ZyXEL Communications NWA1121NI 802.11 b/g/n PoE Access Point, 802.11 b/g/n Managed Access Point User Manual Book

ZyXEL Communications Corporation 802.11 b/g/n PoE Access Point, 802.11 b/g/n Managed Access Point Book

User Manual.pdf

Contents Overview
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 3
Contents Overview
User’s Guide .........................................................................................................................................9
Introducing the NWA1121-NI ...................................................................................................................11
Introducing the Web Configurator ...........................................................................................................19
Dashboard ...............................................................................................................................................25
Tutorial ....................................................................................................................................................29
Technical Reference ..........................................................................................................................47
Monitor ....................................................................................................................................................49
Wireless LAN ..........................................................................................................................................55
LAN .........................................................................................................................................................94
VLAN .......................................................................................................................................................98
System ..................................................................................................................................................101
Log Settings ..........................................................................................................................................115
Maintenance ..........................................................................................................................................119
Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................................129
Contents Overview
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
4
Table of Contents
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 5
Table of Contents
Contents Overview ..............................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................5
Part I: User’s Guide ...........................................................................................9
Chapter 1
Introducing the NWA1121-NI..............................................................................................................11
1.1 Introducing the NWA1121-NI .............................................................................................................11
1.2 Wireless Modes .................................................................................................................................11
1.2.1 MBSSID ...................................................................................................................................12
1.2.2 Wireless Client .........................................................................................................................13
1.2.3 Root AP ...................................................................................................................................14
1.2.4 Repeater ..................................................................................................................................14
1.3 Ways to Manage the NWA1121-NI ...................................................................................................15
1.4 Configuring Your NWA1121-NI’s Security Features ..........................................................................16
1.4.1 Control Access to Your Device ................................................................................................16
1.4.2 Wireless Security .....................................................................................................................16
1.5 Good Habits for Managing the NWA1121-NI ....................................................................................16
1.6 Hardware Connections ......................................................................................................................17
1.7 LED ...................................................................................................................................................17
Chapter 2
Introducing the Web Configurator ....................................................................................................19
2.1 Accessing the Web Configurator .......................................................................................................19
2.2 Resetting the NWA1121-NI ...............................................................................................................20
2.2.1 Methods of Restoring Factory-Defaults ...................................................................................21
2.3 Navigating the Web Configurator ......................................................................................................22
2.3.1 Title Bar ...................................................................................................................................22
2.3.2 Navigation Panel .....................................................................................................................23
2.3.3 Main Window ...........................................................................................................................24
Chapter 3
Dashboard...........................................................................................................................................25
3.1 The Dashboard Screen .....................................................................................................................25
Chapter 4
Tutorial.................................................................................................................................................29
Table of Contents
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4.1 How to Configure the Wireless LAN ..................................................................................................29
4.1.1 Choosing the Wireless Mode ...................................................................................................29
4.1.2 Further Reading .......................................................................................................................29
4.2 How to Configure Multiple Wireless Networks ..................................................................................29
4.2.1 Configure the SSID Profiles .....................................................................................................31
4.2.2 Configure the Standard Network .............................................................................................33
4.2.3 Configure the VoIP Network ....................................................................................................34
4.2.4 Configure the Guest Network ..................................................................................................36
4.2.5 Testing the Wireless Networks ................................................................................................38
4.3 NWA1121-NI Setup in AP and Wireless Client Modes ......................................................................38
4.3.1 Scenario ..................................................................................................................................38
4.3.2 Configuring the NWA1121-NI in MBSSID or Root AP Mode ...................................................39
4.3.3 Configuring the NWA1121-NI in Wireless Client Mode ............................................................42
4.3.4 MAC Filter Setup .....................................................................................................................44
4.3.5 Testing the Connection and Troubleshooting ..........................................................................45
Part II: Technical Reference............................................................................ 47
Chapter 5
Monitor.................................................................................................................................................49
5.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................49
5.2 What You Can Do .............................................................................................................................49
5.3 View Logs .........................................................................................................................................49
5.4 Statistics ............................................................................................................................................50
5.5 Association List .................................................................................................................................51
5.6 Channel Usage .................................................................................................................................52
Chapter 6
Wireless LAN.......................................................................................................................................55
6.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................55
6.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter .....................................................................................................55
6.3 What You Need To Know ..................................................................................................................56
6.4 Wireless Settings Screen ..................................................................................................................60
6.4.1 Root AP Mode .........................................................................................................................61
6.4.2 Repeater Mode ........................................................................................................................64
6.4.3 Wireless Client Mode ...............................................................................................................67
6.4.4 MBSSID Mode .........................................................................................................................69
6.5 SSID Screen .....................................................................................................................................72
6.5.1 Configuring SSID .....................................................................................................................73
6.6 Wireless Security Screen ..................................................................................................................74
6.6.1 Security: WEP .........................................................................................................................76
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 7
6.6.2 Security: 802.1x Only ..............................................................................................................77
6.6.3 Security: 802.1x Static WEP ....................................................................................................79
6.6.4 Security: WPA, WPA2, WPA2-MIX ..........................................................................................83
6.6.5 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-PSK-MIX .................................................................86
6.7 RADIUS Screen ................................................................................................................................87
6.8 MAC Filter Screen .............................................................................................................................89
6.9 Technical Reference ..........................................................................................................................91
6.9.1 Additional Wireless Terms .......................................................................................................91
6.9.2 WMM QoS ...............................................................................................................................92
6.9.3 Security Mode Guideline .........................................................................................................93
Chapter 7
LAN ......................................................................................................................................................94
7.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................94
7.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter .....................................................................................................94
7.3 What You Need to Know ...................................................................................................................94
7.4 LAN IP Screen ..................................................................................................................................96
Chapter 8
VLAN....................................................................................................................................................98
8.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................98
8.1.1 What You Can Do in This Chapter ...........................................................................................98
8.2 What You Need to Know ...................................................................................................................98
8.3 VLAN Screen ....................................................................................................................................99
Chapter 9
System...............................................................................................................................................101
9.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................101
9.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter ...................................................................................................101
9.3 What You Need To Know ................................................................................................................102
9.4 WWW Screen ..................................................................................................................................104
9.5 Certificates Screen ..........................................................................................................................105
9.6 Telnet Screen ..................................................................................................................................106
9.7 SNMP Screen .................................................................................................................................107
9.8 FTP Screen .....................................................................................................................................110
9.9 Technical Reference ........................................................................................................................ 111
9.9.1 MIB ........................................................................................................................................ 111
9.9.2 Supported MIBs ..................................................................................................................... 111
9.9.3 SNMP Traps ..........................................................................................................................112
9.9.4 Private-Public Certificates .....................................................................................................113
9.9.5 Certification Authorities ..........................................................................................................113
9.9.6 Checking the Fingerprint of a Certificate on Your Computer .................................................113
Table of Contents
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
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Chapter 10
Log Settings......................................................................................................................................115
10.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 115
10.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................................. 115
10.3 What You Need To Know .............................................................................................................. 116
10.4 Log Settings Screen ......................................................................................................................116
Chapter 11
Maintenance......................................................................................................................................119
11.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................119
11.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter ..................................................................................................119
11.3 What You Need To Know ...............................................................................................................120
11.4 General Screen .............................................................................................................................120
11.5 Password Screen ..........................................................................................................................121
11.6 Time Screen ..................................................................................................................................122
11.7 Firmware Upgrade Screen ............................................................................................................123
11.8 Configuration File Screen ..............................................................................................................124
11.8.1 Backup Configuration ...........................................................................................................124
11.8.2 Restore Configuration ..........................................................................................................125
11.8.3 Back to Factory Defaults ......................................................................................................126
11.9 Restart Screen ..............................................................................................................................126
Chapter 12
Troubleshooting................................................................................................................................129
12.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ....................................................................................129
12.2 NWA1121-NI Access and Login ....................................................................................................130
12.3 Internet Access .............................................................................................................................131
Appendix A Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address ......................................................................133
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions ...................................................161
Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting.......................................................................................173
Appendix D Wireless LANs..............................................................................................................181
Appendix E Legal Information..........................................................................................................195
Index ..................................................................................................................................................203
9
PART I
User’s Guide
10
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 11
CHAPTER 1
Introducing the NWA1121-NI
This chapter introduces the main applications and features of the NWA1121-NI. It also discusses
the ways you can manage your NWA1121-NI.
1.1 Introducing the NWA1121-NI
Your NWA1121-NI is an IPv6 wireless AP (Access Point) that can function in several wireless modes.
It extends the range of your existing wired network without additional wiring, providing easy
network access to mobile users.
The NWA1121-NI controls network access with MAC address filtering and RADIUS server
authentication. It also provides a high level of network traffic security, supporting IEEE 802.1x, Wi-
Fi Protected Access (WPA), WPA2 and WEP data encryption. Its Quality of Service (QoS) features
allow you to prioritize time-sensitive or highly important applications such as VoIP.
Your NWA1121-NI is easy to install, configure and use. The embedded Web-based configurator
enables simple, straightforward management and maintenance.
See the Quick Start Guide for instructions on how to make hardware connections.
1.2 Wireless Modes
The NWA1121-NI can be configured to use the following WLAN operating modes:
1MBSSID
2Client
3Root AP
4Repeater
Applications for each operating mode are shown below.
OPERATING MODE NUMBER OF
SUPPORTED SSID UNIVERSAL
REPEATER FUNCTION AP FUNCTION
MBSSID 8 No Yes
Client 1 No No
Root AP 5 Yes Yes
Repeater 1 Yes Yes
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1.2.1 MBSSID
A Basic Service Set (BSS) is the set of devices forming a single wireless network (usually an access
point and one or more wireless clients). The Service Set IDentifier (SSID) is the name of a BSS. In
Multiple BSS (MBSSID) mode, the NWA1121-NI provides multiple virtual APs, each forming its own
BSS and using its own individual SSID profile.
You can configure up to eight multiple SSID profiles, and have all of them active at any one time.
You can assign different wireless and security settings to each SSID profile. This allows you to
compartmentalize groups of users, set varying access privileges, and prioritize network traffic to
and from certain BSSs.
To the wireless clients in the network, each SSID appears to be a different access point. As in any
wireless network, clients can associate only with the SSIDs for which they have the correct security
settings.
For example, you might want to set up a wireless network in your office where Internet telephony
(VoIP) users have priority. You also want a regular wireless network for standard users, as well as a
‘guest’ wireless network for visitors. In the following figure, VoIP_SSID users have QoS priority,
SSID01 is the wireless network for standard users, and Guest_SSID is the wireless network for
guest users. In this example, the guest user is forbidden access to the wired Land Area Network
(LAN) behind the AP and can access only the Internet.
Figure 1 Multiple BSSs
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 13
1.2.2 Wireless Client
The NWA1121-NI can be used as a wireless client to communicate with an existing network. In the
figure below, the printer can receive requests from the wired computer clients A and B via the
NWA1121-NI in Client mode (Z).
Figure 2 Wireless Client Application
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1.2.3 Root AP
In Root AP mode, the NWA1121-NI (Z) can act as the root AP in a wireless network and also allow
repeaters (X and Y) to extend the range of its wireless network at the same time. In the figure
below, both clients A, B and C can access the wired network through the root AP.
Figure 3 Root AP Application
On the NWA1121-NI in Root AP mode, you can have up to four multiple SSIDs active for reqular
wireless connections and one SSID for the connection with a repeater (universal repeater SSID).
Wireless clients can use either SSID to associate with the NWA1121-NI in Root AP mode. A repeater
must use the universal repeater SSID to connect to the NWA1121-NI in Root AP mode.
When the NWA1121-NI is in Root AP mode, universal repeater security between the NWA1121-NI
and other repeater is independent of the security between the wireless clients and the AP or
repeater. If you do not enable universal repeater security, traffic between APs is not encrypted.
When universal repeater security is enabled, both APs and repeaters must use the same pre-shared
key. See Section 6.6 on page 74 for more details.
Unless specified, the term “security settings” refers to the traffic between the wireless clients and
the AP. At the time of writing, universal repeater security is compatible with the NWA1121-NI only.
1.2.4 Repeater
The NWA can act as a wireless network repeater to extend a root AP’s wireless network range, and
also establish wireless connections with wireless clients.
Using Repeater mode, your NWA1121-NI can extend the range of the WLAN. In the figure below,
the NWA1121-NI in Repeater mode (Z) has a wireless connection to the NWA1121-NI in Root AP
mode (X) which is connected to a wired network and also has a wireless connection to another
NWA1121-NI in Repeater mode (Y) at the same time. Z and Y act as repeaters that forward traffic
Chapter 1 Introducing the NWA1121-NI
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 15
between associated wireless clients and the wired LAN. Clients A, B and C access the AP and the
wired network behind the AP throught repeaters Z and Y.
Figure 4 Repeater Application
When the NWA1121-NI is in Repeater mode, universal repeater security between the NWA1121-NI
and other repeater is independent of the security between the wireless clients and the AP or
repeater. If you do not enable universal repeater security, traffic between APs is not encrypted.
When universal repeater security is enabled, both APs and repeaters must use the same pre-shared
key. See Section 6.6 on page 74 for more details.
Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is
made.
At the time of writing, universal repeater security is compatible with the NWA1121-NI only.
1.3 Ways to Manage the NWA1121-NI
Use any of the following methods to manage the NWA1121-NI.
• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the NWA1121-NI using a
(supported) web browser.
•Command Line Interface. Line commands are mostly used for troubleshooting by service
engineers.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for firmware upgrades.
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). The device can be monitored by an SNMP
manager.
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
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1.4 Configuring Your NWA1121-NI’s Security Features
Your NWA1121-NI comes with a variety of security features. This section summarizes these
features and provides links to sections in the User’s Guide to configure security settings on your
NWA1121-NI. Follow the suggestions below to improve security on your NWA1121-NI and network.
1.4.1 Control Access to Your Device
Ensure only people with permission can access your NWA1121-NI.
• Control physical access by locating devices in secure areas, such as locked rooms. Most
NWA1121-NIs have a reset button. If an unauthorized person has access to the reset button,
they can then reset the device’s password to its default password, log in and reconfigure its
settings.
• Change any default passwords on the NWA1121-NI, such as the password used for accessing the
NWA1121-NI’s web configurator (if it has a web configurator). Use a password with a
combination of letters and numbers and change your password regularly. Write down the
password and put it in a safe place.
•Avoid setting a long timeout period before the NWA1121-NI’s web configurator automatically
times out. A short timeout reduces the risk of unauthorized person accessing the web
configurator while it is left idle.
•See Section 11.5 on page 121 for instructions on changing your password and setting the
timeout period.
• Configure remote management to control who can manage your NWA1121-NI. See Chapter 9 on
page 101 for more information. If you enable remote management, ensure you have enabled
remote management only on the IP addresses, services or interfaces you intended and that other
remote management settings are disabled.
1.4.2 Wireless Security
Wireless devices are especially vulnerable to attack. If your NWA1121-NI has a wireless function,
take the following measures to improve wireless security.
• Enable wireless security on your NWA1121-NI. Choose the most secure encryption method that
all devices on your network support. See Section 6.6 on page 74 for directions on configuring
encryption. If you have a RADIUS server, enable IEEE 802.1x or WPA(2) user identification on
your network so users must log in. This method is more common in business environments.
• Hide your wireless network name (SSID). The SSID can be regularly broadcast and unauthorized
users may use this information to access your network. See Section 6.5 on page 72 for directions
on using the web configurator to hide the SSID.
• Enable the MAC filter to allow only trusted users to access your wireless network or deny
unwanted users access based on their MAC address. See Section 6.8 on page 89 for directions on
configuring the MAC filter.
1.5 Good Habits for Managing the NWA1121-NI
Do the following things regularly to make the NWA1121-NI more secure and to manage it more
effectively.
Chapter 1 Introducing the NWA1121-NI
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 17
1.6 Hardware Connections
See your Quick Start Guide for information on making hardware connections.
1.7 LED
Figure 5 LED
Table 1 LED
COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
Amber On There is system error and the NWA1121-NI cannot boot up, or the
NWA1121-NI doesn’t have an Ethernet connection with the LAN.
Flashing The NWA1121-NI is starting up.
Off The NWA1121-NI is receiving power and ready for use.
Green Blinking The WLAN is active, and transmitting or receiving data.
Off The WLAN is not active.
Chapter 1 Introducing the NWA1121-NI
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 19
CHAPTER 2
Introducing the Web Configurator
This chapter describes how to access the NWA1121-NI’s web configurator and provides an overview
of its screens.
2.1 Accessing the Web Configurator
1Make sure your hardware is properly connected and prepare your computer or computer network to
connect to the NWA1121-NI (refer to the Quick Start Guide).
2Launch your web browser.
3Type "192.168.1.2" as the URL (default). The login screen appears.
Figure 6 The Login Screen
4Type “admin” as the (default) username and “1234” as the (default) password. Click Login.
5You should see a screen asking you to change your password (highly recommended) as shown
next. Type a new password (and retype it to confirm) then click Apply. Alternatively, click Ignore.
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
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Note: If you do not change the password, the following screen appears every time you
login.
Figure 7 Change Password Screen
You should now see the Dashboard screen. See Chapter 2 on page 19 for details about the
Dashboard screen.
Note: For security reasons, the NWA1121-NI automatically logs you out if you do not use
the web configurator for five minutes (default). Simply log back into the NWA1121-
NI if this happens.
2.2 Resetting the NWA1121-NI
If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need to use the RESET
button at the rear panel of the NWA1121-NI. This replaces the current configuration file with the
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 21
factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all the settings you previously
configured. The password will be reset to “1234”.
Figure 8 The RESET Button
2.2.1 Methods of Restoring Factory-Defaults
You can erase the current configuration and restore factory defaults in two ways:
Use the RESET button to upload the default configuration file. Hold this button in for about 3
seconds (the light will begin to blink). Use this method for cases when the password or IP address
of the NWA1121-NI is not known.
Use the web configurator to restore defaults (refer to Section 11.8 on page 124).
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
22
2.3 Navigating the Web Configurator
The following summarizes how to navigate the web configurator from the Dashboard screen.
Figure 9 Status Screen of the Web Configurator
As illustrated above, the Web Configurator screen is divided into these parts:
•A - title bar
•B - navigation panel
•C - main window
2.3.1 Title Bar
Click Logout at any time to exit the Web Configurator.
Click ZAbout to open the about window, which provides information of the boot module and driver
versions.
A
BC
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 23
2.3.2 Navigation Panel
Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure NWA1121-NI features.
The following tables describe each menu item.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK TAB FUNCTION
Dashboard This screen shows the NWA1121-NI’s general device and network
status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client
list.
Monitor
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you selected.
Statistics Use this screen to view port status, packet specific statistics, the
"system up time" and so on.
Association List Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently
associated to the NWA1121-NI.
Channel Usage Use this screen to know whether a channel is used by another
wireless network or not.
Configuration
Network
Wireless LAN Wireless
Settings Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and NWA1121-
NI’s operation mode.
SSID Use this screen to configure up to eight SSID profiles for your
NWA1121-NI.
Security Use this screen to configure wireless security profiles on the
NWA1121-NI.
RADIUS Use this screen to configure up to four RADIUS profiles.
MAC Filter Use this screen to configure MAC filtering profiles.
LAN Use this screen to configure the NWA1121-NI’s LAN IP address.
VLAN Use this screen to configure the NWA1121-NI’s VLAN settings.
System WWW Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the NWA1121-
NI.
Certificates Use this screen to import or remove a certificate from the NWA1121-
NI.
Telent Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the NWA1121-
NI.
SNMP Use this screen to configure the NWA1121-NI for SNMP management.
FTP Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the NWA1121-NI.
Log Settings Use this screen to change your log settings.
Maintenance
General Use this screen to configure your device’s name.
Password Use this screen to configure your device’s password.
Time Use this screen to change your NWA1121-NI’s time and date.
Firmware Upgrade Use this screen to upload firmware to your device.
Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
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2.3.3 Main Window
The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this
document.
Configuration File Use this screen to backup and restore your device’s configuration
(settings) or reset the factory default settings.
Restart Use this screen to reboot the NWA1121-NI without turning the power
off.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK TAB FUNCTION
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 25
CHAPTER 3
Dashboard
The Dashboard screens display when you log into the NWA1121-NI, or click Dashboard in the
navigation menu.
Use the Dashboard screen to look at the current status of the device, system resources, and
interfaces. The Dashboard screens also provide detailed information about system statistics,
associated wireless clients, and logs.
3.1 The Dashboard Screen
Use this screen to get a quick view of system, Ethernet, WLAN and other information regarding
your NWA1121-NI.
Click Dashboard. The following screen displays.
Figure 10 The Dashboard Screen
Chapter 3 Dashboard
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
26
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 3 The Dashboard Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval Select how often you want the NWA1121-NI to update this screen.
Refresh Now Click this to update this screen immediately.
System Information
System Name This field displays the NWA1121-NI system name. It is used for identification. You
can change this in the Maintenance > General screen’s System Name field.
WLAN Operating
Mode This field displays the current operating mode of the first wireless module
(RootAP, Repeater, Client, or MBSSID). You can change the operating mode in
the Configuration > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen.
Firmware Version This field displays the current version of the firmware inside the device. It also
shows the date the firmware version was created. You can change the firmware
version by uploading new firmware in Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade.
Serial Number This field displays the serial number of the NWA1121-NI.
Ethernet Information
LAN MAC Address This displays the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the NWA1121-NI on the
LAN. Every network device has a unique MAC address which identifies it across the
network.
IPv4 Address This field displays the current IPv4 address of the NWA1121-NI on the network.
Subnet Mask Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network.
You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Gateway IP Address This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the
same network segment as the device's LAN port. The gateway helps forward
packets to their destinations.
IPv6 Address This field displays the current IPv6 address(es) of the NWA1121-NI on the
network.
Link Local This is the IPv6 link-local address that the NWA1121-NI generates automatically.
Global This is the NWA1121-NI’s IPv6 global address that you specify manually in the
Configuration > LAN screen.
WLAN Information
SSID This field displays the SSID (Service Set Identifier). This is available only when the
WLAN operation mode is Client.
Channel The channel or frequency used by the NWA1121-NI to send and receive
information.
Status This shows the current status of the wireless LAN. This is available only when the
WLAN operation mode is Client.
Security Mode This displays the security mode the NWA1121-NI is using. This is available only
when the WLAN operation mode is Client.
Summary
Statistics Click this link to view port status and packet specific statistics. See Section 5.4 on
page 50.
Association List Click this to see a list of wireless clients currently associated to each of the
NWA1121-NI’s wireless modules. See Section 5.5 on page 51.
View Log Click this to see a list of logs produced by the NWA1121-NI. See Section 5.3 on
page 49.
System Status
System Up Time This field displays the elapsed time since the NWA1121-NI was turned on.
Chapter 3 Dashboard
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 27
Current Date/Time This field displays the date and time configured on the NWA1121-NI. You can
change this in the Maintenance > Time screen.
System Resource
CPU Usage This field displays what percentage of the NWA1121-NI’s processing ability is
currently being used. The higher the CPU usage, the more likely the NWA1121-NI
is to slow down.
Memory Usage This field displays what percentage of the NWA1121-NI’s volatile memory is
currently in use. The higher the memory usage, the more likely the NWA1121-NI is
to slow down. Some memory is required just to start the NWA1121-NI and to run
the web configurator.
Interface Status
Interface This column displays each interface of the NWA1121-NI.
Status This field indicates whether or not the NWA1121-NI is using the interface.
For each interface, this field displays Up when the NWA1121-NI is using the
interface and Down when the NWA1121-NI is not using the interface.
Channel This shows the channel number which the NWA1121-NI is currently using over the
wireless LAN.
Rate For the LAN port this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the WLAN interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission
rate or N/A if the interface is not in use.
SSID Status This section is not available when the WLAN operation mode is Client.
Interface This column displays each of the NWA1121-NI’s wireless interfaces.
SSID This field displays the SSID(s) currently used by each wireless module.
BSSID This field displays the MAC address of the wireless module.
Security This field displays the type of wireless security used by each SSID.
VLAN This field displays the VLAN ID of each SSID in use, or Disabled if the SSID does
not use VLAN.
Table 3 The Dashboard Screen (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 4
Tutorial
This chapter first provides an overview of how to configure the wireless LAN on your NWA1121-NI,
and then gives step-by-step guidelines showing how to configure your NWA1121-NI for some
example scenarios.
4.1 How to Configure the Wireless LAN
This section illustrates how to choose which wireless operating mode to use on the NWA1121-NI
and how to set up the wireless LAN in each wireless mode. See Section 4.1.2 on page 29 for links to
more information on each step.
4.1.1 Choosing the Wireless Mode
•Use MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set Identifier) operating mode if you want to use the
NWA1121-NI as an access point with some groups of users having different security or QoS
settings from other groups of users. See Section 1.2.1 on page 12 for details.
•Use Client operating mode if you want to use the NWA1121-NI to access a wireless network. See
Section 1.2.2 on page 13 for details.
•Use Root AP operating mode if you want to allow wireless clients to access your wired network
through the NWA1121-NI and also have repeaters communicate with the NWA1121-NI to expand
wireleass coverage. See Section 1.2.3 on page 14 for details.
•Use Repeater operating mode if you want to use the NWA1121-NI to communicate with the root
AP or other repeaters. See Section 1.2.4 on page 14 for details.
4.1.2 Further Reading
Use these links to find more information on the steps:
• Choosing 802.11 Mode: see Section 6.4 on page 60.
• Choosing a wireless Channel ID: see Section 6.4 on page 60.
• Choosing a Security mode: see Section 6.6 on page 74.
• Configuring an external RADIUS server: see Section 6.7 on page 87.
•Configuring MAC Filtering: see Section 6.8 on page 89.
4.2 How to Configure Multiple Wireless Networks
In this example, you have been using your NWA1121-NI as an access point for your office network.
Now your network is expanding and you want to make use of the MBSSID feature (see Section
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6.4.4 on page 69) to provide multiple wireless networks. Each wireless network will cater to a
different type of user.
You want to make three wireless networks: one standard office wireless network with all the same
settings you already have, another wireless network with high priority QoS settings for Voice over
IP (VoIP) users, and a guest network that allows visitors to access only the Internet and the
network printer.
To do this, you will take the following steps:
1Edit the SSID profiles.
2Change the operating mode from Root AP to MBSSID and reactivate the standard network.
3Configure different security modes for the networks.
4Configure a wireless network for standard office use.
5Configure a wireless network for VoIP users.
6Configure a wireless network for guests to your office.
The following figure shows the multiple networks you want to set up. Your NWA1121-NI is marked
Z, the main network router is marked A, and your network printer is marked B.
The standard network (SSID01) has access to all resources. The VoIP network (VoIP_SSID) has
access to all resources and a high QoS priority. The guest network (Guest_SSID) has access to the
Internet and the network printer only, and a low QoS priority.
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To configure these settings, you need to know the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the
devices you want to allow users of the guest network to access. The following table shows the
addresses used in this example.
4.2.1 Configure the SSID Profiles
1Log in to the NWA1121-NI (see Section 2.1 on page 19). Click Wireless LAN > SSID. The SSID
screen appears.
2Click the Edit icon next to the Profile1.
3Rename the Profile Name and SSID as SSID01. Click Apply.
4Repeat Step 2 and 3 to change Profile2 and Profile3 to VoIP_SSID and Guest_SSID.
Table 4 Tutorial: Example Information
Network router (A) MAC address 00:AA:00:AA:00:AA
Network printer (B) MAC address AA:00:AA:00:AA:00
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4.2.1.1 MBSSID
1Go to Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings. Select MBSSID from the Operation Mode drop-down
list box.
2SSID01 is the standard network, so select SSID01 as the first profile. It is always active.
3Select VoIP_SSID as the second profile, and Guest_SSID as the third profile. Select the
corresponding Active check-boxes.
4Click Apply to save your settings. Now the three SSIDs are activated.
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4.2.2 Configure the Standard Network
1Click Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to SSID01.
2Select SecProfile1 as SSID01’s security profile. Select the Hidden SSID checkbox as you want
only authorized company employees to use this network, so there is no need to broadcast the SSID
to wireless clients scanning the area.
Also, the clients on SSID01 might need to access other clients on the same wireless network. Do
not select the Intra-BSS Traffic blocking check-box.
Click Apply.
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3Next, click Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile1.
4Since SSID01 is the standard network that has access to all resources, assign a more secure
security mode. Select WPA2-PSK-MIX as the Security Mode, and enter the Pre-Shared Key. In
this example, use ThisisSSID01PreSharedKey. Click Apply.
5You have finished configuring the standard network, SSID01.
4.2.3 Configure the VoIP Network
1Go to Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to VoIP_SSID.
2Select SecProfile2 as the Security Profile for the VoIP network. Select the Hidden SSID check-
box.
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3Select WMM_VOICE in the QoS field to give VoIP the highest priority in the wireless network. Click
Apply.
4Next, click Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile2.
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5Select WPA2-PSK as the Security Mode, and enter the Pre-Shared Key. In this example, use
ThisisVoIPPreSharedKey. Click Apply.
6Your VoIP wireless network is now ready to use. Any traffic using the VoIP_SSID profile will be
given the highest priority across the wireless network.
4.2.4 Configure the Guest Network
When you are setting up the wireless network for guests to your office, your primary concern is to
keep your network secure while allowing access to certain resources (such as a network printer, or
the Internet). For this reason, the pre-configured Guest_SSID profile has intra-BSS traffic blocking
enabled by default. “Intra-BSS traffic blocking” means that the client cannot access other clients on
the same wireless network.
1Click Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to Guest_SSID.
2Select SecProfile3 in the Security field. Do not select the Hidden SSID check-box so the guests
can easily find the wireless network.
3Select WMM_BESTEFFORT in the QoS field to give the guest a lower QoS priority.
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4Select the check-box of Intra-BSS Traffic blocking Enabled. Click Apply.
5Next, click Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile3.
6Select WPA-PSK in the Security Mode field. WPA-PSK provides strong security that is supported
by most wireless clients. Even though your Guest_SSID clients do not have access to sensitive
information on the network, you should not leave the network without security. An attacker could
still cause damage to the network or intercept unsecured communications or use your Internet
access for illegal activities.
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7Enter the PSK you want to use in your network in the Pre Shared Key field. In this example, the
PSK is ThisismyGuestWPApre-sharedkey. Click Apply.
8Your guest wireless network is now ready to use.
4.2.5 Testing the Wireless Networks
To make sure that the three networks are correctly configured, do the following.
• On a computer with a wireless client, scan for access points. You should see the Guest_SSID
network, but not the SSID01 and VoIP_SSID networks. If you can see the SSID01 and
VoIP_SSID networks, go to its SSID Edit screen and make sure to select the Hidden SSID
check-box and click Apply.
• Try to access each network using the correct security settings, and then using incorrect security
settings, such as the WPA-PSK for another active network. If the behavior is different from
expected (for example, if you can access the SSID01 or VoIP_SSID wireless network using the
security settings for the Guest_SSID wireless network) check that the SSID profile is set to use
the correct security profile, and that the settings of the security profile are correct.
4.3 NWA1121-NI Setup in AP and Wireless Client Modes
This example shows you how to restrict wireless access to your NWA1121-NI.
4.3.1 Scenario
In the figure below, there are two NWA1121-NIs (A and B) in the network. A is in MBSSID or root
AP mode while station B is in wireless client mode. Station B is connected to a File Transfer Protocol
(FTP) server. You want only specified wireless clients to be able to access station B. You also want
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to allow wireless traffic between B and wireless clients connected to A (W, Y and Z). Other wireless
devices (X) must not be able to connect to the FTP server.
Figure 11 FTP Server Connected to a Wireless Client
4.3.2 Configuring the NWA1121-NI in MBSSID or Root AP Mode
Before setting up the NWA1121-NI as a wireless client (B), you need to make sure there is an
access point to connect to. Use the Ethernet port on NWA1121-NI (A) to configure it via a wired
connection.
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Log into the Web Configurator on NWA1121-NI (A) and go to the Wireless LAN > Wireless
Settings screen.
1Set the Operation Mode to Root AP.
2Select the Wireless Mode. In this example, select 802.11b/g/n.
3Select Profile1 as the SSID Profile.
4Choose the Channel you want NWA1121-NI (A) to use.
5Click Apply.
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6Go to Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to Profile1.
7Change the SSID to AP-A.
8Select SecProfile1 in the Security field.
9Select the check-box for Intra-BSS Traffic blocking Enabled so the client cannot access other
clients on the same wireless network.
10 Click Apply.
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11 Go to Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile1.
12 Configure WPA-PSK as the Security Mode and enter ThisisMyPreSharedKey in the Pre-
Shared Key field.
13 Click Apply to finish configuration for NWA1121-NI (A).
4.3.3 Configuring the NWA1121-NI in Wireless Client Mode
The NWA1121-NI (B) should have a wired connection before it can be set to wireless client
operating mode. Connect your NWA1121-NI to the FTP server. Login to NWA1121-NI (B)’s Web
Configurator and go to the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen. Follow these steps to
configure station B.
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1Select Client as Operation Mode. Click Apply.
2Click on the Site Survey button. A window should pop up which contains a list of all available
wireless devices within your NWA1121-NI’s range.
3Find and select NWA1121-NI (A)’s SSID: AP-A.
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4Go to Wireless LAN > Security to configure the NWA1121-NI to use the same security mode and
Pre-Shared Key as NWA1121-NI (A): WPA-PSK/ThisisMyPreSharedKey. Click Apply.
Figure 12
4.3.4 MAC Filter Setup
One way to ensure that only specified wireless clients can access the FTP server is by enabling MAC
filtering on NWA1121-NI (B) (See Section 6.8 on page 89 for more information on MAC Filter).
1Go to Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. Click the Edit icon next to MacProfile1.
2Select Allow in the Access Control Mode field. Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless clients
(W, Y and Z) you want to associate with the NWA1121-NI. Click Apply.
Now, only the authorized wireless clients (W, Y and Z) can access the FTP server.
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4.3.5 Testing the Connection and Troubleshooting
This section discusses how you can check if you have correctly configured your network setup as
described in this tutorial.
• Try accessing the FTP server from wireless clients W, Y or Z. Test if you can send or retrieve a
file. If you cannot establish a connection with the FTP server, do the following steps.
1Make sure W, Y and Z use the same wireless security settings as A and can access A.
2Make sure B uses the same wireless and wireless security settings as A and can access A.
3Make sure intra-BSS traffic is enabled on A.
• Try accessing the FTP server from X. If you are able to access the FTP server, do the following.
1Make sure MAC filtering is enabled.
2Make sure X’s MAC address is not entered in the list of allowed devices.
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47
PART II
Technical Reference
The appendices provide general information. Some details may not apply to your NWA1121-NI.
48
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 49
CHAPTER 5
Monitor
5.1 Overview
This chapter discusses read-only information related to the device state of the NWA1121-NI.
Note: To access the Monitor screens, you can also click the links in the Summary table of
the Dashboard screen to view the wireless packets sent/received as well as the
status of clients connected to the NWA1121-NI.
5.2 What You Can Do
•Use the Logs screen to see the logs for the categories that you selected in the Configuration >
Log Settings screen (see Section 5.3 on page 49). You can view logs in this page. Once the log
entries are all used, the log will wrap around and the old logs will be deleted.
•use the Statistics screen to view 802.11 mode, channel number, wireless packet specific
statistics and so on (see Section 5.4 on page 50).
•Use the Association List screen to view the wireless devices that are currently associated to the
NWA1121-NI (see Section 5.5 on page 51).
•Use the Channel Usage screen to view whether a channel is used by another wireless network
or not. If a channel is being used, you should select a channel removed from it by five channels
to completely avoid overlap (see Section 5.6 on page 52).
5.3 View Logs
Use the Logs screen to see the logged messages for the NWA1121-NI.
Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after
it fills.
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Click Monitor > Logs.
Figure 13 Logs
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5.4 Statistics
Use this screen to view read-only information, including 802.11 Mode, Channel ID, Retry Count and
FCS Error Count. Also provided is the "poll interval". The Poll Interval field is configurable and is
used for refreshing the screen.
Table 5 Logs
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Display Select a category of logs to view. Select All Log to view logs from all of the log
categories that you selected in the Configuration > Log Settings screen.
E-Mail Log Now Click E-Mail Log Now to send the log screen to the e-mail address specified in the Log
Settings page (make sure that you have first filled in the E-mail Log Settings fields in
Configuration > Log Settings).
Refresh Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Clear Log Click Clear Log to delete all the logs.
#This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
Time This field displays the time the log was recorded.
Message This field states the reason for the log.
Source This field lists the source IP address and the port number of the incoming packet.
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Click Monitor > Statistics. The following screen pops up.
Figure 14 Statistics
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5.5 Association List
View the wireless devices that are currently associated with the NWA1121-NI in the Association
List screen. Association means that a wireless client (for example, your network or computer with
a wireless network card) has connected successfully to the AP (or wireless router) using the same
SSID, channel and security settings.
Table 6 Statistics
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Description This is the wireless interface on the NWA1121-NI.
802.11 Mode This field shows which 802.11 mode the NWA1121-NI is using.
Channel ID This shows the channel number which the NWA1121-NI is currently using over the
wireless LAN.
RX Pkts This is the number of received packets on this port.
TX Pkts This is the number of transmitted packets on this port.
Retry Count This is the total number of retries for transmitted packets (TX).
FCS Error Count This is the ratio percentage showing the total number of checksum error of received
packets (RX) over total RX.
Poll Interval Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics.
Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered above.
Stop Click this button to stop refreshing statistics.
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Click Monitor > Association List to display the screen as shown next.
Figure 15 Association List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5.6 Channel Usage
Use this screen to know whether a channel is used by another wireless network or not. If a channel
is being used, you should select a channel removed from it by five channels to completely avoid
overlap.
Click Monitor > Channel Usage to display the screen shown next.
Table 7 Association List
LABEL DESCRIPTION
#This is the index number of an associated wireless device.
MAC Address This field displays the MAC address of an associated wireless device.
SSID This field displays the SSID to which the wireless device is associated.
Association Time This field displays the time a wireless device first associated with the NWA1121-NI’s
wireless network.
Signal Strength This field displays the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) of the wireless
connection.
Refresh Click Refresh to reload the list.
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Wait a moment while the NWA1121-NI compiles the information.
Figure 16 Channel Usage
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 8 Channel Usage
LABEL DESCRIPTION
SSID This is the Service Set IDentification (SSID) name of the AP in an Infrastructure
wireless network or wireless station in an Ad-Hoc wireless network. For our purposes,
we define an Infrastructure network as a wireless network that uses an AP and an Ad-
Hoc network (also known as Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)) as one that
doesn’t. See the chapter on wireless configuration for more information on basic
service sets (BSS) and extended service sets (ESS).
Channel This is the index number of the channel currently used by the associated AP in an
Infrastructure wireless network or wireless station in an Ad-Hoc wireless network.
MAC Address This field displays the MAC address of the AP in an Infrastructure wireless network. It
is randomly generated (so ignore it) in an Ad-Hoc wireless network.
Wireless Mode This is the IEEE 802.1x standard used by the wireless network.
Signal Strength This field displays the strength of the AP’s signal. If you must choose a channel that is
currently in use, choose one with low signal strength for minimum interference.
Security This is the wireless security method used by the wireless network to protect wireless
communication between wireless stations, access points and the wired network.
Refresh Click Refresh to reload the screen.
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CHAPTER 6
Wireless LAN
6.1 Overview
This chapter discusses the steps to configure the Wireless Settings screen on the NWA1121-NI. It
also introduces the wireless LAN (WLAN) and some basic scenarios.
Figure 17 Wireless Mode
In the figure above, the NWA1121-NI allows access to another bridge device (A) and a notebook
computer (B) upon verifying their settings and credentials. It denies access to other devices (C and
D) with configurations that do not match those specified in your NWA1121-NI.
6.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter
•Use the Wireless Settings screen to configure the NWA1121-NI’s operation mode (see Section
6.4 on page 60).
•Uee the SSID screen to configure up to eight SSID profiles for your NWA1121-NI (see Section
6.5 on page 72).
•Use the Security screen to choose the wireless security mode for your NWA1121-NI (see Section
6.6 on page 74).
•Use the RADIUS screen if you want to authenticate wireless users using a RADIUS Server and/or
accounting server (see Section 6.7 on page 87).
•Use the MAC Filter screen to specify which wireless station is allowed or denied access to the
NWA1121-NI (see Section 6.8 on page 89).
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6.3 What You Need To Know
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is
traffic between wireless clients in the BSS.
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
Operating Mode
The NWA1121-NI can run in four operating modes as follows:
•Root AP. The NWA1121-NI is a wireless access point that allows wireless communication to
other devices in the network.
•Repeater. The NWA1121-NI acts as a wireless repeater and increase a root AP’s wireless
coverage area.
•Client. The NWA1121-NI acts as a wireless client to access a wireless network.
•MBSSID. The Multiple Basic Service Set Identifier (MBSSID) mode allows you to use one
access point to provide several BSSs simultaneously.
Refer to Chapter 1 on page 11 for illustrations of these wireless applications.
SSID
The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) is the name that identifies the Service Set with which a wireless
station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same
SSID. In other words, it is the name of the wireless network that clients use to connect to it.
Normally, the NWA1121-NI acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You
can hide the SSID instead, in which case the NWA1121-NI does not broadcast the SSID. In
addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless
devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that
is sent in the wireless network.
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless devices. Channels
available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so
you should use a different channel than an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference.
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Wireless Mode
The IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended
authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. Your NWA1121-NI
can support 802.11b/g, 802.11n and 802.11b/g/n.
MBSSID
Traditionally, you needed to use different APs to configure different Basic Service Sets (BSSs). As
well as the cost of buying extra APs, there was also the possibility of channel interference. The
NWA1121-NI’s MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set IDentifier) function allows you to use one access
point to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying levels of privilege to
different SSIDs.
Wireless stations can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.
The following are some notes on multiple BSS.
• A maximum of four BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.
• You must use different WEP keys for different BSSs. If two stations have different BSSIDs (they
are in different BSSs), but have the same WEP keys, they may hear each other’s communications
(but not communicate with each other).
• MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security.
Wireless Security
Wireless security is vital to your network. It protects communications between wireless stations,
access points and the wired network.
Figure 18 Securing the Wireless Network
In the figure above, the NWA1121-NI checks the identity of devices before giving them access to
the network. In this scenario, Computer A is denied access to the network, while Computer B is
granted connectivity.
The NWA1121-NI secure communications via data encryption, wireless client authentication and
MAC address filtering. It can also hide its identity in the network.
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User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless
network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before they can use it. However,
every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS
server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server,
you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network,
even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized
wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and
password to use the wireless network.
The following table shows the relative effectiveness of wireless security methods:.
The available security modes in your NWA1121-NI are as follows:
•None. No data encryption.
•WEP. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the
wireless stations and the access points to keep network communications private.
•802.1x-Only. This is a standard that extends the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended
authentication. It provides additional accounting and control features. This option does not
support data encryption.
•802.1x-Static WEP. This provides 802.1x-Only authentication with a static 64bit or 128bit
WEP key and an authentication server.
•WPA. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard.
•WPA2. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption,
authentication and key management than WPA.
•WPA2-MIX. This commands the NWA1121-NI to use either WPA2 or WPA depending on which
security mode the wireless client uses.
•WPA2-PSK. This adds a pre-shared key on top of WPA2 standard.
•WPA2-PSK-MIX. This commands the NWA1121-NI to use either WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
depending on which security mode the wireless client uses.
Note: To guarantee 802.11n wireless speed, please only use WPA2 or WPA2-PSK security
mode. Other security modes may degrate the wireless speed performance to
802.11g.
Table 9 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
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Passphrase
A passphrase functions like a password. In WEP security mode, it is further converted by the
NWA1121-NI into a complicated string that is referred to as the “key”. This key is requested from all
devices wishing to connect to a wireless network.
PSK
The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) is a password shared by a wireless access point and a client during a
previous secure connection. The key can then be used to establish a connection between the two
parties.
Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot
understand the message. Encryption is the process of converting data into unreadable text. This
secures information in network communications. The intended recipient of the data can “unlock” it
with a pre-assigned key, making the information readable only to him. The NWA1121-NI when used
as a wireless client employs Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) data encryption.
EAP
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a protocol used by a wireless client, an access point and
an authentication server to negotiate a connection.
The EAP methods employed by the NWA1121-NI when in Wireless Client operating mode are
Transport Layer Security (TLS), Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP), Lightweight
Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) and Tunneled Transport Layer Security (TTLS). The
authentication protocol may either be Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
Version 2 (MSCHAPv2) or Generic Token Card (GTC).
Further information on these terms can be found in Appendix D on page 181.
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) is a protocol that can be used to manage user
access to large networks. It is based on a client-server model that supports authentication,
authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server.
Figure 19 RADIUS Server Setup
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In the figure above, wireless clients A and B are trying to access the Internet via the NWA1121-NI.
The NWA1121-NI in turn queries the RADIUS server if the identity of clients A and U are allowed
access to the Internet. In this scenario, only client U’s identity is verified by the RADIUS server and
allowed access to the Internet.
The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
•Authentication which determines the identity of the users.
•Authorization which determines the network services available to authenticated users once
they are connected to the network.
•Accounting which keeps track of the client’s network activity.
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
You should know the IP addresses, ports and share secrets of the external RADIUS server and/or
the external RADIUS accounting server you want to use with your NWA1121-NI. You can configure
a primary and backup RADIUS and RADIUS accounting server for your NWA1121-NI.
6.4 Wireless Settings Screen
Use this screen to choose the operating mode for your NWA1121-NI. Click Network > Wireless
LAN > Wireless Settings. The screen varies depending upon the operating mode you select.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 61
6.4.1 Root AP Mode
Use this screen to use your NWA1121-NI as an access point. Select Root AP as the Operation
Mode. The following screen displays.
Figure 20 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Root AP
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The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
Table 10 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Root AP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN
Interface Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA1121-NI.
Operation Mode Select Root AP from the drop-down list.
Wireless Mode Select 802.11b/g to allow both IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices
to associate with the NWA1121-NI. The transmission rate of your NWA1121-NI might be
reduced.
Select 802.11b/g/n to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant
WLAN devices to associate with the NWA1121-NI. The transmission rate of the NWA1121-
NI might be reduced.
Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
NWA1121-NI.
Channel Select the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region from the
drop-down list box.
Channel Width This field displays only when you select 802.11n or 802.11b/g/n in the Wireless Mode
field.
A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz
channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all
devices support 40MHz channels.
Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.
It is recommended that you select 20/40MHz. This allows the NWA1121-NI to adjust the
channel bandwidth depending on network conditions.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Select SSID
Profile The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is
associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same
SSID. You can have up to four SSIDs active at the same time.
Note: If you are configuring the NWA1121-NI from a computer connected to the wireless
LAN and you change the NWA1121-NI’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your
wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the
wireless settings of your computer to match the NWA1121-NI’s new settings.
#This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Activve Select the check box to enable an SSID profile. Otherwise, clear the check box.
Profile Select an SSID Profile from the drop-down list box.
Universal Repeater Settings
The Universal repeater function allows the NWA1121-NI in root AP or repeater mode to set up a wireless
connection between it and another NWA1121-NI in root AP or repeater mode.
Note: Universal repeater security is independent of the security settings between the NWA1121-NI and any
wireless clients.
Local MAC
Address Local MAC Address is the MAC address of your NWA1121-NI.
Universal
Repeater SSID
Profile
Select the SSID profile you want to use for universal repeater connections.
Note: You can only configure None, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security mode for the SSID
used by a universal repeater connection.
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 63
Advanced Settings
Beacon Interval When a wirelessly network device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval.
This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells
receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in lowpower mode before waking
up to handle the beacon. A high value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and
multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management
mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network.
Output Power Set the output power of the NWA1121-NI in this field. If there is a high density of APs in
an area, decrease the output power of the NWA1121-NI to reduce interference with other
APs. Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25%, or 12.5%. See the
product specifications for more information on your NWA1121-NI’s output power.
Preamble Type Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when wireless adapters
support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.
Select Long if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, and to
provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS
Threshold (Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake.
Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake.
Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size
turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on
the RTS/CTS handshake.
Fragmentation The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It
is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent.
Extension
Channel
Protection Mode
You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other
wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower
than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU
Aggregation This field is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.
Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.
Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their
802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for
increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI This field is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected as the Wireless Mode. Select
Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced
between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI
increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces
data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
MCS Rate The MCS Rate table is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected in the Wireless
Mode field.
IEEE 802.11n supports many different data rates which are called MCS rates. MCS stands
for Modulation and Coding Scheme. This is an 802.11n feature that increases the wireless
network performance in terms of throughput.
For each MCS Rate (0-15), select either Enabled to have the NWA1121-NI use the data
rate.
Clear the Enabled check box if you do not want the NWA1121-NI to use the data rate.
Turn on the Auto option to have the NWA1121-NI set the data rates automatically to
optimize the throughput.
Note: You can set the NWA1121-NI to use up to four MCS rates at a time.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 10 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Root AP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
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6.4.2 Repeater Mode
Use this screen to have the NWA1121-NI act as a wireless repeater. You need to know the MAC
address of the peer device, which also must be in Repeater or Root AP mode.
Figure 21 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Repeater
The following table describes the bridge labels in this screen.
Table 11 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Repeater
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN
Interface Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA1121-NI.
Operation Mode Select Repeater from the drop-down list.
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NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 65
Wireless Mode Select 802.11b/g to allow both IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices
to associate with the NWA1121-NI. The transmission rate of your NWA1121-NI might be
reduced.
Select 802.11b/g/n to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant
WLAN devices to associate with the NWA1121-NI. The transmission rate of the NWA1121-
NI might be reduced.
Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
NWA1121-NI.
Channel Select the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region from the
drop-down list box.
Channel Width This field displays only when you select 802.11n or 802.11b/g/n in the Wireless Mode
field.
A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz
channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all
devices support 40MHz channels.
Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.
It is recommended that you select 20/40MHz. This allows the NWA1121-NI to adjust the
channel bandwidth depending on network conditions.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Universal Repeater Settings
The Universal repeater function allows the NWA1121-NI in root AP or repeater mode to set up a wireless
connection between it and another NWA1121-NI in root AP or repeater mode.
Note: Universal repeater security is independent of the security settings between the NWA1121-NI and any
wireless clients.
Local MAC
Address Local MAC Address is the MAC address of your NWA1121-NI.
Universal
Repeater SSID
Profile
Select the SSID profile you want to use for universal repeater connections with an AP or
repeater or regular wireless connections with wireless clients.
Note: You can only configure None, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security mode for the SSID
used by a universal repeater connection.
Root MAC
Address Specify the peer device’s MAC address. The peer device can be a NWA1121-NI in either
root AP mode or repeater mode.
Advanced Settings
Beacon Interval When a wirelessly network device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval.
This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells
receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in lowpower mode before waking
up to handle the beacon. A high value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and
multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management
mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network.
Output Power Set the output power of the NWA1121-NI in this field. If there is a high density of APs in
an area, decrease the output power of the NWA1121-NI to reduce interference with other
APs. Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25% or 12.5%. See the product
specifications for more information on your NWA1121-NI’s output power.
Table 11 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Repeater (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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Preamble Type Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when wireless adapters
support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.
Select Long if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, and to
provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS
Threshold (Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake.
Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake.
Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size
turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on
the RTS/CTS handshake.
Fragmentation The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It
is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent.
Extension
Channel
Protection Mode
You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other
wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower
than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU
Aggregation This field is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.
Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.
Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their
802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for
increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI This field is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected as the Wireless Mode. Select
Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced
between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI
increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces
data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
MCS Rate The MCS Rate table is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected in the Wireless
Mode field.
IEEE 802.11n supports many different data rates which are called MCS rates. MCS stands
for Modulation and Coding Scheme. This is an 802.11n feature that increases the wireless
network performance in terms of throughput.
For each MCS Rate (0-15), select either Enabled to have the NWA1121-NI use the data
rate.
Clear the Enabled check box if you do not want the NWA1121-NI to use the data rate.
Turn on the Auto option to have the NWA1121-NI set the data rates automatically to
optimize the throughput.
Note: You can set the NWA1121-NI to use up to four MCS rates at a time.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 11 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Repeater (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 67
6.4.3 Wireless Client Mode
Use this screen to turn your NWA1121-NI into a wireless client. Select Client as the Operation
Mode. The following screen displays.
Figure 22 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Wireless Client
The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
Table 12 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Wireless Client
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN
Interface Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA1121-NI.
Operation Mode Select Client in this field.
Site Survey Click this to view a list of available wireless access points within the range. Select the AP
you want to use.
Note: After selecting Client as the Operation Mode in the Basic Settings section, you must
click Apply to be able to select from the AP list.
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SSID Profile The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is
associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same
SSID.
In this field, select the SSID profile of the AP you want to use. Click Apply.
The SSID used in the selected SSID profile automatically changes to be the one you select
in the Site Survey screen.
Set the security configuration for this operating mode in the Wireless LAN > Security
screen. Check the Dashboard screen to check if the settings you set show in the WLAN
information.
Note: If you are configuring the NWA1121-NI from a computer connected to the wireless LAN
and you change the NWA1121-NI’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your
wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the
wireless settings of your computer to match the NWA1121-NI’s new settings.
Channel This shows the operating frequency/channel in use. This field is read-only when you select
Client as your operation mode.
Channel Width A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz
channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all
devices support 40MHz channels.
Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.
It is recommended that you select 20/40MHz. This allows the NWA1121-NI to adjust the
channel bandwidth depending on network conditions.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the AP do not support channel bonding.
Advanced Settings
Output Power Set the output power of the NWA1121-NI in this field. If there is a high density of APs in an
area, decrease the output power of the NWA1121-NI to reduce interference with other APs.
Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25% or 12.5%. See the product
specifications for more information on your NWA1121-NI’s output power.
Preamble Type Select Dynamic to have the NWA1121-NI automatically use short preamble when the
wireless network your NWA1121-NI is connected to supports it, otherwise the NWA1121-NI
uses long preamble.
Select Long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless device your
NWA1121-NI is connected to supports, and to provide more reliable communications in
busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS
Threshold (Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake. Data
with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this
attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size turns off the
RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on the RTS/CTS
handshake.
Fragmentation The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It
is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent.
Extension
channel
protection mode
You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other
wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower
than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU
Aggregation Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.
Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their
802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for
increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Table 12 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Wireless Client (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 69
6.4.4 MBSSID Mode
Use this screen to have the NWA1121-NI function in MBSSID mode. Select MBSSID as the
Operation Mode. The following screen diplays.
Figure 23 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: MBSSID
Short GI Select Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced
between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI
increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces data
transfer rates but also reduces interference.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 12 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Wireless Client (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 13 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: MBSSID
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN
Interface Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA1121-NI.
Operation Mode Select MBSSID from the drop-down list.
Wireless Mode Select 802.11b/g to allow both IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices
to associate with the NWA1121-NI. The transmission rate of your NWA1121-NI might be
reduced.
Select 802.11b/g/n to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant
WLAN devices to associate with the NWA1121-NI. The transmission rate of the NWA1121-
NI might be reduced.
Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
NWA1121-NI.
Channel Select the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region from the
drop-down list box.
Channel Width This field displays only when you select 802.11n or 802.11b/g/n in the Wireless Mode
field.
A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz
channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all
devices support 40MHz channels.
Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Select SSID
Profile The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is
associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same
SSID. You can have up to eight SSIDs active at the same time.
Note: If you are configuring the NWA1121-NI from a computer connected to the wireless
LAN and you change the NWA1121-NI’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your
wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the
wireless settings of your computer to match the NWA1121-NI’s new settings.
#This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Activve Select the check box to enable an SSID profile. Otherwise, clear the check box.
Profile Select an SSID Profile from the drop-down list box.
Advanced Settings
Beacon Interval When a wirelessly network device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval.
This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells
receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in lowpower mode before waking
up to handle the beacon. A high value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and
multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management
mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network.
Output Power Set the output power of the NWA1121-NI in this field. If there is a high density of APs in
an area, decrease the output power of the NWA1121-NI to reduce interference with other
APs. Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25% or 12.5%. See the product
specifications for more information on your NWA1121-NI’s output power.
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 71
Preamble Type Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when wireless adapters
support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.
Select Long if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, and to
provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS
Threshold (Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake.
Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake.
Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size
turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on
the RTS/CTS handshake.
Extension
Channel
Protection Mode
You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other
wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower
than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU
Aggregation This field is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.
Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.
Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their
802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for
increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI This field is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected as the Wireless Mode. Select
Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced
between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI
increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces
data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
MCS Rate The MCS Rate table is available only when 802.11 b/g/n is selected in the Wireless
Mode field.
IEEE 802.11n supports many different data rates which are called MCS rates. MCS stands
for Modulation and Coding Scheme. This is an 802.11n feature that increases the wireless
network performance in terms of throughput.
For each MCS Rate (0-15), select either Enabled to have the NWA1121-NI use the data
rate.
Clear the Enabled check box if you do not want the NWA1121-NI to use the data rate.
Turn on the Auto option to have the NWA1121-NI set the data rates automatically to
optimize the throughput.
Note: You can set the NWA1121-NI to use up to four MCS rates at a time.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 13 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: MBSSID (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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6.5 SSID Screen
Use this screen to view and modify the settings of the SSID profiles on the NWA1121-NI. Click
Wireless LAN > SSID to display the screen as shown.
Figure 24 Wireless LAN > SSID
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Figure 25 Wireless LAN > SSID
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Profile Settings
# This field displays the index number of each SSID profile.
Profile Name This field displays the identification name of each SSID profile on the NWA1121-NI.
SSID This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When a wireless
client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in
the wireless client utility.
Security This field indicates which security profile is currently associated with each SSID
profile. See Section 6.6 on page 74 for more information.
RADIUS This field displays which RADIUS profile is currently associated with each SSID
profile, if you have a RADIUS server configured.
QoS This field displays the Quality of Service setting for this profile or NONE if QoS is not
configured on a profile.
MAC Filter This field displays which MAC filter profile is currently associated with each SSID
profile, or Disable if MAC filtering is not configured on an SSID profile.
Modify Click Edit to go to the SSID configuration screen where you can modify settings in an
SSID profile.
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6.5.1 Configuring SSID
Use this screen to configure an SSID profile. In the Wireless LAN > SSID screen, click Edit next
to the SSID profile you want to configure to display the following screen.
Figure 26 SSID: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 14 SSID: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
SSID When a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is
broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility.
Security Select a security profile to use with this SSID profile. See Section 6.6 on page 74 for
more information. If you do not want this profile to use wireless security, select
Disabled.
RADIUS Select a RADIUS profile from the drop-down list box, if you have a RADIUS server
configured. If you do not need to use RADIUS authentication, ignore this field. See
Section 6.7 on page 87 for more information.
MAC Filtering Select a MAC filter profile from the drop-down list box. If you do not want to use MAC
filtering on this profile, select Disabled.
QoS Select the Quality of Service priority for this BSS’s traffic.
• If you select WMM from the QoS list, the priority of a data packet depends on the
packet’s IEEE 802.1q or DSCP header. If a packet has no WMM value assigned to
it, it is assigned the default priority.
•If you select WMM_VOICE, WMM_VIDEO, WMM_BESTEFFORT or
WMM_BACKGROUND, the NWA1121-NI applies that QoS setting to all of that
SSID’s traffic.
•If you select None, the NWA1121-NI applies no priority to traffic on this SSID.
Note: When you configure an SSID profile’s QoS settings, the NWA1121-NI applies the
same QoS setting to all of the profile’s traffic.
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6.6 Wireless Security Screen
Use this screen to choose the security mode for your NWA1121-NI.
Click Wireless LAN > Security. Select the profile that you want to configure and click Edit.
Figure 27 Wireless > Security
BSSID VLAN ID Enter a VLAN ID for the SSID profile.
Packets coming from the WLAN using this SSID profile are tagged with the VLAN ID
number by the NWA1121-NI.
Number of Wireless
Stations Allowed to
Associate
Use this field to set a maximum number of wireless stations that may connect to the
device.
Hidden SSID If you do not select the checkbox, the NWA1121-NI broadcasts this SSID (a wireless
client scanning for an AP will find this SSID). Alternatively, if you select the checkbox,
the NWA1121-NI hides this SSID (a wireless client scanning for an AP will not find
this SSID).
Intra-BSS Traffic
Blocking Select the check box to prevent wireless clients in this profile’s BSS from
communicating with one another.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 14 SSID: Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Wireless LAN
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 75
The Security Settings screen varies depending upon the security mode you select.
Figure 28 Security: None
Note that some screens display differently depending on the operating mode selected in the
Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NWA1121-NI and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
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6.6.1 Security: WEP
Use this screen to use WEP as the security mode for your NWA1121-NI. Select WEP in the
Security Mode field to display the following screen.
Figure 29 Security: WEP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 15 Security: WEP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose WEP in this field.
Authentication
Type Select Open or Shared from the drop-down list box.
Data Encryption Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to enable data encryption.
Passphrase Enter the passphrase or string of text used for automatic WEP key generation on wireless
client adapters.
Generate Click this to get the keys from the Passphrase you entered.
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6.6.2 Security: 802.1x Only
This screen varies depending on the operating mode you select in the Wireless LAN > Wireless
Settings screen.
6.6.2.1 Access Point
Use this screen to use 802.1x-Only security mode for your NWA1121-NI that is in root AP, MBSSID
or repeater operating mode. Select 802.1x-Only in the Security Mode field to display the
following screen.
Figure 30 Security: 802.1x Only for Access Point
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Key 1 to
Key 4
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the NWA1121-NI and the wireless stations
must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal
characters ("0-9", "A-F").
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure all four keys, but only one key can be activated at any one time.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 15 Security: WEP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 16 Security: 802.1x Only for Access Point
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose 802.1x-Only in this field.
Rekey Options
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6.6.2.2 Wireless Client
Use this screen to use 802.1x-Only security mode for your NWA1121-NI that is in wireless client
operating mode. Select 802.1x-Only in the Security Mode field to display the following screen.
Figure 31 Security: 802.1x Only for Wireless Client
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Reauthentication
Time Specify how often wireless stations have to resend user names and passwords in order
to stay connected.
Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds. Alternatively, enter “0” to turn
reauthentication off.
Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the
reauthentication timer on the RADIUS server has priority.
Enable Group-Key
Update Select this option to have the NWA1121-NI automatically disconnect a wireless station
from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter
the user name and password again before access to the wired network is allowed.
Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 16 Security: 802.1x Only for Access Point (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 17 Security: 802.1x Only for Wireless Client
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
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6.6.3 Security: 802.1x Static WEP
This screen varies depending on the operating mode you select in the Wireless LAN > Wireless
Settings screen.
Security Mode Choose the same security mode used by the AP.
IEEE802.1x Authentication
Eap Type The options on the left refer to EAP methods. You can choose either TLS, LEAP, PEAP or
TTLS.
If you select TTLS or PEAP, the options on the right refer to authentication protocols.
You can choose between PAP, CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAPv2 and/or GTC.
User Information
Username
Login Name
Supply the user name of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Password Supply the password of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Certificate
User Certificate If you select TLS, enter the name of the certificate used to to verify the identity of
clients.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 17 Security: 802.1x Only for Wireless Client (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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6.6.3.1 Access Point
Use this screen to use 802.1x static WEP security mode for your NWA1121-NI that is in root AP,
MBSSID or repeater operating mode. Select 802.1X-Static WEP in the Security Mode field to
display the following screen.
Figure 32 Security: 802.1X-Static WEP for Access Point
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18 Security: 802.1X-Static WEP for Access Point
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose 802.1X-Static WEP in this field.
Data Encryption Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to enable data encryption.
Passphrase Enter the passphrase or string of text used for automatic WEP key generation on wireless
client adapters.
Generate Click this to get the keys from the Passphrase you entered.
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Key 1 to
Key 4
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the NWA1121-NI and the wireless stations
must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal
characters ("0-9", "A-F").
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure all four keys, but only one key can be activated at any one time.
Rekey Options
Reauthentication
Time Specify how often wireless stations have to resend user names and passwords in order to
stay connected.
Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds. Alternatively, enter “0” to turn
reauthentication off.
Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication
timer on the RADIUS server has priority.
Enable Group-Key
Update Select this option to have the NWA1121-NI automatically disconnect a wireless station
from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter the
user name and password again before access to the wired network is allowed.
Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 18 Security: 802.1X-Static WEP for Access Point (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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6.6.3.2 Wireless Client
Use this screen to use 802.1x-Only security mode for your NWA1121-NI that is in wireless client
operating mode. Select 802.1X-Static WEP in the Security Mode field to display the following
screen.
Figure 33 Security: 802.1X-Static WEP for Wireless Client
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19 Security: 802.1X-Static WEP for Wireless Client
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose the same security mode used by the AP.
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6.6.4 Security: WPA, WPA2, WPA2-MIX
This screen varies depending on the operating mode you select in the Wireless LAN > Wireless
Settings screen.
Data Encryption Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to enable data encryption.
Passphrase Enter the passphrase or string of text used for automatic WEP key generation.
Generate Click this to get the keys from the Passphrase you entered.
Key 1 to
Key 4
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the NWA1121-NI and the AP must use the
same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal
characters ("0-9", "A-F").
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal
characters ("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure all four keys, but only one key can be activated at any one time.
IEEE802.1x Authentication
Eap Type The options on the left refer to EAP methods. You can choose either TLS, LEAP, PEAP
or TTLS.
If you select TTLS or PEAP, the options on the right refer to authentication protocols.
You can choose between PAP, CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAPv2 and/or GTC.
User Information
Username
Login Name
Supply the user name of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Password Supply the password of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Certificate
User Certificate If you select TLS, enter the name of the certificate used to to verify the identity of
clients.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 19 Security: 802.1X-Static WEP for Wireless Client (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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6.6.4.1 Access Point
Use this screen to employ WPA or WPA2 as the security mode for your NWA1121-NI that is in root
AP, MBSSID or repeater operating mode. Select WPA, WPA2 or WPA2-MIX in the Security Mode
field to display the following screen.
Figure 34 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Access Point
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 20 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Access Point
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose WPA, WPA2 or WPA-MIX in this field.
Rekey Options
Reauthentication
Time Specify how often wireless stations have to resend user names and passwords in order to
stay connected.
Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds. Alternatively, enter “0” to turn
reauthentication off.
Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication
timer on the RADIUS server has priority.
Enable Group-Key
Update Select this option to have the NWA1121-NI automatically disconnect a wireless station
from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter the
user name and password again before access to the wired network is allowed.
Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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6.6.4.2 Wireless Client
Use this screen to employ WPA or WPA2 as the security mode for your NWA1121-NI that is in
wireless client operating mode. Select WPA or WPA2 in the Security Mode field to display the
following screen.
Figure 35 Security: WPA for Wireless Client
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 21 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Wireless Client
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose the same security mode used by the AP.
Data Encryption This shows the encryption method used by the NWA1121-NI.
IEEE802.1x Authentication
Eap Type The options on the left refer to EAP methods. You can choose either TLS, LEAP, PEAP or
TTLS.
If you select TTLS or PEAP, the options on the right refer to authentication protocols. You
can choose between PAP, CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAPv2 and/or GTC.
User Information
Username
Login Name
Supply the user name of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Password Supply the password of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Certificate
User Certificate If you select TLS, enter the name of the certificate used to to verify the identity of clients.
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6.6.5 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-PSK-MIX
Use this screen to employ WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX as the security mode of your
NWA1121-NI. Select WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX in the Security Mode field to
display the following screen.
Figure 36 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX
The following table describes the labels not previously discussed
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 21 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Wireless Client (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 22 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode Choose WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX in this field.
Pre-Shared Key The encryption mechanisms used for WPA and WPA-PSK are the same. The only
difference between the two is that WPA-PSK uses a simple common password, instead
of user-specific credentials.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces
and symbols).
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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6.7 RADIUS Screen
Use this screen to set up your NWA1121-NI’s RADIUS server settings. Click Wireless LAN >
RADIUS. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 37 Wireless LAN > RADIUS
Select a profile you want to configure and click Edit.
Figure 38 Wireless LAN > RADIUS
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 23 Wireless LAN > RADIUS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this RADIUS profile.
Primary RADIUS
Server Select the check box to enable user authentication through an external authentication
server.
Primary Server IP
Address Enter the IP address of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Primary Server
Port Enter the port number of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Primary Share
Secret Enter a password (up to 128 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared
between the external authentication server and the NWA1121-NI. The key must be
the same on the external authentication server and your NWA1121-NI. The key is not
sent over the network.
Backup RADIUS
Server If the NWA1121-NI cannot communicate with the primary RADIUS server, you can
have the NWA1121-NI use a backup RADIUS server. Make sure the check boxe is
selected if you want to use the backup server.
The NWA1121-NI will attempt to communicate three times before using the backup
server. Requests can be issued from the client interface to use the backup server. The
length of time for each authentication is decided by the wireless client or based on
the configuration of the Reauthentication Time field in the Wireless LAN >
Security screen.
Backup Server IP
Address Enter the IP address of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Backup Server
Port Enter the port number of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Backup Share
Secret Enter a password (up to 128 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared
between the external authentication server and the NWA1121-NI. The key must be
the same on the external authentication server and your NWA1121-NI. The key is not
sent over the network.
Primary Accounting
Server Select the check box to enable user accounting through an external authentication
server.
Primary Server IP
Address Enter the IP address of the external accounting server in dotted decimal notation.
Primary Server
Port Enter the port number of the external accounting server.
Primary Share
Secret Enter a password (up to 128 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared
between the external accounting server and the NWA1121-NI. The key must be the
same on the external accounting server and your NWA1121-NI. The key is not sent
over the network.
Backup Accounting
Server If the NWA1121-NI cannot communicate with the primary accounting server, you can
have the NWA1121-NI use a backup accounting server. Make sure the check boxe is
selected if you want to use the backup server.
The NWA1121-NI will attempt to communicate three times before using the backup
server.
Backup Server IP
Address Enter the IP address of the external accounting server in dotted decimal notation.
Backup Server
Port Enter the port number of the external accounting server.
Backup Share
Secret Enter a password (up to 128 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared
between the external accounting server and the NWA1121-NI. The key must be the
same on the external accounting and your NWA1121-NI. The key is not sent over the
network.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
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6.8 MAC Filter Screen
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is
assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,
00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC address of each device to configure MAC filtering
on the NWA1121-NI.
The MAC filter function allows you to configure the NWA1121-NI to grant access to the NWA1121-
NI from other wireless devices (Allow Association) or exclude devices from accessing the NWA1121-
NI (Deny Association).
Figure 39 MAC Filtering
In the figure above, wireless client U is able to connect to the Internet because its MAC address is
in the allowed association list specified in the NWA1121-NI. The MAC address of client A is either
denied association or is not in the list of allowed wireless clients specified in the NWA1121-NI.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 23 Wireless LAN > RADIUS (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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Use this screen to enable MAC address filtering in your NWA1121-NI. You can specify MAC
addresses to either allow or deny association with your NWA1121-NI. Click Wireless LAN > MAC
Filter. The screen displays as shown.
Figure 40 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
Select a profile you want to configure and click Edit.
Figure 41 MAC Filter: Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
6.9 Technical Reference
This section provides technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
Refer to Appendix D on page 181 for further readings on Wireless LAN.
6.9.1 Additional Wireless Terms
Table 25 Additional Wireless Terms
Table 24 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Profile Name This is the name that identifying this profile.
Access Control Mode Select Disabled if you do not want to use this feature.
Select Allow to permit access to the NWA1121-NI. MAC addresses not listed will be
denied access to the NWA1121-NI.
Select Deny to block access to theNWA1121-NI. MAC addresses not listed will be
allowed to access the NWA1121-NI.
#This is the index number of the MAC address listed.
MAC Address Enter the MAC addresses (in XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX format) of the wireless station to be
allowed or denied access to the NWA1121-NI.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
TERM DESCRIPTION
Intra-BSS Traffic This describes direct communication (not through the NWA1121-NI) between two
wireless devices within a wireless network. You might disable this kind of
communication to enhance security within your wireless network.
RTS/CTS Threshold In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes not
aware of each other’s presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP
at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must
sometimes get permission to send information to the NWA1121-NI. The lower the
value, the more often the devices must get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then
wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the NWA1121-
NI.
Preamble A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble
modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the
NWA1121-NI does, it cannot communicate with the NWA1121-NI.
Fragmentation
Threshold A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger
threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.
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6.9.2 WMM QoS
WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) QoS (Quality of Service) ensures quality of service in wireless networks. It
controls WLAN transmission priority on packets to be transmitted over the wireless network.
WMM QoS prioritizes wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of the individual and
applications. WMM QoS is a part of the IEEE 802.11e QoS enhancement to certified Wi-Fi wireless
networks.
On APs without WMM QoS, all traffic streams are given the same access priority to the wireless
network. If the introduction of another traffic stream creates a data transmission demand that
exceeds the current network capacity, then the new traffic stream reduces the throughput of the
other traffic streams.
The NWA1121-NI uses WMM QoS to prioritize traffic streams according to the IEEE 802.1q or DSCP
information in each packet’s header. The NWA1121-NI automatically determines the priority to use
for an individual traffic stream. This prevents reductions in data transmission for applications that
are sensitive to latency and jitter (variations in delay).
6.9.2.1 WMM QoS Priorities
The following table describes the WMM QoS priority levels that the NWA1121-NI uses.
Roaming If you have two or more NWA1121-NIs (or other wireless access points) on your
wireless network, you can enable this option so that wireless devices can change
locations without having to log in again. This is useful for devices, such as notebooks,
that move around a lot.
Antenna An antenna couples Radio Frequency (RF) signals onto air. A transmitter within a
wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal
through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from
the air.
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless
LAN.
TERM DESCRIPTION
Table 26 WMM QoS Priorities
Priority Level description
voice
(WMM_VOICE)
Typically used for traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter. Use this priority to
reduce latency for improved voice quality.
video
(WMM_VIDEO)
Typically used for traffic which has some tolerance for jitter but needs to be
prioritized over other data traffic.
best effort
(WMM_BESTEFFORT)
Typically used for traffic from applications or devices that lack QoS capabilities. Use
best effort priority for traffic that is less sensitive to latency, but is affected by long
delays, such as Internet surfing.
background
(WMM_BACKGROUND)
This is typically used for non-critical traffic such as bulk transfers and print jobs
that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users. Use
background priority for applications that do not have strict latency and throughput
requirements.
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6.9.3 Security Mode Guideline
The following is a general guideline in choosing the security mode for your NWA1121-NI.
• Use WPA(2)-PSK if you have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients but no RADIUS server.
• Use WPA(2) security if you have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients and a RADIUS server. WPA has
user authentication and improved data encryption over WEP.
• Use WPA(2)-PSK if you have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients but no RADIUS server.
• If you don’t have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients, then use WEP key encrypting. A higher bit key
offers better security. You can manually enter 64-bit or 128-bit WEP keys.
More information on Wireless Security can be found in Appendix D on page 181.
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 94
CHAPTER 7
LAN
7.1 Overview
This chapter describes how you can configure the IP address of your NWA1121-NI.
The Internet Protocol (IP) address identifies a device on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across
the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Figure 42 IPv4 Setup
The figure above illustrates one possible setup of your NWA1121-NI. The gateway IPv4 address is
192.168.1.1 and the IPv4 address of the NWA1121-NI is 192.168.1.2 (default). The gateway and
the device must belong in the same subnet mask to be able to communicate with each other.
7.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter
Use the LAN IP screen to configure the IP address of your NWA1121-NI (see Section 7.4 on page
96).
7.3 What You Need to Know
The Ethernet parameters of the NWA1121-NI are preset in the factory with the following values:
1IP address of 192.168.1.2
2Subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
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IPv6
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The
increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP
addresses.
IPv6 Addressing
The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This
is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.
IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can
be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
• Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can
only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be
written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015,
2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.
Prefix and Prefix Length
Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An
IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address
compose the network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For
example,
2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32
means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.
Link-local Address
A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a
“private IP address” in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a
device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast
address format is as follows.
Table 27 Link-local Unicast Address Format
Global Address
A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a “public IP address” in
IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3.
1111 1110 10 0 Interface ID
10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
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7.4 LAN IP Screen
Use this screen to configure the IP address for your NWA1121-NI. Click Network > LAN to display
the following screen.
Figure 43 LAN IP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 28 LAN IP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IPv4 Address
Assignment
Obtain IP Address
Automatically Select this option if your NWA1121-NI is using a dynamically assigned IPv4 address
from a DHCP server each time.
Note: You must know the IP address assigned to the NWA1121-NI (by the DHCP
server) to access the NWA1121-NI again.
Use Fixed IP Address Select this option if your NWA1121-NI is using a static IPv4 address. When you
select this option, fill in the fields below.
IP Address Enter the IP address of your NWA1121-NI in dotted decimal notation.
Note: If you change the NWA1121-NI's IP address, you must use the new IP address if
you want to access the web configurator again.
Subnet Mask Type the subnet mask.
Gateway IP
Address Type the IPv4 address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor of your
NWA1121-NI that will forward the packet to the destination. On the LAN, the
gateway must be a router on the same segment as your NWA1121-NI; over the
WAN, the gateway must be the IP address of one of the remote nodes.
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IPv6 Address
Assignment
Enable Stateful
Address Auto-
configuration
Select this to turn on IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration to have the NWA1121-NI obtain
an IPv6 global address from a DHCPv6 server in your network.
IPv6 Address/Prefix
Length Enter your IPv6 address and prefix manually.
System DNS Servers
Primary DNS Server Enter the IPv4 address of the first DNS (Domain Name Service) server, if provided.
Secondary DNS Server Enter the IPv4 address of the second DNS (Domain Name Service) server address, if
provided.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 28 LAN IP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 98
CHAPTER 8
VLAN
8.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure the NWA1121-NI’s VLAN settings.
Figure 44 Management VLAN Setup
In the figure above, to access and manage the NWA1121-NI from computer A, the NWA1121-NI
and switch B’s ports to which computer A and the NWA1121-NI are connected should be in the
same VLAN.
8.1.1 What You Can Do in This Chapter
The VLAN screens let you set up the NWA1121-NI’s mangement VLAN (Section 8.3 on page 99).
8.2 What You Need to Know
Introduction to VLANs
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical
networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can belong to more than one
group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from devices that are not in the same
group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.
In Multi-Tenant Unit (MTU) applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security among the
subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from accessing the network
resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the printers and hard disks of
another user in the same building.
A
B
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VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more
manageable logical broadcast domain. In traditional switched environments, all broadcast packets
go to each and every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a specific broadcast
domain.
IEEE 802.1Q Tag
The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN
membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user
priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that
devices need to process the frame across the network.
8.3 VLAN Screen
Use this screen to set up the VLAN for managing the NWA1121-NI. Click Network > VLAN to
display the screen as shown.
Figure 45 Network > VLAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Figure 46 Network > VLAN
LABEL DESCRIPTION
802.1Q VLAN Select this to enable VLAN tagging on the NWA1121-NI.
Management VLAN Select this to enable VLAN management. Only traffic tagged with the management
VLAN ID can access the NWA1121-NI. At least one device in your network must
belong to the VLAN specified below in order to manage the NWA1121-NI.
Management VLAN ID Enter a number from 1 to 4094 to define the NWA1121-NI’s management VLAN
group.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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CHAPTER 9
System
9.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to enable remote management of your NWA1121-NI. It provides
information on determining which services or protocols can access which of the NWA1121-NI’s
interfaces.
Remote Management allows a user to administrate the device over the network. You can manage
your NWA1121-NI from a remote location via the following interfaces:
•WLAN
•LAN
•Both WLAN and LAN
• Neither (Disable)
Figure 47 Remote Management Example
In the figure above, the NWA1121-NI (A) is being managed by a desktop computer (B) connected
via LAN (Land Area Network). It is also being accessed by a notebook (C) connected via WLAN
(Wireless LAN).
9.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter
•Use the WWW screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) you
can use the Web Browser to manage the NWA1121-NI (see Section 9.4 on page 104).
•Use the Certificates screen to delete and import certificates (seen Section 9.5 on page 105).
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•Use the Telnet screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es)
you can use Telnet to manage the NWA1121-NI. A Telnet connection is prioritized by the
NWA1121-NI over other remote management sessions (see Section 9.6 on page 106).
•Use the SNMP screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) a
network systems manager can access the NWA1121-NI (see Section 9.7 on page 107).
•Use the FTP screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) you
can use File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to manage the NWA1121-NI. You can use FTP to upload the
latest firmware for example (see Section 9.8 on page 110).
9.3 What You Need To Know
WWW
The World Wide Web allows you to access files hosted in a remote server. For example, you can
view text files (usually referred to as ‘pages’) using your web browser via HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
Telnet
Telnet is short for Telecommunications Network, which is a client-side protocol that enables you to
access a device over the network.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows you to upload or download a file or several files to and from a
remote location using a client or the command console.
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a member of the TCP/IP protocol suite used for
exchanging management information between network devices.
Your NWA1121-NI supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage
and monitor the NWA1121-NI through the network. The NWA1121-NI supports SNMP version one
(SNMPv1), version two (SNMPv2c) and version three (SNMPv3).
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The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.
Figure 48 SNMP Management Mode
An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager.
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the NWA1121-NI).
An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form
compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform
network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed
devices.
SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing information such
as packets received, node port status, etc.
SNMP v3 and Security
SNMP v3 enhances security for SNMP management. SNMP managers can be required to
authenticate with agents before conducting SNMP management sessions.
Security can be further enhanced by encrypting the SNMP messages sent from the managers.
Encryption protects the contents of the SNMP messages. When the contents of the SNMP messages
are encrypted, only the intended recipients can read them.
Remote Management Limitations
Remote management over LAN or WLAN will not work when:
• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
• The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If
it does not match, the NWA1121-NI will disconnect the session immediately.
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• You may only have one remote management session running at one time. The NWA1121-NI
automatically disconnects a remote management session of lower priority when another remote
management session of higher priority starts. The priorities for the different types of remote
management sessions are as follows:
1Telnet
2HTTP
System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The
NWA1121-NI automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than
this timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling.
You can change the timeout period in the SYSTEM screen.
Certificate
A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to
exchange public keys for use in authentication.
Figure 49 Certificates Example
In the figure above, the NWA1121-NI (Z) checks the identity of the notebook (A) using a certificate
before granting access to the network.
The certification authority certificate that you can import to your NWA1121-NI should be in PFX
PKCS#12 file format. This format referred to as the Personal Information Exchange Syntax
Standard is comprised of a private key-public certificate pair that is further encrypted with a
password. Before you import a certificate into the NWA1121-NI, you should verify that you have the
correct certificate.
Key distribution is simple and very secure since you can freely distribute public keys and you never
need to transmit private keys.
9.4 WWW Screen
Use this screen to configure your NWA1121-NI via the World Wide Web (WWW) using a Web
browser. This lets you specify which IP addresses or computers are able to communicate with and
access the NWA1121-NI.
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To change your NWA1121-NI’s WWW settings, click System > WWW. The following screen shows.
Figure 50 System > WWW
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
9.5 Certificates Screen
Use this screen to delete or import certificates.
Table 29 System > WWW
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WWW
HTTP Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use
the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
HTTPS Port The HTTPS proxy server listens on port 443 by default. If you change the HTTPS proxy
server port to a different number on the NWA1121-NI, for example 8443, then you must
notify people who need to access the NWA1121-NI web configurator to use “https://
NWA1121-NI IP Address:8443” as the URL.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA1121-NI using
this service.
Secured Client IP
Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the
NWA1121-NI using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Secured Client
MAC Address Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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Click System > Certificates. The following screen shows.
Figure 51 System > Certificates
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
9.6 Telnet Screen
Use this screen to configure your NWA1121-NI for remote Telnet access. You can use Telnet to
access the NWA1121-NI’s Command Line Interface (CLI).
Click System > Telnet. The following screen displays.
Figure 52 System > Telnet
Table 30 System > Certificates
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Import Certificate
Import
Certificate Enter the location of a previously-saved certificate to upload to the NWA1121-NI.
Alternatively, click the Browse button to locate a list.
Browse Click this button to locate a previously-saved certificate to upload to the NWA1121-NI.
Import Click this button to upload the previously-saved certificate displayed in the Import
Certificate field to the NWA1121-NI.
Delete Certificate
You can delete a
certificate Select the certificate from the list that you want to delete.
Delete Click this to delete the selected certificate.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
9.7 SNMP Screen
Use this screen to have a manager station administrate your NWA1121-NI over the network and
configure SNMP accounts on the SNMP v3 manager. An SNMP administrator/user is an SNMP
Table 31 System > Telnet
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TELNET
Port You can change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use
the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA1121-NI using
Telnet.
Secured Client IP
Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the
NWA1121-NI using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Secured Client
MAC Address Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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manager. To change your NWA1121-NI’s SNMP settings, click System > SNMP. The following
screen displays.
Figure 53 System > SNMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 System > SNMP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
SNMP
Port You can change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use
the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
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Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA1121-NI using
Telnet.
Secured Client IP
Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the
NWA1121-NI using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Secured Client MAC
Address Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
SNMP Configuration
Protocol Version Select the SNMP version for the NWA1121-NI, which you allow the SNMP manager to
use to access the NWA1121-NI.
The SNMP version on the NWA1121-NI must match the version on the SNMP manager.
Note: SNMP version 2c is backwards compatible with SNMP version 1.
Get Community Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext
requests from the management station.
Set Community Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the
management station.
Trap Community Type the trap community, which is the password sent with each trap to the SNMP
manager.
Trap Destination Type the IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.
SNMPv3 Admin
Settings
SNMPv3 Admin Select the check box to enable the SNMP administrator account for authentication with
SNMP managers using SNMP v3.
User Name Specify the user name of the SNMP administrator account.
Password Enter the password for SNMP administrator authentication.
Confirm Password Retype the password for confirmation.
Access Type Specify the SNMP administrator’s access rights to MIBs.
Read/Write - The SNMP administrator has read and write rights, meaning that the
user can create and edit the MIBs on the NWA1121-NI.
Read Only - The SNMP administrator has read rights only, meaning the user can collect
information from the NWA1121-NI.
Authentication
Protocol Select an authentication algorithm used for SNMP communication with the SNMP
administrator.
MD5 (Message Digest 5) and SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used
to authenticate SNMP data. SHA authentication is generally considered stronger than
MD5, but is slower.
Privacy Protocol Specify the encryption method used for SNMP communication with the SNMP
administrator.
DES - Data Encryption Standard is a widely used (but breakable) method of data
encryption. It applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of data.
AES - Advanced Encryption Standard is another method for data encryption that also
uses a secret key. AES applies a 128-bit key to 128-bit blocks of data.
Table 32 System > SNMP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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9.8 FTP Screen
Use this screen to upload and download the NWA1121-NI’s firmware using FTP. To use this feature,
your computer must have an FTP client.
To change your NWA1121-NI’s FTP settings, click System > FTP. The following screen displays.
Figure 54 System > FTP
SNMPv3 User
Settings
SNMPv3 User Select the check box to enable the SNMP user account for authentication with SNMP
managers using SNMP v3.
User Name Specify the user name of the SNMP user account.
Password Enter the password for SNMP user authentication.
Confirm Password Retype the password for confirmation.
Access Type Specify the SNMP user’s access rights to MIBs.
Read Only - The SNMP user has read rights only, meaning the user can collect
information from the NWA1121-NI.
Read/Write - The SNMP user has read and write rights, meaning that the user can
create and edit the MIBs on the NWA1121-NI.
Authentication
Protocol Select an authentication algorithm used for SNMP communication with the SNMP user.
MD5 (Message Digest 5) and SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used
to authenticate SNMP data. SHA authentication is generally considered stronger than
MD5, but is slower.
Privacy Protocol Specify the encryption method used for SNMP communication with the SNMP user.
DES - Data Encryption Standard is a widely used (but breakable) method of data
encryption. It applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of data.
AES - Advanced Encryption Standard is another method for data encryption that also
uses a secret key. AES applies a 128-bit key to 128-bit blocks of data.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 32 System > SNMP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
9.9 Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
9.9.1 MIB
Managed devices in an SMNP managed network contain object variables or managed objects that
define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such
as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a
collection of managed objects.SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the
manager/agent model. The manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the
following protocol operations:
• Get - Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
• GetNext - Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an
agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it
initiates a Get operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations.
• Set - Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent.
• Trap - Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.
9.9.2 Supported MIBs
The NWA1121-NI supports MIB II that is defined in RFC-1213 and RFC-1215 as well as the
proprietary ZyXEL private MIB. The purpose of the MIBs is to let administrators collect statistical
data and monitor status and performance.
Table 33 System > FTP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
FTP
Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use
the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA1121-NI using this
service.
Secured Client IP
Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the
NWA1121-NI using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access
the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Secured Client
MAC Address Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA1121-NI using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to
access the NWA1121-NIe using this service.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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9.9.3 SNMP Traps
SNMP traps are messages sent by the agents of each managed device to the SNMP manager. These
messages inform the administrator of events in data networks handled by the device. The
NWA1121-NI can send the following traps to the SNMP manager.
Some traps include an SNMP interface index. The following table maps the SNMP interface indexes
to the NWA1121-NI’s physical and virtual ports.
Table 34 SNMP Traps
TRAP NAME OBJECT IDENTIFIER #
(OID) DESCRIPTION
Generic Traps
coldStart 1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.1 This trap is sent after booting (power on). This trap is
defined in RFC-1215.
warmStart 1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.2 This trap is sent after booting (software reboot). This
trap is defined in RFC-1215.
linkDown 1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.3 This trap is sent when the Ethernet link is down.
linkUp 1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.4 This trap is sent when the Ethernet link is up.
authenticationFailure
(defined in RFC-1215)1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.5 The device sends this trap when it receives any SNMP
get or set requirements with the wrong community
(password).
Note: snmpEnableAuthenTraps, OID 1.3.6.1.2.1.11.30
(defined in RFC 1214 and RFC 1907) must be enabled
on in order for the device to send authenticationFailure
traps. Use a MIB browser to enable or disable
snmpEnableAuthenTraps.
Traps defined in the
ZyXEL Private MIB.
whyReboot 1.3.6.1.4.1.890.1.5.13.0.
1This trap is sent with the reason for restarting before
the system reboots (warm start).
"System reboot by user!" is added for an intentional
reboot (for example, download new files, CI command
"sys reboot").
If the system reboots because of fatal errors, a code
for the error is listed.
pwTFTPStatus 1.3.6.1.4.1.890.1.9.2.3.3
.1 This trap is sent to indicate the status and result of a
TFTP client session that has ended.
Table 35 SNMP Interface Index to Physical and Virtual Port Mapping
TYPE INTERFACE PORT
Physical enet0 Wireless LAN adaptor WLAN1
enet1 Ethernet port (LAN)
enet2 Wireless LAN adaptor WLAN2
Virtual enet3 ~ enet9 WLAN1 in MBSSID mode
enet10 ~ enet16 WLAN2 in MBSSID mode
enet17 ~ enet21 WLAN1 in WDS mode
enet22 ~ enet26 WLAN2 in WDS mode
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9.9.4 Private-Public Certificates
When using public-key cryptology for authentication, each host has two keys. One key is public and
can be made openly available. The other key is private and must be kept secure.
These keys work like a handwritten signature (in fact, certificates are often referred to as “digital
signatures”). Only you can write your signature exactly as it should look. When people know what
your signature looks like, they can verify whether something was signed by you, or by someone
else. In the same way, your private key “writes” your digital signature and your public key allows
people to verify whether data was signed by you, or by someone else. This process works as
follows.
1Tim wants to send a message to Jenny. He needs her to be sure that it comes from him, and that
the message content has not been altered by anyone else along the way. Tim generates a public
key pair (one public key and one private key).
2Tim keeps the private key and makes the public key openly available. This means that anyone who
receives a message seeming to come from Tim can read it and verify whether it is really from him
or not.
3Tim uses his private key to sign the message and sends it to Jenny.
4Jenny receives the message and uses Tim’s public key to verify it. Jenny knows that the message is
from Tim, and that although other people may have been able to read the message, no-one can
have altered it (because they cannot re-sign the message with Tim’s private key).
5Additionally, Jenny uses her own private key to sign a message and Tim uses Jenny’s public key to
verify the message.
9.9.5 Certification Authorities
A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government
certification authorities. You can use the NWA1121-NI to generate certification requests that
contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a
certification authority.
9.9.6 Checking the Fingerprint of a Certificate on Your Computer
A certificate’s fingerprints are message digests calculated using the MD5 or SHA1 algorithms. The
following procedure describes how to check a certificate’s fingerprint to verify that you have the
actual certificate.
1Browse to where you have the certificate saved on your computer.
2Make sure that the certificate has a “.cer” or “.crt” file name extension.
Figure 55 Certificates on Your Computer
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3Double-click the certificate’s icon to open the Certificate window. Click the Details tab and scroll
down to the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields.
Figure 56 Certificate Details
4Use a secure method to verify that the certificate owner has the same information in the
Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields. The secure method may vary according to your
situation. Possible examples would be over the telephone or through an HTTPS connection.
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 115
CHAPTER 10
Log Settings
10.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on viewing and generating logs on your NWA1121-NI.
Logs are files that contain recorded network activity over a set period. They are used by
administrators to monitor the health of the system(s) they are managing. Logs enable
administrators to effectively monitor events, errors, progress, etc. so that when network problems
or system failures occur, the cause or origin can be traced. Logs are also essential for auditing and
keeping track of changes made by users.
Figure 57 Accessing Logs in the Network
The figure above illustrates three ways to access logs. The user (U) can access logs directly from
the NWA1121-NI (A) via the Web configurator. Logs can also be located in an external log server
(B). An email server (C) can also send harvested logs to the user’s email account.
10.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter
Use the Log Settings screen to configure where and when the NWA1121-NI will send the logs, and
which logs and/or immediate alerts it will send (Section 10.4 on page 116). Use the Monitor >
Logs screen to display all logs or logs for a certain category.
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10.3 What You Need To Know
Alerts and Logs
An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. Some categories such as System
Error consist of both logs and alerts. You can differentiate them by their color in the Monitor >
Logs screen. Alerts are displayed in red and logs are displayed in black.
Receiving Logs via E-mail
If you want to receive logs in your e-mail account, you need to have the necessary details ready,
such as the Server Name or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Address of your e-mail account.
Ensure that you have a valid e-mail address.
Enabling Syslog Logging
To enable Syslog Logging, obtain your Syslog server’s IP address (or server name).
10.4 Log Settings Screen
Use this screen to configure to where and when the NWA1121-NI is to send the logs and which logs
and/or immediate alerts it is to send.
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To change your NWA1121-NI’s log settings, click Configuration > Log Settings. The screen
appears as shown.
Figure 58 Log Settings
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 36 Log Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
E-mail Log Settings
Mail Server Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses
specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via
e-mail.
Mail Subject Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the log e-mail message that the
NWA1121-NI sends.
Send Log to Logs are sent to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, logs
will not be sent via e-mail.
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SMTP Authentication SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the message-exchange standard for the
Internet. Select the check box to activate SMTP authentication. If mail server
authentication is needed but this feature is disabled, you will not receive the e-mail
logs.
If you use SMTP authentication, the mail receiver should be the owner of the SMTP
account.
User Name If your e-mail account requires SMTP authentication, enter the username here.
Password Enter the password associated with the above username.
Syslog Logging Syslog logging sends a log to an external syslog server used to store logs.
Syslog Logging Select the check box to enable syslog logging.
Syslog Server IP
Address Enter the IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs.
Syslog Port
Number Enter the port number of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of
logs.
Send Log
Log Schedule This drop-down menu is used to configure the frequency of log messages being sent
as E-mail:
• When Log is Full
•Hourly
•Daily
• Weekly
•None.
If the Weekly or the Daily option is selected, specify a time of day when the E-mail
should be sent. If the Weekly option is selected, then also specify which day of the
week the E-mail should be sent. If the When Log is Full option is selected, an alert
is sent when the log fills up. If you select None, no log messages are sent.
Day for Sending
Log This field is only available when you select Weekly in the Log Schedule field.
Use the drop down list box to select which day of the week to send the logs.
Time for Sending
Log Enter the time of the day in 24-hour format (for example 23:00 equals 11:00 pm) to
send the logs.
Clear log after
sending mail Select the check box to clear all logs after logs and alert messages are sent via e-
mail.
Log Category
System
Maintenance Click this to receive logs related to system maintenance.
System Error Click this to receive logs related to system errors.
802.1x Click this to receive logs related to the 802.1x mode.
Wireless Click this to receive logs related to the wireless function.
Email Log Now Select the categories of alerts for which you want the NWA1121-NI to immediately
send e-mail alerts.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 36 Log Settings (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 11
Maintenance
11.1 Overview
This chapter describes the maintenance screens. It discusses how you can upload new firmware,
manage configuration and restart your NWA1121-NI without turning it off and on.
This chapter provides information and instructions on how to identify and manage your NWA1121-
NI over the network.
Figure 59 NWA1121-NI Setup
In the figure above, the NWA1121-NI connects to a Domain Name Server (DNS) server to avail of a
domain name. It also connects to an Network Time Protocol (NTP) server to set the time on the
device.
11.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter
•Use the General screen to specify the system name (see Section 11.4 on page 120).
•Use the Password screen to manage the password for your NWA1121-NI (see Section 11.5 on
page 121).
•Use the Time screen to change your NWA1121-NI’s time and date. This screen allows you to
configure the NWA1121-NI’s time based on your local time zone (see Section 11.6 on page 122).
•Use the Firmware Upload screen to upload the latest firmware for your NWA1121-NI (see
Section 11.7 on page 123).
•Use the Backup/Restore screen to view information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration (see Section 11.8 on page 124).
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•Use Restart screen to reboot the NWA1121-NI without turning the power off (see Section 11.9
on page 126).
11.3 What You Need To Know
You can find the firmware for your device at www.zyxel.com. It is a file that (usually) uses the
system model name with a "*.bin" extension, for example "[Model #].bin". The upload process uses
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the
system will reboot.
11.4 General Screen
Use the General screen to identify your NWA1121-NI over the network. Click Maintenance >
General. The following screen displays.
Figure 60 Maintenance > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 37 Maintenance > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Settings
System Name Type a descriptive name to identify the NWA1121-NI in the Ethernet network.
This name can be up to 15 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but
dashes "-" are accepted.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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11.5 Password Screen
Use this screen to control access to your NWA1121-NI by assigning a password to it. Click
Maintenance > Password. The following screen displays.
Figure 61 Maintenance > Password
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Maintenance > Password
LABEL DESCRIPTIONS
Current Password Type in your existing system password.
New Password Type your new system password. Note that as you type a password, the screen
displays a dot (.) for each character you type.
Retype to Confirm Retype your new system password for confirmation.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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11.6 Time Screen
Use this screen to change your NWA1121-NI’s time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The
following screen displays.
Figure 62 Maintenance > Time
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 Maintenance > Time
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your NWA1121-NI.
Each time you reload this page, the NWA1121-NI synchronizes the time with the
time server (if configured).
When you disable NTP Client Update, you can manually enter the new time in this
field and then click Apply.
Current Date This field displays the last updated date from the time server.
When you disable NTP Client Update, you can manually enter the new date in this
field and then click Apply.
Time and Date Setup
NTP Client Update Select this to have the NWA1121-NI get the time and date from the time server you
specified below.
NTP server Select this option to use the predefined list of Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers.
Select an NTP server from the drop-list box.
Manual IP Select this option to enter the IP address or URL of your time server. Check with
your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between
your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Apply Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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11.7 Firmware Upgrade Screen
Use this screen to upload a firmware to your NWA1121-NI. Click Maintenance > Firmware
Upgrade. Follow the instructions in this section to upload firmware to your NWA1121-NI.
Figure 63 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Do not turn off the NWA1121-NI while firmware upload is in progress!
After you see the Firmware Upload in Process screen, wait two minutes before logging into the
NWA1121-NI again.
Figure 64 Firmware Upload In Process
The NWA1121-NI automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 65 Network Temporarily Disconnected
Table 40 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find
it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must
decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
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After the upload was finished, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Dashboard
screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the F/
W Upload screen.
Figure 66 Firmware Upload Error
11.8 Configuration File Screen
Use this screen to backup, restore and reset the configuration of your NWA1121-NI.
Click Maintenance > Configuration File. The screen appears as shown next.
Figure 67 Maintenance > Configuration File
11.8.1 Backup Configuration
Backup configuration allows you to back up (save) the NWA1121-NI’s current configuration to a file
on your computer. Once your NWA1121-NI is configured and functioning properly, it is highly
recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The
backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the NWA1121-NI’s current configuration to your computer.
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11.8.2 Restore Configuration
Restore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your
computer to your NWA1121-NI.
Do not turn off the NWA1121-NI while configuration file upload is in
progress.
After you see a “restore configuration successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before
logging into the NWA1121-NI again.
Figure 68 Configuration Upload Successful
The NWA1121-NI automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 69 Network Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your
computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default NWA1121-NI IP address (192.168.1.2).
See Appendix A on page 133 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
Table 41 Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find
it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must
decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process.
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If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Backup/Restore screen.
Figure 70 Configuration Upload Error
11.8.3 Back to Factory Defaults
Pressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration information and
returns the NWA1121-NI to its factory defaults as shown on the screen. The following warning
screen will appear.
Figure 71 Reset Message
You can also press the RESET button to reset your NWA1121-NI to its factory default settings.
Refer to Section 2.2 on page 20 for more information.
11.9 Restart Screen
Use this screen to reboot the NWA1121-NI without turning the power off.
Click Maintenance > Restart. The following screen displays.
Figure 72 Maintenance > Restart
Click Restart to have the NWA1121-NI reboot. This does not affect the NWA1121-NI's
configuration.
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CHAPTER 12
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential
problems are divided into the following categories.
•Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
•NWA1121-NI Access and Login
•Internet Access
12.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The NWA1121-NI does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the NWA1121-NI.
2Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the NWA1121-NI and plugged in to an
appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NWA1121-NI.
4If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.7 on page 17.
2Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.
3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the NWA1121-NI.
5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
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12.2 NWA1121-NI Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the NWA1121-NI.
1The default IP address is 192.168.1.2.
2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the NWA1121-
NI by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most
Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter “cmd”, and then enter “ipconfig”. The IP address of
the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the NWA1121-NI (it depends on the network), so
enter this IP address in your Internet browser.
3If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 2.2 on page
20.
I forgot the password.
1The default password is 1234.
2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 2.2 on page
20.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.
1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.2.
• If you changed the IP address (Section 7.4 on page 96), use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I
forgot the IP address for the NWA1121-NI.
2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.7 on page 17.
3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java
enabled. See Section 12.1 on page 129.
4Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the NWA1121-NI. (If you know that there are
routers between your computer and the NWA1121-NI, skip this step.)
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP address is in the
same subnet as the NWA1121-NI.
5Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the NWA1121-NI with the default IP
address. See Chapter 2 on page 20.
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6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Try to access the NWA1121-NI using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the
NWA1121-NI, check the remote management settings to find out why the NWA1121-NI does not
respond to HTTP.
• If your computer is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a LAN/Ethernet
port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the NWA1121-NI.
1Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default password is 1234.
This fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using the Telnet to access the
NWA1121-NI. Log out of the NWA1121-NI in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in
to log out.
3Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NWA1121-NI.
4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 2.2 on page
20.
I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
12.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 12.1 on page 129.
22. Make sure your NWA1121-NI is connected to a networking device that provides Internet access.
3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings on the wireless
client are the same as the settings on the AP.
4Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
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5If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the NWA1121-NI),
but my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.7 on page 17.
2Reboot the NWA1121-NI.
3If the problem continues, contact your ISP or network administrator.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.7 on page 17.
If the NWA1121-NI is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use
the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2Check the signal strength. If the signal is weak, try moving the NWA1121-NI (in wireless client
mode) closer to the AP (if possible), and look around to see if there are any devices that might be
interfering with the wireless network (microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3Reboot the NWA1121-NI.
4If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.
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APPENDIX A
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
Note: Your specific NWA1121-NI may not support all of the operating systems described
in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which
operating systems are supported.
This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be
able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/
OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on
your computer.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s
computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.
In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
•Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 133
•Windows Vista on page 137
•Windows 7 on page 141
•Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 145
•Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 148
•Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 151
•Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 155
Windows XP/NT/2000
The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows
2000 and Windows NT.
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1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.
3Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
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4On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.
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5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
6Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.
7Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
8Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network
connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection
information.
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Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.
3Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
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4Click Manage network connections.
5Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
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6Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
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7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
8Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.
9Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network
connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection
information.
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Windows 7
This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.
1Click Start > Control Panel.
2In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet
category.
3Click Change adapter settings.
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4Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
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5Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
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6The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
7Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP
address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network
administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided. Click Advanced if you want to configure advanced
settings for IP, DNS and WINS.
8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
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3The IP settings are displayed as follows.
Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.
1Click Apple > System Preferences.
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2In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
3When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network
connection type list, and then click Configure.
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4For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP
tab.
5For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.
6Click Apply Now and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then
selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.
Figure 73 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.
1Click Apple > System Preferences.
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2In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
3When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection
types.
4From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
5For statically assigned settings, do the following:
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•From the Configure list, select Manually.
•In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your NWA1121-NI.
6Click Apply and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then
selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.
Figure 74 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model
Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file
locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual
configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
1Click System > Administration > Network.
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2When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By
default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your
configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
3In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the
Authenticate button.
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4In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click
Properties.
5The Properties dialog box opens.
•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP
address.
•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the
IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.
6Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network
Settings screen.
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7If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window
and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
8Click the Close button to apply the changes.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then
selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics
column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Figure 75 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop
Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file
locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual
configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
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1Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
2When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.
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3When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the
Network Card icon.
4When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate
connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.
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5When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Figure 76 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup
6Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.
7Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
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8If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings
and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
9Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the
Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.
Figure 77 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager
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When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to
see if your connection is working properly.
Figure 78 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
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APPENDIX B
Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java
Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: The screens used below belong to Internet Explorer version 6, 7 and 8. Screens for
other Internet Explorer versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow
pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 79 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
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2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any
web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 80 Internet Options: Privacy
3Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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2Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 81 Internet Options: Privacy
3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the
prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 82 Pop-up Blocker Settings
5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScript
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScript
are allowed.
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1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 83 Internet Options: Security
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Scripting.
4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
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6Click OK to close the window.
Figure 84 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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5Click OK to close the window.
Figure 85 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
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3Click OK to close the window.
Figure 86 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly. The steps
below apply to Mozilla Firefox 3.0 as well.
You can enable Java, Javascript and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the
screen that appears.
Figure 87 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > Options
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Click Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 88 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Opera
Opera 10 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly.
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Allowing Pop-Ups
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the General tab, go to Choose how you prefer
to handle pop-ups and select Open all pop-ups.
Figure 89 Opera: Allowing Pop-Ups
Enabling Java
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the Advanced tab, select Content from the left-
side menu. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 90 Opera: Enabling Java
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To customize JavaScript behavior in the Opera browser, click JavaScript Options.
Figure 91 Opera: JavaScript Options
Select the items you want Opera’s JavaScript to apply.
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APPENDIX C
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same
way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common
network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has
its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are
delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary
number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in
decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are
the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 92 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according
to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are
part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP
address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit
in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the
leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Table 42 Subnet Masks
1ST OCTET:
(192)
2ND
OCTET:
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
(1)
4TH OCTET
(2)
IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Host ID 00000010
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Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24
bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following
examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have
on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of
remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit
subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that
network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of
possible hosts in a network as follows:
Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a
continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the
number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/”
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
Table 43 Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
1ST
OCTET 2ND
OCTET 3RD
OCTET 4TH OCTET
8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248
Table 44 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS
8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214
16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 65534
24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 254
29 bits 255.255.255.24
83 bits 23 – 2 6
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The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example
a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the
company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum
of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 93 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-
networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25
and 192.168.1.128 /25.
Table 45 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0
255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128
255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224
255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240
255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248
255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-
networks, A and B.
Figure 94 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126
possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s
broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to
an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two
subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID
bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all
zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 46 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
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Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 47 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 48 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 49 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 192
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Table 46 Subnet 1 (continued)
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
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The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
Table 50 Eight Subnets
SUBNET SUBNET
ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST
ADDRESS BROADCAST
ADDRESS
1 0 1 30 31
232 33 62 63
364 65 94 95
496 97 126 127
5128 129 158 159
6160 161 190 191
7192 193 222 223
8224 225 254 255
Table 51 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.255.128 (/25) 2126
2255.255.255.192 (/26) 462
3255.255.255.224 (/27) 830
4255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14
5255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6
6255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2
7255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1
Table 52 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.128.0 (/17) 232766
2255.255.192.0 (/18) 416382
3255.255.224.0 (/19) 88190
4255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094
5255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046
6255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022
7255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510
8255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254
9255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126
10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62
11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30
12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14
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Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You
must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NWA1121-NI.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NWA1121-NI that is
easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network
is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NWA1121-NI will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the NWA1121-NI unless you are instructed to do
otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6
14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2
15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Table 52 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning (continued)
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 181
APPENDIX D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of
computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within
range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an
ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example
of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 95 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless
client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
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disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with
each other.
Figure 96 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only
provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the
immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated
wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Figure 97 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your
region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce
interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing
interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should
be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For
example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to
select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not
within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are
within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
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cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 98 RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the
channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of
data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest
size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is
invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station
that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for
permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other
stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms
with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and
the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be
fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)
that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data
frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while
you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
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If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you
set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames
will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of
the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending
data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short
preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network
support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide
more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the
network support it, otherwise the NWA1121-NI uses long preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b
adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or
lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the
maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless
clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the NWA1121-NI are data encryption, wireless client
authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NWA1121-NI identity.
Table 53 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION
1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
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The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on
your NWA1121-NI.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NWA1121-NI and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to
support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It
is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x
are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for
centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional
authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless
clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and
accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server
handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
•Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the
network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
Table 54 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
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RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point
sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user accounting:
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret
key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the
shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from
unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP
to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that
supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain
the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used
to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner.
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EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server
sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by
encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in
plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get
the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the
authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an
authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You
must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for
mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of
the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done
in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive
attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which
imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-
side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending
username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client
authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then
use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the
clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the
wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is
generated each time reauthentication is performed.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 189
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless
security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while
dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic
keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public
deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a
comparison of the features of authentication types.
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a
wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management
than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user
authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into
each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless
client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on
whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less
secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but
offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter
mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
Table 55 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP
Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No
Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No
Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
Client Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
190
called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is
never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption
keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless
clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets,
altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the
receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is
assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent,
single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal
encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate
wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange
messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a
network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and
pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless
devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication
with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not
need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless
client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch
for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 191
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server
looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies
network access accordingly.
3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS
server and the client.
4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The
keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and
the wireless clients.
Figure 99 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must
consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and
symbols).
2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password
matches.
3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not
sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
192
4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information
exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data
exchanged between them.
Figure 100 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each
authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on
how you configure these security features.
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to
the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by
capturing RF signals from the air.
Table 56 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD ENTER
MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X
Open None No Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
WPA TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 193
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless
LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage
area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of
approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal
power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna
that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the
antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The
coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room
environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage
areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light
from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles
typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional
antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In
point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to
each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For
omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP
application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
194
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 195
APPENDIX E
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimers
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or
software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent
rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein
without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Your use of the NWA1121-NI is subject to the terms and conditions of any related service providers.
Use with products that have NAT, and/or 3G.
Do not use the NWA1121-NI for illegal purposes. Illegal downloading or sharing of files can result in
severe civil and criminal penalties. You are subject to the restrictions of copyright laws and any
other applicable laws, and will bear the consequences of any infringements thereof. ZyXEL bears
NO responsibility or liability for your use of the download service feature. Use for products that
have a download service.
Make sure all data and programs on the NWA1121-NI are also stored elsewhere. ZyXEL is not
responsible for any loss of or damage to any data, programs, or storage media resulting from the
use, misuse, or disuse of this or any other ZyXEL product. Use for storage/backup devices.
Trademarks
Trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be
properties of their respective owners.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
196
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will
not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be
determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution: Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for
compliance could void the user's authority to operate this equipment.
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-
limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A.
is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20
cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
Industry Canada Statement (For all products)
This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
1) this device may not cause interference and
2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired
operation of the device
This device has been designed to operate with an antenna having a maximum gain of 2dBi.
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 197
Antenna having a higher gain is strictly prohibited per regulations of Industry Canada. The required
antenna impedance is 50 ohms.
To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so
chosen that the EIRP is not more than required for successful communication.
IMPORTANT NOTE
Device for the band 5150-5250 MHz is only for indoor usage to reduce potential for harmful
interference to co-channel mobile satellite systems; users should also be cautioned to take note
that high-power radars are allocated as primary users (meaning they have priority) of the bands
5250-5350 MHz and 5650-5850 MHz and these radars could cause interference and/or damage to
LE-LAN devices.
IC Radiation Exposure Statement
This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment. End users must follow the specific operating instructions for satisfying RF exposure
compliance.
注意 ! 依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現
有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響，請妥適使用。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device is designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz networks throughout the EC region and
Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
Ce produit est conçu pour les bandes de fréquences 2,4 GHz et/ou 5 GHz conformément à la
législation Européenne. En France métropolitaine, suivant les décisions n°03-908 et 03-909 de
l’ARCEP, la puissance d’émission ne devra pas dépasser 10 mW (10 dB) dans le cadre d’une
installation WiFi en extérieur pour les fréquences comprises entre 2454 MHz et 2483,5 MHz.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT
APPAREIL A LASER DE CLASS 1
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
198
PRODUCT COMPLIES WITH 21 CFR 1040.10 AND 1040.11.
PRODUIT CONFORME SELON 21 CFR 1040.10 ET 1040.11.
Viewing Certifications
1Go to http://www.zyxel.com.
2Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in
material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The
Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local
distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and
upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship
and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or
components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem
necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement
will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value,
and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been
modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working
conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for
indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty
policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/
support_warranty_info.php.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at
www.zyxel.com.
Open Source Licenses
This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL
like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the
latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please
contact support@zyxel.com.tw to get it.
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 199
Regulatory Information
European Union
The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.
Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE
Directive)
Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other
Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)
[Czech] ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími
příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.
[Danish] Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige
krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[German] Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den
grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie
1999/5/EU befindet.
[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele
ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.
English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential
requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.
[Spanish] Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales
y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.
[Greek] ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ΔΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ
ΟΥΣΙΩΔΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΟΔΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.
[French] Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences
essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.
[Italian] Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed
alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
[Latvian] Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un
citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
[Lithuanian] Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB
Direktyvos nuostatas.
[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële
eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.
[Maltese] Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma
provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
[Hungarian] Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ
követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.
[Polish] Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz
pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.
[Portuguese] ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras
disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.
[Slovenian] ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi
določili direktive 1999/5/EC.
[Slovak] ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné
ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
200
National Restrictions
This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/
5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:
Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la
directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:
Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU
1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:
Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen
Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten
Staaten:
In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2, 4- and 5-GHz bands have been
made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will
find an overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.
The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local
authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless
LANs.
The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table
labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.
Belgium
[Finnish] ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten
vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.
[Swedish] Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga
egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.
[Bulgarian] С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените
изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.
[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur
viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
[Norwegian] Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og
andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[Romanian] Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele
esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.
Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs
Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level
(EIRP)1 (mW)
Indoor ONLY Indoor and Outdoor
2400-2483.5 100 V
5150-5350 200 V
5470-5725 1000 V
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 201
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any
outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for
more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen
aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie
http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres
doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT).
Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Denmark
In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.
I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.
France
For 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the
band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4
GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.
Pour la bande 2.4 GHz, la puissance est limitée à 10 mW en p.i.r.e. pour les équipements utilisés en
extérieur dans la bande 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. Il n'y a pas de restrictions pour des utilisations en
intérieur ou dans d'autres parties de la bande 2.4 GHz. Consultez http://www.arcep.fr/ pour de plus
amples détails.
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National
Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the
boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http://
www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano
Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio
fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://
www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.
Latvia
The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic
Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.
R&TTE 1999/5/EC
WLAN 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
Location Frequency Range(GHz) Power (EIRP)
Indoor (No restrictions) 2.4 – 2.4835 100mW (20dBm)
Outdoor 2.4 – 2.454 100mW (20dBm)
2.454 – 2.4835 10mW (10dBm)
Appendix E Legal Information
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide
202
2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru
direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.
Notes:
1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive
1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of
a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output
power available at the connector (specified in dBm).
Index
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 203
Index
Numbers
802.1x-Only 58
802.1x-Static128 58
802.1x-Static64 58
A
access privileges 12
Accounting Server 88
Advanced Encryption Standard
See AES.
AES 189
Alerts 116
Alternative subnet mask notation 176
Antenna 92
antenna
directional 193
gain 193
omni-directional 193
AP (access point) 183
Applications
Access Point 14
AP + Bridge 14
applications
MBSSID 12
Repeater 14
ATC 73
ATC+WMM 73
B
Basic Service Set 56
see BSS
Basic Service Set, See BSS 181
beacon 56
Beacon Interval 63, 65, 70
BSS 12, 56, 181
C
CA 188
Certificate
authentication 104
file format 104
Certificate Authority
See CA.
Certificates
Fingerprint 113
MD5 113
public key 104
SHA1 113
Certification Authority 113
certifications 195
notices 197
viewing 198
Channel 56
channel 183
interference 183
command interface 15
Controlling network access, Ways of 11
copyright 195
CTS (Clear to Send) 184
D
disclaimer 195
Distribution System 56
DNS 97, 119
Domain Name Server (DNS) 119
DS 56
DTIM Interval 63, 65, 70
dynamic WEP key exchange 188
Index
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide204
E
EAP 59
EAP Authentication 187
Encryption 59, 76, 80, 83, 85
encryption 14, 189
ESS 56, 182
Ethernet device 89
Extended Service Set 56
Extended Service Set, See ESS 182
Extensible Authentication Protocol 59
F
Factory Defaults 126
restoring 21
FCC interference statement 195
Firmware 120
Fragmentation 63, 66, 68, 71
Fragmentation threshold 91
fragmentation threshold 184
FTP 103
restrictions 103
G
Generic Token Card 59
GTC 59
H
hidden node 183
I
IANA 180
IBSS 181
IEEE 802.11g 185
IEEE 802.1x 57
Import Certificate 106
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 181
initialization vector (IV) 190
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
See IANA
Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6
Internet telephony 12
IP Address 94
Gateway IP address 94
IP Screen 94
DHCP 96
IPv6 95
addressing 95
global address 95
link-local address 95
Neighbor Discovery Protocol 95
ping 95
prefix 95
prefix length 95
K
key 59, 77, 81, 83
L
LEAP 59
LEDs 17, 129
Blinking 17
Flashing 17
Off 17
Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol 59
Log 49
Log Screens 115
Logs
accessing logs 115
receiving logs via e-mail 116
Logs Screen
Mail Server 117
Mail Subject 117
Send Log to 117
Syslog 118
Logs, Uses of 115
Index
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 205
M
MAC Filter
Allow Association 89
Deny Association 89
Maintenance 119
Association List 120
Backup 124
Restore 125
Management Information Base (MIB) 111
managing the device
using Telnet. See command interface.
using the command interface. See command
interface.
MBSSID 12
Media Access Control 89
Message Integrity Check (MIC) 189
message relay 60
Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol Version 2 59
MSCHAPv2 59
MSDU 63, 66, 71
N
NAT 180
Network Time Protocol (NTP) 119
NTP 119
O
Operating Mode 56
Output Power Management 63, 65, 68, 70
P
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 190, 191
Passphrase 59
Password 130
PEAP 59
Personal Information Exchange Syntax
Standard 104
PFX PKCS#12 104
Preamble 91
preamble mode 185
Preamble Type 63, 66, 68, 71
Pre-Shared Key 59
priorities 92
product registration 198
Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol 59
PSK 59, 190
Q
QoS 73
R
Radio Frequency 92
RADIUS 59, 186
Accounting 60
Authentication 60
Authorization 60
message types 187
messages 187
shared secret key 187
RADIUS Screen
Accounting Server 88
Accounting Server IP Address 88
RADIUS server 58
Backup 88
Primary 88
Rates Configuration 63, 66, 68, 71
registration
product 198
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service 59
remote management 16
remote management limitations 102
Roaming 92
RootAP 14
RTS (Request To Send) 184
threshold 183, 184
RTS/CTS Threshold 63, 66, 68, 71, 91
Index
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide206
S
Security Mode, Choosing the 93
Security Modes
802.1x-Static64 58
IEEE 802.1x-Only 58
IEEE 802.1x-Static128 58
IEEE 802.1x-Static64 58
None 58
WEP 58
WPA 58
WPA2 58
WPA2-MIX 58
WPA2-PSK 58
Service Set IDentifier 56
Service Set Identifier
see SSID
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 116
SMTP 116, 118
SNMP
MIBs 111
traps 112
Spanning Tree Protocol 91
SSID 12, 56
SSID profile
pre-configured 12
SSID profiles 12
Status Screens 25
802.11 Mode 50
Channel ID 50
Ethernet 25
FCS Error Count 50
Firmware Version 26
Interface Status 27
Poll Interval 50
Retry Count 50
Statistics 51
system statistics 25
WLAN 25
Subnet 173
Subnet Mask 94, 174
subnetting 176
Syslog Logging 116
System Screens
General 120
Password 121
Time
Time and Date Setup 122
Time Zone 122
system timeout 104
T
telnet 106
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 59
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 189
TFTP restrictions 103
Thumbprint Algorithm 114
timeout 16
TKIP 59
TLS 59
trademarks 195
Transport Layer Security 59
Troubleshooting 129
connection is slow or intermittent 132
DHCP 130
factory defaults 131
firmware 131
Internet 131
LAN/ETHERNET port 131
QoS 132
Web Configurator 130
TTLS 59
Tunneled Transport Layer Security 59
Tutorial 29
U
User Authentication 58
V
Virtual Local Area Network 98
VLAN 98
introduction 98
VoIP 12, 73
Index
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide 207
W
warranty 198
note 198
WDS 14
Web Configurator 19
password 19
WEP 58
WEP key encrypting 93
Wi-Fi Multimedia QoS 92
Wi-Fi Protected Access 58, 189
Wired Equivalent Privacy 58
Wireless Client 42
wireless client WPA supplicants 190
Wireless Distribution System (WDS) 14
Wireless Mode 57
Wireless Mode, Choosing the
Access Point 29
Bridge 29
Wireless Client 29
Wireless Security 16
how to improve 16
Levels 58
wireless security 12, 185
Wireless Security Screen
802.1x Only 77
Access Point 77, 80
Wireless Client 78, 82
802.1x Static 64-bit, 802.1x Static 128-bit 79
WEP 76
WPA 83
Access Point 84
Wireless Client 85
WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-PSK-MIX 86
Wireless Settings Screen 55
Access Point Mode 61
Antenna 92
AP + Bridge Mode 67
Bridge Mode 64
BSS 56
Channel 56
ESS 56
Fragmentation Threshold 91
Intra-BSS Traffic 91
Operating Mode 56
Preamble 91
Roaming 92
RTS/CTS Threshold 91
SSID 56
Wireless Client Mode 67
Wireless Mode 57
WMM QoS 91
WLAN
interference 183
security parameters 192
WMM 73
WMM QoS 91
WPA 58, 189
key caching 190
pre-authentication 190
user authentication 190
vs WPA-PSK 190
wireless client supplicant 190
with RADIUS application example 191
WPA2 58, 189
user authentication 190
vs WPA2-PSK 190
wireless client supplicant 190
with RADIUS application example 191
WPA2-MIX 58
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 189
WPA2-PSK 189, 190
application example 191
WPA2-PSK-MIX 58
WPA-PSK 189, 190
application example 191
Z
ZyXEL Device
Ethernet parameters 94
good habits 16
Introduction 11
managing 15
resetting 20, 126
Security Features 16
Index
NWA1121-NI User’s Guide208

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