ZyXEL Communications P660HNT1 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway User Manual

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P-660HN-Tx
802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway
Default Login Details
IP Address
http://192.168.1.1
Password
1234
Firmware Version 1.02
Edition 1, 1/2011
www.zyxel.com
www.zyxel.com
Copyright © 2011
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
About This User's Guide
About This User's Guide
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for people who want to configure the ZyXEL Device using
the web configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP
networking concepts and topology.
Related Documentation
• Quick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guide is designed to help you get up and running right away. It
contains information on setting up your network and configuring for Internet
access.
• Support Disc
Refer to the included CD for support documents.
• ZyXEL Web Site
Please refer to www.zyxel.com for additional support documentation and
product certifications.
Documentation Feedback
Send your comments, questions or suggestions to: techwriters@zyxel.com.tw
Thank you!
The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp.,
6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, 30099, Taiwan.
Need More Help?
More help is available at www.zyxel.com.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
About This User's Guide
• Download Library
Search for the latest product updates and documentation from this link. Read
the Tech Doc Overview to find out how to efficiently use the User Guide, Quick
Start Guide and Command Line Interface Reference Guide in order to better
understand how to use your product.
• Knowledge Base
If you have a specific question about your product, the answer may be here.
This is a collection of answers to previously asked questions about ZyXEL
products.
• Forum
This contains discussions on ZyXEL products. Learn from others who use ZyXEL
products and share your experiences as well.
Customer Support
In the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should
contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a ZyXEL
office for the region in which you bought the device. See http://www.zyxel.com/
web/contact_us.php for contact information. Please have the following information
ready when you contact an office.
• Product model and serial number.
• Warranty Information.
• Date that you received your device.
• Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.
Disclaimer
Graphics in this book may differ slightly from the product due to differences in
operating systems, operating system versions, or if you installed updated
firmware/software for your device. Every effort has been made to ensure that the
information in this manual is accurate.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Document Conventions
Document Conventions
Warnings and Notes
These are how warnings and notes are shown in this User’s Guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.
Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may
need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.
Syntax Conventions
• The P-660HN-Tx may be referred to as the “ZyXEL Device”, the “device”, the
“system” or the “product” in this User’s Guide.
• Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.
• A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example,
[ENTER] means the “enter” or “return” key on your keyboard.
• “Enter” means for you to type one or more characters and then press the
[ENTER] key. “Select” or “choose” means for you to use one of the predefined
choices.
• A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For
example, Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click
Maintenance in the navigation panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the
Log Setting tab to get to that screen.
• Units of measurement may denote the “metric” value or the “scientific” value.
For example, “k” for kilo may denote “1000” or “1024”, “M” for mega may
denote “1000000” or “1048576” and so on.
• “e.g.,” is a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” means “that is” or “in other
words”.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Document Conventions
Icons Used in Figures
Figures in this User’s Guide may use the following generic icons. The ZyXEL Device
icon is not an exact representation of your device.
ZyXEL Device
Computer
Notebook computer
Server
Firewall
Telephone
Router
Switch
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Safety Warnings
Safety Warnings
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming
pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk
of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to
dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should
service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in
North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the
product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause
electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power
source.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a
new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a
remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your
device.
• Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using
the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE
stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical
and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and
electronic equipment should be treated separately.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Safety Warnings
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Contents Overview
Contents Overview
User’s Guide ........................................................................................................................... 19
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 21
The Web Configurator ............................................................................................................... 29
Status Screens .......................................................................................................................... 37
Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Technical Reference .............................................................................................................. 55
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard .......................................................................................... 57
WAN Setup ................................................................................................................................ 71
LAN Setup ................................................................................................................................. 89
Wireless LAN ........................................................................................................................... 103
Network Address Translation (NAT) ........................................................................................ 131
Firewall .................................................................................................................................... 143
Filters ....................................................................................................................................... 147
Certificate ................................................................................................................................ 155
Static Route ............................................................................................................................. 159
Quality of Service (QoS) .......................................................................................................... 165
Dynamic DNS Setup ................................................................................................................ 175
Remote Management .............................................................................................................. 177
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) ............................................................................................. 185
CWMP ..................................................................................................................................... 197
System Settings ....................................................................................................................... 201
Logs ......................................................................................................................................... 205
Tools ........................................................................................................................................ 209
Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................ 217
Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................... 221
Product Specifications ............................................................................................................. 227
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Contents Overview
10
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
About This User's Guide .......................................................................................................... 3
Document Conventions............................................................................................................ 5
Safety Warnings........................................................................................................................ 7
Contents Overview ................................................................................................................... 9
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 11
Part I: User’s Guide................................................................................ 19
Chapter 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 21
1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 21
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device .................................................................................... 21
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device ..................................................................... 22
1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device ...................................................................................... 22
1.4.1 Internet Access .......................................................................................................... 23
1.5 Wireless Access .................................................................................................................. 23
1.5.1 Using the WPS/WLAN Button .................................................................................... 24
1.6 LEDs (Lights) ....................................................................................................................... 26
1.7 The RESET Button .............................................................................................................. 27
1.7.1 Using the Reset Button .............................................................................................. 28
Chapter 2
The Web Configurator ............................................................................................................ 29
2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 29
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator ................................................................................ 29
2.2 The Main Screen ................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.1 Title Bar ...................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.2 Navigation Panel ........................................................................................................ 33
2.2.3 Main Window .............................................................................................................. 34
2.2.4 Status Bar ................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 3
Status Screens ........................................................................................................................ 37
3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 37
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
3.2 The Status Screen ............................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 4
Tutorials ................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network ............................................................................... 41
4.2.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings ................................................................ 42
4.2.2 Using WPS ................................................................................................................. 43
4.2.3 Without WPS .............................................................................................................. 48
4.3 Configuring the MAC Address Filter .................................................................................... 48
4.4 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network ................................................... 50
4.5 Multiple WAN Connections Example ................................................................................... 53
Part II: Technical Reference .................................................................. 55
Chapter 5
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard...................................................................................... 57
5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup ............................................................................................. 57
5.2.1 Manual Configuration ................................................................................................. 60
5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup ..................................................................................... 66
5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key .............................................................................. 68
5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key ...................................................................................... 69
Chapter 6
WAN Setup............................................................................................................................... 71
6.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 71
6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens ..................................................................... 71
6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN ........................................................................ 71
6.1.3 Before You Begin ....................................................................................................... 72
6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen ...................................................................................... 73
6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup ............................................................................... 76
6.3 The More Connections Screen ............................................................................................ 77
6.3.1 More Connections Edit ............................................................................................... 79
6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup ....................................................... 82
6.4 WAN Technical Reference ................................................................................................... 83
6.4.1 Encapsulation ............................................................................................................. 83
6.4.2 Multiplexing ................................................................................................................ 84
6.4.3 VPI and VCI ............................................................................................................... 85
6.4.4 IP Address Assignment .............................................................................................. 85
6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP) ..................................................................................... 86
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P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Table of Contents
6.4.6 NAT ............................................................................................................................ 86
6.5 Traffic Shaping ..................................................................................................................... 86
6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes ................................................................................................... 87
Chapter 7
LAN Setup................................................................................................................................ 89
7.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 89
7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens ....................................................................... 89
7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN ......................................................................... 90
7.1.3 Before You Begin ....................................................................................................... 91
7.2 The LAN IP Screen .............................................................................................................. 91
7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen ......................................................................... 92
7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen .................................................................................................... 93
7.4 The Client List Screen ......................................................................................................... 94
7.5 The IP Alias Screen ............................................................................................................. 96
7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen ......................................................................... 96
7.6 The IPv6 Screen .................................................................................................................. 97
7.7 LAN Technical Reference .................................................................................................... 98
7.7.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device .......................................................................... 98
7.7.2 DHCP Setup ............................................................................................................... 99
7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses .............................................................................................. 99
7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP ................................................................................................................ 99
7.7.5 RIP Setup ................................................................................................................. 101
7.7.6 Multicast ................................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 8
Wireless LAN......................................................................................................................... 103
8.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 103
8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens ...................................................... 103
8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless ................................................................. 104
8.1.3 Before You Start ....................................................................................................... 104
8.2 The AP Screen .................................................................................................................. 105
8.2.1 No Security ............................................................................................................... 106
8.2.2 WEP Encryption ....................................................................................................... 107
8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK ............................................................................................................ 108
8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup ................................................................................ 109
8.2.5 MAC Filter
.............................................................................................................110
8.3 The More AP Screen ..........................................................................................................111
8.3.1 More AP Edit .............................................................................................................112
8.4 The WPS Screen ................................................................................................................113
8.5 The WPS Station Screen ....................................................................................................114
8.6 Wireless LAN Technical Reference ....................................................................................115
8.6.1 Wireless Network Overview ......................................................................................115
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
8.6.2 Additional Wireless Terms .........................................................................................117
8.6.3 Wireless Security Overview ......................................................................................118
8.6.4 Signal Problems ....................................................................................................... 121
8.6.5 BSS .......................................................................................................................... 121
8.6.6 MBSSID ................................................................................................................... 122
8.6.7 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) .................................................................................... 123
Chapter 9
Network Address Translation (NAT).................................................................................... 131
9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 131
9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens ..................................................................... 131
9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT ....................................................................... 131
9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen ........................................................................................ 132
9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen ............................................................................................. 133
9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen .................................................................. 134
9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen .................................................................... 136
9.4 The ALG Screen ................................................................................................................ 137
9.5 NAT Technical Reference .................................................................................................. 137
9.5.1 NAT Definitions ........................................................................................................ 137
9.5.2 What NAT Does ....................................................................................................... 138
9.5.3 How NAT Works ....................................................................................................... 139
9.5.4 NAT Application ........................................................................................................ 140
9.5.5 NAT Mapping Types ................................................................................................. 140
Chapter 10
Firewall................................................................................................................................... 143
10.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 143
10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens ............................................................. 143
10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall ................................................................ 143
10.2 The Firewall Screen ......................................................................................................... 145
Chapter 11
Filters ..................................................................................................................................... 147
11.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 147
11.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens .................................................................. 147
11.1.2 What You Need to Know About Filtering ................................................................ 147
11.2 The URL Filter Screen .................................................................................................... 148
11.3 The IP Filter Screen ......................................................................................................... 149
11.4 IPv6 Filter ......................................................................................................................... 151
Chapter 12
Certificate .............................................................................................................................. 155
12.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 155
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P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Table of Contents
12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 155
12.2 What You Need to Know .................................................................................................. 155
12.3 The Trusted CA Screen ................................................................................................... 156
12.3.1 View Trusted CA Certificate ................................................................................... 157
12.3.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate ................................................................................. 158
Chapter 13
Static Route ........................................................................................................................... 159
13.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 159
13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens ...................................................... 160
13.2 The Static Route Screen .................................................................................................. 160
13.2.1 Static Route Edit ................................................................................................... 161
13.2.2 IPv6 Static Route .................................................................................................... 162
13.2.3 IPv6 Static Route Edit
.......................................................................................... 163
Chapter 14
Quality of Service (QoS)....................................................................................................... 165
14.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 165
14.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens .................................................................. 166
14.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS ..................................................................... 166
14.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 167
14.2.1 The QoS Summary List Screen ............................................................................. 168
14.3 The Queue Setup Screen ................................................................................................ 168
14.4 The Class Setup Screen ................................................................................................. 170
14.5 QoS Technical Reference ................................................................................................ 172
14.5.1 IEEE 802.1p ........................................................................................................... 173
14.5.2 IP Precedence ........................................................................................................ 173
14.5.3 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment ................................................................... 173
Chapter 15
Dynamic DNS Setup ............................................................................................................. 175
15.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 175
15.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen ................................................................. 175
15.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS .................................................................. 175
15.2 The Dynamic DNS Screen .............................................................................................. 176
Chapter 16
Remote Management............................................................................................................ 177
16.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 177
16.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens ....................................... 178
16.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management .......................................... 178
16.2 The WWW Screen ........................................................................................................... 179
16.2.1 Configuring the WWW Screen ............................................................................... 179
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Table of Contents
16.3 The Telnet Screen ........................................................................................................... 180
16.4 The FTP Screen .............................................................................................................. 180
16.5 The SNMP Screen ........................................................................................................... 181
16.5.1 Configuring SNMP ................................................................................................. 183
16.6 The ICMP Screen ............................................................................................................ 184
Chapter 17
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).......................................................................................... 185
17.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 185
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen .................................................................. 185
17.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP ................................................................... 185
17.2 The UPnP Screen ............................................................................................................ 187
17.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example .............................................................................. 188
17.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example ............................................................................. 191
Chapter 18
CWMP..................................................................................................................................... 197
18.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 197
18.2 The CWMP Setup Screen ............................................................................................... 198
Chapter 19
System Settings .................................................................................................................... 201
19.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 201
19.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens ................................................ 201
19.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 201
19.3 The Time Setting Screen ................................................................................................ 202
Chapter 20
Logs ....................................................................................................................................... 205
20.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 205
20.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs .................................................................... 205
20.2 The View Log Screen ...................................................................................................... 205
20.3 The Log Settings Screen ................................................................................................. 206
Chapter 21
Tools....................................................................................................................................... 209
21.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 209
21.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens ................................................................... 209
21.2 The Firmware Screen ...................................................................................................... 209
21.3 The Configuration Screen ................................................................................................ 212
21.4 The Restart Screen ......................................................................................................... 215
Chapter 22
Diagnostic.............................................................................................................................. 217
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P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Table of Contents
22.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 217
22.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens ......................................................... 217
22.2 The General Screen ........................................................................................................ 217
22.3 The DSL Line Screen ...................................................................................................... 218
Chapter 23
Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................... 221
23.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ...................................................................... 221
23.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login .................................................................................... 222
23.3 Internet Access ................................................................................................................ 224
Chapter 24
Product Specifications ......................................................................................................... 227
24.1 Hardware Specifications .................................................................................................. 227
24.2 Firmware Specifications ................................................................................................... 227
24.3 Wireless Features ............................................................................................................ 231
24.4 Power Adaptor Specifications .......................................................................................... 234
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address............................................................ 235
Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting ........................................................................... 259
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions ...................................... 269
Appendix D Wireless LANs .................................................................................................. 279
Appendix E IPv6................................................................................................................... 295
Appendix F Services ............................................................................................................ 305
Appendix G Legal Information.............................................................................................. 309
Index....................................................................................................................................... 313
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
18
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
P ART I
User’s Guide
19
20
CHAPTER
Introduction
1.1 Overview
The P-660HN-Tx (x stands for 1 or 3) is an ADSL2+ router with 2x2 wireless. By
integrating DSL and NAT, you are provided with ease of installation and highspeed, shared Internet access. With 802.11n 2x2, the P-660HN-Tx can transfer at
data rates up to 300Mbps. The P-660HN-Tx is also a complete security solution
with a robust firewall and content filtering.
Please refer to the following description of the product name format.
• “H” denotes an integrated 4-port hub (switch).
• “N” denotes 802.11n draft 2.0. The “N” models support 802.11n wireless
connection mode.
• Models ending in “1”, for example P-660HN-Tx, denote a device that works over
the analog telephone system, POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service). Models
ending in “3” denote a device that works over ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network) or T-ISDN (UR-2).
Only use firmware for your ZyXEL Device’s specific model. Refer
to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
Note: All screens displayed in this user’s guide are from the P-660HN-Tx model.
See the product specifications for a full list of features.
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device
Use any of the following methods to manage the ZyXEL Device.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
21
Chapter 1 Introduction
• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the ZyXEL
Device using a (supported) web browser.
• Command Line Interface. Line commands are mostly used for troubleshooting
by service engineers.
• FTP for firmware upgrades and configuration backup/restore.
• TR-069. This is an auto-configuration server used to remotely configure your
device.
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device
Do the following things regularly to make the ZyXEL Device more secure and to
manage the ZyXEL Device more effectively.
• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists
of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it).
Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes
unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the
ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier
configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the ZyXEL Device.
You could simply restore your last configuration.
1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device
Here are some example uses for which the ZyXEL Device is well suited.
22
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.4.1 Internet Access
Your ZyXEL Device provides shared Internet access by connecting the DSL port to
the DSL or MODEM jack on a splitter or your telephone jack. Computers can
connect to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN ports (or wirelessly).
Figure 1 ZyXEL Device’s Router Features
LAN
DSL
You can also configure firewall and filtering feature on the ZyXEL Device for secure
Internet access. When the firewall is on, all incoming traffic from the Internet to
your network is blocked unless it is initiated from your network. This means that
probes from the outside to your network are not allowed, but you can safely
browse the Internet and download files.
Use the filtering feaure to block access to specific web sites or Internet
applications such as MSN or Yahoo Messanger. You can also configure IP/MAC
filtering rules for incoming or outgoing traffic.
Use QoS to efficiently manage traffic on your network by giving priority to certain
types of traffic and/or to particular computers. For example, you could make sure
that the ZyXEL Device gives voice over Internet calls high priority, and/or limit
bandwidth devoted to the boss’s excessive file downloading.
1.5 Wireless Access
The ZyXEL Device is a wireless Access Point (AP) for wireless clients, such as
notebook computers or PDAs and iPads. It allows them to connect to the Internet
without having to rely on inconvenient Ethernet cables.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
23
Chapter 1 Introduction
You can configure your wireless network in either the built-in Web Configurator, or
using the WPS button.
Figure 2 Wireless Access Example
However, before you can use this ZyXEL Device to create a wireless network, you
must set its country code first in the Web Configurator. This is very important.
To set the wireless country code:
Log into the ZyXEL Device’s built-in Web Configurator. See Chapter 8 on page 103.
Open the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen.
Select your country from the Channel Selection list. See Section 8.2 on page
105 for details.
Click Apply to save your changes.
Finally, open the Internet and Wireless Configuration wizards to set up your
network. See Chapter 5 on page 57.
1.5.1 Using the WPS/WLAN Button
By default, the wireless network on the ZyXEL Device is turned on. To turn it off,
simply press the WPS/WLAN button on top of the device for over 5 seconds.
When the WPS/WLAN LED is green, the wireless network is active.
You can also use the WPS/WLAN button to quickly set up a secure wireless
connection between the ZyXEL Device and a WPS-compatible client by adding one
device at a time.
To activate WPS:
24
Make sure the POWER LED is on and not blinking.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
Chapter 1 Introduction
Press the WPS/WLAN button for one to five seconds and release it.
Press the WPS button on another WPS-enabled device within range of the ZyXEL
Device. The WPS/WLAN LED should flash while the ZyXEL Device sets up a WPS
connection with the other wireless device.
Once the connection is successfully made, the WPS/WLAN LED shines green.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
25
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.6 LEDs (Lights)
The following graphic displays the labels of the LEDs.
Figure 3 LEDs
None of the LEDs are on if the ZyXEL Device is not receiving power.
Table 1 LED Descriptions
LED
COLOR
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
POWER
Green
On
The ZyXEL Device is receiving power and ready for use.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is self-testing.
On
The ZyXEL Device detected an error while self-testing,
or there is a device malfunction.
Off
The ZyXEL Device is power off.
On
The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a
device on the Local Area Network (LAN).
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is transmitting data to or receiving
data from the LAN.
Off
The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet
connection with the LAN.
On
The wireless network is activated.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other
wireless clients.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is setting up a WPS connection.
Off
The wireless network is not activated.
Red
LAN 1-4
WPS/
WLAN
Green
Green
Orange
DSL
26
Green
On
The DSL line is up.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is initializing the DSL line.
Off
The DSL line is down.
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Table 1 LED Descriptions
LED
COLOR
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
INTERNET
Green
On
The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic.
Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or
assigned by a server), PPP negotiation was successfully
completed (if used) and the DSL connection is up.
Red
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving IP traffic.
On
The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP connection
but failed. Possible causes are no response from a
DHCP server, no PPPoE response, PPPoE authentication
failed, no IP address from IPCP.
Off
The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection.
Refer to the Quick Start Guide for information on hardware connections.
1.7 The RESET Button
If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need
to use the RESET button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default
configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had
previously and the user name and password will be reset to the default.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.7.1 Using the Reset Button
28
Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking).
To set the device back to the factory default settings, press the RESET button for
ten seconds or until the POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the
POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have been restored and the device
restarts.
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The Web Configurator
2.1 Overview
The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy
device setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and
later or Netscape Navigator 7.0 and later versions. The recommended screen
resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled
by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
See Appendix C on page 269 if you need to make sure these functions are allowed
in Internet Explorer.
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator
Make sure your ZyXEL Device hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick
Start Guide).
Launch your web browser.
Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL.
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
A password screen displays. To access the administrative web configurator and
manage the ZyXEL Device, type the user name (admin by default) and admin
password (1234 by default) in the password screen and click Login. Click Cancel
to revert to the default user password in the password field. If you have changed
the password, enter your password and click Login.
Figure 4 Password Screen
The following screen displays if you have not yet changed your password. It is
strongly recommended you change the default password. Enter a new password,
retype it to confirm and click Apply; alternatively click Ignore to proceed to the
main menu if you do not want to change the password now.
Figure 5 Change Password Screen
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
Select Go to Wizard setup and click Apply to display the wizard main screen.
Otherwise, select Go to Advanced setup and click Apply to display the Status
screen.
Figure 6 Replace Factory Default Certificate Screen
Note: For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if you do not
use the web configurator for five minutes (default). If this happens, log in again.
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
2.2 The Main Screen
Figure 7 Main Screen
As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
• A - title bar
• B - navigation panel
• C - main window
• D - status bar
2.2.1 Title Bar
The title bar provides some icons in the upper right corner.
The icons provide the following functions.
Table 2 Web Configurator Icons in the Title Bar
ICON
DESCRIPTION
Wizards: Click this icon to go to the configuration wizards. See Chapter
5 on page 57 for more information.
Logout: Click this icon to log out of the web configurator.
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
2.2.2 Navigation Panel
Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure ZyXEL
Device features. The following tables describe each menu item.
Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
TAB
Status
FUNCTION
This screen shows the ZyXEL Device’s general device and network
status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and
client list.
Network
WAN
LAN
Wireless LAN
NAT
Internet
Connection
Use this screen to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address
assignment, and other advanced properties.
More
Connections
Use this screen to configure additional WAN connections.
IP
Use this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP settings, and other
advanced properties.
DHCP Server
Use this screen to configure LAN DHCP settings and DNS server.
Client List
Use this screen to view current DHCP client information and to
assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC addresses (and
host names).
IP Alias
Use this screen to partition your LAN interface into subnets.
IPv6
Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings on the ZyXEL
device’s LAN interface.
AP
Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN
authentication/security settings.
More AP
Use this screen to configure multiple BSSs on the ZyXEL Device.
WPS
Use this screen to configure and view your WPS (Wi-Fi Protected
Setup) settings.
WPS Station
Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network.
General
Use this screen to enable NAT.
Port
Forwarding
Use this screen to make your local servers visible to the outside
world.
ALG
Use this screen to enable or disable SIP ALG.
Security
Firewall
Filter
Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall and SPI
(Security Parameter Index).
URL Filter
Use this screen to block access to certain URL web sites.
IP Filter
Use this screen to configure IPfiltering rules for incoming or
outgoing traffic.
IPv6 Filter
Use this screen to configure IPv6 filtering rules for incoming or
outgoing traffic
Certificate
Use this screen to view and manage the list of trusted CAs.
Advanced
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
Static Route
QoS
TAB
FUNCTION
Static Route
Use this screen to configure IP static routes to tell your device
about networks beyond the directly connected remote nodes.
IPv6 Static
Route
Use this screen to configure IPv6 static routes.
General
Use this screen to enable QoS and traffic prioritizing.
Class Setup
Use this screen to configure QoS rules and actions.
Dynamic DNS
Remote
MGMT
This screen allows you to use a static hostname alias for a
dynamic IP address.
WWW
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
Telnet
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
FTP
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL
Device.
SNMP
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can access the SNMP agent on the
ZyXEL Device.
ICMP
Use this screen to set whether or not your device will respond to
pings and probes for services that you have not made available.
UPnP
Use this screen to turn UPnP on or off.
CWMP
Use this screen to have a management server manage the ZyXEL
Device with TR-069.
Maintenance
System
Logs
Tools
Diagnostic
General
Use this screen to configure your device’s password.
Time and Date
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date.
View Log
Use this screen to view the logs for the level that you selected.
Log Settings
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings.
Firmware
Use this screen to upload firmware to your device.
Configuration
Use this screen to backup and restore your device’s configuration
(settings) or reset the factory default settings.
Restart
This screen allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning
the power off.
General
Use this screen to test the connections to other devices.
DSL Line
This screen displays information to help you identify problems
with the DSL connection.
2.2.3 Main Window
The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in
the rest of this document.
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
Right after you log in, the Status screen is displayed. See Chapter 3 on page 37
for more information about the Status screen.
2.2.4 Status Bar
Check the status bar when you click Apply or OK to verify that the configuration
has been updated.
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CHAPTER
Status Screens
3.1 Overview
Use the Status screens to look at the current status of the device, system
resources, and interfaces (LAN and WAN). The Status screen also provides
detailed information from DHCP and statistics from bandwidth management, and
traffic.
3.2 The Status Screen
Use this screen to view the status of the ZyXEL Device. Click Status to open this
screen.
Figure 8 Status Screen
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Chapter 3 Status Screens
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 4 Status Screen
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval Select how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen.
Apply
Click this to update this screen immediately.
Device Information
User Name
This field displays the ZyXEL Device system name. It is used for
identification.
Model
Number
This is the model name of your device.
MAC
Address
This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to
your ZyXEL Device.
Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the firmware inside the device. Click this
to go to the screen where you can change it.
DSL
Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the device’s DSL modem code.
WAN Information
DSL Mode
This is the DSL standard that your ZyXEL Device is using.
IP Address
This is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this
to go to the screen where you can change it.
IP Subnet
Mask
This is the current subnet mask in the WAN.
Default
Gateway
This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable.
IPv6
Address
This is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click
this to go to the screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Prefix
Length
This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
IPv6 Default
Gateway
This is the IPv6 address of the default gateway, if applicable.
VPI/VCI
This is the Virtual Path Identifier and Virtual Channel Identifier that you
entered in the wizard or WAN screen.
LAN Information
38
IP Address
This is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this
to go to the screen where you can change it.
IP Subnet
Mask
This is the current subnet mask in the LAN.
IPv6
Address
This is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click
this to go to the screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Prefix
Length
This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the LAN.
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Chapter 3 Status Screens
Table 4 Status Screen
LABEL
DHCP
DESCRIPTION
This field displays what DHCP services the ZyXEL Device is providing to
the LAN. Choices are:
Server - The ZyXEL Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP
addresses to other computers in the LAN.
Relay - The ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays
DHCP requests and responses between the remote server and the
clients.
None - The ZyXEL Device is not providing any DHCP services to the
LAN.
Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
WLAN Information
ESSID
This is the descriptive name used to identify the ZyXEL Device in a
wireless LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
Channel
This is the channel number used by the ZyXEL Device now.
Security
Mode
This displays the type of security mode the ZyXEL Device is using in the
wireless LAN.
WPS
This displays whether WPS is configured. Click this to go to the screen
where you can configure the settings.
Status
This displays whether WLAN is activated.
Security
Firewall
This displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s firewall is activated.
Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
System Status
System
Uptime
This field displays how long the ZyXEL Device has been running since it
last started up. The ZyXEL Device starts up when you plug it in, when
you restart it (Maintenance > Tools > Restart), or when you reset it.
Current
Time
This field displays the current date and time in the ZyXEL Device. You
can change this in Maintenance > System > Time Setting.
System
Mode
This displays whether the ZyXEL Device is functioning as a router or a
bridge.
CPU Usage
This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s processing
ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the
ZyXEL Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to
improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more
throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using
QoS; see Chapter 14 on page 165).
Memory
Usage
This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s memory is
currently used. Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If
memory usage does get close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is probably
becoming unstable, and you should restart the device. See Section 21.4
on page 215, or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a few
seconds.
Interface Status
Interface
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide
This column displays each interface the ZyXEL Device has.
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Chapter 3 Status Screens
Table 4 Status Screen
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Status
This field indicates whether or not the ZyXEL Device is using the
interface.
For the DSL interface, this field displays Down (line is down), Up (line
is up or connected) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE
encapsulation.
For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is
using the interface and NoLink when the ZyXEL Device is not using the
interface.
For the WLAN interface, it displays Active when WLAN is enabled or
InActive when WLAN is disabled.
Rate
For the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the DSL interface, it displays the downstream and upstream
transmission rate.
For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate
when WLAN is enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled.
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CHAPTER
Tutorials
4.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to use the ZyXEL Device’s various features.
• Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network, see page 41
• Configuring the MAC Address Filter, see page 48
• Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network, see page 50
• Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally
configure B’s firewall settings to allow specific traffic to pass through., see page
52
• Multiple WAN Connections Example, see page 53
4.2 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network
Thomas wants to set up a wireless network so that he can use his notebook to
access the Internet. In this wireless network, the ZyXEL Device serves as an
access point (AP), and the notebook is the wireless client. The wireless client can
access the Internet through the AP.
Thomas has to configure the wireless network settings on the ZyXEL Device. Then
he can set up a wireless network using WPS (Section 4.2.2 on page 43) or manual
configuration (Section 4.2.3 on page 48).
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4.2.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings
This example uses the following parameters to set up a wireless network.
42
SSID
Example
Security Mode
WPA2-PSK
Pre-Shared Key
DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork
802.11 Mode
802.11b+g+n
Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Configure the screen
using the provided parameters (see page 42). Click Apply.
Click the Advanced Setup button and select 802.11b+g+n in the 802.11 Mode
field. Click Apply.
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Thomas can now use the WPS feature to establish a wireless connection between
his notebook and the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.2.2 on page 43). He can also
use the notebook’s wireless client to search for the ZyXEL Device (see Section
4.2.3 on page 48).
4.2.2 Using WPS
This section shows you how to set up a wireless network using WPS. It uses the
ZyXEL Device as the AP and ZyXEL NWD210N as the wireless client which
connects to the notebook.
Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB
adapter or PCMCIA card).
There are two WPS methods to set up the wireless client settings:
• Push Button Configuration (PBC) - simply press a button. This is the easier
of the two methods.
• PIN Configuration - configure a Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the
ZyXEL Device. A wireless client must also use the same PIN in order to
download the wireless network settings from the ZyXEL Device.
Push Button Configuration (PBC)
Make sure that your ZyXEL Device is turned on and your notebook is within the
cover range of the wireless signal.
Make sure that you have installed the wireless client driver and utility in your
notebook.
In the wireless client utility, go to the WPS setting page. Enable WPS and press
the WPS button (Start or WPS button).
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Chapter 4 Tutorials
Push and hold the WPS button located on the ZyXEL Device’s rear panel for more
than 1-5 seconds. Alternatively, you may log into ZyXEL Device’s web configurator
and click the Push Button in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
screen.
Note: Your ZyXEL Device has a WPS button located on its rear panel as well as a
WPS button in its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same
function: you can use one or the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second
button within two minutes of pressing the first one.
The ZyXEL Device sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client.
This may take up to two minutes. The wireless client is then able to communicate
with the ZyXEL Device securely.
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The following figure shows you an example of how to set up a wireless network
and its security by pressing a button on both ZyXEL Device and wireless client.
Example WPS Process: PBC Method
ZyXEL Device
Wireless Client
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Press and hold for
5 seconds
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
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Chapter 4 Tutorials
PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both the ZyXEL
Device’s web configurator and the wireless client’s utility.
Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and
select the PIN method to get a PIN number.
Enter the PIN number in the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
Station screen on the ZyXEL Device.
Click the Start buttons (or the button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless
client utility screen and the ZyXEL Device’s WPS Station screen within two
minutes.
The ZyXEL Device authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper
configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. The
wireless client is then able to communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely.
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The following figure shows you how to set up a wireless network and its security
on a ZyXEL Device and a wireless client by using PIN method.
Example WPS Process: PIN Method
Wireless Client
ZyXEL Device
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Authentication by PIN
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
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Chapter 4 Tutorials
4.2.3 Without WPS
Use the wireless adapter’s utility installed on the notebook to search for the
“Example” SSID. Then enter the “DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork” pre-shared key
to establish an wireless Internet connection.
Note: The ZyXEL Device supports IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g wireless clients.
Make sure that your notebook or computer’s wireless adapter supports one of
these standards.
4.3 Configuring the MAC Address Filter
Thomas noticed that his daughter Josephine spends too much time surfing the
web and downloading media files. He decided to prevent Josephine from accessing
the Internet so that she can concentrate on preparing for her final exams.
Josephine’s computer connects wirelessly to the Internet through the ZyXEL
Device. Thomas can deny access to the wireless network using the MAC address of
Josephine’s computer.
Thomas
Josephine
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Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Look for the
MAC address of Josephine’s computer.
Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Click the Edit button in
the MAC Filter field.
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Chapter 4 Tutorials
Select Enable MAC Filter and Deny Association. Enter the MAC address you
found in the Client List screen. Click Apply.
Josephine will no longer be able to access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device.
4.4 Configuring Static Route for Routing to
Another Network
In order to extend your Intranet and control traffic flowing directions, you may
connect a router to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN. The router may be used to separate
two department networks. This tutorial shows how to configure a static routing
rule for two network routings.
In the following figure, router R is connected to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN. R
connects to two networks, N1 (192.168.1.x/24) and N2 (192.168.10.x/24). If
you want to send traffic from computer A (in N1 network) to computer B (in N2
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network), the traffic is sent to the ZyXEL Device’s WAN default gateway by
default. In this case, B will never receive the traffic.
N1
N2
You need to specify a static routing rule on the ZyXEL Device to specify R as the
router in charge of forwarding traffic to N2. In this case, the ZyXEL Device routes
traffic from A to R and then R routes the traffic to B.
N1
N2
This tutorial uses the following example IP settings:
Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTER
IP ADDRESS
The ZyXEL Device’s WAN
172.16.1.1
The ZyXEL Device’s LAN
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.34
R’s N1
192.168.1.253
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Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTER
IP ADDRESS
R’s N2
192.168.10.2
192.168.10.33
To configure a static route to route traffic from N1 to N2:
Log into the ZyXEL Device’s Web Configurator in advanced mode.
Click Advanced > Static Route.
Click Edit on a new rule in the Static Route screen.
Configure the Static Route Setup screen using the following settings:
4a
Type 192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0 for the destination,
N2.
4b
Type 192.168.1.253 (R’s N1 address) in the Gateway IP Address field.
4a
Click Apply.
Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally
configure B’s firewall settings to allow specific traffic to pass through.
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4.5 Multiple WAN Connections Example
This example shows an application for multiple WAN connections.
Your ISP may configure more than one WAN connection on the ZyXEL Device to
record traffic statistics or calculate service charges.
In Figure 9, three WAN connections are configured over the ADSL line:
• The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/33, is dedicated for Media-On-Demand (MOD)
service.
• The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/34, is dedicated for VoIP service.
• The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/35, is dedicated for general data transmission.
Figure 9 Example for Multiple WAN Connections
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Technical Reference
55
56
CHAPTER
Internet and Wireless Setup
Wizard
5.1 Overview
Use the wizard setup screens to configure your system for Internet access with
the information given to you by your ISP.
Note: See the advanced menu chapters for background information on these fields.
5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup
After you enter the password to access the web configurator, click the wizard icon
) in the top right corner of the web configurator to go to the wizards.
Click INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP to configure the system for Internet access
and wireless connection.
Figure 10 Wizard Welcome
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Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard
Your ZyXEL device attempts to detect your DSL connection and your connection
type.
3a
The following screen appears if a connection is not detected. Check your
hardware connections and click Restart the INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP
Wizard to return to the wizard welcome screen. If you still cannot connect,
click Manually configure your Internet connection. Follow the directions
in the wizard and enter your Internet setup information as provided to you by
your ISP. See Section 5.2.1 on page 60 for more details.
If you would like to skip your Internet setup and configure the wireless LAN
settings, leave Yes selected and click Next.
Figure 11 Auto Detection: No DSL Connection
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3b
The following screen displays if a PPPoE or PPPoA connection is detected.
Enter your Internet account information (username, password and/or service
name) exactly as provided by your ISP. Then click Next and see Section 5.3 on
page 66 for wireless connection wizard setup.
Figure 12 Auto-Detection: PPPoE
3c
The following screen appears if the ZyXEL device detects a connection but not
the connection type. Click Next and refer to Section 5.2.1 on page 60 on how
to manually configure the ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
Figure 13 Auto Detection: Failed
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Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard
5.2.1 Manual Configuration
If the ZyXEL Device fails to detect your DSL connection type but the physical line
is connected, enter your Internet access information in the wizard screen exactly
as your service provider gave it to you. Leave the defaults in any fields for which
you were not given information.
Figure 14 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 6 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Mode
Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP give you
one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet
account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP
address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP
address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot
use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL Device.
Encapsulation Select the encapsulation type your ISP uses from the Encapsulation
drop-down list box. Choices vary depending on what you select in the
Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET
ENCAP or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, only RFC 1483 method of
encapsulation is available.
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Table 6 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Multiplexing
Select the multiplexing method used by your ISP from the Multiplex
drop-down list box either VC-based or LLC-based.
Virtual Circuit
ID
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a
virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
VPI
Enter the VPI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
VCI
Enter the VCI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next
Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. The next wizard screen
you see depends on what protocol you chose above.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
The next wizard screen varies depending on what mode and encapsulation type
you use. All screens shown are with routing mode. Configure the fields and click
Next to continue. See Section 5.3 on page 66 for wireless connection wizard
setup
Figure 15 Internet Connection with PPPoE
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 7
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
User Name
Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in
the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter
both components exactly as given.
Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Service
Name
Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Figure 16
62
Internet Connection with PPPoE
Internet Connection with RFC 1483
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Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 8 Internet Connection with RFC 1483
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
This field is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
Type your ISP assigned IP address in this field.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next
Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Figure 17 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 9 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Obtain an IP
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP
Address
address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you
Automatically connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP
address.
Static IP
Address
Select Static IP Address if your ISP gave you an IP address to use.
IP Address
Enter your ISP assigned IP address.
Subnet Mask
Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Refer to the appendix to calculate a subnet mask if you are implementing
subnetting.
Gateway IP
address
You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you
use ENET ENCAP in the Encapsulation field in the previous screen.
First DNS
Server
Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers. The DNS servers are passed to
the DHCP clients along with the IP address and the subnet mask.
Second DNS
Server
As above.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Figure 18 Internet Connection with PPPoA
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 10 Internet Connection with PPPoA
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
User Name
Enter the login name that your ISP gives you.
Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
• If the user name and/or password you entered for PPPoE or PPPoA connection
are not correct, the screen displays as shown next. Click Back to Username
and Password setup to go back to the screen where you can modify them.
Figure 19 Connection Test Failed-1
• If the following screen displays, check if your account is activated or click
Restart the Internet/Wireless Setup Wizard to verify your Internet access
settings.
Figure 20 Connection Test Failed-2.
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5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup
After you configure the Internet access information, use the following screens to
set up your wireless LAN.
Select Yes and click Next to configure wireless settings. Otherwise, select No and
skip to Step 6.
Figure 21 Connection Test Successful
Use this screen to activate the wireless LAN. Click Next to continue.
Figure 22 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 11 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
66
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
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Table 11 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Next
Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Configure your wireless settings in this screen. Click Next.
Figure 23 Wireless LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Network
Name(SSID)
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the
wireless LAN.
If you change this field on the ZyXEL Device, make sure all wireless
stations use the same SSID in order to access the network.
Channel
Selection
The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g wireless devices is
called a channel. Select a channel ID that is not already in use by a
neighboring device.
Security
Select Manually assign a WPA-PSK key to configure a Pre-Shared Key
(WPA-PSK). Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA.
See Section 5.3.1 on page 68 for more information.
Select Manually assign a WEP key to configure a WEP Key. See Section
5.3.2 on page 69 for more information.
Select Disable wireless security to have no wireless LAN security
configured and your network is accessible to any wireless networking
device that is within range.
Back
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Chapter 5 Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard
Table 12 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Next
Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Note: The wireless stations and ZyXEL Device must use the same SSID, channel ID
and WEP encryption key (if WEP is enabled), WPA-PSK (if WPA-PSK is
enabled) for wireless communication.
This screen varies depending on the security mode you selected in the previous
screen. Fill in the field (if available) and click Next.
5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
Choose Manually assign a WPA-PSK key in the Wireless LAN setup screen to
set up a Pre-Shared Key.
Figure 24 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 13 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
68
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Pre-Shared
Key
Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters. You can set up the most
secure wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens.
You need to configure an authentication server to do this.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next
Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key
Choose Manually assign a WEP key to setup WEP Encryption parameters.
Figure 25 Manually Assign a WEP key
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 14 Manually Assign a WEP key
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Key
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the
wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
Enter any 5 or 13 ASCII characters, or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F") for a 64-bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next
Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Click Apply to save your wireless LAN settings.
Figure 26 Wireless LAN Setup 3
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Use the read-only summary table to check whether what you have configured is
correct. Click Finish to complete and save the wizard setup.
Note: No wireless LAN settings display if you chose not to configure wireless LAN
settings.
Figure 27 Internet Access and WLAN Wizard Setup Complete
70
Launch your web browser and navigate to www.zyxel.com. Internet access is just
the beginning. Refer to the rest of this guide for more detailed information on the
complete range of ZyXEL Device features. If you cannot access the Internet, open
the web configurator again to confirm that the Internet settings you configured in
the wizard setup are correct.
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CHAPTER
WAN Setup
6.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure WAN settings from the WAN screens. Use
these screens to configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another
network or the Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local
Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can
communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 28 LAN and WAN
LAN
WAN
6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens
• Use the Internet Access Setup screen (Section 6.2 on page 73) to configure
the WAN settings on the ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
• Use the More Connections screen (Section 6.3 on page 77) to set up
additional Internet access connections.
6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower
layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the
same encapsulation method used by your ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your
ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPPoA,
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they should also provide a username and password (and service name) for user
authentication.
WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the ZyXEL Device, which makes it
accessible from an outside network. It is used by the ZyXEL Device to
communicate with other devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or
dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the ZyXEL Device tries to access the
Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the
subnet mask and DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use
the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method).
Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1
sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody
and not just one.
IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data.
There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP version 2 and 3 are improvements over
version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
IPv6
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and
features. The ZyXEL Device supports IPv4/IPv6 dual stack and can connect to
IPv4 and IPv6 networks. See (Appendix E on page 295) for more information
about IPv6.
Finding Out More
See Section 6.4 on page 83 for technical background information on WAN.
6.1.3 Before You Begin
You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP
address. Get this information from your ISP.
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6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s WAN settings. Click Network >
WAN > Internet Access Setup. The screen differs by the WAN type and
encapsulation you select.
Figure 29 Network > WAN >Internet Access Setup (PPPoE)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 15 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Mode
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Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP gives
you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an
Internet account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more
than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get
individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If you select
Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL
Device.
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Table 15 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Encapsulation
Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the dropdown list box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the
Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483,
ENET ENCAP or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not
available.
User Name
(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as
your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain
where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components
exactly as given.
Password
(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated
with the user name above.
Service Name
(PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
Multiplexing
Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the dropdown list. Choices are VC or LLC.
IPv6/IPv4 Dual
Stack
If you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6
networks and choose the protocol for applications according to the
address type. If you select Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in
IPv4 mode.
PPP
Authentication
The ZyXEL Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is
more secure than PAP; however, PAP is readily available on more
platforms.
Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for
outgoing calls. Options are:
AUTO - Your ZyXEL Device accepts either CHAP or PAP when
requested by this remote node.
CHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts CHAP only.
PAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts PAP only.
Virtual Circuit ID
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define
a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
VPI
The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
VCI
The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for
local management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
IP Address
This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP
address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you
connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic
IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP
assigned IP address in the IP Address field below.
74
Subnet Mask
Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Gateway
Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
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Table 15 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IPv6 Address
Obtain an IP
Address
Automatically
Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6
prefix from the connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to
generate an IPv6 address.
Static IP Address
Select this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your
ISP.
DHCP IPv6
Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6
server.
The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP
address automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6
prefix from an RA.
Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the
ZyXEL Device use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP
address that does not need to be maintained by a DHCP server.
DHCP PD
Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Zyxel
Device to pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts
can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
Connection (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only)
Keep Alive
Select Keep Alive when you want your connection up all the time.
The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it
is disconnected.
Connect on
Demand
Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up
all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout
field.
Max Idle Timeout
Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you
select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means
the Internet session will not timeout.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced Setup
Click this to display the Advanced WAN Setup screen and edit more
details of your WAN setup.
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6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the
Advanced Setup button in the Internet Access Setup screen. The screen
appears as shown.
Figure 30 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast
Setup
This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to
be in bridge mode.
RIP Direction
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange
routing information with other routers. Use this field to control how
much routing information the ZyXEL Device sends and receives on the
subnet.
Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP Version
This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction
field.
Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Multicast
Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are
an alternative to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and
broadcast packets (packets sent to every computer).
Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol
used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device
supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
ATM QoS
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Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
ATM QoS Type
Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on)
bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate)
for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select
rtVBR (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for applications with bursty
connections that require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Select nrtVBR (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for connections
that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Peak Cell Rate
Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find
the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the
sender can send cells. Type the PCR here.
Sustain Cell
Rate
The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term)
that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the
PCR. Note that system default is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum
Burst Size
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells
that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than
65535.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
6.3 The More Connections Screen
The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access
connection. To configure additional Internet access connections click Network >
WAN > More Connections. The screen differs by the encapsulation you select.
When you use the WAN > Internet Access Setup screen to set up Internet
access, you are configuring the first WAN connection.
Figure 31 Network > WAN > More Connections
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 17 Network > WAN > More Connections
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding
connection.
Active
This field indicates whether the connection is active or not.
Clear the check box to disable the connection. Select the check box to
enable it.
Name
This is the name you gave to the Internet connection.
VPI/VCI
This field displays the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel
Identifier (VCI) numbers configured for this WAN connection.
Encapsulation
This field indicates the encapsulation method of the Internet connection.
Modify
The first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the WAN >
Internet Access Setup screen to edit it.
Click the Edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon
on an empty configuration to add a new Internet access setup.
Click the Remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your
connection list.
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6.3.1 More Connections Edit
Use this screen to configure a connection. Click the edit icon in the More
Connections screen to display the following screen.
Figure 32 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Active
Select the check box to activate or clear the check box to
deactivate this connection.
Name
Enter a unique, descriptive name of up to 13 ASCII characters for
this connection.
Mode
Select Routing from the drop-down list box if your ISP allows
multiple computers to share an Internet account.
If you select Bridge, the ZyXEL Device will forward any packet
that it does not route to this remote node; otherwise, the packets
are discarded.
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Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Encapsulation
Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the
drop-down list box. Choices vary depending on the mode you
select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC
1483, ENET ENCAP or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is
not available.
Multiplexing
Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the
drop-down list. Choices are VC or LLC.
By prior agreement, a protocol is assigned a specific virtual
circuit, for example, VC1 will carry IP. If you select VC, specify
separate VPI and VCI numbers for each protocol.
For LLC-based multiplexing or PPP encapsulation, one VC carries
multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being
contained in each packet header. In this case, only one set of VPI
and VCI numbers need be specified for all protocols.
IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack
If you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and
IPv6 networks and choose the protocol for applications according
to the address type. If you select Disable, the ZyXEL Device will
operate in IPv4 mode.
VPI
The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to
you.
VCI
The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for
local management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
IP Address
This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A
dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different
one each time you connect to the Internet.
If you use the encapsulation type except RFC 1483, select
Obtain an IP Address Automatically when you have a
dynamic IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and
type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below.
If you use RFC 1483, enter the IP address given by your ISP in
the IP Address field.
Subnet Mask
Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Default Gateway
Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
IPv6 Address
80
Obtain an IP Address
Automatically
Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the
IPv6 prefix from the connected router’s Router Advertisement
(RA) to generate an IPv6 address.
Static IP Address
Select this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by
your ISP.
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Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
DHCP IPv6
Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a
DHCPv6 server.
The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the
IP address automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using
the IPv6 prefix from an RA.
Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the
ZyXEL Device use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP
address that does not need to be maintained by a DHCP server.
DHCP PD
Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the
Zyxel Device to pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts.
The hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6
addresses.
Connection
Nailed-Up Connection
Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection
up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the
connection automatically if it is disconnected.
Connect on Demand
Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection
up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle
Timeout field.
Max Idle Timeout
Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you
select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which
means the Internet session will not timeout.
NAT
SUA only is available only when you select Routing in the Mode
field.
Select SUA Only if you have one public IP address and want to
use NAT. Click Edit Detail to go to the Port Forwarding screen
to edit a server mapping set.
Otherwise, select None to disable NAT.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Advanced Setup
Click this to display the More Connections Advanced Setup
screen and edit more details of your WAN setup.
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6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the
Advanced Setup button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen
appears as shown.
Figure 33 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP Direction
Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out
Only.
Version
This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP
Direction field.
Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Multicast
Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer
protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The
ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to
disable it.
ATM QoS
82
ATM QoS Type
Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on)
bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit
Rate) for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail.
Select nrtVBR (Variable Bit Rate-non Real Time) or rtVBR
(Variable Bit Rate-Real Time) for bursty traffic and bandwidth
sharing with other applications.
Peak Cell Rate
Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to
find the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which
the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here.
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Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Sustain Cell Rate
The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term)
that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than
the PCR. Note that system default is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst Size
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of
cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is
less than 65535.
MTU
MTU
The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the
largest packet allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the
MTU in this field.
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC, the MTU is 100-1500.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
6.4 WAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics
covered in this chapter.
6.4.1 Encapsulation
Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The ZyXEL Device
supports the following methods.
6.4.1.1 ENET ENCAP
The MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) is only implemented
with the IP network protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface
and the WAN interface and then formatted so that they can be understood in a
bridged environment. For instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into
bridged ATM cells. ENET ENCAP requires that you specify a gateway IP address in
the Gateway IP Address field in the wizard or WAN screen. You can get this
information from your ISP.
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6.4.1.2 PPP over Ethernet
The ZyXEL Device supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is
an IETF Draft standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC)
interacts with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The
PPPoE option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that
works with existing access control systems (for example RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network
services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service
provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as
it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the ZyXEL Device (rather than individual
computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed,
since the ZyXEL Device does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of
the LANs’ computers will have access.
6.4.1.3 PPPoA
PPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A
PPPoA connection functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The ZyXEL Device
encapsulates the PPP session based on RFC1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) DSLAM (Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364 for more
information on PPPoA. Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP.
6.4.1.4 RFC 1483
RFC 1483 describes two methods for Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM
Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). The first method allows multiplexing of multiple
protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit (LLC-based multiplexing) and the second
method assumes that each protocol is carried over a separate ATM virtual circuit
(VC-based multiplexing). Please refer to RFC 1483 for more detailed information.
6.4.2 Multiplexing
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is
carrying. Be sure to use the multiplexing method required by your ISP.
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VC-based Multiplexing
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific
virtual circuit; for example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be
dominant in environments where dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is
fast and economical.
LLC-based Multiplexing
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information
being contained in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and
processing overhead, this method may be advantageous if it is not practical to
have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if charging heavily
depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
6.4.3 VPI and VCI
Be sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel
Identifier (VCI) numbers assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255
and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM
traffic). Please see the appendix for more information.
6.4.4 IP Address Assignment
A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP
assigns you a different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be
enabled or disabled if you have either a dynamic or static IP. However the
encapsulation method assigned influences your choices for IP address and ENET
ENCAP gateway.
IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation
If you have a dynamic IP, then the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields
are not applicable (N/A). If you have a Static IP Address assigned by your ISP,
then they should also assign you a Subnet Mask and a Gateway IP Address.
IP Assignment with RFC 1483 Encapsulation
In this case the IP address assignment must be static.
IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP Encapsulation
In this case you can have either a static or dynamic IP. For a static IP you must fill
in all the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields as supplied by your ISP.
However for a dynamic IP, the ZyXEL Device acts as a DHCP client on the WAN
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port and so the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable
(N/A) as the DHCP server assigns them to the ZyXEL Device.
6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)
A nailed-up connection is a dial-up line where the connection is always up
regardless of traffic demand. The ZyXEL Device does two things when you specify
a nailed-up connection. The first is that idle timeout is disabled. The second is that
the ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection when turned on and
whenever the connection is down. A nailed-up connection can be very expensive
for obvious reasons.
Do not specify a nailed-up connection unless your telephone company offers flatrate service or you need a constant connection and the cost is of no concern.
6.4.6 NAT
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP
address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing
packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another
network.
6.5 Traffic Shaping
Traffic Shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate
the average rate and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This
agreement helps eliminate congestion, which is important for transmission of real
time data such as audio and video connections.
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This
parameter may be lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM
cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a maximum speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum
PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed because it is dependent on the
line speed.
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It
specifies the maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual
connection. SCR may not be greater than the PCR.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at
the PCR. After MBS is reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to
the SCR again. At this time, more cells (up to the MBS) can be sent at the PCR
again.
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If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a
maximum value that correlates to your upstream line rate.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS.
Figure 34 Example of Traffic Shaping
6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes
These are the basic ATM traffic classes defined by the ATM Forum Traffic
Management 4.0 Specification.
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) provides fixed bandwidth that is always available even if
no data is being sent. CBR traffic is generally time-sensitive (doesn't tolerate
delay). CBR is used for connections that continuously require a specific amount of
bandwidth. A PCR is specified and if traffic exceeds this rate, cells may be
dropped. Examples of connections that need CBR would be high-resolution video
and voice.
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
The Variable Bit Rate (VBR) ATM traffic class is used with bursty connections.
Connections that use the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic class can be grouped into
real time (VBR-RT) or non-real time (VBR-nRT) connections.
The VBR-RT (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that
require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It also provides a fixed
amount of bandwidth (a PCR is specified) but is only available when data is being
sent. An example of an VBR-RT connection would be video conferencing. Video
conferencing requires real-time data transfers and the bandwidth requirement
varies in proportion to the video image's changing dynamics.
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The VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty
connections that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It is
commonly used for "bursty" traffic typical on LANs. PCR and MBS define the burst
levels, SCR defines the minimum level. An example of an VBR-nRT connection
would be non-time sensitive data file transfers.
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
The Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ATM traffic class is for bursty data transfers.
However, UBR doesn't guarantee any bandwidth and only delivers traffic when the
network has spare bandwidth. An example application is background file transfer.
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LAN Setup
7.1 Overview
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many
networking devices are connected. It is usually located in one immediate area
such as a building or floor of a building.
Use the LAN screens to help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP
addresses.
LAN
DSL
7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens
• Use the LAN IP screen (Section 7.2 on page 91) to set the LAN IP address and
subnet mask of your ZyXEL device. You can also edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP,
multicast and Windows Networking settings from this screen.
• Use the DHCP Setup screen (Section 7.3 on page 93) to configure the ZyXEL
Device’s DHCP settings.
• Use the Client List screen (Section 7.4 on page 94) to assign IP addresses on
the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses.
• Use the IP Alias screen (Section 7.5 on page 96) to change your ZyXEL
Device’s IP alias settings.
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• Use the IPv6 screen (Section 7.6 on page 97) to configure the IPv6 settings on
your ZyXEL device’s LAN interface.
7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN
IP Address
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to
communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as
hosts.
Subnet Mask
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network.
You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
DHCP
A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server can assign your ZyXEL
Device an IP address, subnet mask, DNS and other routing information when it's
turned on.
RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing
information with other routers.
Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1
sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody
and not just 1.
IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data.
There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP version 2 and 3 are improvements over
version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding
IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because
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without it, you must know the IP address of a networking device before you can
access it.
Finding Out More
See Section 7.7 on page 98 for technical background information on LANs.
7.1.3 Before You Begin
Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to
the DHCP Client List screen.
7.2 The LAN IP Screen
Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your
ZyXEL Device. Click Network > LAN to open the IP screen.
Follow these steps to configure your LAN settings.
Enter an IP address into the IP Address field. The IP address must be in dotted
decimal notation. This will become the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
Enter the IP subnet mask into the IP Subnet Mask field. Unless instructed
otherwise it is best to leave this alone, the configurator will automatically compute
a subnet mask based upon the IP address you entered.
Click Apply to save your settings.
Figure 35 Network > LAN > IP
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 20 Network > LAN > IP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
Enter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in
dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default).
IP Subnet Mask
Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for
example 255.255.255.0 (factory default). Your ZyXEL Device
automatically computes the subnet mask based on the IP Address you
enter, so do not change this field unless you are instructed to do so.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced Setup
Click this to display the Advanced LAN Setup screen and edit more
details of your LAN setup.
7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows
Networking settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the LAN IP screen. The
screen appears as shown.
Figure 36 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 21 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP Direction
Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP Version
This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction
field.
Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
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Multicast
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol
used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device
supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
IGMP Snooping
Select Enabled to activate IGMP Snooping. This allows the ZyXEL
Device to passively learn memberships in multicast groups.
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Table 21 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure the DNS server information that the ZyXEL Device
sends to the DHCP client devices on the LAN. Click Network > DHCP Setup to
open this screen.
Figure 37 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 22 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
DHCP Setup
DHCP
If set to Server, your ZyXEL Device can assign IP addresses, an IP
default gateway and DNS servers to Windows 95, Windows NT and
other systems that support the DHCP client.
If set to None, the DHCP server will be disabled.
If set to Relay, the ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server
and relays DHCP requests and responses between the remote server
and the clients. Enter the IP address of the actual, remote DHCP
server in the Remote DHCP Server field in this case.
When DHCP is used, the following items need to be set:
IP Pool Starting
Address
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP
address pool.
Pool Size
This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool.
Remote DHCP
Server
If Relay is selected in the DHCP field above then enter the IP
address of the actual remote DHCP server here.
DNS Server
DNS Servers
Assigned by DHCP
Server
The ZyXEL Device passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP
address to the DHCP clients.
Primary /
Secondary DNS
Server
Enter the IP address of your primary/secondary DNS server.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
7.4 The Client List Screen
This table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual
computers based on their MAC Addresses.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC
address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal
characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
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Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s static DHCP settings. Click
Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen.
Figure 38 Network > LAN > Client List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 23 Network > LAN > Client List
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
Enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your
LAN with the MAC address that you will also specify.
MAC Address
Enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN.
Add
Click this to add a static DHCP entry.
This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
Status
This field displays whether the client is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Host Name
This field displays the computer host name.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
MAC Address
The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local
Area Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal
notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired
address that is assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry
standard that ensures no other adapter has a similar address.
Remove
Select the check box and then click Apply to remove the client from
the list.
Modify
Click the modify icon to have the IP address field editable and change
it.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
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7.5 The IP Alias Screen
IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks
over the same Ethernet interface. The ZyXEL Device supports two logical LAN
interface via its physical Ethernet interface with the ZyXEL Device itself as the
gateway for the LAN network.
When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access to
the LAN's logical network (subnet).
7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s IP alias settings. Click Network >
LAN > IP Alias to open the following screen.
Figure 39 Network > LAN > IP Alias
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 24 Network > LAN > IP Alias
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Alias
Select the check box to configure a LAN network for the ZyXEL Device.
IP Address
Enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation.
Alternatively, click the right mouse button to copy and/or paste the IP
address.
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IP Subnet Mask
Your ZyXEL Device will automatically calculate the subnet mask based
on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing
subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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7.6 The IPv6 Screen
Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings for your P-660HN-Tx’s LAN
interface. See Appendix E on page 295 for background information about IPv6.
Figure 40 Network > LAN > IPv6
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 25 Network > LAN > IPv6
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IPv6
IPv6 Address
Enter the LAN IPv6 address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device
in hexadecimal notation, for example, fe80::1 (factory default).
Prefix
Enter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits in
an IPv6 address compose the network address.
MLD Snooping
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) allows an IPv6 switch or router to
discover the presence of MLD hosts who wish to receive multicast
packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to
join on its network. Select Enabled to activate MLD Snooping on the
ZyXEL Device. This allows the ZyXEL device to check MLD packets
passing through it and learn the multicast group membership. It helps
reduce multicast traffic.
LAN IPv6 Address Setting
Delegate Prefix
from WAN
Select this option to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from
the service provider or an uplink router.
Static
Select this option to configure a fixed IPv6 network prefix for the
ZyXEL device’s LAN interface.
Static IPv6
Address
If you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 prefix that the ZyXEL
Device uses to generate its LAN IPv6 address.
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LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Prefix length
An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits
(starting from the left) in the address compose the network address.
This field displays the bit number of the IPv6 subnet mask.
Preferred
Lifetime
Enter the preferred lifetime for the prefix.
Valid Lifetime
Enter the valid lifetime for the prefix.
DHCPv6 Configuration
IPv6 DNS
Configure the IPv6 DNS information the ZyXEL device passes to clients
when it acts as a DHCPv6 server. Select Auto if your ISP dynamically
assigns DNS server information. Select Manual to configure DNS
server addresses manually.
IPv6 DNS
Server1
Enter the first DNS server IP address the ZyXEL Device passes to the
DHCP clients.
IPv6 DNS
Server2
Enter the second DNS server IP address the ZyXEL Device passes to
the DHCP clients.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
7.7 LAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics
covered in this chapter.
7.7.1
LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device
The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are
LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN
network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.
Figure 41 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
LAN
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7.7.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows
individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can
configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a
server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you
turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else
the computer must be manually configured.
IP Pool Setup
The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP
clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not
assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.
7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without
it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS
server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client
machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
• The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an
information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server
addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup screen.
• Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS
server extensions of IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If
your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances are the DNS servers are
conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The ZyXEL Device supports the IPCP DNS
server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server
extensions. It does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP
setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make
sure that you enter their IP addresses in the DHCP Setup screen.
7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP
The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses
and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.
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IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do
computers on a LAN share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If
the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP
addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet
mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you
have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when
the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select
a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the
Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL Device. The Internet
Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for
private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise.
Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254
individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are
reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number
while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to
remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that
no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP
address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by
the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are
isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you
can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP
addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0
• 172.16.0.0
— 10.255.255.255
— 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned
from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet
access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for
your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger
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organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP
addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address
assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, “Address Allocation for Private
Internets” and RFC 1466, “Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.
7.7.5 RIP Setup
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing
information with other routers. The RIP Direction field controls the sending and
receiving of RIP packets. When set to:
• Both - the ZyXEL Device will broadcast its routing table periodically and
incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
• In Only - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets but will accept all RIP
packets received.
• Out Only - the ZyXEL Device will send out RIP packets but will not accept any
RIP packets received.
• None - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP
packets received.
The Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP
packets that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving).
RIP-1 is universally supported; but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is
probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network
topology.
Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference
being that RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting.
Multicasting can reduce the load on non-router machines since they generally do
not listen to the RIP multicast address and so will not receive the RIP packets.
However, if one router uses multicasting, then all routers on your network must
use multicasting, also.
7.7.6 Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1
sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody
and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP
version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP
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version 1 is still in wide use. IGMP version 3 supports source filtering, reporting or
ignoring traffic from specific source address to a particular host on the network. If
you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability between
IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class
D IP address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used
by IP multicast computers. The address 224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and
is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts (including gateways). All hosts
must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The address
224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group.
At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather
group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this
information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the ZyXEL Device LAN
and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to
disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
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Wireless LAN
8.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to perform tasks related to setting up and optimizing
your wireless network, including the following.
• Turning the wireless connection on or off.
• Configuring a name, wireless channel and security for the network.
• Using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to configure your wireless network.
• Setting up multiple wireless networks.
• Using a MAC (Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the
wireless network.
• Performing other performance-related wireless tasks.
8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens
This section describes the ZyXEL Device’s Network > Wireless LAN screens. Use
these screens to set up your ZyXEL Device’s wireless connection.
• Use the AP screen (see Section 8.2 on page 105) to turn the wireless
connection on or off, set up wireless security, configure the MAC filter, and make
other basic configuration changes.
• Use the More AP screen (see Section 8.3 on page 111) to set up multiple
wireless networks on your ZyXEL Device.
• Use the WPS screen (see Section 8.4 on page 113) to enable or disable WPS,
generate a security PIN (Personal Identification Number) and see information
about the ZyXEL Device’s WPS status.
• Use the WPS Station (see Section 8.5 on page 114) screen to set up WPS by
pressing a button or using a PIN.
You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless
connection. For example, you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless
radio channel and security in the AP screen.
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8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless
Wireless Basics
“Wireless” is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie
radios send and receive information over the airwaves, wireless networking
devices exchange information with one another. A wireless networking device is
just like a radio that lets your computer exchange information with radios
attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking
devices operate at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not
require a license to use. However, wireless networking is different from that of
most traditional radio communications in that there a number of wireless
networking standards available with different methods of data encryption.
SSID
Each network must have a name, referred to as the SSID - “Service Set
IDentifier”. The “service set” is the network, so the “service set identifier” is the
network’s name. This helps you identify your wireless network when wireless
networks’ coverage areas overlap and you have a variety of networks to choose
from.
MAC Address Filter
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC
address consists of twelve hexadecimal characters (0-9, and A to F), and it is
usually written in the following format: “0A:A0:00:BB:CC:DD”.
The MAC address filter controls access to the wireless network. You can use the
MAC address of each wireless client to allow or deny access to the wireless
network.
Finding Out More
See Section 8.6 on page 115 for advanced technical information on wireless
networks.
8.1.3 Before You Start
Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See
Section 8.1.2 on page 104 if some of the terms used here are not familiar to you.
• What wireless standards do the other wireless devices in your network support
(IEEE 802.11g, for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
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• What security options do the other wireless devices in your network support
(WPA-PSK, for example)? What is the strongest security option supported by all
the devices in your network?
• Do the other wireless devices in your network support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected
Setup)? If so, you can set up a well-secured network very easily.
Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to
set up your network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this
is somewhat more complicated to do.
• What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to
configure advanced options such as Quality of Service, ensure that you know
precisely what you want to do. If you do not want to configure advanced
options, leave them as they are.
8.2 The AP Screen
Use this screen to configure the wireless settings of your ZyXEL Device. Click
Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen.
Figure 42 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 26 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Wireless Setup
Enable
Wireless LAN
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Table 26 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Channel
Selection
Set the operating channel manually by selecting a channel from the
Channel Selection list or use Auto Channel Select to have it
automatically configured.
Common Setup
Network
Name (SSID)
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a
wireless device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access
point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32
printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer
connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL
Device’s SSID or WEP settings, you will lose your wireless
connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then
change the wireless settings of your computer to match the
ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Hide SSID
Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a
station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Security
Mode
See the following sections for more details about this field.
MAC Filter
This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are
allowed or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID.
Edit
Click this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings.
See Section 8.2.5 on page 110 for more details.
QoS
Select this check box to activate Quality of Service (QoS).
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced
Setup
Click this to display the Wireless Advanced Setup screen and edit more
details of your WLAN setup. See Section 8.2.4 on page 109 for more
details.
8.2.1 No Security
In the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen, select No Security from the
Security Mode list to allow wireless devices to communicate with the ZyXEL
Device without any data encryption or authentication.
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Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your ZyXEL Device, your network
is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 43 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Security
Mode
Choose No Security from the drop-down list box.
8.2.2 WEP Encryption
Use this screen to configure and enable WEP encryption. Click Network >
Wireless LAN to display the AP screen. Select Static WEP from the Security
Mode list.
Note: WEP is extremely insecure. Its encryption can be broken by an attacker, using
widely-available software. It is strongly recommended that you use a more
effective security mechanism. Use the strongest security mechanism that all the
wireless devices in your network support. For example, use WPA-PSK or
WPA2-PSK if all your wireless devices support it. If your wireless devices
support nothing stronger than WEP, use the highest encryption level available.
Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP
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The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 28 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Security
Mode
Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box.
Passphrase
Enter a passphrase (up to 32 printable characters) and click Generate.
The ZyXEL Device automatically generates a WEP key.
WEP Key
The WEP key is used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the
wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you want to manually set the WEP key, enter any 5 or 13 characters
(ASCII string) or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") for a 64bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK
Use this screen to configure and enable WPA(2)-PSK authentication. Click
Network > Wireless LAN to display the AP screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2PSK from the Security Mode list.
Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Security Mode
Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
WPA Compatible
This check box is available only when you select WPA2-PSK in the
Security Mode field.
Select the check box to have both WPA-PSK wireless clients be able to
communicate with the ZyXEL Device even when the ZyXEL Device is
using WPA2-PSK.
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Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Pre-Shared Key
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are
the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK
uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters
(including spaces and symbols).
WPA Group Key
Update Timer
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using
WPA(2)-PSK key management) sends a new group key out to all
clients. The re-keying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of
automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a
WLAN on a periodic basis.
8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup
Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings. Click the Advanced
Setup button in the AP screen. The screen appears as shown.
See Section 8.6.2 on page 117 for detailed definitions of the terms listed in this
screen.
Figure 46 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS
Threshold
Enter a value between 0 and 2347.
Fragmentation
Threshold
This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value
between 256 and 2346.
Output Power
Set the output power of the ZyXEL Device. If there is a high density of
APs in an area, decrease the output power to reduce interference with
other APs. Select one of the following: 100%, 75%, 50% or 25%.
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Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Preamble
Select a preamble type from the drop-down list menu. Choices are Long
or Short. See the Appendix D on page 283 for more information.
802.11 Mode
Select 802.11b Only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11g Only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11b+g to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g
compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The
transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced.
Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to
associate with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11g+n to allow either IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n
compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The
transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced.
Select 802.11b+g+n to allow IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or
IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL
Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
8.2.5 MAC Filter
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s MAC filter settings. Click the Edit
button in the AP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 47 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable MAC
Filter
Select the check box to enable MAC address filtering.
Filter Action
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address
table.
Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed
will be allowed to access the ZyXEL Device
Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not
listed will be denied access to the ZyXEL Device.
Set
This is the index number of the MAC address.
MAC
Address
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied
access to the ZyXEL Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC
addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character
pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
8.3 The More AP Screen
This screen allows you to enable and configure multiple Basic Service Sets (BSSs)
on the ZyXEL Device.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > More AP. The following screen displays.
Figure 48 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Active
This field indicates whether this SSID is active.
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Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SSID
An SSID profile is the set of parameters relating to one of the ZyXEL
Device’s BSSs. The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service
Set with which a wireless device is associated.
This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When
a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that
is broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility.
Security
This field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to configure the SSID profile.
Click the Remove icon to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so
a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey
tool.
8.3.1 More AP Edit
Use this screen to edit an SSID profile. Click the Edit icon next to an SSID in the
More AP screen. The following screen displays.
Figure 49 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select this check box to make this SSID active.
Network Name
(SSID)
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which
a wireless device is associated. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32
printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer
connected to the wireless LAN and you change the
ZyXEL Device’s SSID or security settings, you will lose
your wireless connection when you press Apply to
confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of
your computer to match the ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Hide SSID
Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame
so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site
survey tool.
Security Mode
See Section 8.2 on page 105 for more details about this field.
MAC Filter
This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses
listed are allowed or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this
SSID.
Edit
Click this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter
settings. See Section 8.2.5 on page 110 for more details.
QoS
Select this check box to activate Quality of Service (QoS).
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
8.4 The WPS Screen
Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your ZyXEL Device.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without
having to configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection
between two devices. Both devices must support WPS.
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Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS. The following screen displays.
Figure 50 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WPS Setup
WPS Setup
Select the check box to activate WPS on the ZyXEL Device.
WPS Status
This displays Configured when the ZyXEL Device has connected to a
wireless network using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or
wireless security settings have been changed. The current wireless and
wireless security settings also appear in the screen.
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there is no wireless
or wireless security changes on the ZyXEL Device or you click Release
to remove the configured wireless and wireless security settings.
Release
This button is available when the WPS status is Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security
settings for WPS connections on the ZyXEL Device.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Refresh
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
8.5 The WPS Station Screen
Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network using either Push Button
Configuration (PBC) or PIN Configuration.
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Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station. The following screen displays.
Figure 51 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Push Button
Click this to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless
range of the ZyXEL Device) to your wireless network. This button may
either be a physical button on the outside of device, or a menu button
similar to the Push Button on this screen.
Note: You must press the other wireless device’s WPS button within
two minutes of pressing this button.
Or input
station's PIN
number
Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection
with and click Start to authenticate and add the wireless device to your
wireless network.
You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking
the device’s settings.
Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes
to have it present its PIN to the ZyXEL Device.
8.6 Wireless LAN Technical Reference
This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the
appendix.
8.6.1 Wireless Network Overview
Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges.
• A wireless client is a radio connected to a user’s computer.
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• An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can
connect with numerous wireless clients and let them access the network.
• A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and
wireless clients, extending a network’s range.
Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.
• An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or
more wireless clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points.
• An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless
clients connect to one another in order to exchange information.
The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 52 Example of a Wireless Network
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network,
devices A and B use the access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such
as the printer) or with the Internet. Your ZyXEL Device is the AP.
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
• Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set
IDentifier.
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• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific
channel, or frequency, to send and receive information.
• Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with
the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also
protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Radio Channels
In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed,
civilian use. For the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into
numerous channels. This allows a variety of networks to exist in the same place
without interfering with one another. When you create a network, you must select
a channel to use.
Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the
number of available channels also varies.
8.6.2 Additional Wireless Terms
The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in
the ZyXEL Device’s Web Configurator.
Table 36 Additional Wireless Terms
TERM
DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS Threshold
In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices
are sometimes not aware of each other’s presence. This may cause
them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in
information colliding and not getting through.
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless
devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the
ZyXEL Device. The lower the value, the more often the devices must
get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see
below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send
information to the ZyXEL Device.
Preamble
A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are
two preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different
preamble mode than the ZyXEL Device does, it cannot communicate
with the ZyXEL Device.
Authentication
The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use
the wireless network.
Fragmentation
Threshold
A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks,
while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network
is not very busy.
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8.6.3 Wireless Security Overview
By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data
networks, this means that anyone within range of a wireless network without
security can not only read the data passing over the airwaves, but also join the
network. Once an unauthorized person has access to the network, he or she can
steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to
compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have
been developed to ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data
network, or understand the data carried on it.
These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that
only people presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a
“key” phrase) can access the network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the
information sent over the air is encoded. Only people with the code key can
understand the information, and only people who have been authenticated are
given the code key.
These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the
old Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at
all, but it will not keep a determined attacker out. Other security standards are
secure in themselves but can be broken if a user does not use them properly. For
example, the WPA-PSK security standard is very secure if you use a long key
which is difficult for an attacker’s software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter
long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if
you use a short key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word
from the dictionary.
Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, it’s not just
people who have sensitive information on their network who should use security.
Everybody who uses any wireless network should ensure that effective security is
in place.
A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use
obscure information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a
way that appears random and does not include real words. For example, if your
mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and her favorite movie is Vanishing Point
(which you know was made in 1971) you could use “70dodchal71vanpoi” as your
security key.
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up
in the wireless network.
8.6.3.1 SSID
Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID
in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does
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not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to
something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for
unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless
devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network.
8.6.3.2 MAC Address Filter
Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number,
called a MAC address.1 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal
characters2; for example, 00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC
address for each device in the wireless network, see the device’s User’s Guide or
other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are
allowed or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use
the wireless network, it still has to have the correct information (SSID, channel,
and security). If a device is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not
matter if it has the correct information.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the
MAC address of an authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use
the wireless network.
8.6.3.3 User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to
use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network
before using it. However, every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE
802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user
in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you
do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for
your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the
wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore,
there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and
password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless
network.
1.
Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks.
These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2.
Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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8.6.3.4 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the
wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret
code, you cannot understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication.
(See Section 8.6.3.3 on page 119 for information about this.)
Table 37 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATION RADIUS SERVER
Weakest
No Security
WPA
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
Strongest
WPA2-PSK
WPA2
For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA
or WPA2. If users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no
encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the
wireless network supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network
with the ZyXEL Device and you do not have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is
no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only
supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA-PSK. Therefore, you should
set up Static WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger
encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still
possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information
pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select
an option (WPA compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the
devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or
WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA
compatible option in the ZyXEL Device.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless
network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the
wireless network must have the same key.
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8.6.4 Signal Problems
Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to
limitations of distance, interference and absorption.
Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with
interference occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference
may come from other radio transmissions, such as military or air traffic control
communications, or from machines that are coincidental emitters such as electric
motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when physical objects
(such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal.
8.6.5 BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless
stations or between a wireless station and a wired network client go through one
access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS
traffic blocking is disabled, wireless station A and B can access the wired network
and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is enabled,
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wireless station A and B can still access the wired network but cannot
communicate with each other.
Figure 53 Basic Service set
8.6.6 MBSSID
Traditionally, you need to use different APs to configure different Basic Service
Sets (BSSs). As well as the cost of buying extra APs, there is also the possibility of
channel interference. The ZyXEL Device’s MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set
IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point to provide several BSSs
simultaneously. You can then assign varying QoS priorities and/or security modes
to different SSIDs.
Wireless devices can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.
8.6.6.1 Notes on Multiple BSSs
• A maximum of eight BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.
• You must use different keys for different BSSs. If two wireless devices have
different BSSIDs (they are in different BSSs), but have the same keys, they
may hear each other’s communications (but not communicate with each other).
• MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x
security.
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8.6.7 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)
Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to
set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification,
defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without
having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works
between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each device’s
documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device
itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification
Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two
devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another
device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a
secure network by themselves.
8.6.7.1 Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each
WPS-enabled device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need
to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS
PBC button in their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical
button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one
another.
Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its
configuration utility and locate the button (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to
do this - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.5 on page 114).
Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which). For the ZyXEL
Device you must press the WPS button for more than three seconds.
Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the
network name (SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the
enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless
clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list,
WPS was successful.
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8.6.7.2 PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This
may either be static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can
generate a new PIN by clicking on a button in the configuration interface).
Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you
want to ensure that the connection is established between the devices you specify,
not just the first two devices to activate WPS in range of each other. However, you
need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices to use the PIN
method.
When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually
the wireless client) into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless
router). Then, when WPS is activated on the first device, it presents its PIN to the
second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends the network and security
information to the other, allowing it to join the network.
Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or
wireless router (referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN
method.
Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices.
Access the WPS section of the AP’s configuration interface. See the device’s User’s
Guide for how to do this.
Look for the client’s WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the
WPS section of the client’s configuration interface (see the device’s User’s Guide
for how to find the WPS PIN - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.4 on page 113).
Enter the client’s PIN in the AP’s configuration interface.
If the client device’s configuration interface has an area for entering another
device’s PIN, you can either enter the client’s PIN in the AP, or enter the AP’s PIN
in the client - it does not matter which.
Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device
itself.
On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If
you can connect, WPS was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s
configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook
computer) connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
Figure 54 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
ENROLLEE
REGISTRAR
WPS
This device’s
WPS PIN: 123456
WPS
Enter WPS PIN
from other device:
WPS
START
WPS
START
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
SECURE EAP TUNNEL
SSID
WPA(2)-PSK
COMMUNICATION
8.6.7.3 How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role.
One device acts as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security
settings) and the other device acts as the enrollee (the device that receives
network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the WPAPSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
is used depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is
already part of a network, it sends the existing information. If not, it generates
the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook
computer) connecting to a WPS-enabled access point.
Figure 55 How WPS works
ACTIVATE
WPS
ACTIVATE
WPS
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
WPS HANDSHAKE
ENROLLEE
REGISTRAR
SECURE TUNNEL
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is
active (two minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the
registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in
each WPS transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the
process with one of the existing networked devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client
is not always the enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can
some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured”. This means that it is not part of an
existing network and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both
functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the
enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has connected to
another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A configured wireless client
can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a
configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all
subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to
act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults.
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8.6.7.4 Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1
are unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In
this example, AP1 is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar
randomly generates the security information to set up the network, since it is
unconfigured and has no existing information.
Figure 56 WPS: Example Network Step 1
ENROLLEE
REGISTRAR
SECURITY INFO
AP1
CLIENT 1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1
supports registrar mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with
the new client since you must connect to the access point anyway in order to use
the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is configured (it
already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing
security information to Client 2.
Figure 57 WPS: Example Network Step 2
REGISTRAR
EXISTING CONNECTION
AP1
CLIENT 1
ENROLLEE
YI
RIT
SE
NF
CLIENT 2
In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of
range of AP1, so you cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access
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point. However, you know that Client 2 supports the registrar function, so you use
it to perform the WPS handshake instead.
Figure 58 WPS: Example Network Step 3
EXISTING CONNECTION
CLIENT 1
ION
CT
NN
CO
TI
XIS
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 2
SE
CU
RIT
ENROLLEE
INF
AP2
8.6.7.5 Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
• WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client
communicate). It does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
• When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll
multiple devices simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the
first enrollee (by pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee,
for example), then check that it successfully enrolled, then set up the second
device in the same way.
• WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add
non-WPS devices to a network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2PSK pre-shared key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether
the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check
the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover the key the
network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the
key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS
device must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK).
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• When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you
press the button on one device to the moment you press the button on the
other device) when any WPS-enabled device could join the network. This is
because the registrar has no way of identifying the “correct” enrollee, and
cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible
way for a hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two
devices simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be
unable to enroll, and will not have access to the network. If this happens, open
the access point’s configuration interface and look at the list of associated
clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access
point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS
handshake; a rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain
access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of your wireless clients
(usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown
MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
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CHAPTER
Network Address Translation
(NAT)
9.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the ZyXEL Device. NAT (Network
Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host
in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within
one network to a different IP address known within another network.
9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens
• Use the NAT General Setup screen (Section 9.2 on page 132) to configure the
NAT setup settings.
• Use the Port Forwarding screen (Section 9.3 on page 133) to configure
forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
• Use the ALG screen (Section 9.4 on page 137) to enable and disable the SIP
(VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device.
9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT
Inside/Outside
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for
example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web
servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/Local
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a
router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the
packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of
the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
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NAT
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from
a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address)
before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back,
NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the
inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.
Port Forwarding
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for
example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though
NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside
world.
Finding Out More
See Section 9.5 on page 137 for advanced technical information on NAT.
9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen
Use this screen to activate NAT. Click Network > NAT to open the following
screen.
Note: You must create an IP filter rule in addition to setting up NAT, to allow traffic
from the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 59 Network > NAT > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Network > NAT > General
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active Network
Address
Translation
Select this check box to enable NAT.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen
Use this screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local
network.
You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded,
and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a
service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some
cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than
one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify
a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to
a port or a range of ports.
The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix F on page
305. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Default Server IP Address
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP
address. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this
screen.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards
all packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote
management setup.
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Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in
the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP
address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP
addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a
single host on the Internet.
Figure 60 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
A=192.168.1.33
WAN
LAN
B=192.168.1.34
192.168.1.1
C=192.168.1.35
IP Address assigned by ISP
D=192.168.1.36
9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen
Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen.
See Appendix F on page 305 for port numbers commonly used for particular
services.
Figure 61 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 39 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Default Server Setup
Default Server
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default
server. A default server receives packets from ports that are not
specified in this screen. If you do not assign a Default Server IP
address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for ports that
are not specified here or in the remote management setup.
Port Forwarding
Service Name
Select a service from the drop-down list box.
Server IP
Address
Enter the IP address of the server for the specified service.
Add
Click this button to add a rule to the table below.
This is the rule index number (read-only).
Active
This field indicates whether the rule is active or not.
Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable
it.
Service Name
This is a service’s name.
Start Port
This is the first port number that identifies a service.
End Port
This is the last port number that identifies a service.
Server IP
Address
This is the server’s IP address.
Modify
Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the port
forwarding rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that
subsequent address mapping rules move up by one when you take this
action.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen
Use this screen to edit a port forwarding rule. Click the rule’s edit icon in the Port
Forwarding screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 62 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 40 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Rule Setup
Active
Click this check box to enable the rule.
Service Name
Enter a name to identify this port-forwarding rule.
Start Port
Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port
field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end
port number in the End Port field.
End Port
Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the Start Port
field above and then enter it again in this field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that
begins with the port number in the Start Port field above.
136
Server IP
Address
Enter the inside IP address of the server here.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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9.4 The ALG Screen
Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG
allows SIP calls to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses
embedded in the data stream. When the ZyXEL Device registers with the SIP
register server, the SIP ALG translates the ZyXEL Device’s private IP address
inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or
an outbound proxy if your ZyXEL Device is behind a SIP ALG.
Use this screen to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device. To
access this screen, click Network > NAT > ALG.
Figure 63 Network > NAT > ALG
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 41 Network > NAT > ALG
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable SIP ALG
Select this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with portforwarding and address-mapping rules.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Reset
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
9.5 NAT Technical Reference
This chapter contains more information regarding NAT.
9.5.1 NAT Definitions
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for
example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web
servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a
router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the
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packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of
the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to
the IP address of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the
IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still in the local
network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside
host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this
information.
Table 42 NAT Definitions
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Inside
This refers to the host on the LAN.
Outside
This refers to the host on the WAN.
Local
This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels
on the LAN.
Global
This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels
on the WAN.
NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
9.5.2 What NAT Does
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from
a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address)
before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back,
NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the
inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the
IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically
assigned by the ISP. In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web
server and a telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the
outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-to-One and Many-toMany Overload mapping – see Table 43 on page 141), NAT offers the additional
benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your ZyXEL Device filters
out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network.
For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network
Address Translator (NAT).
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9.5.3 How NAT Works
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For
outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN,
and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For
incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is
the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to
globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It
replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for
Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then
forwards it to the Internet. The ZyXEL Device keeps track of the original addresses
and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values
restored. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 64 How NAT Works
NAT Table
LAN
Inside Local
IP Address
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
192.168.1.13
192.168.1.12
SA
SA
192.168.1.10
IGA1
Inside Local
Address (ILA)
192.168.1.11
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Inside Global
IP Address
IGA 1
IGA 2
IGA 3
IGA 4
WAN
Inside Global
Address (IGA)
192.168.1.10
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9.5.4 NAT Application
The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs
(logical LANs using IP alias) behind the ZyXEL Device can communicate with three
distinct WAN networks.
Figure 65 NAT Application With IP Alias
9.5.5 NAT Mapping Types
NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping. They are:
• One to One: In One-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps one local IP address
to one global IP address.
• Many to One: In Many-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps multiple local IP
addresses to one global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (for instance, PAT,
port address translation), ZyXEL’s Single User Account feature that previous
ZyXEL routers supported (the SUA Only option in today’s routers).
• Many to Many Overload: In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device
maps the multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
• Many-to-Many No Overload: In Many-to-Many No Overload mode, the ZyXEL
Device maps each local IP address to a unique global IP address.
• Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services
behind the NAT to be accessible to the outside world.
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Port numbers do NOT change for One-to-One and Many-to-Many No Overload
NAT mapping types.
The following table summarizes these types.
Table 43 NAT Mapping Types
TYPE
IP MAPPING
One-to-One
ILA1äå IGA1
Many-to-One (SUA/PAT)
ILA1äå IGA1
ILA2äå IGA1
…
Many-to-Many Overload
ILA1äå IGA1
ILA2äå IGA2
ILA3äå IGA1
ILA4äå IGA2
…
Many-to-Many No Overload
ILA1äå IGA1
ILA2äå IGA2
ILA3äå IGA3
…
Server
Server 1 IPäå IGA1
Server 2 IPäå IGA1
Server 3 IPäå IGA1
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CHAPTER
10
Firewall
10.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to enable the ZyXEL Device firewall. Use the firewall
to protect your ZyXEL Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet
and control access to it. By default the firewall:
• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other
networks.
• blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.
• blocks SYN and port scanner attacks.
By default, the ZyXEL Device blocks DDOS, LAND and Ping of Death attacks
whether the firewall is enabled or disabled.
10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens
Use the Firewall screen (Section 10.2 on page 145) to enable firewall and/or IPv6
firewall on the ZyXEL Device.
10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall
SYN Attack
A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet
causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted
system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding
SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only
when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way
handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN
requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.
DoS
Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a
connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a
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device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The
ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS
attacks.
DDoS
A Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is one in which multiple compromised systems
attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted
system.
LAND Attack
In a Local Area Network Denial (LAND) attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the
network with a spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it
appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system
unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself.
Ping of Death
Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds
the maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may
cause systems to crash, hang or reboot.
SPI
Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and
makes sure it is valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also
context. For example, traffic from the WAN may only be allowed to cross the
firewall in response to a request from the LAN.
RFC 4890 SPEC Traffic
RFC 4890 specifies the filtering policies for ICMPv6 messages. This is important
for protecting against security threats including DoS, probing, redirection attacks
and renumbering attacks that can be carried out through ICMPv6. Since ICMPv6
error messages are critical for establishing and maintaining communications,
filtering policy focuses on ICMPv6 informational messages.
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10.2 The Firewall Screen
Use this screen to enable firewall and/or SPI. Click Security > Firewall to display
the following screen.
Figure 66 Security > Firewall
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 44 Security > Firewall
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Firewall
Firewall
Use this field to enable or disable firewall on your ZyXEL Device.
SPI
Use this field to enable or disable SPI on your ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 Firewall
IPv6 Firewall
Use this field to enable or disable IPv6 firewall on your ZyXEL Device.
ICMPv6 Filter
Recommendations
Use this field to enable or disable ICMPv6 filter recommendations on
your ZyXEL Device.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Enabling SPI blocks all traffic initiated from the WAN side,
including the DMZ, virtual server and ACL on the WAN side.
Enabling IPv6 firewall will filter SYN-Flooding and Ping of Death
traffic. Enabling ICMPv6 filter recommendations will filter
RFC4890 SPEC traffic.
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CHAPTER
11
Filters
11.1 Overview
This chapter introduces three types of filters supported by the ZyXEL Device. You
can configure rules to restrict traffic by IP addresses, MAC addresses, IPv6
addresses and/or URLs.
11.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens
• Use the URL Filter screen (Section 11.2 on page 148) to block access to web
sites.
• Use the IP Filter screen (Section 11.3 on page 149) to create IP filter rules.
• Use the IPv6 Filter screen (Section 11.4 on page 151) to create IPv6 filter
rules.
11.1.2 What You Need to Know About Filtering
URL
The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) identifies and helps locates resources on a
network. On the Internet the URL is the web address that you type in the address
bar of your Internet browser, for example “http://www.zyxel.com”.
URL and IP Filter Structure
The URL, IP and IPv6 filters have individual rule indexes. The ZyXEL Device allows
you to configure each type of filter with its own respective set of rules.
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Chapter 11 Filters
11.2 The URL Filter Screen
Use this screen to block websites by URL. Click Security > Filter > URL Filter.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 67 Security > Filter > URL Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 45 Security > Filter > URL Filter
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
URL Filter Editing
Active
Use this field to enable or disable the URL filter.
URL Index
Select the index number of the filter.
Individual
active
Select Yes to make the filter active and No to make it inactive.
URL
Enter the URL for the ZyXEL Device to block.
URL Filter Listing
148
Index
This is the index number of the filter rule.
Active
This indicates if the filter is active or not.
URL
This is the URL you have configured the ZyXEL Device to block.
Apply
Click this to save your changes.
Delete
Click this to remove the filter rule.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Chapter 11 Filters
11.3 The IP Filter Screen
Use this screen to create and apply IP filters. Click Security > Filter > IP Filter.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 68 Security > Filter > IP Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 46 Security > Filter > IP Filter
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Rule Type
Rule Type selection
Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to
specify traffic to disallow.
IP Filter Rule Editing
IP Filter Rule Index
Select the index number of the filter rule.
Active
Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule.
Interface
Select the PVC to which to apply the filter.
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Table 46 Security > Filter > IP Filter (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Direction
Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.
Rule Type
Use the IP Filter to block traffic by IP addresses.
Source IP Address
Enter the source IP address of the packets you wish to filter.
This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.
Subnet Mask
Enter the IP subnet mask for the source IP address
Port Number
Enter the source port of the packets that you wish to filter. The
range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.
Destination IP Address
Enter the destination IP address of the packets you wish to
filter. This field is ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.
Subnet Mask
Enter the IP subnet mask for the destination IP address.
Port Number
Enter the destination port of the packets that you wish to filter.
The range of this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is
0.
Protocol
Select ICMP, TCP or UDP for the upper layer protocol.
IP Filter Listing
150
IP Filter Rule Index
Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list
box.
This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.
Active
This field shows whether the rule is activated.
Interface
This is the interface that the filter set applies to.
Direction
The filter set applies to this traffic direction.
Src Address/Mask
This is the source IP address and subnet mask when you select
IP as the rule type.
Dest IP/Mask
This is the destination IP address and subnet mask.
Mac Address
This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered.
Src Port
This is the source port number.
Dest Port
This is the destination port number.
Protocol
This is the upper layer protocol.
Apply
Click this to apply your changes.
Delete
Click this to remove the filter rule.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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