 Firewall Rules Overview165 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall165 Security Considerations166 Triangle Route169 Chapter 15: Parental Control
Contents 7169 Overview169 The Parental Control Screen171 Add/Edit a Parental Control Rule173 Chapter 16: Certificates173 Overview173 What You Can Do in this Chapter173 What You Need to Know174 Verifying a Certificate175 Local Certificates177 Trusted CA 178 Trusted CA Import 179 View Certificate181 Chapter 17: System Monitor181 Overview181 What You Can Do in this Chapter181 What You Need To Know182 The Log Screen183 The WAN Traffic Status Screen184 The LAN Traffic Status Screen185 The NAT Traffic Status Screen187 Chapter 18: User Account187 Overview187 The User Account Screen189 Chapter 19: TR-069 Client189 Overview189 The TR-069 Client Screen191 Chapter 20: System191 Overview191 The System Screen192 Chapter 21: Time Setting192 Overview192 The Time Setting Screen 194 Chapter 22: Log Setting 194 Overview 195 The Log Setting Screen
Contents 8198 Chapter 23: Firmware Upgrade198 Overview198 The Firmware Upgrade Screen200 Chapter 24: Backup/Restore200 Overview200 The Backup/Restore Screen202 The Reboot Screen203 Chapter 25: Remote Management203 Overview203 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens204 What You Need to Know About Remote Management204 The WWW Screen205 Configuring the WWW Screen206 Telnet Screen207 FTP Screen208 SNMP Screen209 Configuring SNMP210 DNS Screen 211 ICMP Screen212 SSH Screen213 SSH Example216 Chapter 26: Diagnostic216 Overview216 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens216 The Ping Screen217 The DSL Line Screen220 Chapter 27: Troubleshooting220 Overview220 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs221 Device Access and Login222 Internet Access223 Wireless Internet Access224 USB Device Connection225 UPnP226 Appendix A: Legal Information230 Index
1Chapter Chapter 1 Introduction 9CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 OverviewThe DSL-100HNU-T1 v3 is an ADSL2+ router which allows super-fast, secure Internet access over analog (POTS) telephone lines. It supports Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). You can have ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ connections. The Device integrates DSL and NAT for ease of installation and high-speed, shared Internet access. It also provides a complete security solution with a robust firewall and content filtering. The product name format indicates the following:• “H” denotes an integrated 4-port hub (switch). • “N” denotes IEEE 802.11n wireless networking support.• “U” denotes a USB port used to set up a 3G WAN connection via a 3G wireless card or share files via a USB memory stick or a USB hard drive. The Device can also function as a print server with an USB printer connected.Only use firmware for your Device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your Device.1.2 Ways to Manage the DeviceUse any of the following methods to manage the Device.• Web Configurator. Use a (supported) web browser to manage the Device.• FTP for firmware upgrades and configuration backup/restore.• TR-069. This auto-configuration server remotely configures your device.1.3 Good Habits for Managing the DeviceDo the following things regularly to make the Device more secure and to manage the Device more effectively.• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
Chapter 1 Introduction 10• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the Device to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the Device. You could simply restore your last configuration.1.4 Applications for the DeviceHere are some example uses for the Device.1.4.1 Internet AccessYour Device provides shared Internet access by connecting the DSL port to the DSL or MODEM jack on a splitter or your telephone jack. Computers can connect to the Device’s LAN ports (or wirelessly).Figure 1 Device’s Router FeaturesDSLLANConfigure firewall and filtering features on the Device for secure Internet access. Set the firewall to allow responses from the Internet for traffic initiated from your network and block traffic initiated from the Internet. This blocks probes from the outside to your network, but lets you safely browse the Internet and download files.Use the filtering feature to block access to specific web sites or Internet applications such as MSN or Yahoo Messenger. You can also configure IP/MAC filtering rules for incoming or outgoing traffic.Use QoS to efficiently manage traffic on your network by giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers. For example, you could make sure that the Device gives voice over Internet calls high priority, and/or limit bandwidth devoted to the boss’s excessive file downloading.
Chapter 1 Introduction 111.5 Wireless AccessThe Device serves as a wireless Access Point (AP) to let wireless clients such as notebook computers, smart phones, and tablets connect to the Internet without Ethernet cables.Configure your wireless network through the Web Configurator, or the WPS button.Figure 2 Wireless Access Example1.5.1 Using the WLAN/WPS ButtonBy default, the Device’s wireless network is enabled. To turn it off, simply press the WPS/WLAN button on top of the Device for over 5 seconds. The WLAN/WPS LED turns off.Use the WLAN/WPS button to quickly set up a secure wireless connection between the Device and a WPS-compatible client by adding one device at a time. To activate WPS:1With the POWER LED on steady, press the WLAN/WPS button for 1 second and release it.
Chapter 1 Introduction 122Within two minutes, press the WPS button on a WPS-enabled client within range of the Device. The WPS/WLAN LED should flash while the Device sets up a WPS connection with the client. 3The WPS/WLAN LED shines green for a successful connection.1.6 The RESET ButtonIf you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, use the RESET button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously and the user name and password will be reset to the default.1.6.1 Using the Reset ButtonWith the POWER LED on steady, press the RESET button for ten seconds or until the POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have been restored and the device restarts.1.7 LEDs (Lights)The following graphic displays the labels of the LEDs.Figure 3 LEDs
Chapter 1 Introduction 13None of the LEDs are on if the Device is not receiving power.Table 1 LED Descriptions LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTIONPOWER Green On The Device is receiving power and ready for use.Blinking The Device is self-testing.Red On The Device has hardware failure.Blinking Firmware upgrade is in progress.Off The Device is not receiving power.ETHERNET1-4Green On The Device has a successful 100 Mbps Ethernet connection with a device on the Local Area Network (LAN).Blinking The Device is sending or receiving data to/from the LAN at 100 Mbps.Off The Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the LAN.WLAN/WPSGreen On The wireless network is activated.Blinking The Device is communicating with other wireless clients.Orange Blinking The Device is setting up a WPS connection.Off The wireless network is not activated.DSL Green On The DSL line is up.Blinking The DSL line is initializing.Off The DSL line is down.INTERNET Green On The Device has an IP connection but no traffic.Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or assigned by a DHCP server), PPP negotiation was successfully completed (if used) and the DSL connection is up.Blinking The Device is sending or receiving IP traffic.Off The Device does not have an IP connection.Red On The Device attempted to make an IP connection but failed. USB Green On The Device recognizes a USB connection through the USB slot.Blinking The Device is sending or receiving data to or from the connected USB device.Off The Device does not detect a USB connection through the USB slot.Refer to the Quick Start Guide for information on hardware connections.
Chapter 1 Introduction 14
2Chapter Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator 15CHAPTER 2 Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator2.1 OverviewThe web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy device setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later versions, Mozilla Firefox 3 and later versions, or Safari 2.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.• JavaScript (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator1Make sure your Device hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick Start Guide).2Launch your web browser.3Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL.4A password screen displays. Type “admin” as the default Username and “1234” as the default password to access the device’s Web Configurator. Click Login. If you have changed the password, enter your password and click Login.Figure 4 Password Screen
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator 16 For security reasons, the Device automatically logs you out if you do not use the web configurator for five minutes (default). If this happens, log in again. 5The following screen displays if you have not yet changed your password. It is strongly recommended you change the default password. Enter a new password, retype it to confirm and click Apply; alternatively click Skip to proceed to the main menu if you do not want to change the password now.Figure 5 Change Password Screen6The Connection Status screen appears. Figure 6 Connection Status
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator 177Click System Info to display the System Info screen, where you can view the Device’s interface and system information. 2.2 The Web Configurator LayoutClick Connection Status > System Info to show the following screen.Figure 7 Web Configurator LayoutBCAabAs illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:•A - title bar•B - main window •C - navigation panel2.2.1 Title BarThe title bar shows the Wizard and Logout icons in the upper right corner.
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator 18Click the Wizard icon to configure basic initial settings. Click the Logout icon to log out of the web configurator.2.2.2 Main WindowThe main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this document. Click LAN Device on the System Info screen (a in Figure 7 on page 17) to display the Connection Status screen. See Chapter 4 on page 24 for more information on the System Info and Connection Status screens.Click Virtual Device on the System Info screen (b in Figure 7 on page 17) to display a visual graphic showing the connection status of the Device’s ports. The connected ports are in color and disconnected ports are gray.Figure 8 Virtual Device
3Chapter Chapter 3 Quick Start 19CHAPTER 3 Chapter 3 Quick Start3.1 OverviewUse the Quick Start screens to configure the Device’s time zone, basic Internet access, and wireless settings. See the rest of this guide for background information on the features in this chapter.3.2 Quick Start Setup1The Quick Start Wizard appears automatically after login. Or you can click the Start icon in the top right corner of the web configurator to open the quick start screens. Select the time zone of the Device’s location and click Next. Figure 9 Time Zone
Chapter 3 Quick Start 202Enter your Internet connection information in this screen. The screen and fields to enter may vary depending on your current connection type. Click Next.Figure 10 WAN Interface Selection
Chapter 3 Quick Start 213Turn the wireless LAN on or off. If you keep it on, record the security settings so you can configure your wireless clients to connect to the Device. Click Save.Figure 11 Internet Connection4Your Device saves your settings and attempts to connect to the Internet.
4Chapter Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info 22CHAPTER 4 Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info4.1 OverviewAfter you log into the web configurator, the Connection Status screen appears. This shows the network connection status of the Device and clients connected to it.Use the System Info screen to look at the current status of the device, system resources, interfaces (LAN, WAN and WLAN), and SIP accounts. You can also register and unregister SIP accounts. If you click Virtual Device on the System Info screen, a visual graphic appears, showing the connection status of the Device’s ports. See Section 2.2.2 on page 18 for more information.4.2 The Connection Status ScreenUse this screen to view the network connection status of the device and its clients. A warning message appears if there is a connection problem. You can configure how often you want the Device to update this screen in Refresh Interval.Figure 12 Connection Status: Icon View
Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info 23To view the connected LAN devices in a list, click List View in the Viewing mode selection box.Figure 13 Connection Status: List ViewIn Icon View, if you want to view information about a client, click the client’s name and Info. In List View, you can also view the client’s information.
Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info 244.3 The System Info ScreenClick Connection Status > System Info to open this screen. Figure 14 System Info Screen Each field is described in the following table.Table 2 System Info Screen LABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen from the drop-down list box.Device InformationHost Name This field displays the Device system name. It is used for identification. You can change this in the Maintenance > System screen’s Host Name field.
Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info 25Model Name This is the model name of your device.MAC Address This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your Device.Firmware Version This field displays the current version of the firmware inside the device. It also shows the date the firmware version was created. Go to the Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade screen to change it.DSL Version This is the current version of the Device’s DSL modem code.3G Information3G Status This shows the current status of your 3G connection. NoDevice is shown when no 3G card is inserted.3G Rate This shows the rate of the 3G connection if it is available.3G IP Address This shows the IP address for the 3G connection.3G IP Subnet Mask This shows the current subnet mask for the 3G connection.3G Gateway This shows the IP address of the 3G connection’s default gateway.3G Primary/Secondary DNS This shows the first and second DNS server address assigned by the ISP.LAN InformationIP Address This field displays the current IP address of the Device in the LAN. IP Subnet Mask This field displays the current subnet mask in the LAN.DHCP This field displays what DHCP services the Device is providing to the LAN. Choices are:Server - The Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the LAN.None - The Device is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN.IPv6 Address This is the current IPv6 address of the Device in the LAN. Link-local IPv6 Address This is the current LAN IPv6 link-local address of the Device.IPv6 Prefix This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the LAN.Preferred/Valid Time(sec) This is the Preferred Lifetime and Valid Lifetime in the LAN.DHCPv6 This field displays what DHCPv6 services the Device is providing to the LAN. Choices are:Server - The Device is a DHCPv6 server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the LAN.None - The Device is not providing any DHCPv6 services to the LAN.Table 2 System Info Screen (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info 26Radvd State This shows the status of RADVD.IPv6 LAN DNS1/DNS2 This is the first/second DNS server IPv6 address the Device passes to the DHCP clients.WLAN InformationStatus This shows whether or not the wireless LAN is enabled (on).SSID This is the descriptive name used to identify the Device in the wireless LAN. Channel This is the channel number used by the Device now.802.11 Mode This displays the type of 802.11 mode the Device is using in the wireless LAN.Security Mode This displays the type of security the Device is using in the wireless LAN.WPS Configured displays when a wireless client has connected to the Device or WPS is enabled and wireless or wireless security settings have been configured. Unconfigured displays if WPS wireless security settings have not been configured. Off displays if WPS is disabled.Scheduling This shows whether wireless scheduling is enabled or disabled.WiFi MAC This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your Device’s WiFi interface.SecurityFirewall This shows whether or not the firewall is enabled (on).System StatusDSL UpTime This field displays how long the DSL connection has been active.System Uptime This field displays how long the Device has been running since it last started up. The Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it (Maintenance > Reboot), or when you reset it (see Section 1.6 on page 12).Current Date/Time This field displays the current date and time in the Device. You can change this in Maintenance > Time Setting.CPU Usage This field displays what percentage of the Device’s processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.Memory Usage This field displays what percentage of the Device’s memory is currently used. Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to 100%, the Device is probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the device. See Chapter 24 on page 202, or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a few seconds.Table 2 System Info Screen (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Connection Status and System Info 27DSL Down Bandwith UsageThis field displays what percentage of the Device’s downstream DSL bandwidth is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.DSL Up Bandwith UsageThis field displays what percentage of the Device’s upstream DSL bandwidth is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.NAT Session Usage This field displays what percentage of the Device supported NAT sessions are currently being used.Interface StatusInterface This column displays each interface the Device has.Status This field indicates whether or not the Device is using the interface.For the LAN interfaces, this field displays Up when the Device is using the interface and Down when the Device is not using the interface.For the WLAN interface, it displays Active when WLAN is enabled or Down when WLAN is disabled.For the 3G USB interface, this field displays Up when using the interface and NoDevice when no device is detected in any USB slot.For the xDSL WAN interface, this field displays Down when the line is down or Up when line is up or connected.Rate For the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate when WLAN is enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled.For the 3G interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate when 3G is enabled or N/A when 3G is disabled.For the xDSL WAN interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate.Table 2 System Info Screen (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
5Chapter Chapter 5 WAN Setup 28CHAPTER 5 Chapter 5 WAN Setup5.1 OverviewThis chapter describes how to configure WAN settings from the WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your Device for Internet access.A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection connects to another network or the Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.Figure 15 LAN and WANWANLAN3G (third generation) standards for the sending and receiving of voice, video, and data in a mobile environment. You can attach a 3G wireless adapter to the USB port and set the Device to use this 3G connection as your WAN or a backup when the wired WAN connection fails.Figure 16 3G WAN Connection
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 295.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens•Use the Internet Connection screen (Section 5.2 on page 32) to configure the WAN settings on the Device for Internet access.•Use the More Connections screen (Section 5.3 on page 38) to set up additional Internet access connections.•Use the 3G Backup screen to configure 3G WAN connection (Section 5.4 on page 44).5.1.2 What You Need to Know About WANEncapsulation MethodEncapsulation includes data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPPoA, they should also provide a username and password (and service name) for user authentication.WAN IP AddressThe Device uses its WAN IP address to connect to the Internet and communicate with devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP when the Device connects to the Internet.If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method).MulticastTraditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just one.IGMPDevices use the IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) network-layer protocol to establish membership in a multicast group - it does not carry user data. IGMP versions 2 and 3 offer improvements over the widely-used version 1.IPv6IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) provides increased IP address space and enhanced features in comparison to IPv4. The Device supports IPv4/IPv6 dual stack and can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 30IPv6 Rapid DeploymentUse IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) when the local network uses IPv6 and the ISP has an IPv4 network. When the Device has an IPv4 WAN address and you set IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack to IPv4, you can enable 6rd to encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets to cross the ISP’s IPv4 network. The Device generates a global IPv6 prefix from its IPv4 WAN address and tunnels IPv6 traffic to the ISP’s Border Relay router (BR in the figure) to connect to the native IPv6 Internet. The local network can also use IPv4 services. The Device uses it’s configured IPv4 WAN IP to route IPv4 traffic to the IPv4 Internet.Figure 17 I SP ( I Pv4)I Pv6 I nternet I Pv4 I Pv6 BRI Pv6 in I Pv4I Pv4 I nternetI Pv4 +LAN- I Pv6- I Pv4W AN- I Pv4- I Pv6 in I Pv4IPv6 Rapid DeploymentDual Stack Lite Use Dual Stack Lite when local network computers use IPv4 and the ISP has an IPv6 network. When the Device has an IPv6 WAN address and you set IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack to IPv6, you can enable Dual Stack Lite to use IPv4 computers and services.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 31The Device tunnels IPv4 packets inside IPv6 encapsulation packets to the ISP’s Address Family Transition Router (AFTR in the graphic) to connect to the IPv4 Internet. The local network can also use IPv6 services. The Device uses it’s configured IPv6 WAN IP to route IPv6 traffic to the IPv6 Internet.Figure 18 I SP ( I Pv6) I Pv6 I nternet I Pv6 AFTRI Pv4 in I Pv6I Pv4 I nternetI Pv6 I Pv4 +LAN- I Pv6- I Pv4W AN- I Pv6- I Pv4 in I Pv6Dual Stack Lite3G 3G (Third Generation) is a digital, packet-switched wireless technology. Bandwidth usage is optimized as multiple users share the same channel and bandwidth is only allocated to users when they send data. It allows fast transfer of voice and non-voice data and provides broadband Internet access to mobile devices. Finding Out MoreSee Section 5.5 on page 47 for technical background information on WAN.5.1.3 Before You BeginYou need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this information from your ISP.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 325.2 The Internet Connection ScreenUse this screen to change your Device’s WAN settings. Click Network Setting > Broadband > Internet Connection. The screen differs by the mode and encapsulation you select.Figure 19 Network Setting > Broadband > Internet Connection
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 33The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 3 Network Setting > Broadband >Internet Connection LABEL DESCRIPTIONLineADSL Mode Select the kind of connection your Device uses to connect to the ISP. Use Auto Sync-Up if you are not sure which type to choose. Use ADSLT1.413, ADSLG.DMT, ADSLG.lite, ADSL2, ADSL2+, ADSL2_AnnexM, ADSL2+_AnnexM, or READSL2 if you know the specific type of DSL the Device uses to connect to the ISP. GeneralMode Select Router (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP gives you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the Device.Encapsulation Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. This field is available if you select Router in the Mode filed. User Name (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.Password (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above.Service Name (PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.Multiplex This displays for an ADSL virtual channel. Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list. Choices are VC-Mux or LLC.IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack This is not available if you select PPPoA in the Encapsulation field.Select IPv4 to have the Device use only IPv4.Select IPv4/IPv6 to let the Device connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks and choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. Select IPv6 to have the Device use only IPv6.PPP Authentication This is available if you select PPPoE or PPPoA in the Encapsulation field.The Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP provides more security than PAP; however, PAP has higher availability on more platforms.Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for outgoing calls. Options are:Auto- Your Device accepts either CHAP or PAP when requested by this remote node. CHAP - Your Device accepts CHAP only. PAP - Your Device accepts PAP only.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 34Virtual Circuit ID VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.IP Address You can use these options when you set the Mode field to Router and the IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack field to IPv4 or IPv4/IPv6.Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if the ISP assigns you a dynamic IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below. Static IP Address Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address. IP Address Enter the static IP address provided by your ISP.IPv6 Tunnel Mode This is available if you select ENET ENCAP or PPPoE in the Encapsulation field and IPv4 in the IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack field.Select 6rd to tunnel IPv6 traffic from the local network through the ISP’s IPv4 network.Select 6to4 to enable IPv6 to IPv4 tunneling. This will encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets so they can travel through IPv4 networks.Relay Server If you select 6to4 in the IPv6 Tunnel Mode field, enter the tunneling relay server's IPv4 address in this field.Via DHCP Option 212 Select this to have the Device detect it automatically through DHCP option 212.Manual Select this to manually enter the following 6rd information.6rd Prefix Enter an IPv6 prefix for tunneling IPv6 traffic to the ISP’s Border Relay router and connecting to the native IPv6 Internet.6rd Prefix Length Enter the IPv6 prefix length.IPv4 Mask Length Enter the subnet mask number for the IPv4 network.Relay Server Enter the relay server’s IPv4 address.DNS ServerPrimary / Secondary DNS Set how the Device gets the IP addresses of the DNS servers it uses.UserDefined - enter a static IP address.Obtained From ISP - when the Device gets its IP address automatically, you can select this to have it also get the DNS server address.None - the Device does not use the DNS server entry. IPv6 AddressObtain an IP Address AutomaticallySelect this option to have the Device use the IPv6 prefix from the connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address. Static IP Address When you set the Encapsulation field to ENET ENCAP, select the Static IP Address option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP. Table 3 Network Setting > Broadband >Internet Connection (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 35DHCP IPv6 Select DHCP&SLAAC to have the use both DHCPv6 and SLAAC to get an IP address. Select DHCP to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address automatically generated by the Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA.Select Auto to have the Device try to use DHCPv6 to get an IP address and then SLAAC if DHCPv6 does not work. Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the Device use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need to be maintained by a DHCP server.Select None if you do not want the Device to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server. DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Device to pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.Dual Stack Lite The Dual Stack Lite fields display when you set the IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack field to IPv6. Enable Dual Stack Lite to let local computers use IPv4 through an ISP’s IPv6 network.Mode Select Manual if you have the IPv6 address of the Address Family Transition Router (AFTR), otherwise select Auto to have the Device detect it automatically through DHCPv6.Remote IPv6 Address When you set the Mode field to Manual, specify the AFTR IPv6 address.IPv6 Address When you enable Static IP Address, enter the IPv6 address of the Device in the WAN.Prefix Length When you enable Static IP Address, enter the IPv6 prefix length in the WAN here.IPv6 Default GatewayWhen you enable Static IP Address, enter the IPv6 address of the default gateway here.IPv6 DNS Server1 When you enable Static IP Address, enter the primary DNS server IPv6 address here.IPv6 DNS Server2 When you enable Static IP Address, enter the secondary DNS server IPv6 address here.WAN Identifier Type Select Manual to manually enter a WAN Identifier as the interface ID to identify the WAN interface. The Device appends the WAN Identifier to the IPv6 address prefix to create the routable global IPv6 address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate an interface ID from the MAC address of the WAN interface.WAN Identifier If you selected Manual, enter the WAN Identifier in this field. The WAN identifier should be unique and 64 bits in hexadecimal form. Every 16 bit block should be separated by a colon as in XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX where X represents a hexadecimal character. Blocks of zeros can be represented with double colons as in XXXX:XXXX::XXXX.Connection (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only)Table 3 Network Setting > Broadband >Internet Connection (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 365.2.1 Advanced Internet Connection Use this screen to edit your Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the Internet Connection screen. The screen appears as shown.Figure 20 Internet Connection: Advanced SetupKeep Alive Select Keep Alive when you want your connection up all the time. The Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it disconnects.Connect on Demand Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.Max Idle Time Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting of 0 means the Internet session will not timeout.Apply Click this to save your changes. Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Advanced Setup Click this to display the Advanced Internet Connection section and edit more details of your WAN setup.Table 3 Network Setting > Broadband >Internet Connection (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 37The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 4 Internet Connection: Advanced Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONRIP & Multicast SetupThis section does not apply when you configure the Device to bridge mode.RIP Direction RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. Use this field to control how much routing information the Device sends and receives on the subnet.Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.RIP Version This field does not apply if you select None in the RIP Direction field.Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B/RIP-2M. Multicast Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets sent to every computer).Devices use the IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) network-layer protocol to establish membership in a multicast group. Select IGMP v1/IGMP v2/IGMP v3. Select None to disable it.MLD Proxy Select the version of MLD proxy (v1 or v2) to have the Device act as for this connection. This allows the Device to get subscription information and maintain a joined member list for each multicast group. It can reduce multicast traffic significantly. Select None to turn off MLD proxy.ATM QoS This section is available when the connection’s Virtual Channel field is set to an ADSL option.ATM QoS Type Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR With PCR (Unspecified Bit Rate with Peak Cell Rate) for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select Non Realtime VBR (Variable Bit Rate-non Real Time) or Realtime VBR (Variable Bit Rate-Real Time) for bursty traffic and bandwidth sharing with other applications. Peak Cell Rate Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here.Sustain Cell Rate The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system default is 0 cells/sec. Maximum Burst Size Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535. PPPoE Passthrough If the encapsulation type is PPPoE, select this to enable PPPoE Passthrough. In addition to the Device’s built-in PPPoE client, you can select this to allow hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via the device. Each host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address.MTU
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 385.3 The More Connections ScreenThe Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access connection. To configure additional Internet access connections click Network Setting > Broadband > More Connections. The screen differs by the encapsulation you select. When you use the Broadband > Internet Connection screen to set up Internet access, you are configuring the first WAN connection. Figure 21 Network Setting > Broadband > More ConnectionsThe following table describes the labels in this screen. MTU The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.For PPPoA and RFC 1483, the MTU is 65535.Apply Click this to save your changes. Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Advanced Setup Click this to close the Advanced Internet Connection section.Table 4 Internet Connection: Advanced Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 5 Network Setting > Broadband > More Connections LABEL DESCRIPTION#This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding connection.Active This field indicates whether the connection is active or not. This field is read-only.Node Name This is the name of the Internet connection.VPI/VCI This field displays the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) numbers configured for this WAN connection.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 395.3.1 More Connections EditUse this screen to configure a connection. Click the Edit icon in the More Connections screen to display the following screen.Figure 22 More Connections: EditEncapsulation This field indicates the encapsulation method and multiplexing type the Internet connection uses.Modify The first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the Broadband > Internet Connection screen to edit it.Click the Edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon on an empty configuration to add a new Internet access setup.Click the Remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your connection list.Table 5 Network Setting > Broadband > More Connections (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 40The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 6 More Connections: Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONGeneralActive Select the check box to activate or clear the check box to deactivate this connection.Node Name Enter a unique, descriptive name of up to 13 ASCII characters for this connection.Mode Select Router from the drop-down list box if your ISP allows multiple computers to share an Internet account. If you select Bridge, the Device will forward any packet that it does not route to this remote node; otherwise, the packets are discarded.Encapsulation Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. This field is available if you select Router in the Mode field.User Name (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.Password (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above.Service Name (PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.Multiplex Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list. Choices are VC-Mux or LLC.By prior agreement, a protocol is assigned a specific virtual circuit, for example, VC1 will carry IP. If you select VC-mux, specify separate VPI and VCI numbers for each protocol.For LLC-based multiplexing or PPP encapsulation, one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet header. In this case, only one set of VPI and VCI numbers need be specified for all protocols.IPv6/IPv4 Dual StackSelect IPv4 to have the Device use only IPv4.Select IPv4/IPv6 to let the Device connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks and choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. Select IPv6 to have the Device use only IPv6.PPP AuthenticationThe Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is more secure than PAP; however, PAP is readily available on more platforms.Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for outgoing calls. Options are:AUTO - Your Device accepts either CHAP or PAP when requested by this remote node. CHAP - Your Device accepts CHAP only. PAP - Your Device accepts PAP only. VPI, VCI VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 41IP Address You can use these options when you set the Mode field to Router and the IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack field to IPv4 or IPv4/IPv6.Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if the ISP assigns you a dynamic IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below. Static IP Address Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address. IP Address Enter the static IP address provided by your ISP.Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation. Gateway IP Address Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).Primary / Secondary DNS Set how the Device gets the IP addresses of the DNS servers it uses.UserDefined - enter a static IP address.Obtained From ISP - when the Device gets its IP address automatically, you can select this to have it also get the DNS server address.None - the Device does not use the DNS server entry. IPv6 AddressObtain an IP Address AutomaticallySelect this option if you want to have the Device use the IPv6 prefix from the connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address. Static IP AddressSelect this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP.DHCP IPv6 Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address automatically generated by the Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA.Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the Device use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need to be maintained by a DHCP server.DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Device to pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.IPv6 Address With Static IP Address enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the Device in the WAN.Prefix Length With Static IP Address enabled, enter the IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.IPv6 Default GatewayWith Static IP Address enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the default gatewayIPv6 DNS Server1With Static IP Address enabled, enter the primary DNS server IPv6 address for the Device.Table 6 More Connections: Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 42IPv6 DNS Server2With Static IP Address enabled, enter the secondary DNS server IPv6 address for the Device.ConnectionKeep Alive Select Keep Alive when you want your connection up all the time. The Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it disconnects.Connect on DemandSelect Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.Max Idle TimeoutSpecify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting of 0 means the Internet session will not timeout.NAT If you set the Mode field to Router, you can select SUA Only if you have one public IP address and want to use NAT.Otherwise, select None to disable NAT.Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.Apply Click this to save your changes. Advanced SetupClick this to display the More Connections Advanced Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup.Table 6 More Connections: Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 435.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup Use this screen to edit your Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen appears as shown.Figure 23 More Connections: Edit: Advanced SetupThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 7 More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONRIP & Multicast SetupRIP Direction Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.RIP Version You do not configure this field if you set the RIP Direction field to None.Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B/RIP-2M. Multicast Devices use the IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) network-layer protocol to establish membership in a multicast group. Select IGMP v1/IGMP-v2/IGMP-v3. Select None to disable it.MLD Proxy Select the version of MLD proxy (v1 or v2) to have the Device act as for this connection. This allows the Device to get subscription information and maintain a joined member list for each multicast group. It can reduce multicast traffic significantly. Select None to turn off MLD proxy.ATM QoS
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 445.4 The 3G Backup ScreenUse this screen to configure your 3G settings. Click Network Setting > Broadband > 3G Backup. The actual data rate you obtain varies depending the 3G card you use, the signal strength to the service provider’s base station, and so on.ATM QoS Type Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR With PCR (Unspecified Bit Rate with Peak Cell Rate) for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select Non Realtime VBR (Variable Bit Rate-non Real Time) or Realtime VBR (Variable Bit Rate-Real Time) for bursty traffic and bandwidth sharing with other applications. Peak Cell Rate Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This sets the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here.Sustain Cell Rate The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note the system default of 0 cells/sec. Maximum Burst Size Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS (less than 65535). PPPoE Passthrough When using the PPPoE the encapsulation type, select this to enable PPPoE passthrough. In addition to the Device’s built-in PPPoE client, this allows hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP through the Device. Each host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address.MTUMTU The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value equals 1500.For PPPoE, the MTU value equals 1492.For PPPoA and RFC, the MTU equals 100-1500.Apply Click this to save your changes. Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 7 More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 45If the signal strength of a 3G network is too low, the 3G card may switch to an available 2.5G or 2.75G network. Refer to Section 5.5 on page 47 for a comparison between 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G and 3G wireless technologies.Figure 24 Network Setting > Broadband > 3G Backup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 8 Network Setting > Broadband > 3G Backup LABEL DESCRIPTION3G Backup Select Enable 3G Backup to have the Device use the 3G connection as your WAN or a backup when the wired WAN connection fails.Card Description This field displays the manufacturer and model name of your 3G card if you inserted one in the Device. Otherwise, it displays N/A.Username Type the user name (of up to 70 ASCII printable characters) given to you by your service provider.Password Type the password (of up to 70 ASCII printable characters) associated with the user name above.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 46PIN A PIN (Personal Identification Number) code is a key to a 3G card. Without the PIN code, you cannot use the 3G card.If your ISP enabled PIN code authentication, enter the 4-digit PIN code (0000 for example) provided by your ISP. If you enter the PIN code incorrectly, the 3G card may be blocked by your ISP and you cannot use the account to access the Internet.If your ISP disabled PIN code authentication, leave this field blank.Dial String Enter the phone number (dial string) used to dial up a connection to your service provider’s base station. Your ISP should provide the phone number.For example, *99# is the dial string to establish a GPRS or 3G connection in Taiwan.APN Code Enter the APN (Access Point Name) provided by your service provider. Connections with different APNs may provide different services (such as Internet access or MMS (Multi-Media Messaging Service)) and charge method.You can enter up to 31 ASCII printable characters. Spaces are allowed.Obtain an IP Address AutomaticallySelect this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. Use the following static IP addressSelect this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address. IP Address Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use the following static IP address. Obtain DNS info dynamically Select this to have the Device get the DNS server addresses from the ISP automatically. Use the following static DNS IP addressSelect this to have the Device use the DNS server addresses you configure manually.Primary DNS server Enter the first DNS server address assigned by the ISP.Secondary DNS server Enter the second DNS server address assigned by the ISP. Connection Select Nailed-UP if you do not want the connection to time out.Select On-Demand if you do not want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.Max Idle Timeout This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the Device automatically disconnects from the ISP.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to return to the previous configuration.Table 8 Network Setting > Broadband > 3G Backup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 475.5 WAN Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.5.5.1 EncapsulationBe sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The Device supports the following methods.5.5.1.1 ENET ENCAPThe Device only implements the MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) with the IP network protocol. IP packets get routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN interface and then formatted to work in a bridged environment. For instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged ATM cells. ENET ENCAP requires that you specify a gateway IP address in the Gateway IP Address field in the wizard or WAN screen. You can get this information from your ISP.5.5.1.2 PPP over EthernetThe Device supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE specifies how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPPoE option provides a dial-up connection using PPPoE.For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing access control systems (for example RADIUS).PPPoE lets you access one of multiple network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals.Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.By implementing PPPoE directly on the Device (rather than individual computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the Device does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.5.5.1.3 PPPoAPPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A PPPoA connection functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The Device encapsulates the PPP session based on RFC 1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364 for more information on PPPoA. Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 485.5.1.4 RFC 1483RFC 1483 describes two methods for Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit (LLC-based multiplexing) and the second method assumes a separate ATM virtual circuit (VC-based multiplexing) carries each protocol. Please refer to RFC 1483 for more detailed information.5.5.2 MultiplexingThere are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) carries. Use the multiplexing method required by your ISP.VC-based MultiplexingIn this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol uses a specific virtual circuit; for example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be dominant in environments where dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is fast and economical.LLC-based MultiplexingIn this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and processing overhead, this method may be advantageous if it is not practical to have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if charging heavily depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.5.5.3 VPI and VCIBe sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) numbers assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255 and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Please see the appendix for more information.5.5.4 IP Address AssignmentA static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have either a dynamic or static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices for IP address and ENET ENCAP gateway.IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE EncapsulationIf you have a dynamic IP, then the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable (N/A). If you have a Static IP Address assigned by your ISP, then they should also assign you a Subnet Mask and a Gateway IP Address.IP Assignment with RFC 1483 EncapsulationIn this case the IP address assignment must be static.
Chapter 5 WAN Setup 49IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP EncapsulationIn this case you can have either a static or dynamic IP. For a static IP you must fill in all the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields as supplied by your ISP. However for a dynamic IP, the Device acts as a DHCP client on the WAN port and so the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable (N/A) as the DHCP server assigns them to the Device.
6Chapter Chapter 6 Wireless 50CHAPTER 6 Chapter 6 Wireless 6.1 Overview This chapter describes the Device’s Network Setting > Wireless screens. Use these screens to set up your Device’s wireless connection.6.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the General screen to enable the wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode (Section 6.2 on page 52).•Use the More AP screen to set up multiple wireless networks on your Device (Section 6.3 on page 59).•Use the MAC Authentication screen to allow or deny wireless clients based on their MAC addresses from connecting to the Device (Section 6.4 on page 61).•Use the WPS screen to enable or disable WPS, view or generate a security PIN (Personal Identification Number) (Section 6.5 on page 63).•Use the WDS screen (see Section 6.6 on page 65) to set up a Wireless Distribution System, in which the Device acts as a bridge with other access points.•Use the WMM screen to enable Wi-Fi MultiMedia (WMM) to ensure quality of service in wireless networks for multimedia applications (Section 6.7 on page 67). •Use the Scheduling screen to schedule a time period for the wireless LAN to operate each day (Section 6.8 on page 68).•Use the Advanced screen to configure advanced wireless features (Section 6.9 on page 69).You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless connection. For example, you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless radio channel and some security in the General screen.6.1.2 Wireless Network OverviewWireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges. • A wireless client is a radio connected to a user’s computer. • An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with numerous wireless clients and let them access the network. • A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients, extending a network’s range.
Chapter 6 Wireless 51Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.• An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points.• An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to one another in order to exchange information.The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.Figure 25 Example of a Wireless NetworkThe wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B use the access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your Device is the AP.Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.• Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentifier.• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel.Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or frequency, to send and receive information.• Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP.
Chapter 6 Wireless 52• Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.Radio ChannelsIn the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed, civilian use. For the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into numerous channels. This allows a variety of networks to exist in the same place without interfering with one another. When you create a network, you must select a channel to use. Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the number of available channels also varies. 6.1.3 Before You BeginBefore you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See Section 6.10 on page 71 if some of the terms used here do not make sense to you.• What wireless standards do the other wireless devices support (IEEE 802.11g, for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?• What security options do the other wireless devices support (WPA2-PSK, for example)? What is the best one to use?• Do the other wireless devices support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you can set up a well-secured network very easily. Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to set up your network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this is somewhat more complicated to do.• What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to configure advanced options, ensure that you know precisely what you want to do. If you do not want to configure advanced options, leave them alone.6.2 Wireless General Screen Use this screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode. If you are configuring the Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the Device’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the Device’s new settings.
Chapter 6 Wireless 53Click Network Setting > Wireless to open the General screen. Select the Enable Wireless LAN checkbox to show the Wireless configurations.Figure 26 Network Setting > Wireless > General The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 9 Network > Wireless LAN > General LABEL DESCRIPTIONWireless Network SetupWireless Select the Enable Wireless LAN check box to activate the wireless LAN.Note: You must also set the Device’s physical WLAN ON/OFF button to ON to use wireless LAN. The WLAN LED should be on.Wireless Network SettingsWireless Network Name (SSID)The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 English keyboard characters) for the wireless LAN. Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.Client Isolation Select this to keep the wireless clients in this SSID from communicating with each other directly through the Device.
Chapter 6 Wireless 546.2.1 No SecuritySelect No Security to allow wireless stations to communicate with the access points without any data encryption or authentication. If you do not enable any wireless security on your Device, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.Figure 27 Wireless > General: No SecurityMBSSID/LAN IsolationSelect this to keep the wireless clients in this SSID from communicating with clients in other SSIDs or wired LAN devices through the Device.Select both Client Isolation and MBSSID/LAN Isolation to allow this SSID’s wireless clients to only connect to the Internet through the Device.Channel Selection Set the channel depending on your particular region.Select a channel or use Auto to have the Device automatically determine a channel to use. If you are having problems with wireless interference, changing the channel may help. Try to use a channel that is as many channels away from any channels used by neighboring APs as possible. The channel number which the Device is currently using then displays in the Operating Channel field.Scan Click this button to have the Device immediately scan for and select a channel (which is not used by another device) whenever the device reboots or the wireless setting is changed.Operating Channel This is the channel currently being used by your AP.Security LevelSecurity Mode Select Basic or More Secure to add security on this wireless network. The wireless clients which want to associate to this network must have same wireless security settings as the Device. When you select to use a security, additional options appears in this screen. Or you can select No Security to allow any client to associate with this network without any data encryption or authentication.See the following sections for more details about wireless security modes.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 9 Network > Wireless LAN > General (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless 55The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 10 Wireless > General: No Security LABEL DESCRIPTIONSecurity Level Choose No Security from the sliding bar.6.2.2 Basic (Static WEP/Shared WEP Encryption)WEP encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points (AP) to keep network communications private. Both the wireless stations and the access points must use the same WEP key.There are two types of WEP authentication namely, Open System (Static WEP) and Shared Key (Shared WEP). Open system is implemented for ease-of-use and when security is not an issue. The wireless station and the AP or peer computer do not share a secret key. Thus the wireless stations can associate with any AP or peer computer and listen to any transmitted data that is not encrypted.Shared key mode involves a shared secret key to authenticate the wireless station to the AP or peer computer. This requires you to enable the wireless LAN security and use same settings on both the wireless station and the AP or peer computer. In order to configure and enable WEP encryption, click Network Settings > Wireless to display the General screen. Select Basic as the security level. Then select Static WEP or Shared WEP from the Security Mode list.Figure 28 Wireless > General: Basic (Static WEP/Shared WEP)
Chapter 6 Wireless 56The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 11 Wireless > General: Basic (Static WEP/Shared WEP) LABEL DESCRIPTIONSecurity Level Select Basic to enable WEP data encryption.Generate password automatically Select this option to have the Device automatically generate a password. The password field will not be configurable when you select this option.Password 1~4 The password (WEP key) is used to encrypt data. Both the Device and the wireless stations must use the same password (WEP key) for data transmission.If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F").If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F"). WEP Encryption Select 64-bits or 128-bits.This dictates the length of the security key that the network is going to use.6.2.3 More Secure (WPA2-PSK)The WPA2-PSK security mode provides both improved data encryption and user authentication over WEP. Using a Pre-Shared Key (PSK), both the Device and the connecting client share a common password in order to validate the connection. This type of encryption, while robust, is not as strong as WPA2. Click Network Settings > Wireless to display the General screen. Select More Secure as the security level. Then select WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list.Figure 29 Wireless > General: More Secure: WPA2-PSK
Chapter 6 Wireless 57The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 12 Wireless > General: WPA2-PSK LABEL DESCRIPTIONSecurity Level Select More Secure to enable WPA2-PSK data encryption.Security Mode Select WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.Pre-Shared Key The encryption mechanisms used for WPA2 and WPA2-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA2-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials.Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters or 64 hexidecimal digits.more.../hide more Click more... to show more fields in this section. Click hide more to hide them.WPA-PSK CompatibleEnable this to allow wireless devices using WPA-PSK security mode to connect to your Device. The Device supports WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK simultaneously.Group Key Update TimerThe Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the RADIUS server sends a new group key out to all clients. Encryption If the security mode is WPA2-PSK and WPA-PSK Compatible is disabled, the encryption mode is set to AES to enable Advanced Encryption System (AES) security on your wireless network. AES provides superior security to TKIP.If the security mode is WPA2-PSK and WPA-PSK Compatible is enabled, the encryption mode also allows you to select TKIPAES MIX to allow both TKIP and AES types of security in your wireless network.6.2.4 WPA2 AuthenticationThe WPA2 security mode is currently the most robust form of encryption for wireless networks. It requires a RADIUS server to authenticate user credentials and is a full implementation the security protocol. Use this security option for maximum protection of your network. However, it is the least backwards compatible with older devices.
Chapter 6 Wireless 58Click Network Settings > Wireless to display the General screen. Select More Secure as the security level. Then select WPA2 from the Security Mode list.Figure 30 Wireless > General: More Secure: WPA2The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 13 Wireless > General: More Secure: WPA2 LABEL DESCRIPTIONSecurity Level Select More Secure to enable WPA2 data encryption.Security Mode Choose WPA2 from the drop-down list box.Authentication ServerIP Address Enter the IP address of the external authentication server in dotted decimal notation.Port Number Enter the port number of the external authentication server. The default port number is 1812. You need not change this value unless your network administrator instructs you to do so with additional information. Shared Secret Enter a password (up to 128 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external authentication server and the Device.The key must be the same on the external authentication server and your Device. The key is not sent over the network. more.../hide more Click more... to show more fields in this section. Click hide more to hide them.
Chapter 6 Wireless 596.3 More AP ScreenThe Device can broadcast up to four wireless network names at the same time. This means that users can connect to the Device using different SSIDs. You can secure the connection on each SSID profile so that wireless clients connecting to the Device using different SSIDs cannot communicate with each other.This screen allows you to enable and configure multiple Basic Service Sets (BSSs) on the Device.Click Network Settings > Wireless > More AP. The following screen displays.Figure 31 Network Settings > Wireless > More APReAuthentication TimerSpecify how often wireless stations have to resend user names and passwords in order to stay connected.The default value is 0, which means the reauthentication off.Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication timer on the RADIUS server has priority.WPA Compatible Select this if you want the Device to support WPA and WPA2 simultaneously.Group Key Update TimerThe Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the RADIUS server sends a new group key out to all clients. If the value is set to “0”, the update timer function is disabled.Encryption If the security mode is WPA2 and WPA-PSK Compatible is disabled, the encryption mode is set to AES to enable Advanced Encryption System (AES) security on your wireless network. AES provides superior security to TKIP.If the security mode is WPA2 and WPA-PSK Compatible is enabled, the encryption mode also allows you to select TKIPAES MIX to allow both TKIP and AES types of security in your wireless network.Table 13 Wireless > General: More Secure: WPA2 (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless 60The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 14 Network Settings > Wireless > More AP LABEL DESCRIPTION#This is the index number of the entry. Active This field indicates whether this SSID is active. A yellow bulb signifies that this SSID is active. A gray bulb signifies that this SSID is not active.SSID An SSID profile is the set of parameters relating to one of the Device’s BSSs. The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless device is associated. This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility.Security This field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile.Modify Click the Edit icon to configure the SSID profile.6.3.1 Edit More APUse this screen to edit an SSID profile. Click the Edit icon next to an SSID in the More AP screen. The following screen displays.Figure 32 Wireless > More AP: Edit
Chapter 6 Wireless 61The following table describes the fields in this screen.Table 15 Wireless > More AP: Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONWireless Network SetupWireless Select the Enable Wireless LAN check box to activate the wireless LAN.Wireless Network SettingsWireless Network Name (SSID)The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 English keyboard characters) for the wireless LAN. Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.Client Isolation Select this to keep the wireless clients in this SSID from communicating with each other directly through the Device.MBSSID/LAN IsolationSelect this to keep the wireless clients in this SSID from communicating with clients in other SSIDs or wired LAN devices through the Device.Select both Client Isolation and MBSSID/LAN Isolation to allow this SSID’s wireless clients to only connect to the Internet through the Device.Security LevelSecurity Mode Select Basic (WEP) or More Secure (WPA2-PSK, WPA2) to add security on this wireless network. Wireless clients must use the same wireless security settings as the Device to connect to the wireless LAN. After you select to use security, additional options appears in this screen. Or you can select No Security to allow any client to connect to this network without any data encryption or authentication.See Section 6.2.1 on page 54 through Section 6.2.4 on page 57 for more details about this field.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.6.4 MAC Authentication Screen Use this screen to configure the Device to give exclusive access to specific devices (Allow) or exclude specific devices from accessing the Device (Deny). Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses of the devices to configure this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless 62Use this screen to view your Device’s MAC filter settings and add new MAC filter rules. Click Network Setting > Wireless > MAC Authentication. The screen appears as shown.Figure 33 Wireless > MAC AuthenticationThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 16 Wireless > MAC Authentication LABEL DESCRIPTIONSSID Select the SSID for which you want to configure MAC filter settings.MAC Restrict Mode Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table. Select Disable to turn off MAC filtering.Select Deny to block access to the Device. MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the Device. Select Allow to permit access to the Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the Device. Add new MAC addressClick this if you want to add a new MAC address entry to the MAC filter list below.Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.Figure 34 Wireless > MAC Authentication > Add new MAC address#This is the index number of the entry.
Chapter 6 Wireless 636.5 The WPS ScreenUse this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your Device.WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection between two devices. Both devices must support WPS. The Device applies the security settings of the SSID1 profile (see Section 6.2 on page 52). If you want to use the WPS feature, make sure you have set the security mode of SSID1 to WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK/WPA-PSK mixed or no security.MAC Address This is the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the Device.Modify Click the Delete icon to delete the entry.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.Table 16 Wireless > MAC Authentication (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless 64Click Network Setting > Wireless > WPS. The following screen displays. Select Enable and click Apply to activate the WPS function. Then you can configure the WPS settings in this screen. Figure 35 Network Setting > Wireless > WPSThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 17 Network Setting > Wireless > WPS LABEL DESCRIPTIONEnable WPS Select Enable and click Apply to activate WPS on the Device.Add a new device with WPS Method - These fields display after you enable WPS and click Apply.Method 1 PBC Use this section to set up a WPS wireless network using Push Button Configuration (PBC).WPS Click this button to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the Device) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on the outside of device, or a menu button similar to the WPS button on this screen.Note: You must press the other wireless device’s WPS button within two minutes of pressing this button.
Chapter 6 Wireless 656.6 The WDS ScreenAn AP using the Wireless Distribution System (WDS) can function as a wireless network bridge allowing you to wirelessly connect wired network segments. The WDS screen allows you to configure the Device to connect to other APs wirelessly when WDS is enabled. Method 2 PIN Use this section to set up a WPS wireless network by entering the PIN (Personal Identification Number) of the client into the Device.Register Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Register to authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network.You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the device’s settings.Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it present its PIN to the Device.WPS Configuration SummaryAP PIN The PIN of the Device is shown here. Enter this PIN in the configuration utility of the device you want to connect to using WPS.The PIN is not necessary when you use WPS push-button method.Click the Generate New PIN button to have the Device create a new PIN.Status This displays Configured when the Device has connected to a wireless network using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the screen.This displays Not Configured when there is no wireless or wireless security changes on the Device or you click Release Configuration to remove the configured wireless and wireless security settings.Release Configuration This button is available when the WPS status is Configured.Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS connections on the Device.802.11 Mode This is the 802.11 mode used. Only compliant WLAN devices can associate with the Device.SSID This is the name of the wireless network.Security This is the type of wireless security employed by the network.Pre-Shared Key This is the wireless LAN password. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 17 Network Setting > Wireless > WPS (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless 66Use this screen to set up your WDS (Wireless Distribution System) links between the Device and other wireless APs. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device. Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.  WDS security is independent of the security settings between the Device and any wireless clients. Not all APs support WDS links. Check your other AP’s documentation.Click Network Setting > Wireless > WDS. The following screen displays.Figure 36 Network Setting > Wireless > WDSThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 18 Network Setting > Wireless > WDS LABEL DESCRIPTIONWDS Security Select the type of the key used to encrypt data between APs. All the wireless APs (including the Device) must use the same pre-shared key for data transmission.The option is available only when you set the security mode to WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in the Wireless > General screen.TKIP Select this to use TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption.AES Select this to use AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption. #This is the index number of the individual WDS link.Active Select this to activate the link between the Device and the peer device to which this entry refers. When you do not select the check box this link is down.Remote Bridge MAC AddressType the MAC address of the peer device in a valid MAC address format (six hexadecimal character pairs, for example 12:34:56:78:9a:bc).PSK Enter a Pre-Shared Key (PSK) from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces and symbols).
Chapter 6 Wireless 676.7 The WMM ScreenUse this screen to enable or disable Wi-Fi MultiMedia (WMM) wireless networks for multimedia applications.Click Network Setting > Wireless > WMM. The following screen displays.Figure 37 Network Setting > Wireless > WMMThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 19 Network Setting > Wireless > WMM LABEL DESCRIPTIONEnable WMM of SSID1~4This enables the Device to automatically give a service a priority level according to the ToS value in the IP header of packets it sends. WMM QoS (Wifi MultiMedia Quality of Service) gives high priority to voice and video, which makes them run more smoothly.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 18 Network Setting > Wireless > WDS (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless 686.8 Scheduling Screen Click Network Setting > Wireless > Scheduling to open the Wireless Scheduling screen. Use this screen to manage schedules that turn off wireless service for power saving purposes. Figure 38 Network Setting > Wireless > SchedulingThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 20 Network Setting > Wireless > Scheduling LABEL DESCRIPTIONWireless LAN SchedulingSelect Enable to activate wireless LAN scheduling on your Device.Add New Rule Click this to create a new wireless LAN scheduling rule.#This is the index number of the entry. Rule Name This field shows the name configured for the scheduling rule.Days This field displays to which days of the week the schedule applies.Start Time This field displays the time (in 24-hour time format) the rule turns off the wireless LAN. End Time This field displays the time (in 24-hour time format) the rule turns the wireless LAN back on. Security This field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile.Modify Click the Edit icon to configure the scheduling rule.Click the Delete icon to remove the scheduling rule.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 6 Wireless 696.8.1 Add or Edit ScheduleUse this screen to add or edit a wireless LAN schedule. In the Network Setting > Wireless > Scheduling screen, click Add New Rule or the Edit icon next to an existing schedule. The following screen displays.Figure 39 Network Setting > Wireless > Scheduling > Add New RuleThe following table describes the fields in this screen.Table 21 Network Setting > Wireless > Scheduling > Add New Rule LABEL DESCRIPTIONFrom Schedule RulesTo create a new scheduling rule based off an existing one, select it here.Rule Name Specify a descriptive name to identify the scheduling rule.Day Select the days of the week to which to apply the schedule.Time of Day RangeEnter the wireless LAN service start and end times in 24-hour time format. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.6.9 Advanced ScreenUse this screen to configure advanced wireless settings. Click Network Setting > Wireless > Advanced, the screen appears as shown.
Chapter 6 Wireless 70See Section 6.10.1 on page 71 for detailed definitions of the terms listed in this screen.Figure 40 Network Setting > Wireless> AdvancedThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 22 Network Setting > Wireless> Advanced LABEL DESCRIPTIONFragmentation ThresholdThis is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and 2346. Output Power Set the output power of the Device. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following: 100%, 75%, 50% or 25%. Preamble Select a preamble type from the drop-down list menu. Choices are Long or Short. 802.11 Mode Select 802.11b to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Device.Select 802.11g to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Device.Select 802.11b+g to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Device. The transmission rate of your Device might be reduced.Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Device.Select 802.11g+n to allow either IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Device. The transmission rate of the Device might be reduced when an 802.11g wireless client is associated with it.Select 802.11b+g+n to allow IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Device. The transmission rate of the Device might be reduced when an 802.11b or 802.11g wireless client is associated with it.Note: The transmission rate varies depending on the mode the wireless client uses to associate with the Device.
Chapter 6 Wireless 716.10 Technical ReferenceThis section discusses wireless LANs in depth. 6.10.1 Additional Wireless TermsThe following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the Device’s web configurator.Table 23 Additional Wireless Terms TERM DESCRIPTIONRTS/CTS Threshold In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes not aware of each other’s presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the Device. The lower the value, the more often the devices must get permission.If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the Device.Preamble A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the Device does, it cannot communicate with the Device.Authentication The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network.Fragmentation ThresholdA small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.Channel Width A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300 Mbps. Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.Select Auto to have the Device configure the wireless channel width automatically.This field is available only when you set the 802.11 Mode to 802.11n or 802.11b+g+n in the Advanced Setup screen.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 22 Network Setting > Wireless> Advanced (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless 726.10.2 Wireless Security OverviewBy their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data networks, this means that anyone within range of a wireless network without security can not only read the data passing over the airwaves, but also join the network. Once an unauthorized person has access to the network, he or she can steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have been developed to ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data network, or understand the data carried on it.These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that only people presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a “key” phrase) can access the network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the information sent over the air is encoded. Only people with the code key can understand the information, and only people who have been authenticated are given the code key.These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the old Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at all, but it will not keep a determined attacker out. Other security standards are secure in themselves but can be broken if a user does not use them properly. For example, the WPA2-PSK security standard is very secure if you use a long key which is difficult for an attacker’s software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if you use a short key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word from the dictionary.Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, it’s not just people who have sensitive information on their network who should use security. Everybody who uses any wireless network should ensure that effective security is in place.A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use obscure information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a way that appears random and does not include real words. For example, if your mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and her favorite movie is Vanishing Point (which you know was made in 1971) you could use “70dodchal71vanpoi” as your security key.The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless network.6.10.2.1 SSIDNormally, the Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the Device does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Chapter 6 Wireless 736.10.2.2 User AuthenticationAuthentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before using it. However, every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless network.6.10.2.3 EncryptionWireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the message.The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication. (See Section 6.10.2.2 on page 73 for information about this.)Table 24 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication No Authentication RADIUS ServerWeakest No Security WPAStatic WEPWPA-PSKStrongest WPA2-PSK WPA2For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you choose WPA2. If users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP or WPA2-PSK.Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network with the Device and you do not have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA2. Therefore, you should set up Static WEP in the wireless network. It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA2-PSK or WPA2 encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly.
Chapter 6 Wireless 74When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your Device, you can also select an option (WPA compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA compatible option in the Device.Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key.6.10.3 Signal ProblemsBecause wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to limitations of distance, interference and absorption.Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with interference occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference may come from other radio transmissions, such as military or air traffic control communications, or from machines that are coincidental emitters such as electric motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when physical objects (such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal.6.10.4 BSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or between a wireless station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Chapter 6 Wireless 75Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is disabled, wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is enabled, wireless station A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.Figure 41 Basic Service set6.10.5 MBSSIDTraditionally, you need to use different APs to configure different Basic Service Sets (BSSs). As well as the cost of buying extra APs, there is also the possibility of channel interference. The Device’s MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying QoS priorities and/or security modes to different SSIDs.Wireless devices can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.6.10.5.1 Notes on Multiple BSSs• A maximum of eight BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.• You must use different keys for different BSSs. If two wireless devices have different BSSIDs (they are in different BSSs), but have the same keys, they may hear each other’s communications (but not communicate with each other).• MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security.
Chapter 6 Wireless 766.10.6 Wireless Distribution System (WDS)The Device can act as a wireless network bridge and establish WDS (Wireless Distribution System) links with other APs. You need to know the MAC addresses of the APs you want to link to. Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.At the time of writing, WDS security is not compatible with all access points. Refer to your other access point’s documentation for details.The following figure illustrates how WDS link works between APs. Notebook computer A is a wireless client connecting to access point AP 1. AP 1 has no wired Internet connection, but it can establish a WDS link with access point AP 2, which has a wired Internet connection. When AP 1 has a WDS link with AP 2, the notebook computer can access the Internet through AP 2.Figure 42 WDS Link ExampleWDSAP 2AP 1A
7Chapter Chapter 7 Home Networking 77CHAPTER 7 Chapter 7 Home Networking 7.1 Overview A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many computers are attached. A LAN is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building.The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.WANLAN7.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the LAN Setup screen to set the LAN IP address, subnet mask, and DHCP settings (Section 7.2 on page 80). •Use the Static DHCP screen to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses (Section 7.3 on page 82).•Use the IP Alias screen (Section 7.4 on page 84) to configure another logical network in the physical LAN network.•Use the UPnP screen to enable UPnP (Section 7.5 on page 85). •Use the UPnP Rule screen to •Use the IPv6 LAN Setup screen (Section 7.6 on page 86) to configure the IPv6 settings on your Device’s LAN interface.•Use the File Sharing screen to enable file-sharing server (Section 7.7 on page 91). •Use the Printer Server screen to enable the print server (Section 7.8 on page 95).7.1.2 What You Need To KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 787.1.2.1 About LANIP AddressSimilar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number. This is known as an Internet Protocol address.Subnet MaskThe subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.DHCPDHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) allows clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. This Device has a built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.DNSDNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.7.1.2.2 About UPnPHow do I know if I'm using UPnP? UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device. Cautions with UPnPThe automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments. When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the Device allows multicast messages on the LAN only.All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention. UPnP and ZyXELZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP™ Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 79See Section 7.10 on page 98 for examples of installing and using UPnP.7.1.2.3 About File SharingWorkgroup nameThis is the name given to a set of computers that are connected on a network and share resources such as a printer or files. Windows automatically assigns the workgroup name when you set up a network. SharesWhen settings are set to default, each USB device connected to the Device is given a folder, called a “share”. If a USB hard drive connected to the Device has more than one partition, then each partition will be allocated a share. You can also configure a “share” to be a sub-folder or file on the USB device.File SystemsA file system is a way of storing and organizing files on your hard drive and storage device. Often different operating systems such as Windows or Linux have different file systems. The file sharing feature on your Device supports FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, EXT2, and EXT3. Common Internet File SystemThe Device uses Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol for its file sharing functions. CIFS compatible computers can access the USB file storage devices connected to the Device. CIFS protocol is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux Samba and other operating systems (refer to your systems specifications for CIFS compatibility). 7.1.2.4 About Printer ServerPrint ServerThis is a computer or other device which manages one or more printers, and which sends print jobs to each printer from the computer itself or other devices.Operating SystemAn operating system (OS) is the interface which helps you manage a computer. Common examples are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux.TCP/IPTCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) is a set of communications protocols that most of the Internet runs on.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 80PortA port maps a network service such as http to a process running on your computer, such as a process run by your web browser. When traffic from the Internet is received on your computer, the port number is used to identify which process running on your computer it is intended for. Supported OSsYour operating system must support TCP/IP ports for printing and be compatible with the RAW (port 9100) protocol.The following OSs support Device’s printer sharing feature.• Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP or Macintosh OS X. 7.2 The LAN Setup ScreenClick Network Setting > Home Networking to open the LAN Setup screen. Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your Device and configure the DNS server information that the Device sends to the DHCP client devices on the LAN.Figure 43 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup
Chapter 7 Home Networking 81The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 25 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONLAN IP SetupIP Address Enter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your Device in dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default). IP Subnet Mask Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0 (factory default). Your Device automatically computes the subnet mask based on the IP address you enter, so do not change this field unless you are instructed to do so.RIP Version RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. Select the RIP version from RIP-1 and RIP2-B/RIP2-M.Direction Use this field to control how much routing information the Device sends and receives on the subnet. Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, IN Only and OUT Only.Multicast IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The Device supports IGMP v1/IGMP v2/IGMP v3. Select None to disable it.IGMP Snooping Select Enabled to activate IGMP Snooping. This allows the Device to passively learn memberships in multicast groups. Otherwise, select Disabled to deactivate it.DHCP Server StateDHCP Select Enable to have your Device assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to LAN computers and other devices that are DHCP clients.If you select Disable, you need to manually configure the IP addresses of the computers and other devices on your LAN.When DHCP is used, the following fields need to be set.IP Addressing ValuesIP Pool Starting AddressThis field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.Pool Size This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool.DNS Values
Chapter 7 Home Networking 827.3 The Static DHCP ScreenThis table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.7.3.1 Before You BeginFind out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the Static DHCP screen.Use this screen to change your Device’s static DHCP settings. Click Network Setting > Home Networking > Static DHCP to open the following screen.Figure 44 Network Setting > Home Networking > Static DHCP DNS Server 1-2 The Device supports DNS proxy by default. The Device sends out its own LAN IP address to the DHCP clients as the first DNS server address. DHCP clients use this first DNS server to send domain-name queries to the Device. The Device sends a response directly if it has a record of the domain-name to IP address mapping. If it does not, the Device queries an outside DNS server and relays the response to the DHCP client. Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the Device's WAN IP address).Select DNS Proxy to have the DHCP clients use the Device’s own LAN IP address. The Device works as a DNS relay. Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. Select None to not configure extra DNS servers. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 25 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 Home Networking 83The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 26 Network Setting > Home Networking > Static DHCP LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd new static leaseClick this to add a new static DHCP entry. #This is the index number of the entry.Status This field displays whether the client is connected to the Device.Host Name This field displays the client host name.MAC Address The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other adapter has a similar address.IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.Reserve Select the check box in the heading row to automatically select all check boxes or select individual entry check boxes in each entry to have the Device always assign the selected entries's IP addresses to the corresponding MAC addresses and host names. You can select up to 128 entries in this table. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Refresh Click Refresh to reload the DHCP table.If you click Add new static lease in the Static DHCP screen, the following screen displays.Figure 45 Static DHCP: Add
Chapter 7 Home Networking 84The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 27 Static DHCP: AddLABEL DESCRIPTIONMAC Address Enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN.IP Address Enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your LAN with the MAC address that you will also specify.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.7.4 The IP Alias ScreenIP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. The Device supports multiple logical LAN interfaces via its physical Ethernet interface with the Device itself as the gateway for the LAN network.When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access to the LAN's logical network (subnet).Use this screen to change your Device’s IP alias settings. Click Network Setting > Home Networking > IP Alias to open the following screen.Figure 46 Network Setting > Home Networking > IP AliasThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 28 Network Setting > Home Networking > IP Alias LABEL DESCRIPTIONIP Alias Select Enable to configure a LAN network for the Device.IP Address Enter the IP address of your Device in dotted decimal notation. Subnet MaskYour Device will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the Device.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 857.5 The UPnP ScreenUniversal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.See page 98 for more information on UPnP.Use the following screen to configure the UPnP settings on your Device. Click Network Setting > Home Networking > Static DHCP > UPnP to display the screen shown next.Figure 47 Network Setting > Home Networking > UPnPThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 29 Network Settings > Home Networking > UPnPLABEL DESCRIPTIONUPnP Select Enable to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the Device's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator).Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 28 Network Setting > Home Networking > IP Alias LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 Home Networking 867.6 The IPv6 LAN Setup ScreenUse this screen to configure the IPv6 settings for your Device’s LAN interface.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 87Figure 48 Network Setting > Home Networking > IPv6 LAN Setup
Chapter 7 Home Networking 88The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 30 Network Setting > Home Networking > IPv6 LAN Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONIPv6 LAN SetupLink Local Address TypeSelect Manual to manually enter a link local address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate a link local address from the Ethernet MAC address.IPv6 Address If you selected Manual in the Link Local Address Type field, enter the LAN IPv6 address you want to assign to your Device in hexadecimal notation, for example, fe80::1 (factory default).Prefix Enter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits in an IPv6 address compose the network address.MLD Snooping Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD hosts who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. Select Enabled to activate MLD Snooping on the Device. This allows the Device to check MLD packets passing through it and learn the multicast group membership. It helps reduce multicast traffic.Lan Global Identifier TypeSelect Manual to manually enter a LAN Identifier as the interface ID to identify the LAN interface. The LAN Identifier is appended to the IPv6 address prefix to create the routable global IPv6 address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate an interface ID from the Ethernet MAC address.Lan Identifier If you selected Manual, enter the LAN Identifier in this field. The LAN identifier should be unique and 64 bits in hexadecimal form. Every 16 bit block should be separated by a colon as in XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX where X is a hexadecimal character. Blocks of zeros can be represented with double colons as in XXXX:XXXX::XXXX. IPv6 ULA Address TypeA unique local address (ULA) is a unique IPv6 address for use in private networks but not routable in the global IPv6 Internet.Select Auto Generate to have the Device automatically generate a globally unique address for the LAN IPv6 address. Select Manual to enter a static IPv6 ULA address. The address format is like fdxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx::/64.IPv6 ULA Address If Manual is selected in the IPv6 ULA Address Type field, enter the IPv6 address prefix that the Device uses for the LAN IPv6 address.LAN IPv6 Address SettingDelegate prefix from WANSelect this option to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the service provider or an uplink router.Static Select this option to configure a fixed IPv6 address for the Device’s LAN IPv6 address.Static IPv6 Address PrefixIf you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 address prefix that the Device uses for the LAN IPv6 address.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 89Prefix length If you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 prefix length that the Device uses to generate the LAN IPv6 address.An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left) in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the IPv6 subnet mask.Preferred Lifetime Enter the preferred lifetime for the prefix.Valid Lifetime Enter the valid lifetime for the prefix.LAN IPv6 Address Assign SetupSelect how you want to obtain an IPv6 address:•Stateless: The Device uses IPv6 stateless autoconfiguration. RADVD (Router Advertisement Daemon) is enabled to have the Device send IPv6 prefix information in router advertisements periodically and in response to router solicitations. DHCPv6 server is disabled.•Stateful: The Device uses IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration. The DHCPv6 server is enabled to have the Device act as a DHCPv6 server and pass IPv6 addresses to DHCPv6 clients.•Stateless and Stateful: The Device uses both IPv6 stateless and stateful autoconfiguration. The LAN IPv6 clients can obtain IPv6 addresses either through router advertisements or through DHCPv6.LAN IPv6 DNS Assign SetupSelect how the Device provide DNS server and domain name information to the clients:•Stateless: The Device uses IPv6 stateless autoconfiguration. RADVD (Router Advertisement Daemon) is enabled to have the Device send IPv6 prefix information in router advertisements periodically and in response to router solicitations. DHCPv6 server is disabled.•Stateful: The Device uses IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration. The DHCPv6 server is enabled to have the Device act as a DHCPv6 server and pass IPv6 addresses to DHCPv6 clients.•Stateless and Stateful: The Device uses both IPv6 stateless and stateful autoconfiguration. The LAN IPv6 clients can obtain IPv6 addresses either through router advertisements or through DHCPv6.DHCPv6DHCPv6 Server Use this field to Enable or Disable DHCPv6 server on the Device.DNSv6 Mode Select the DNS role (Proxy or Relay) that you want the Device to act in the IPv6 LAN network. Alternatively, select Manual and specify the DNS servers’ IPv6 address in the fields below.Primary DNS This field is available if you choose Manual as the DNSv6 mode. Enter the first DNS server IPv6 address the Device passes to the DHCP clients.Secondary DNS This field is available if you choose Manual as the DNSv6 mode. Enter the second DNS server IPv6 address the Device passes to the DHCP clients.Information refresh timeEnter the number of seconds a DHCPv6 client should wait before refreshing information retrieved from DHCPv6.Table 30 Network Setting > Home Networking > IPv6 LAN Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 Home Networking 90DNS Query Mode Select how the Device handles clients’ DNS information requests.•IPv4 DNS Server First: The Device forwards the requests to the IPv4 DNS server first and then the IPv6 DNS server. Then it sends clients the first DNS information it receives.•IPv6 DNS Server First: The Device forwards the requests to the IPv6 DNS server first and then the IPv4 DNS server. Then it sends clients the first DNS information it receives.•IPv4 DNS Server Only: The Device forwards the requests to the IPv4 DNS server and sends clients the DNS information it receives.•IPv6 DNS Server Only: The Device forwards the requests to the IPv6 DNS server and sends clients the DNS information it receives.Advanced Setup Click this to open the IPv6 LAN Setup Advanced Setup section.RADVD SetupSend RA on Select this to have the Device send router advertisement messages to the LAN hosts.Router advertisement is a response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters, such as IPv6 prefix and DNS information.Router solicitation is a request from a host to locate a router that can act as the default router and forward packets.Note: The LAN hosts neither generate global IPv6 addresses nor communicate with other networks if you disable this feature.Delegate M/O flag from WANSelect this to have the Device obtain the M/O (Managed/Other) flag setting from the service provider or uplink router.Manual Select this to specify the M/O flag setting manually.Managed config flag on Select this to have the Device indicate to hosts to obtain network settings (such as prefix and DNS settings) through DHCPv6. Clear this to have the Device indicate to hosts that DHCPv6 is not available and they should use the prefix in the router advertisement message.Other config flag on Select this to have the Device indicate to hosts to obtain DNS information through DHCPv6.Clear this to have the Device indicate to hosts that DNS information is not available in this network.Advertisement interval option onSelect this to have the Router Advertisement messages the Device sends specify the allowed interval between Router Advertisement messages.Hop limit Enter the maximum number of network segments that a packet can cross before reaching the destination. When forwarding an IPv6 packet, IPv6 routers are required to decrease the Hop Limit by 1 and to discard the IPv6 packet when the Hop Limit is 0. Possible value for this field are 0-255.Router Lifetime Enter the time in seconds that hosts should consider the Device to be the default router. Possible values for this field are 0-9000.Table 30 Network Setting > Home Networking > IPv6 LAN Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 Home Networking 917.7 The File Sharing ScreenYou can share files on a USB memory stick or hard drive connected to your Device with users on your network. Router Preference Select the router preference (Low, Medium or High) for the Device. The Device sends this preference in the router advertisements to tell hosts what preference they should use for the Device. This helps hosts to choose their default router especially when there are multiple IPv6 router in the network.Note: Make sure the hosts also support router preference to make this function work.Reachable Time (ms)Enter the time in milliseconds that can elapse before a neighbor is detected. Possible values for this field are 0-3600000.Retrans Timer (ms) Enter the time in milliseconds between neighbor solicitation packet retransmissions. Possible values for this field are 1000-4294967295. RA Interval Enter the time in seconds between router advertisement messages. Possible values for this field are 4-1800.Delegate MTU from WANSelect this to have the Device obtain the MTU setting from the service provider or uplink router.Manual Select this to specify the MTU manually.MTU The Maximum Transmission Unit. Type the maximum size of each IPv6 data packet, in bytes, that can move through this interface. If a larger packet arrives, the Device divides it into smaller fragments.DAD attempts Specify the number of DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) attempts before an IPv6 address is assigned to the Device LAN interface. Possible values for this field are 1-7.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Advanced Setup Click this to close the IPv6 LAN Setup Advanced Setup section.Table 30 Network Setting > Home Networking > IPv6 LAN Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 Home Networking 92The following figure is an overview of the Device’s file server feature. Computers A and B can access files on a USB device (C) which is connected to the Device.Figure 49 File Sharing OverviewABC The Device will not be able to join the workgroup if your local area network has restrictions set up that do not allow devices to join a workgroup. In this case, contact your network administrator.7.7.1 Before You BeginMake sure the Device is connected to your network and turned on.1Connect the USB device to one of the Device’s USB ports. Make sure the Device is connected to your network.2The Device detects the USB device and makes its contents available for browsing. If you are connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected to an appropriate power source that is on. If your USB device cannot be detected by the Device, see the troubleshooting for suggestions.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 93Use this screen to set up file sharing using the Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > Home Networking > File Sharing.Figure 50 Network Setting > Home Networking > File SharingEach field is described in the following table.Table 31 Network Setting > Home Networking > File Sharing LABEL DESCRIPTIONServer ConfigurationFile Sharing Services (SMB)Select Enable to activate file sharing through the Device. Share Directory Access LevelSelect Public to allow all LAN users to access the shared folders. Select Security to allow only the users added and activated in the Account Management section below to access the shared folders.Account Management#This is the index number of the file sharing user account.Status This shows whether or not the file sharing user account is activated.User Name This field displays the user name of the file sharing user account.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 947.7.2 Edit File Sharing UserUse this screen to edit a file sharing user on the Device. Click the Edit icon next to a user account.Figure 51 File Sharing: Add/EditEach field is described in the following table.Table 32 File Sharing: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select this to activate the file sharing user account.User Name Type the user name for the account.New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the Device.Retype New PasswordType the new password again for confirmation.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.Modify Click the Edit icon to configure a file sharing user account’s settings.Click the Delete icon to delete this user account from the list.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 31 Network Setting > Home Networking > File Sharing (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 Home Networking 957.8 The Printer Server ScreenThe Device allows you to share a USB printer on your LAN. You can do this by connecting a USB printer to one of the USB ports on the Device and then configuring a TCP/IP port on the computers connected to your network. Figure 52 Sharing a USB Printer7.8.1 Before You BeginTo configure the print server you need the following:• Your Device must be connected to your computer and any other devices on your network. The USB printer must be connected to your Device.• A USB printer with the driver already installed on your computer.• The computers on your network must have the printer software already installed before they can create a TCP/IP port for printing via the network. Follow your printer manufacturers instructions on how to install the printer software on your computer.  Your printer’s installation instructions may ask that you connect the printer to your computer. Connect your printer to the Device instead.Use this screen to enable or disable sharing of a USB printer via your Device. To access this screen, click Network Setting > Home Networking > Printer Server.Figure 53 Network Setting > Home Networking > Printer Server
Chapter 7 Home Networking 96The following table describes the labels in this menu.Table 33 Network Setting > Home Networking > Print ServerLABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Printer Server Select this to have the Device share a USB printer.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.7.9 Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.LANs, WANs and the DeviceThe actual physical connection determines whether the Device ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.Figure 54 LAN and WAN IP AddressesWANLANDHCP SetupDHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 97IP Pool SetupThe Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.LAN TCP/IP The Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.IP Address and Subnet MaskSimilar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number.Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the Device. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
Chapter 7 Home Networking 98You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses. Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, “Address Allocation for Private Internets” and RFC 1466, “Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.7.10 Installing UPnP in Windows ExampleThis section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP. Installing UPnP in Windows MeFollow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me. 1Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs.2Click the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components selection box. Click Details. Figure 55 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication
Chapter 7 Home Networking 993In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the Components selection box. Figure 56 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components4Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click Next. 5Restart the computer when prompted. Installing UPnP in Windows XPFollow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP.1Click Start and Control Panel. 2Double-click Network Connections.3In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select Optional Networking Components …. Figure 57 Network Connections
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1004The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays. Select Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details. Figure 58 Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1015In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box. Figure 59 Networking Services6Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard window and click Next. 7.11 Using UPnP in Windows XP ExampleThis section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the Device.Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the Device. Turn on your computer and the Device. Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device1Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under Internet Gateway.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1022Right-click the icon and select Properties. Figure 60 Network Connections3In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created. Figure 61 Internet Connection Properties
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1034You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings. Figure 62 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced SettingsFigure 63 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add5When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be deleted automatically.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1046Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in the system tray. Figure 64 System Tray Icon7Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.Figure 65 Internet Connection StatusWeb Configurator Easy AccessWith UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the Device without finding out the IP address of the Device first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the Device.Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.1Click Start and then Control Panel. 2Double-click Network Connections.
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1053Select My Network Places under Other Places. Figure 66 Network Connections4An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network. 5Right-click on the icon for your Device and select Invoke. The web configurator login screen displays. Figure 67 Network Connections: My Network Places
Chapter 7 Home Networking 1066Right-click on the icon for your Device and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the Device. Figure 68 Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example
8Chapter Chapter 8 Static Route 107CHAPTER 8 Chapter 8 Static Route8.1 Overview The Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the Device’s LAN interface. The Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the Device’s default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN. Figure 69 Example of Static Routing TopologyWANR1R2AR3LAN8.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the Static Route screens (Section 8.2 on page 108) to view and configure IP static routes on the Device.•Use the IPv6 Static Route screens (Section 8.3 on page 110) to view and configure IPv6 static routes on the Device.
Chapter 8 Static Route 1088.2 Configuring Static Route Use this screen to view and configure IP static routes on the Device. Click Network Setting > Static Route to open the following screen. Figure 70 Network Setting > Static RouteThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 34 Network Setting > Static Route LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd New Static RouteClick this to set up a new static route on the Device.#This is the number of an individual static route.Destination IP This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.Subnet Mask This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination.Interface This is the WAN interface through which the traffic is routed.Metric This is the “cost” of transmission for routing purposes. Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the Device.Click the Delete icon to remove a static route from the Device.
Chapter 8 Static Route 1098.2.1 Add/Edit Static Route Click Add New Static Route in the Static Route screen or click the Edit icon next to a rule. The following screen appears. Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route.Figure 71 Static Route: Add/EditThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 35 Routing: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONDestination IP AddressThis parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID.IP Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask here.Gateway IP AddressYou can decide if you want to forward packets to a gateway IP address or a bound interface.If you want to configure Gateway IP Address, enter the IP address of the next-hop gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.Bound Interface You can decide if you want to forward packets to a gateway IP address or a bound interface.If you want to configure Bound Interface, select the check box and choose an interface through which the traffic is sent. You must have the WAN interfaces already configured in the Broadband screen.Metric Enter the “cost” of transmission for routing purposes. IP routing uses hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of 1 for directly-connected networks.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.
Chapter 8 Static Route 1108.3 IPv6 Static RouteUse this screen to view the IPv6 static route rules. Click Network Setting > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route to open the IPv6 Static Route screen.Figure 72 Network Setting > Static Route > IPv6 Static RouteThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 36 Network Setting > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd New Static routeClick this to configure a new IPv6 static route.#This is the number of an individual static route.Destination IP This is the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. Prefix length An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left) in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the IPv6 subnet mask.Gateway This is the IPv6 address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway has a route to the destination network and helps forward packets to their destinations.Device This specifies the LAN or WAN PVC.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the Device.Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
Chapter 8 Static Route 1118.3.1 IPv6 Static Route Edit Use this screen to configure the required information for an IPv6 static route. Click Add New Static Route or select an IPv6 static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.Figure 73 Network Setting > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: Add/EditThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 37 Network Setting > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONDestination IPv6 AddressThis parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a prefix length of 128 in the prefix length field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID.IPv6 Prefix LengthEnter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits compose the network address.Gateway IPv6 AddressEnter the IPv6 address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway has a route to the destination network and helps forward packets to their destinations. If a link local address is used, the interface should also be specified.Bound Interface If you want to forward IPv6 packets to a bound interface, select the interface through which the traffic is sent.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
9Chapter Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 112CHAPTER 9 Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS)9.1 OverviewThis chapter discusses the Device’s QoS screens. Use these screens to set up your Device to use QoS for traffic management. Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. QoS allows the Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-on-demand.The Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the General screen to enable QoS, set the bandwidth, and allow the Device to automatically assign priority to upstream traffic according to the IP precedence or packet length (Section 9.2 on page 113).•Use the Queue Setup screen to configure QoS queue assignment (Section 9.3 on page 114).•Use the Class Setup screen to set up classifiers to sort traffic into different flows and assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow (Section 9.4 on page 116).•Use the Policer Setup screen to add, edit or delete QoS policers (Section 9.5 on page 122).•Use the Game List screen to to give priority to traffic for specific games (Section 9.6 on page 125).9.1.2 What You Need to KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 113QoS versus CosQoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different priorities to different packet types. CoS technologies includes DiffServ (Differentiated Services or DS). DiffServ is a new protocol and defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. Tagging and MarkingIn a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) value ain a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker.9.2 The QoS General Screen Use this screen to enable or disable QoS, set the bandwidth, and select to have the Device automatically assign priority to upstream traffic according to the IP precedence or packet length.Click Network Setting > QoS to open the General screen. Figure 74 Network Setting > QoS > General
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 114The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 38 Network Setting > QoS > General LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive QoS Select the check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance. You can give priority to traffic that the Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications. Traffic priority will be automatically assigned bySelect how the Device assigns priorities to various upstream traffic flows.•None: Disables auto priority mapping and has the Device put packets into the queues according to your classification rules. Traffic which does not match any of the classification rules is mapped into the default queue with the lowest priority.•Ethernet Priority: Automatically assign priority based on the IEEE 802.1p priority level.•IP Precedence: Automatically assign priority based on the first three bits of the TOS field in the IP header.•Packet Length: Automatically assign priority based on the packet size. Smaller packets get higher priority since control, signaling, VoIP, internet gaming, or other real-time packets are usually small while larger packets are usually best effort data packets like file transfers.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.9.3 The Queue Setup ScreenUse this screen to configure QoS queue assignment. Click Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next. Figure 75 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 115The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 39 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONIndex This is the index number of this entry.Status This indicates whether the queue is active or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this queue is active. A gray bulb signifies that this queue is not active.Name This shows the descriptive name of this queue.Interface This shows the name of the Device’s interface through which traffic in this queue passes.Priority This shows the priority of this queue.Weight This shows the weight of this queue.Rate Limit (kbps)This shows the maximum transmission rate allowed for traffic on this queue.Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the queue.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing queue. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.9.3.1 Edit a QoS Queue Use this screen to configure a queue. Click the Edit icon next to a QoS queue. Figure 76 Queue Setup: Edit
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 116The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 40 Queue Setup: Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select to enable or disable this queue.Name Enter the descriptive name of this queue.Interface Select the interface of this queue.Priority Select the priority level (from 1 to 7) of this queue.The lower the number, the higher the priority level. Traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in lower priority queues is dropped if the network is congested.Weight Select the weight (from 1 to 15) of this queue. If two queues have the same priority level, the Device divides the bandwidth across the queues according to their weights. Queues with larger weights get more bandwidth than queues with smaller weights.Rate Limit Specify the maximum transmission rate (in Kbps or %) allowed for traffic on this queue.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving. 9.4 The Class Setup Screen Use this screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow.You can give different priorities to traffic that the Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications. Click Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup to open the following screen.Figure 77 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 117The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 41 Network Setting > QoS > Class Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd new Classifier Click this to create a new classifier.Index This field displays the order number of the classifier.Status This indicates whether the classifier is active or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this classifier is active. A gray bulb signifies that this classifier is not active.From Interface If the classifier applies to traffic coming in through a specific interface, it displays here.Classification CriteriaThis shows criteria specified in this classifier, for example the interface from which traffic of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this classifier.DSCP (Traffic Class) MarkThis is the DSCP number added to traffic of this classifier.802.1P/1Q Mark This is the IEEE 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic of this classifier. To Queue This is the name of the queue in which traffic of this classifier is put.Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the classifier.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing classifier. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 1189.4.1 Add/Edit QoS Class Click Add new Classifier in the Class Setup screen or the Edit icon next to an existing classifier to configure it.Figure 78 Class Setup: Add/Edit
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 119The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 42 Class Setup: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONRule Index Select the (order) number of this rule.Class ConfigurationActive Select to enable this classifier.Ether Type Select the Ether type (IPv4, IPv6, ARP, or IEEE 802.1Q) to which this rule applies.Interface Select whether to apply this class to traffic from the LAN or from the WAN.To Queue Select a queue to apply to this class (available when you set Interface to From WAN).You should have configured a queue in the Queue Setup screen already.Criteria ConfigurationUse the following fields to configure the criteria for traffic classification.BasicFrom Interface Select the interface from which the traffic class comes.SourceIP Address Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank source IP address means any source IP address. IP Subnet Mask Enter the source subnet mask.Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.Port Range If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the check box and enter the port number(s) of the source. Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.MAC Address Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet.MAC Mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address should match. Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address should match. Enter “0“ for the bits of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal characters. For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.Destination
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 120IP Address Select the check box and enter the destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank source IP address means any source IP address. IP Subnet Mask Enter the destination subnet mask.Port Range If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the check box and enter the port number(s) of the source. MAC Address Select the check box and enter the destination MAC address of the packet.MAC Mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address should match. Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address should match. Enter “0“ for the bit(s) of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.Others Some of the following fields can only be configured for certain Ether types.Service Select the service classification of the traffic (FTP or SIP).IP Protocol Select this option and select the protocol (service type) from TCP or UDP. If you select User defined, enter the protocol (service type) number. TCP ACK If you select this option, the matched TCP packets must contain the ACK (Acknowledge) flag.DHCP Select this option and select a DHCP option. If you select Vendor Class ID (DHCP Option 60), enter the Class ID of the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware.If you select ClientID (DHCP Option 61), enter the Type of the matched traffic and Client ID of the DHCP client.If you select User Class ID (DHCP Option 77), enter the User Class Data, which is a string that identifies the user’s category or application type in the matched DHCP packets.If you select VendorSpecificIntro (DHCP Option 125), enter the Enterprise Number of the software of the matched traffic and Vendor Class Data used by all the DHCP clients.Packet Length This field is available only when you select IPv4 (0x0800) in the Ether Type field.Select this option and enter the minimum and maximum packet length (from 46 to 1504) in the fields provided.IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.Table 42 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 121IP Precedence Range Enter a range from 0 to 7 for IP precedence. 0 is the lowest priority and 7 is the highest.Type of Service Select a type of service from the drop-down list box.DSCP Range (0 ~ 63) Select this option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the field provided.802.1P Select this option and select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop-down list box."0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.VLAN ID Select this option and enter the source VLAN ID in this field.Exclude Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.ActionForward To Select the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out. If you select Unchange, the Device forwards traffic of this class according to the default routing table.If traffic of this class comes from a WAN interface and is in a queue that forwards traffic through the LAN/WLAN interface, the Device ignores the setting here.IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.IP Precedence Mark Enter a range from 0 to 7 to re-assign IP precedence to matched traffic. 0 is the lowest priority and 7 is the highest.Type Of Service Mark Select a type of service to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.DSCP Mark(0~63) This field is available only when you select IPv4 (0x0800) in the Ether Type field.If you select Mark, enter a DSCP value with which the Device replaces the DSCP field in the packets.If you select Unchange, the Device keep the DSCP field in the packets.Table 42 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 1229.5 The QoS Policer Setup ScreenUse this screen to configure QoS policers that allow you to limit the transmission rate of incoming traffic. Click Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup. The screen appears as shown. Figure 79 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. 802.1Q Tag If you select Remark, select a priority level (in the Ethernet Priority field) and enter a VLAN ID number (in the VLAN ID field) with which the Device replaces the IEEE 802.1p priority field and VLAN ID of the frames.If you select Remove, the Device deletes the VLAN ID of the frames before forwarding them out.If you select Add, the Device treat all matched traffic untagged and add a second priority level and VLAN ID that you specify in the Ethernet Priority and VLAN ID fields.If you select Same, the Device keep the Ethernet Priority and VLAN ID in the packets.To configure the Ethernet Priority, you can either select a priority number in the first drop-down list box (7 is the highest and 0 is the lowest priority) or select an application from the second drop-down list box which automatically maps to the corresponding priority number. (Key Net Traffic: 7; Voice: 6; Video: 5; IGMP: 4; Key Data: 3)VLAN ID Select this option and enter the source VLAN ID in this field.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 42 Class Setup: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 43 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd new PolicerClick this to create a new entry.#This is the index number of the entry.Status This field displays whether the policer is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this policer is active. A gray bulb signifies that this policer is not active.Name This field displays the descriptive name of this policer.
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 1239.5.1 Add/Edit a QoS Policer Click Add new Policer in the Policer Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a policer to show the following screen. Figure 80 Policer Setup: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Regulated ClassesThis field displays the name of a QoS classifier.Meter Type This field displays the type of QoS metering algorithm used in this policer.Rule These are the rates and burst sizes against which the policer checks the traffic of the member QoS classes.Action This shows the how the policer has the Device treat different types of traffic belonging to the policer’s member QoS classes.Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the policer.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing policer. Note that subsequent rules move up by one when you take this action.Table 43 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 44 Policer Setup: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select the check box to activate this policer.Name Enter the descriptive name of this policer.
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 124Meter Type This shows the traffic metering algorithm used in this policer.The Simple Token Bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be transmitted. Each token represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes which is also the bucket size.The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and the Excess Burst Size (EBS).The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the Peak Information Rate (PIR).Committed RateSpecify the committed rate. When the incoming traffic rate of the member QoS classes is less than the committed rate, the device applies the conforming action to the traffic.Committed Burst SizeSpecify the committed burst size for packet bursts. This must be equal to or less than the peak burst size (two rate three color) or excess burst size (single rate three color) if it is also configured.This is the maximum size of the (first) token bucket in a traffic metering algorithm.Conforming ActionSpecify what the Device does for packets within the committed rate and burst size (green-marked packets). •Pass: Send the packets without modification.•DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to use. Non-Conforming ActionSpecify what the Device does for packets that exceed the excess burst size or peak rate and burst size (red-marked packets). •Drop: Discard the packets.•DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to use. The packets may be dropped if there is congestion on the network.Available ClassSelected Class Select a QoS classifier to apply this QoS policer to traffic that matches the QoS classifier.Highlight a QoS classifier in the Available Class box and use the > button to move it to the Selected Class box.To remove a QoS classifier from the Selected Class box, select it and use the < button.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.Table 44 Policer Setup: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 1259.6 The QoS Game List Screen Use this screen to give priority to traffic for specific games. Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Game List to open the screen as shown next.Figure 81 Network Setting > QoS > Game List The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 45 Network Setting > QoS > Game List LABEL DESCRIPTIONEnable Game List Select this to have QoS give the highest priority to traffic for the games you specify. This priority is higher than the other QoS queues.Select the games below.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 9.7 QoS Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.9.7.1 DiffServ QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet types.DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 126DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field. DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.DSCP (6 bits) Unused (2 bits)The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.
10Chapter Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 127CHAPTER 10 Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT)10.1 Overview NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the General screen to limit the number of concurrent NAT sessions each client can use (Section 10.2 on page 128). •Use the Port Forwarding screen to configure forward incoming service requests to the servers on your local network (Section 10.3 on page 128).•Use the DMZ screen to configure a default server (Section 10.4 on page 132).•Use the ALG screen to enable or disable the SIP ALG (Section 10.5 on page 133).10.1.2 What You Need To KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.Inside/Outside and Global/LocalInside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts. Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side. NATIn the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 128Port ForwardingA port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside world.Finding Out MoreSee Section 10.6 on page 133 for advanced technical information on NAT.10.2 The General ScreenUse the General screen to limit the number of concurrent NAT sessions each client can use. Click Network Setting > NAT > General to display the following screen. Figure 82 Network Setting > NAT > GeneralThe following table describes the fields in this screen.Table 46 Network Setting > NAT > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONMax NAT/Firewall Session Per User Use this field to set a common limit to the number of concurrent NAT sessions each client computer can have.If only a few clients use peer to peer applications, you can raise this number to improve their performance. With heavy peer to peer application use, lower this number to ensure no single client uses too many of the available NAT sessions.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.10.3 The Port Forwarding Screen Use the Port Forwarding screen to forward incoming service requests to the servers on your local network.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 129You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.  Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 10.0.0.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet.Figure 83 Multiple Servers Behind NAT ExampleA=10.0.0.33D=10.0.0.36C=10.0.0.35B=10.0.0.34WANLAN10.0.0.1 IP Address assigned by ISP10.3.1 The Port Forwarding ScreenClick Network Setting > NAT to open the Port Forwarding screen.Figure 84 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 130The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 47 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding LABEL DESCRIPTIONWAN Interface Select the WAN interface for which to configure NAT port forwarding rules.Add new rule Click this to add a new port forwarding rule.#This is the index number of the entry.Active This field indicates whether the rule is active or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.Service Name This is the service’s name. This shows User Defined if you manually added a service. You can change this by clicking the edit icon.External Start Port This is the first external port number that identifies a service.External End Port This is the last external port number that identifies a service.Internal Start Port This is the first internal port number that identifies a service.Internal End Port This is the last internal port number that identifies a service.Server IP Address This is the server’s IP address.Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the port forwarding rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that subsequent address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 13110.3.2 The Port Forwarding Add/Edit ScreenThis screen lets you create or edit a port forwarding rule. Click Add new rule in the Port Forwarding screen or the Edit icon next to an existing rule to open the following screen.Figure 85 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 48 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select or clear this field to turn the port forwarding rule on or off.Service Name Select a service to forward or select User Defined and enter a name in the field to the right. External Start Port Configure this for a user-defined entry. Enter the original destination port for the packets.To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the External End Port field. To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the External End Port field.External End Port Configure this for a user-defined entry. Enter the last port of the original destination port range. To forward only one port, enter the port number in the External Start Port field above and then enter it again in this field. To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port number in the External Start Port field above.Server IP Address Enter the inside IP address of the virtual server here.Protocol Select the protocol supported by this virtual server. Choices are TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 13210.4 The DMZ ScreenClick Network Setting > NAT > DMZ to open the DMZ screen. Use this screen to specify the IP address of a default server to receive packets from ports not specified in the Port Forwarding screen.Figure 86 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 49 Network Setting > NAT > DMZLABEL DESCRIPTIONWAN Interface Select the WAN interface for which to configure a default server.Default Server AddressEnter the IP address of the default server which receives packets from ports that are not specified in the Port Forwarding screen. Note: If you do not assign a default server, the Device discards all packets received for ports not specified in the virtual server configuration.Apply Click this to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Open Start Port Configure this for a user-defined entry. This shows the port number to which you want the Device to translate the incoming port. For a range of ports, enter the first number of the range to which you want the incoming ports translated.Open End Port Configure this for a user-defined entry. This shows the last port of the translated port range.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 48 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 13310.5 The ALG ScreenClick Network Setting > NAT > ALG to open the ALG screen. Use this screen to enable and disable the NAT Application Layer Gateway (ALG) in the Device. The SIP ALG allows SIP calls to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream. When the Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the Device’s private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or an outbound proxy if you enable the SIP ALG.Figure 87 Network Setting > NAT > ALG The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 50 Network Setting > NAT > ALGLABEL DESCRIPTIONSIP ALG Enable this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-forwarding. Apply Click this to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.10.6 Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.10.6.1 NAT DefinitionsInside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts. Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 134Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this information.Table 51 NAT Definitions ITEM DESCRIPTIONInside This refers to the host on the LAN.Outside This refers to the host on the WAN.Local This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN.Global This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN.NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.10.6.2 What NAT DoesIn the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP. In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a Telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers, NAT offers the additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your Device filters out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) 13510.6.3 How NAT WorksEach packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The Device keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.Figure 88 How NAT Works192.168.1.13192.168.1.10192.168.1.11192.168.1.12 SA192.168.1.10SAIGA1Inside LocalIP Address192.168.1.10192.168.1.11192.168.1.12192.168.1.13Inside Global IP AddressIGA 1IGA 2IGA 3IGA 4NAT TableWANLANInside LocalAddress (ILA)Inside GlobalAddress (IGA)
11Chapter Chapter 11 Port Binding 136CHAPTER 11 Chapter 11 Port Binding11.1 OverviewPort binding aggregates port connections into logical groups. Bind WAN virtual channels (VCs) to Ethernet ports and WLANs to specify how traffic is forwarded. The Device forwards traffic from an Ethernet port only through the bound WAN virtual channel and vice versa. For ports not belonging to a port binding group, the Device forwards traffic according to the routing table.Additionally, specify ATM QoS settings for an ADSL virtual channel (PVC) to satisfy the bandwidth requirements of the traffic the PVC carries. For example, create two port binding groups on the device (R1) for two different WAN ATM PVC connections. The first PVC (PVC1) handles non time-sensitive data traffic. The second PVC (PVC2) handle time sensitive Media-On-Demand (MOD) video traffic. Figure 89 Port Binding GroupsS2R1R1MODDataPVC1PVC2
Chapter 11 Port Binding 13711.2 The Port Binding ScreenUse this screen to enable or disable port binding or any port any service. Click Network Setting > Port Binding. If you want to enable the port binding feature and configure port binding groups, select Enable Port Binding. Figure 90 Network Setting > Port Binding: Enable Port BindingThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 52 Network Setting > Port Binding: Enable Port Binding LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Activate or deactivate the port binding group.Group Index Select the index number for the port binding group. When a port is assigned to a port binding group, traffic will be forwarded to the other ports in the group, but not to ports in other groups. If a port is not included in any groups, traffic will be forwarded according to the routing table.ATM VCs Select the ATM VC (PVC) to include in the port binding group. Each ATM VC can only be bound to one group.Ethernet Select the Ethernet (Eth) ports to include in the port binding group. Each Ethernet port can only be bound to one group.Wireless LAN Select the WLAN (AP) connections to include in the port binding group. Additional APs can be enabled on the More AP screen (Section 6.3 on page 59).Group SummaryPort Binding SummaryClick this to view a summary of configured port binding groups.
Chapter 11 Port Binding 13811.2.1 Port Binding Summary ScreenUse this screen to view configured port binding groups.In the Port Binding screen, click the Port Binding Summary button in the Group Summary section to display the following screen.Figure 91 Network Setting > Port Binding: Port Binding SummaryThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 53 Network Setting > Port Binding: Port Binding Summary LABEL DESCRIPTIONGroup ID This field displays the group index number.Group Port This field displays the ports and virtual channels included in the group.OK Click this to close the screen. Apply Add the selected port binding group configuration.Delete Delete the selected port binding group configuration. Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 52 Network Setting > Port Binding: Enable Port Binding (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 11 Port Binding 139If you want to enable the Any Port Any Service feature, select Enable Any Port Any Service. The Device binds a LAN port with WAN interface per source MAC or DHCP options from the LAN host dynamically. You can configure up to 5 dynamic port binding groups. Figure 92 Network Setting > Port Binding: Any Port Any ServiceThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 54 Network Setting > Port Binding: Any Port Any Service LABEL DESCRIPTIONIndex This is the index number for the port binding group. Option60 This is the Vendor Class Identifier of the matched traffic.Option61 This is the device identity of the matched traffic.Option77 This is the User Class Identifier of the matched trafficOption125 This is the vendor specific information of the matched traffic.MAC/Mask This is the source MAC address and MAC mask of the matched traffic.Interface This is the WAN interface of the port binding group.Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the port binding group.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing port binding group.Apply Click this to apply the settings.
Chapter 11 Port Binding 14011.2.2 The Any Port Any Service Edit ScreenThis screen lets you create or edit a dynamic port binding group. Click the Edit icon of a port binding group in the Port Binding: Any Port Any Service screen to open the following screen.Figure 93 Any Port Any Service: Add/Edit The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 55 Any Port Any Service: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONInterface Select the WAN interface of the port binding group.Source MAC If you want to configure the port binding group by the source MAC address of the packet, select this check box and enter the MAC address and MAC mask. MAC address Enter the source MAC address of the packet.
Chapter 11 Port Binding 141MAC mask Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address should match.Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.DHCP Option60 Select this option and enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) of the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware.VendorClassId Enter the Vendor Class Identifier of the matched traffic.Enable wildcard on DHCP option 60 Select this option to be able to use wildcards in the Vendor Class Identifier configured for DHCP option 60.DHCP option61 Select this and enter the device identity of the matched traffic.IAID Enter the Identity Association Identifier (IAID) of the device, for example, the WAN connection index number.DUID type Select DUID-LLT (DUID Based on Link-layer Address Plus Time) to enter the hardware type, a time value and the MAC address of the device.Select DUID-EN (DUID Assigned by Vendor Based upon Enterprise Number) to enter the vendor’s registered enterprise number.Select DUID-LL (DUID Based on Link-layer Address) to enter the device’s hardware type and hardware address (MAC address) in the following fields.Select Other to enter any string that identifies the device in the DUID field.DHCP option77 Select this and enter a string that identifies the user’s category or application type in the matched DHCP packets.Value Enter a string that identifies the user’s category or application type in the matched DHCP packetsDHCP option125 Select this and enter vendor specific information of the matched traffic.Enterprise Number Enter the vendor’s 32-bit enterprise number registered with the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).Manufacturer OUI Specify the vendor’s OUI (Organization Unique Identifier). It is usually the first three bytes of the MAC address.Product Class Enter the product class of the device.Model Name Enter the model name of the device.Serial Number Enter the serial number of the device.Table 55 Any Port Any Service: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 11 Port Binding 142If you want to disable the port binding feature on the Device, select Disable in the Port Binding screen and click Apply.It is suggested to reboot the Device after you have changed the port binding settings or WAN encapsulation. Figure 94 Network Setting > Port Binding: DisableOK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 55 Any Port Any Service: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
12Chapter Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS 143CHAPTER 12 Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS12.1 Overview This chapter discusses how to configure your Device to use Dynamic DNS.Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in applications such as NetMeeting and CU-SeeMe). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address.First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key. 12.1.1 What You Need To KnowDYNDNS WildcardEnabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS 14412.2 The Dynamic DNS ScreenUse the Dynamic DNS screen to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the Device. To change your Device’s DDNS, click Network Setting > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown. Figure 95 Network Setting > Dynamic DNSThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 56 Network Setting > Dynamic DNS LABEL DESCRIPTIONDynamic DNS ConfigurationDynamic DNS Select Enable to use dynamic DNS.Service Provider Select the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.Host Name Type the domain name assigned to your Device by your Dynamic DNS provider.Username Type your user name for the Dynamic DNS service provider.Password Type your password for the Dynamic DNS service provider.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Dynamic DNS StatusUser Authentication ResultThis field displays the results of the Device’s attempt to authenticate with the Dynamic DNS service provider.Last Updated TimeThis field displays when the Device last updated its WAN IP address to the Dynamic DNS service provider.Current Dynamic IPThis field displays the Device’s current WAN IP address.
13Chapter Chapter 13 Filter 145CHAPTER 13 Chapter 13 Filter13.1 Overview This chapter introduces filter rules you can configure to restrict traffic by IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and MAC addresses.13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens•Use the IP/MAC Filter screen (Section 13.2 on page 146) to create IPv4/MAC filter rules.•Use the IPv6/MAC Filter screen (Section 13.3 on page 148) to create IPv6/MAC filter rules.
Chapter 13 Filter 14613.2 The IP/MAC Filter ScreenUse this screen to create and apply IPv4/MAC filters. Click Security > Filter to display the screen as shown.Figure 96 Security > Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 57 Security > Filter LABEL DESCRIPTIONRule TypeRule Type selectionSelect White List to create a filter rule that allows traffic.Select Black List to create a filter rule that blocks traffic.IP/MAC Filter Rule EditingIP/MAC Filter Rule IndexSelect the index number of the filter rule.Active Use this field to enable or disable the rule.Interface Select the interface to which to apply the filter.
Chapter 13 Filter 147Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.Rule Type Select IP to filter traffic by IP addresses.Select MAC to filter traffic by MAC address.Source IP Address Enter the source IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask for the source IP address.Port Number Enter the source port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.Destination IP AddressEnter the destination IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask for the destination IP address.Port Number Enter the destination port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.Protocol Select ICMP, TCP or UDP for the upper layer protocol.Source MAC AddressThis field is only available when you select MAC in the Rule Type field.Enter the MAC address of the packets you wish to filter.IP / MAC Filter Listing#This is the index number of the filter rule.Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.Interface This field shows the interface to which the filter rule applies.Direction The filter rule applies to this traffic direction.Src IP/Mask This is the source IP address and subnet mask when you select IP as the rule type.This is the MAC address when you select MAC as the rule type.Dest IP/Mask This is the destination IP address and subnet mask.MAC Address For a MAC filter rule this field shows the MAC address of the packets to filter.Src Port This is the source port number.Dest Port This is the destination port number.Protocol This is the upper layer protocol.Apply Click this to save your changes.Delete Click this to remove the filter rule selected in the IP / MAC Filter Rule Index field.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 57 Security > Filter (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 13 Filter 14813.3 The IPv6/MAC Filter ScreenUse this screen to create and apply IPv6/MAC filters. Click Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter to display the screen as shown.Figure 97 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 58 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter LABEL DESCRIPTIONRule TypeRule Type selection Select White List to create a filter rule that allows traffic.Select Black List to create a filter rule that blocks traffic.IPv6 / MAC Filter Rule EditingIPv6 / MAC Filter Rule IndexSelect the index number of the filter rule.Active Use this field to enable or disable the rule.Interface Select the interface to which to apply the filter.Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.
Chapter 13 Filter 149Rule Type Select IP to filter traffic by IP addresses.Select MAC to filter traffic by MAC address.Source IP Address Enter the source IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::.Subnet Mask Enter the IPv6 subnet mask for the source IPv6 address.Source Prefix LengthEnter the prefix length for the source IPv6 address.Destination IPv6 AddressEnter the destination IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::.Destination Prefix LengthEnter the prefix length for the destination IPv6 address.ICMPv6 Type Select one of the following ICMPv6 message types to filter. 1 / Destination Unreachable: 0 - no route to destination; 1 - communication with destination administratively prohibited; 3 - address unreachable; 4 - port unreachable2 / Packet Too Big3 / Time Exceeded: 0 - hop limit exceeded in transit; 1 - fragment reassembly time exceeded4 / Parameter Problem: 0 - erroneous header field encountered; 1 - unrecognized Next Header type encountered; 2 - unrecognized IPv6 option encountered128 / Echo Request129 / Echo Response130 / Listener Query - Multicast listener query131 / Listener Report - Multicast listener report132 / Listener Done - Multicast listener done143 / Listener Reportv2 - Multicast listener report v2133 / Router Solicitation134 / Router Advertisement135 / Neighbor Solicitation136 / Neighbor Advertisement137 / Redirect - Redirect messageProtocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6.Source MAC AddressThis field is only available when you select MAC in the Rule Type field.Enter the MAC address of the packets you wish to filter.IPv6 / MAC Filter ListingTable 58 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 13 Filter 150IPv6 / MAC Filter Rule IndexSelect the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.#This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.Interface This is the interface that the rule applies to.Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction.ICMPv6 Type The ICMPv6 message type to filter.Src IP/PrefixLength This displays the source IPv6 address and prefix length.Dest IP/PrefixLengthThis displays the destination IPv6 address and prefix length.Mac Address This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered.Protocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6.Apply Click this to save your changes.Delete Click this to remove the filter rule selected in the IPv6 / MAC Filter Rule Index field.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 58 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
14Chapter Chapter 14 Firewall 151CHAPTER 14 Chapter 14 Firewall14.1 OverviewThis chapter shows you how to enable the Device firewall. Use the firewall to protect your Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. The firewall:• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks. • blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.• blocks SYN and port scanner attacks.By default, the Device blocks DDOS, LAND and Ping of Death attacks whether the firewall is enabled or disabled.The following figure illustrates the firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).Figure 98 Default Firewall ActionWANLAN3412A14.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens•Use the General screen (Section 14.2 on page 153) to select the firewall protection level on the Device.•Use the Default Action screen (Section 14.3 on page 154) to set the default action that the firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.
Chapter 14 Firewall 152•Use the Rules screen (Section 14.4 on page 155) to view the configured firewall rules and add, edit or remove a firewall rule.•Use the Dos screen (Section 14.5 on page 161) to set the thresholds that the Device uses to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open sessions).14.1.2 What You Need to Know About FirewallSYN AttackA SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.DoSDenials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS attacks.DDoSA Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system.LAND AttackIn a Local Area Network Denial (LAND) attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself.Ping of DeathPing of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or reboot.SPIStateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN.
Chapter 14 Firewall 153RFC 4890 SPEC TrafficRFC 4890 specifies the filtering policies for ICMPv6 messages. This is important for protecting against security threats including DoS, probing, redirection attacks and renumbering attacks that can be carried out through ICMPv6. Since ICMPv6 error messages are critical for establishing and maintaining communications, filtering policy focuses on ICMPv6 informational messages.Anti-ProbingIf an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your Device, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the Device exists. The Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your Device when unsupported ports are probed. ICMPInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user. DoS ThresholdsFor DoS attacks, the Device uses thresholds to determine when to drop sessions that do not become fully established. These thresholds apply globally to all sessions. You can use the default threshold values, or you can change them to values more suitable to your security requirements.14.2 Firewall General ScreenUse this screen to select the firewall protection level on the Device. Click Security > Firewall > General to display the following screen.Figure 99 Security > Firewall > General
Chapter 14 Firewall 154The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 59 Security > Firewall > General LABEL DESCRIPTIONHigh This setting blocks all traffic to and from the Internet. Only local network traffic and LAN to WAN service (Telnet, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, DNS, POP3, SMTP) is permitted. MediumThis is the recommended setting. It allows traffic to the Internet but blocks anyone from the Internet from accessing any services on your local network. Low This setting allows traffic to the Internet and also allows someone from the Internet to access services on your local network. This would be used with Port Forwarding, Default Server. Custom This setting allows the customer to create and edit individual firewall rules. Firewall rules can be created in the Default Action screen (Section 14.3 on page 154) and Rules screen (Section 14.4 on page 155).Off This setting is not recommended. It disables firewall protection for your network and could potentially expose your network to significant security risks. This option should only be used for troubleshooting or if you intend using another firewall in conjunction with your router.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.14.3 Default Action ScreenUse this screen to set the default action that the firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules. Click Security > Firewall > Default Action to display the following screen.Figure 100 Security > Firewall > Default Action
Chapter 14 Firewall 155The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 60 Security > Firewall > Default Action LABEL DESCRIPTIONPacket Direction This is the direction of travel of packets (WAN to LAN, LAN to WAN, WAN to Router, LAN to Router).Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply. For example, LAN to Router means packets traveling from a computer/subnet on the LAN to the Device itself. Default Action Use the drop-down list boxes to select the default action that the firewall is to take on packets that are traveling in the selected direction and do not match any of the firewall rules. Select Drop to silently discard the packets without sending a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender.Select Reject to deny the packets and send a TCP reset packet (for a TCP packet) or an ICMP destination-unreachable message (for a UDP packet) to the sender.Select Permit to allow the passage of the packets.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.14.4 Rules ScreenClick Security > Firewall > Rules to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the configured firewall rules. Note the order in which the rules are listed. The ordering of your rules is very important as rules are applied in turn.Figure 101 Security > Firewall > Rules
Chapter 14 Firewall 156The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 61 Security > Firewall > Rules LABEL DESCRIPTIONFirewall Rules Storage Space in UseThis read-only bar shows how much of the Device's memory for recording firewall rules it is currently using. When you are using 80% or less of the storage space, the bar is green. When the amount of space used is over 80%, the bar is red.Packet Direction Use the drop-down list box to select a direction of travel of packets for which you want to configure firewall rules.Create a new rule after rule number Select an index number and click Add to add a new firewall rule after the selected index number. For example, if you select “6”, your new rule becomes number 7 and the previous rule 7 (if there is one) becomes rule 8.The following read-only fields summarize the rules you have created that apply to traffic traveling in the selected packet direction. The firewall rules that you configure (summarized below) take priority over the general firewall action settings in the General screen.#This is your firewall rule number. The ordering of your rules is important as rules are applied in turn. Active This field displays whether a firewall is turned on or not. Select the check box to enable the rule. Clear the check box to disable the rule.Source IP Address This column displays the source addresses or ranges of addresses to which this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is equivalent to Any.Destination IP AddressThis column displays the destination addresses or ranges of addresses to which this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is equivalent to Any.Service This column displays the services to which this firewall rule applies. Action This field displays whether the firewall silently discards packets (Drop), discards packets and sends a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender (Reject) or allows the passage of packets (Permit).Source Interface This column displays the source interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic entered the Device. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to Any.Destination Interface This column displays the destination interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic is destined to leave the Device. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to Any.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Remove icon to delete an existing firewall rule. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the firewall rule. Note that subsequent firewall rules move up by one when you take this action.
Chapter 14 Firewall 15714.4.1 Rules Add ScreenUse this screen to configure firewall rules. In the Rules screen, select an index number and click Add or click a rule’s Edit icon to display this screen and refer to the following table for information on the labels.Figure 102 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add
Chapter 14 Firewall 158The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 62 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add LABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select this option to enable this firewall rule. Action for Matched PacketsUse the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (Drop), deny and send an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender of (Reject) or allow the passage of (Permit) packets that match this rule. IP Version Type Select the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6, to apply this firewall rule to.Rate Limit Set a maximum number of packets per second, minute, or hour to limit the throughput of traffic that matches this rule. Maximum Burst NumberSet the maximum number of packets that can be sent at the peak rate. Log This field determines if a log for packets that match the rule is created or not. Rules/Source AddressAddress Type Do you want your rule to apply to packets with a particular (single) IP, a range of IP addresses (for instance, 192.168.1.10 to 192.169.1.50), a subnet or any IP address? Select an option from the drop-down list box that includes: Single Address, Range Address, Subnet Address and Any Address. Start IP Address Enter the single IP address or the starting IP address in a range here. End IP Address Enter the ending IP address in a range here.Subnet Mask Enter the subnet mask here, if applicable.Source Mac Address Specify a source MAC address of traffic to which to apply this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source MAC address is equivalent to any.Destination AddressAddress Type Do you want your rule to apply to packets with a particular (single) IP, a range of IP addresses (for instance, 192.168.1.10 to 192.169.1.50), a subnet or any IP address? Select an option from the drop-down list box that includes: Single Address, Range Address, Subnet Address and Any Address. Start IP Address Enter the single IP address or the starting IP address in a range here. End IP Address Enter the ending IP address in a range here.Subnet Mask Enter the subnet mask here, if applicable.Source Interface Specify a source interface to which this firewall rule applies. This is the interface through which the traffic entered the Device. Please note that a blank source interface is equivalent to any.ServiceAvailable Services Select a service from the Available Services box.
Chapter 14 Firewall 15914.4.2 Customized Services Configure customized services and port numbers not predefined by the Device. For a comprehensive list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) website. Click the Edit Customized Services button while editing a firewall rule to configure a custom service port. This displays the following screen.Figure 103 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized ServicesThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Edit Customized ServicesClick the Edit Customized Service button to bring up the screen that you use to configure a new custom service that is not in the predefined list of services.TCP Flag Specify any TCP flag bits the firewall rule is to check for.Schedule Select the days and time during which to apply the rule. Select Everyday and All Day to always apply the rule.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 62 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 63 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services LABEL DESCRIPTION#This is the number of your customized port. Name This is the name of your customized service.
Chapter 14 Firewall 16014.4.3 Customized Service Add/Edit Use this screen to add a customized rule or edit an existing rule. Click Add or the Edit icon next to a rule number in the Firewall Customized Services screen to display the following screen.Figure 104 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Add/EditThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Protocol This shows the IP protocol (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized service.Port Type This is the port number or range that defines your customized service.Start Port This is a single port number or the starting port number of a range that defines your customized service.End Port This is a single port number or the ending port number of a range that defines your customized service.Modify Click this to edit a customized service.Add Click this to configure a customized service.OK Click this to return to the Firewall Edit Rule screen.Table 63 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 64 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONConfigService Name Type a unique name for your custom port.Service Type Choose the IP port (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized port from the drop down list box.Port Configuration
Chapter 14 Firewall 16114.5 DoS ScreenUse this screen to enable DoS protection. Click Security > Firewall > Dos to display the following screen.Figure 105 Security > Firewall > DosThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 65 Security > Firewall > DosLABEL DESCRIPTIONDenial of ServicesEnable this to protect against DoS attacks. The Device will drop sessions that surpass maximum thresholds.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Advanced Click this to go to a screen to specify maximum thresholds at which the Device will start dropping sessions.14.5.1 The DoS Advanced ScreenFor DoS attacks, the Device uses thresholds to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open sessions). These thresholds apply globally to all sessions.Type Click Single to specify one port only or Port Range to specify a span of ports that define your customized service. Port Number Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized service.Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 64 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Add/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 14 Firewall 162For TCP, half-open means that the session has not reached the established state-the TCP three-way handshake has not yet been completed. Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK (acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK (acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established. Figure 106 Three-Way HandshakeFor UDP, half-open means that the firewall has detected no return traffic. An unusually high number (or arrival rate) of half-open sessions could indicate a DOS attack. 14.5.1.1 Threshold ValuesIf everything is working properly, you probably do not need to change the threshold settings as the default threshold values should work for most small offices. Tune these parameters when you believe the Device has been receiving DoS attacks that are not recorded in the logs or the logs show that the Device is classifying normal traffic as DoS attacks. Factors influencing choices for threshold values are:1The maximum number of opened sessions.2The minimum capacity of server backlog in your LAN network.3The CPU power of servers in your LAN network.4Network bandwidth. 5Type of traffic for certain servers.Reduce the threshold values if your network is slower than average for any of these factors (especially if you have servers that are slow or handle many tasks and are often busy). • If you often use P2P applications such as file sharing with eMule or eDonkey, it’s recommended that you increase the threshold values since lots of sessions will be established during a small period of time and the Device may classify them as DoS attacks.
Chapter 14 Firewall 16314.5.2 Configuring Firewall ThresholdsClick Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced to display the following screen.Figure 107 Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 66 Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced LABEL DESCRIPTIONTCP SYN-Request CountThis is the rate of new TCP half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the Device deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.UDP Packet Count This is the rate of new UDP half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the Device deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.ICMP Echo-Request CountThis is the rate of new ICMP Echo-Request half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the Device deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.ICMP Redirect Select Enable to monitor for and block ICMP redirect attacks.An ICMP redirect attack is one where forged ICMP redirect messages can force the client device to route packets for certain connections through an attacker’s host.DoS Log(Log Level: DEBUG)Select Enable to log DoS attacks. See Section 17.2 on page 182 for information on viewing logs.OK Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.
Chapter 14 Firewall 16414.6 Firewall Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.14.6.1 Firewall Rules OverviewYour customized rules take precedence and override the Device’s default settings. The Device checks the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic against the firewall rules (in the order you list them). When the traffic matches a rule, the Device takes the action specified in the rule. Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply: •LAN to Router •WAN to LAN•LAN to WAN •WAN to Router The LAN includes both the LAN port and the WLAN.By default, the Device’s stateful packet inspection allows packets traveling in the following directions:•LAN to Router These rules specify which computers on the LAN can manage the Device (remote management).  You can also configure the remote management settings to allow only a specific computer to manage the Device.•LAN to WANThese rules specify which computers on the LAN can access which computers or services on the WAN.By default, the Device’s stateful packet inspection drops packets traveling in the following directions:•WAN to LANThese rules specify which computers on the WAN can access which computers or services on the LAN.  You also need to configure NAT port forwarding (or full featured NAT address mapping rules) to allow computers on the WAN to access devices on the LAN.•WAN to Router By default the Device stops computers on the WAN from managing the Device. You could configure one of these rules to allow a WAN computer to manage the Device.
Chapter 14 Firewall 165 You also need to configure the remote management settings to allow a WAN computer to manage the Device.You may define additional rules and sets or modify existing ones but please exercise extreme caution in doing so.For example, you may create rules to:• Block certain types of traffic, such as IRC (Internet Relay Chat), from the LAN to the Internet.• Allow certain types of traffic, such as Lotus Notes database synchronization, from specific hosts on the Internet to specific hosts on the LAN.• Allow everyone except your competitors to access a web server.• Restrict use of certain protocols, such as Telnet, to authorized users on the LAN.These custom rules work by comparing the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic to rules set by the administrator. Your customized rules take precedence and override the Device’s default rules. 14.6.2 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall1Change the default password via web configurator.2Think about access control before you connect to the network in any way.3Limit who can access your router.4Don't enable any local service (such as telnet or FTP) that you don't use. Any enabled service could present a potential security risk. A determined hacker might be able to find creative ways to misuse the enabled services to access the firewall or the network.5For local services that are enabled, protect against misuse. Protect by configuring the services to communicate only with specific peers, and protect by configuring rules to block packets for the services at specific interfaces.6Protect against IP spoofing by making sure the firewall is active.7Keep the firewall in a secured (locked) room.14.6.3 Security Considerations Incorrectly configuring the firewall may block valid access or introduce security risks to the Device and your protected network. Use caution when creating or deleting firewall rules and test your rules after you configure them.Consider these security ramifications before creating a rule:
Chapter 14 Firewall 1661Does this rule stop LAN users from accessing critical resources on the Internet? For example, if IRC is blocked, are there users that require this service?2Is it possible to modify the rule to be more specific? For example, if IRC is blocked for all users, will a rule that blocks just certain users be more effective?3Does a rule that allows Internet users access to resources on the LAN create a security vulnerability? For example, if FTP ports (TCP 20, 21) are allowed from the Internet to the LAN, Internet users may be able to connect to computers with running FTP servers.4Does this rule conflict with any existing rules?Once these questions have been answered, adding rules is simply a matter of entering the information into the correct fields in the web configurator screens.14.6.4 Triangle RouteWhen the firewall is on, your Device acts as a secure gateway between your LAN and the Internet. In an ideal network topology, all incoming and outgoing network traffic passes through the Device to protect your LAN against attacks.Figure 108 Ideal Firewall Setup12WANLAN14.6.4.1 The “Triangle Route” ProblemA traffic route is a path for sending or receiving data packets between two Ethernet devices. You may have more than one connection to the Internet (through one or more ISPs). If an alternate gateway is on the LAN (and its IP address is in the same subnet as the Device’s LAN IP address), the “triangle route” (also called asymmetrical route) problem may occur. The steps below describe the “triangle route” problem. 1A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending out a SYN packet to a receiving server on the WAN.2The Device reroutes the SYN packet through Gateway A on the LAN to the WAN. 3The reply from the WAN goes directly to the computer on the LAN without going through the Device.
Chapter 14 Firewall 167As a result, the Device resets the connection, as the connection has not been acknowledged.Figure 109 “Triangle Route” Problem123WANLANAISP 1ISP 214.6.4.2 Solving the “Triangle Route” ProblemIf you have the Device allow triangle route sessions, traffic from the WAN can go directly to a LAN computer without passing through the Device and its firewall protection. Another solution is to use IP alias. IP alias allows you to partition your network into logical sections over the same Ethernet interface. Your Device supports up to three logical LAN interfaces with the Device being the gateway for each logical network. It’s like having multiple LAN networks that actually use the same physical cables and ports. By putting your LAN and Gateway A in different subnets, all returning network traffic must pass through the Device to your LAN. The following steps describe such a scenario.1A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet to a receiving server on the WAN. 2The Device reroutes the packet to Gateway A, which is in Subnet 2. 3The reply from the WAN goes to the Device.
Chapter 14 Firewall 1684The Device then sends it to the computer on the LAN in Subnet 1.Figure 110 IP Alias123LANAISP 1ISP 24WANSubnet 1Subnet 2
15Chapter Chapter 15 Parental Control 169CHAPTER 15 Chapter 15 Parental Control15.1 OverviewParental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time periods and days during which the Device performs parental control on a specific user. 15.2 The Parental Control ScreenUse this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules.Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen. Figure 111 Security > Parental Control The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 67 Parental Control > Parental Control LABEL DESCRIPTIONParental Control Select Enable to activate parental control.Add new PCP Click this if you want to configure a new parental control rule.#This shows the index number of the rule.Status This indicates whether the rule is active or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.PCP Name This shows the name of the rule.
Chapter 15 Parental Control 170Home Network User This shows the MAC address of the LAN user’s computer to which this rule applies.Internet Access ScheduleThis shows the days and time on which parental control is enabled.Network Service This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown.Website Blocked This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.Add Click Add to create a new schedule.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to return your last saved settings.Table 67 Parental Control > Parental Control (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 15 Parental Control 17115.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control RuleClick Add new PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL filtering settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites.Figure 112 Add/Edit Parental Control Rule The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 68 Add/Edit Parental Control Rule LABEL DESCRIPTIONGeneralActive Select the checkbox to activate this parental control rule.
Chapter 15 Parental Control 172Parental Control Profile NameEnter a descriptive name for the rule.Home Network User Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you select Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all LAN users.Internet Access ScheduleDay Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform parental control. Time of Day to Apply: (24-Hour Format) Start TimeEnd TimeEnter the time period of each day, in 24-hour format, during which parental control will be enforced. Time Drag the time bar to define the time that the LAN user is allowed access. Network ServiceNetwork Service Setting If you select Block, the Device prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs listed below.If you select Access, the Device blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.Add new service Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule.Active Select the check box next to the service to apply this rule to the service. Clear the check box to not apply this rule to it.Service Name Select a service.Protocol For services that support multiple protocols, select the protocol. Port Specify the port number from 1 to 65535.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.Blocked Site/URL Specify web sites or URLs to which the Device blocks access. Apply Click this button to save your settings back to the Device.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 68 Add/Edit Parental Control Rule (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
16Chapter Chapter 16 Certificates 173CHAPTER 16 Chapter 16 Certificates16.1 OverviewThe Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication. 16.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the Local Certificates screen to view and import the Device’s CA-signed certificates (Section 16.2 on page 175).•Use the Trusted CA screen to save the certificates of trusted CAs to the Device. You can also export the certificates to a computer (Section 16.3 on page 177).16.1.2 What You Need to KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.Certification AuthoritiesA Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities.Public and Private KeysWhen using public-key cryptology for authentication, each host has two keys. One key is public and can be made openly available; the other key is private and must be kept secure. Public-key encryption in general works as follows. 1Tim wants to send a private message to Jenny. Tim generates a public-private key pair. What is encrypted with one key can only be decrypted using the other.2Tim keeps the private key and makes the public key openly available.3Tim uses his private key to encrypt the message and sends it to Jenny.4Jenny receives the message and uses Tim’s public key to decrypt it.
Chapter 16 Certificates 1745Additionally, Jenny uses her own private key to encrypt a message and Tim uses Jenny’s public key to decrypt the message.The Device uses certificates based on public-key cryptology to authenticate users attempting to establish a connection. The method used to secure the data that you send through an established connection depends on the type of connection. For example, a VPN tunnel might use the triple DES encryption algorithm.The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority’s public key to verify the certificates.Certification PathA certification path is the hierarchy of certification authority certificates that validate a certificate. The Device does not trust a certificate if any certificate on its path has expired or been revoked. Certificate Directory ServersCertification authorities maintain directory servers with databases of valid and revoked certificates. A directory of certificates that have been revoked before the scheduled expiration is called a CRL (Certificate Revocation List). The Device can check a peer’s certificate against a directory server’s list of revoked certificates. The framework of servers, software, procedures and policies that handles keys is called PKI (public-key infrastructure).Advantages of CertificatesCertificates offer the following benefits.• The Device only has to store the certificates of the certification authorities that you decide to trust, no matter how many devices you need to authenticate. • Key distribution is simple and very secure since you can freely distribute public keys and you never need to transmit private keys.Certificate File FormatThe certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509 file format. This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses 64 ASCII characters to convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form.16.1.3 Verifying a CertificateBefore you import a trusted CA or trusted remote host certificate into the Device, you should verify that you have the actual certificate. This is especially true of trusted CA certificates since the Device also trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.You can use a certificate’s fingerprint to verify it. A certificate’s fingerprint is a message digest calculated using the MD5 or SHA1 algorithms. The following procedure describes how to check a certificate’s fingerprint to verify that you have the actual certificate.
Chapter 16 Certificates 1751Browse to where you have the certificate saved on your computer. 2Make sure that the certificate has a “.cer” or “.crt” file name extension.Figure 113 Certificates on Your Computer3Double-click the certificate’s icon to open the Certificate window. Click the Details tab and scroll down to the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields.Figure 114 Certificate Details 4Use a secure method to verify that the certificate owner has the same information in the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields. The secure method may very based on your situation. Possible examples would be over the telephone or through an HTTPS connection. 16.2 Local CertificatesUse this screen to view the Device’s summary list of certificates and certification requests. You can import the following certificates to your Device:• Web Server - This certificate secures HTTP connections.• SIP TLS - This certificate secures VoIP connections.
Chapter 16 Certificates 176• SSH/SCP/SFTP - This certificate secures remote connections.Click Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. Figure 115 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 69 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates LABEL DESCRIPTIONWebServer Click Browse... to find the certificate file you want to upload. Current File This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name. Subject This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information. Issuer This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country.Valid From This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.Valid To This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
Chapter 16 Certificates 17716.3 Trusted CA Use this screen to view a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the Device to accept as trusted. The Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities. Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the Trusted CA screen. Figure 116 Security > Certificates > Trusted CAThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Cert Click this button and then Save in the File Download screen. The Save As screen opens, browse to the location that you want to use and click Save.SSH/SCP/SFTP Type in the location of the SSH /SCP/SFTP certificate file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.Choose file Click this link to find the certificate file you want to upload. Current File This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name. Key Type This field applies to the SSH/SCP/SFTP certificate.This shows the file format of the current certificate.Replace Click this to replace the certificates and save your changes back to the Device.Reset Click this to clear your settings.Table 69 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 70 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA LABEL DESCRIPTIONImport Certificate Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the Device.Name This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
Chapter 16 Certificates 17816.4 Trusted CA Import Click Import Certificate in the Trusted CA screen to open the Import Certificate screen. You can save a trusted certification authority’s certificate to the Device. You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import the certificate.Figure 117 Trusted CA > ImportThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Action Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate (or certification request).Click the Delete icon to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.Table 70 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 71 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Import LABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.Browse Click Browse to find the certificate file you want to upload.
Chapter 16 Certificates 17916.5 View Certificate Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate, change the certificate’s name and set whether or not you want the Device to check a certification authority’s list of revoked certificates before trusting a certificate issued by the certification authority.Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the Trusted CA screen. Click the View icon to open the View Certificate screen. Figure 118 Trusted CA: ViewThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Apply Click this to save the certificate on the Device.Cancel Click this to exit this screen without saving.Table 71 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Import (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 72 Trusted CA: View LABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate Name This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. If you want to change the name, type up to 31 characters to identify this key certificate. You may use any character (not including spaces).
Chapter 16 Certificates 180Certificate Detail This read-only text box displays the certificate or certification request in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form. You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).Back Click this to return to the previous screen.Table 72 Trusted CA: View (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
17Chapter Chapter 17 System Monitor 181CHAPTER 17 Chapter 17 System Monitor17.1 OverviewUse the Traffic Status screens to view status and log information. 17.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the Log screen to see the system logs for the categories that you select (Section 17.2 on page 182).•Use the WAN Traffic Status screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 17.3 on page 183).•Use the LAN Traffic Status screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 17.4 on page 184).•Use the NAT Traffic Status screen to view the NAT status of the Device’s clients (Section 17.5 on page 185).17.1.2 What You Need To KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.Alerts and LogsAn alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.Syslog Overview The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to syslog servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog message and send it to a syslog server.
Chapter 17 System Monitor 182Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog facility identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for details. The following table describes the syslog severity levels. Table 73 Syslog Severity Levels CODE SEVERITY0Emergency: The system is unusable.1Alert: Action must be taken immediately.2Critical: The system condition is critical.3Error: There is an error condition on the system.4Warning: There is a warning condition on the system.5Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system.6Informational: The syslog contains an informational message.7Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes.17.2 The Log Screen Click System Monitor > Log to open the Log screen. Use the Log screen to see the system logs for the categories that you select in the upper left drop-down list box. Figure 119 System Monitor > Log
Chapter 17 System Monitor 183The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 74 System Monitor > Log LABEL DESCRIPTIONLevel Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches through all logs of that severity or higher. Refresh Click this to renew the log screen. Clear Logs Click this to delete all the logs. Export Click this to save a copy of the logs to your computer.Email Log NowClick this to have the Device send the log to the email server you configured in the Log Setting screen.#This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. Level This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog server.Messages This field states the reason for the log. 17.3 The WAN Traffic Status Screen Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN Traffic Status screen. You can view the WAN traffic statistics in this screen.Figure 120 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN
Chapter 17 System Monitor 184The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 75 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN LABEL DESCRIPTIONStatus This shows the number of bytes sent and received through the WAN interface of the Device.Refresh Interval Specify how often you want the Device to update this screen and click Set Interval to apply the change. Click Stop to halt updating of the screen.Connected Interface This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected.Packets Sent Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Packets ReceivedData This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. 17.4 The LAN Traffic Status ScreenClick System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. You can view the LAN traffic statistics in this screen.Figure 121 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN
Chapter 17 System Monitor 185The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 76 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN LABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Specify how often you want the Device to update this screen and click Set Interval to apply the change. Click Stop to halt updating of the screen.Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Bytes Sent This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface.Bytes Received This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface.Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Sent (Packet) Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Received (Packet) Data This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface. 17.5 The NAT Traffic Status ScreenClick System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT to open the following screen. You can view the NAT status of the Device’s clients in this screen.Figure 122 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT
Chapter 17 System Monitor 186The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 77 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT LABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Specify how often you want the Device to update this screen and click Set Interval to apply the change. Click Stop to halt updating of the screen.Device Name This shows the name of the client.IP Address This shows the IP address of the client.MAC Address This shows the MAC address of the client.No. of Open SessionThis shows the number of NAT sessions used by the client.Total This shows the total number of NAT sessions currently open on the Device.
18Chapter Chapter 18 User Account 187CHAPTER 18 Chapter 18 User Account18.1 Overview You can configure the system password in the User Account screen.18.2 The User Account ScreenUse the User Account screen to configure system password.Click Maintenance > User Account to open the following screen. Figure 123 Maintenance > User AccountThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 78 Maintenance > User Account LABEL DESCRIPTIONUser Name You can configure the password for the admin account.Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the Device.Retype to Confirm Type the new password again for confirmation.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 18 User Account 188
19Chapter Chapter 19 TR-069 Client 189CHAPTER 19 Chapter 19 TR-069 Client19.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to configure the Device’s TR-069 auto-configuration settings.19.2 The TR-069 Client ScreenTR-069 defines how Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), for example your Device, can be managed over the WAN by an Auto Configuration Server (ACS). TR-069 is based on sending Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) between an ACS and a client device. RPCs are sent in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format over HTTP or HTTPS. An administrator can use an ACS to remotely set up the Device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the Device. You have to enable the device to be managed by the ACS and specify the ACS IP address or domain name and username and password.Click Maintenance > TR-069 Client to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure your Device to be managed by an ACS. Figure 124 Maintenance > TR-069 Client
Chapter 19 TR-069 Client 190The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 79 Maintenance > TR-069 Client LABEL DESCRIPTIONCWMP Select Enable to allow the Device to be managed by a management server. Otherwise, select Disable to not allow the Device to be managed by a management server.ACS URL Enter the URL or IP address of the auto-configuration server.ACS User NameEnter the TR-069 user name for authentication with the auto-configuration server.ACS Password Enter the TR-069 password for authentication with the auto-configuration server.Connection Request PathType the IP address or domain name of the Device. The management server uses this path to verify the Device.Connection Request PortThe default port for access to the Device from the management server is the HTTP port, port 80. If you change it, make sure it does not conflict with another port on your network and it is recommended to use a port number above 1024 (not a commonly used port). The management server should use this port to connect to the Device. You may need to alter your NAT port forwarding rules if they were already configured.Connection Request User NameEnter the connection request user name.When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this user name is used to authenticate the ACS.Connection Request PasswordEnter the connection request password.When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this password is used to authenticate the ACS.Inform Select Enable for the Device to send periodic inform via TR-069 on the WAN. Otherwise, select Disable.Inform IntervalEnter the time interval (in seconds) at which the Device sends information to the auto-configuration server.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore the screen’s last saved settings.
20Chapter Chapter 20 System 191CHAPTER 20 Chapter 20 System20.1 Overview You can configure system settings, including the host name, domain name and the inactivity time-out interval in the System screen. 20.2 The System ScreenUse the System screen to configure the system’s inactivity time-out interval.Click Maintenance > System to open the following screen. Figure 125 Maintenance > System The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 80 Maintenance > System LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdministrator Inactivity TimerType how many minutes a management session (either via the web configurator) can be left idle before the session times out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).Apply Click this to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click this to begin configuring this screen afresh.
21Chapter Chapter 21 Time Setting 192CHAPTER 21 Chapter 21 Time Setting21.1 Overview You can configure the system’s time and date in the Time Setting screen.21.2 The Time Setting Screen To change your Device’s time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the Device’s time based on your local time zone. Figure 126 Maintenance > Time Setting The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 81 Maintenance > System > Time Setting LABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Date/Time Current Time This field displays the time of your Device.
Chapter 21 Time Setting 193Current Date This field displays the date of your Device. Time and Date Setup Manual Select this to enter the time and date manually in hh:mm:ss and yyyy/mm/dd format.Get from Time ServerSelect this to have the Device get the time automatically from a time server.Time Server Address 1, 2Enter the IP address or URL (up to 31 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Daylight SavingsDaylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening. Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore the screen’s last saved settings.Table 81 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
22Chapter Chapter 22 Log Setting 194CHAPTER 22 Chapter 22 Log Setting 22.1 Overview You can configure where the Device sends logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the Device records in the Log Setting screen.
Chapter 22 Log Setting 19522.2 The Log Setting ScreenTo change your Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Log Setting. The screen appears as shown.Figure 127 Maintenance > Log Setting
Chapter 22 Log Setting 196The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 82 Maintenance > Log Setting LABEL DESCRIPTIONSyslog SettingSyslog Logging Select the Active check box to enable syslog logging.Mode Select Local File to have the Device save the log file locally.Select Local File and Remote to have the Device save the log file locally and send it to an external syslog server.Syslog Server IP AddressEnter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs. Syslog Server UDP PortEnter the port number used by the syslog server.E-mail Log SettingsSMTP AuthenticationSMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one E-mail server to another.Select the check box to activate SMTP authentication. If mail server authentication is needed but this feature is disabled, you will not receive the E-mail logs.Mail Server Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail. Mail Subject Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the system log e-mail message that the Device sends. From Specify where the logs are sent from.To The Device sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, the Device does not send logs via E-mail. User Name Enter the user name (up to 32 characters) (usually the user name of a mail account).Password Enter the password associated with the user name above.Log Schedule Specify the schedule for sending log. Specify days and times for sending logs in the following fields.Day For Sending LogSpecify the day for sending log.Time for Sending LogSpecify the time for sending log.Clear log after sending mailSelect this to delete all the logs after the Device sends an E-mail of the logs.E-mail Alarm Log Settings
Chapter 22 Log Setting 197Send Alarm to Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a DoS attack, system error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs. Enter the E-mail address where the alert messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to blocked web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.Alarm Interval Specify the number of seconds between the sending of alarm log e-mails.Active Log and Select LevelLog Category Select the categories of logs that you want to record.Log Level Select the severity level of logs that you want to record. If you want to record all logs, select ALL. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 82 Maintenance > Log Setting (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
23Chapter Chapter 23 Firmware Upgrade 198CHAPTER 23 Chapter 23 Firmware Upgrade23.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to upload new firmware to your Device. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your Device.23.2 The Firmware Upgrade ScreenClick Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade to open the following screen. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to three minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot. Do NOT turn off the Device while firmware upload is in progress!Figure 128 Maintenance > Firmware UpgradeThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 83 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade LABEL DESCRIPTIONUpgrade Firmware Use these fields to upload firmware to the Device.Current Firmware VersionThis is the present firmware version. File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.
Chapter 23 Firmware Upgrade 199After you see the firmware updating screen, wait a few minutes before logging into the Device again. Figure 129 Firmware UploadingThe Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 130 Network Temporarily DisconnectedAfter two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.If the upload was not successful, an error screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Firmware Upgrade screen.Figure 131 Error MessageBrowse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to three minutes.Table 83 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
24Chapter Chapter 24 Backup/Restore 200CHAPTER 24 Chapter 24 Backup/Restore24.1 OverviewThe Backup/Restore screen allows you to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.24.2 The Backup/Restore Screen Click Maintenance > Backup/Restore. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.Figure 132 Maintenance > Backup/RestoreBackup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the Device’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the Device’s current configuration to your computer.
Chapter 24 Backup/Restore 201Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your Device.Table 84 Restore ConfigurationLABEL DESCRIPTIONFile Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process.Reset Click this to reset your device settings back to the factory default.Do not turn off the Device while configuration file upload is in progress.After the Device configuration has been restored successfully, the login screen appears. Login again to restart the Device. The Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 133 Network Temporarily DisconnectedIf you restore the default configuration, you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). If the upload was not successful, an error screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Configuration screen.
Chapter 24 Backup/Restore 202Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.Figure 134 Reset Warning MessageFigure 135 Reset In Process MessageYou can also press the RESET button on the back panel to reset the factory defaults of your Device. Refer to Section 1.6 on page 12 for more information on the RESET button.24.3 The Reboot Screen System restart allows you to reboot the Device remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the Device hangs, for example.Click Maintenance > Reboot. Click the Reboot button to have the Device reboot. This does not affect the Device's configuration.
25Chapter Chapter 25 Remote Management 203CHAPTER 25 Chapter 25 Remote Management 25.1 OverviewRemote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which Device interface (if any) from which computers.The following figure shows remote management of the Device coming in from the WAN.Figure 136 Remote Management From the WANLAN WANHTTPTelnet When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN, you still need to configure a IP filter rule to allow access.You may manage your Device from a remote location via:• Internet (WAN only)•LAN only•LAN and WAN•None (Disable)To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding Service Access field.25.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens•Use the WWW screen (Section 25.2 on page 204) to configure through which interfaces and from which IP addresses users can use HTTP to manage the Device.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 204•Use the Telnet screen (Section 25.3 on page 206) to configure through which interfaces and from which IP addresses users can use Telnet to manage the Device.•Use the FTP screen (Section 25.4 on page 207) to configure through which interfaces and from which IP addresses users can use FTP to access the Device.• Your Device can act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the Device through the network. Use the SNMP screen (see Section 25.5 on page 208) to configure through which interfaces and from which IP addresses users can use SNMP to access the Device.•Use the DNS screen (Section 25.6 on page 210) to configure through which interfaces and from which IP addresses users can send DNS queries to the Device.•Use the ICMP screen (Section 25.7 on page 211) to set whether or not your Device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available.•Use the SSH screen (Section 25.8 on page 212) to configure through which interfaces and from which IP addresses users can use SSH to manage the Device.25.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote ManagementRemote Management Limitations• Remote management does not work when:• You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote management screen.• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.• The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the Device will disconnect the session immediately.• There is a firewall rule that blocks it.Remote Management and NATWhen NAT is enabled:• Use the Device’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN. • Use the Device’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.25.2 The WWW ScreenUse this screen to specify how to connect to the Device from a web browser, such as Internet Explorer.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 20525.2.1 Configuring the WWW ScreenClick Maintenance > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.Figure 137 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > WWWThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 85 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > WWW LABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the Device using HTTP or HTTPS. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interfaces through which a computer may access the Device using this service.Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the default password (in Maintenance > User Account). To allow access from the WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 20625.3 Telnet ScreenYou can use Telnet to access the Device’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come.Click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown. Figure 138 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > TelnetSecured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the Device using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 85 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > WWW (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 25 Remote Management 207The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 86 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Telnet LABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the Device. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interfaces through which a computer may access the Device using this service.Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the default password (in Maintenance > User Account). To allow access from the WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the Device using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.25.4 FTP Screen You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the Device’s firmware and configuration files. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access can come. To change your Device’s FTP settings, click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > FTP. The screen appears as shown.Figure 139 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > FTP
Chapter 25 Remote Management 208The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 87 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > FTPLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the Device. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interfaces through which a computer may access the Device using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the Device using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.25.5 SNMP ScreenSimple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information between network devices. Your Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the Device through the network. The Device supports SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.Figure 140 SNMP Management Model
Chapter 25 Remote Management 209An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager. An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the Device). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices. The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.25.5.1 Configuring SNMP To change your Device’s SNMP settings, click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > SNMP tab. The screen appears as shown.Figure 141 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > SNMP
Chapter 25 Remote Management 210The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 88 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > SNMP LABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the port the SNMP agent listens on. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interfaces through which a computer may access the Device using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to access the SNMP agent on the Device.Select All to allow any computer to access the SNMP agent.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the Device using this service.Get Community Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.Set Community Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.Trap CommunityType the trap community, which is the password sent with each trap to the SNMP manager. The default is public and allows all requests.IPv4 Trap DestinationType the IPv4 IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.IPv6 Trap DestinationType the IPv6 IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device. Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh. 25.6 DNS Screen Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 211Use this screen to set from which IP address the Device will accept DNS queries and on which interface it can send them your Device’s DNS settings. This feature is not available when the Device is set to bridge mode. Click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > DNS to change your Device’s DNS settings.Figure 142 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > DNSThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 89 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > DNS LABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the Device. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Access Status Select the interfaces through which a computer may send DNS queries to the Device.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send DNS queries to the Device.Select All to allow any computer to send DNS queries to the Device.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to send DNS queries to the Device.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.25.7 ICMP ScreenTo change your Device’s security settings, click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > ICMP. The screen appears as shown.If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your Device, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the Device exists. Your Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your Device when unsupported ports are probed.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 212 If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized services, you will also need to configure the firewall accordingly by disabling SPI. Figure 143 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > ICMPThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 90 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > ICMP LABEL DESCRIPTIONRespond to Ping onThe Device will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests. Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send Ping requests to the Device.Select All to allow any computer to send Ping requests to the Device.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to send Ping requests to the Device.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings. 25.8 SSH ScreenYou can use Secure SHell (SSH) to securely access the Device’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow SSH access and from which IP address the access can come. SSH is a secure communication protocol that combines authentication and data encryption to provide secure encrypted communication between two hosts over an unsecured network.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 213Click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > SSH tab to display the screen as shown. Figure 144 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > SSHThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 91 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > SSH LABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port This displays the service port number for accessing the Device. If the number is grayed out, it is not editable.Server Access Select the interfaces through which a computer may access the Device using this service.Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the default password (in Maintenance > User Account). To allow access from the WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the Device using this service.Choose Range to just allow the computers with an IP address in the range that you specify to access the Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.25.8.1 SSH ExampleThis section shows an example using a graphical interface SSH client program to remotely access the device. The configuration and connection steps are similar for most SSH client programs. Refer to your SSH client program user’s guide.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 2141Enter the IP address and port number. Select SSH.2 A window displays prompting you to store the host key in your computer. Click Yes to continue.3Enter your user name and password.
Chapter 25 Remote Management 2154The command line interface displays.
26Chapter Chapter 26 Diagnostic 216CHAPTER 26 Chapter 26 Diagnostic26.1 OverviewYou can use different diagnostic methods to test a connection and see the detailed information. These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the Device.26.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens•Use the Ping screen (Section 26.2 on page 216) to ping an IP address.•Use the DSL Line screen (Section 26.3 on page 217) to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line.26.2 The Ping Screen Ping and traceroute help check availability of remote hosts and also help troubleshoot network or Internet connections. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open the Ping screen shown next.Figure 145 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping
Chapter 26 Diagnostic 217The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 92 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping LABEL DESCRIPTIONPing Type the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a connection. Click Ping and the ping statistics will show in the diagnostic .PingV6 Click this to ping the IPv6 address that you entered.TracerouteV6Click this to show the path that packets take from the system to the IPv6 address that you entered.TraceRouteV4Click this button to perform the traceroute function. This determines the path a packet takes to the specified host.26.3 The DSL Line Screen Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the DSL line. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line. This screen is different for ADSL and VDSL connections. If your WAN connection is ADSL, the screen is as shown next.Figure 146 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line: ADSL
Chapter 26 Diagnostic 218The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 93 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line LABEL DESCRIPTIONATM Status Click this to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be guaranteed. The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into ATM cells. It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM.inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent. outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.ATM Loopback TestClick this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The Device sends an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to the Device. The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and ATM network.
Chapter 26 Diagnostic 219DSL Line Status Click this to view statistics about the DSL connections.noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part of the connection (coming into the Device from the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The higher the number the more signal and less noise there is. output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the Device is using to transmit to the ISP.attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL signal coming into the Device from the ISP.Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into sub-carriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is the line’s bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates, and possibly to determine whether particular specific types of interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1 recommendation for more information on DMT. The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per DMT tone is 15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to be space between the upstream and downstream channels. Reset ADSL Line Click this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the progress and results of this operation.Table 93 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
27Chapter Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 220CHAPTER 27 Chapter 27 Troubleshooting27.1 OverviewThis chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. •Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs•Device Access and Login•Internet Access•Wireless Internet Access•USB Device Connection•UPnP27.2 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs The Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1Make sure the Device is turned on. 2Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the Device.3Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.4Turn the Device off and on. 5If the problem continues, contact the vendor. One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.7 on page 12.2Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide. 3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 2214Turn the Device off and on. 5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.27.3 Device Access and Login I forgot the IP address for the Device.1The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser. 3If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 12. I forgot the password.1The default admin password is 1234 and the default user password is 1234.2If you can’t remember the password, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 12. I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.• If you changed the IP address (Section on page 97), use the new IP address.• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the Device.2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide.3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java enabled. 4Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the Device with the default IP address. See Section 1.6 on page 12. 5If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.
Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 222Advanced Suggestions• Try to access the Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the Device does not respond to HTTP.  I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the Device.1Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default user name is admin. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the Device. Log out of the Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. 3Turn the Device off and on. 4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 27.2 on page 220. I cannot Telnet to the Device. See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser. I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.27.4 Internet Access I cannot access the Internet.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.7 on page 12. 2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.
Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 2234If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you have enabled the wireless LAN by the WPS/WLAN button or the Network Setting > Wireless > General screen.5Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again. 6If the problem continues, contact your ISP.  I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.7 on page 12.2Turn the Device off and on. 3If the problem continues, contact your ISP.  The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.7 on page 12. If the Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. 2Turn the Device off and on. 3If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications. 27.5 Wireless Internet Access What factors may cause intermittent or unstabled wireless connection? How can I solve this problem?The following factors may cause interference:• Obstacles: walls, ceilings, furniture, and so on.• Building Materials: metal doors, aluminum studs.• Electrical devices: microwaves, monitors, electric motors, cordless phones, and other wireless devices.
Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 224To optimize the speed and quality of your wireless connection, you can:• Move your wireless device closer to the AP if the signal strength is low.• Reduce wireless interference that may be caused by other wireless networks or surrounding wireless electronics such as cordless phones.• Place the AP where there are minimum obstacles (such as walls and ceilings) between the AP and the wireless client. • Reduce the number of wireless clients connecting to the same AP simultaneously, or add additional APs if necessary.• Try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. If the wireless client is sending or receiving a lot of information, it may have too many programs open that use the Internet.  What wireless security modes does my Device support?Wireless security is vital to your network. It protects communications between wireless stations, access points and the wired network. The available security modes in your ZyXEL device are as follows:•WPA2-PSK: (recommended) This uses a pre-shared key with the WPA2 standard.•WPA-PSK: This has the device use either WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depending on which security mode the wireless client uses. •WPA2: WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. It requires the use of a RADIUS server and is mostly used in business networks.•WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. It requires the use of a RADIUS server and is mostly used in business networks. •WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points to keep network communications private.27.6 USB Device Connection  The Device fails to detect my USB device.1Disconnect the USB device.2Reboot the Device.3If you are connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected to an appropriate power source that is on. 4Re-connect your USB device to the Device.
Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 22527.7 UPnP When using UPnP and the Device reboots, my computer cannot detect UPnP and refresh My Network Places > Local Network.1Disconnect the Ethernet cable from the Device’s LAN port or from your computer.2Re-connect the Ethernet cable.  The Local Area Connection icon for UPnP disappears in the screen.Restart your computer. I cannot open special applications such as white board, file transfer and video when I use the MSN messenger.1Wait more than three minutes.2Restart the applications.
AAppendix Appendix A Legal Information 226APPENDIX A Appendix A Legal InformationCertifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC)The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: 1This device may not cause harmful interference.2This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: • Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. • Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. • Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. • Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.CautionChanges or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. IMPORTANT NOTE: Radiation Exposure Statement:This equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20cm between the radiator and your body.IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9. IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC)IMPORTANT NOTE: Radiation Exposure Statement:This equipment complies with EU RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20cm between the radiator and your body. EU Declaration of ConformityThe device complies with the essential requirements of the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC. Compliance Information for Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other Countries Following the EU R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC [Czech] MitraStar tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodу se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními smуrnice 1999/5/EC.[Danish] Undertegnede MitraStar erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Appendix A Legal Information 227[German] Hiermit erklärt MitraStar, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab MitraStar seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.[English] Hereby, MitraStar declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.[Spanish] Por medio de la presente MitraStar declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.[Greek]  Η ΑΑ MitraStar ΗΩΙ Ι ειό ΩΑΙ  Ι ΙΩΙ ΑΑΙΗΙ ΑΙ Ι Ι Ι ΙΑΑΙ Η ΗΙΑ 1999/5/C.[French] Par la présente MitraStar déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.[Italian] Con la presente MitraStar dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.[Latvian] Ar šo MitraStar deklarл, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.[Lithuanian] Šiuo MitraStar deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart MitraStar dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.[Maltese] Hawnhekk, MitraStar, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiщijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.[Hungarian] Alulírott, MitraStar nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.[Polish] Niniejszym MitraStar oświadcza, że sprzсt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.[Portuguese] MitraStar declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.[Slovenian] MitraStar izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi doloеili direktive 1999/5/EC.[Slovak] MitraStar týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.[Finnish] MitraStar vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.[Swedish] Härmed intygar MitraStar att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.[Bulgarian] С я MitraStar , ч        я       1999/5/C.[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, MitraStar því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.[Norwegian] Erklærer herved MitraStar at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.[Romanian] Prin prezenta, MitraStar declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.
Appendix A Legal Information 228List of national codesCOUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODEAustria AT Malta MTBelgium BE Netherlands NLCyprus CY Poland PLCzech Republic CR Portugal PTDenmark DK Slovakia SKEstonia EE Slovenia SIFinland FI Spain ESFrance FR Sweden SEGermany DE United Kingdom GBGreece GR Iceland ISHungary HU Liechtenstein LIIreland IE Norway NOItaly IT Switzerland CHLatvia LV Bulgaria BGLithuania LT Romania ROLuxembourg LU Turkey TRSafety Warnings•Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.• Do NOT store things on the device.• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.•Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information. • ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. •Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.•Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect it to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).• Use ONLY power wires of the appropriate wire gauge (see for details) for your device. Connect it to a power supply of the correct voltage (see for details). .• Do NOT remove the plug and connect it to a power outlet by itself; always attach the plug to the power adaptor first before connecting it to a power outlet. • Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.•Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. • Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. •Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord. • Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). • If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged. • Warning! To avoid risk of electric shock, remove only one card at a time and do not place fingers or objects inside the chassis. Cover empty slots with slot covers.• The length of exposed (bare) power wire should not exceed .
Appendix A Legal Information 229• This product is for indoor use only (utilisation intérieure exclusivement). • Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
Index 230IndexAACS 195activationport binding 143SSID 66wireless LANscheduling 74administrator password 19anti-probing 159Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATMATM 224MBS 43, 50PCR 43, 50QoS 43, 50SCR 43, 50status 224authentication 77, 79RADIUS server 79Auto Configuration Server, see ACS 195automatic logout 20Bbackupconfiguration 206bandwidth management 118Basic Service Set, see BSSblinking LEDs 17broadcast 33BSS 80example 81CCA 179CBR 43, 50certificatefactory default 182certificates 179CA 179replacing 182storage space 182thumbprint algorithms 181thumbprints 181trusted CAs 183, 184verifying fingerprints 180Certification Authority, see CAchannel scan 60channel, wireless LAN 58CLI 13client list 88Command Line Interface, see CLIcompatibility, WDS 72configuration 102backup 206IP alias 90IP precedence 126IP/MAC filter 153, 155reset 208restoring 207static route 117WAN 36connectionon demand 48CoS 131CTS threshold 77customized services 165, 166Ddata fragment threshold 76, 77DDoS 158default LAN IP address 19Denials of Service, see DoSDHCP 29, 84, 102, 103, 149diagnostic 222
Index 231Differentiated Services, see DiffServDiffServ (Differentiated Services)marking rule 132DiffServ Code Point, see DSCPDNS 84, 216documentationrelated 2domain name system, see DNSDoS 158three-way handshake 168thresholds 159, 167, 168DS (Differentiated Services) 132DS field 132DSCP 126, 131DSL connections, status 225dynamic DNS 149Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCPDYNDNS wildcard 149Eencapsulation 33, 38, 46ENET ENCAP 53PPPoA 54PPPoE 53RFC 1483 54encryption 79ENET ENCAP 38, 46, 53Extended Service Set IDentification 59, 67FFile Sharing 97filters 151IP/MAC 152, 154IP/MAC filterconfiguration 153, 155MAC address 68firewalls 157actions 164address types 164anti-probing 159customized services 165, 166DDoS 158default action 161DoS 158thresholds 159, 167, 168ICMP 159LAND attack 158logs 164P2P 168packet direction 161Ping of Death 158rules 170security 171SYN attack 158three-way handshake 168triangle route 172solutions 173firmware 204fragmentation threshold 76, 77FTP 13, 135, 213GGuideQuick Start 2Hhost 193host name 28IIANA 103, 104ICMP 159, 217IGMP 33, 87importing trusted CAs 184install UPnP 104Windows Me 104Windows XP 105Internetwizard setup 23
Index 232Internet accesswizard setup 23Internet Assigned Numbers AuthoritySee IANAInternet Control Message Protocol, see ICMPInternet Group Management Protocol, see IGMPIP address 29, 33, 49, 55, 103default 19IP alias 90configuration 90IP pool 87IP pool setup 103IP precedence 127configuration 126IP/MAC filter 152, 154configuration 153, 155LLAN 83and USB printer 101client list 88IP alias 90configuration 90MAC address 89multicast 87LAN TCP/IP 103LAND attack 158limitationswireless LAN 80Local Area Network, see LANloginpasswords 19logout 20automatic 20logs 200firewalls 164MMAC 29, 30MAC address 69, 89filter 68MAC authentication 68Management Information Base (MIB) 215Maximum Burst Size, see MBSMaximum Transmission Unit, see MTUMBS 43, 50MBSSID 81Media Access Control, see MAC Addressmodel name 29MTU 44multicast 33, 43, 87IGMP 33Multiple BSS, see MBSSIDmultiplexing 38, 46, 54LLC-based 54VC-based 54Nnailed-up connection 42, 48NAT 49, 103, 135default server 138definitions 139DMZ host 138how it works 141remote management 210what it does 140Network Address Translation, see NATOother documentation 2PP2P 168packet direction 161passwords 19PCR 43, 50Peak Cell Rate, see PCRPHB 132
Index 233Ping of Death 158port binding 142activation 143summary screen 144ports 17PPPoA 38, 46, 54PPPoE 38, 46, 53preamble 76, 77Printer Server 101printer sharingand LAN 101requirements 101probing, firewalls 159push button 15QQoS 118, 119, 131DSCP 126IP precedence 126, 127Quality of Service, see QoSQuick Start Guide 2, 19RRADIUS server 79related documentation 2remote management 209DNS 216FTP 213ICMP 217NAT 210TR-069 195WWW 211Remote Procedure Calls, see RPCs 195reset 16, 208restart 208restoring configuration 207RFC 1483 38, 46, 54RFC 1631 133RFC 3164 187RIP 43Routing Information Protocol, see RIPRPPCs 195RTS threshold 77Sscan 60schedulingwireless LAN 74SCR 43, 50securitynetwork 171wireless LAN 78Security Parameter Index, see SPIService Set 59, 67setupIP alias 90IP precedence 126IP/MAC filter 153, 155static route 117WAN 36Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMPSNMP 214agents 215Manager 215managers 215MIB 215network components 215versions 214SPI 158SSID 78activation 66MBSSID 81static route 113configuration 117status 26ATM 224DSL connections 225status indicators 17subnet mask 103Sustain Cell Rate, see SCRSYN attack 158syslogprotocol 187
Index 234severity levels 187systemfirmware 204passwords 19reset 16status 26System Info 28system name 28Tthree-way handshake 168thresholdsdata fragment 76, 77DoS 159, 167, 168P2P 168RTS/CTS 77TR-069 13, 195ACS setup 195triangle route 172solutions 173trusted CAs, and certificates 183UUBR 43, 50unicast 33Universal Plug and Play, see UPnPupgrading firmware 204UPnP 91forum 84security issues 84VVBR-nRT 43, 50VBR-RT 43, 50VCI 39, 47, 54versionfirmwareversion 29Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCIVirtual Path Identifier, see VPIVPI 39, 47, 54WWAN 32ATM QoS 43, 50encapsulation 33, 38, 46IGMP 33IP address 33, 49, 55mode 38, 46MTU 44multicast 33, 43multiplexing 38, 46, 54nailed-up connection 42, 48NAT 49RIP 43setup 36VCI 39, 47, 54VPI 39, 47, 54WDS 72, 82compatibility 72example 82Web Configurator 19web configurator 13passwords 19WEP 79WEP Encryption 62, 63Wide Area Network, see WANWireless Distribution System, see WDSwireless LAN 56authentication 77, 79BSS 80example 81channel 58encryption 79example 57fragmentation threshold 76, 77limitations 80MAC address filter 68MBSSID 81preamble 76, 77RADIUS server 79RTS/CTS threshold 77
Index 235scheduling 74security 78SSID 78activation 66WDS 72, 82compatibility 72example 82WEP 79WPA 80WPA-PSK 80WPSpush button 15wireless networkexample 56wizard setupInternet 23WLAN 56auto-scan channel 60scheduling 74see also wireless.WPA 80WPA-PSK 80WPSpush button 15

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