ZyXEL Communications NBG418NV2 Wireless N300 Home Router User Manual
ZyXEL Communications Corporation Wireless N300 Home Router
User Manual
www.zyxel.com
www.zyxel.com
NBG-418N v2
Wireless N300 Home Router
IMPORTANT!
READ CAREFULLY
BEFORE USE.
KEEP THIS GUIDE
FOR FUTURE
REFERENCE.
IMPORTANT!
Copyright © 2012
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
Version 1.00 (Draft)
Edition 1, 5/2014
Default Login Details
LAN IP
Address http://192.168.1.1
User Name admin
Password 1234
2
IMPORTANT!
READ CAREFULLY BEFORE USE.
KEEP THIS GUIDE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.
Graphics in this book may differ slightly from the product due to differences in operating systems,
operating system versions, or if you installed updated firmware/software for your device. Every
effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate.
Related Documentation
•Q
uick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guide shows how to connect the NBG-418N and configure it using the Web
Configurator wizard.
Contents Overview
3
Contents Overview
User’s Guide .......................................................................................................................................11
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................13
The Web Configurator .............................................................................................................................17
Connection Wizard ..................................................................................................................................21
Modes ....................................................................................................................................................35
Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................................57
Technical Reference ..........................................................................................................................65
Wireless LAN ..........................................................................................................................................67
WAN ........................................................................................................................................................85
LAN .........................................................................................................................................................93
DHCP Server ..........................................................................................................................................97
Network Address Translation ................................................................................................................101
Dynamic DNS ........................................................................................................................................109
Firewall .................................................................................................................................................. 111
Remote Management ............................................................................................................................ 115
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) ...........................................................................................................119
System ..................................................................................................................................................125
Logs ......................................................................................................................................................129
Tools ......................................................................................................................................................131
Sys OP Mode ........................................................................................................................................137
Language ..............................................................................................................................................139
Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................................141
Contents Overview
4
Table of Contents
5
Table of Contents
Contents Overview ..............................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................5
Part I: User’s Guide ......................................................................................... 11
Chapter 1
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................13
1.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................13
1.2 Securing the NBG-418N ...................................................................................................................14
1.3 LEDs .................................................................................................................................................15
1.4 The WPS Button ...............................................................................................................................15
1.5 Wall Mounting ...................................................................................................................................16
Chapter 2
The Web Configurator........................................................................................................................17
2.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................17
2.2 Accessing the Web Configurator .......................................................................................................17
2.3 Resetting the NBG-418N ..................................................................................................................19
2.3.1 Using the RESET Button .........................................................................................................19
Chapter 3
Connection Wizard .............................................................................................................................21
3.1 Wizard Setup .....................................................................................................................................21
3.2 Connection Wizard: STEP 1: System Information ............................................................................22
3.2.1 System Name ..........................................................................................................................22
3.2.2 Domain Name ..........................................................................................................................23
3.3 Connection Wizard: STEP 2: Wireless LAN ......................................................................................23
3.3.1 WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK Security ...........................................................................................24
3.4 Connection Wizard: STEP 3: Internet Configuration .........................................................................25
3.4.1 Ethernet Connection ................................................................................................................26
3.4.2 PPPoE Connection ..................................................................................................................26
3.4.3 PPTP Connection ....................................................................................................................27
3.4.4 Your IP Address .......................................................................................................................28
3.4.5 WAN IP Address Assignment ..................................................................................................29
3.4.6 IP Address and Subnet Mask ..................................................................................................30
3.4.7 DNS Server Address Assignment ...........................................................................................30
3.4.8 WAN IP and DNS Server Address Assignment .......................................................................30
Table of Contents
6
3.4.9 WAN MAC Address .................................................................................................................31
3.5 Connection Wizard Complete ...........................................................................................................32
Chapter 4
Modes .................................................................................................................................................35
4.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................35
4.2 Setting your NBG-418N to Router Mode ...........................................................................................36
4.2.1 Status Screen (Router Mode) ..................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Router Mode Navigation Panel ................................................................................................42
4.3 Setting your NBG-418N to AP Mode .................................................................................................44
4.3.1 Status Screen (AP Mode) ........................................................................................................45
4.3.2 AP Navigation Panel ................................................................................................................47
4.4 Setting your NBG-418N to Universal Repeater Mode .......................................................................48
4.4.1 Status Screen (Universal Repeater Mode) ..............................................................................49
4.4.2 Universal Repeater Navigation Panel ......................................................................................51
4.5 Setting your NBG-418N to Client Bridge Mode .................................................................................52
4.5.1 Status Screen (Client Bridge Mode) ........................................................................................53
4.5.2 Client Bridge Navigation Panel ................................................................................................54
Chapter 5
Tutorials...............................................................................................................................................57
5.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................57
5.2 How to Connect to the Internet from an AP ......................................................................................57
5.2.1 Configure Wireless Security Using WPS on both your NBG-418N and Wireless Client .........57
5.3 Enable and Configure Wireless Security without WPS on your NBG-418N .....................................61
Part II: Technical Reference............................................................................ 65
Chapter 6
Wireless LAN.......................................................................................................................................67
6.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................67
6.2 What You Can Do .............................................................................................................................68
6.3 What You Should Know ....................................................................................................................69
6.3.1 Wireless Security Overview .....................................................................................................69
6.4 General Wireless LAN Screen .........................................................................................................70
6.4.1 No Security ..............................................................................................................................72
6.4.2 WEP Encryption ......................................................................................................................73
6.4.3 WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK .............................................................................................................74
6.5 MAC Filter .........................................................................................................................................75
6.6 Wireless LAN Advanced Screen .......................................................................................................76
6.7 Quality of Service (QoS) Screen .......................................................................................................78
Table of Contents
7
6.8 WPS Screen ......................................................................................................................................79
6.9 WPS Station Screen ..........................................................................................................................80
6.10 Scheduling Screen ..........................................................................................................................81
6.11 AP Select Screen ............................................................................................................................82
6.12 WLAN Info Screen ..........................................................................................................................83
Chapter 7
WAN .....................................................................................................................................................85
7.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................85
7.2 What You Need To Know ..................................................................................................................85
7.2.1 Configuring Your Internet Connection ......................................................................................85
7.3 Internet Connection ...........................................................................................................................86
7.3.1 Ethernet Encapsulation ...........................................................................................................86
7.3.2 PPPoE Encapsulation .............................................................................................................88
7.3.3 PPTP Encapsulation ................................................................................................................90
Chapter 8
LAN ......................................................................................................................................................93
8.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................93
8.2 What You Need To Know ..................................................................................................................93
8.2.1 IP Pool Setup ...........................................................................................................................94
8.2.2 LAN TCP/IP .............................................................................................................................94
8.3 LAN IP Screen ..................................................................................................................................94
Chapter 9
DHCP Server .......................................................................................................................................97
9.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................97
9.2 What You Can Do .............................................................................................................................97
9.3 What You Need To Know ..................................................................................................................97
9.4 General Screen .................................................................................................................................97
9.5 Advanced Screen ...........................................................................................................................98
9.6 Client List Screen ............................................................................................................................100
Chapter 10
Network Address Translation..........................................................................................................101
10.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................101
10.2 What You Can Do .........................................................................................................................102
10.2.1 What You Need To Know .....................................................................................................102
10.3 General NAT Screen .....................................................................................................................103
10.4 NAT Application Screen ..............................................................................................................104
10.5 Technical Reference ......................................................................................................................106
10.5.1 NAT Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers .............................................................106
10.5.2 NAT Port Forwarding Example ............................................................................................107
Table of Contents
8
Chapter 11
Dynamic DNS ....................................................................................................................................109
11.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................109
11.2 Dynamic DNS Screen .................................................................................................................109
Chapter 12
Firewall .............................................................................................................................................. 111
12.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 111
12.2 What You Can Do ......................................................................................................................... 111
12.3 What You Need To Know .............................................................................................................. 112
12.3.1 About the NBG-418N Firewall .............................................................................................112
12.3.2 VPN Pass Through Features ...............................................................................................112
12.4 General Firewall Screen ............................................................................................................. 112
12.5 Services Screen ......................................................................................................................... 113
Chapter 13
Remote Management........................................................................................................................115
13.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 115
13.1.1 Remote Management Limitations ........................................................................................116
13.1.2 Remote Management and NAT ........................................................................................... 116
13.1.3 System Timeout ................................................................................................................... 116
13.2 WWW Screen .............................................................................................................................116
Chapter 14
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)......................................................................................................119
14.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 119
14.2 What You Need to Know ............................................................................................................... 119
14.3 Configuring UPnP .........................................................................................................................120
14.3.1 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example .................................................................................120
14.3.2 Web Configurator Easy Access ...........................................................................................122
Chapter 15
System...............................................................................................................................................125
15.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................125
15.2 What You Can Do .........................................................................................................................125
15.3 System General Screen ...............................................................................................................125
15.4 Time Setting Screen ......................................................................................................................126
Chapter 16
Logs ...................................................................................................................................................129
16.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................129
16.2 What You Need to Know ...............................................................................................................129
16.3 View Log Screen ...........................................................................................................................129
Table of Contents
9
Chapter 17
Tools ..................................................................................................................................................131
17.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................131
17.2 What You Can Do .........................................................................................................................131
17.3 Firmware Upload Screen ..............................................................................................................131
17.4 Configuration Screen ....................................................................................................................133
17.4.1 Backup Configuration ..........................................................................................................133
17.4.2 Restore Configuration ..........................................................................................................133
17.4.3 Back to Factory Defaults .....................................................................................................134
17.5 Restart Screen ..............................................................................................................................134
Chapter 18
Sys OP Mode.....................................................................................................................................137
18.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................137
18.2 General Screen .............................................................................................................................137
Chapter 19
Language...........................................................................................................................................139
19.1 Language Screen ..........................................................................................................................139
Chapter 20
Troubleshooting................................................................................................................................141
20.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ....................................................................................141
20.2 NBG-418N Access and Login .......................................................................................................142
20.3 Internet Access .............................................................................................................................143
20.4 Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults ..........................................................................144
20.5 Wireless Problems ........................................................................................................................145
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting.......................................................................................147
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions..................................................157
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address ......................................................................167
Appendix D Wireless LANs..............................................................................................................195
Appendix E Common Services........................................................................................................209
Appendix F Legal Information..........................................................................................................212
Index ..................................................................................................................................................221
Table of Contents
10
11
PART I
User’s Guide
12
13
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
The NBG-418N extends the range of your existing wired network without additional wiring,
providing easy network access to mobile users.
Your can create the following connections using the NBG-418N:
•LAN. You can connect network devices via the Ethernet ports of the NBG-418N so that they can
communicate with each other and access the Internet.
•WLAN. Wireless clients can connect to the NBG-418N to access network resources.
•WAN. Connect to a broadband modem/router for Internet access.
Figure 1 NBG-418N Network
You can set up the NBG-418N with other IEEE 802.11b/g/n compatible devices in one of the
following device modes:
•Router
• Access Point
• Universal Repeater
• Client Bridge
WLAN
WAN
LAN1
LAN2
LAN3
LAN4
Chapter 1 Introduction
14
Use a (supported) web browser to manage the NBG-418N. Menus vary according to which mode
you’re using.
See Chapter 4 on page 35 for more information on these modes.
1.2 Securing the NBG-418N
Do the following things regularly to make the NBG-418N more secure and to manage the NBG-
418N more effectively.
• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists of different
types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier
working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you
forget your password, you will have to reset the NBG-418N to its factory default settings. If you
backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the NBG-418N.
You could simply restore your last configuration.
Router Mode Non-Router Mode
Chapter 1 Introduction
15
1.3 LEDs
Figure 2 Front Panel
The following table describes the LEDs and the WPS button.
1.4 The WPS Button
Your NBG-418N supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure
wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to
configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both
devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (recommended) on the device
itself, or in its configuration utility or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that
Table 1 Front Panel LEDs and WPS Button
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
POWER Green On The NBG-418N is receiving power and functioning properly.
Off The NBG-418N is not receiving power.
WAN Green On The NBG-418N has a successful 10/100MB WAN connection.
Blinking The NBG-418N is sending/receiving data through the WAN.
Off The WAN connection is not ready, or has failed.
WLAN Green On The NBG-418N is ready, but is not sending/receiving data
through the wireless LAN.
Blinking The NBG-418N is sending/receiving data through the wireless
LAN.
The NBG-418N is negotiating a WPS connection with a wireless
client.
Off The wireless LAN is not ready or has failed.
WPS Green On WPS status is configured.
Blinking The NBG-418N is negotiating a WPS connection with a wireless
client.
Off The WPS status is not configured or disabled.
Chapter 1 Introduction
16
allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on
a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two
devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves.
For more information on using WPS, see Section 5.2.1 on page 57.
1.5 Wall Mounting
You may need screw anchors if mounting on a concrete or brick wall.
1Select a position free of obstructions on a wall strong enough to hold the weight of the device.
2Mark two holes on the wall at the appropriate distance apart for the screws.
Be careful to avoid damaging pipes or cables located inside the wall
when drilling holes for the screws.
3If using screw anchors, drill two holes for the screw anchors into the wall. Push the anchors into the
full depth of the holes, then insert the screws into the anchors. Do not insert the screws all the way
in - leave a small gap of about 0.5 cm.
If not using screw anchors, use a screwdriver to insert the screws into the wall. Do not insert the
screws all the way in - leave a gap of about 0.5 cm.
4Make sure the screws are fastened well enough to hold the weight of the NBG-418N with the
connection cables.
5Align the holes on the back of the NBG-418N with the screws on the wall. Hang the NBG-418N on
the screws.
Figure 3 Wall Mounting Example
Table 2 Wall Mounting Information
Distance between holes 12 cm
M4 Screws Two
Screw anchors (optional) Two
17
CHAPTER 2
The Web Configurator
2.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to access the NBG-418N Web Configurator and provides an overview of
its screens.
The Web Configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy setup and
management of the NBG-418N via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later versions,
Mozilla Firefox 3 and later versions, or Safari 2.0 and later versions. The recommended screen
resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the Web Configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in
Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Refer to Chapter 20 Troubleshooting to see how to make sure these functions are allowed in
Internet Explorer.
2.2 Accessing the Web Configurator
1Make sure your NBG-418N hardware is properly connected and prepare your computer or computer
network to connect to the NBG-418N (refer to the Quick Start Guide).
2Launch your web browser.
3Type "http://192.168.1.1" as the website address in your web browser. This is the default LAN IP
address in router mode, the default device mode (192.168.1.2 is the default IP address in non-
router mode).
Your computer must be in the same subnet in order to access this website address. In router mode,
the NBG-418N can assign your computer an IP address, so you must set your computer to get an IP
address automatically (computer factory default) or give it a fixed IP address in the range between
192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254 (see the appendices).
4Type admin (default) as the user name and 1234 (default) as the password and click OK.
Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
18
Figure 4 Login Screen
Note: The management session automatically times out when the time period set in the
Administrator Inactivity Timer field expires (default five minutes). Simply log
back into the NBG-418N if this happens.
5Select the setup type you want to use.
• Click Go to Wizard Setup to use the Configuration Wizard for basic Internet and Wireless
setup.
• Click Go to Advanced Setup to view and configure all the NBG-418N’s settings.
• Select a language to go to the basic Web Configurator in that language. To change to the
advanced configurator see Chapter 19 on page 139.
Figure 5 Selecting the setup mode
Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
19
2.3 Resetting the NBG-418N
If you forget your password or IP address, or you cannot access the Web Configurator, you will need
to use the RESET button at the back of the NBG-418N to reload the factory-default configuration
file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously saved, the username
will be reset to admin and password will be reset to 1234. The IP address will be reset to
“192.168.1.1”.
2.3.1 Using the RESET Button
1Make sure the power LED is on.
2Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the NBG-418N.
3Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the NBG-418N back to its factory-
default configurations.
Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
20
21
CHAPTER 3
Connection Wizard
3.1 Wizard Setup
This chapter provides information on the wizard setup screens in the Web Configurator.
The Web Configurator’s wizard setup helps you configure your device to access the Internet. Refer
to your ISP (Internet Service Provider) checklist in the Quick Start Guide to know what to enter in
each field. Leave a field blank if you don’t have that information.
1After you access the NBG-418N Web Configurator, click Go to Wizard setup.
You can click Go to Advanced setup to skip this wizard setup and configure basic or advanced
features accordingly.
Figure 6 Select Wizard or Advanced Mode
2Choose a language by clicking on the language’s button. The screen will update. Click the Next
button to proceed to the next screen.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
22
Figure 7 Select a Language
3Read the on-screen information and click Next.
Figure 8 Welcome to the Connection Wizard
3.2 Connection Wizard: STEP 1: System Information
System Information contains administrative and system-related information.
3.2.1 System Name
System Name is for identification purposes. However, because some ISPs check this name you
should enter your computer's "Computer Name".
• In Windows 95/98 click Start > Settings > Control Panel > Network. Click the Identification
tab, note the entry for the Computer Name field and enter it as the System Name.
• In Windows 2000, click Start > Settings and Control Panel and then double-click System.
Click the Network Identification tab and then the Properties button. Note the entry for the
Computer name field and enter it as the System Name.
• In Windows XP, click Start > My Computer > View system information and then click the
Computer Name tab. Note the entry in the Full computer name field and enter it as the NBG-
418N System Name.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
23
3.2.2 Domain Name
The Domain Name entry is what is propagated to the DHCP clients on the LAN. If you leave this
blank, the domain name obtained by DHCP from the ISP is used. While you must enter the host
name (System Name) on each individual computer, the domain name can be assigned from the
NBG-418N via DHCP.
Click Next to configure the NBG-418N for Internet access.
Figure 9 Wizard Step 1: System Information
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
3.3 Connection Wizard: STEP 2: Wireless LAN
Set up your wireless LAN using the following screen.
Table 3 Wizard Step 1: System Information
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Name System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-418N in an Ethernet network. Enter a
descriptive name. This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not
allowed, but dashes "-" and underscores "_" are accepted.
Domain Name Type the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank, the ISP may
assign a domain name via DHCP. The domain name entered by you is given priority over the
ISP assigned domain name.
Back Click Back to display the previous screen.
NextClick Next to proceed to the next screen.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
24
Figure 10 Wizard Step 2: Wireless LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Note: The wireless stations and NBG-418N must use the same SSID, channel ID, WPA-
PSK (if WPA-PSK is enabled) or WPA2-PSK (if WPA2-PSK is enabled) for wireless
communication.
3.3.1 WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK Security
Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security in the Wireless LAN setup screen to set up a Pre-
Shared Key.
Table 4 Wizard Step 2: Wireless LAN
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Name (SSID) Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
If you change this field on the NBG-418N, make sure all wireless stations use the same
SSID in order to access the network.
Security Select a Security level from the drop-down list box.
Choose None to have no wireless LAN security configured. If you do not enable any wireless
security on your NBG-418N, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device
that is within range. If you choose this option, skip directly to Section 3.4 on page 25.
Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security to configure a Pre-Shared Key. Choose this
option only if your wireless clients support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK respectively. If you
choose this option, skip directly to Section 3.3.1 on page 24.
Channel
Selection The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless devices is called a
channel.
Set the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region. Select a channel
from the drop-down list box. The options vary depending on the frequency band and the
country you are in.
This option is only available if Auto Channel Selection is disabled.
Auto Channel
Selection Select this option for the NBG-418N to automatically choose the channel with the least
interference. Deselect this option if you wish to manually select the channel using the
Channel Selection field.
Back Click Back to display the previous screen.
NextClick Next to proceed to the next screen.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
25
Figure 11 Wizard Step 2: WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
3.4 Connection Wizard: STEP 3: Internet Configuration
The NBG-418N offers three Internet connection types. They are Ethernet, PPP over Ethernet or
PPTP. The wizard attempts to detect which WAN connection type you are using. If the wizard does
not detect a connection type, you must select one from the drop-down list box. Check with your ISP
to make sure you use the correct type.
This wizard screen varies according to the connection type that you select.
Figure 12 Wizard Step 3: ISP Parameters.
Table 5 Wizard Step 2: WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK Security
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Pre-Shared Key Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters or 64 HEX characters. You can set up
the most secure wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens. You
need to configure an authentication server to do this.
Back Click Back to display the previous screen.
NextClick Next to proceed to the next screen.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
26
The following table describes the labels in this screen,
3.4.1 Ethernet Connection
Choose Ethernet when the WAN port is used as a regular Ethernet. Continue to Section 3.4.4 on
page 28.
Figure 13 Wizard Step 3: Ethernet Connection
3.4.2 PPPoE Connection
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) functions as a dial-up connection. PPPoE is an IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force) standard specifying how a host personal computer interacts with
a broadband modem (for example DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) to achieve access to high-speed data
networks.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing
access control systems (for instance, RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let end users access one of multiple network services,
a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create
and offer new IP services for specific users.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both the subscriber and the ISP/carrier, as it
requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the subscriber’s site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the NBG-418N (rather than individual computers), the
computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the NBG-418N does that part of
the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LAN's computers will have Internet access.
Table 6 Wizard Step 3: ISP Parameters
CONNECTION TYPE DESCRIPTION
Ethernet Select the Ethernet option when the WAN port is used as a regular Ethernet.
PPPoE Select the PPP over Ethernet option for a dial-up connection. If your ISP gave
you an IP address and/or subnet mask, then select PPTP.
PPTP Select the PPTP option for a dial-up connection.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
27
Figure 14 Wizard Step 3: PPPoE Connection
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
3.4.3 PPTP Connection
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables transfers of data from a
remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-based
networks.
PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol, and virtual private networking over public networks,
such as the Internet.
Refer to the appendix for more information on PPTP.
Note: The NBG-418N supports one PPTP server connection at any given time.
Table 7 Wizard Step 3: PPPoE Connection
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameter for Internet Access
Connection Type Select the PPP over Ethernet option for a dial-up connection.
Service Name Type the name of your service provider.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the user name above.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
NextClick Next to continue.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
28
Figure 15 Wizard Step 3: PPTP Connection
The following table describes the fields in this screen
3.4.4 Your IP Address
The following wizard screen allows you to assign a fixed IP address or give the NBG-418N an
automatically assigned IP address depending on your ISP.
Table 8 Wizard Step 3: PPTP Connection
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type Select PPTP from the drop-down list box. To configure a PPTP client, you must
configure the User Name and Password fields for a PPP connection and the PPTP
parameters for a PPTP connection.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the User Name above.
PPTP Configuration
Server IP Address Type the IP address of the PPTP server.
Get automatically
from ISP Select this radio button if your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address.
Use fixed IP address Select this radio button, provided by your ISP to give the NBG-418N a fixed, unique IP
address.
My IP Address Type the (static) IP address assigned to you by your ISP.
My IP Subnet
Mask Type the subnet mask assigned to you by your ISP (if given).
My IP Gateway Type the gateway IP address assigned to you by your ISP (if given).
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
NextClick Next to continue.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
29
Figure 16 Wizard Step 3: Your IP Address
The following table describes the labels in this screen
3.4.5 WAN IP Address Assignment
Every computer on the Internet must have a unique IP address. If your networks are isolated from
the Internet, for instance, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses
to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks.
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or have it assigned by a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466,
Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
Table 9 Wizard Step 3: Your IP Address
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Get automatically from
your ISP Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the
default selection. If you choose this option, skip directly to Section 3.4.9 on page
31.
Use fixed IP address
provided by your ISP Select this option if you were given IP address and/or DNS server settings by the
ISP. The fixed IP address should be in the same subnet as your broadband modem
or router.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
NextClick Next to continue.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 10 Private IP Address Ranges
10.0.0.0 -10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 -172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 -192.168.255.255
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
30
3.4.6 IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN
share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. The
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private
use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select
192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to
192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the
network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for
instance, 192.168.1.1, for your NBG-418N, but make sure that no other device on your network is
using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG-418N will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG-418N unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
3.4.7 DNS Server Address Assignment
Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice
versa, for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is 204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely
important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access
it.
The NBG-418N can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways.
1The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you
sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the
Wizard and/or WAN > Internet Connection screen.
2If the ISP did not give you DNS server information, leave the DNS Server fields set to 0.0.0.0 in
the Wizard screen and/or set to From ISP in the WAN > Internet Connection screen for the
ISP to dynamically assign the DNS server IP addresses.
3.4.8 WAN IP and DNS Server Address Assignment
The following wizard screen allows you to assign a fixed WAN IP address and DNS server addresses.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
31
Figure 17 Wizard Step 3: WAN IP and DNS Server Addresses
The following table describes the labels in this screen
3.4.9 WAN MAC Address
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is
assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,
00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
This screen allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using the NBG-418N’s
MAC address, copying the MAC address of the computer from which you are configuring the NBG-
418N or manually entering a MAC address. Once it is successfully configured, the address will be
copied to configuration file. It is advisable to clone the MAC address from a computer on your LAN
even if your ISP does not presently require MAC address authentication.
Table 11 Wizard Step 3: WAN IP and DNS Server Addresses
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WAN IP Address Assignment
My WAN IP Address Enter your WAN IP address in this field. The WAN IP address should be in the
same subnet as your DSL/Cable modem or router.
My WAN IP Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask in this field.
Gateway IP Address Enter the gateway IP address in this field.
System DNS Server Address Assignment (if applicable)
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa.
The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer
before you can access it. The NBG-418N uses a system DNS server (in the order you specify here) to resolve
domain names for DDNS and the time server.
First DNS Server
Second DNS Server
Enter the DNS server's IP address in the fields provided.
If you do not configure a system DNS server, you must use IP addresses when
configuring DDNS and the time server.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
NextClick Next to continue.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
32
Figure 18 Wizard Step 3: WAN MAC Address
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
3.5 Connection Wizard Complete
Click Apply to complete the wizard setup.
Figure 19 Connection Wizard Complete
Table 12 Wizard Step 3: WAN MAC Address
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Factory Default Select Factory Default to use the factory assigned default MAC address.
Clone the
computer's MAC
address - MAC
Address
Select this option to clone the MAC address of the computer (displaying in the screen)
from which you are configuring the NBG-418N. It is advisable to clone the MAC address
from a computer on your LAN even if your ISP does not presently require MAC address
authentication.
Set WAN MAC
Address Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
NextClick Next to continue.
ExitClick Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
33
Well done! You have successfully set up your NBG-418N to operate on your network and access the
Internet.
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
34
35
CHAPTER 4
Modes
4.1 Overview
You can set up the NBG-418N with other IEEE 802.11b/g/n compatible devices in different device
modes.
Note: Choose your device mode carefully to avoid having to change it later. The NBG-
418N automatically restarts when you change modes.
The default LAN IP address of the NBG-418N in Router mode is 192.168.1.1. The
default IP address of the NBG-418N in other modes is 192.168.1.2.
•Router: Use this mode if you want to use routing functions such as LAN DHCP, NAT, firewall and
so on on the NBG-418N (N). The NBG-418N has separate LAN and WAN network IP addresses.
Connect the WAN port to an Internet Access Device (IAD) such as a broadband modem.
Figure 20 Router
•Access Point: Use this mode if you already have a Router (R) in your network and you want to
set up a wireless network and bridge the wired and wireless connections on the NBG-416N.
Figure 21 AP Mode
LEW
WLAN
LAN WAN
N
IAD
LEW
WLAN
LAN
WAN
NR
Chapter 4 Modes
36
•Universal Repeater: In this mode, the NBG-418N (N) can be an access point and a wireless
client at the same time. Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point in
your network and you want the NBG-418N (N) to wirelessly relay communications from its
wireless clients to the access point.
Figure 22 Universal Repeater
•Client Bridge: Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point (AP) in the
network to which you want to connect your NBG-418N (N) wirelessly. You should know the SSID
and wireless security details of the wireless router or access point to which you want to connect.
Figure 23 Client Bridge
4.2 Setting your NBG-418N to Router Mode
The NBG-418N is set to wireless router mode by default. If it was changed and now you want to set
it back, do the following procedure.
1Connect your computer to the LAN port of the NBG-418N.
2The default LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is 192.168.1.1 in router mode (192.168.1.2 by default
in non-router mode). In router mode, the NBG-418N can assign your computer an IP address, so
you must set your computer to get an IP address automatically (computer factory default) or give it
a fixed IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254.
3After you’ve set your computer’s IP address, open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and
type the IP address of the NBG-418N as the web address in your web browser.
4Log into the Web Configurator. See the Chapter 2 on page 17 for instructions on how to do this.
LEW
N
AP
WLAN
LEW
NAP
Chapter 4 Modes
37
5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General and select Router.
Figure 24 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > Router
6A pop-up window appears providing information on this mode. Click OK in the pop-up message
window. Click Apply.
Note: Wait while the NBG-418N restarts, then log in to the Web Configurator again. The
NBG-418N IP address is now 192.168.1.1.
4.2.1 Status Screen (Router Mode)
The screen below shows the status screen in Router mode.
Chapter 4 Modes
38
Figure 25 Status Screen (Router Mode)
The following table describes the icons shown in the Status screen.
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen in Router mode.
Table 13 Status Screen Icon Key
ICON DESCRIPTION
Click this icon to open the setup wizard.
Click this icon to view copyright and a link for related product information.
Click this icon at any time to exit the Web Configurator.
Select a number of seconds or None from the drop-down list box to refresh all
screen statistics automatically at the end of every time interval or to not refresh
the screen statistics.
Click this button to refresh the status screen statistics.
Table 14 Web Configurator Status Screen (Router Mode)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Device Information
System Name This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > System >
General screen. It is for identification purposes.
Chapter 4 Modes
39
Firmware Version This is the current firmware version of the NBG-418N.
WAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the WAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Connection Type This shows the current connection type.
- IP Address This shows the WAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the WAN port’s subnet mask.
- Gateway This shows the WAN port’s gateway IP address.
- DNS This shows the IP address of your DNS server.
LAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- IP Address This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
- DHCP This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Server or None.
WLAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Status This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - On, Off or Off by
scheduler.
- Name (SSID) This shows a descriptive name used to identify the NBG-418N in the wireless
LAN.
- Channel This shows the channel number which you select manually or the NBG-418N
automatically scans and selects.
- Operating Channel This shows the channel number which the NBG-418N is currently using over
the wireless LAN.
- Security Mode This shows the level of wireless security the NBG-418N is using.
- 802.11 Mode This shows the wireless standard.
- WPS This displays Configured when the WPS has been set up.
This displays Unconfigured if the WPS has not been set up.
Click the status to display Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
System Status
Operation Mode This field shows the device operation mode: Router, Access Point, Client
Bridge or Universal Repeater.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-418N has been on.
Current Date/Time This field displays your NBG-418N’s present date and time.
System Resource
- CPU Usage This displays what percentage of the NBG-418N’s processing ability is currently
used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the NBG-418N is running at full
load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some
applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.
- Memory Usage This shows what percentage of the heap memory the NBG-418N is using.
System Setting
- Firewall This shows whether the firewall is active or not.
- UPnP This shows whether UPnP is active or not.
Interface Status
Table 14 Web Configurator Status Screen (Router Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Modes
40
4.2.1.1 Summary: DHCP Table
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to
obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the NBG-418N’s LAN as a
DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the NBG-418N provides the TCP/IP
configuration for the clients. If DHCP service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on
that network, or else the computer must be manually configured.
Click the DHCP Table (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. Read-only information here
relates to your DHCP status. The DHCP table shows current DHCP client information (including IP
Address, Host Name and MAC Address) of all network clients using the NBG-418N’s DHCP
server.
Figure 26 Summary: DHCP Table
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Interface This displays the NBG-418N port types. The port types are: WAN, LAN and
WLAN.
Status For the LAN and WAN ports, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line
is up or connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the
WLAN is disabled.
Rate For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or NA when
the line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re using
Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a
call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation.
This field displays NA when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is
enabled and NA when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
DHCP Table Use this screen to view current DHCP client information.
Packet Statistics Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
WLAN Station Status Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to
the NBG-418N.
Table 14 Web Configurator Status Screen (Router Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 15 Summary: DHCP Table
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the index number of the host computer.
IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
Host Name This field displays the computer host name.
Chapter 4 Modes
41
4.2.1.2 Summary: Packet Statistics
Click the Packet Statistics (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. Read-only information
here includes port status, packet specific statistics and the "system up time". The Poll Interval(s)
field is configurable and is used for refreshing the screen.
Figure 27 Summary: Packet Statistics
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
MAC Address This field shows the MAC address of the computer with the name in the Host Name field.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address which uniquely
identifies a device. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of
hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
Refresh Click Refresh to renew the screen.
Table 15 Summary: DHCP Table (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 16 Summary: Packet Statistics
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Port This is the NBG-418N’s port type.
Status For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or Down when the
line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re using Ethernet
encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a call) and Drop
(dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation. This field displays Down
when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is enabled
and Down when the WLAN is disabled.
TxPkts This is the number of transmitted packets on this port.
RxPkts This is the number of received packets on this port.
Collisions This is the number of collisions on this port.
Tx B/s This displays the transmission speed in bytes per second on this port.
Rx B/s This displays the reception speed in bytes per second on this port.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-418N has been on.
Poll Interval(s) Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics in this field.
Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Poll Interval(s)
field.
Stop Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics.
Chapter 4 Modes
42
4.2.1.3 Summary: WLAN Station Status
Click the WLAN Station Status (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. View the wireless
stations that are currently associated to the NBG-418N in the Association List. Association means
that a wireless client (for example, your network or computer with a wireless network card) has
connected successfully to the AP (or wireless router) using the same SSID, channel and security
settings.
Figure 28 Summary: WLAN Station Status
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
4.2.2 Router Mode Navigation Panel
Use the menu in the navigation panel menus to configure NBG-418N features in Router Mode.
Table 17 Summary: WLAN Station Status
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the index number of an associated wireless station.
MAC Address This field displays the MAC address of an associated wireless station.
Association Time This field displays the time a wireless station first associated with the NBG-418N’s
WLAN network.
Refresh Click Refresh to reload the list.
Chapter 4 Modes
43
Figure 29 Menus: Router Mode
The following table describes the sub-menus.
Table 18 Menus: Router Mode
LINK TABFUNCTION
Status This screen shows the NBG-418N’s general device, system and interface
status information. Use this screen to access the wizard, and summary
statistics tables.
Network
Wireless
LAN General Use this screen to configure wireless LAN.
MAC FilterUse the MAC filter screen to configure the NBG-418N to block access to
devices or block the devices from accessing the NBG-418N.
Advanced This screen allows you to configure advanced wireless settings.
QoSUse this screen to configure Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality of Service (WMM
QoS). WMM QoS allows you to prioritize wireless traffic according to the
delivery requirements of individual services.
WPSUse this screen to configure WPS.
WPS Station Use this screen to add a wireless station using WPS.
Scheduling Use this screen to schedule the times the Wireless LAN is enabled.
WANInternet
Connection This screen allows you to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address
assignment, DNS servers and the WAN MAC address.
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet mask.
DHCP
Server General Use this screen to enable the NBG-418N’s DHCP server.
Advanced Use this screen to assign IP addresses to specific individual computers
based on their MAC addresses and to have DNS servers assigned by the
DHCP server.
Client List Use this screen to view current DHCP client information and to always
assign an IP address to a MAC address (and host name).
Chapter 4 Modes
44
4.3 Setting your NBG-418N to AP Mode
1Connect your computer to the LAN port of the NBG-418N.
2The default LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is 192.168.1.1 in router mode (192.168.1.2 by default
in non-router mode). In router mode, the NBG-418N can assign your computer an IP address, so
you must set your computer to get an IP address automatically (computer factory default) or give it
a fixed IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254.
3After you’ve set your computer’s IP address, open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and
type the IP address of the NBG-418N as the web address in your web browser.
4Log into the Web Configurator. See the Chapter 2 on page 17 for instructions on how to do this.
5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General and select Access Point.
NATGeneral Use this screen to enable NAT.
Application Use this screen to configure servers behind the NBG-418N.
DDNS General Use this screen to configure Dynamic DNS, a service that allows you to
map a fixed domain name to a non-fixed IP address.
Security
Firewall General Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall.
Services Use this screen to enable or disable ICMP and VPN passthrough features.
Management
Remote
MGMT WWWUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP
address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the NBG-418N.
UPnPGeneral Use this screen to enable UPnP on the NBG-418N.
Maintenance
System General Use this screen to view and change administrative settings such as system
and domain names, password and inactivity timer.
Time Setting Use this screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date.
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you selected.
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration or reset the factory
defaults to your NBG-418N.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power
off.
Sys OP
Mode General This screen allows you to select the device operation mode.
Language Language This screen allows you to select the language you prefer.
Table 18 Menus: Router Mode (continued)
LINK TABFUNCTION
Chapter 4 Modes
45
Figure 30 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > AP
6A pop-up window appears providing information on this mode. Click OK in the pop-up message
window. Click Apply. Your NBG-418N is now in AP Mode.
Note: Wait while the NBG-418N restarts, then log in to the Web Configurator again.
4.3.1 Status Screen (AP Mode)
Click on Status. The screen below shows the status screen in AP Mode.
Figure 31 Status Screen (AP Mode)
Chapter 4 Modes
46
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 19 Status Screen (AP Mode)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Device Information
System Name This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > System > General
screen. It is for identification purposes.
Firmware Version This is the current firmware version of the NBG-418N.
LAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- IP Address This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
- DHCP This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - None.
WLAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Status This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - On, Off, or Off by scheduler.
- Name (SSID) This shows a descriptive name used to identify the NBG-418N in the wireless LAN.
- Channel This shows the channel number which you select manually or the NBG-418N
automatically scans and selects.
- Operating Channel This shows the channel number which the NBG-418N is currently using over the
wireless LAN.
- Security Mode This shows the level of wireless security the NBG-418N is using.
- 802.11 Mode This shows the IEEE 802.11 standard that the NBG-418N supports. Wireless clients
must support the same standard in order to be able to connect to the NBG-418N
- WPS This shows the WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) Status. Click the status to display
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
System Status
Operation Mode This field shows the device operation mode: Router, Access Point, Client Bridge
or Universal Repeater.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-418N has been on.
Current Date/Time This field displays your NBG-418N’s present date and time.
System Resource
- CPU Usage This displays what percentage of the NBG-418N’s processing ability is currently
used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the NBG-418N is running at full load,
and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications
to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.
- Memory Usage This shows what percentage of the heap memory the NBG-418N is using.
Interface Status
Interface This displays the NBG-418N port types. The port types are: LAN and WLAN.
Status For the LAN port, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up or
connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the WLAN is
disabled.
Rate For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A when the
line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is
enabled and N/A when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
Chapter 4 Modes
47
4.3.2 AP Navigation Panel
Use the menu in the navigation panel to configure NBG-418N features in AP Mode.
The following screen and table show the features you can configure in AP Mode.
Figure 32 Menu: AP Mode
The following table describes the sub-menus.
Packet Statistics Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
WLAN Station
Status Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the
NBG-418N.
Table 19 Status Screen (AP Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 20 Menu: AP Mode
LINK TABFUNCTION
Status This screen shows the NBG-418N’s general device, system and interface
status information. Use this screen to access the wizard, and summary
statistics tables.
Network
Wireless LAN General Use this screen to configure wireless LAN.
MAC Filter Use the MAC filter screen to configure the NBG-418N to block access to
devices or block the devices from accessing the NBG-418N.
Advanced This screen allows you to configure advanced wireless settings.
QoS Use this screen to configure Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality of Service (WMM
QoS). WMM QoS allows you to prioritize wireless traffic according to the
delivery requirements of individual services.
WPS Use this screen to configure WPS.
WPS Station Use this screen to add a wireless station using WPS.
Scheduling Use this screen to schedule the times the Wireless LAN is enabled.
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet mask.
Maintenance
System General Use this screen to view and change administrative settings such as
system and domain names, password and inactivity timer.
Time Setting Use this screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date.
Chapter 4 Modes
48
4.4 Setting your NBG-418N to Universal Repeater Mode
1Connect your computer to the LAN port of the NBG-418N.
2The default LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is 192.168.1.1 in router mode (192.168.1.2 by default
in non-router mode). In router mode, the NBG-418N can assign your computer an IP address, so
you must set your computer to get an IP address automatically (computer factory default) or give it
a fixed IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254.
3After you’ve set your computer’s IP address, open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and
type the IP address of the NBG-418N as the web address in your web browser.
4Log into the Web Configurator. See the Chapter 2 on page 17 for instructions on how to do this.
5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General and select Universal Repeater.
Figure 33 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > Universal Repeater
6A pop-up window window appears providing information on this mode. Click OK in the pop-up
message window. Click Apply. Your NBG-418N is now in Universal Repeater mode.
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you selected.
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration or reset the
factory defaults to your NBG-418N.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power
off.
Sys OP Mode General This screen allows you to select the device operation mode: Router,
Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater.
Language Language This screen allows you to select the language you prefer.
Table 20 Menu: AP Mode (continued)
LINK TABFUNCTION
Chapter 4 Modes
49
Note: Wait while the NBG-418N restarts, then log in to the Web Configurator again.
4.4.1 Status Screen (Universal Repeater Mode)
Click on Status. The screen below shows the status screen in Universal Repeater Mode.
Figure 34 Status Screen (Universal Repeater Mode)
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 21 Status Screen (Universal Repeater Mode)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Device Information
System Name This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > System >
General screen. It is for identification purposes.
Firmware Version This is the current firmware version of the NBG-418N.
LAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- IP Address This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
- DHCP This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role.
Chapter 4 Modes
50
WLAN AP Information
- MAC Address This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Status This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - On, Off, or Off by
scheduler.
- SSID This shows a descriptive name used to identify the NBG-418N in the wireless
LAN.
- Channel This shows the channel number which you select manually or the NBG-418N
automatically scans and selects.
- Operating Channel This shows the channel number which the NBG-418N is currently using over
the wireless LAN.
- Security Mode This shows the level of wireless security the NBG-418N is using.
- 802.11 Mode This shows the IEEE 802.11 standard that the NBG-418N supports. Wireless
clients must support the same standard in order to be able to connect to the
NBG-418N
- WPS This shows the WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) Status. Click the link to display
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
WLAN STA Information
- SSID This is the name of the selected AP that the NBG-418N is associating with.
- Security Mode This shows the wireless security the NBG-418N is using to connect to the AP.
- Connection Status This shows whether the NBG-418N is currently associated with the selected AP.
System Status
Operation Mode This field shows the device operation mode: Router, Access Point, Client
Bridge or Universal Repeater.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-418N has been on.
Current Date/Time This field displays your NBG-418N’s present date and time.
System Resource
- CPU Usage This displays what percentage of the NBG-418N’s processing ability is currently
used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the NBG-418N is running at full
load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some
applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.
- Memory Usage This shows what percentage of the heap memory the NBG-418N is using.
Interface Status
Interface This displays the NBG-418N port types. The port types are: LAN and WLAN.
Status For the LAN port, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up or
connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the
WLAN is disabled.
Rate For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A when
the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is
enabled and N/A when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
Packet Statistics Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
WLAN Station Status Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to
the NBG-418N.
Table 21 Status Screen (Universal Repeater Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Modes
51
4.4.2 Universal Repeater Navigation Panel
Use the menu in the navigation panel to configure NBG-418N features in Universal Repeater
Mode.
The following screen and table show the features you can configure in Universal Repeater Mode.
Figure 35 Menu: Universal Repeater Mode
The following table describes the sub-menus.
Table 22 Menu: Universal Repeater Mode
LINK TAB FUNCTION
Status This screen shows the NBG-418N’s general device, system and interface
status information. Use this screen to access the wizard, and summary
statistics tables.
Network
WLAN AP Select Use this screen to choose an access point that you want the NBG-418N to
connect to. You should know the security settings of the target AP.
General Use this screen to configure wireless LAN.
MAC Filter Use the MAC filter screen to configure the NBG-418N to block access to
devices or block the devices from accessing the NBG-418N.
Advanced This screen allows you to configure advanced wireless settings.
QoS Use this screen to configure Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality of Service (WMM
QoS). WMM QoS allows you to prioritize wireless traffic according to the
delivery requirements of individual services.
WPS Use this screen to configure WPS.
WPS Station Use this screen to add a wireless station using WPS.
Scheduling Use this screen to schedule the times the Wireless LAN is enabled.
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet mask.
Maintenance
System General Use this screen to view and change administrative settings such as
system and domain names, password and inactivity timer.
Time Setting Use this screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date.
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you selected.
Chapter 4 Modes
52
4.5 Setting your NBG-418N to Client Bridge Mode
1Connect your computer to the LAN port of the NBG-418N.
2The default LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is 192.168.1.1 in router mode (192.168.1.2 by default
in non-router mode). In router mode, the NBG-418N can assign your computer an IP address, so
you must set your computer to get an IP address automatically (computer factory default) or give it
a fixed IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254.
3After you’ve set your computer’s IP address, open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and
type the IP address of the NBG-418N as the web address in your web browser.
4Log into the Web Configurator. See the Chapter 2 on page 17 for instructions on how to do this.
5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General and select Client Bridge.
Figure 36 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > Client Bridge
6A pop-up window appears providing information on this mode. Click OK in the pop-up message
window. Click Apply. Your NBG-418N is now in Client Bridge mode.
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration or reset the
factory defaults to your NBG-418N.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power
off.
Sys OP Mode General This screen allows you to select the device operation mode: Router,
Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater.
Language Language This screen allows you to select the language you prefer.
Table 22 Menu: Universal Repeater Mode (continued)
LINK TABFUNCTION
Chapter 4 Modes
53
Note: Wait while the NBG-418N restarts, then log in to the Web Configurator again.
4.5.1 Status Screen (Client Bridge Mode)
Click on Status. The screen below shows the status screen in Client Bridge Mode.
Figure 37 Status Screen (Client Bridge Mode)
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 23 Status Screen (Client Bridge Mode)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Device Information
System Name This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > System >
General screen. It is for identification purposes.
Firmware Version This is the current firmware version of the NBG-418N.
WLAN Information
- SSID This is the name of the selected AP that the NBG-418N is associating with.
- Operating Channel This shows the channel that is used to connect to the selected AP.
- Security Mode This shows the wireless security the NBG-418N is using to connect to the AP.
- Connection Status This shows whether the NBG-418N is currently associated with the selected AP.
LAN Information
- MAC Address This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- IP Address This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
- DHCP This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - None.
System Status
Operation Mode This field shows the device operation mode: Router, Access Point, Client
Bridge or Universal Repeater.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-418N has been on.
Chapter 4 Modes
54
4.5.2 Client Bridge Navigation Panel
Use the menu in the navigation panel to configure NBG-418N features in Client Bridge Mode.
The following screen and table show the features you can configure in Client Bridge Mode.
Figure 38 Menu: Client Bridge Mode
Current Date/Time This field displays your NBG-418N’s present date and time.
System Resource
- CPU Usage This displays what percentage of the NBG-418N’s processing ability is currently
used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the NBG-418N is running at full
load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some
applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.
- Memory Usage This shows what percentage of the heap memory the NBG-418N is using.
Interface Status
Interface This displays the NBG-418N port types. The port types are: LAN and WLAN.
Status For the LAN port, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up or
connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the
WLAN is disabled.
Rate For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A when
the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is
enabled and N/A when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
Packet Statistics Use this screen to view port packet statistics.
Table 23 Status Screen (Client Bridge Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Modes
55
The following table describes the sub-menus.
Table 24 Menu: Client Bridge Mode
LINK TABFUNCTION
Status This screen shows the NBG-418N’s general device, system and interface
status information. Use this screen to access the wizard, and summary
statistics tables.
Network
WLAN AP Select Use this screen to choose an access point that you want the NBG-418N to
connect to. You should know the security settings of the target AP.
WLAN
Information Use this screen to view the SSID and security of the selected AP wireless
network.
Advanced Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings.
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet mask.
Maintenance
System General Use this screen to view and change administrative settings such as
system and domain names, password and inactivity timer.
Time Setting Use this screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date.
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you selected.
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration or reset the
factory defaults to your NBG-418N.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power
off.
Sys OP Mode General This screen allows you to select whether your device acts as a Router,
Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater.
Language Language This screen allows you to select the language you prefer.
Chapter 4 Modes
56
57
CHAPTER 5
Tutorials
5.1 Overview
This chapter provides tutorials for your NBG-418N as follows:
•How to Connect to the Internet from an AP
•Configure Wireless Security Using WPS on both your NBG-418N and Wireless Client
•Enable and Configure Wireless Security without WPS on your NBG-418N
5.2 How to Connect to the Internet from an AP
This section gives you an example of how to set up an access point (AP) and wireless client (a
notebook, B in this example) for wireless communication. B can access the Internet through the AP
wirelessly.
Figure 39 Wireless AP Connection to the Internet
5.2.1 Configure Wireless Security Using WPS on both your NBG-418N and
Wireless Client
This section gives you an example of how to set up wireless network using WPS. This example uses
the NBG-418N as the AP and NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to a notebook.
Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter
or PCI card).
There are two WPS methods for creating a secure connection. This tutorial shows you how to do
both.
•Push Button Configuration (PBC) - create a secure wireless network simply by pressing a
button. See Section 5.2.1.1 on page 58.This is the easier method.
•PIN Configuration - create a secure wireless network simply by entering a wireless client's PIN
(Personal Identification Number) in the NBG-418N’s interface. See Section 5.2.1.2 on page 59.
This is the more secure method, since one device can authenticate the other.
AP
B
Chapter 5 Tutorials
58
5.2.1.1 Push Button Configuration (PBC)
1Make sure that your NBG-418N is turned on and that it is within range of your computer.
2Make sure that you have installed the wireless client (this example uses the NWD210N) driver and
utility in your notebook.
3In the wireless client utility, find the WPS settings. Enable WPS and press the WPS button (Start or
WPS button)
4Log into NBG-418N’s Web Configurator and press Push Button in the Network > Wireless LAN >
WPS Station screen.
Note: Your NBG-418N has a WPS button located on its panel, as well as a WPS button in
its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function; you can use
one or the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second button
within two minutes of pressing the first one.
The NBG-418N sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to
two minutes. Then the wireless client is able to communicate with the NBG-418N securely.
The following figure shows you an example to set up wireless network and security by pressing a
button on both NBG-418N and wireless client (the NWD210N in this example).
Chapter 5 Tutorials
59
Figure 40 Example WPS Process: PBC Method
5.2.1.2 PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both NBG-418N’s configuration
interface and the client’s utilities.
1Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and select the PIN method
to get a PIN number.
2Enter the PIN number to the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen on
the NBG-418N.
3Click the Start buttons (or button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless client utility screen and
the NBG-418N’s WPS Station screen within two minutes.
The NBG-418N authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper configuration settings to the
wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. Then the wireless client is able to communicate
with the NBG-418N securely.
The following figure shows you the example to set up wireless network and security on NBG-418N
and wireless client (ex. NWD210N in this example) by using PIN method.
Wireless Client NBG-418N
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Chapter 5 Tutorials
60
Figure 41 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
Authentication by PIN
SECURITY INFO
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Wireless Client
NBG-418N
COMMUNICATION
Chapter 5 Tutorials
61
5.3 Enable and Configure Wireless Security without WPS
on your NBG-418N
This example shows you how to configure wireless security settings with the following parameters
on your NBG-418N.
Follow the steps below to configure the wireless settings on your NBG-418N.
The instructions require that your hardware is connected (see the Quick Start Guide) and you are
logged into the Web Configurator through your LAN connection (see Section 2.2 on page 17).
1Open the Wireless LAN > General screen in the NBG-418N’s Web Configurator.
2Make sure the Enable Wireless LAN check box is selected.
3Enter SSID_Example3 as the SSID and select a channel.
4Set security mode to WPA-PSK and enter ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey in the Pre-Shared
Key field. Click Apply.
Figure 42 Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > General
5Open the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device
Information and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status.
SSID SSID_Example3
Channel 6
Security WPA-PSK
(Pre-Shared Key: ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey)
Chapter 5 Tutorials
62
Figure 43 Tutorial: Status Screen
5.3.0.1 Configure Your Notebook
Note: We use the ZyXEL M-302 wireless adapter utility screens as an example for the
wireless client. The screens may vary for different models.
1The NBG-418N supports IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n wireless clients. Make sure
that your notebook or computer’s wireless adapter supports one of these standards.
2Wireless adapters come with software sometimes called a “utility” that you install on your
computer. See your wireless adapter’s User’s Guide for information on how to do that.
3After you’ve installed the utility, open it. If you cannot see your utility’s icon on your screen, go to
Start > Programs and click on your utility in the list of programs that appears. The utility displays
a list of APs within range, as shown in the example screen below.
4Select SSID_Example3 and click Connect.
Chapter 5 Tutorials
63
Figure 44 Connecting a Wireless Client to a Wireless Network t
5Select WPA-PSK and type the security key in the following screen. Click Next.
Figure 45 Security Settings
6The Confirm Save window appears. Check your settings and click Save to continue.
Figure 46 Confirm Save
7Check the status of your wireless connection in the screen below. If your wireless connection is
weak or you have no connection, see the Troubleshooting section of this User’s Guide.
Chapter 5 Tutorials
64
Figure 47 Link Status
If your connection is successful, open your Internet browser and enter http://www.zyxel.com or the
URL of any other web site in the address bar. If you are able to access the web site, your wireless
connection is successfully configured.
65
PART II
Technical Reference
66
67
CHAPTER 6
Wireless LAN
6.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure the wireless network settings in your NBG-418N. See the
appendices for more detailed information about wireless networks.
The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 48 Example of a Wireless Network
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B are
called wireless clients. The wireless clients use the access point (AP) to interact with other devices
(such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your NBG-418N is the AP in the above example.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
68
6.2 What You Can Do
Wireless screens vary according to the device mode you are using.
See Chapter 4 on page 35 for more information on device modes.
•Use the General screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless
security mode (Section 6.4 on page 70).
•Use the MAC Filter screen to allow or deny wireless stations based on their MAC addresses from
connecting to the NBG-418N (Section 6.5 on page 75).
•Use the Advanced screen to allow intra-BSS networking and set the RTS/CTS Threshold (Section
6.6 on page 76).
•Use the QoS screen to enable Wifi MultiMedia Quality of Service (WMMQoS). This allows the
NBG-418N to automatically set priority levels to services, such as e-mail, VoIP, chat, and so on
(Section 6.7 on page 78).
•Use the WPS screen to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to
configure security settings manually (Section 6.8 on page 79).
•Use the WPS Station screen to add a wireless station using WPS (Section 6.9 on page 80).
•Use the Scheduling screen to set the times your wireless LAN is turned on and off (Section 6.10
on page 81).
•Use the AP Select screen to choose an access point that you want the NBG-418N (in universal
repeater or client bridge mode) to connect to. You should know the security settings of the target
AP.
•Use the WLAN Info screen to view the SSID and security of the selected AP wireless network.
Wireless Screen Router Access Point Universal Repeater Client Bridge
General
MAC Filter
Advanced
QoS
WPS
WPS Station
Scheduling
AP Select
WLAN Info
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
69
6.3 What You Should Know
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
• Every wireless client in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentity.
• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use different channels.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or
frequency, to send and receive information.
• Every wireless client in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the
information that is sent in the wireless network.
6.3.1 Wireless Security Overview
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless
network.
6.3.1.1 SSID
Normally, the AP acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the
SSID instead, in which case the AP does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change
the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized devices to
get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized devices can still see the information that is sent in the
wireless network.
6.3.1.2 MAC Address Filter
Every wireless client has a unique identification number, called a MAC address.1 A MAC address is
usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters2; for example, 00A0C5000002 or
00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each wireless client, see the appropriate User’s
Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the AP which wireless clients are allowed or not allowed to
use the wireless network. If a wireless client is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to
have the correct settings (SSID, channel, and security). If a wireless client is not allowed to use the
wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct settings.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized devices to get the MAC address of an authorized
wireless client. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network.
1. Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These kinds
of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2. Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
70
6.3.1.3 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot
understand the message.
For example, if users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static
WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every wireless client in the wireless
network supports. Suppose the wireless network has two wireless clients. Device A only supports
WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA-PSK. Therefore, you should set up Static WEP in the
wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, or stronger encryption.
IEEE 802.1x and WEP encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible
for unauthorized devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2-PSK in your NBG-418N, you can also select an option (WPA Compatible)
to support WPA-PSK as well. In this case, if some wireless clients support WPA-PSK and some
support WPA2-PSK, you should set up WPA2-PSK and select the WPA Compatible option in the
NBG-418N.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer
the key, the stronger the encryption. Every wireless client in the wireless network must have the
same key.
6.3.1.4 WPS
WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance. WPS
allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure
security settings manually. Depending on the devices in your network, you can either press a
button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (Personal Identification
Number) in the devices. Then, they connect and set up a secure network by themselves. See how
to set up a secure wireless network using WPS in the Section 5.2.1 on page 57.
6.4 General Wireless LAN Screen
Use this screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode.
Table 25 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATION
Weakest No Security
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
Strongest WPA2-PSK
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
71
Note: If you are configuring the NBG-418N from a computer connected to the wireless
LAN and you change the NBG-418N’s SSID, channel or security settings, you will
lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then
change the wireless settings of your computer to match the NBG-418N’s new
settings.
Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the General screen.
Figure 49 Network > Wireless LAN > General (Router or Access Point Mode)
Figure 50 Network > Wireless LAN > General (Universal Repeater Mode)
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
72
The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
See the rest of this chapter for information on the other labels in this screen.
6.4.1 No Security
Select No Security to allow wireless stations to communicate with the access points without any
data encryption.
Table 26 Network > Wireless LAN > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WLAN STA
Information This section is available only when the NBG-418N is in universal repeater mode. This shows
the wireless and security settings of the selected AP wireless network.
SSID This displays the Service Set IDentity of the wireless device to which you are connecting.
Security Mode This displays the type of security configured on the wireless device to which you are
connecting.
Operating
Channel This displays the channel used by the wireless device to which you are connecting.
WLAN AP
Information /
Wireless Setup
Use this section to configure the wireless settings between the NBG-418Nand its wireless
clients.
Enable
Wireless LAN Click the check box to activate wireless LAN.
Name(SSID) (Service Set IDentity) The SSID identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is
associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID.
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot
obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Channel
Selection Set the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region.
Select a channel from the drop-down list box. The options vary depending on the frequency
band and the country you are in.
Refer to the Connection Wizard chapter for more information on channels. This option is only
available if Auto Channel Selection is disabled.
Auto Channel
Selection Select this option for the NBG-418N to automatically choose the channel with the least
interference. Deselect this option if you wish to manually select the channel using the
Channel Selection field.
Operating
Channel This displays the channel the NBG-418N is currently using.
Channel Width Select whether the NBG-418N uses a wireless channel width of 20MHz, 40MHz or Auto
20/40MHz. A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a
40MHz channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300 Mbps. Because
not all devices support 40MHz channels, select Auto 20/40MHz to allow the NBG-418N to
adjust the channel bandwidth automatically.
Security Use this section to configure the wireless security between the NBG-418N and its wireless
clients.
Security Mode Select Static WEP, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK to add security on this wireless network. The
wireless clients which want to associate to this network must have same wireless security
settings as this device. After you select to use a security, additional options appears in this
screen. See 6.4.2 and 6.4.3 sections. Or you can select No Security to allow any client to
associate this network without authentication.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
73
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your NBG-418N, your network is
accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 51 Network > Wireless LAN > General: No Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
6.4.2 WEP Encryption
WEP encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points
to keep network communications private. It encrypts unicast and multicast communications in a
network. Both the wireless stations and the access points must use the same WEP key.
Your NBG-418N allows you to configure up to four 64-bit or 128-bit WEP keys but only one key can
be enabled at any one time.
In order to configure and enable WEP encryption; click Network > Wireless LAN to display the
General screen. Select Static WEP from the Security Mode list.
Figure 52 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > General: No Security
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose No Security from the drop-down list box.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
74
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
6.4.3 WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
Click Network > Wireless LAN to display the General screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
from the Security Mode list.
Figure 53 Network > Wireless LAN > General: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
Table 28 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box.
WEP Encryption Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to enable data encryption.
Authentication
Method Select Auto, Open System or Shared Key from the drop-down list box.
This field specifies whether the wireless clients have to provide the WEP key to login to the
wireless client. Keep this setting at Auto or Open System unless you want to force a key
verification before communication between the wireless client and the ZyXEL Device
occurs. Select Shared Key to force the clients to provide the WEP key prior to
communication.
ASCII Select this option in order to enter ASCII characters as WEP key.
HexSelect this option in order to enter hexadecimal characters as a WEP key.
The preceding "0x", that identifies a hexadecimal key, is entered automatically.
Key 1 to Key 4 The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the NBG-418N and the wireless stations
must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure at least one key, only one key can be activated at any one time. The
default key is key 1.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
75
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
6.5 MAC Filter
The MAC filter screen allows you to configure the NBG-418N to give exclusive access to up to 16
devices (Allow) or exclude up to 16 devices from accessing the NBG-418N (Deny). Every Ethernet
device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the
factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You
need to know the MAC address of the devices to configure this screen.
To change your NBG-418N’s MAC filter settings, click Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. The
screen appears as shown.
Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > General: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
WPA Compatible This option is available only when you select WPA2-PSK in the Security Mode field.
Select this option to have both WPA2 and WPA wireless clients be able to communicate
with the NBG-418N even when the NBG-418N is using WPA2-PSK.
Cipher Type Select the encryption type (TKIP, AES or TKIP+AES) for data encryption.
Select AES if your wireless clients can all use AES. Otherwise, select TKIP or select
TKIP+AES to allow the wireless clients to use either TKIP or AES.
Pre-Shared Key WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK uses a simple common password for authentication.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces
and symbols).
Type a pre-shared key less than 64 case-sensitive HEX characters ("0-9", "A-F").
Group Key
Update Timer The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using WPA-PSK/WPA2-
PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using WPA/WPA2 key management) sends
a new group key out to all clients. The re-keying process is the WPA/WPA2 equivalent of
automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic
basis. Setting of the Group Key Update Timer is also supported in WPA-PSK/WPA2-
PSK mode.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
76
Figure 54 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
6.6 Wireless LAN Advanced Screen
Use this screen to allow intra-BSS networking and set the RTS/CTS Threshold.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced. The screen appears as shown.
Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select Yes from the drop down list box to enable MAC address filtering.
Filter Action Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table.
Select Deny to block access to the NBG-418N, MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to
access the NBG-418N.
Select Allow to permit access to the NBG-418N, MAC addresses not listed will be denied
access to the NBG-418N.
SetThis is the index number of the MAC address.
MAC Address Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless station that are allowed or denied access to the
NBG-418N in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format,
that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
77
Figure 55 Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced (Universal Repeater Mode)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Wireless Advanced Setup
RTS/CTS
Threshold Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS (Request To Send)/
CTS (Clear To Send) handshake.
Enter a value between 0 and 2347.
Fragmentation
Threshold The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages.
It is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter an even number between
256 and 2346.
Beacon Interval When a wirelessly networked device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval.
This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells
receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in low-power mode before
waking up to handle the beacon. This value can be set from 20 to 1024 ms. A high value
helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Period Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and
multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management
mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network. This
value can be set from 1 to 10.
Preamble Type A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes:
long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the NBG-418N does, it
cannot communicate with the NBG-418N.
CTS Protection When set to None, the NBG-418N protects wireless communication against interference.
Select Auto to let the NBG-418N determine whether to turn this feature on or off in the
current environment.
Tx Power This field controls the transmission power of the NBG-418N. When using the NBG-418N
with a notebook computer, select a lower transmission power level when you are close to
the AP in order to conserve battery power.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
78
6.7 Quality of Service (QoS) Screen
Use the QoS screen to enable Wifi MultiMedia Quality of Service (WMMQoS). This allows the NBG-
418N to automatically set priority levels to services, such as e-mail, VoIP, chat, and so on.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > QoS. The following screen appears.
Figure 56 Network > Wireless LAN > QoS
Extension Channel If you select 40 MHz or Auto 20/40MHz as your Channel Bandwidth in the Wireless
LAN > General screen, the extension channel enables the NBG-419N to get higher data
throughput. This also lowers radio interference and traffic.
Aggregation Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their
802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for
increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Mac Service Data Unit (MSDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames without any of their
802.11n headers and wraps the header-less payload in a single 802.11n MAC header.
This method is useful for increasing bandwidth throughput. It is also more efficient than
A-MPDU except in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI Select Enable to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced
between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI
increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces
data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
Enable Intra-BSS
Traffic A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or
between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is
enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with
each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired
network but cannot communicate with each other.
WLAN STA setting
overwrites WLAN
AP setting
This field is available only when the NBG-418N is in universal repeater mode.
Select Enabled to have the NBG-418N copy the SSID and wireless security settings of
the associated AP, and use them for wireless connections between the NBG-418N and its
wireless clients.
Otherwise, select Disabled to configure different wireless and security settings for
wireless connections between the NBG-418N and its wireless clients.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
79
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
6.8 WPS Screen
Use this screen to enable/disable WPS, view or generate a new PIN number and check current WPS
status. To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS tab.
Figure 57 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > QoS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable WMM QoS Check this to have the NBG-418N automatically give a service a priority level
according to the ToS value in the IP header of packets it sends. WMM QoS (Wifi
MultiMedia Quality of Service) gives high priority to voice and video, which makes
them run more smoothly.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WPS Setup
Enable WPS Select this to enable the WPS feature.
PIN Number This displays a PIN number last time system generated. Click Generate to generate a
new PIN number.
WPS Status
Status This displays Configured when the NBG-418N has connected to a wireless network using
WPS or when Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have
been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the
screen.
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there are no wireless or wireless
security changes on the NBG-418N or you click Release_Configuration to remove the
configured wireless and wireless security settings.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
80
6.9 WPS Station Screen
Use this screen when you want to add a wireless station using WPS. To open this screen, click
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station tab.
Note: Note: After you click Push Button on this screen, you have to press a similar
button in the wireless station utility within 2 minutes. To add the second wireless
station, you have to press these buttons on both device and the wireless station
again after the first 2 minutes.
Figure 58 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Release
Configuration This button is only available when the WPS status displays Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS
connections on the NBG-418N.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Refresh Click Refresh to get this screen information afresh.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Push Button Use this button when you use the PBC (Push Button Configuration) method to configure
wireless stations’s wireless settings. See Section 5.2.1.1 on page 58.
Click this to start WPS-aware wireless station scanning and the wireless security
information synchronization.
Or input station’s
PIN number Use this button when you use the PIN Configuration method to configure wireless station’s
wireless settings. See Section 5.2.1.2 on page 59.
Type the same PIN number generated in the wireless station’s utility. Then click Start to
associate to each other and perform the wireless security information synchronization.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
81
6.10 Scheduling Screen
Use this screen to set the times your wireless LAN is turned on and off. Wireless LAN scheduling is
disabled by default. The wireless LAN can be scheduled to turn on or off on certain days and at
certain times. To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling tab.
Figure 59 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable Wireless
LAN Scheduling Select this to enable Wireless LAN scheduling.
Action Select On or Off to specify whether the Wireless LAN is turned on or off. This field works
in conjunction with the Day and Except for the following times fields.
DaySelect Everyday or the specific days to turn the Wireless LAN on or off. If you select
Everyday you can not select any specific days. This field works in conjunction with the
Except for the following times field.
Except for the
following times Select a begin time using the first set of hour and minute (min) drop down boxes and
select an end time using the second set of hour and minute (min) drop down boxes. If
you have chosen On earlier for the WLAN Status the Wireless LAN will turn off between
the two times you enter in these fields. If you have chosen Off earlier for the WLAN Status
the Wireless LAN will turn on between the two times you enter in these fields.
Note: Entering the same begin time and end time will mean the whole day.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
82
6.11 AP Select Screen
Use this screen to choose an access point that you want the NBG-418N (in universal repeater or
client bridge mode) to connect to. You should know the security settings of the target AP.
To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > AP Select tab.
Figure 60 Network > Wireless LAN > AP Select
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 36 Network > Wireless LAN > AP Select
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Select Use the radio button to select the wireless device to which you want to connect.
SSID This displays the Service Set IDentity of the wireless device. The SSID is a unique name
that identifies a wireless network. All devices in a wireless network must use the same
SSID.
BSSID This displays the MAC address of the wireless device.
Channel This displays the channel number used by this wireless device.
Mode This displays which IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless networking standards the wireless device
supports.
Security Mode This displays the type of security configured on the wireless device. OPEN means no
security is configured and you can connect to it without a password.
Strength This displays the strength of the wireless signal. The signal strength mainly depends on
the antenna output power and the distance between your NBG-418N and this device.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
83
6.12 WLAN Info Screen
Use this screen to view the SSID and security of the selected AP wireless network when the NBG-
418N is in client bridge mode. To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > WLAN Info
tab.
Figure 61 Network > Wireless LAN > WLAN Info
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Refresh Click this button to search for available wireless devices within transmission range and
update this table.
Connect Click this button to associate to the selected wireless device.
Table 36 Network > Wireless LAN > AP Select (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > WLAN Info
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WLAN
SSID This displays the Service Set IDentity of the selected wireless device.
Security Mode This displays the type of security configured on the selected wireless device.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
84
85
CHAPTER 7
WAN
7.1 Overview
This chapter discusses the NBG-418N’s WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your NBG-
418N for Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the
Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other
networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 62 LAN and WAN
See the chapter about the connection wizard for more information on the fields in the WAN screens.
7.2 What You Need To Know
The information in this section can help you configure the screens for your WAN connection, as well
as enable/disable some advanced features of your NBG-418N.
7.2.1 Configuring Your Internet Connection
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set
up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your
ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP
over Ethernet) or PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), they should also provide a username
and password (and service name) for user authentication.
Chapter 7 WAN
86
WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the NBG-418N, which makes it accessible from an outside
network. It is used by the NBG-418N to communicate with other devices in other networks. It can
be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the NBG-418N tries to access the
Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and
DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP
encapsulation method).
DNS Server Address Assignment
Use Domain Name System (DNS) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice
versa, for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is 204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely
important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access
it.
The NBG-418N can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways.
1The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you
sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, manually enter them in the DNS server fields.
2If your ISP dynamically assigns the DNS server IP addresses (along with the NBG-418N’s WAN IP
address), set the DNS server fields to get the DNS server address from the ISP.
WAN MAC Address
The MAC address screen allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using the
factory default or cloning the MAC address from a computer on your LAN. Choose Factory Default
to select the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Otherwise, click Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter the IP address of
the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning. Once it is successfully configured, the
address will be copied to configuration file. It is recommended that you clone the MAC address prior
to hooking up the WAN Port.
7.3 Internet Connection
Use this screen to change your NBG-418N’s Internet access settings. Click Network > WAN. The
screen differs according to the encapsulation you choose.
7.3.1 Ethernet Encapsulation
This screen displays when you select Ethernet encapsulation.
Chapter 7 WAN
87
Figure 63 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type You must choose the Ethernet option when the WAN port is used as a regular Ethernet.
WAN IP Address Assignment
Get automatically
from ISP Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the default
selection.
Use fixed IP
Address Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
IP Address Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
IP Subnet
Mask Enter the IP Subnet Mask in this field.
Gateway IP
Address Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
MTU Auto Select Auto if you want to have the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) automatically
configured. Select Manual if you want to enter the MTU manually in the field below.
MTU Enter the MTU or the largest packet size per frame that your NBG-418N can receive and
process.
DNS Servers
Chapter 7 WAN
88
7.3.2 PPPoE Encapsulation
The NBG-418N supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is an IETF standard
(RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem (DSL,
cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPP over Ethernet option is for a dial-up connection using
PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing
access control systems (for example Radius).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a
function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and
offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no
specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the NBG-418N (rather than individual computers), the
computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the NBG-418N does that part of
the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.
First DNS Server
Second DNS
Server
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the NBG-
418N’s WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP
address that the ISP assigns.
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the primary and
secondary DNS server's IP address in the fields to the right.
WAN MAC Address The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either
using the NBG-418N’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your
LAN or manually entering a MAC address.
Factory default Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Clone the
computer's MAC
address - MAC
Address
Select this option to clone the MAC address of the computer (displaying in the screen)
from which you are configuring the NBG-418N. Once it is successfully configured, the
address will be copied to the rom file. It will not change unless you change the setting or
upload a different ROM file.
Set WAN MAC
Address Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 38 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 WAN
89
This screen displays when you select PPPoE encapsulation.
Figure 64 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type Select PPP over Ethernet if you connect to your Internet via dial-up.
Service Name Type the PPPoE service name provided to you. PPPoE uses a service name to identify and
reach the PPPoE server.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the user name above.
Retype to
Confirm Type your password again to make sure that you have entered is correctly.
MTU Size Enter the MTU or the largest packet size per frame that your NBG-418N can receive and
process.
Nailed-Up
Connection Select Nailed-Up Connection if you do not want the connection to time out.
Idle Timeout This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the router automatically
disconnects from the PPPoE server.
DNS Servers
Chapter 7 WAN
90
7.3.3 PPTP Encapsulation
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables secure transfer of data
from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-
based networks.
PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol and virtual private networking over public networks, such
as the Internet.
First DNS Server
Second DNS
Server
If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in
order to access it.
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the NBG-
418N’s WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP
address that the ISP assigns.
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the primary and
secondary DNS server's IP address in the fields to the right.
WAN MAC
Address The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by using
the NBG-418N’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your LAN or
manually entering a MAC address.
Factory default Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Clone the
computer's MAC
address - MAC
Address
Select this option to clone the MAC address of the computer (displaying in the screen)
from which you are configuring the NBG-418N. Once it is successfully configured, the
address will be copied to the rom file. It will not change unless you change the setting or
upload a different ROM file.
Set WAN MAC
Address Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 39 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 7 WAN
91
This screen displays when you select PPTP encapsulation.
Figure 65 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 40 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables secure
transfer of data from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private
Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-based networks. PPTP supports on-demand, multi-
protocol, and virtual private networking over public networks, such as the Internet.
The NBG-418N supports only one PPTP server connection at any given time.
To configure a PPTP client, you must configure the User Name and Password fields
for a PPP connection and the PPTP parameters for a PPTP connection.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Retype to Confirm Type your password again to make sure that you have entered correctly.
MTU Size Enter the MTU or the largest packet size per frame that your NBG-418N can receive
and process.
Chapter 7 WAN
92
Nailed-up Connection Select Nailed-Up Connection if you do not want the connection to time out.
Idle Timeout This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the NBG-418N
automatically disconnects from the PPTP server.
PPTP Configuration
Server IP Address Type the IP address of the PPTP server.
Get automatically
from ISP Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the default
selection.
Use fixed IP Address Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
My WAN IP
Address Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
My IP Subnet
Mask Your NBG-418N will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address
that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask
computed by the NBG-418N.
My IP Gateway Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
DNS Servers
First DNS Server
Second DNS Server
If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in
order to access it.
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the
NBG-418N’s WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS
server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the primary
and secondary DNS server's IP address in the fields to the right.
WAN MAC Address The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by
either using the NBG-418N’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer
on your LAN or manually entering a MAC address.
Factory default Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Clone the computer's
MAC address - MAC
Address
Select this option to clone the MAC address of the computer (displaying in the screen)
from which you are configuring the NBG-418N. Once it is successfully configured, the
address will be copied to the rom file. It will not change unless you change the setting
or upload a different ROM file.
Set WAN MAC Address Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 40 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
93
CHAPTER 8
LAN
8.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure LAN settings.
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many computers are
attached. A LAN is a computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or
floor of a building. The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server, manage IP
addresses, and partition your physical network into logical networks.
Figure 66 LAN Setup
The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.
8.2 What You Need To Know
The actual physical connection determines whether the NBG-418N ports are LAN or WAN ports.
There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN
network as shown next.
Chapter 8 LAN
94
Figure 67 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
The LAN parameters of the NBG-418N are preset in the factory with the following values:
• IP address of 192.168.1.1 with subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
• DHCP server enabled with 32 client IP addresses starting from 192.168.1.33.
These parameters should work for the majority of installations. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS
server address(es), read the embedded Web Configurator help regarding what fields need to be
configured.
8.2.1 IP Pool Setup
The NBG-418N is pre-configured with a pool of 32 IP addresses starting from 192.168.1.33 to
192.168.1.64. This configuration leaves 31 IP addresses (excluding the NBG-418N itself) in the
lower range (192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.32) for other server computers, for instance, servers for
mail, FTP, TFTP, web, etc., that you may have.
Refer to Section 3.4.6 on page 30 for information on IP Address and Subnet Mask.
8.2.2 LAN TCP/IP
The NBG-418N has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to
systems that support DHCP client capability.
Refer to the Section 3.4.7 on page 30 section for information on System DNS Servers.
8.3 LAN IP Screen
Use this screen to change your basic LAN settings. Click Network > LAN.
Chapter 8 LAN
95
Figure 68 Network > LAN > IP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Network > LAN > IP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Address Type the IP address of your NBG-418N in dotted decimal notation 192.168.1.1 (factory
default).
IP Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG-
418N will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you
assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the
NBG-418N.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 8 LAN
96
97
CHAPTER 9
DHCP Server
9.1 Overview
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to
obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the NBG-418N’s LAN as a
DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the NBG-418N provides the TCP/IP
configuration for the clients. If DHCP service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on
your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.
9.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enable the DHCP server (Section 9.4 on page 97).
•Use the Advanced screen to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers
based on their MAC Addresses (Section 9.5 on page 98).
•Use the Client List screen to view the current DHCP client information (Section 9.6 on page
100).
9.3 What You Need To Know
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is
assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,
00:A0:C5:00:00:02. Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them
to the DHCP Client List screen.
Refer to Section 3.4.6 on page 30 for information on IP Address and Subnet Mask.
Refer to the Section 3.4.7 on page 30 section for information on System DNS Servers.
9.4 General Screen
Use this screen to enable the DHCP server. Click Network > DHCP Server. The following screen
displays.
Chapter 9 DHCP Server
98
Figure 69 Network > DHCP Server > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
9.5 Advanced Screen
This screen allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on
their MAC addresses. You can also use this screen to configure the DNS server information that the
NBG-418N sends to the DHCP clients.
To change your NBG-418N’s static DHCP settings, click Network > DHCP Server > Advanced.
The following screen displays.
Table 42 Network > DHCP Server > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable DHCP Server Enable or Disable DHCP for LAN.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows
individual clients (computers) to obtain TCP/IP configuration at startup from a server.
Leave the Enable DHCP Server check box selected unless your ISP instructs you to
do otherwise. Clear it to disable the NBG-418N acting as a DHCP server. When
configured as a server, the NBG-418N provides TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If
not, DHCP service is disabled and you must have another DHCP server on your LAN,
or else the computers must be manually configured. When set as a server, fill in the
following four fields.
IP Pool Starting
Address This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool for LAN.
Pool Size This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool for LAN.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 9 DHCP Server
99
Figure 70 Network > DHCP Server > Advanced
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 43 Network > DHCP Server > Advanced
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Static DHCP Table
# This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
MAC Address Type the MAC address (with colons) of a computer on your LAN.
IP Address Type the LAN IP address of a computer on your LAN.
DNS Server
DNS Servers
Assigned by DHCP
Server
The NBG-418N passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP address (in the order
you specify here) to the DHCP clients. If you do not configure the DNS server, the DHCP
service is disabled and you must have another DHCP sever on your LAN, or else the
computers must have their DNS server addresses manually configured.
First DNS Server
Second DNS Server
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the NBG-
418N’s WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP
address that the ISP assigns.
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's
IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address
set to 0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a
second choice to User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-
Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
Select DNS Relay to have the NBG-418N act as a DNS proxy. The NBG-418N's LAN IP
address displays in the field to the right (read-only). The NBG-418N tells the DHCP
clients on the LAN that the NBG-418N itself is the DNS server. When a computer on the
LAN sends a DNS query to the NBG-418N, the NBG-418N forwards the query to the
NBG-418N's system DNS server (configured in the WAN > Internet Connection
screen) and relays the response back to the computer. You can only select DNS Relay
for one of the three servers; if you select DNS Relay for a second or third DNS server,
that choice changes to None after you click Apply.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 9 DHCP Server
100
9.6 Client List Screen
The DHCP table shows current DHCP client information (including IP Address, Host Name and
MAC Address) of network clients using the NBG-418N’s DHCP servers.
Configure this screen to always assign an IP address to a MAC address (and host name). Click
Network > DHCP Server > Client List.
Note: You can also view a read-only client list by clicking the DHCP Table (Details...)
hyperlink in the Status screen.
The following screen displays.
Figure 71 Network > DHCP Server > Client List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 44 Network > DHCP Server > Client List
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the index number of the host computer.
IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
Host Name This field displays the computer host name.
MAC Address The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network)
is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is
assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no
other adapter has a similar address.
Reserve Select this check box in the DHCP Setup section to have the NBG-418N always
assign the IP address(es) to the MAC address(es) (and host name(s)). After you click
Apply, the MAC address and IP address also display in the Advanced screen (where
you can edit them).
Apply Click Apply to save your settings.
Refresh Click Refresh to reload the DHCP table.
101
CHAPTER 10
Network Address Translation
10.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the NBG-418N.
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in
a packet. For example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network is
changed to a different IP address known within another network.
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets,
NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with
hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address in each packet and then
forwards it to the Internet. The NBG-418N keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers
so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates
this.
Figure 72 NAT Example
For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address
Translator (NAT).
Note: You must create a firewall rule in addition to setting up NAT, to allow traffic from
the WAN to be forwarded through the NBG-418N.
A: 192.168.1.33
B: 192.168.1.34
C: 192.168.1.35
IP address
192.168.1.1
WANLAN
assigned by ISP
FTP, Telnet, SNMP
Port 80
Ports 21 to 25
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
102
10.2 What You Can Do
•U
se the General screen to enable NAT and set a default server (Section 10.3 on page 103).
•Use the Application screen to change your NBG-418N’s port forwarding settings (Section 10.4
on page 104).
10.2.1 What You Need To Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
Inside/Outside
This denotes where a host is located relative to the NBG-418N, for example, the computers of your
subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/Local
This denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the
local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the
global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN
side.
Note: Inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP
address of a host used in a packet.
An inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still
in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside host
when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this information.
Note: NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
What NAT Does
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the
WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside
global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note
that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
Table 45 NAT Definitions
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Inside This refers to the host on the LAN.
Outside This refers to the host on the WAN.
Local This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN.
Global This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
103
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP.
In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local
network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers , NAT
offers the additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your NBG-418N filters
out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more
information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
How NAT Works
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets,
the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global
Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination
address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local)
IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It
replaces the original IP source address in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The
NBG-418N keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can
have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 73 How NAT Works
10.3 General NAT Screen
Use this screen to enable NAT and set a default server. Click Network > NAT to open the General
screen.
Figure 74 Network > NAT > General
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
104
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
10.4 NAT Application Screen
Use the Application screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local
network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the
local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web
service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one
server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be
better to specify a range of port numbers.
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A service request
that does not have a server explicitly designated for it is forwarded to the default server. If the
default is not defined, the service request is simply discarded.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Port forwarding allows you to define the local servers to which the incoming services will be
forwarded. To change your NBG-418N’s port forwarding settings, click Network > NAT >
Application. The screen appears as shown.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address in the NAT > General screen,
the NBG-418N discards all packets received for ports that are not specified in this
screen or remote management.
Refer to Appendix E on page 209 for port numbers commonly used for particular services.
Table 46 Network > NAT > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
NAT Setup
Enable Network
Address
Translation
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows the translation of an Internet protocol address
used within one network (for example a private IP address used in a local network) to a
different IP address known within another network (for example a public IP address used
on the Internet).
Select the check box to enable NAT.
Default Server Setup
Server IP
Address In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A default
server receives packets from ports that are not specified in the Application screen.
If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the NBG-418N discards all packets
received for ports that are not specified in the Application screen or remote
management.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
105
Figure 75 Network > NAT > Application
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 47 Network > NAT > Application
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add Application Rule
Active Select the check box to enable this rule and the requested service can be forwarded to the
host with a specified internal IP address.
Clear the checkbox to disallow forwarding of these ports to an inside server without
having to delete the entry.
Service Name Type a name (of up to 31 printable characters) to identify this rule in the first field next to
Service Name. Otherwise, select a predefined service in the second field next to Service
Name. The predefined service name and port number(s) will display in the Service
Name and Port fields.
Local Port Range
Public Port Range
Type a port number(s) to be forwarded.
To specify a range of ports, enter a hyphen (-) between the first port and the last port,
such as 10-20.
To specify two or more non-consecutive port numbers, separate them by a comma
without spaces, such as 123,567.
Protocol Select the transport layer protocol supported by this server. Choices are TCP, UDP, or
TCP&UDP.
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
106
10.5 Technical Reference
The following section contains additional technical information about the NBG-418N features
described in this chapter.
10.5.1 NAT Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP,
that you can make accessible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside
network appear as a single machine to the outside world.
Use the Application screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local
network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the
local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web
service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one
server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be
better to specify a range of port numbers.
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A service request
that does not have a server explicitly designated for it is forwarded to the default server. If the
default is not defined, the service request is simply discarded.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Server IP Address Type the inside IP address of the server that receives packets from the port(s) specified in
the Port field.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the Application Rules Summary table.
Reset Click Reset to not save and return your new changes in the Service Name and Port
fields to the previous one.
Application Rules Summary
#This is the number of an individual port forwarding server entry.
Active This icon is turned on when the rule is enabled.
Name This field displays a name to identify this rule.
Local Start/End
Port
Public Start/End
Port
This field displays the port number(s).
Protocol This is the transport layer protocol used for the service.
Server IP Address This field displays the inside IP address of the server.
Modify Click the Edit icon to display and modify an existing rule setting in the fields under Add
Application Rule.
Click the Remove icon to delete a rule.
Table 47 Network > NAT > Application (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
107
10.5.2 NAT Port Forwarding Example
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example),
port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a
third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address.
The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet.
Figure 76 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
Chapter 10 Network Address Translation
108
109
CHAPTER 11
Dynamic DNS
11.1 Overview
Dynamic Domain Name Service (DDNS) services let you use a fixed domain name with a dynamic
IP address. Users can always use the same domain name instead of a different dynamic IP address
that changes each time to connect to the NBG-418N or a server in your network.
Note: The NBG-418N must have a public global IP address and you should have your
registered DDNS account information on hand.
11.2 Dynamic DNS Screen
To configure your NBG-418N’s DDNS, click Network > DDNS.
Figure 77 Network > DDNS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 48 Network > DDNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable
Dynamic DNS Select this check box to use DDNS.
Service
Provider Select the name of your DDNS service provider.
Dynamic DNS
Type This field is only available if you use the DynDNS service provider.
Select the type of service that you are registered for from your Dynamic DNS service
provider.
Chapter 11 Dynamic DNS
110
Host Name The host name is the domain name that the DDNS service will map to your dynamic global
IP address. Type the host name fully qualified, for example, ‘yourhost.mydomain.net’. You
can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").
User Name Type the user name that you used when you registered with the DDNS service.
Password Type the password associated with the DDNS user name.
Timeout This is the length of time in hours between updates to the DDNS service. If the update fails,
the NBG-418N will disable DDNS.
Enable
Wildcard Option Select this if your DDNS service provider supports use of a wildcard (*) that will allow
‘*.yourhost.dyndns.org’ (where * may be the name of a web, mail, FTP etc. server in your
network) to be mapped to the same IP address as ‘yourhost.dyndns.org’. This feature is
useful when there are multiple servers in your network and you want users to be able to use
different domain names to reach them.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 48 Network > DDNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
111
CHAPTER 12
Firewall
12.1 Overview
Use these screens to enable and configure the firewall that protects your NBG-418N and your LAN
from unwanted or malicious traffic.
Enable the firewall to protect your LAN computers from attacks by hackers on the Internet and
control access between the LAN and WAN. By default the firewall:
• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all of the networks.
• blocks traffic that originates on the other networks from going to the LAN.
The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant
Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2).
However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).
Figure 78 Default Firewall Action
12.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enable or disable the NBG-418N’s firewall (Section 12.4 on page
112).
•Use the Services screen to enable or disable ICMP and VPN passthrough features (Section 12.5
on page 113).
Chapter 12 Firewall
112
12.3 What You Need To Know
The NBG-418N’s firewall feature physically separates the LAN and the WAN and acts as a secure
gateway for all data passing between the networks.
12.3.1 About the NBG-418N Firewall
The NBG-418N firewall is a stateful inspection firewall and is designed to protect against Denial of
Service attacks when activated (click the General tab under Firewall and then click the Enable
Firewall check box). The NBG-418N's purpose is to allow a private Local Area Network (LAN) to be
securely connected to the Internet. The NBG-418N can be used to prevent theft, destruction and
modification of data, as well as log events, which may be important to the security of your network.
The NBG-418N is installed between the LAN and a broadband modem connecting to the Internet.
This allows it to act as a secure gateway for all data passing between the Internet and the LAN.
The NBG-418N has one Ethernet WAN port and four Ethernet LAN ports, which are used to
physically separate the network into two areas.The WAN (Wide Area Network) port attaches to the
broadband (cable or DSL) modem to the Internet.
The LAN (Local Area Network) port attaches to a network of computers, which needs security from
the outside world. These computers will have access to Internet services such as e-mail, FTP and
the World Wide Web. However, "inbound access" is not allowed (by default) unless the remote host
is authorized to use a specific service.
12.3.2 VPN Pass Through Features
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a way to securely connect two networks over the Internet. For
example a home network and one in a business office. This requires special equipment on both
ends of the connection.
The NBG-418N is not one of the endpoints but it does allow traffic from those endpoints to pass
through. The NBG-418N allows the following types of VPN traffic to pass through:
• IP security (IPSec)
• Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
12.4 General Firewall Screen
Use this screen to enable or disable the NBG-418N’s firewall, and set up firewall logs. Click
Security > Firewall to open the General screen.
Chapter 12 Firewall
113
Figure 79 Security > Firewall > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
12.5 Services Screen
Use the Services screen to enable or disable ICMP and VPN passthrough features.
Click Security > Firewall > Services. The screen appears as shown next.
Figure 80 Security > Firewall > Services
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 49 Security > Firewall > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable Firewall Select this check box to activate the firewall. The NBG-418N performs access control and
protects against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks when the firewall is activated.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.
Table 50 Security > Firewall > Services
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-reporting protocol
between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP)
datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent
to the application user.
Respond to Ping
on WAN The NBG-418N will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is selected.
Select Enable to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests.
Chapter 12 Firewall
114
VPN Passthrough Select the checkbox to enable the advanced pass through features:
•PPTP Passthrough: Select this option to allow the NBG-418N to pass through VPN
traffic using PPTP.
•L2TP Passthrough: Select this option to enable computers on your LAN to make
L2TP VPN connections to servers on the Internet.
•IPSEC Passthrough: Select this option to allow the NBG-418N to pass through VPN
traffic using the IPsec protocol.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.
Table 50 Security > Firewall > Services (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
115
CHAPTER 13
Remote Management
13.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the Remote Management screens.
Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which NBG-
418N interface (if any) from which computers.
You may manage your NBG-418N from a remote location via:
Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the LAN and
WAN in the options above, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access.
See the firewall chapters for details on configuring firewall rules.
•L
AN only •LAN and WAN
Chapter 13 Remote Management
116
13.1.1 Remote Management Limitations
Remote management over LAN or WAN will not work when:
1You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
2The IP address in the Secured Client WAN IP Address field does not match the client IP address.
If it does not match, the NBG-418N will disconnect the session immediately.
3There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher priority running. You
may only have one remote management session running at one time.
4There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
13.1.2 Remote Management and NAT
When NAT is enabled:
• Use the NBG-418N’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
• Use the NBG-418N’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
13.1.3 System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The
NBG-418N automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than this
timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling. You
can change the timeout period in the System screen.
13.2 WWW Screen
To change your NBG-418N’s World Wide Web settings, click Management > Remote MGMT to
display the WWW screen.
Figure 81 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW
Chapter 13 Remote Management
117
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must
use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NBG-418N using
this service.
Secured Client WAN IP
Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the
NBG-418N using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-418N using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the NBG-418N using this service.
Note: This only applies on WAN IP.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 13 Remote Management
118
119
CHAPTER 14
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
14.1 Overview
This chapter introduces the UPnP feature in the Web Configurator.
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for
simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a
network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network.
In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
14.2 What You Need to Know
How do I know if I'm using UPnP?
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP
compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a
UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.
NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP
network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the
network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions.
NAT traversal allows the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
• Assigning lease times to mappings
Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening
firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also
be obtained and modified by users in some network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For
security reasons, the NBG-418N allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
120
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration.
Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
14.3 Configuring UPnP
Use this screen to enable UPnP. Click the Management > UPnP to open the following screen.
Figure 82 Management > UPnP > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
14.3.1 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP
installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the NBG-418N.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the NBG-418N. Turn on your computer and
the NBG-418N.
14.3.1.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1Click start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under
Internet Gateway.
Table 52 Management > UPnP > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable the Universal Plug
and Play (UPnP) Feature Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP
application to open the Web Configurator's login screen without entering the
NBG-418N's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access
the Web Configurator).
Allow users to make port
forwarding changes through
UPnP
Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically
configure the NBG-418N so that they can communicate through the NBG-418N,
for example, by using NAT traversal. UPnP applications automatically reserve a
NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled
device. this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the
UPnP enabled application.
Apply Click Apply to save the setting to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
121
2Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Figure 83 Network Connections
3In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there
were automatically created.
Figure 84 Internet Connection Properties
4You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings.
Figure 85 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
122
Figure 86 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add
Note: When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port
mappings will be deleted automatically.
5Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in
the system tray.
Figure 87 System Tray Icon
6Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Figure 88 Internet Connection Status
14.3.2 Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the NBG-418N without finding out the IP
address of the NBG-418N first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the NBG-
418N.
Follow the steps below to access the Web Configurator.
1Click Start and then Control Panel.
2Double-click Network Connections.
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
123
3Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Figure 89 Network Connections
4An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network.
5Right-click on the icon for your NBG-418N and select Invoke. The Web Configurator login screen
displays.
Figure 90 Network Connections: My Network Places
Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
124
125
CHAPTER 15
System
15.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the System screens.
See the chapter about wizard setup for more information on the next few screens.
15.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-418N in the network and set the
password (Section 15.3 on page 125).
•Use the Time Setting screen to change your NBG-418N’s time and date (Section 15.4 on page
126).
15.3 System General Screen
Use this screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-418N in the network and set the password.
Click Maintenance > System. The following screen displays.
Figure 91 Maintenance > System > General
Chapter 15 System
126
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
15.4 Time Setting Screen
To change your NBG-418N’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The
screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the NBG-418N’s time based on your local
time zone.
Table 53 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Setup
System Name System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-418N in an Ethernet network. It is
recommended you enter your computer’s “Computer name” in this field (see the chapter
about wizard setup for how to find your computer’s name).
This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but
dashes “-” and underscores "_" are accepted.
Domain Name Enter the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank, the ISP may
assign a domain name via DHCP.
The domain name entered by you is given priority over the ISP assigned domain name.
Administrator
Inactivity Timer Type how many minutes a management session can be left idle before the session times
out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password
again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a
management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not
recommended).
Password Setup Change your NBG-418N’s password (recommended) using the fields as shown.
Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this
field.
New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a
password, the screen displays an asterisk (*) for each character you type.
Retype to Confirm Type the new password again in this field.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 15 System
127
Figure 92 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 54 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your NBG-418N.
Each time you reload this page, the NBG-418N synchronizes the time with the time
server.
Current Date This field displays the date of your NBG-418N.
Each time you reload this page, the NBG-418N synchronizes the date with the time
server.
Time and Date Setup
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new
time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date
you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect
it.
Copy Your
Computer’s Time
Settings
Click this to copy the time settings of your computer into the NBG-418N’s time and date
setup.
New Time
(hh:mm:ss)
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time
configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and
then click Apply.
Chapter 15 System
128
New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd)
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured
manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and
then click Apply.
Get from Time
Server Select this radio button to have the NBG-418N get the time and date from the time
server you specified below.
Auto Select Auto to have the NBG-418N automatically search for an available time server
and synchronize the date and time with the time server after you click Apply.
User Defined Time
Server Address Select User Defined Time Server Address and enter the IP address or URL (up to 20
extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network
administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your
time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their
clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the
evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Daylight
Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the first Sunday of
April. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M.
local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, April and type 2 in
the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of
the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same
moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last,
Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour
ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Daylight
Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the last Sunday of October. Each
time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time.
So in the United States you would select Last, Sunday, October and type 2 in the
o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of
the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same
moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last,
Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone.
In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour
ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-418N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 54 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
129
CHAPTER 16
Logs
16.1 Overview
This chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and viewing the NBG-
418N’s logs.
The Web Configurator allows you to look at all of the NBG-418N’s logs in one location.
16.2 What You Need to Know
An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks
(access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites or web sites with restricted web
features such as cookies, active X and so on. Some categories such as System Errors consist of
both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts
display in red and logs display in black.
Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full (see
Log Schedule). Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control) may
result in many e-mails being sent.
16.3 View Log Screen
Use the View Log screen to see the logged messages for the NBG-418N. Options include logs
about system maintenance, system errors, access control, allowed or blocked web sites, blocked
web features (such as ActiveX controls, Java and cookies), attacks (such as DoS) and IPSec.
Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after
it fills. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort
order.
Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen.
Chapter 16 Logs
130
Figure 93 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 55 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Refresh Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Clear Logs Click Clear Logs to delete all the logs.
NextClick Next to show the next page of log entries.
Last Click Last to show the last page of log entries.
#This is the index number of the log entry.
Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. See the chapter on system
maintenance and information to configure the NBG-418N’s time and date.
Message This field states the reason for the log.
131
CHAPTER 17
Tools
17.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to upload a new firmware, upload or save backup configuration files
and restart the NBG-418N.
17.2 What You Can Do
•Use the Firmware screen to upload firmware to your NBG-418N (Section 17.3 on page 131).
•Use the Configuration screen to view information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration (Section 17.4 on page 133).
•Use the Restart screen to have the NBG-418N reboot (Section 17.5 on page 134).
17.3 Firmware Upload Screen
Find firmware at www.zyxel.com in a file that (usually) uses the system model name with a “*.bin”
extension, e.g., “NBG-418N.bin”. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and
may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
Click Maintenance > Tools. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-
418N.
Figure 94 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
Chapter 17 Tools
132
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Note: Do not turn off the NBG-418N while firmware upload is in progress!
After you see the Firmware Upload In Process screen, wait for several minutes before logging
into the NBG-418N again.
Figure 95 Upload Warning
The NBG-418N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some
operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 96 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Firmware screen.
Figure 97 Upload Error Message
Table 56 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must
decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Chapter 17 Tools
133
17.4 Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration appears as shown next.
Figure 98 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
17.4.1 Backup Configuration
Backup configuration allows you to back up (save) the NBG-418N’s current configuration to a file on
your computer. Once your NBG-418N is configured and functioning properly, it is highly
recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The
backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the NBG-418N’s current configuration to your computer.
17.4.2 Restore Configuration
Restore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your
computer to your NBG-418N.
Note: Do not turn off the NBG-418N while configuration file upload is in progress.
Table 57 Maintenance Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process.
Chapter 17 Tools
134
After you see a “configuration upload successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before
logging into the NBG-418N again.
Figure 99 Configuration Restore Successful
The NBG-418N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some
operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 100 Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your
computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default NBG-418N IP address (192.168.1.1 in
router mode). See Appendix C on page 167 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Configuration screen.
Figure 101 Configuration Restore Error
17.4.3 Back to Factory Defaults
Pressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration information and
returns the NBG-418N to its factory defaults.
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your NBG-
418N. Refer to Section 2.3.1 on page 19 for more information on the RESET button.
17.5 Restart Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the NBG-418N without turning the power off.
Chapter 17 Tools
135
Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the NBG-418N reboot. This does not
affect the NBG-418N's configuration.
Figure 102 Maintenance > Tools > Restart
Chapter 17 Tools
136
137
CHAPTER 18
Sys OP Mode
18.1 Overview
The Sys OP Mode (System Operation Mode) function lets you configure select the device operation
mode: Router, Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater.
See Chapter 4 on page 35 for more information on which mode to choose.
18.2 General Screen
Use this screen to select how you connect to the Internet.
Figure 103 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General
The following table describes the labels in the General screen.
Table 58 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Operation Mode
Router Use this mode if you want to use routing functions such as LAN DHCP, NAT, firewall and
so on on the NBG-418N (N). The NBG-418N has separate LAN and WAN network IP
addresses.
Access Point Use this mode if you already have a Router (R) in your network and you want to bridge
all wired and wireless network connections.
Chapter 18 Sys OP Mode
138
If you select Router mode, the following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 104 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Router
• In this mode there are both LAN and WAN ports. The LAN Ethernet and WAN Ethernet ports have
different IP addresses.
• The DHCP server on your device is enabled and allocates IP addresses to other devices on your
local network.
• The LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is set to 192.168.1.1.
• You can configure the IP address settings on your WAN port. Contact your ISP or system
administrator for more information on appropriate settings.
If you select a non-router mode (Access Point, Client Bridge or Universal Repeater) the
following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 105 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Non-Router
• In non-router mode, all Ethernet ports have the same IP address.
• All ports on the rear panel of the device are LAN ports, including the port labeled WAN. There is
no WAN port.
• The DHCP server on your device is disabled. In this mode there must be a device with a DHCP
server on your network such as a router which can allocate IP addresses or else you need to
manually assign IP addresses to devices on your network.
• The LAN IP address of the NBG-418N is set to 192.168.1.2.
Universal Repeater Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point in your network and
you want the NBG-418N to wirelessly relay communications from its wireless clients to
it.
Client Bridge Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point (AP) in the network
to which you want to connect your NBG-418N wirelessly. You should know the SSID and
wireless security details of the wireless router or access point to which you want to
connect.
Apply Click Apply to save your settings.
Reset Click Reset to return to the previous screen settings.
Table 58 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
139
CHAPTER 19
Language
19.1 Language Screen
Use this screen to change the language for the Web Configurator display.
Click the language you prefer. The Web Configurator language changes after a while without
restarting the NBG-418N.
Figure 106 Language
Figure 107 Language Change Example
Chapter 19 Language
140
141
CHAPTER 20
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential
problems are divided into the following categories.
•Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
•NBG-418N Access and Login
•Internet Access
•Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults
•Wireless Problems
20.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The NBG-418N does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the NBG-418N.
2Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the NBG-418N and plugged in to an
appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-418N.
4If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.3 on page 15.
2Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.
3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the NBG-418N.
5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
142
20.2 NBG-418N Access and Login
I don’t know the IP address of my NBG-418N.
1The default IP address in router mode is 192.168.1.1 and in non-router mode is 192.168.1.2.
2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the NBG-418N
by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows
computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default
Gateway might be the IP address of the NBG-418N (it depends on the network), so enter this IP
address in your Internet browser.Set your device to Router Mode, login (see the Quick Start Guide
for instructions) and go to the Device Information table in the Status screen. Your NBG-418N’s
IP address is available in the Device Information table.
•If the DHCP setting under LAN information is None, your device has a fixed IP address.
•If the DHCP setting under LAN information is Client, then your device receives an IP
address from a DHCP server on the network.
3If your NBG-418N is a DHCP client, you can find your IP address from the DHCP server. This
information is only available from the DHCP server which allocates IP addresses on your network.
Find this information directly from the DHCP server or contact your system administrator for more
information.
4Reset your NBG-418N to change all settings back to their default. This means your current settings
are lost. See Section 20.4 on page 144 in the Troubleshooting for information on resetting your
NBG-418N.
I forgot the username and password.
1The default username is admin and default password is 1234.
2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 20.4 on page
144.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the Web Configurator.
1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1 (router mode).
• If you changed the IP address, use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I
don’t know the IP address of my NBG-418N.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
143
2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java
enabled. See Appendix B on page 157.
4Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the NBG-418N. (If you know that there are
routers between your computer and the NBG-418N, skip this step.)
• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using a dynamic IP
address.
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP address is in the
same subnet as the NBG-418N.
5Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the NBG-418N with the default IP address.
6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is
connected to a LAN/ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the NBG-418N.
1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default username is admin and default
password is 1234. This field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2This can happen when you fail to log out properly from your last session. Try logging in again after
5 minutes.
3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-418N.
4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 20.4 on page
144.
20.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-
sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
144
3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless
client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
5Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General. Check your System Operation Mode setting.
6If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the NBG-418N), but
my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.3 on page 15.
2Reboot the NBG-418N.
3If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.3 on page 15.
If the NBG-418N is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use
the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving the NBG-418N closer to the AP if
possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless
network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3Reboot the NBG-418N.
4If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestion
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.
20.4 Resetting the NBG-418N to Its Factory Defaults
If you reset the NBG-418N, you lose all of the changes you have made. The NBG-418N re-loads its
default settings, and the username/password resets to admin/1234. You have to make all of your
changes again.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
145
You will lose all of your changes when you push the RESET button.
To reset the NBG-418N,
1Make sure the power LED is on.
2Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the NBG-418N.
3Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the NBG-418N back to its factory-
default configurations.
If the NBG-418N restarts automatically, wait for the NBG-418N to finish restarting, and log in to the
Web Configurator. The username is admin and password is 1234.
If the NBG-418N does not restart automatically, disconnect and reconnect the NBG-418N’s power.
Then, follow the directions above again.
20.5 Wireless Problems
I cannot access the NBG-418N or ping any computer from the WLAN.
1Make sure the wireless LAN is enabled on the NBG-418N.
2Make sure the wireless adapter on the wireless station is working properly.
3Make sure the wireless adapter installed on your computer is IEEE 802.11 compatible and supports
the same wireless standard as the NBG-418N.
4Make sure your computer (with a wireless adapter installed) is within the transmission range of the
NBG-418N.
5Check that both the NBG-418N and your wireless station are using the same wireless and wireless
security settings.
6Make sure traffic between the WLAN and the LAN is not blocked by the firewall on the NBG-418N.
7Make sure you allow the NBG-418N to be remotely accessed through the WLAN interface. Check
your remote management settings.
•See Chapter 6 Wireless LAN for more information.
I cannot access the Web Configurator after I switched to a non-router mode.
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
146
When you change from router mode to a non-router mode, you must manually give your computer
an IP address in the range between 192.168.1.3 and 192.168.1.254 as non-router mode has no
LAN DHCP server.
Refer to Appendix C on page 167 for instructions on how to change your computer’s IP address.
147
APPENDIX A
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same
way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common
network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has
its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are
delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary
number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in
decimal.
The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are
the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
148
Figure 108 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according
to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are
part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP
address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit
in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the
leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24
bits are zeroes.
Table 59 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example
1ST OCTET:
(192)
2ND
OCTET:
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
(1)
4TH OCTET
(2)
IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Host ID 00000010
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
149
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following
examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have
on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of
remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit
subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that
network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of
possible hosts in a network as follows:
Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a
continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the
number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/”
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 60 Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
1ST
OCTET 2ND
OCTET 3RD
OCTET 4TH OCTET
8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248
Table 61 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
HOSTS
8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214
16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 65534
24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 254
29 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 23 – 2 6
Table 62 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0 /240000 0000 0
255.255.255.128 /251000 0000 128
255.255.255.192 /261100 0000 192
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
150
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example
a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the
company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum
of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 109 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-
networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25
and 192.168.1.128 /25.
The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-
networks, A and B.
255.255.255.224 /271110 0000 224
255.255.255.240 /281111 0000 240
255.255.255.248 /291111 1000 248
255.255.255.252 /301111 1100 252
Table 62 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)
SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
151
Figure 110 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126
possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s
broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to
an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two
subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID
bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all
zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 63 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
152
Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Table 64 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 65 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 66 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 192
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Table 67 Eight Subnets
SUBNET SUBNET
ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST
ADDRESS BROADCAST
ADDRESS
1 0 1 30 31
232 33 62 63
364 65 94 95
496 97 126127
5128129 158159
6160 161 190 191
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
153
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
7192193 222223
8224225 254255
Table 67 Eight Subnets (continued)
SUBNET SUBNET
ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST
ADDRESS BROADCAST
ADDRESS
Table 68 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.255.128 (/25) 2126
2255.255.255.192 (/26) 462
3255.255.255.224 (/27) 830
4255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14
5255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6
6255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2
7255.255.255.254 (/31) 1281
Table 69 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETSNO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.128.0 (/17) 232766
2255.255.192.0 (/18) 416382
3255.255.224.0 (/19) 88190
4255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094
5255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046
6255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022
7255.255.254.0 (/23) 128510
8255.255.255.0 (/24) 256254
9255.255.255.128 (/25) 512126
10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62
11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30
12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14
13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6
14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2
15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
154
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You
must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NBG-418N.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG-418N that is easy
to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is
using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG-418N will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG-418N unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
IP Address Conflicts
Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on
the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also
be unreachable through the network.
Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a
static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
155
computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by
assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address
automatically.
Figure 111 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network
numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN
and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are
on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot
route between networks.
Figure 112 Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and
the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the
Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the
router’s LAN port.
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
156
Figure 113 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
157
APPENDIX B
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java
Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: The screens used below belong to Internet Explorer version 6, 7 and 8. Screens for
other Internet Explorer versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow
pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 114 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any
web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
158
Figure 115 Internet Options: Privacy
3Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
2Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
159
Figure 116 Internet Options: Privacy
3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the
prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 117 Pop-up Blocker Settings
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
160
5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts
are allowed.
1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 118 Internet Options: Security
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Scripting.
4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
6Click OK to close the window.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
161
Figure 119 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
5Click OK to close the window.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
162
Figure 120 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
3Click OK to close the window.
Figure 121 Java (Sun)
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
163
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly. The steps
below apply to Mozilla Firefox 3.0 as well.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the
screen that appears.
Figure 122 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > Options
Click Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 123 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
164
Opera
Opera 10 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly.
Allowing Pop-Ups
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the General tab, go to Choose how you prefer
to handle pop-ups and select Open all pop-ups.
Figure 124 Opera: Allowing Pop-Ups
Enabling Java
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the Advanced tab, select Content from the left-
side menu. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
165
Figure 125 Opera: Enabling Java
To customize JavaScript behavior in the Opera browser, click JavaScript Options.
Figure 126 Opera: JavaScript Options
Select the items you want Opera’s JavaScript to apply.
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
166
167
APPENDIX C
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
Note: Your specific NBG-418N may not support all of the operating systems described in
this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which
operating systems are supported.
This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be
able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/
OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on
your computer.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s
computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.
In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 167
•Windows Vista on page 171
•Windows 7 on page 175
•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 179
•Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 182
•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 185
•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 189
Windows XP/NT/2000
The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows
2000 and Windows NT.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
168
2In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.
3Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
4On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
169
5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
170
6Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.
7Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
8Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network
connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection
information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
171
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.
3Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
4Click Manage network connections.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
172
5Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
6Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
173
7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
174
8Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.
9Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network
connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection
information.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
175
Windows 7
This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet
category.
3Click Change adapter settings.
4Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
176
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
5Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
177
6The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
178
7Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided. Click Advanced if you want to configure advanced
settings for IP, DNS and WINS.
8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
3The IP settings are displayed as follows.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
179
Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.
1Click Apple > System Preferences.
2In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
180
3When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network
connection type list, and then click Configure.
4For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP
tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
181
5For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.
6Click Apply Now and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then
selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
182
Figure 127 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.
1Click Apple > System Preferences.
2In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
183
3When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection
types.
4From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
5For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure list, select Manually.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
184
•I
n the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your NBG-418N.
6Click Apply and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then
selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
185
Figure 128 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model
Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file
locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual
configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
1Click System > Administration > Network.
2When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By
default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your
configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
186
3In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the
Authenticate button.
4In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click
Properties.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
187
5The Properties dialog box opens.
•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP
address.
•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the
IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.
6Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network
Settings screen.
7If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window
and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
188
8Click the Close button to apply the changes.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then
selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics
column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
189
Figure 129 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop
Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file
locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual
configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
1Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
190
2When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.
3When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the
Network Card icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
191
4When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate
connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.
5When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
192
Figure 130 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup
6Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.
7Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
8If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings
and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
193
9Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the
Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.
Figure 131 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager
When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to
see if your connection is working properly.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
194
Figure 132 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
195
APPENDIX D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of
computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within
range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an
ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example
of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 133 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless
client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with
each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
196
Figure 134 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only
provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the
immediate neighborhood.
An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated
wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
197
Figure 135 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your
region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce
interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing
interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should
be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For
example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to
select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not
within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are
within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
198
Figure 136 RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the
channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of
data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest
size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is
invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station
that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for
permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other
stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms
with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and
the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be
fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)
that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data
frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while
you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you
set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames
will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
199
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of
the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending
data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short
preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network
support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide
more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the
network support it, otherwise the NBG-418N uses long preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b
adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or
lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the
maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless
clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the NBG-418N are data encryption, wireless client
authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NBG-418N identity.
Table 70 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION
1DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Appendix D Wireless LANs
200
The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on
your NBG-418N.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NBG-418N and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to
support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It
is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x
are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for
centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional
authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless
clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and
accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server
handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
•Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the
network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
Table 71 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANs
201
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point
sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user accounting:
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret
key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the
shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from
unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP
to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that
supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain
the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used
to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
202
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server
sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by
encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in
plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get
the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the
authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an
authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You
must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for
mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of
the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done
in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive
attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which
imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-
side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending
username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client
authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then
use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the
clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the
wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is
generated each time reauthentication is performed.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
203
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless
security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while
dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic
keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public
deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a
comparison of the features of authentication types.
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a
wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management
than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user
authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into
each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless
client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on
whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less
secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but
offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter
mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
Table 72 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP
Mutual Authentication No YesYesYesYes
Certificate – Client No YesOptional Optional No
Certificate – Server No YesYesYesNo
Dynamic Key Exchange No YesYesYesYes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
Client Identity Protection No No YesYesNo
Appendix D Wireless LANs
204
called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is
never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption
keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless
clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets,
altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the
receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is
assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent,
single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal
encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate
wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange
messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a
network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and
pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless
devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication
with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not
need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless
client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch
for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
205
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server
looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies
network access accordingly.
3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS
server and the client.
4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The
keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and
the wireless clients.
Figure 137 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must
consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and
symbols).
2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password
matches.
3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not
sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
206
4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information
exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data
exchanged between them.
Figure 138 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each
authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on
how you configure these security features.
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to
the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by
capturing RF signals from the air.
Table 73 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD ENTER
MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X
Open None No Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open WEPNo Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
YesEnable without Dynamic WEP Key
YesDisable
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
YesEnable without Dynamic WEP Key
YesDisable
WPA TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA-PSK TKIP/AES YesDisable
WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES YesDisable
Appendix D Wireless LANs
207
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless
LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage
area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of
approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal
power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna
that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the
antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The
coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room
environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage
areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light
from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles
typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional
antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In
point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to
each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For
omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP
application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
208
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
209
APPENDIX E
Common Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port
numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit
the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site.
•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a
different one, if you like.
•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service
uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP
protocol number, not the port number.
•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information
about port numbers.
•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations
in which this service is used.
Table 74 Commonly Used Services
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling
protocol uses this service.
AIM/New-ICQ TCP5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as
a listening port by ICQ.
AUTH TCP113Authentication protocol used by some servers.
BGPTCP179Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT UDP68 DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER UDP67 DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME TCP
UDP
7648
24032
A popular videoconferencing solution from White
Pines Software.
DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web
names (for example www.zyxel.com) to IP
numbers.
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol)
tunneling protocol uses this service.
FINGER TCP79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that
can be used to find out if a user is logged on.
FTPTCP
TCP
20
21
File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast
transfer of files, including large files that may not
be possible by e-mail.
H.323 TCP1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP TCP80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server
protocol for the world wide web.
Appendix E Common Services
210
HTTPS TCP443HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-
commerce.
ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for
diagnostic or routing purposes.
ICQUDP4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.
IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Management Protocol is used when
sending packets to a specific group of hosts.
IKEUDP500The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for
key distribution and management.
IRCTCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.
MSN Messenger TCP1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this
protocol.
NEW-ICQ TCP5190 An Internet chat program.
NEWS TCP144A protocol for news groups.
NFS UDP2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server
distributed file service that provides transparent file
sharing for network environments.
NNTP TCP119Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery
mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.
PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out
ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote
host is reachable.
POP3TCP110Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer
get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary
connection (TCP/IP or other).
PPTP TCP1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure
transfer of data over public networks. This is the
control channel.
PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables
secure transfer of data over public networks. This is
the data channel.
RCMD TCP512Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO TCP7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time
sound over the web.
REXEC TCP514Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN TCP513Remote Login.
RTELNET TCP107Remote Telnet.
RTSP TCP/UDP 554The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol
(RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the
Internet.
SFTPTCP115Simple File Transfer Protocol.
SMTP TCP25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-
exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables
you to move messages from one e-mail server to
another.
SNMP TCP/UDP 161Simple Network Management Program.
SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).
Table 74 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Common Services
211
SQL-NET TCP1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to
access data on many different types of database
systems, including mainframes, midrange systems,
UNIX systems and network servers.
SSHTCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS UDP1558 Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG UDP514Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX
server.
TACACS UDP49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access
Controller Access Control System).
TELNET TCP23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol
common on the Internet and in UNIX environments.
It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary
function is to allow users to log into remote host
systems.
TFTPUDP69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file
transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol).
VDOLIVE TCP7000 Another videoconferencing solution.
Table 74 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
212
A F
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright c 2014 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or
software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent
rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein
without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will
not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be
determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution: Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user's authority to operate this equipment.
FCC Caution: Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
213
Appendix E Common Services PPENDIX
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
•This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1
through 11.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20
cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and
Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
Industry Canada Statement
This device complies with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject to the
following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept
any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts
de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) l'appareil ne doit pas
produire de brouillage, et (2) l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique
subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en compromettre le fonctionnement.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
IC Radiation Exposure Statement
The device meets the exemption from the routine evaluation limits in section 2.5 of RSS 102 and
compliance with RSS-102 RF exposure, users can obtain Canadian information on RF exposure and
compliance.
Le dispositif rencontre l'exemption des limites courantes d'évaluation dans la section 2.5 de RSS 102
et la conformité à l'exposition de RSS-102 rf, utilisateurs peut obtenir l'information canadienne sur
l'exposition et la conformité de rf.
Appendix F Legal Information
214
This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20
centimeters between the radiator and your body.
Cet émetteur ne doit pas être Co-placé ou ne fonctionnant en même temps qu'aucune autre antenne
ou émetteur. Cet équipement devrait être installé et actionné avec une distance minimum de 20
centimètres entre le radiateur et votre corps.
This radio transmitter with model: NBG-418N v2 has been approved by Industry Canada to operate with
the antenna types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance
for each antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the
maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.
Le present emetteur radio with model: NBG-418N v2 a ete approuve par Industrie Canada pour
fonctionner avec les types d'antenne énumérés ci-dessous et ayant un gain admissible maximal et
l'impédance requise pour chaque type d'antenne. Les types d'antenne non inclus dans cette liste, ou
dont le gain est supérieur au gain maximal indiqué, sont strictement interdits pour l'exploitation de
l'émetteur.
This device has been designed to operate with an antenna having a maximum gain of 5dBi.
Antenna having a higher gain is strictly prohibited per regulations of Industry Canada. The required
antenna impedance is 50 ohms.
To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so
chosen that the EIRP is not more than required for successful communication.
Antenna List
Viewing Certifications
1Go to http://www.zyxel.com.
2Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
Appendix F Legal Information
215
注意 !
依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現
有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響，請妥適使用。
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in
material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The
Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local
distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and
upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship
and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or
components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem
necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement
will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value,
and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been
modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working
conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for
indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty
policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/
support_warranty_info.php.
Appendix F Legal Information
216
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at
www.zyxel.com.
Open Source Licenses
This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL
like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the
latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please
contact support@zyxel.com.tw to get it.
Regulatory Information
European Union
The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.
Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE
Directive)
Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other
Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)
[Czech] ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími
příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.
[Danish] Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige
krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[German] Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den
grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie
1999/5/EU befindet.
[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele
ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.
English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential
requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.
[Spanish] Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales
y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.
[Greek] ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ΔΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ
ΟΥΣΙΩΔΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΟΔΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.
[French] Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences
essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.
[Italian] Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed
alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
[Latvian] Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un
citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
[Lithuanian] Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB
Direktyvos nuostatas.
[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële
eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.
Appendix F Legal Information
217
National Restrictions
This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/
5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:
Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la
directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:
Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU
1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:
Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen
Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten
Staaten:
In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2, 4- and 5-GHz bands have been
made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will
find an overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.
The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local
authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless
LANs.
[Maltese] Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma
provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
[Hungarian] Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ
követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.
[Polish] Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz
pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.
[Portuguese] ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras
disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.
[Slovenian] ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi
določili direktive 1999/5/EC.
[Slovak] ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné
ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.
[Finnish] ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten
vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.
[Swedish] Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga
egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.
[Bulgarian] С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените
изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.
[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur
viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
[Norwegian] Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og
andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[Romanian] Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele
esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.
Appendix E Legal Information
218
The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table
labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any
outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for
more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen
aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie
http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres
doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT).
Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Denmark
In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.
I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.
France
For 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the
band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4
GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.
Pour la bande 2.4 GHz, la puissance est limitée à 10 mW en p.i.r.e. pour les équipements utilisés en
extérieur dans la bande 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. Il n'y a pas de restrictions pour des utilisations en
intérieur ou dans d'autres parties de la bande 2.4 GHz. Consultez http://www.arcep.fr/ pour de plus
amples détails.
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National
Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the
Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs
Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level
(EIRP)1 (mW)
Indoor ONLY Indoor and Outdoor
2400-2483.5 100 V
5150-5350 200 V
5470-5725 1000 V
R&TTE 1999/5/EC
WLAN 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
Location Frequency Range(GHz) Power (EIRP)
Indoor (No restrictions) 2.4 – 2.4835 100mW (20dBm)
Outdoor 2.4 – 2.454 100mW (20dBm)
2.454 – 2.4835 10mW (10dBm)
Appendix E Legal Information
219
boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http://
www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano
Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio
fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://
www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.
Latvia
The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic
Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.
2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru
direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.
Notes:
1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive
1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of
a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output
power available at the connector (specified in dBm).
List of national codes
Safety Warnings
•Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock
from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE
Austria AT Malta MT
Belgium BE Netherlands NL
Cyprus CY Poland PL
Czech Republic CR Portugal PT
Denmark DK Slovakia SK
Estonia EE Slovenia SI
Finland FI Spain ES
France FR Sweden SE
Germany DE United Kingdom GB
Greece GR Iceland IS
Hungary HU Liechtenstein LI
Ireland IE Norway NO
Italy IT Switzerland CH
Latvia LV Bulgaria BG
Lithuania LT Romania RO
Luxembourg LU Turkey TR
Appendix E Legal Information
220
•Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage
points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please
contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or
230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can
walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of
electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included
antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged.
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste
Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be
mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
Index
221
Index
A
Address Assignment 86
Advanced Encryption Standard
See AES.
AES 203
Alert 129
alternative subnet mask notation 149
antenna
directional 207
gain 207
omni-directional 207
AP (access point) 197
AP Mode
menu 42, 47
overview 35
status screen 37, 45, 49, 53
B
Backup configuration 133
Basic Service Set, See BSS 195
BSS 195
C
CA 202
Certificate Authority
See CA.
certifications
notices 213
viewing 214
Channel 39, 46, 50, 53
channel 69, 197
interference 197
client bridge 13
Configuration
backup 133
reset the factory defaults 134
restore 133
copyright 213
CPU usage 39, 46, 50, 54
CTS (Clear to Send) 198
D
Daylight saving 128
DDNS
service providers 109
device mode 13, 35
DHCP 40, 97
DHCP server
see also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP client information 100
DHCP client list 100
DHCP server 94, 97
DHCP table 40, 100
DHCP client information
DHCP status
disclaimer 213
DNS 30, 99
DNS server
see also Domain name system
DNS Server 86
DNS server 99
documentation
related 2
Domain name 23
vs host name. see also system name
Domain Name System 99
Domain Name System. See DNS.
duplex setting 40, 46, 50, 54
Dynamic DNS 109
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 97
dynamic WEP key exchange 202
DynDNS 109
DynDNS see also DDNS 109
Index
222
E
EAP Authentication 201
encryption 70, 203
key 70
WPA compatible 70
ESS 196
ESSID 145
Extended Service Set, See ESS 196
Extended wireless security 24
F
Factory LAN defaults 94, 97
FCC interference statement 213
Firewall
ICMP packets 113
ZyXEL device firewall 112
firewall
stateful inspection 111
Firmware upload 131
file extension
using HTTP
firmware version 39, 46, 49, 53
fragmentation threshold 198
G
General wireless LAN screen 70
Guide
Quick Start 2
H
hidden node 197
I
IANA 154
IBSS195
IEEE 802.11g 199
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 195
initialization vector (IV) 204
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
See IANA 154
Internet connection
Ethernet
PPPoE. see also PPP over Ethernet
PPTP
WAN connection
Internet connection wizard 25
IP Address 95, 104
IP address 30
dynamic
IP Pool 98
L
LAN93
IP pool setup 94
LAN overview 93
LAN setup 93
LAN TCP/IP 94
Language 139
Link type 40, 46, 50, 54
Local Area Network 93
Log 129
M
MAC75
MAC address 69, 86
cloning 31, 86
MAC address filter 69
MAC address filtering 75
MAC filter 75
managing the device
good habits 14
Media access control 75
Memory usage 39, 46, 50, 54
Message Integrity Check (MIC) 203
Index
223
mode 13
N
NAT101, 104, 154
global 102
how it works 101, 103
inside 102
local 102
outside 102
overview 101
port forwarding 106
see also Network Address Translation
server 103
server sets 106
NAT traversal 119
Navigation Panel 42, 47, 51, 54
navigation panel 42, 47, 51, 54
Network Address Translation 101, 104
O
operating mode 13
operation mode 35, 137
access point 35
client 36
router 35
universal repeater 36
other documentation 2
overview 13
P
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 204, 205
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 26, 88
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 27, 90
Pool Size 98
Port forwarding 104, 106
default server 104, 106
example 107
local server 104
port numbers
services
port speed 40, 46, 50, 54
PPPoE 26, 88
benefits 26
dial-up connection
see also Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 26
PPTP 27, 90
see also Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 27
preamble mode 199
product registration 214
PSK 204
Q
Quality of Service (QoS) 78
Quick Start Guide 2
R
RADIUS 200
message types 201
messages 201
shared secret key 201
registration
product 214
related documentation 2
Remote management 115
and NAT 116
and the firewall 115
limitations 116
system timeout 116
Reset button 19, 134
Reset the device 19
Restore configuration 133
Roaming 76
RTS (Request To Send) 198
threshold 197, 198
RTS/CTS Threshold 68, 76, 77
S
safety warnings 216
Index
224
Scheduling 81
screw anchor 16
Service Set 72
Service Set IDentification 72, 82, 83
Service Set IDentity. See SSID.
SSID 39, 46, 53, 69, 72, 82, 83
stateful inspection firewall 111
Static DHCP 98
subnet 147
Subnet Mask 95
subnet mask 30, 148
subnetting 150
Summary
DHCP table 40
Packet statistics 41
Wireless station status 42
Sys Op Mode 137
System General Setup 125
System Name 126
System name 22
vs computer name
System restart 134
T
TCP/IP configuration 97
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 203
Time setting 126
U
Universal Plug and Play 119
application 119
universal repeater 13
UPnP 119
security issues 119
V
VPN90
W
wall mounting 16
WAN
IP address assignment 29
WAN (Wide Area Network) 85
WAN IP address 29
WAN IP address assignment 30
WAN MAC address 86
warranty 214
note 214
Web Configurator
how to access 17
Overview 17
WEP Encryption 74
WEP encryption 73
WEP key 73
Wi-Fi Protected Access 203
Wireless association list 42
wireless channel 145
wireless client WPA supplicants 204
wireless LAN 145
wireless LAN scheduling 81
Wireless LAN wizard 23
Wireless network
basic guidelines 68
channel 69
encryption 70
example 67
MAC address filter 69
overview 67
security 69
SSID 69
Wireless security 69
overview 69
type 69
wireless security 145, 199
Wireless tutorial 57
WPS 57
Wizard setup 21
complete 32
Internet connection 25
system information 22
wireless LAN 23
WLAN
interference 197
Index
225
security parameters 206
WPA 203
key caching 204
pre-authentication 204
user authentication 204
vs WPA-PSK 204
wireless client supplicant 204
with RADIUS application example 205
WPA compatible 70
WPA2 203
user authentication 204
vs WPA2-PSK 204
wireless client supplicant 204
with RADIUS application example 205
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 203
WPA2-PSK 203, 204
application example 205
WPA-PSK 203, 204
application example 205
WPS 15
WPS button 15