Appendix 423 Rating Fire Endurance CAN/ULC S101 This is the standard test for rating the fire resistance of columns, girders, (ASTM E119, UL 263 beams, and wall-partition, floor-ceiling and roof-ceiling assemblies. It and NFPA 251) is published by four organizations, designated above, and is essential- ly the same for all four. The test procedure consists of the fire endurance test for all assem
417
Appendix
418
Agencies and Organizations
ACI AGC AFPA AIA A Ins. A AIHA AISI ANSI APA ASA ASC
ACI International (American Concrete Institute) P.O. Box 9094 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48333
Associated General Contractors of America 333 John Carlyle Street Alexandria, VA 22314
American Forest & Paper Association 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036
American Institute of Architects 1735 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20006
American Insurance Association 1130 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20036
American Industrial Hygiene Association 2700 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 250 Fairfax, VA 22031
American Iron and Steel Institute 1101 17th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036
American National Standards Institute 11 W. 42nd Street, 13th floor New York, NY 10036
APA, The Engineered Wood Association (formerly: American Plywood Association) P.O. Box 11700 Tacoma, WA 98411
Acoustical Society of America 2 Huntington Quadrangle Suite 1NO1 Melville, NY 11747-4502
Adhesive and Sealant Council, Inc. 7979 Old Georgetown Road Suite 500 Bethesda, MD 20814
Phone: 248-848-3700 Fax: 248-848-3720 Website: http://www.aci-int.net/ E-mail: jtosca@aci-int.org
Phone: 703-548-3118 Fax: 703-548-3119 Website: http://www.agc.org E-mail: info@agc.org
Phone: 202-463-2700 Fax: 202-463-2785 Website: http://www.afandpa.org E-mail: info@afandpa.org
Phone: 202-626-7300 Fax: 202-626-7587 Website: http://www.aiaonline.com E-mail: aiaonline@aiamail.aia.org
Phone: 202-828-7100 Fax: 202-293-1219 Website: http://www.aiadc.org E-mail: membership@aiadc.org
Website: www.aiha.org
Phone: 202-452-7100 Fax: 202-463-6573 Website: http://www.steel.org E-mail: dwalson@steel.org
Phone: 212-642-4900 Fax: 212-398-0023 Website: http://www.ansi.org E-mail: ansionline@ansi.org
Phone: 253-565-6600 Fax: 253-565-7265 Website: http://www.apawood.org E-mail: help@apawood.org
Phone: 516-576-2360 Fax: 516-576-2377 Website: http://asa.aip.org E-mail: asa@aip.org
Phone: 301-986-9700 Fax: 301-986-9795 Website: http://www.ascouncil.org E-mail: malinda.armstrong@
ascouncil.org
ASHRAE ASSE ASTM AWCI BIA CAC CCA CHBA CISC CISCA CMHC CSA CSC
Appendix
419
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30329
American Society of Safety Engineers 1800 E. Oakton Street Des Plaines, IL 60018
American Society for Testing and Materials 100 Barr Harbor West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Association of the Wall & Ceiling Industries International 803 West Broad Street, Suite 600 Falls Church, VA 22046
Brick Industry Association (formerly: Brick Institute of America) 11490 Commerce Park Drive Reston, VA 20191
Cement Association of Canada 1500-60 Queen Street Ottawa, ON K1P 5Y7
Canadian Construction Association 75 Albert Street, Suite 400 Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7
Canadian Home Builders Association 150 Laurier Avenue West Ottawa, ON K1P 5J4
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction 201 Consumers Road, Suite 300 North York, ON M2J 4G8
Ceiling and Interior Systems Construction Association 1500 Lincoln Highway, Suite 202 St. Charles, IL 60174
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 700 Montreal Road Ottawa, ON K1A 0P7
Canadian Standards Association 178 Rexdale Boulevard Etobicoke, ON M9W 1R3
Construction Specifications Canada 120 Carlton Street, Suite 312 Toronto, ON M5A 4K2
Phone: 800-527-4723 or 404-636-8500
Fax: 404-321-5478 Website: http://www.ashrae.org E-mail: ashrae@ashrae.org
Phone: 800-380-7101 Website: www.asse.org
Phone: 610-832-9585 Fax:: 610-832-9555 Website: http://www.astm.org E-mail: service@astm.org
Phone: 703-534-8300 Fax: 703-534-8307 Website: http://www.awci.org E-mail: info@awci.org
Phone:703-620-0010 Fax: 703-620-3928 Website: http://www.brickinfo.org E-mail: cooney@bia.org
Phone: 613-236-9471 Website: http://www.cement.ca
Phone: 613-236-6455 Fax: 613-236-9526 Website: http://www.cca-acc.com
Phone: 613-230-3060 Website: http://www.chba.ca
Phone: 416-491-4552 Fax: 416-491-6461 Website: http://www.cisc-icca.ca
Phone: 630-584-1919 Fax: 630-584-2003 Website: http://www.cisca.org E-mail: cisca@cisca.org
Phone: 613-748-2000 Fax: 613-748-2098 Website: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca
Phone: 416-747-4000 Website: http://www.csa.ca
Phone: 416-777-2198 Fax: 416-777-2197 Website: http://www.csc-dcc.ca
420 CSI CSSBI CWC DRCI EIMA GA HUD
ML/SFA NAAMM NAHB NCMA NEMA
Construction Specification Institute 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 300 Alexandria, VA 22314
Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute 852 Bishop Street, North Cambridge, ON N3H 4X6
Canadian Wood Council 400-99 Bank Street Ottawa, ON K1P 6B9
Drywall Finishing Council 345 West Meats Avenue Orange, CA 92865
EIFS Industry Members Association 3000 Corporate Center Drive Suite 270 Morrow, GA 30260
Gypsum Association 810 First Street, NE, Suite 510 Washington, DC 20002
Department of Housing & Urban Development (U.S.) 451 Seventh Street, SW Washington, DC 20410
Metal Lath/Steel Framing Association; now a division of National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (see NAAMM)
National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers 8 South Michigan Avenue Suite 1000 Chicago, IL 60603
National Association of Home Builders 1201 15th Street NW Washington, DC 20005-2800
National Concrete Masonry Association 2302 Horse Pen Road Herndon, VA 20171-3499
National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, VA 22209
Phone: 703-684-0300 or 800-689-2900 Fax: 703-684-0465
Phone: 519-650-1285 Fax: 519-650-8081 Website: http://www.cssbi.ca
Phone: 613-747-5544 Fax: 613-747-6264 Website: http://www.cwc.ca
Phone: 714-637-2770 Fax: 714-921-8974 E-mail: none
Phone: 770-968-7945 Fax: 770-968-5818
Phone: 202-289-5440 Western Office: 602-527-8466 Fax: 202-289-3707 Website: http://www.gypsum.org E-mail: info@gypsum.org
Phone: 202-708-0417 (General phone number)
Fax: 202-619-8129 (Administration Office)
Website: http://www.hud.gov E-mail: no general e-mail
Phone: 312-332-0405 Fax: 312-332-0706 Website: http://www.naamm.org E-mail: naamm@naamm.org
Phone: 800-368-5242 or 202-822-0200
Fax: 202-822-0559 Website: http://www.nahb.com E-mail: info@nahb.com
Phone: 703-713-1900 Fax: 703-713-1910 Website: http://www.ncma.org E-mail: ncma@ncma.org
Phone: 703-841-3200 Fax: 703-841-3300 Website: http://www.nema.org E-mail: mal_o'harpan@nema.org No general e-mail above is for the President.
NFPA NFoPA NIBS NLS NRCC-IRC NSC NTIS
NWPCA OSHA PCA PDCA RAIC
Appendix
421
National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park P.O. Box 9101 Quincy, MA 02269
National Forest Products Association This organization is now American Forest & Paper Association (see AFPA)
National Institute of Building Sciences 1090 Vermont Avenue, NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005-4905
National Lime Association 200 North Glebe Road, Suite 800 Arlington, VA 22203
National Research Council Canada-Institute For Research in Construction 1200 Montreal Road Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6
National Safety Council 1121 Spring Drive Itasca, IL 60143-3201
National Technical Information Center U.S. Department of Commerce (Technology Admin.) 5295 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161
National Wooden Pallet and Container Association 1800 North Kent Street, Suite 911 Arlington, VA 22209-2109
U. S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration 200 Constitution Avenue Washington, DC 20210
Portland Cement Association 5420 Old Orchard Road Skokie, IL 60077
Painting and Decorating Contractors Of America 3913 Old Lee Highway, Suite 33B Fairfax, VA 22030
Royal Architectural Institute of Canada 330-55 Murray Street Ottawa, ON K1N 5M3
Phone: 800-344-3555 or 617-770-3000
Fax: 800-593-6372 Website: http://www.nfpa.org E-mail: custserv@nfpa.org
Phone: 202-289-7800 Fax: 202-289-1092 Website: http://www.nibs.org E-mail: nibs@nibs.org
Phone: 703-243-5463 Fax: 703-243-5489 Website: http://www.lime.org E-mail: natlime@aol.com
Phone: 613-993-2607 Website: http://www.irc-cnrc.gc.ca
Phone: 800-621-7619 Website: www.nsc.org
Phone: 703-487-4650 Fax: 703-605-6900 Website: http://www.ntis.gov/ E-mail: info@ntis.fedworld.gov
Phone: 703-527-7667 Fax: 703-527-7171 Website: http://www.nwpca.com
Phone: 800-321-OSHA (6742) Website: www.osha.gov
Phone: 847-966-6200 Fax: 847-966-6200 Website: http://www.portcement.org E-mail: bruce_mcintosh@port
cement.org
Phone: 800-332-7322 Fax: 703-359-2576 Website: http://pdca.org E-mail: gdomedion@pdca.org
Phone: 613-241-3600 Fax: 613-241-5750 Website: http://www.raic.org
422 RAL SIPA TCA TPI TTMAC UL ULC
WHI
Riverbank Acoustical Laboratories 1512 S. Batavia Avenue Geneva, IL 60134
Structural Insulated Panel Association 3413 56th Street NW, Suite A Gig Harbor, WA 98335
Tile Council of America, Inc. 100 Clemson Research Blvd. Anderson, SC 29625
Truss Plate Institute 583 D'Onofrio Drive, Suite 200 Madison, WI 53719
Terrazzo Tile and Marble Association of Canada 163 Buttermill Avenue, Unit 8 Concord, ON L4K 3X8
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. 333 Pfingsten Road Northbrook, IL 60062-2096
Underwriters Laboratories of Canada 7 Crouse Road Scarborough, Ontario M1R 3A9 Canada
Warnock Hersey International Inc. Intertek Testing Services 530 Garcia Avenue Pittsburg, CA 94565
Phone: 630-232-0104 Fax: 630-232-0138 Website: http://riverbank.iitri.org E-mail: jstangel@iitri.org
Phone: 253-858-7472 Fax: 253-858-0272 Website: http://www.sips.org E-mail: jimt@sips.org
Phone: 864-646-8453 Fax: 864-646-2821 Website: http://www.tileusa.com E-mail: literature@carol.net
Phone: 608-833-5900 Fax: 608-833-4360 Website: none E-mail: flow@tpinst.org
Phone: 905-660-9640 Fax: 905-660-0513 Website: http://www.ttmac.com
Phone: 847-272-8800 Fax: 847-272-8129 Website: http://www.ul.com E-mail: northbrook@ul.com
Phone: 416-757-3611 Fax: 416-757-1781 Website: http://www.ulc.ca E-mail: ulcinfo@ulc.ca
Phone: 925-432-7344 Fax: 925-432-3576 Website: http://www.warnock
hersey.com E-mail: hstacy@itsqs.com
Appendix
423
Rating Fire Endurance
CAN/ULC S101 (ASTM E119, UL 263 and NFPA 251)
This is the standard test for rating the fire resistance of columns, girders, beams, and wall-partition, floor-ceiling and roof-ceiling assemblies. It is published by four organizations, designated above, and is essentially the same for all four.
The test procedure consists of the fire endurance test for all assemblies (not individual products) and, in addition, a hose stream test for partition and wall assemblies. The test specimen assembly must meet the following requirements:
1. Structural elements subjected to the test must support the maximum design loads applied throughout the test period. Columns, beams, girders and structural decks must carry the load without failure.
This test does not imply that the test specimen will be suitable for use after the exposure. Some specimens are so damaged after one hour of exposure that they would require replacement, even though they meet all of the requirements for a 4-hr. rating.
2. No openings may develop in an assembly that will permit flames or hot gases to penetrate and ignite combustibles on the other side.
3. An assembly must resist heat transmission so that temperatures on the side opposite the fire are maintained below designated values. The temperature of the unexposed surface is measured by thermocouples covered with dry refractory filter pads attached directly to the surface. In the case of walls and partitions, one thermocouple is located at the center of the assembly, one in center of each quarter-section, and the other four at the discretion of the testing authority.
The integrity of walls and partitions is evaluated in the hose stream test that examines the construction's ability to resist disintegration under adverse conditions. The hose stream test subjects a duplicate sample to one-half of the indicated fire exposure (but not more than one hour), then immediately to a stream of water from a fire nozzle at a prescribed pressure and distance. This test evaluates the impact, erosion and cooling effects of a hose stream directed at the exposed surface. If there is a breakthrough on the unexposed side, sufficient to pass a stream of water, the result is test failure.
The time-temperature curve used for the fire endurance test is shown on page 424. The temperature of the furnace is obtained from the average readings of nine thermocouples, symmetrically located, and placed 150 mm (6) from the exposed surface of walls and partitions, or 300 mm (12) from the exposed surface of floors, ceilings and columns.
Conditions for Hose Stream Test
Resistance Period 8 hr. and over 4 hr. and over if less than 8 hrs. 2 hr. and over if less than 4 hrs. 1-1/2 hr. and over if less than 2 hr. 1 hr. and over if less than 1-1/2 hr. Less than 1 hr., if desired
Water Pressure At Base of Nozzle
kPa
lbf/in.2
310
45
310
45
207
30
207
30
207
30
207
30
Duration of Application, Min. per 10m2 (100 ft.2) Exposed Area 6 5 2-1/2 1-1/2 1 1
424
Time Temperature Curve for Fire-Endurance Testing (CAN/ULC S101)
TTeemmpp°°FF 2400
2000
1600
1200
800
Time-Temperature Curve
TTeemmp p°°CC 1200 1000 800 600 400
400
200
0
0
2
4
6
Time, Hr.
Time, Hr.
0 8
Surface Burning Characteristics
CAN/ULC S102
The characteristics of interior finish materials that are related to fire
(ASTM E84, ANSI 2.5, protection are:
NFPA 225 and UL 723) ability to spread fire, and
quantity of smoke developed when burning
Materials that have high flame spread and produce large quantities of smoke are considered undesirable, especially when used in areas where people assemble or are confined.
The flame spread test (Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials) is often referred to as the Steiner Tunnel Test, after its originator.
In the test, a 500 x 7620 mm (20 x 25) sample, forming the roof of a rectangular furnace, is subjected to a fire of controlled severity, placed 300 mm (12) from one end of the sample. Where the flame contacts the sample is considered to be 1370 mm (4-1/2) from the fire, so the test is actually conducted over 5940 mm (19-1/2) of the sample.
Appendix
425
The time required for the flame to travel the 5790 mm (19) to the end of the sample, along with the smoke and heat produced, is compared with similar figures for red oak which is arbitrarily given the value of 100 for these three characteristics, and inorganic reinforced cement board which is given the value of 0.
Smoke developed is measured by means of a photoelectric cell connected to an ammeter which indicates changes in smoke density.
Obviously, the indices developed in the tunnel test are relative, but enough is known about the burning characteristics of materials to make these indices reliable for building code specifications.
1/4" inorganic reinforced cement board
removable top
2" calcium silicate insulation
observation window
test sample 20" to 21" wide
approx. 4"
firebrick gasports
liquid seal
2" castable refractory
Flame spread test furnace Flame spread test furnace
In Canada, the building code prescribes maximum limits of flame spread and smoke developed of materials based on the materials actual results.
U.S. building codes divide materials into four classes, based on the Flame Spread Indices. The numbering and range of each class varies with the different codes, but they generally follow this pattern:
Class I (Class A)--0-25
Class III (Class C)--76-200
Class II (Class B)--26-75 Class IV (Class D)--over 200
426
Surface Burning Characteristics (per CAN/ULC S102) Product SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels SHEETROCK Brand Interior Gypsum Ceiling Board SHEETROCK Brand Lay-In Ceiling Tile SHEETROCK Brand Exterior Gypsum Ceiling Board SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, Water-Resistant SHEETROCK Brand TEXTONE Vinyl-Faced Gypsum Panels
Pumice Moonstone Burlap Tweed Granite Academy Trafalgar Striae Sonoma Brushwork THERMAFIBER Sound Attenuation Fire Blankets DUROCK Cement Board, Underlayment and Exterior Cement Board USG Brand Ceiling Panels
Flame Spread 15 15 20 20 20
Smoke Developed 0 0 0 0 0
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
25
50
15
0
5
0
0.25
0.50
Appendix
427
Determination of Sound Transmission Class (STC)
Testing for airborne sound transmission is performed under rigidly established procedures set up by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM procedure E90-90). Several independent acoustical laboratories across the nation are qualified to perform the tests. Although all are presumably reliable and follow the ASTM procedure, the results tend to vary slightly. For this reason, test results from more than one laboratory should never be compared on an exact basis.
Tests are conducted on a sample assembly, at least 2.4 m x 2.4 m in size. The assembly is installed between two rooms constructed in such a way that sound transmitted between the rooms by paths other than through the assembly is insignificant. Background noise in the rooms is monitored to ensure it does not affect test results.
The sound source consists of an electronic device and loudspeaker which produce a continuous random noise covering a minimum frequency range of 125 to 4,000 Hz (Hertz--cycles per second). Note for comparison that human speech is approximately 125 to 8,000 Hz. Panel diffusers and/or rotating vanes are set up so noise is diffused and the sound level is measured at several microphone positions in each room. Readings are taken at sixteen 1/3-octave frequency-band intervals. Average sound levels in the receiving room are subtracted from the corresponding sound levels in the source room. The differences (sound levels of the actual transmission) are recorded as transmission-loss values (adjustments are made for test room absorption and test assembly size).
Sound Test Sample Assembly
microphone
microphone
speaker
428
Determination of Sound Transmission Class
These transmission-loss values are then plotted on a frequency bandsound pressure level graph and the resulting curve is compared to a standard reference contour. The Sound Transmission Class (STC), as defined by the rating procedure set forth in ASTM E413-87, is determined by adjusting the reference contour vertically until the decibel (dB) total of all frequency bands on the test curve that are below the reference contour does not exceed 32, and no point on the test curve is more than 8 dB below the reference contour. Then, with the reference contour adjusted to meet these standards, its transmission loss at 500 Hz (500 cycles per second) is taken as the STC (dropping dB unit).
An alternative procedure, frequently used for the measurement of sound transmission loss under field conditions, is given in ASTM Standard Test Method E336-90. This may be used to obtain a Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC).
TeDsteNtoe.rCmGCin-2a4t1i-oSTn of Sound Transmission Class for United States GyppesurmACSoTmMpanEy413-73
70
60
50
SSTTCC==5050
Tra TnrsansmimissssiioonnLoLsoss(dsB()dB)
40
30
20
10 deficiencies (dB)
0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 _8 _8 2
0 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500 4000 125 200 315 500 800 1250 2000 3150
OOnnee-t-htirhdiOrdctaOvectBaanvdeCBenatenrdFrCeqeunentceyrinFHrzequency in Hz
SSuumm==2929
Reproduced above is the graph of an actual sound transmission-loss test of a drywall partition, Test No. USG-241-ST. The partition is rated at STC 50 with the reference contour adjusted to meet the standards outlined above. The deficiencies at 2,500 Hz and 3,150 Hz are 8, the allowable maximum.
The total of all points below the criterion curve is 29, three points less than the 32 allowed.
Appendix
429
The reference contour itself is plotted to allow for subjective human response to sound pressure at the 16 frequency bands measured. Because the human ear is less sensitive to low-frequency sound pressure than to high frequencies, the reference contour has been adjusted to allow some additional noise at low frequencies. This avoids down-rating test results because of noise levels that are least objectionable to people. The ASTM test procedure explains the use of STC in the following excerpt from E413.
"These single-number ratings correlate in a general way with subjective impressions of sound transmission for speech, radio, television and similar sources of noise in offices and buildings. This classification method is not appropriate for sound sources with spectra significantly different from those sources listed above. Such sources include machinery, industrial processes, bowling alleys, power transformers, musical instruments, many music systems and transportation noises such as motor vehicles, aircraft and trains. For these sources, accurate assessment of sound transmission requires a detailed analysis in frequency bands."
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) is a measure of the sound absorption characteristics of an acoustical product. In accordance with the reverberation room test method, ASTM C423, panels are tested for sound absorption in the frequency range of 100 to 5000 hz. The actual NRC value is determined by averaging the sound absorption values in the four main frequency bands of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 hz. These values represent the majority of the range of the human voice. The greater the NRC, the better the overall sound absorption of the acoustical material, providing a room that will have less reverberation and echo.
Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC)
Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) is a numerical rating used to characterize sound traveling between two horizontally adjacent spaces sharing a common ceiling plenum. CAC is measured using test standard ASTM E1414. Sound is introduced into a room and measured in that room. Then the same sound is measured in the adjacent room (other side of the partition from where sound was introduced). The CAC value is calculated using sound measurements in both rooms. Any sound that could pass directly through the partition is already calculated and factored out. Higher CAC values indicate greater attenuation of sound into and through the plenum.
Articulation Class (AC)
Articulation Class (AC) is a single numerical rating used to identify the degree of transmitted speech intelligibility between office spaces. This rating is particularly useful for open plan offices. AC provides an indication of the degree to which occupants will be able to understand and/or be disturbed by conversation occurring elsewhere in the office space. AC is determined by following the test procedure outlined in standard ASTM E1111, which measures sound levels in a source
430
space and then at varying distances beyond a barrier screen. The derived value is a combination of the sound reflection characteristics and sound absorption characteristics of the acoustical product being tested in a prescribed assembly.
Determination of Impact Insulation Class (IIC)
Impact sound originates when one body strikes another, such as in the case of footsteps, hammering and objects falling. Even though some of the sound energy is eventually conducted to the air, the sound is still classified as impact.
Impact sound travels through the structure with little loss of energy if the structure is continuous and rigid. Thus, tenants without enough heat can pound on a radiator and notify the superintendent (and all other tenants as well) of the situation.
Transmission of impact sound can be controlled by isolation, absorption and elimination of flanking paths, and offset by the introduction of masking sound. Limpness in the construction affects transmission of impact sound, but is difficult to introduce because of the structural requirements of the assembly.
Mass plays a secondary role in the isolation of impact sound. The benefit of mass in a sound-control construction is its resistance to being set into vibration. In retarding airborne sound, this is very effective because the sound energy is small. With impact sound, the energy is greater and is applied directly to the construction by the sound source with little energy loss. Thus, the mass of that surface is immediately set into motion. For this reason, concrete slab construction at 490 kg/m2 (100 lb/ft.2) is only slightly more effective in retarding impact sound than simple wood frame construction at 49 kg/m2 (10 lb/ft.2).
Although leaks in a floor-ceiling assembly must be sealed to stop transmission of the airborne sound associated with impact, they play little part in retarding the transmission of structure-borne sound.
Absorbing Impact Sound
The use of sound attenuation blankets is as effective in controlling impact sound as for airborne sound. Of course, unless the opposite surfaces of the assembly (floor and ceiling) are isolated or decoupled, sound travels through the connecting structure.
Structural Flanking Paths
One of the most frequent causes of sound performance failure in a floor-ceiling assembly is flanking paths. Impact sound produces high energy at the source. This energy follows any rigid connection between construction elements with little loss. For example, in a child's tin-can telephone, sound travels better through the tight string stretched between the cans than through the surrounding air.
Some of the most common flanking paths are supplied by plumbing pipes, air ducts and electrical conduit rigidly connected between floor and ceiling. Continuous walls between floors, columns or any other continuous structural elements will act as flanking paths for impact sound. In fact, any rigid connection between the two diaphragms transmits impact sound.
Determination of Impact Insulation Class
Methods of Impact Rating
ImpIamcptacStoSuounnddPPrressssuruereLeLveelv(edlB)(dB) 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1260 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000
Im IpmapcatctI InnssuulaatitiononClaCslsa(IsIsC)(IIC)
Appendix
431
90 ISPL curve of wood frame floor-ceiling
80
70 IIC reference contour
60
50
40
30
20
10
30
40 IIC 34
50
60
70
80
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Assemblies designed to retard transmission of impact sound are tested for performance as prescribed by ASTM Standard Method E492-90. The floor-ceiling assembly is constructed between two isolated rooms, and microphones are positioned in the receiving room to record the pressure of transmitted sound.
The impact sound source is a standard tapping machine. It rests on the floor of the test assembly and drops hammers at a uniform rate and impact energy. The sound produced depends to a large extent on the floor surface material. Carpet and pad, for example, greatly improve IIC ratings. The transmitted sound is measured and recorded at several microphone locations and four locations of the tapping machine. Results are corrected to a standard absorption so that results from different laboratories may be compared.
These results, recorded at sixteen 1/3-octave bands, are plotted and compared with a standard reference contour in much the same manner as Sound Transmission Class determinations, except that deficiencies lie above the contour.
Impact sound rating methods were established by the U.S. Federal Housing Administration (now HUD). The earliest was a single-number rating system called Impact Noise Rating (INR) and published in FHA 750.
The current rating system is described in E989-89. To determine this Impact Insulation Class (IIC), the ISPL curve is plotted on a graph as shown above. The reference contour is then shifted to the lowest point where no point on the ISPL (Impact Sound Pressure Level) curve is more than 8 dB above it, and the sum of all ISPL deviations above it is no more than 32 dB. The location of the reference contour at 500 Hz is projected to the IIC scale, right of graph, to read IIC rating.
The IIC relates to STC ratings with respect to acceptability, and is a positive number. IIC values will usually be 51 points above the corresponding former INR values, but some deviations can occur. Tests must be analyzed individually against IIC criteria.
432
Abuse-Resistant Systems
Abuse resistance has grown in importance as designers have realized that it is often less expensive from a life-cycle cost perspective to address abuse resistance in critical areas in the initial project stage than to pay the high on-going costs of maintaining and repairing regular drywall partitions.
Defining Abuse Resistance Abuse resistance may be defined as the ability of a system to resist three levels of damage: (1) Surface damage (from abrasion and/or indentation); (2) Penetration (through to the wall cavity from sharp or blunt impact); (3) Security breach (through the entire assembly from ballistics or forced entry). For more detailed information on abuse resistance, please see publication SA929, United States Gypsum Company Abuse Resistant Systems.
Categories of Abuse Resistance
Assemblies designed to have appropriate strength will lessen maintenance and repair costs. Five usage categories have been created by CGC to help you determine the appropriate level of abuse resistance needed. Each category is described below with minimum performance values that apply. All categories represent an improvement over standard interior partition construction.
CGC-Defined
Level Category 1 Light duty
Category 2 Moderate duty
Category 3 Heavy duty
Category 4 Extreme duty
Category 5 Security
Performance Types
Description
Abrasion
Hard-Body Soft-Body
Indentation Impact
Impact
A basic upgrade to standard drywall. Provides improved resistance to incidental surface and impact damage.
15 cycles
3.8 mm (0.15 in.)
41 N·m 163 N·m (30 ft.-lbs.) (120 ft.-lbs.)
Provides moderate resistance to incidental surface and impact damage from people and objects.
30 cycles 3.3 mm (0.13 in.)
54 N·m 244 N·m (40 ft.-lbs.) (180 ft.-lbs.)
Provides resistance to intentional 100 surface and impact abuse cycles from people and objects.
2.5 mm 108 N·m 285 N·m (0.10 in.) (80 ft.-lbs.) (210 ft.-lbs.)
Provides resistance to
500
high levels of intentional surface cycles
and impact damage from
hard objects.
2 mm 149 N·m 408 N·m (0.08 in.) (110 ft.-lbs.) (300 ft.-lbs.)
For areas requiring forced 1000
N/A
N/A
N/A
entry and ballistic resistance. cycles
Appendix
433
Abuse-Resistant Systems By Category
The following table illustrates abuse-resistant systems for all categories or levels of abuse-resistance that apply to walls. Systems based on drywall, veneer plaster, conventional plaster, gypsum fiber and concrete masonry units (CMU) are described.
System Category 1 Light Duty
Assembly Substrate
Finish
Surface Damage
Penetration
Fire Sound(4) Partition System
Abrasion Indentation Hard-Body(4) Soft-Body(4) Rating(1) (STC Width(2) Weight(2) Cost
(Cycles) Depth mm (in.) N·m (ft.-lbs.) N·m (ft.-lbs.) (hours) Rating) mm (in.) kg/m2 (psf) Index(3)
Basic Upgrade to standard drywall. Provides some resistance to surface abuse and impact.
12.7 mm (1/2) FIBEROCK VHI
Joint
30
Treatment
Only
3.6 (0.14)
94 (69.5)
325 N/A 40 (est.) 117 11 1.11
(240)
(4-5/8) (2.3)
15.9 mm (5/8) FIBEROCK AR
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK AR
12.7 mm (1/2) IMPERIAL Base
Joint
30
Treatment
Only
Joint
20
Treatment
Only
1-Coat 30 DIAMOND Veneer
3.6
47
(0.14) (35)
3.8
47
(0.15) (35)
3
28
(0.12 (est.)) (21)
203 1 (150)
41 124 14 1.18 (4-7/8) (2.9)
163 1 (120)
45 (est.) 117 11 1.05 (4-5/8) (2.2)
81
N/A 45 121 15 1.2
(60)
(4-3/4) (3.1)
Applications
Stairways, family rooms, primary grade classrooms, public spaces in health-care facilities.
15.9 mm (5/8) 1-Coat 30 3
41
IMPERIAL Base
DIAMOND
(0.12) (30)
Veneer
163 1 (120)
47 127 16 1.35 (5) (3.3)
Category 2 Provides moderate resistance to incidental impact and abrasion from bodies and objects.
Moderate 15.9 mm (5/8) Joint
30 3.6
134
>408 1
41
Duty
FIBEROCK VHI
Treatment
(0.14)
(99)
(>300)
Only
124 14 (4-7/8) (2.9)
15.9 mm (5/8) FIBEROCK AR
2-Coat 1000 2.3
Veneer(6)
(0.09)
85 (62.5)
244 1 (180)
42 (est.) 121 24 (4-3/4) (4.9)
15.9 mm (5/8) IMPERIAL AR
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK AR
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK AR
1-Coat 30 DIAMOND Veneer
Joint
20
Treatment
Only
2-Coat 30 DIAMOND Veneer(5)
2.3 (0.09)
3.3 (0.13)
3 (0.12)
74 (54.6)
61 (45)
85 (62.5)
244 1 (180)
203 1 (150)
244 1 (180)
45 (est.) 127 16 (5) (3.3)
45 (est.) 124 13 (4-7/8) (2.7)
46 (est.) 124 18 (4-7/8) (3.6)
1.27 Multifamily stairways, entries and common
1.84 areas, middle/high school classrooms,
1.35 college lecture halls, mailrooms,
1.15 retail corridors/public areas.
1.78
19 mm (3/4)
2-Coat 1000 2.3
68
ULTRACODE
Veneer(6)
(0.09) (50)
244 1 (180)
48 (est.) 133 19 2.01 (5-1/4) (3.9)
Category 3 Provides resistance to intentional and heavy surface and impact abuse from people and objects.
Heavy Duty
15.9 mm (5/8) FIBEROCK VHI
2-Coat 1000 2.3
Veneer(6)
(0.09)
156 (est.) >408 1 (115 (est.)) (>300)
42 (est.) 127 24 1.92 (5) (4.9)
15.9 mm (5/8) IMPERIAL AR (2 layers) 3.4# Lath
203 mm (8) Hollow CMU
2-Coat IMPERIAL Veneer(7)
1-Coat IMPERIAL Veneer
Joint Treatment Only
1000 1000 >700
2.3
114
(0.09) (84)
2
122
(0.08) (90)
0.5
95
(0.018 (est.)) (70)
285 2 (210)
N/A 1
N/A
1
51 156 31 -- (6-1/8) (6.3)
45 (est.) -- 37 2.26 (7.5)
44 203 186 -- (8) (38.00)
High-risk multifamily entries, stairways, common areas, school corridors and gyms, college dorms, healthcare corridors, payroll rooms and loading areas.
Note: "est." indicates estimated value. (1) See publication SA923 for specific fire rating information. (2) Weights and widths are based on completed systems (panels on both flanges of studs). (3) Cost index base of 1.00 corresponds to single-layer Type X paper-faced gypsum panel each side of 92 mm (3-5/8), 0.8 mm (20-ga.) steel framing, 400 mm (16) o.c., joint treatment only. (4) Minimum 92 mm (3-5/8), 0.8 mm (20-ga.) steel framing at 400 mm (16) o.c. is recommended for abuse-resistant assemblies, and was used for the hard-body, soft-body and acoustical testing shown in this publication. Framing spacing of 600 mm (24) o.c. will likely reduce the impact resistance of an assembly, while framing of 300 mm (12) o.c. will likely improve the impact resistance. (5) Two-coat system consists of DIAMOND Brand Veneer Basecoat Plaster and DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster. (6) Two-coat system consists of DIAMOND Brand Veneer Basecoat Plaster and IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster. (7) Two-coat system consists of IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat Plaster and IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster.
434
Assembly
Surface Damage
Penetration
Fire Sound(4) Partition System
Abrasion Indentation Hard-Body(4) Soft-Body(4) Rating(1) (STC Width(2) Weight(2) Cost
System
Substrate
Finish
(Cycles) Depth mm (in.) N·m (ft.-lbs.) N·m (ft.-lbs.) (hours) Rating) mm (in.) kg/m2 (psf) Index(3) Applications
Category 4 Provides resistance to intentional and heavy surface and impact abuse from people and objects.
Extreme Duty
15.9 mm (5/8)
FIBEROCK VHI (2 layers)
2-Coat 1000 2.3
Veneer(6)
(0.09)
325
>487 2 51 (est.) 156 38 2.38 Low-risk
(240) (>360) (6 impacts)
(6-1/8) (7.8)
and youth detention,
STRUCTO-BASE #9 Lath
1-Coat 1000 2
339
N/A
IMPERIAL
(0.08) (250)
Veneer
2 45 (est.) 127 37 2.87 psychiatric
(5) (7.5)
wards,
payroll
203 mm (8)
Parge or >700 0.5
>339
N/A
Core-Filled CMU prime
(0.018 (est.)) (>250)
and paint
(23 impacts)
2 45 (est.) 203 465 5.60 rooms and
(8) (95.0)
loading
areas
Category 5 For areas requiring forced-entry and ballistic resistance
Secure
12-Gauge STRUCTOCORE
18-Gauge STRUCTOCORE
203 mm (8) Core-Filled CMU
1-Coat IMPERIAL Veneer
1-Coat IMPERIAL Veneer
Parge or prime and paint
1000 1000 >700
0.6 (0.023)
>339 N/A (>250) (50 impacts)
0.6 (0.023)
>339
N/A
(>250)
(38 impacts)
0.5
>339
N/A
(0.018 (est.)) (>250) (23 impacts)
2 45 2 45 2 56
89 171 (3-1/2) (35.0)
89 171 (3-1/2) (35.0)
203 465 (8) (95.0)
15.00 Government, military, embassies
5.00 and consulates, highdetention,
5.60 bank vaults.
Note: "est." indicates estimated value. (1) See publication SA923 for specific fire rating information. (2) Weights and widths are based on completed systems (panels on both flanges of studs). (3) Cost index base of 1.00 corresponds to single-layer Type X paper-faced gypsum panel each side of 92 mm (3-5/8), 0.8 mm (20-ga.) steel framing, 400 mm (16) o.c., joint treatment only. (4) Minimum 92 mm (3-5/8), 0.8 mm (20-ga.) steel framing at 400 mm (16) o.c. is recommended for abuse-resistant assemblies, and was used for the hard-body, soft-body and acoustical testing shown in this publication. Framing spacing of 600 mm (24) o.c. will likely reduce the impact resistance of an assembly, while framing of 300 mm (12) o.c. will likely improve the impact resistance. (5) Two-coat system consists of DIAMOND Brand Veneer Basecoat Plaster and DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster. (6) Two-coat system consists of DIAMOND Brand Veneer Basecoat Plaster and IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster. (7) Two-coat system consists of IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat Plaster and IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster.
Fixture Attachment-Drywall and Plaster Systems
Fixture Attachment Load Table
Fastener
Size
Type
mm
toggle bolt or hollow
3.2
wall fastener
4.8
6.4
3.2
4.8
6.4
No. 8 sheet metal screw
--
TYPE S bugle head screw
TYPE S-12 bugle head screw --
TYPE S pan head screw
--
two bolts welded to
4.8
steel insert
6.4
bolt welded to 38 mm (1-1/2) 6.4
channel
7.9
plug and screw
#6
#8
#12
Toggle bolt or
3.2
hollow wall fastener
4.8
6.4
Allowable Withdrawal Allowable Shear
Resistance
Resistance
in. Base Assembly
N(1)
lbf
N(1)
lbf
1/8 12.7 mm (1/2) gypsum base or panels 89
20
178
40
3/16
134
30
223
50
1/4
178
40
267
60
1/8 12.7 mm (1/2) gypsum base or panels 312
70
445 100
3/16 & 25 ga. steel studs
356
80
556 125
1/4
690 155
779 175
-- 12.7 mm (1/2) gypsum base or panels 223
50
356
80
& 25 ga. steel base
267
60
445 100
-- 12.7 mm (1/2) gypsum base or panels 378
85
601 135
& 20 ga. steel insert
-- 25 ga. steel to 25 ga. steel
312
70
534 120
3/16 grab bar attachment
779 175
890 200
1/4
890 200
1113 250
1/4 plumber's bracket
890 200
1113 250
5/16 see drawing on page 132
890 200
1334 300
-- metal or gypsum
45
10
178
40
-- lath and plaster(2)
89
20
222
50
--
133
30
267
60
1/8 Metal or gypsum
334
75
222
50
3/16 lath and plaster(2)
556 125
623 140
1/4
778 175
667 150
(1) Newton. (2) Plaster having compressive strength of at least 6.2 MPa (900 psi) was used to develop this data.
Appendix
435
Drywall, Plaster and Acoustical Ceiling Installation Tolerances
Standards of acceptability for installation of framing, drywall panels and joint treatment vary in different parts of North America. Nevertheless, several organizations, including the Metal Lath/Steel Framing Association, Gypsum Association and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), have published recommendations, standards and/or tolerances that may be required for a specific project.
Similarly, references for tolerances and quality in plasterwork and acoustical ceilings are available. References for tolerances and quality in plasterwork have been published by ASTM and Diehl's "Manual of Lathing and Plastering." For acoustical ceilings construction, see the appropriate ASTM standards (page 442) or "Code of Practices for Acoustical Ceiling System Installation" in the Ceilings and Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA) Ceiling Systems Handbook.
Contractors and their customers should reach agreement before starting the project regarding which tolerance standards will be used to judge acceptability of the work.
Gypsum Board Screw Usage
The number of fasteners used to install gypsum board varies with framing spacing, screw spacing, panel orientation and panel size. The charts below show estimated screw usage per 100 m2 (thousand square feet) of gypsum board for both horizontal and vertical board attachment. Allowance should be made for loss.
Horizontal Board Attachment (Screws/100 m2 (1000 ft.2))
Framing Spacing
Screw Spacing mm (Inches)
1220 x 2400 mm (4 x 8) Board 200 (8)
300 (12)
200 mm (8)
3061 (2844)
2186 (2031)
300 mm (12)
2119 (1969)
1513 (1406)
400 mm (16)
1648 (1531)
1178 (1094)
600 mm (24)
1178 (1094)
841 (781)
1220 x 3050 mm (4 x 10) Board
200 mm (8)
3014 (2800)
2153 (2000)
300 mm (12)
2072 (1925)
1480 (1375)
400 mm (16)
1602 (1488)
1142 (1063)
600 mm (24)
1130 (1050)
807 (750)
1220 x 3660 mm (4 x 12) Board
200 mm (8)
2992 (2780)
2131 (1980)
300 mm (12)
2045 (1900)
1464 (1360)
400 mm (16)
1572 (1460)
1130 (1050)
600 mm (24)
1109 (1030)
786 (730)
400 (16) 1749 (1625) 1211 (1125)
942 (875) 673 (625)
1722 (1600) 1184 (1100)
915 (850) 646 (600)
1711 (1590) 1173 (1090)
904 (840) 635 (590)
600 (24) 1312 (1219)
909 (844) 706 (656) 505 (469)
1292 (1200) 888 (825) 687 (638) 484 (450)
1281 (1190) 883 (820) 678 (630) 474 (440)
436
Vertical Board Attachment (Screws/100 m2 (1000 ft.2))
Framing Spacing
Screw Spacing mm (Inches)
1220 x 2400 mm (4 x 8) Board 200 (8)
300 (12)
200 mm (8)
3061 (2844)
2120 (1969)
300 mm (12)
2186 (2031)
1513 (1406)
400 mm (16)
1749 (1625)
1211 (1125)
600 mm (24)
1312 (1219)
908 (844)
1220 x 3050 mm (4 x 10) Board
200 mm (8)
3113 (2800)
2072 (1925)
300 mm (12)
2153 (2000)
1480 (1375)
400 mm (16)
1722 (1600)
1184 (1100)
600 mm (24)
1292 (1200)
888 (825)
1220 x 3660 mm (4 x 12) Board
200 mm (8)
2983 (2771)
2040 (1896)
300 mm (12)
2130 (1979)
1457 (1354)
400 mm (16)
1703 (1583)
1166 (1083)
600 mm (24)
1278 (1188)
875 (813)
400 (16) 1648 (1531) 1178 (1094)
942 (875) 706 (656)
1602 (1488) 1144 (1063)
915 (850) 687 (638)
1569 (1458) 1122 (1042)
897 (833) 673 (625)
600 (24) 1178 (1094)
841 (781) 673 (625) 505 (469)
1030 (1050) 807 (750) 646 (600) 484 (450)
1099 (1021) 785 (729) 628 (583) 461 (438)
Appendix
437
Comparing Plaster Systems
The chart below compares conventional plaster and veneer plaster systems to help in selection for specific job applications.
Characteristics
1. Conventional Plaster Best system to attain a uniform, monolithic, blemishfree, smooth surface with excellent wear resistance.
2. IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat with selected finish shown below, "A" through "E"
A. IMPERIAL Brand Finish Ultimate in surface hardness and abrasion resistance. Easily textured. Low productivity and hard to achieve a completely smooth finish.
B. DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster Single-bag, ready-to-use finish. Moderate high strength. Acceptable workability. Extremely adaptable to textured finishes. Satisfactory smooth finish.
C. Regular Gauging Lime Putty Highest productivity. Best workability. Joinable, easiest to achieve a monolithic finish. Only moderate surface hardness.
D. STRUCTO-GAUGE Gauging Lime Putty (1:1) Hardest dense putty finish. Moderate workability and ease of application. Excellent finish appearance.
E. RED TOP Keenes Cement, Lime Putty and Sand Unique, only truly retemperable material. Best choice for coloring or tinting large plaster wall areas. Ultimate choice for texturing. Can be floated for extended time period.
3. IMPERIAL Brand Finish (one-coat) Monolithic, smooth or textured appearance Ultimate in surface hardness. Primarily intended for direct application to plaster base. Achieves high productivity due to compatibility with absorbent surface of plaster base. Ready for finishing in 48 hours with favorable drying conditions.
4. DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster Monolithic appearing. Hard, wear-resistant surface. Provides texture desired. Ready for final finish in as little as 48 hours under favorable drying conditions. Greatest coverage for single coat application over special absorbent surface of plaster base. Lowest cost veneer system.
Comments
Finish Plaster Rating (No. 1 Best--No. 4 Acceptable)
Productivity Hardness Workability Ease to Achieve Smooth Surface
4
1
4
4
2
2
2
3
1
4
1
1
2
3
2
2
Due to its unique nature, Keenes is not rated with above finishes.
Fast completion shortens construction time, brings in paying tenants faster, thus reducing interest paid on project construction loan.
See comment on IMPERIAL Brand Finish.
438
Metric Terms and Metric Equivalents
Basic Units
Quantity Length
Metric (SI) Unit millimeter meter
Symbol mm m
Area
square meter
m2
Volume
cubic meter
m3
Volume (Fluid)
liter
L
Mass (Weight)
gram
g
kilogram
kg
tonne
t
Force Temperature (Interval)
Temperature Thermal Resistance
Heat Transfer Pressure
newton
N
kelvin
K
degree celsius
ºC
celsius
ºC
K·m2
W
watt
W
kilopascal
kPa
pascal
Pa
(1) To convert imperial units to SI units, divide by imperial equivalent
Prefixes (Order of Magnitude)
Prefix
Symbol
mega
M
kilo
k
centi(1)
c
milli
m
micro
µ(mu)
(1) Limited use only.
Factor 1000000 = 106 1000 = 103 0.01 = 10-2 0.001 = 10-3 0.000001 = 10-6
Imperial equivalent (nom.)(1) 0.039 in. 3.281 ft. 1.094 yd. 10.764 ft.2 1.196 yd.2 35.315 ft.3 1.308 yd.3 35.195 oz. 0.220 gal. 0.035 oz. 2.205 lb. 2,204.600 lb. 1.102 tons 0.225 lbf. 1.8ºF 1.8ºF (ºF-32)5/9 5.679 ft.2·hr·ºF
Btu 3.412 Btu/hr. 0.145 lbf/in.2 (psi) 20.885 lbf/ft.2 (psf)
Appendix
439
Metric Conversion
The table below provides metric equivalents for the dimensions of CGC products. "Soft" conversions merely apply a conversion factor that translates feet and inches (according to which the products were manufactured) into metric units; "hard"metric measurements are given for products actually manufactured in metric sizes.
Metric Equivalents Dimension SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels Thickness
Conversion Type(1) Soft
Width
Hard
Length
Hard
Steel Stud Framing
Thickness (gauge)
Soft
Depth
Soft
Length
Hard
THERMAFIBER Insulation
Thickness
Soft
Width
Hard
Length
Hard
Ft./In.
1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 24 48 8 10 12
0.0179 (25) 0.0270 (22) 0.0329 (20) 1-5/8 2-1/2 3-1/2 3-5/8 4 8 10 12
1 1-1/2 2 3 4 6 16 24 48
mm(2)
6 10 13 16 19 25 600 1200 2400 3000 3600
0.45 0.69 0.84 41 64 89 92 102 2400 3000 3600
25 38 51 76 102 152 400 600 1200
(1) Conversion Type: "Soft" is metric relabeling with no physical change of dimension; "hard" is a physical change to the metric dimension shown. (2) Conversion factors: Inches X 25.4 = mm; Feet X 304.8 = mm. Notes: Availability: Items above are not stocked in metric lengths or widths. Minimum quantity orders may be required. Lead time should be determined; upcharges may apply. Geographic availability may vary and should be verified for the project location. Lengths: Shown on SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels and steel stud framing for illustration purposes only. Framing Spacing: 16 o.c. converts to 400 mm o.c.; 24 converts to 600 mm o.c.
440
Specification Standards
The listings following contain existing standard specifications that apply to CGC materials described in this handbook. Where ASTM, local codes, etc., require product variance, consult your CGC representative.
Specification Standards Product Plaster RED TOP gypsum plaster RED TOP two-purpose plaster RED TOP wood fiber plaster STRUCTO-LITE plaster RED TOP gauging plaster RED TOP keenes cement
regular quick trowel STRUCTO-GAUGE plaster STRUCTO-BASE plaster IMPERIAL plaster DIAMOND plaster Gypsum Lathing GRAND PRIX plaster base 9.5 mm (3/8), 12.7 mm (1/2) and 15.9 mm (5/8)
Lime RED TOP single hydrated finish lime SNOWDRIFT double hydrated finish lime Gypsum Panels SHEETROCK Brand (plain) (foil-back) SHEETROCK Brand sq. edge SHEETROCK Brand tap. edge SHEETROCK Brand bev. edge 5/8 SHEETROCK Brand FIRECODE Core SHEETROCK Brand FIRECODE C core SHEETROCK vinyl-covered SHEETROCK Brand water-resistant SHEETROCK Brand gypsum coreboard panels SHEETROCK Brand shaft wall liner panels SHEETROCK Brand exterior gypsum ceiling board SHEETROCK Brand interior gypsum ceiling board SHEETROCK Brand HUMITEK gypsum panels FIBEROCK Brand panels--abuse-resistant FIBEROCK Brand panels--VHI abuse-resistant Cement Panels DUROCK Brand cement board DUROCK Brand exterior cement board Sheathing GYPLAP Brand gypsum sheathing treated core FIBEROCK Brand sheathing--AQUA-TOUGH Joint Treatment CGC, F1, CLASSIC, LITELINE joint compounds
ASTM Designation
C28 C28 C28 C28 C28
C61 C61 C28 C28 C587 C587
C37, C588, C1396
C206 type N C206 type S
C36 C36 C36 C36 C36 C36 C960 C630 C442 C442 C931 C1395 C36 C1278 C1278
C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396 C1396
C1325 (ANSI A 118.9) C1186 (ANSI A 118.9)
C79 C1278
C1396
C475
Specification Standards (continued) Product Accessories Structural steel joists, runners
25, 22 ga. studs, 25, 22 ga. runners
20 ga. studs, 20 ga. runners
RC-1 resilient channels
Zinc Control Joints DUR-A-BEAD corner bead SHEETROCK Brand metal trims Shaft wall/area separation wall studs
Drywall screws SHEETROCK Brand acoustical sealant Acoustical Units--Prefabricated Cast ceiling panels Water-felted ceiling panels Ceiling Suspension System DONN Grid
Mineral Fiber Insulation THERMAFIBER sound atten. fire blanket
Appendix
441
ASTM Designation
C645, C955, A568, A653, A792 (alum.-zinc coating), A591 (galv. coating) C645, A568 (steel), A653, A463 (alum. coating), A792 (alum.-zinc coating) A591 (galv. coating) C645, A568 (steel), A653 (galv. coating), A792 (alum.-zinc coating) A591 (galv. coating) A568 (steel), A525 (galv. coating), A792 (alum.-zinc coating) C841 C1047 C1047 A653 A792 (alum.-zinc coating) A591 (galv. coating) C1002, C954 C834
C423, C523, C635, E1264, C117, E1264
C635, C363, C645, C841, E580
C665
442
ASTM Application Standards
There are also standards for application of many of the products in this Handbook. See the specification standards listed below for more information.
Application Standards Product Standard Practice for Installation of Metal Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panels
Specification for Installation of Steel Framing Members to Receive Screw-Attached Gypsum Panel Products
Specification for Application and Finishing of Gypsum Board Specification for Installation of Interior Lathing and Furring Specification for Application of Interior Gypsum Plaster Specification for Application of Gypsum Veneer Plaster Specification for Application of Gypsum Base to Receive Gypsum Veneer Plaster
Specification for Installation of Load-Bearing Steel Studs and Related Accessories
Specification for Application of Gypsum Sheathing Standard Practice for Application of Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panels in Areas Requiring Moderate Seismic Restraint
Application Standard C636
C754
C840 C841 C842 C843 C844
C1007
C1280 E580
ASTM Standards for Performance Specifications and Test Methods
Performance Specifications and Test Methods
CAN/ULC S102, Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Accessories. ASTM E-84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, describes the method of establishing Flame Spread and Smoke Developed values.
CAN/ULC S101, Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials. ASTM E-119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, describes the method of establishing fire-resistant hourly ratings for floor/ceiling and/or roof/ceiling construction assemblies. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Fire Resistance Designs are established under this test method.
CAN/ULC S114, Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials. ASTM E-136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C, describes the method for determining the acceptability of a material for use in noncombustible construction.
U.S. Fed. Spec. 209, Clean Room and Work Station Requirements for Controlled Environments, describes the method of establishing Clean Room Classification values.
ASTM C-367, Standard Test Methods for Strength Properties of Prefabricated Architectural Acoustical Tile or Lay-in Ceiling Panels, describes the method of establishing strength properties of acoustical ceiling tiles and panels.
Appendix
443
ASTM E-413, Standard Classification for Rating Sound Insulation, provides criteria to establish Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) of an acoustical ceiling, similar to STC ratings for walls.
ASTM C-423, Standard Test Method for Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method, describes the method of establishing Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) values.
ASTM C-635, Standard Specification for the Manufacture, Performance and Testing of Metal Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panel Ceilings, provides classification criteria by load capacity, along with manufacturing tolerance, coating, and inspection criteria for suspension systems.
ASTM E-1110, Standard Classification for Determination of Articulation Class, provides criteria to establish ceiling Articulation Class (AC) of an acoustical ceiling, generally applies to open plan ceilings in lieu of a NRC rating.
ASTM E-1111, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Interzone Attenuation of Ceiling Systems, describes the method of establishing Articulation Class (AC) values.
ASTM E-1264, Standard Classification for Acoustical Ceiling Products, (Correlates with Federal Spec. SS-S-118 "Sound Controlling Acoustical Tiles and Panel"), provides general classification by type and form, acoustical rating qualification, light reflectance coefficient qualification, and surface burning fire classification of acoustical ceiling tiles and panels.
ASTM E-1414, Standard Test Method for Airborne Sound Attenuation Between Rooms Sharing a Common Ceiling Plenum (Adaptation of the AMA-I-II-1967 "Test Method for Ceiling Sound Transmission Test by Two-Room Method"), describes the method of establishing Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) values.
ASTM E-1433, Standard Guide for Selection of Standards on Environmental Acoustics, is intended to assist acoustical consultants, architects, specifiers and others in understanding ASTM standards in environmental acoustics, as referenced in E-413, E-1110, E-1264, etc.
ASTM E-1477, Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflection Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers, describes the method of establishing Light Reflectance (LR) values.
444
Products/UL Designations
The CGC products listed below are identified in the UL Fire Resistance Directory by the designations shown.
Products/UL Designations UL Type Designation R SCX C WRX WRC AR SLX ULTRACODE SHX FCV FB FRX-G IPR IP-X1 IP-X2 IP-X3 DUROCK DUROCK Exterior UL Type Designation FC-CB AP or AP-1
GR
FR-83 or GR-1
FR-81 or FR-83
FR-4 FR-X1
DXL
Drywall, Cement Board and Plaster Board Products SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, FIRECODE Core (including HUMITEK and MH Panels) SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, FIRECODE C Core SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, FIRECODE Core, Water-Resistant SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, FIRECODE C Core, Water-Resistant SHEETROCK Brand Abuse-Resistant Gypsum Panels SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Liner Panels SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, ULTRACODE Core SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Sheathing, FIRECODE Core SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, FIRECODE Core, Vinyl-Covered SHEETROCK Brand Formboard FIBEROCK Brand Panels, all AQUA-TOUGH and abuse resistant GRAND PRIX Brand Plaster Base GRAND PRIX Brand Plaster Base (Type X) GRAND PRIX Brand Plaster Base (Type C) GRAND PRIX Brand Plaster Base, ULTRACODE Core DUROCK Brand Cement Board DUROCK Brand Exterior Cement Board Acoustical Tile and Panel Products Gypsum Lay-In Ceiling Tile ACOUSTONE Ceiling Product (SANDRIFT, FROST, GLACIER, BRIO CLIMAPLUS, FRESCO CLIMAPLUS, "F" FISSURED Ceiling Panels)
AURATONE FIRECODE Ceiling Product (Radar, Radar CLIMAPLUS, Fissured Ceiling Tile)
AURATONE FIRECODE Ceiling Product (Illusion, Aspen, Radar, Fissured, Pebbled, Radar CLIMAPLUS, Ceiling Panels)
AURATONE FIRECODE Ceiling Product (Rock Face CLIMAPLUS, Clean Room CLIMAPLUS Ceiling Panels)
CERAMIC HERITAGE Ceiling Product (CERAMIC HERITAGE CLIMAPLUS Ceiling Panels) X Technology FIRECODE Ceiling Product (ORION CLIMAPLUS, ECLIPSE CLIMAPLUS, MILLENIA CLIMAPLUS [clay back] Ceiling Panels)
DONN 1 1/2 Fire rated grid system components
Appendix
445
Permeance--CGC Products
Permeance--CGC Products
Moisture Vapor Permeance
Product(1)
Finish
ng/Pa·s·m2 (Perms)(2,3,4)
Gypsum Panels
9.5 mm (3/8) SHEETROCK Brand Regular
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand Regular
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand Regular
1-coat flat latex paint
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand Regular
2-coats flat latex paint
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand Regular
2-coats gloss enamel (oil)
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK Brand Regular
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK Brand FIRECODE Core
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand FIRECODE C Core
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK Brand FIRECODE C Core
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand Water-Resistant
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK Brand Water-Resistant FIRECODE C Core, FIRECODE Core
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Brand HUMITEK gypsum panel
15.9 mm (5/8) SHEETROCK Brand HUMITEK FIRECODE gypsum panel
12.7 mm (1/2) FIBEROCK Brand Abuse Resistant Panels
15.9 mm (5/8) FIBEROCK Brand Abuse Resistant Panels
12.7 mm (1/2) SHEETROCK Vinyl-Faced
Pumice
Moonstone
Burlap
Granite
Tweed
Academy
Trafalgar
Striae
Sonoma
Brushwork
25 mm (1) SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Liner Panel
Gypsum Base
12.7 mm (1/2) GRAND PRIX Brand
12.7 mm (1/2) GRAND PRIX Brand
DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster
12.7 mm (1/2) GRAND PRIX Brand
1 coat IMPERIAL Finish Plaster
12.7 mm (1/2) GRAND PRIX Brand
IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat/ IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster
2047 (35.3) 1983 (34.2) 1641 (28.3) 1647 (28.4)
58 (1.0) 1542 (26.6) 1658 (28.6) 1844 (31.8) 1502 (25.9) 1751 (30.2) 1751 (30.2) 1751 (30.2) 1751 (30.2)
N/A N/A
<58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) <58 (<1) 1392 (24.0)
1670 (28.8) 1415 (24.4) 307 (5.3) 464 (8.0)
15.9 mm (5/8) GRAND PRIX Brand 12.7 mm (1/2) GRAND PRIX Brand FIRECODE C 15.9 mm (5/8) GRAND PRIX Brand FIRECODE C 9.5 mm (3/8) gypsum base and 12.7 mm (1/2) gypsum plaster, metal lath and 19 mm (3/4) gypsum plaster
1560 (26.9) 1740 (30.0) 1519 (26.2) 1160 (20.0)
Gypsum Sheathing 12.7 mm (1/2) GYPLAP Brand Gypsum Sheathing Treated Core 12.7 mm (1/2) FIBEROCK Brand Sheathing AQUA-TOUGH 15.9 mm (5/8) FIBEROCK Brand Sheathing AQUA-TOUGH
(1) All foil-back products, less than 0.06 perms. (2) All tests comply with ASTM E96 (desiccant method). (3) Grain per sq. ft. per in. of water vapor pressure difference (grain/ft2·h·in.-Hg) (grams/m2/24 hours). (4) 57.4 ng/Pa·s·m2 permeance is equivalent to the former one "Perm" (1 grain/ft2·h·Hg·in.)
1351 (23.3) 1624 (28) 1450 (25)
446
Thermal Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Common Building Materials
Unrestrained 4º--38ºC. (40º--100ºF)
Material Gypsum Panels and Bases Gypsum Plaster (sanded 100:2, 100:3) Wood Fiber Plaster (sanded 100:1) STRUCTO-LITE Plaster Aluminum, Wrought Steel, Medium Brick, Masonry Cement, Portland Concrete Fir (parallel to fiber) Fir (perpendicular to fiber)
Coefficient x10-6/mm/mm/ºC 16.2 12.6 14.4 13.1 23.0 12.1
5.6 10.6 14.2 3.8 5.8
(x10-6/in/in/ºF) 9.0 7.0 8.0 7.3 12.8 6.7 3.1 5.9 7.9 2.1 3.2
Hygrometric Coefficients of Expansion (unrestrained)
Gypsum Panels and Bases Gypsum Plaster (sanded 100:2, 100:3) Wood Fiber Plaster (sanded 100:1) STRUCTO-LITE Plaster Vermiculite Gypsum Plaster (sanded 100:2)
mm/mm/% R.H. 7.2 x 10-6 1.5 x 10-6 2.8 x 10-6 4.8 x 10-6 3.8 x 10-6
Inches/Inch/% R.H. (5%--90% R.H.) 7.2 x 10-6 1.5 x 10-6 2.8 x 10-6 4.8 x 10-6 3.8 x 10-6
Appendix
447
Thermal Resistance Coefficients of Building and Insulating Materials(1)
Thickness
mm
in.
50.8-63.5 2-2-1/2
76.2-88.9 3-3-1/2
133.4-152.4 5 1/4-6
25.4
1
12.7
1/2
15.9
5/8
12.7
1/2
Product THERMAFIBER Mineral Fiber Insulation (SAFB) THERMAFIBER Mineral Fiber Insulation (SAFB) THERMAFIBER Mineral Fiber Insulation (SAFB) Extruded Polystyrene Insulation SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels, FIRECODE C Core
Density
kg/m3 lb/ft3 48.1 2.5 48.1 2.5 48.1 2.5 35.2 2.2 690.2 43 690.2 43 800.9 50
Resistance (R-Value)
K.m2/W hr.ft.2 °F/Btu 1.23 7.7-9.3 1.94 11.1-13.0 3.35 19.4-22.2 0.88 5.00 0.08 0.45 0.10 0.56 0.08 0.45
15.9
5/8
SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels,
800.9 50
0.10 0.56
FIRECODE and FIRECODE C Core
12.7
1/2
FIBEROCK Brand Panels
850 53
0.08 0.5
15.9
5/8
FIBEROCK Brand Panels
850 53
0.08 0.5
12.7
1/2
SHEETROCK Brand HUMITEK Gypsum Panels
690 43
0.08 0.45
15.9
5/8
SHEETROCK Brand HUMITEK Gypsum Panels
690 43
0.10 0.56
12.7
1/2
GRAND PRIX Brand Veneer Plaster Base
690.2 43
0.08 0.45
15.9
5/8
GRAND PRIX Brand Veneer Plaster Base
690.2 43
0.10 0.56
12.7
1/2
GRAND PRIX Brand Veneer Plaster Base, FIRECODE C Core 800.9 50
0.08 0.45
15.9
5/8
GRAND PRIX Brand Veneer Plaster Base,
FIRECODE and FIRECODE C Core
800.9 50
0.10 0.56
9.5
3/8
GRAND PRIX Plaster Base
800.9 50
0.06 0.32
12.7
1/2
GYPLAP Brand Gypsum Sheathing Treated Core 800.9 50
0.08 0.45
12.7
1/2
Sanded Plaster
1681.9 105
0.02 0.09
12.7
1/2
Plaster with Lightweight Aggregate
720.8 45
0.06 0.32
101.6
4
Common Brick
1922.2 120
0.14 0.80
12.7
1/2
DUROCK Brand Cement Board
1153.3 72
0.05 0.26
12.7
1/2
DUROCK Brand Exterior Cement Board
1153.3 72
0.05 0.26
101.6
4
Face Brick
2082.4 130
0.08 0.44
25.4
1
Portland Cement Stucco with Sand Aggregate 1858.1 116
0.04 0.20
101.6
4
Concrete Block, 3-oval Core, Cinder Aggregate
0.20 1.11
203.2
8
Concrete Block, 3-oval Core, Cinder Aggregate
0.30 1.72
304.8
12
Concrete Block, 3-oval Core, Cinder Aggregate
0.33 1.89
--
--
Vapor-Permeable Felt
0.01 0.06
--
--
Vapor-Retarder Plastic Film
Negl. --
25.4
1
Stone
0.01 0.08
25.4-203.2 1 x 8 Wood Drop Siding
0.14 0.79
19.1-254.0 3/4 x 10 Beveled Wood Siding
0.18 1.05
19.1-88.9 3/4-3-1/2 Plain Air Space, non-reflective(2)
0.17 0.92
(1) All factors based on data from 1981 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Factors at 24ºC (75ºF), mean temperature. (2) Conditions: heat, flow horizontal; mean temperature 10°C (50°F); temperature differential -1°C (30°F); E (emissivity) 0 82.
448
USG/CGC Plant Locations
USG/CGC Plant Locations
B H
B H
BBG A
C A
AF
B
A
B
BDA C A
H
H
C A
CB A
E
C A
B
A
E AB
F DAC B A A
CA FABF G
C A
BA
C CA A
B C A D C A
AB FG B
E
A
DA
B
C A
Legend A B C D E F G H
BAE
Gypsum Board Joint Treatment and Textures Gypsum Plasters Cement Board Products Acoustical Ceilings Acoustical Suspension Systems and Specialty Products Trim Reload Distribution Centres
Appendix
449
A Gypsum Board
Aliquippa, PA Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Bridgeport, AL Detroit, MI East Chicago, IN Empire, NV Fort Dodge, IA Fremont, CA Galena Park, TX Gypsum, OH Hagersville, Ontario Jacksonville, FL Montreal, Quebec
B Joint Treatment and Textures
Auburn, WA Bridgeport, AL Calgary, Alberta Chamblee, GA Dallas, TX East Chicago, IN Edmonton, Alberta Fort Dodge, IA Gypsum, OH
C Gypsum Plasters Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Detroit, MI Empire, NV Fort Dodge, IA Gypsum, OH Jacksonville, FL Montreal, Quebec
D Cement Board
Baltimore, MD Detroit, MI
E Acoustical Ceilings
Cloquet, MN Greenville, MS
F Acoustical Suspension Systems and Specialty Products
Oakville, Ontario Stockton, CA Westlake, OH
G Trim
Auburn, WA Cartersville, GA
H Reload Distribution Calgary, Alberta
Centres
Moncton, New Brunswick
New Orleans. LA Norfolk, VA Oakfield, NY Plaster City, CA Puebla, Mexico Ranier, OR Santa Fe Springs, CA Shoals, IN Sigurd, UT Southard, OK Sperry, IA Stony Point, NY Sweetwater, TX
Hagersville, Ontario Jacksonville, FL Montreal, Quebec Port Reading, NJ Puebla, Mexico Sigurd, UT Surrey, British Columbia Tacoma, WA Torrance, CA
Norfolk, VA Phoenix, AZ Plaster City, CA Shoals, IN Southard, OK Stony Point, NY Sweetwater, TX
New Orleans, LA Santa Fe Springs, CA
San Juan, Mexico Walworth, WI
Cartersville, GA Medina, OH
Wierton, WV
Port Kells, British Columbia Winnipeg, Manitoba
450
CGC Literature Complete technical data on CGC products and systems can be found in the CGC Architectural Technical Literature series. Those folders applying to drywall, cement board, acoustical ceilings, insulation and plaster construction are listed below with their appropriate CSC numbers. Copies of literature are available through CGC sales offices.
Folder No. & Description General SA100 Suspension Systems SC2000 C/FC/SC2014 Lath, Plaster SA920 Gypsum Drywall SA923 SA924 SA925 SA926 SA927 Prefinished Panels SA928 Abuse-Resistant Systems SA929 Tile Accessories SA932 Finishing Materials SA933 Ceiling Systems SC2000
Construction Selector
Ceiling Systems
Plaster Systems
Drywall/Steel-Framed Systems Drywall/Wood-Framed Systems CGC Area Separation Fire Wall/Party Wall Systems CGC Cavity Shaft Wall Systems Gypsum Panels & Accessories
SHEETROCK TEXTONE Brand Vinyl-Faced Gypsum Panels
Abuse-Resistant Systems
DUROCK Brand Cement Board Systems
SHEETROCK Brand Textures and Finish Products
Acoustical and Specialty Ceilings
CSC No.
09120 09210 09250 09250 09250 09250 09250 09720 09250 09305 09940 09500
Glossary
Appendix
451
Absorption The taking up and holding or dissipating of matter or energy, as a sponge takes up water. Absorption is the opposite of reflection. Porosity is a term that describes the absorption qualities of certain materials, such as wallboard paper.
Accelerator An additive that shortens the time for gypsum plasters or setting-type joint compounds to set.
Access Door A metal door that comes in various sizes and is framed into an acoustical ceiling to provide access to mechanical valves in the plenum. Some standard sizes are 300 x 300 mm (12 x 12), 300 x 600 mm (12 x 24), 300 x 450 mm (12 x 18), 450 x 450 mm (18 x 18), 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24), and 600 x 900 mm (24 x 36).
Access Tab A special spline with an exposed tab for making a (or any) particular tile in a concealed suspension system removable.
Acoustical Panels Normally a 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24) or larger piece of prefinished material with various surface finishes installed in a suspension system to provide improved sound absorption qualities.
Acoustic Privacy Sound-control design with assemblies provided between two spaces for the purpose of preventing passage of airborne sound and dampening impact sound.
Acoustical Ceiling Sound-absorbing and/or sound attenuating modules held in a suspended grid. A system having highly effective soundabsorbing and/or sound attenuating qualities.
Acoustical Ceiling Board (Lay-In Panel) Acoustical material used in conjunction with a lay-in grid system, usually in 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24) or larger panels.
Acoustical Consultant Trained professional in recommending solutions to sound problems and design facilities to meet specific sound criteria. Also acoustical engineer or acoustician.
Acoustical Sealant Special caulking material designed to seal gaps and cracks to reduce sound flanking in an assembly.
Acoustical Tile Normally a 300 x 300 mm (12 x 12) or 300 x 600 mm (12 x 24) piece of prefinished material with various surface finishes installed in a concealed suspension system or cemented to a ceiling or upper wall surface to provide sound absorption qualities.
Acoustics Science dealing with the production, control, transmission, reception and effects of sound, and the process of hearing. The acoustics of a room are those qualities that, together, determine its character with respect to distinct hearing.
Admixture Any substance added to a plaster component or plaster for the purpose of modifying its properties.
Aggregate Sand, gravel, crushed stone or other material that is a main constituent of portland cement concrete and aggregated gypsum plaster. Also, polystyrene, perlite and vermiculite particles used in texture finishes.
Airborne Sound Sound traveling through the medium of air.
All Purpose Joint Compound A compound formulated and manufactured to serve as a taping or finishing compound, or both.
452
Ambient Light The generally available, surrounding or pervading light in the area, coming from all sides, including outside light coming in through windows.
ANSI American National Standards Institute, a nonprofit, national technical association that publishes standards covering definitions, test methods, recommended practices and specifications of materials. Formerly American Standards Assn. (ASA) and United States of America Standards Institute (USASI).
Anchor Metal securing device embedded or driven into masonry, concrete, steel or wood.
Anchor Bolt Heavy, threaded bolt embedded in the foundation to secure sill to foundation wall or bottom plate of exterior wall to concrete floor slab.
Annular Ring Nail A deformed shank nail with improved holding qualities specially designed for use with gypsum board.
Anti-Breathing Spline Spline used to link tiles in a concealed tee installation and to prevent air infiltration.
Area Separation Wall Residential fire walls, usually with a 2- to 4hour rating, designed to prevent spread of fire from an adjoining occupancy; extends from foundation to or through the roof. Identified by codes as either "fire wall," "party wall" or "townhouse separation wall."
ARIDO Association of Registered Interior Designers of Ontario.
Articulation Class A classification to rate the degree of speech recognition allowed to transmit through ceilings or partitions.
ASTM Formerly American Society for Testing and Materials, now ASTM International, a nonprofit, national technical society that publishes definitions, standards, test methods, recommended installation practices and specifications for materials.
Attenuate The act of resisting the passage of sound energy.
Attenuation In acoustics, the diluting or holding back of the energy of sound waves as they pass through a material. Materials are rated for their ability to prevent sounds from traveling through them (see Ceiling Attenuation Class, CAC).
Back Blocking A short piece of gypsum board adhesively laminated behind the joints between each framing member to reinforce the joint. Also, may be a method of attaching additional framing to support gypsum board where no framing is present.
Back Cut Cutting the border tile at a 45° angle to achieve the best possible fit, or that portion of a tile cut back above the kerf in a tile.
Backup Strips Pieces of wood nailed at the ceiling-sidewall corner to provide fastening for ends of plaster base or gypsum panels.
Baffle Usually called sound baffle and is a piece of acoustical material hung vertically from a structure for sound absorption. Baffles are normally used where it is not practical to install a complete acoustical ceiling.
Balloon Frame Method of framing outside walls in which studs extend the full length or height of the wall.
Appendix
453
Bar Joist Open-web, flat truss structural member used to support floor or roof structure. Web section is made from bar or rod stock, and chords are usually fabricated from "T" or angle sections.
Basecoat The first layer or layers of plaster applied over a lath or other substrate. The first application is normally called a scratch coat and the second application is referred to as a brown coat.
Basecoat Floating The finishing act of spreading, compacting and smoothing of the basecoat plaster to a reasonably true plane.
Batten Narrow strip of wood, plastic, metal or gypsum board used to conceal an open joint.
Beam Loadbearing member spanning a distance between supports.
Beam Clip A clip that can be fastened to a steel beam to support a hanger wire or strap.
Bearing Support area upon which something rests, such as the point on bearing walls where the weight of the floor joist or roof rafter bears.
Bed To set firmly and permanently in place.
Bending Bowing of a member that results when a load or loads are applied laterally between supports.
BESK Refers to Ceiling tile that is bevel edged, with a standard kerf.
Board Foot (Bd. Ft.) Volume of a piece of wood, nominal 1 x 12 x 1. All lumber is sold by the board-foot measure.
Bond The holding of acoustical tile in place, on a ceiling surface, with adhesive.
Bonding Agent A material applied to a surface to improve the quality of the bond between it and the succeeding plaster application. For instance, monolithic concrete and cement board require the addition of a bonding agent before applying plaster.
Border Cut Cut made on both ceiling panel and grid at the perimeter of the installation.
Borrowed Light Refers to light from one area that helps to illuminate another area by a glass wall. Especially in schools, glass walls are installed between corridors and classrooms.
Brick Veneer Non-loadbearing brick facing applied to a wall to give appearance of solid-brick construction; bricks are fastened to backup structure with metal ties embedded in mortar joints.
Bridging Members attached between floor joists to distribute concentrated loads over more than one joist and to prevent rotation of the joist. Solid bridging consists of joist-depth lumber installed perpendicular to and between the joists. Cross-bridging consists of pairs of braces set in an "X" form between joists.
Brown Coat The second coat in three-coat gypsum plaster application.
Building Construction Joint A designed division of a building that allows movement of all component parts of the building, in any plane, which may be caused by thermal, seismic, wind loading or any other force. The construction of the separation is accomplished by one of the following methods: (1) manufactured devices suitable for this application, or (2) by field fabrication of suitable materials.
454
CAC See Ceiling Attenuation Class.
Calcine The process of heating a mineral to produce a change in the chemical composition of the mineral, ranging from the removal of chemically combined water through the reduction of the mineral to its oxide state.
Calcined Gypsum A dry powder; primarily calcium sulfate hemihydrate, resulting from calcination of gypsum; cementitious base for production of most gypsum plasters: also called plaster of paris; sometimes called stucco.
Calcium Sulfate The chemical compound CaSO4. Camber Curvature built into a beam or truss to compensate for loads that will be encountered when in place and load is applied. The crown is placed upward. Insufficient camber results in unwanted deflection when the member is loaded.
Cant Beam Beam with edges chamfered or beveled.
Cant Strip Triangular section laid at the intersection of two surfaces to ease or eliminate effect of a sharp angle or projection.
Cap The rolled covering on the flange of a T-Bar suspension system part. Cap is available in steel or aluminum, and in many colours.
Carrying Channel Main supporting member of a suspended ceiling system to which furring members or channels attach.
Casement Glazed sash or frame hung to open like a door.
Casing The trim around windows, doors, columns or piers.
Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) A sound rating developed especially for acoustical ceilings. The sound ratings are determined by AMA1-II ceiling sound transmission tests. Results were previously called CSTC value.
Ceiling Break Any change in the elevation of a ceiling, such as occurs at the point where a soffit is installed.
Ceiling STC (CSTC) Obsolete. See Ceiling Attenuation Class.
Ceiling Track A channel used as a ceiling runner to set prefabricated steel studs for relocatable partitions or walls.
Cement Board A factory-manufactured panel, 8 to 15.9 mm (5/16 to 5/8) thick, 813 to 1220 mm (32 to 48) wide, and 914 to 3048 mm (3 to 10) long, made from aggregated and reinforced portland cement.
Center Line A line indicating the midpoint of a surface in either direction. Used as a guide in starting a ceiling.
Chalk Line Straight working line made by snapping a chalked cord stretched between two points, transferring chalk to work surface.
Channel (Molding) A U- or C-shaped metal member sometimes used for suspending or trimming a suspended ceiling.
Chase Space Space provided between the surfaces within a partition for electrical, plumbing and other services.
CISCA Ceiling and Interior Systems Construction Association, 1500 Lincoln Highway, St. Charles, IL, U.S.A. 60174 (guide for basic installation of ceiling products).
Appendix
455
Class A A fire classification for a product with a flame spread rating of no more than 25 and a smoke developed rating not exceeding 50, when tested in accordance with ASTM E84.
Cladding Gypsum panels, gypsum bases, gypsum sheathing, cement board, etc. applied to framing.
Clean Room An assembly room for precision products whose quality would be affected by dust, lint or airborne pathogens; usually has smooth room surfaces to prevent dust collection; air precipitators or filters keep dust, lint, etc. to a specified minimum level. Clean Room standards are set by Fed. Spec. 209E.
Coefficient of Thermal Conductance (C) Amount of heat (in Watts or Btu) that passes through a specific thickness of a material (either homogeneous or heterogeneous) W/m2·ºK (Btu per hr., per sq. ft., per ºF). Measured as temperature difference between surfaces.
The "C" value of a homogeneous material equals the "k" value divided by the material thickness:
C = k/t where t = thickness of material in inches
It is impractical to determine a "k" value for some materials such as building paper or those only used or formed as a thin membrane, so only "C" values are given for them.
Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (k) Convenient factor represents the amount of heat (in Watts or Btu) that passes by conduction through a 1 thickness of homogeneous material, W/m·ºK (Btu per in., per sq. ft., per ºF). Measured as temperature difference between the two surfaces of the material.
Coefficient of Heat Transmission (U) Total amount of heat that passes through an assembly of materials, including air spaces and surface air films. Expressed in W/m2·K (Btu per hr., per sq. ft., per ºF) temperature difference between inside and outside air (beyond the surface air films). "U" values are often used to represent wall and ceiling assemblies, floors and windows.
Note: "k" and "C" values cannot simply be added to obtain "U" values. "U" can only be obtained by adding the thermal resistance (reciprocal of "C") of individual items and dividing the total into 1.
Coefficient of Hygrometric Expansion See Hygrometric Expansion.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion See Thermal Expansion.
Column Vertical loadbearing member.
Compression Force that presses particles of a body closer together.
Compression Post A ceiling system member used to stabilize an acoustical suspension system under seismic conditions.
Compression Strength Measures maximum unit resistance of a material to crushing load. Expressed as force per unit cross-sectional area.
Concave Edges curved away from the observer; cupped. Curved like the inside of a hollow ball.
Concealed Cross T or T-Bar A tee-shaped intermediate member used to support the acoustical tile in a Z-Bar or H and T system perpendicular to the Z or H member, supporting the tile in a concealed manner.
456
Concrete Footing Generally, the wide, lower part of a foundation wall that spreads the weight of the building over a larger area. Its width and thickness vary according to weight of building and type of soil on which building is erected.
Conduction, Thermal Transfer of heat from one part of a body to another part of that body, or to another in contact, without any movement of bodies involved. The hot handle of a skillet is an example. The heat travels from the bottom of the skillet to the handle by conduction.
Construction Joint A designed division of a building that allows movement of all component parts of the building in any plane, which may be caused by thermal, seismic, wind loading or any other force. Construction joints are sometimes confused with control joints.
Convection Process of heat carried from one point to another by movement of a liquid or a gas (i.e. air). Natural convection is caused by expansion of the liquid or gas when heated. Expansion reduces the density of the medium, causing it to rise above the cooler, more dense portions of the medium.
Gravity heating systems are examples of the profitable use of natural convection. The air, heated by the furnace, becomes less dense (consequently lighter) and rises, distributing heat to the various areas of the house without any type of blower. When a blower is used, the heat transfer method is called "forced convection."
Convex Edges curved toward the observer; rounded. Curving outward like the surface of a sphere.
Core (of gypsum board) The hardened material filling the space between the face and back papers consisting substantially of rehydrated gypsum with additives.
Corner Brace Structural framing member used to resist diagonal loads that cause racking of walls and panels due to wind and seismic forces. May consist of a panel or diaphragm, or diagonal flat strap or rod. Bracing must function in both tension and compression. If brace only performs in tension, two diagonal tension members must be employed in opposing directions as "X" bracing.
Corner Cap Factory-formed cap that fits over the exterior of an outside corner.
Corner Post Timber or other member forming the corner of a frame. May be solid or built-up as a multi-piece member.
Creep Plastic flow or deformation of a material or a composite resulting from the sustained application of a force or load. Creep is typically greater at higher temperatures.
Creep Deflection Permanent deflection in a building system caused by deformation under a sustained force or load. An example of creep deflection is the sag in concrete floor slabs of a new building caused by sustained dead and live loads on the floor. This deformation or sag often causes partition cracking when the center of a partition span occurs near the area of greatest creep deflection. Creep deflection is a structural problem that decreases after a building stabilizes, one or two years after construction. Another cause of partition cracking, sometimes confused with that from creep deflection, is racking of structural
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components. Partition cracking caused by racking as a result of thermal expansion and contraction or wind loads on the building must be treated in some way, such as by the use of control or expansion joints.
Cripple Short stud such as that used between a door or window header and the top plate.
Critical Light Strong, angular or harsh light that can show imperfections in reflecting surfaces. Most common sources are skylights, wall sconces and directed track lights such as those used in art galleries.
Cross T or T-Bar The intermediate exposed cross members that interlock with the main tee to complete a grid system.
CSC Construction Specifications Canada, Carlton Street, Toronto.
Curtain Wall Exterior wall of a building that is supported by the structure and carries no part of the vertical load except its own. Curtain walls must be designed to withstand wind loads and transfer them to the structure.
Cycle (Acoustic) One full repetition of a motion sequence during periodic vibration. Movement from zero to +1 back to zero to -1 back to zero. Frequency of vibration is expressed in Hertz (cycles per second see Frequency).
Dead Load Load on a building element contributed by the weight of the building materials.
Decibel (dB) Adopted for convenience in representing vastly different sound pressures. The sound pressure level (SPL) in decibels is 10 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the squared ratio of the sound pressure to a reference pressure of 20 micropascals. This reference pressure is considered the lowest value at 100 Hz that the ear can detect. For every 10 dB increase or decrease in SPL, a sound is generally judged to be about twice or half as loud as before the change.
Decoupling Separation of elements to reduce or eliminate the transfer of sound, heat or physical loads from one element to the other.
Deflection Displacement that occurs when a load is applied to a member or assembly. The dead load of the member or assembly itself causes some deflection as may occur in roofs or floors at mid-span. Under applied wind loads maximum deflection occurs at mid-height in partitions and walls.
Deflection Limitation Maximum allowable deflection is dictated by the bending limit of the finish material under the required design load (e.g.,usually 240 Pa (5 psf) for interior partitions). Often expressed as ratio of span (L) divided by criterion factor (120, 180, 240, 360). For example, in a 3048 mm (10) or 3048 mm (120) high wall, allowable deflection under L/240 criterion equals 3048 mm/240 (120/240) or 12.7 mm (1/2) maximum.
Selection of limiting heights and spans are frequently based on minimum code requirements and accepted industry practice as follows: (a) L/120 for gypsum panel surfaces and veneer plaster finish surfaces, (b) L/240 for conventional lath and plaster surfaces, (c) L/360 for mechanically attached marble or heavy stone to walls; however, support for its own weight should be from the floor or separate supports.
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Although some building codes permit these deflections, more conservative criteria are frequently advised so that applied loads are not visible or esthetically unacceptable.
Deformation Change in shape of a body brought about by the application of a force internal or external. Internal forces may result from temperature, humidity or chemical changes. External forces from applied loads can also cause deformation.
Density The quantity per unit volume of a material; the mass of a substance per unit volume.
Design Load Combination of weight (dead load) and other applied forces (live loads) for which a building or part of a building is designed. Based on the worst possible combination of loads.
Desulfo Gypsum Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) produced as a byproduct of scrubbing industrial smoke stacks to meet environmental clean air standards. Also known as synthetic gypsum.
Detail Sections or parts of a structure drawn to a scale larger than the general plans to show shapes and dimensions.
Dew Point The temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture and below which condensation occurs.
Diaphragm A thin body that separates two areas; in sound, the skin of a partition or ceiling which separates the room from the structural space in the center of the partition or ceiling assembly.
Diffraction The change in direction that occurs when a wave contacts a space, surface, or edge smaller than the wavelength.
Diffuse To spread out evenly and thus become less dense or concentrated.
Diffuser A circular or rectangular metal grille recessed in a ceiling for the passage of air from a ducted system. The flange of the diffuser covers the edge of the ceiling material. (See also Linear Air Diffuser.)
Direct Lighting Lighting aimed at objects or surfaces. Direct lighting mounted in ceilings de-emphasizes the ceiling surface and highlights horizontal surfaces, such as work surfaces and the floor. A combination of both direct and indirect illumination can produce a positive effect on the space and save money.
Door Buck Structural element of a door opening. May be the same element as the frame, if frame is structural, as in the case of heavy steel frames.
Dot A small lump of plaster placed on a surface (usually scarified basecoat) between grounds to assist the plasterer in obtaining the proper plaster thickness and aid in aligning the surface.
Double-Hung Window Window sash that slides vertically and is offset in a double track.
Double-Up Successive plaster coat application with no setting or drying time allowed between coats; usually associated with veneer plastering. The double-up coat is applied (from the same mix) to a scratch coat over gypsum base.
Drip Interruption or offset in an exterior horizontal surface, such as a soffit, immediately adjacent to the fascia. Designed to prevent the migration of water back along the surface.
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Dry Line A string line drawn tight from two points and used as a guide in installing an acoustical ceiling to establish uniform length for hanger wires.
Drywall Generic term for interior surfacing material, such as gypsum panels, applied to framing using dry construction methods, e.g., mechanical fasteners or adhesive. See SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels.
Echo A single reflection of sound that can be heard as a distinct repetition of the original sound.
Edge (of gypsum board) The paper-bound edge as manufactured.
Efflorescence A deposit of white, powdery, water-soluble salts on the surface of masonry or plaster. It is caused by the migration of the dissolved salts to the surface; also called "whiskering" or "saltpetering."
Egg-Crate Louver A polystyrene, acrylic, or metal open cell grid used to permit the circulation of air or the transmission of light from above the ceiling.
Elevation A drawing of any portion of a building (front, sides, or rear) to show how that portion will appear to the observer.
End (of gypsum board) The end perpendicular to the paper-bound edge as manufactured. The gypsum core is always exposed.
Energy The ability to perform work; in sound, the capacity to compress the conductor molecules.
Environmental Systems Grid systems that are made of materials that withstand a variety of corrosive conditions.
Excessive Reverberation Long persistence of sound in a highly reflective room.
Expanded Metal Sheet metal that has been slit and expanded to produce diamond or rib lath.
Expansion Joint See Building Construction Joint and Construction Joint.
Exposed T or T-Bar Grid system hung from the overhead structure with wire hangers used to support acoustical and/or decorative ceiling panels.
Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) Exterior cladding assembly consisting of a polymer finish over a reinforcement adhered to foam plastic insulation that is fastened to masonry, concrete, building sheathing or directly to the structural framing. The sheathing may be cement board, gypsum sheathing or other acceptable substrate.
Extrapolate To project tested values, assuming a continuity of an established pattern, to obtain values beyond the limit of the test results. Not necessarily reliable.
F & T Ratings Flame-resistance and temperature ratings usually associated with "Through-Penetration" Testing. "F rating" or flame-resistance rating is the time period a firestop system remains in place during a ULC S115 and ASTM E814 fire test, but "T rating" is the time period it takes for the temperature on the unexposed surface, the firestop and the penetrating item to rise 163ºC (325 ºF) above the initial temperature.
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Factor of Safety Ratio of the ultimate unit stress to the working or allowable stress.
Fascia Board Board fastened to the ends of the rafters or joists forming part of a cornice.
Fast Track Method that telescopes or overlaps traditional design-construction process. Overlapping phases as opposed to sequential phases is keynote of the concept.
Fatigue Condition of material under stress that has lost, to some degree, its power of resistance as a result of repeated application of stress, particularly if stress reversals occur as with positive and negative cyclical loading.
Feather The gradual thinning of joint compound from the thickness over the joint to the outer edge of a coat.
Finish Coat The final layer of plaster applied over a basecoat or other substrate.
Finish Coat Floating The finishing act of spreading, compacting and smoothing the finish coat plaster or stucco to a specified surface texture.
Finishing Compound (See Topping Compound).
Fire Endurance Measure of elapsed time during which an assembly continues to exhibit fire resistance under specified conditions of test and performance. As applied to elements of buildings, it shall be measured by the methods and to the criteria defined in ULC and ASTM Methods CAN/ULC S101 and E119, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials; CAN/ULC S104 and ASTM Methods E152, Fire Tests of Door Assemblies.
Fireproof Use of this term in reference to buildings is discouraged because few, if any, building materials can withstand extreme heat for an extended time without some effect. The term "fire-resistive" or "resistant" is more descriptive.
Fire Resistance Relative term, used with a numerical rating or modifying adjective to indicate the extent to which a material or structure resists the effect of fire.
Fire-Resistive Refers to properties or designs to resist effects of any fire to which a material or structure may be expected to be subjected.
Fire-Retardant Denotes substantially lower degree of fire resistance than "fire-resistive." Often used to describe materials that are combustible but have been treated to retard ignition or spread of fire under conditions for which they were designed.
Firestop Obstruction in a cavity designed to resist the passage of flame, sometimes referred to as "fire blocking."
Firestop System A system for protecting against the spread of fire through a penetration in a wall or floor where a pipe or other penetrant passes through a fire-rated system. A firestop is the specific construction using materials designed to fill the annular space around the penetrant for the purpose of preventing the passage of fire through the fire-resistive partition or floor/ceiling assembly.
Fire Wall Fire-resistant partition extending to or through the roof of a building to retard spread of fire. See Area Separation Wall.
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Flame Spread Index of the capacity of a material to spread fire under test conditions, as defined by CAN/ULC S102 and ASTM Standard E84. Materials are rated by comparison with the flame-spread index of red oak flooring assigned a value of 100 and inorganic reinforced cement board assigned a value of 0.
Flammable Capability of a combustible material to ignite easily, burn intensely or have rapid rate of flame spread.
Flanking Paths Paths by which sound travels around an element intended to impede it, usually some structural component that is continuous between rooms and rigid enough to transmit the sound. For example, a partition separating two rooms can be "flanked" by the floor, ceiling or walls surrounding the partition if they run uninterrupted from one room to the other. Ducts, conduits, openings, structural elements, rigid ties, etc., can be sound flanking paths. The acoustic effect of sound flanking paths is dependent on many factors.
Flashing Strips of metal or waterproof material used to make joints waterproof, as in the joining of curtain wall panels.
Flexural Strength The maximum load sustained by a standard specimen of a sheet material when subjected to a bending force.
Floor Plan An architectural drawing showing the length and breadth of a building and the location of rooms, partitions, windows, doors, ceilings, etc. Each floor has a separate plan.
Footcandle the measurement of light emitted over distance. One foot candle is the amount of direct light thrown by one international candle onto a surface one foot away and equal to one lumen per square foot. The metric version is lux. To convert footcandle (fc) to lux (lx) multiply by 10.76391.
Footing Lower extremity of a foundation or loadbearing member that transmits load to load-bearing substrate.
Force Amount of applied energy to cause motion, deformation or displacement and stress in a body.
Foundation Component that transfers weight of building and occupants to the earth.
Framing Member Stud, plate, track, joist, furring and other support to which a gypsum panel product, or metal plaster base is attached.
Frequency (Sound) Number of complete vibrations or cycles or periodic motion per unit of time.
Furring Member or means of supporting a finished surfacing material away from the structural wall or framing. Used to level uneven or damaged surfaces or to provide space between substrates. Also an element for mechanical or adhesive attachment of paneling.
Gable Uppermost portion of the end wall of a building that comes to a triangular point under a sloping roof.
Galvanized A generic term used to describe steel coated with zinc applied in a dipping or electroplating process.
Gasketed Grid Ceiling suspension system that has foam rubber gasketing attached to the topside of the flanges. Used in clean room ceilings to seal the panels to grid interface.
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Gauge Thickness of steel. May be expressed by a number designation (24 Ga) or in thousandths of an inch (0.020).
Gauging Plaster Combine with lime putty to provide setting properties, to increase dimensional stability during drying, and to provide initial surface hardness in lime finish coats.
Girder Beam, especially a long, heavy one; the main beam supporting floor joists or other smaller beams.
Green A term to describe freshly applied plaster that has set, but has not dried.
Grid Ceiling An exposed grid ceiling is a direct hung suspension system. It uses main and cross tees with drop-in acoustical tile panels. Standard sizes are 2 x 4 and 2 x 2. It is also referred to as lay-in ceiling or tee-bar ceiling.
Grills A metal opening in ceiling for delivery of air into the room, or to return the air into the plenum.
Ground A piece of wood or metal attached to the framing or plaster base so that its exposed surface acts as a gauge to define the thickness of plaster to be applied. Also a term to denote plaster thickness. Also see Screed.
Grout Gypsum or portland cement plaster used to fill crevices or to fill hollow metal frames.
Gusset Wood or metal plate riveted, bolted, glued or pressed (wood trusses) over joints to transfer stresses between connected members.
Gypsum The mineral consisting primarily of fully hydrated calcium sulfate, CaSO4·2H2O or calcium sulfate dihydrate.
Gypsum Fiber Panels Gypsum panels with fiber reinforcement concentrated on each face of the panel. They are part of a new-technology series of panel products, called FIBEROCK® Brand Panels, which produce stronger, more abuse-resistant, water-resistant walls and ceilings than those produced with conventional drywall. There are variations for interior drywall applications in dry and wet areas, sheathing applications and flooring applications. Also, a very-high impact (VHI) product is further reinforced on the backside by a fiberglass mesh.
Gypsum Lath A gypsum board used as the base for application of gypsum plaster.
Gypsum Molding Plaster A calcined gypsum plaster used primarily for plaster casts or molds, sometimes used as a gauging plaster.
Gypsum Neat Plaster A calcined gypsum plaster without aggregate; common usage is for gypsum plaster used for basecoats.
Gypsum Plaster The generic name for a family of powdered cementitious products consisting primarily of calcined gypsum with additives to modify physical characteristics, and having the ability, when mixed with water, to produce a plastic mortar or slurry which can be formed to the desired shape by various methods and will subsequently set to a hard, rigid mass.
Gypsum Sheathing A gypsum board used as a backing for exterior surface materials, manufactured with water-repellent paper and may be manufactured with a water-resistant core.
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HUD Housing and Urban Development, a U.S. federal agency.
HVAC Heating, ventilating and air conditioning. (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. "ASHRAE" Guide is the technical reference source.)
Header Horizontal framing member across the ends of the joists. Also the member over a door or window opening in a wall.
Heat Form of energy thought to be characterized by the rate of vibration of the molecules of a substance. The hotter the substance, the faster the molecules vibrate. On the other hand, when there is no heat present it is thought the molecules will be at rest, which theoretically occurs at absolute zero, -273.2 ºC (-459.7 ºF or 0.0 K).
Heat Quantity (Btu) Common unit of measure of the quantity of heat is the British Thermal Unit (Btu). One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise 454 g (one pound) of water from 17.2 º to 17.8 ºC (63 º to 64 ºF) (1 Btu = 1055.06 J). This is about the amount of heat given off by one wooden match. A 454 g (pound) of coal can produce 13,000 Btu.
Heat Transfer Heat always flows toward a substance of lower temperature until the temperatures of the two substances equalize. It travels by one or more of three methods: conduction, convection or radiation.
Heel of Rafter Seat cut in a rafter that rests on the wall plate.
Hemihydrate The dry powder, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, resulting from calcination of CaSO4·2H2O, calcium sulfate dihydrate. See calcined gypsum.
Hertz The units of measure of sound frequency, named for Heinrich H. Hertz. One Hertz equals one cycle per second.
High Density Tile Acoustical tile with good attenuation and low sound absorption.
High Hat Fixture A small circular recessed light from 6 to 12 deep. Sometimes called a can fixture because it resembles a tin can. Larger High Hats may cause additional field labour for the acoustical contractor.
Hold Down Clip Mechanical fastener that snaps over the bulb of a grid system to hold ceiling panels in place.
Honeycomb Any substance having cells suggesting a mass of cells such as those built by the honeybee. Some hollow-core doors use the honeycomb principle in their construction.
Hot Dipped Galvanized Process to coat steel to offer environmental resistance to corrosion. Cold rolled steel is submerged (dipped) into a molten zinc bath. A heavy coating of zinc is applied to the steel substrate. Zinc coating thickness varies and is designated by a "G" series, such as G-60 or G-90.
Hydrate To chemically combine with water as in the hydration of calcined gypsum or slaking of quicklime. Also the product resulting from this combination.
Hygrometric Expansion All materials, particularly those of organic origin, expand and contract in relation to their moisture content, which varies with environment. The Hygrometric Coefficient of Expansion is expressed in mm/mm/% R.H. ("Inches Per Inch Per Percent Of Relative Humidity.")
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Example: gypsum board has a coefficient of 7.2 x 10-6 mm/mm/% R.H. (7.2 x 10-6 in. per in per % R.H). This means that with an increase in relative humidity of from 10% to 50%, a gypsum board wall 91 m (300 ft.) long will have an unrestrained linear expansion of 26.3 mm (1.0368).
ISO International Standards Organization, an organization similar in nature to ASTM International, CSA, and ULC.
Impact Insulation Class (IIC) Single-number rating used to compare and evaluate the performance of floor-ceiling constructions in isolating impact noise. The advantages of this rating system are positive values and the correlation with Sound Transmission Class (STC) values-both providing approximately equal isolation at a particular value. The IIC rating is used by building agencies for specifying minimum sound-control performance of assemblies in residential construction.
Impact Noise Rating (INR) Obsolete rating system for floor-ceiling construction in isolating impact noise. INR ratings can be converted to approximate IIC ratings by adding 51 points; however, a variation of 1 or 2 points may occur.
Incombustible See Noncombustible.
Indirect lighting Reflected light. For ceilings, this is typically light from luminaires distributed upward. A combination of both direct and indirect illumination can produce a positive effect on the space and save money.
Industrial Construction Construction of residential or commercial structures in a factory environment. Includes HUD-Code manufactured homes as well as residential and commercial modular construction.
Insulation (Thermal) Any material that measurably retards heat transfer. There is wide variation in the insulating value of different materials. A material having a low density (weight/volume) will usually be a good thermal insulator.
Integral Splice Connects the mains or tees together and is formed from the base metal of the components.
Interpolate To estimate untested values that fall between tested values.
Isolation Separation of elements to reduce or eliminate the transfer of sound, heat, or physical loads from one element to the other. (See Decoupling.)
Jamb One of the finished upright sides of a door or window frame.
Jamb Stud Wood or metal stud adjacent to the door jamb.
Joint Tape A type of paper, fabric or glass mesh commonly used with joint compounds to reinforce the joints between adjacent gypsum boards.
Joist Small beam that supports part of the floor, ceiling or roof of a building.
Joist Hanger Metal shape formed for hanging on the main beam to provide support for the end of a joist.
Keene's Cement An anhydrous gypsum plaster characterized by a low mixing water requirement and special setting properties, primarily used with lime to produce hard, dense finish coats. Complete name is RED TOP Keenes Cement.
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Kerf A slit cut into the midpoint of the edge of tiles. This kerf permits the tile to be inserted onto the flange of various types of suspension runners. Splines are also inserted in tile kerfs when additional support is needed in lieu of a runner. Thickness and depth of kerfs are industry standards.
Key The grip or mechanical bond of one coat of plaster to another coat, or to a plaster base. It may be accomplished physically by the penetration of wet mortar or crystals into paper fibers, perforations, scoring irregularities, or by the embedment of the lath.
Kiln-Dried Lumber Lumber that has been dried and seasoned with carefully controlled heat in a kiln.
Label Service (ULC) Program allowing a manufacturer to place Underwriters Laboratories of Canada labels on its products that have met ULC requirements. A ULC representative visits the manufacturing location to obtain samples of the products for testing by ULC. In some cases, samples are also purchased on the open market for testing. The public is thereby assured that products bearing the ULC label continually meet ULC specifications.
Lamination Placing a layer of gypsum board over another gypsum board or over another substrate using an adhesive product for attachment.
Laser Level A mechanical device whose primary function is to establish level or plumb lines on a construction site with an extreme degree of precision. In acoustical ceiling installations it uses a high-intensity light beam that rotates in a level plane. See Tool Chapter for more information.
Lath A metal or gypsum (or wood in the past) material applied separately to a structure to serve as a base for plaster.
Lay-In Panel Any panel designed to be supported by an accessible suspension system.
Leaks (Sound) Small openings at electrical boxes and plumbing, cracks around doors, loose-fitting trim and closures all create leaks that allow sound to pass through, reducing the acoustical isolation of a wall, floor or ceiling system.
Ledger Strip Strip fastened to the bottom edge of a flush girder to help support the floor joists.
Life-Cycle Costing Selection of the most economical material and systems based on initial costs, maintenance costs and operating costs for the life of the building.
Light Reflectance (LR) Light reflectance of a surface is its property of reflecting light. The measure of light reflectance is that fraction of the specified incident light, which is reflected by the surface. (Defined in ASTM E 1477).
Limiting Height Maximum height for design and construction of a partition or wall without exceeding the structural capacity or allowable deflection under given design loads.
Linear Metal Ceiling Aluminum or steel panels usually 4 wide and continuous in appearance. It is suspended on main runners that are notched to accept the snap-on panel.
Lintel Horizontal member spanning an opening such as a window or door. Also referred to as a Header.
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Live Load Part of the total load on structural members that is not a permanent part of the structure. May be variable, as in the case of loads contributed by the occupancy, and wind and snow loads.
Load Force provided by weight, external or environmental sources such as wind, water and temperature, or other sources of energy.
Load-Bearing Partition A partition designed to support a portion of the building structure.
Loudness Subjective response to sound pressure, but not linearly related thereto. A sound with twice the pressure is not twice as loud. See Decibel.
Louver Opening with slanted fins (to keep out rain and snow) used to ventilate attics, crawl spaces and wall openings.
Lumen A standard unit of light emission measurement. Generally speaking, one lumen is the amount of light emitted by one candle. More strictly defined, a lumen is the unit of measure for the flow of light through a unit solid angle from a uniform point source of one international candle.
Luminaire A complete lighting unit, consisting of a lamp or lamps together with parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect to the power source.
Main Runner The heaviest horizontal weight-carrying member, supported by hangers in a suspended ceiling, to which the cross tees are attached.
Main T or T-Bar The weight-supporting member of an exposed suspension system or grid.
Mass Property of a body that resists acceleration and produces the effect of inertia. The weight of a body is the result of the pull of gravity on the body's mass.
Mechanical Bonds The attachment created when plaster penetrates, into or through, the substrate, or envelops irregularities in the surface of the substrate.
Metal-Framing Metal-framed partitions commonly used for fire-rated construction around columns and at beams. Also a commonly used method of framing partitions in commercial construction.
Metal Furring A light gauge framework of strips fastened to 1-1/8 channels or bar joint. There are various shapes, for example: H-shape, U-shape, Z-shape and T-shape.
Metal Pan Any steel or aluminum ceiling panel that either lays into or snaps into a grid system.
Metal Pan Hold-Down Spacer A light gauge channel that fits between a metal pan border cut and the molding to force the pan to lay flat on the molding.
Metal Stud Prefabricated horizontal metal member used as the supporting element in a partition system.
Metric Terms Metric units shown as equivalents in this handbook are from the International System of Units in use throughout the world, as
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established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960. Their use here complies with the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, which committed the United States to a coordinated voluntary conversion to the metric system of measurement.
Refer to the pages 438-439 in Appendix for metric units and conversion factors applicable to subjects covered in this handbook. For additional information, refer to ASTM E380-76, Standard for Metric Practice.
Miter Joint formed by two pieces of material cut to meet at an angle.
Modular Building A structure intended for residential or commercial use that is at least partially completed in a factory complying with state or local code requirements.
Module (1) In architecture, a selected unit of measure used as a basis for building layout; (2) In industrialized housing, a three-dimensional section of a building, factory-built, shipped as a unit and interconnected with other modules to form the complete building. Single-family units factory-built in two halves are usually referred to as "sectionals."
Modulus of Elasticity (E) Ratio between stress and unit deformation, a measure of the stiffness of a material.
Moment of Inertia (I) Calculated numerical relationship (expressed in cm4 (in.4)) of the resistance to bending of a member, a function of the cross-sectional shape and size. A measure of the stiffness of a member based on its shape. Larger moments of inertia indicate greater resistance to bending for a given material.
Mortar A mixture of gypsum plaster or portland cement with aggregate or hydrate lime, or both, and water to produce a trowelable fluidity.
Moulding Narrow decorative strip applied to a surface.
Mud Slang term for joint compound.
Mud Pan Rectangular, angle-sided pan, shaped like bread pan, used by joint finisher to handle portions of joint compound. Straight-cut lip of pan assures that taping knife can be regularly cleaned.
Mullion Vertical bar or division in a window frame separating two or more panes.
Muntin Horizontal bar or division in a window frame separating multiple panes or lights.
Music/Machinery Transmission Class (MTC) Rating developed by U.S. Gypsum Company to isolate music and machinery/mechanical equipment noise or any sound with a substantial portion of low frequency energy. This rating system is not currently in common use.
NFPA National Fire Protection Association. An international technical society that disseminates fire prevention, fire fighting and fire protection information. NFPA technical standards include the National Electrical Code which is widely adopted.
NFoPA National Forest Products Association.
Nail Pop The protrusion of the nail usually attributed to the shrinkage of or use of improperly cured wood framing.
Neutral Axis The plane through a member (at the geometric center of the section in symmetrical members) where the fibers are neither under tensile nor compressive stress.
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Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) Arithmetic average of sound absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz.
Nominal Term indicating that the full measurement is not used; usually slightly less than the full net measurement, as with 2 x 4 studs that have an actual size when dry of 1-1/2 x 3-1/2.
Non-Bearing Partition A partition that is not designated to support the weight of a floor, wall, or roof.
Non-Breathing Spline A fiber or metal strip inserted into the kerf of a tile to eliminate the passage of air through the joint between two tiles in a concealed suspension system.
Noncombustible Those materials that pass CAN/ULC S114 Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.
Non-Sag Ceiling Panel A ceiling panel that resists sagging and warping, such as our ClimaPlusTM panels.
Octave Interval between two sounds having a basic frequency ratio of two. The formula is 2n times the frequency, where n is the desired octave interval. The octave band frequency given in sound test results is usually the band center frequency, thus the 1000 Hz octave band encompasses frequencies from 707 Hz to 1414 Hz (n=+ 1/2). The 1000 Hz one-third octave band encompasses frequencies from 891 Hz to 1122 Hz (n = + 1/6).
Parapet Wall Extension of an exterior wall above and/or through the roof surface.
Penny (d) Suffix designating the size of nails, such as 6d (penny) nail, originally indicating the price, in English pence, per 100 nails. Does not designate a constant length or size, and will vary by type (e.g., common and box nails).
Performance Specification States how a building element must perform as opposed to describing equipment, products or systems by name.
Perimeter Relief A gap left around the perimeter of a wall, floor or ceiling membrane, such that it will not be in direct contact with the membrane of adjoining assemblies. This gap is normally caulked with acoustical sealant.
Perm A unit of measurement of Water Vapor Permenance (ASTN E96). Also, see Permeance.
Permeance (water vapor) The ratio of the rate of water vapor transmission (WVT) through a material or assembly between its two parallel surfaces to the vapor pressure differential between the surfaces. Metric unit of measuring is the metric perm, ng/Pa·s·m2; British unit, 1 grain/h x ft.2 x in. Hg.
Permeability The property of a porous material that permits a fluid (or gas) to pass through it; in construction, commonly refers to water vapor permeability of a sheet material or assembly and is defined as water vapor permeance per unit thickness. Metric unit of measurement, metric perms per centimeter of thickness. Also, see Permeance.
Photographing See Shadowing.
Pilaster Projecting, square column or stiffener forming part of a wall.
Pillar Column supporting a structure.
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469
Pink Noise Random noise with a continuous frequency spectrum with equal power per constant percentage band width (see Noise, White Noise, Random Noise).
Pitch of Roof Slope of a surface, generally expressed in measured units of vertical rise per horizontal distance, such as "4-in-12 pitch."
Plaster Base Gypsum panel with specially treated face paper to serve as a stable backing for plaster applications. Two types of plaster base are available; one type is usually 9.5 mm (3/8-in.) thick, 406 mm (16 in.) wide and 1220 mm (4 feet) long and is used for conventional (thick) coat plastering. The other is typically 12.7 mm (1/2-in.) or 15.9 mm (5/8-in.) thick and 1220 mm (4 feet) wide (lengths vary) and is used for veneer plaster system applications.
Plaster Bonder See Bonding Agent.
Plate "Top" plate is the horizontal member fastened to the top of the studs or wall on which the rafters, joists or trusses rest; "sole" plate is positioned at bottom of studs or wall.
Platform Floor surface raised above the ground or floor level.
Platform Framing Technique of framing where walls can be built and tilted-up on a platform floor, and in multi-story construction are erected sequentially from one platform to another. Also known as "Western" framing.
Plenum Chamber in which the pressure of the air is higher (as in a forced-air furnace system) than that of the surrounding air. Frequently a description of the space above a suspended ceiling.
Plenum Barrier Vertical surface framed from the structure above to the finished ceiling and sealed to prevent the passage of air.
Pop Rivet A small gauge metal fastener used to fasten T-Bars to molding or to fasten any two light gauge metal pieces together. The rivets are installed with a hand-operated pliers-type tool called a pop rivet gun through a pre-drilled hole.
Porosity The propensity of certain materials, such as wallboard paper, to absorb water.
Portland Cement Hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing one or more forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition.
Prescriptive Specification Traditional procedure used on building projects to describe by name products, equipment or systems to be used.
Primer A thin paint or glue size material sprayed or rolled onto concrete to ensure that the cemented acoustical tile will properly hold or bond to the concrete.
Punching The space of the holes on the main tee to receive a cross tee in a grid system.
Purlin Horizontal member in a roof supporting common rafters, such as at the break in a gambrel roof. Also, horizontal structural member perpendicular to main beams in a flat roof.
Racking Forcing out of plumb of structural components, usually by wind, seismic stress or thermal expansion or contraction.
470
Radiation Transfer of heat energy through space by wave motion. Although the radiant energy of heat is transmitted through space, no heat is present until this energy strikes and is absorbed by an object. Not all of the radiant heat energy is absorbed; some is reflected to travel in a new direction until it strikes another object. The amount reflected depends on the nature of the surface that the energy strikes. This fact explains the principle of insulating foil and other similar products that depend on reflection of radiant heat for their insulating value.
Radiant heat travels in straight lines in all directions at about the speed of light. In radiant heating systems, heat is often radiated down from the ceiling. As it strikes objects in the room, some is absorbed and some reflected to other objects. The heat that is absorbed warms the object, which, in turn, warms the surrounding air by conduction. This warmed air sets up gentle convection currents that circulate throughout the room.
Rafter That member forming the slanting frame of a roof or top chord of a truss. Also known as hip, jack or valley rafter depending on its location and use.
Rafter Tail That part of a rafter that extends beyond the wall plate-- the overhang.
Random Noise A noise whose magnitude and/or frequency cannot be predicted precisely at any given time. A rough approximation of random noise is the noise from a jet engine or the static heard on a radio between stations (see Noise, White Noise, Pink Noise).
Ready-Mixed Plaster A calcined gypsum plaster with aggregate added during manufacture. Ready-mixed plaster is a powder product that requires the addition of water.
Recessed Light Any lighting fixture located above the ceiling line.
Recessed Troffer Light A light fixture recessed into the ceiling displacing acoustical tile.
Reflected Heat See Radiation.
Reflected Plan A plan of an upper surface, such as a ceiling projected downward.
Reflected Sound Sound that has struck a surface and "bounced off." Sound reflects at the same angle as light reflects in a mirror; the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Large curved surfaces tend to focus (concave) or diffuse (convex) the sound when reflected. However, when the radius of the reflecting surface is less than the wavelength of the sound, this does not hold true. Thus, a rough textured surface has little effect on diffusion of sound.
Reflective Insulation Material that reflects and thus retards the flow of radiant heat. The most common type of reflective insulation is aluminum foil. The effectiveness of reflective barriers is diminished by the accumulation of dirt and by surface oxidation.
Relative Humidity The ratio of actual water vapor pressure to the saturation water vapor pressure at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.
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471
Resilient Hanger A type of hanger with rubber or fiberglass insulator ensuring no metal-to-metal contact. It affords maximum protection against sound transmission. This is also called a sound isolation hanger.
Retarder An admixture used to delay the setting action of plasters or other cementitious materials.
Reverberation Persistence of sound after the source stops. When one hears the 10th, 20th, 50th, 100th, etc., reflection of a sound, one hears reverberation.
Reverberation Time Essentially the number of seconds it takes a loud sound to decay to inaudibility after the source stops. Strictly, the time required for a sound to decay 60 dB in level.
Ridge Peak of a roof where the roof surfaces meet at an angle. Also may refer to the framing member that runs along the ridge and supports the rafters.
Rise Measurement in height of an object; the amount it rises. The converse is "fall."
Riser Vertical face of a step supporting the tread in a staircase.
Room Finish Schedule The section of a set of blueprints showing what type of ceiling is to be installed, the height of the ceiling, etc.
Rough Framing Structural elements of a building or the process of assembling elements to form a supporting structure where finish appearance is not critical.
Sabin Measure of sound absorption of a surface, equivalent to 0.093 m2 (1 sq. ft.) of a perfectly absorptive surface.
Safing Firestop material in the space between floor slab and curtain wall in multi-story construction.
Safing Off Installation of fire safety insulation around floor perimeters, between floor slab and spandrel panels. Insulation helps retain integrity of fire resistance ratings.
Scab Small piece or block of wood that bridges several members or provides a connection or fastening between them.
Screed To level or straighten a plaster coat application with a rod, darby or other similar tool. Also, as a noun, see Ground. Screeds are made from basecoat plaster; they are created between plaster dots or grounds.
Scribe To cut and fit acoustical tile neatly to a wall or vertical surface.
Scrubbable Able to be scrubbed without compromising finish integrity. Measured by Gardner Scrubbability Test ASTM D 2486.
Section A drawing of a portion of a building cut lengthwise to show it from another dimension. Sections are indicated by means of cutting plane lines.
Section Modulus (S) Numerical relationship, expressed in cm3 (in.3), of the resistance to stress of a member. It is equal to the moment of inertia divided by the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the extremity of the member.
Seismic Load The force produced on a structural mass owing to its acceleration, induced by an earthquake.
472
Semi-Concealed Installation System Installation system in which tile is kerfed in one direction, exposing the grid on the other two sides.
Set The hardening and hydration of a gypsum plaster or setting-type joint compound. See Setting Time.
Setting Time The elapsed time required for a gypsum plaster or setting-type joint compound to attain a specified hardness and strength after mixing with water.
Shadow Molding A W-shaped molding that produces a reveal or space between the ceiling and the wall when fastened to the wall.
Shaft Wall Fire-resistant wall that isolates the elevator, stairwell and vertical mechanical chase in high-rise construction. This wall must withstand the fluctuating (positive and negative) air-pressure loads created by elevators or air distribution systems.
Shadowing An undesirable condition where the joint finish shows through the surface decoration.
Shear Force that tends to slide or rupture one part of a body from another part of the body or from attached objects.
Sheathing Plywood, gypsum, wood fiber, expanded plastic or composition boards encasing walls, ceilings, floors and roofs of framed buildings. May be structural or non-structural, thermal-insulating or noninsulating, fire-resistant or combustible.
SHEETROCK Leading brand of gypsum panel for interior wall and ceiling surfaces, developed and improved by United States Gypsum Company. There is only one SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panel.
Shoring Temporary member placed to support part of a building during construction, repair or alteration; also may support the walls of an excavation.
Sill Horizontal member at the bottom of door or window frames to provide support and closure.
Sill Plate Horizontal member laid directly on a foundation on which the framework of a building is erected.
Slab Flat (although sometimes ribbed on the underside) reinforced concrete element of a building that provides the base for the floor or roofing materials.
Slip Molding A light gauge channel used to cover the exposed edge of cemented acoustical tile panels.
Smoke Developed The ratio of the smoke emitted by a burning material to the smoke emitted by a red oak standard material as determined by CAN/ULC S102M.
Soffit Undersurface of a projection or opening; bottom of a cornice between the fascia board and the outside of the building; underside of a stair, floor or lintel.
Sole Plate See Plate.
Sound Absorption Conversion of acoustic or sound energy to another form of energy, usually heat.
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473
Sound Attenuation The reduction of sound energy as it passes through a conductor, resulting from the conductor's resistance to the transmission.
Sound Barrier A material installed in a plenum or partition to prevent the passage of sound from one area to another. Sound-deadening board and lead sheet or special insulations make good sound barriers.
Sound Insulation, Isolation Use of building materials or constructions that will reduce or resist the transmission of sound.
Sound Intensity Amount of sound power per unit area.
Sound Isolation Hanger See Resilient Hanger.
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Expressed in decibels, the SPL is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the sound pressure to a reference pressure of 20 micropascals. See Decibel.
Sound Transmission The transfer of sound energy from one place to another, through air, structure or other conductor. Unwanted sound in a room may be the result of sound transmission from sources outside the room. The degree to which this sound transmission is acceptable depends on the quantity and source of the sound and the use of the adjacent space. Sound transmitted at a level below the receiving room ambient level would be acceptable.
Sound Transmission Class (STC) Single-number rating for evaluating the effectiveness of a construction in isolating audible airborne sound transmission across 16 frequencies. Higher numbers indicate more effectiveness. Tested per ASTM E90.
Spacer Bar/Channel A bar with notches at each end that hook over two main T's in a concealed support system to space and stabilize them.
Span Distance between supports, usually a beam or joist.
Spandrel Beam Horizontal member, spanning between exterior columns, that supports the floor or roof.
Spandrel Wall Exterior wall panel, usually between columns, that extends from the window opening on one floor to one on the next floor.
Speed of Sound Speed of sound in air varies with atmospheric pressure and temperature, but is the same at all frequencies. For most architectural work, the speed of sound should be taken as 344 m/second (1,130 ft./second).
Splayed Hangers Hangers installed at an angle rather than perpendicular to the support grid or channel.
Splicers Small metal pieces used to fasten two ceiling components together.
Split Line The elevation of the bottom of the 1-1/8 channel in a suspended acoustical ceiling.
Square Edge An acoustical tile is considered square-edge material when the edge of the tile is not beveled; it creates a hairline joint when installed. Drywall panels also may have square edges; however, drywall edges are typically tapered.
Stile Vertical outside member in a piece of mill work, as a door or sash.
Stirrup Hanger to support the end of the joist at the beam.
474
Stop Strip of wood fastened to the jambs and head of a door or window frame against which the door or window closes.
Strain Unit deformation in a body that results from stress.
Stress Unit resistance of a body to an outside force that tends to deform the body by tension, compression or shear.
Stringer Heavy horizontal timber supporting other members of the frame in a wood or brick structure; a support also for steps.
Structure-Borne Sound Sound energy imparted directly to and transmitted by solid materials; such as building structures.
Strut Slender structural element that resists compressive forces acting lengthwise.
Stucco
1. A mixture of portland cement and aggregate designed for use on exterior surfaces or interior surfaces exposed to high levels of moisture. May also contain hydrated lime to improve working characteristics.
2. A gypsum plaster mix including aggregate for use on interior surfaces.
3. Calcined gypsum used to produce plaster, gypsum wallboard and related products. This terminology is specific to the gypsum processing industry.
Stud Vertical load-bearing or non-load bearing framing member.
Subfloor Rough or structural floor placed directly on the floor joists or beams to which the finished floor is applied. As with resilient flooring, an underlayment may be required between subfloor and finished floor.
Substrate Underlying material to which a finish is applied or by which it is supported.
Surface Burning Characteristic Rating of interior and surface finish material providing indexes for flame spread and smoke developed, based on testing conducted according to CAN/ULC S102M.
Suspended Ceiling A ceiling that is hung from the structure with wire hangers.
Synthetic Gypsum A chemical product, consisting primarily of calcium sulfate dehydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) resulting primarily from an industrial process. Also, see Desulfo Gypsum.
Take-Up The loss of water of a plaster into the absorptive substrate during application, as evidenced by a moderate stiffening of the plaster coat.
Tapered Edge An edge formation of gypsum board which provides a shallow depression at the paper-bound edge to receive joint reinforcement. Typical edge on drywall panels; edges may also be square.
Taping Compound (Sometimes called embedding compound.) A compound specifically formulated and manufactured for use in embedding of joint reinforcing tape at gypsum board joints.
Task Lighting Lighting directed to a specific work surface or area to provide illumination for tasks.
Temperature Measurement of the intensity (not quantity) of heat. The Fahrenheit (ºF) scale places the freezing point of water at 32º and the
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475
boiling point at 212º. The Centigrade or Celsius (ºC) scale, used by most countries and in scientific work, places the freezing point of water at 0º and the boiling point at 100º. On the Kelvin (K) scale, the unit of measurement equals the Celsius degree and measurement begins at absolute zero 0º (-273ºC).
Tensile Strength Maximum tensile stress that can be developed in a given material under axial tensile loading. Also the measure of a material's ability to withstand stretching.
Tension Force that tends to pull the particles of a body apart.
Thermal Expansion All materials expand and contract to some extent with changes in temperature. The Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion is expressed mm/mm/ºC [Inches Per Inch Per Degree Fahrenheit]. Example: gypsum board has a coefficient of 16.2 x 10-6 mm/mm/ºC (9.0 x 10-6 in. per in. per ºF). This means that with an increase in temperature of 50 Fº, a gypsum board wall 30 m (100 ft.) in length will have an unrestrained linear expansion of 13.7 mm (0.54). The expansion characteristics of some other building materials are more pronounced; a 50 Fº temperature increase would produce expansion in a 30 m (100) length of approx. 19 mm (3/4) in aluminum, 9.5 mm (3/8) in steel and 12.7 mm (1/2) in concrete.
Thermal Resistance (R) Resistance of a material or assembly to the flow of heat. It is the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient: (1/C, or 1/U)
For insulating purposes, low "C" and "U" values and high "R" values are the most desirable.
Threshold Raised member at the floor within the door jamb. Its purpose is to provide a divider between dissimilar flooring materials or serve as a thermal, sound or water barrier.
Through Penetrations An opening through a fire-resistive partition or floor/ceiling assembly caused by the need to have a penetrating item pass through it. Through penetrations usually require the use of a firestop system to protect against the spread of fire through the opening.
Through Penetration Firestop A system for sealing through-penetrations in fire-resistant floors, walls and ceilings.
Tie Wire 16 to 18-gauge galvanized wire used to fasten two pieces of metal furring together.
Tile Ceiling product of exact, not nominal size, usually 12 x 12.
Time-Temperature Curve Rate of rise of temperature in a fire-testing furnace.
Toenail Method of fastening two boards or studs together as in a "T" by driving nails into the board that forms the stem of the "T" at an angle so they enter the other board and cross each other.
Tongue-and-Groove Joint Joint where the projection or "tongue" of one member engages the mating groove of the adjacent member to minimize relative deflection and air infiltration; widely used in sheathing, flooring and paneling. Tongues may be in "V," round or square shapes.
Topping Compound A compound specifically formulated and manufactured for use over taping or all purpose compounds to provide a
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smooth and level surface for the application of decoration.
Translucent Ceiling A ceiling with polystyrene, acrylic, or plastic lay-in panels that allow the light to pass through from fixtures above the ceiling, but obstruct ordinary vision to the plenum above.
Transmission Loss (TL) Essentially the amount, in decibels, by which sound power is attenuated (decreased) by passing from one side of a structure to the other. TL is independent of the rooms on each side of the structure and theoretically independent of the area and edge conditions of the structure.
Tread Horizontal plane or surface of a stair step.
Trimmer Double joists or rafters framing the opening of a stairway well, dormer opening, etc.
Truss Open, lightweight framework of members, usually designed to replace a large beam where spans are great.
"U" Factor Coefficient of heat transfer, "U" equals 1 divided by (hence, the reciprocal of) the total of the resistances of the various materials, air spaces and surface air films in an assembly. See Thermal Resistance.
ULC Underwriters Laboratories of Canada--not-for-profit laboratory operated for the purpose of testing devices, systems and materials as to their relation to life, fire and casualty hazards in the interest of public safety.
Vapor Retarder Material used to retard the flow of water vapor through walls and other spaces where this vapor may condense at a lower temperature.
Veneer Plaster Calcined gypsum plaster specially formulated to provide specific workability, strength, hardness and abrasion resistance characteristics when applied in thin coats (1.6 to 2.4 mm (1/16 to 3/32) nom.) over veneer gypsum base or other approved base. The term thin-coat plaster is sometimes used in reference to veneer plaster.
Washable Able to be cleaned with a damp sponge or cloth. See Scrubbable.
Water-Absorption The amount of water absorbed by a material under specified test conditions commonly expressed as weight percent of the test specimen.
Water Level A hose with a glass pipe inserted in both ends used in leveling ceilings. A transparent hose without glass ends may be used.
Water-Repellent Paper Gypsum board paper surfacing which has been formulated or treated to resist water penetration.
Water Vapor Transmission The rate of water vapor flow, under steady specified conditions, through a unit area of a material, between its two parallel surfaces and normal to the surfaces. Metric unit of measurement is ng/Pa·s·m2. Also, see Permeance.
Wavelength (Sound) Wave is one complete cycle of sound vibration passing through a medium (such as air) from compression through rarefaction and back to compression again. The physical length of this cycle is termed the wavelength. Wavelengths in air vary from about 17.5 mm (11/16) for
Appendix
477
a 20,000-cycle per sec. (See Frequency) sound, to approximately 17.2 m (56-1/2) for a 20-cycle per sec. sound (the two approximate extremes of human hearing sensitivity). There are waves outside of this range, but generally, they cannot be heard by humans.
Weep Hole Small aperture at the base of an exterior wall cavity intended to drain out trapped moisture.
Wet Sand To smooth a finished joint with a small-celled wet sponge. A preferred method to reduce dust created in the dry sanding method.
White Noise Random noise with a continuous frequency spectrum and with equal power per unit band width (see Noise, Pink Noise, Random Noise).
WHI Warnock Hersey International, an independent fire-testing laboratory.
Wood-Fibered Plaster A calcined gypsum plaster containing shredded or ground wood fiber added during manufacture.
478
Key Word Index
A
Abuse Resistance 2, 231, 325, 432
Abuse Resistant Systems by Category 432 Ceiling Panels Drywall Panels 8 Plaster Base 214 Veneer Plaster Over DUROCK Brand Cement Board 214 Over FIBEROCK Brand Panels 214 Plaster 231
Accelerator, Plaster 235, 253 Use with Basecoats 254, 366 Use with Finish Coats 366
Accessories, Framing and Furring Breakaway Clip 31 Channels 32, 228 Framing & Furring 32, 228 Angles 32, 228 Furring Channels, Clips 33, 228 Brackets 33, 229 Tie Wire 33, 229 Job Inspection 337
Accessories, Trim 22, 161, 200 Corner Reinforcement 22, 161, 200 Metal Trim 25, 164, 201 Control Joints 27, 165, 201 Application, All Types 161-167, 200-203, 250
Acoustic Spray Machines 408
Acoustical Caulking 183 For Stress Relief 331
Acoustical Sealant, SHEETROCK Brand Application 104, 107, 187, 263, 305 Job Inspection 339, 341
Acoustical Suspension Ceilings 267
Acrylic Additive 236
Additives, Plaster 236, 260
Adhesive Attachment 96 Double-Layer Lamination 96, 108
General Directions 103 Predecorated Panels 115 Ceramic Tile Installation 153 Job Inspection 340 Tools Available 399
Adhesive Cartridge, Preparation for Use 104
Adhesive Gun, Application 103
Adhesives, SHEETROCK Brand 45 Double-Layer Lamination 92, 108 General Application 103, 109 Attachment to Masonry 114 Predecorated Panel Attachment 115
Adhesives Commercial Application 103 Construction 103 Drywall Stud 103 Laminating 108 Liquid Contact 111, 116 Vinyl Foam Tape 105, 116
Agencies and Associations, Building Industry 418
Agencies, Safety 387
Aggregates 251 Finish 254
Gauging Plaster 256 Finish Lime 257 Prepared Finishes 258 Additives 260 Replastering 260
Aggregated Plaster Finishes 251 Proportioning 251 Application Problems 364 Coefficients of Expansion, Thermal Resistance 446
Aggregated Texture Finishes 50, 51, 52 Application 189 Problems, Prevention 364
Agitator, Power-Applications 188
Air Barriers 320
Air Handling System Guide 288
Airborne Sound Transmission, Testing 427
Alemite Loader Pump 399
All-Purpose Joint Compounds 50
All Purpose Texture Finish 50 Application 189
Alum Solution Treatment Use with Veneer Base 209, 235-236, 360 Use as Accelerator 235 Use with Plasters 235
Anchors, Door Frame 88, 261
Angle Brackets 266
Angle Float, Plow and Sander Tools 404
Angle Trowel 403
Angles, Metal 32 Installation 315
Angles, Interior Floating Installation 333 Cracking Problems 355, 360
Annular Ring Nail, GWB-54 43 Application Problems 333
Appearance Factors, General 325
Applicator Tools, Joint Treatment 402 Arches, Installation 136
Area Separation Walls/Firewalls Components 30 Rated Systems and Installation 304
Articulation Class 429
Asphalt Felt, No. 15 15, 70
Associations and Agencies, Building Industry 418
ASTM Performance Requirements 325 Test Procedures 423
B
Back-Blocking Application 107
Backer Board, Tile 140
Backing Board with Predecorated Panels 116
Banjo, Joint Treatment Tool 402
Basecoat Plasters IMPERIAL Brand Veneer 59
Appendix
479
Designations, CGC Products 440 Application Standards 442 Standards for Performance 442
Attachment, Adhesive 95 Double-Layer Lamination 95, 108 General Directions 103 Predecorated Panels 116 Job Inspection 339 Tools Available 399
Attachment Methods Gypsum Boards 95 Fixtures and Cabinets 131, 264 Conventional Plaster Bases 245
Attachment, Nail 43, 100, 102, 116, 122, 125, 130, 147, 244, 246
Job Inspection 339 Installation Defects
Correction 344, 351, 352, 353 Tools Available 398
Attachment Screw 37, 99, 125, 130, 135, 137, 147, 244, 56
Job Inspection 339 Installation Defects,
Correction 352, 353 Tools Available 398
Attachment, Staple Base Layer Boards 100 Spacing 101 Corner Bead 163, 200 Metal Trim 165, 201 Control Joints 166, 202 Cement Board 143 Gypsum Plaster Base 244, 246 Tools Available 398
Autoclaved Finish Limes 257, 258
Automatic Tools --Joint Treatment Veneer and Texturing 403, 406, 408 Cleaning 168 Application 173
DIAMOND Brand Veneer 60 Application 210, 211, 212, 260 RED TOP Gypsum,
Two-Purpose 231 Wood Fiber 231 STRUCTO-LITE, STRUCTO-BASE 249
Bead, Corner and Casing 22, 161, 200, 223
480
Application 161, 200, 223 Fill Coating and Finishing 161, 161, 200 Use as Grounds 250 Cracking and Blemishing
Correction 345, 354, 366
Bead, Flexible Metal Corner 24 Application 162
Beads, Adhesive 103
Beam Construction Rated Systems 316
Beams, Fireproofing 316
Bending, Gypsum Board 134
Bending Stress 65
Bit Tips, Screwgun 39
Blankets, Sound and Insulating 36 Ceiling Weight Limits 4, 67 Spec Standards 36 Installation 127 Use in Rated Systems 303, 307, 310 Surface Burning Characteristics 424 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Blemishes Veneer Surfaces 361 Plaster Surfaces 369
Blistering Drywall Joint Tape 353 Veneer Bases 361 Plaster Finishes 370
Block, Concrete Plaster Base 245
C
Cabinets, Attachment 133, 264
Cable Heat Ceilings Gypsum Base 11 Perimeter Relief 128 Application 212
Calcination Process, Gypsum ix, 230
California Patch 348
Cartridge-Type Caulking Gun 399
Casing Beads 40, 223 Use as Grounds 250
Catalyst, IMPERIAL Brand Veneer Finish, Application 208
Plastering Problems 366 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Blue Board--see Gypsum Base, Veneer
Bolts, Fixture 132, 266
Bond Failure Causes, General 344 Veneer Finishes 360 Texture Finishes 364 Plaster Finishes 373
Bonding Agent 236
Boxes, Electrical Acoustical Caulking 131, 183 Cutting Board Openings 131 Provision in Resurfacing 193
Bracing Angles, Steel 315
Brackets Adjustable Wall Furring 229 Channel Brackets, Systems 317 Angle Brackets 266
Breakaway Clip, CGC Aluminum 31
Brick Masonry As Plaster Base 245 Plastering Problems 367 Coefficients of Expansion, Thermal Resistance 447
Browning Rod 403
Bulk-Type Hand Gun 399
Butterfly Patch 348
Caulking Acrylic Caulk, Waterproof 90 Application for Sound Ratings Plaster Systems 263 Equipment Available 399 Tub Caulk 120 Electrical Fixture 264
Cavity Shaft Walls Components 30 Installation 311
Ceiling Board, SHEETROCK Brand Exterior Gypsum 8 Application 105, 123 Joint Treatment 175 Surface Burning Characteristics 424
Ceiling Board, SHEETROCK Brand Interior Gypsum 8 Application 105, 122, 385 Surface Burning Characteristics 424
Ceiling Drive-In Trim Application 118 Ceiling Texture 50, 187 Patch 55, 193
Ceiling, Furred 71
Ceilings Suspension System 72 Exterior Soffits 8, 124 Insulation Weight Limits 67, 321 Furred, Steel Framing 243 Suspended, Steel Grillage 72, 243 Interior Soffits 137 Radiant Heat Systems 212 Redecorating 215 Rated Systems, Drywall and Veneer 301 Installation Safety 385
Ceilings, Acoustical 268 (See also Acoustical Suspension ceilings)
Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) 276, 296, 429
Ceiling Sag Limitations 67 Precautions 321 Remedies 321, 349
Cement Board DUROCK Brand Cement Board 140 Limitations 141, 144 DUROCK Brand Underlayment 141 DUROCK Brand Exterior Cement Board 141 Typical Physical Properties 142 Job Preparation 143 Design Considerations 143 Interior Application 145 Wall Shields and Floor Protectors 151 Abuse-resistant Walls 153 Problems, Remedies 362 Centering Lath, Floor and Roof 222 Ceramic Tile Base Water-Resistant Gypsum Panels 7, 119 DUROCK Brand Cement Board 147, 151 DUROCK Brand Underlayment 147, 150, 151
Certification, Test Data, CGC Systems 336
Appendix
481
CGC Plant Locations 448, 449 Literature 450
C-H Studs, Steel 30 Installation 304, 309
Channels Z-Furring 33 Cold-Rolled 32, 228 RC-1 Resilient 32 Metal Furring 33, 228 For Fixture Attachment 131, 264 Statistics 441
Chase Wall, Steel Framing Installation 71
Circular Cutting Tool 396 Method of Use 99
Clamps 394
Clay Tile Plaster Base 245 Plastering Problems 367
Clean Room Ceiling Panels 18
Cleanup, Job Planning, Plaster Work 238 Inspection, Plaster Work 341
Clinch-On Tool, Corner Bead Bead Application 163
Clips Aluminum Breakaway 31 Metal Furring Channel 33 Drywall Repair 55
Coarse-Texture Finishes 51, 53 Application 220, 255
Coatings, Concrete 55 Application 182 Finishing Problems 367
Coefficients of Building Materials Thermal and Hygrometric Expansion 446 Thermal Resistance 447
Cold-Rolled Channels 32, 228
Columns Perimeter Relief 128 Fireproofing 316
COMPÄSSO Trim 21
482
Complaint Procedure, CGC Products 336
Components, Structural Steel Studs and Runners 28, 228 Cavity Shaft Wall Components 31 Area Separation Wall Components 31 Double Wall Components 31 Angles, Channels, Brackets, Clips, Tie Wire 33, 34, 228 Job Inspection 338
Compounds Joint Compounds 45 Concrete Coatings 55 Bituminous Waterproofing 246
Concrete Block Plaster Base 245 Plastering Problems 340 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion 446
Concrete Coatings 55, 208 Application 182, 208 Finishing Problems 367
Concrete Fastening System Runner Installation 68
Concrete, Monolithic Radiant Heat Ceiling 213 Use as Plaster Base 245 Effect on Cracking 329 Coefficients of Expansion 446
Condensation, Prevention of 325
Construction Adhesive 45 Application 103
Construction Designs, Ceiling 284
Contact Adhesive, Liquid 116 Application 111
Control Joints 27, 144, 225 Limitations 27, 226 Specifications 248 For Door Frames 86, 247 For Multifloor Walls 107 Application 165, 249 Fire-Rated 165 Max. Spacing 167, 203 For Exterior Soffits 166 Plaster 247
Coreboard, Gypsum 13 Specifications 15
Specification Standards 440
Corner Bead 22, 223 Specifications 227 Application 161, 200 Fill Coating and Finishing 170 Use with Concrete 182 Correction of Blemishes 361 Plaster Conventional 223
Corner Construction Cladding 130 Floating Interior Angle 333 Framing 85
Corner Finishing Tools 406
Corner Roller, Finisher 402 Application 171
Cornerite, Metal Reinforcement 224 Prevention of Plastering Problems 369
Cost Analysis, Benefit-or Life-Cycle 324
Counter Tops, Ceramic Tile DUROCK Brand Cement Board 150 DUROCK Brand Underlayment 150
COVER COAT Concrete Finishing Compound 55 Application 182
Coverage Data Gypsum Board Nails 44 Adhesives 45, 103 Joint Compounds 55, 93 Joint Reinforcing Tapes 56 Veneer Finishes 60 Texture Finishes 53 Screws 93, 435 Laminating Adhesives 45, 93 Basecoat Plaster 232 Gauged-Lime Finishes 233
Cracking, Wall and Ceiling In High-Rise Structures 332 Cause, Remedy, Prevention Drywall Construction 344, 347, 354 Veneer Construction 361 Plaster Construction 367-369
Creased THERMAFIBER Sound Insulation Systems 127, 303
Crimper, Stud 393
Cripple Studs, Installation 86, 87 Criterion Curve, Sound Testing 428, 431 Cross-Bracing, Steel-Framed Chase Wall 71 Cross-Furring Members, Ceiling 74, 243 Crowned Joints, Drywall 355 Curved Surfaces Installation
D
Damaged Surface, Panels 345, 346
Darby, Plaster 404
Darkening, Joints 358
Decorating (see Texture Products)
Decorative Finish System 215
Defects, Drywall Installation 344
Deflection Gypsum Drywall Construction 64 Veneer Plaster Construction 64 Cement Board Construction 141, 145 General Considerations 329 Floor Slab Deflection 330
Deformation, Joint (see Ridging)
Delamination Drywall 346 Veneer Plaster 360 Cement Board 362
Density THERMAFIBER Blankets 36 Various Building Materials 447 Table 447
Design Considerations, General Structural Criteria 294 Stud Selection 295 Fire & Sound Tests 295 Air & Water Infiltration 320 Vapor Retarders & Air Barriers 320 Ceiling Sag Precautions 321
DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster 60, 209, 234, 259
Control Joint Screed 202 Mixing 206 Application 209 Radiant Heat Systems 212
Diamond Mesh Metal Lath 222 Application 245
DIAMOND Brand Veneer Basecoat Plaster 60 Mixing 206
Appendix
483
Drywall and Veneer Plaster 134
Cutting, Gypsum Board Methods 98 For Fixtures 131 Tools Available 395-397
Application 209 Radiant Heat Systems 212
Direct Application Drywall, Frame Spacing 67 Veneer, Frame Spacing 67 Plaster Base Attachment 246 Cement Board Frame Spacing 145
Discoloration In Drywall Surfaces 345, 357 In Veneer Surfaces 362 In Texture Finishes 365 In Plaster Surfaces 370
Dolly, Gypsum Board 413
DONN Brand Suspension Systems Systems 18, 269 Components 18, 20 Installation 290
Door Frame Installation 88, 261
Door Openings, Framing 86
Double-Layer Application Drywall, Frame Spacing 67 Veneer, Frame Spacing 67 Resilient Wood Frame Systems 83 Methods, Drywall and Plaster Base 95 Adhesive Lamination 96, 108 Gypsum Drywall, Steel Framing 112 Veneer Plaster, Steel Framing 112 Gypsum, Tile Base 120 Acoustical Caulking 183
Double Nailing Application 95, 102 At Interior Angles 130
Double-Up Plastering Lath Products 222 Application 249
Double Wall Drywall Components 31
Double-V Expansion Joint 226
Double-X Corner Bead 223
484
Drills, Electric 398, 400
Drying Conditions Veneer Finishes 362 Conventional Plasters 371
Drying Times, Joint Compound 176
Drywall and Veneer Systems Job Inspection 339 Problems, Remedies 344, 358
Drywall Colored Texture Finish 190
Drywall Panel Application General Recommendations 95, 97 Installation 106 Predecorated Panels 115 Water-Resistant Panels 119 Interior Ceiling Board 122 Exterior Ceiling Board 123 Floating Interior Angles 130 Curved Surfaces 134 Interior Soffits 137 Joint Treatment 168 Resurfacing 190
E
Edges, Gypsum Board
Conventional 5
Tapered Types 9
SW Type 5
Beveled Type 13
Square Type 9
Remedy if Damaged 346
Efflorescence in Masonry 369
Electric Radiant Heat Ceiling Systems (see Radiant Heat Ceilings)
Electrical and Mechanical Services Framing Preparation 65 Acoustical Caulking 183, 263 Cutting Board Openings 131
Electrical Safety 385
End Cap Mouldings Application 118
Environmental Conditions Gypsum Drywall Products 95, 168, 176 Veneer Plaster Products 198, 199, 206 Cement Board Products 144 Lath and Plaster Products 239, 253, 257 For Good Results 328
Job Inspection 339 Installation Defects and Remedies 344 Tolerances 335
Drywall Stud Adhesive 45 Application 103
Drywall Surfacer, SHEETROCK Brand Texture 12 54 Application 189
Drywall Suspension Systems, CGC System 19 Components 19, 20, 21 Installation 76, 126
DUR-A-BEAD Corner Bead Reinforcement 24 Application 163
Durability Factors, General 325
DUROCK Brand Cement Board 140 Application 145
DUROCK Brand Underlayment 141 Application 147, 150
EPA 388
Equipment, Use and Care of Drywall Joint Treatment 168
Plaster Construction 238 Selection Factors 335 Types Available 393-415
Estimating Materials Gypsum Drywall Construction 93 Veneer Plaster Construction 93 Cement Board Construction 143 Conventional Plaster Construction 238
E-Studs, Steel 31 Installation 309
Expansion Joint, Double-V 226
Expansion, Thermal and Hygrometric 330, 331 Coefficients of Building Materials 446
Exterior Gypsum Ceiling Board 8 Joint Treatment 175 Application 123 Surface Burning Characteristics 426
Appendix
485
Exterior Wall Furring 241 Extruders, Pail and Drum, Adhesives 399
Eye Protection 381
F
Faded Gypsum Plaster Base 209, 235-236, 360
Application 187
Fastener Driver, Power 392
Installation Problems, Remedies 364 Colored, Textured Finish 190, 204
Fasteners Screws 37, 228 Nails 43 Adhesives 45 Application, Gypsum Drywall 99 Application, Veneer Plaster 99 Spacing, Veneer Base 101 Spacing, Gypsum Board 101 Spacing with Adhesives 101, 103 Spotting and Finishing 170 Application, Cement Board 147, 148, 150, 151 Application, Plaster Systems 246 Job Inspection 339
Finishes, Veneer IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat Plaster 59 IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster 59 DIAMOND Brand Basecoat Plaster 60 DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish 60 Application, One-and Two Coat 199, 207, 208 Mixing and Proportioning 206 Chalkboard Installation 209 Job Inspection 339 Application Problems, Remedies 358 Specification Standards 440 Colored, Textured Finish 215
Installation Defects, Remedies 351, 352
Finishing and Decorating Tips
Application Tool 397, 398
Drywall Joint Treatment 177
Specification Standards 441
Finishing, Levels of Gypsum Board 156-160
Feather Edge 404
Finishing Tools, Drywall Joint Treatment 401
Felt, Asphalt, No. 15 15, 70, 143
Fire Containment Products 36
FIBEROCK Brand Gypsum Panels 8, 215, 433-434 Regular 8 VHI 8 Water Resistant 7 Cutting 98
FIBEROCK Brand Sheathing 14
Fire and Sound Test Data General 295, 423, 427 Surface Burning Characteristics, CGC Products 424-426
FIRECODE and FIRECODE C, SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels 5
FIBEROCK Brand Underlayment 17
Use in Rated Systems 297
Field Cracking, Gypsum Board 344, 347 Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC) 427 Fine-Texture Finishes 50, 52, 53, 187-190,
209, 254
Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
FIRECODE C, IMPERIAL Brand Gypsum Base Use in Rated Systems 297 Permeance Values 445
Finish Plasters Veneer Finishes 58 Veneer Finish Application 198, 209 Radiant Heat Application 212 Gauging and Finish Limes 256, 257 Gauging/Lime Application 255, 257, 258 Specification Standards 440 Conventional Plaster finish 254, 258 Colored, Textured Finish 190, 204
FIRECODE, Type X Gypsum Panels 5 Gypsum Sheathing 13
Fireproofing, Beams and Columns 317-320
Fire-Rated Assemblies Acoustical Ceilings 282, 284 Typical Fire Systems 297, 325
Finishes, Texture 50 Textures 50
486
Fire-Resistance Ratings Acoustical Ceilings 282 General Considerations 296, 325, 304 Fire-Endurance Rating Procedure 423
Fire Safety Insulating Blankets 36 Fire Taping 157 Fire Test Procedure 282 Firewalls/Area Separation Walls 30-32 First Coat, SHEETROCK Brand 53
Application 178 Fixture Attachment Load Data 133, 146, 434 Fixture Installation 131, 146, 264 Fixture Protection, Light 76 Flashing 320 Flanking Paths, Sound 430 Flexible Metal Corner Tape, SHEETROCK Brand
Reinforcement 23 Application 162 Float Finishes, Plaster 255 Application Problems 371 Floating Interior Angle Application 130, 224 Floats, Plaster and Angle 404 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies Wood Frame 316 Sound Control 316 Noncombustible 316 Floor, Fluted or Cellular Steel 319 Floor Protector DUROCK Brand Cement Board 151 Floor Systems, Steel Joist 317 Floor Systems, Wood Joist 316 DUROCK Brand Cement Board Application 147 Foam Insulation Application Rigid 33, 79 Foaming Plaster Mix 358 Fog-and-Spatter Finish Textures 52 Application 190
Foil-Back Gypsum Board SHEETROCK Brand Panels 6 GRAND PRIX Brand Base 11 Specification Standards 440
Fractured Surfaces, Drywall 347
Frame Spacing Gypsum Drywall, General 65, 67 Veneer Plaster, General 65, 67 Drywall, Direct Application 67 Gypsum Drywall, Resilient 68 Veneer Plaster, Resilient 68 Cable Heat Ceilings 68 Texture Finishes 68, 187 Veneer Plaster, Direct Application 67 Water-Resistant Gypsum Panels 119 Cement Board 141, 145 Gypsum and Metal Lath 240, 243, 244 Plastered Ceilings-Hangers, Runners, Channels, Cross-Furring 244 Furred Ceilings, Plaster 243 Suspended Ceilings, Plaster 243
Frames, Steel Door Installation Gypsum Drywall Partitions 86 Plastered Partitions 261
Framing Installation Gypsum Drywall Construction 64 Veneer Plaster Construction 64 General Requirements; Loads, Deflection, Frame Spacing, Insulation and Services 64 Wood Framing 65 Steel Framing 68 Resilient, Steel Frame 70 Partition Corners 85 Cement Board Construction 145 Door and Window Openings 86, 261 Lath and Plaster Construction 240 Wood and Steel Framing 240 Reinforcing 241 Job Inspection 338 Misalignment Causes, Corrections 66
Framing Components 28
Framing, Steel Partition Channel Stud Systems 68 Interior Limiting Heights 69 Installation 68 Resilient Channel System 68 Chase Wall 71 Misalignment 351
Framing Tools 392
Framing, Wood General Requirements 65 Misalignment Causes, Correction 66, 349
Free-Standing Furring 81 Fungus 346, 384 Fungus Hazard 384 Fungicide Hazard 384 Furring
G
Gauged Lime-Putty Finishes
With IMPERIAL Brand Veneer 208
Finish Lime Products 234
Mixing, Application 256
Application Problems 368, 370
Mixing Equipment 401
Specification Standards 440
Gauging Plasters 256
Glitter Gun, Texturing 407
Glossary 451
Gross Variations 357
GRAND PRIX Brand Gypsum Base 9 FIRECODE, FIRECODE "C" Foil-Back 12 Frame Spacing 67 Chalkboard Installation 208 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
GRAND PRIX Plaster Base 220
GRAND PRIZE Finish Lime Mixing, Application 256 Spec Standards 440
Grillage, Suspended Ceiling Installation 73, 243 Rated Assemblies 316 Job Inspection 338
Grout, Latex Fortified 143 Ceramic Tile Application 153
Grounds, Application Veneer Finishes 200 Plastering 223, 227 Job Inspection 341
Grouting, Door Frames 89, 261
Guns, Texture Machine 408, 411
GYP-LAP Sheathing 14
Appendix
487
Z-Furring Channel 33, 81 Metal Furring Channels and Clips 33, 79, 228 Adjustable Bracket 229 Steel-Framed Ceilings 71, 243, 317 Metal Wall Furring 242 Wood Wall Furring 83, 242 Board Application 105, 242 Perimeter Relief 129, 263
Gypsum Association 380
Gypsum Base--for conventional plaster applications, see Plaster Base
Gypsum Base, Veneer 9 Advantages 10 Limitations 10 Types 11 Specifications 13 Handling and Storage 94, 380 Installation 95, 97, 106 Environmental Conditions 95 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
Gypsum Construction General Systems ix Advantages x
Gypsum Coreboard, Specifications 15 Specification Standards 440
Gypsum Fiber Panels (FIBEROCK Brand Panels) 8, 98, 215, 433-434
Gypsum Liner Panels, SHEETROCK Brand 13 Specifications 15 Installation 306, 309, 313, 315 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
Gypsum Mining and Processing ix, 230
Gypsum Panel Products 2 Advantages 2 Limitations 3 Types 5 Specifications 9 Predecorated Panels 15 Handling and Storage 94, 380 Environmental Conditions 95
488
Application 97 Storage 327, 380 Installation Problems, Remedies 345 Surface Burning Characteristics 424 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445 Coefficients of Expansion, Thermal
Resistance 447
Gypsum Plaster Products 230 Basecoat Plasters 231 Gauging Plasters 233 Finish Limes 234 Prepared Finishes 234
H
Hacksaw, Fine-Toothed, Application 166, 202
Hammers Application, Drywall 100, 397 Lather's Hatchet 397
Hand Tools, Joint Treatment 401 Cleaning 168 Application 168
Handling and Storage of Materials Gypsum Drywall Products 94 Veneer Plaster Products 94 Lath and Plaster Products 239 General Considerations 327 Job Inspection 337 Safety 380
Hanger and Tie Wire 33 Support Area Limits 244 Specification Standards 440
Hatchet, Lather's 397
Hawk, Application Tool 401
Header Sections Installation 86, 262
Health Hazards 383 Silica 383 Mold, Mildew, Fungus 384
Hearth, Cement Board 152
Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning 287
Heights, Limiting
Special Plasters, Additives 235 Application 249, 255 Specification Standards 440 Coefficients of Expansion, Thermal
Resistance 447
Gypsum Sheathing Regular, FIRECODE Type X 12 Limitations 14 Specifications 15 Application 122 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Importance of, General 324
High Crowns, Joints 355
Hoisting Equipment, Planning Use of 238
Holding Power, Nails and Screws 333
Hollow Wall Fasteners 132, 265
Hook-Bill Knife 396
Hopper, Convertible 402
Hopper Guns, Texturing 411
Hose Stream Test 423
Hoses, Texture Machine 411
Hot Patch 348
H-Stud, Steel 30
Installation 306
Humidity Precautions Gypsum Drywall Application 95 Veneer Plaster Application 200 Cement Board Application 144 Conventional Plaster Application 239 General Considerations 325, 328
Hydrate, Single or Double, Finish Limes 234 Specification Standards 440
Hygrometric Expansion General Factors 331 Coefficients of Building Materials 446
Appendix
489
I
Impact (Sound) Insulation Class
IIC Ratings 296, 316, 317
Testing Procedure 430
IMPERIAL Brand Joint Reinforcing Tape 57 Application, Arches 136 Joint Treatment 200
IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster 234
IMPERIAL Brand Veneer Plasters 22, 59 Mixing and Application 206 Chalkboard Installation 208 Specification Standards 440
IMPERIAL Brand Plaster Finish (conventional) 258
Inspection Procedure, Job Schedule, Storage, Framing 337 Suspended Grillage 338 Drywall and Veneer Installation 339 Conventional Plaster Installation 341
Insulating Blankets Application Limitations 36, 127 Ceiling Weight Limits 36, 67 Products Available 36 Specifications 36
Framing Preparation 65 Installation 127 Creased Sound Insulation Systems 127, 303 Surface Burning Characteristics 424 Specification Standards 441 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Insulating Tape, Uses 90
Insulation, Rigid Foam 79, 81 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Interior Angle Application Floating 130, 224
Interior Finishes COVER COAT Concrete Coating 55 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type Joint Compounds 49 DIAMOND Brand Veneer 60 Texture Finishes 50
Interior Gypsum Ceiling Board 8 Application 122 Surface Burning Characteristics 424
Isolation, Perimeter Acoustical Caulking 263 General Considerations 326
J
Jamb Anchors
Installation 88-90, 262
Jamb Strut, Steel 31 Specifications 32
Job Inspection Procedure Schedule, Storage 337 Framing Suspended Grillage 338 Drywall and Veneer Installation 339 Conventional Plaster Installation 341
Joint Banding 176, 358
Joint Compounds General 45, 50 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for Laminating 45, 95, 109, 114, 117, 316 SHEETROCK Brand Ready-Mixed 47 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type Powder 49 Mixing 109 Selection Factors 50
SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for Filling Masonry 56, 114, 182
SHEETROCK Brand Powder for Texturing 50 SHEETROCK Brand Ready-Mixed for Laminating 45
Texturing 52 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for Veneer
Plaster Systems 86, 95, 110, 114, 200 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for Door
Frames 86, 88 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for
Back-Blocking 107 SHEETROCK Brand Ready-Mixed for
Concrete Finishing 57, 114 Mixing Directions 168 Hand Tool Application 170 Mechanical Tool Application 173 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for
One-Day Finishing 174 SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type for
Exterior Ceilings 125, 175
490
Drying Times 176 Specification Standards 440
Joint Deformation (Ridging) SHEETROCK Brand SW Edge Gypsum Panels 5 Back-Blocking System 107 Lumber Shrinkage Factors 333 Cause, Remedy, Prevention 344, 347, 354, 356, 360
Joint Reinforcing Tapes 56 Application 136 Exterior Ceiling Treatment 175 Application, Drywall 170, 173, 174 Application, Veneer 200, 204, 207 Application, Cement Board 143, 153
Joint Treatment Compounds 45 Reinforcing Tapes 56, 143 Application, Drywall Construction 168 Application, Skim Coating 176
Application, Veneer Construction 200 Application, Cement Board 153, 154 Job Inspection 340 Problems, Remedies 353-357, 360
Joint, Control 27, 144, 225 Specifications 227 Limitations 226 For Door Frames 88, 261 Application 165, 201 Fire Rated 165, 202 Max. Spacing 226, 248 For Exterior Soffits 124 Acoustical Caulking 183 For Stress Relief 331
Joists, Steel 71, 317
Joists, Wood 106, 316
J-Runners, Steel 31 Specifications 32
K
Keenes Cement-Lime Finish
With IMPERIAL Brand Veneer 59, 208
Mixing, Application 208
Specification Standards 440
Keyhole Saw, Application 99, 131, 396
L
Ladder Safety 386
Laminated Gypsum Base Partitions System Installation 108, 112
Laminating Gypsum Panel Partitions 316 System Installation 108, 113
Laminating Adhesive, SHEETROCK Brand 45 Double-Layer Application 96, 108, 112
Lamination, Sheet and Strip Application Methods 109, 110 Use in Rated Systems 316 Tools Available 413
Laser Alignment Tool 392
Lath, Gypsum and Metal 220, 221 Specifications, Gypsum Lath 220 Paper-Back 222 Specifications, Metal Lath 222 Framing Components 228 Application 245 Job Inspection 341
Knife, Hook-Bill 396 Knife, Utility 395
Use in Cutting 98 Knives, Joint Finishing 402
Problems, Remedies 366 Specification Standards 440 Lather's Hatchet 397 Layout, Partition 68 Levels of Gypsum Board Finishing 156 Levels of Paint Finish 159-160 Lifter, Gypsum Board 397, 398 Lifting Safety 381 Light Fixture Protection 76 Light-Reflection Factors, General 277, 326 Lime-Putty Finishes, Gauged With IMPERIAL Brand Veneer 208 With Gauging Plasters and Keenes Cement 256 Finish Lime Products 251 Mixing, Application 256-257 Application Problems 373, 375 Mixing Equipment 401 Specification Standards 440
Limitations Gypsum Panel Products 3 Foil-Back Gypsum Panels 6 Water-Resistant Gypsum Panels 7 Gypsum Base Products 10 Gypsum Sheathing 14 Vinyl-Faced Panels 15 Control Joints 165, 201 RC-1 Resilient Channels 32 Joint Compounds 45 Concrete Coatings 55 Texture Finishes 187 Cement Board 141 Plaster Bases 221 Trim Accessories, Plaster 223 Finish Plasters 256
M
Machine Application
Joint Compounds 173
Veneer Finishes 208
Spray Textures 188, 208
Finish Plasters 255, 258, 259
Equipment Available 405, 408
Machine Mixing Joint Compounds 168 Veneer Finishes 206 Texture Finishes 188-189 Conventional Plasters 251, 258 Finish Limes 258 Equipment Available 401
Magnetic Spirit Level 394
Maintenance Factors, General 327
Masking Sound 430
Masonry Walls Single-Layer Board Application 114 Use of Plaster Base 246 Plastering Problems 368
Material Safety Data Sheets 378
Measuring, Gypsum Board 97 Tools Available 395
Mechanical, Electrical Services Framing Preparation 65 Cutting Board Openings 131 Acoustical Caulking 183, 186, 263
Mechanical Tools, Joint
Appendix
491
Importance of, General 324
Liner Panels, Gypsum 13 Specifications 15 Installation 306, 309, 311, 315 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
Liquid Contact Adhesive Application 111
Load Data Drywall and Veneer Construction, General 64 Fixture Attachment 131 Lath and Plaster Construction Fixture Attachment 264 Loader Pump, Alemite Caulking 399
Lumber Shrinkage 333
Treatment 405 Cleaning 168 Application 173
Metal Angles 32, 33 Installation 69, 315
Metal Furring Channels 33, 228 Installation 71, 72, 79, 243 Limiting Span 72
Metal Lath Features 221 Types, Limitations 222 Application 245, 246 Use in Ceiling Systems 246, 317 Use in Partitions, Furring 246 Use in Replastering 260 Use in Door Frames 261 Specification Standards 441
Metal Trim 25 Application 164, 200 For Exterior Soffits 124
Metric Terms--SI Units and Conversion Factors 438, 439
Mildew 346, 384
Mildewcide Hazard 384
Mineral Fiber Insulation 127
Mixing Conventional Plasters Basecoats 251 Finish Plasters 256
492
Gauging Plasters 254 Finish Lime 257 Cement-Stucco Finishes 260 Paddle-Type and Drum Mixers 400
Mixing Equipment 400 Paddles, Veneer Plasters 206, 400 Section of, General 335 Paddles, Joint Compound and Textures 400
Mixing Joint Compounds For Adhesive Lamination 109, 110 For Joint Treatment 168 Mixing Devices 400
Mixing Texture Finishes 188-190 Problems, Remedies 363 Mixing Paddles 400, 408
Mixing Conventional Plasters 251-260
Moisture Damage to Materials 325, 329, 345, 346 Content of Lumber 333
Mold, Mildew Hazard 384
Mortar, Latex Fortified 143 Ceramic Tile Application 153
Mold 346, 384
Mouldings For SHEETROCK Brand Vinyl-Faced Panels 17 Application 117, 165 Painting 118
Movement, Structural, Effects of 329
Mud Pans and Rollers 401, 407
Multilayer Application Gypsum Drywall, Steel Frame 113 Veneer Plaster, Steel Frame 113
N
Nail Pops 333, 352
Nails, Gypsum Board 43 Selector Guide 44 Application Methods 95, 100, 101, 246 Spacing 101, 246 Selection Factors 333 Installation Defects, Correction 351
Nippers, End Cut 392
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) 276, 296, 429
Noise, Structurally Generated 332
Non-Asbestos Finishing Products Joint Compounds 45 Texture Finishes 50
Noncombustible Floor/Ceiling Systems 317
Nozzles Adhesive Cartridge 104 Texture Equipment 411
O
One-Coat Veneer Finish,
Application 200, 207, 209
Frame Spacing 67
"Orange Peel" Texture Finishes 52, 190
Outlet Boxes Cutting Board Openings 99
One-Day Finishing, SHEETROCK Brand Joint System 174
Acoustical Caulking 183
Openings, Door and Window, Framing 86, 261
Provision in Resurfacing 192
P
Paddles, Mixing 400
Paint Finish, Levels 159-160
Paint Products SHEETROCK Brand First Coat 50 Ceiling Texture 52 For Finishing Mouldings 118 Over SHEETROCK Brand Water-Resistant Panels 120 With Texture Finishes 190 For Surface Problems 366
Painting, Veneer Plaster 212
Pallet Safety 381
Panel Adhesive 45
Panels, Predecorated 15 Installation 108, 114, 115, 131, 193 Specification Standards 440 Surface Burning Characteristics 424 Permeance Values 445
Paper-Faced Bead, Trim 22, 161
Paper-Back Metal Lath 222
Parallel Application, Gypsum Board 96
Partition Layout 68
Partitions, Multilayer, Steel Frame 113
Party Walls 304 Fixture Attachment 264
Patch and Repair Products 55
Performance Requirements, General 325
Perimeter Isolation Gypsum Drywall Assemblies 128 Veneer Plaster Assemblies 128 Acoustical Caulking 185, 263 General Considerations 330
Perlite Aggregate In Texture Finishes 52 In Basecoat Plasters 231 Specification Standards 440
Permeance Values, Moisture Vapor 445
Perpendicular Application, Gypsum Board 96
Photographing, Joint 158, 176, 358
Appendix
493
Picture Hooks 264
Pigmented Finish Plaster 215
Planning Procedures, General Gypsum Drywall Application 92 Veneer Plaster Application 92 Cement Board Application 143 Conventional Plaster Application 245
Plant Locations, CGC 448, 449
Plaster Burn Safety 382
Plaster Application Planning 238 Job Conditions 239 Reinforcement 241 Furring 241 Frame Spacing 243 Attachment 245 Control Joints 247 Basecoat 249 Base Compatibility 249 Grounds 250 Mixing 251 Setting Time 252
Plaster Base GRAND PRIX Plaster Base 220 Features 220 Limitations 221 Types 221 Specifications 221 Handling and Storage 239, 380 Environmental Conditions 239 Frame Spacing 240 Installation 106, 241-247 Inspection 341 Specification Standards 440
Plaster Bases (Other) Metal Lath 221 Masonry 246
Plaster Systems, Conventional Job Inspection 341, 342 Problems, Remedies 366
Plasters, Basecoat IMPERIAL Brand Veneer 59 DIAMOND Brand Veneer 60 Mixing, Application 206, 251
494
RED TOP Gypsum, Wood Fiber, Two-Purpose 231 STRUCTO-LITE, STRUCTO-BASE 231 Specification Standards 440
Plasters, Finish Veneer Finishes 59 Veneer Finish Application 198, 206 Radiant Heat Application 212 Gauging and Finish Limes 233 Gauging/Lime Application 256, 257, 258 Specification Standards 440
Plasters, Gauging 233 Mixing, Application 256 Specification Standards 440
Plasters, Patching 55
Plaster Systems, Comparing 437
Pliers 394
Plugs, Expansion 264
Plumb Bob--Chalk Line Tool 394
Pole Sander 403
Polystyrene--Aggregated Texture Finishes 51
Pops, Fastener 333, 352
Potato Masher 400
Powder (Setting-Type) Joint Compounds, SHEETROCK Brand
Conventional (DURABOND) 49 Lightweight (EASY SAND) 47 Uses for Texturing 50 Use as Adhesive 96, 109 Mixing Directions 168 Hand Tool Application 170
Q
Quality, Product 336
"Quality" Gauging Formulations 233 Quick Set Plasters
Gauging 233
Setting Times 174 Finishing Concrete 182
Power Tools Safety 385
Prebowing Panels Installation 116
Predecorated Panels 15 Installation 108, 114, 115, 131, 193 Surface Burning Characteristics 424 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
Pre-Filling Gypsum Panel Joints 170
Prepared Plaster Finishes Interior 234 Exterior 234
Pressure-Sensitive Joint Reinforcing Tape
IMPERIAL Brand Type P 58
Prime Coat SHEETROCK Brand First Coat 53 Application 178
Proportioning (see Mixing)
Protection, Light Fixture 76
Protrusions, Framing 350
Pumping equipment Selection of, General 336 Application Problems, Textures 364 Bulk-Type, Adhesives 399 Spray-Texturing Machines 408
Puncturing of Face Paper, Gypsum Board 351
Basecoats 252 Application Problems 359, 374
R
R-Value (see Thermal Resistance)
Racking Stresses in Buildings 330
Radiant Heat Ceilings Radiant Heat Plasters 60 Frame Spacing 68 Perimeter Relief 128 Application 212
Radiant Heat Plasters 212 Mixing, Proportioning 214 Application 213
Rasps, Gypsum Board 397
Ratings, Fire and Sound Test 295, 297 Testing Principles and Procedures 423, 427
RC-1 Resilient Channel 32 Frame Spacing 70 Over Steel Framing 70 Over Wood Framing 83 Installation, Partitions 83 Installation, Ceilings 84 Specification Standards 441
Ready-Mixed Joint Compounds, SHEETROCK Brand 47 Conventional 49 Lightweight 47 Uses in Texturing 52 Use as Adhesive 96, 109 Mixing Directions 110 Hand Tool Application 170 Mechanical Tool Application 173 Drying Times 176 Skim Coating 176 Finishing Concrete 182
RED TOP Plasters Grouting, Door Frames 89, 261 Gypsum Plaster 231 Two-Purpose Plaster 231 Gauging Plaster 233 Keenes Cement 233 Finish Lime 234, 258 Prepared Finish 234 Mixing, Basecoats 251 Mixing and Application, Gauging and Lime 256, 258
Appendix
495
Specification Standards 440
Redecorating Texture 194 Paint 195 CGC Decorative Finish 215
Reinforcing Tape, Corner 23 Application 164
Reinforcing Tapes, Joint 56 Joint Treatment, Drywall 170, 173 Exterior Ceiling Treatment 175 Joint Treatment, Veneer 200, 204 Joint Treatment, Cement Board 143, 153, 154
Relief Joints 331
Replastering Old Surfaces 260
Resilient Walls and Ceilings RC-1 Resilient Channel 32 Frame Spacing 68 Application, Steel Frame 70 Gypsum Drywall Installation 83 Veneer Plaster Installation 83 Application, Wood Frame 83, 111 Fixture Attachment 133 Rated Systems 302
Resurfacing With Gypsum Board 192 With Texture Finishes 192 With Veneer Plaster 215 With Replastering 260 Decorative Interior Finish 215
Retarder, Plaster 235, 252 Use with Basecoats 252, 369 Use with Finish Coats 259, 369
Riblath Metal Lath 223 Application 245 Specification Standards 440
Ridging, Joint, Correction of SHEETROCK Brand SW Edge Gypsum Panels 5 Back-Blocking System 107 Lumber Shrinkage Factors 333 Cause, Remedy, Prevention 356, 361
Rivet Tool 395
496
GRAND PRIX Plaster Bases 220 Installation 245, 246, 247 Specification Standards 440 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Rod, Pencil and Mild Steel 244 Router, Electric 396
S
Safety 377
Panel Handling 379
Forklift 379
Stacking 380
Storage Conditions 380
Lifting 381
Pallets 381
Eye 381
Ceiling Installation 385
Tool 385
Scaffold 386
Ladder 386
Agencies 387
Information Services 387
Safety Organizations 387
Safing Insulation, THERMAFIBER Specification Standards 441
Sagging, Gypsum Board 4, 67, 187, 321, 345, 349
Sand-Finish Interior Textures 52, 53, 211, 255, 258
Sanding, Joints 172, 358
Sanders--Hand and Pole 403
Saws Keyhole, Application 99, 131, 396 Hacksaw, Application 117, 166, 202 Circular Saw 393 Chop Saw 393 Band Saw 393 Cut-Off Saw 393 Utility Saw 396 Drywall Saw 396 Safety 386
Scaffolds, Portable 414
Scaffold Safety 386
Scarifier 405
Scrapers, Floor 414
Screeds, Plaster 224, 250
Screw Guns, Electric 398
Runners, Steel 28, 228 Specifications 29 J-Runners 31 J-Struts 31 Angles 32 C-Runners 31, 32 Installation 68, 71, 306, 308, 311, 313
Application 99 Cordless 398
Screws 37 Selector Guide 38 DUROCK Brand Wood and Steel 38, 142 Basic Types 40 Bit Tips 39 Specifications 41 Applications 42 Attachment Methods 95, 247 Application 99, 243, 247 Spacing 101, 105, 244, 247 Plaster Base Attachment 228 Installation Defects, Correction 352 Specification Standards 441
Screws, Sheet Metal 266
Screw Usage, Gypsum Board 435
Sealant SHEETROCK Brand Acoustical 107, 183
Security Walls STRUCTOCORE Security Wall System 230
Seismic Forces Suspended Ceilings 286 Effects of 330
Selection of Materials, General Considerations 324
Self-Furring Metal Lath 222 Application 245, 247 Use to Prevent Cracking 367
Separation Wall Components 30 Cavity Wall Components 31 Solid Wall Components 31 Specifications 32 Breakaway Clip 31 Installation 304
Services, Mechanical and Electrical, Framing Preparation 65
Set Retarders 235, 252
Setting Qualities Basecoat Plasters 252 Setting-Type (SHEETROCK Brand) Joint Compounds 174 Gauging Plasters 257 Veneer Finishes 359
Setting Time Plaster 252, 374 Joint Compounds 374
Shadowing, Exterior Wall and Ceiling Installation Precautions 80 Cause, Remedy, Prevention 358
Shaft Walls Components 30 Rated Systems 311 Installation 312
Shear Tools Channel Stud Shear 392
Sheathing, Gypsum GYP-LAP 14 Limitations 14 Specifications 15 Applications 122 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Sheet Lamination 109
SHEETROCK Brand Adhesives 45 Double-Layer Lamination 93, 108 General Application 103 Attachment to Masonry 114 Predecorated Panel Attachment 115
SHEETROCK Brand Bead and Trim (see Corner Bead, Trim Accessories)
SHEETROCK Brand First Coat 53 Application 178
SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels Regular Type, Regular 54 5 SW Type 5 FIRECODE, FIRECODE "C" Type 5 Flexible 5 ULTRACODE Type 6 Foil-Back Type 6 Water-Resistant Type 7 Exterior Ceiling Board 8 Interior Ceiling Panels 8
Appendix
497
Abuse-Resistant Panels 8 Specifications 9 Application over Insulation 4 Application, Water-Resistant Panels 119 Use in Rated Systems 297 Use as Air Barrier 320 Surface Burning Characteristics 426 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
SHEETROCK Brand Gypsum Panels Liner Panels 13 Sheathing 13 Vinyl faced 15 Lay-In Ceiling 18
SHEETROCK Brand Joint Tape 56, 170
SHEETROCK Brand Joint Treatment Reinforcement 56 Application, Arches 136 Embedding and Finishing 170, 200 Exterior Ceiling Treatment 175 Veneer Joint Treatment 200
SHEETROCK Brand Lay-In Ceiling Tile 18 Installation 126
SHEETROCK Brand Setting-Type Joint Compounds For Laminating 45, 96, 109 For Joint Finishing 49 For Concrete Coating 56 For Door Frames 86, 88 For Back-Blocking 108 For Filling Masonry 114, 182 Mixing Directions 168 Application Guide 174 Hand Tool Application 174 Exterior Ceiling Application 175 Specification Standards 440
Shield, Spray 412
Shrinkage Lumber 66, 333, 352 Joint Treatment 356 Cracks, Plaster 367
Silica Hazards 383
Sill Sections, Installation 86
Single-Layer Application Drywall, Frame Spacing 67 Veneer, Frame Spacing 67
498
Spray-Applied Textures 68 Application Methods
Gypsum Drywall 95 Veneer Plaster 95 Gypsum Board over Wood Framing 105 Resilient Wood Frame Systems 95, 111 Resilient Steel Frame Systems 70, 95 Cement Board 147, 148, 150, 151 Direct to Masonry Walls 114 Rated Drywall and Veneer Systems 297
Single Nailing 95, 100
Skim Coating, Joint Treatment 176
Skip-Troweling Techniques, DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish 210
Slaking and Soaking Problems, Lime 369
Slicker 404
Slow Set Plasters Gauging 233 Basecoat 252 Application Problems 359, 372
Snips, Metal 392
SNOWDRIFT Finish Lime 234 Mixing, Application 255, 258
Soffits, Exterior Gypsum Ceiling Board 8 Joint Compound 47 Installation 124 Joint Treatment 175
Soffits, Interior Installation, Braced and Unbraced 137 Rated Assemblies 317
SHEETROCK Brand Texture 50, 188 Wall and Ceiling Spray Texture 52, 189 Wall and Ceiling Texture (RUFF TEX) 51, 189 Wall and Ceiling Texture (Multipurpose) 52 Texture12 Wall and Ceiling Spray Texture 52, 189
Soft, Weak Surface Veneer Finishes 362 Plaster Finishes 372
Solid Separation Walls Components 31 Rated Systems and Installation 304
Sound Absorbing Plaster Finish 276
Sound Attenuation Blankets, THERMAFIBER 36 Use in Rated Systems 298, 299, 303 Surface Burning Characteristics 426 Specification Standards 441
Sound Control Considerations Sound Control Systems 276, 303 General 276, 296, 325 Structural Factors 332 Testing Procedures 427
Sound Control Products 35, 268
Sound Resistance Test Data General 295, 427 High Performance Sound Control Partitions 303
Sound Transmission Class (STC) Ratings 296, 427 Testing Procedure 427
Spacing, Fastener Gypsum Drywall Constructions 101 Veneer Plaster Constructions 101 With Use of Adhesives 101, 105 Cement Board Constructions 147, 148, 151 GRAND PRIX Plaster Base 244, 246 Importance of, General 324 Job Inspection 340
Spacing, Frame Gypsum Drywall, General 65, 67 Veneer Plaster, General 65, 67 Drywall, Direct Application 67 Gypsum Drywall, Resilient 67 Veneer Plaster, Resilient 67 Texture Finishes 67, 187 Veneer, Direct Application 67 Water-Resistant Gypsum Panels 119 Cement Boards 145, 148, 150 Gypsum and Metal Lath 244 Furred Ceilings, Plaster 243 Suspended Ceilings, Plaster 243 Plastered Ceilings--Hangers, Runners, Channels, Cross-Furring 244 Importance of, General 324 Job Inspection 338
Spans, Limiting Metal Furring Members 72 Steel Stud Ceilings System 72 Importance of, General 324
Spatter-Finish Textures 52 Application 189, 190
Specification Standards, Federal and ASTM 440
Splicing Procedure Steel Studs 70 Metal Furring Channels 71 RC-1 Resilient Channels 83 Control Joints 166, 202 Steel C-Runners 310
Spray-Applied Textures 52 Texture/Compound Selector 53 Frame Spacing 67, 187 With Veneer Finishes 208 In Cable Heat Ceiling 213 Mixing, Application 188-189 Finish Plasters 255 Problems, Prevention 364
Spray Equipment Applications 189, 207 Selection of, General 336 Hand Texture 407 Drywall Texturing 408 Universal Machines 408 Hoses, Guns, Nozzles 411 Spray Shield 412 Problems, Remedies 364
Spray Texture Finish 52 Application 189
Spreaders, Joint Compound and Adhesive 413
Stacking Panels 380
Stains, Veneer and Plaster Surface 362, 370, 372 Standards
Fire-resistance Rating 296 Specification, Federal and ASTM 440 Slotted Shelf 266 Sound Control 296 Acoustical Ceilings 276
Staple Attachment Base Layer Boards 100 Spacing 101 Corner Bead 163, 200 Metal Trim 164, 201 Control Joints 166, 202 Cement Board 143, 147, 148, 151 Gypsum Plaster Base 244, 247 Tools Available 398
Appendix
499
STAR Gauging Plaster 233 Mixing, Application 256-257
Starved Joints, Drywall 356
Steel Door Frame Installation 86, 261
Steel Framing Component 28 Specifications 29
Steel-Framed Chase Wall Installation 71
Steel-Framed Partitions Channel Stud System 68 Door Frame Installation 86, 261 Gypsum Drywall Application 112 Veneer Plaster Application 112 Multilayer Assemblies 113 Blanket Installation 127 Fixture Attachment 131, 264 Acoustical Caulking 107, 183, 264 Fastener Attachment, Plaster Systems 246 Rated Assemblies, Drywall and Veneer 299 Misalignment Causes, Correction 351
Steel Joist Float Systems 316
Steel Rule 395
Steel Stud--IMPERIAL Brand Veneer Partition Blanket Installation 127 Fixture Attachment 131 Chalkboard Installation 208 Acoustical Caulking 183 Rated Assemblies 299
Steel Studs and Runners 28, 228 Specifications 29 C-H and E-Studs, J-Runners 30 Partition Installation 68, 240 Resilient Channel Installation 70 Chase Wall Installation 71 Use in Furred Ceilings 71 Use in Wall Furring 79, 241 Use in Door, Window Openings 86 Use in Curved Surfaces 135 Use in Soffits 137 Use in Rated Systems 299 Specification Standards 441
Steiner Tunnel Test 424
Stilts, Applicator 414
Storage and Handling of Materials Gypsum Drywall Products 94 Veneer Plaster Products 94 Cement Board Products 144
500
Lath and Plaster Products 239 General Considerations 327 Job Inspection 337
Storage Conditions 380
Strip Lamination 110
Striplath Metal Reinforcement 224 Use in Repair Work 367 STRUCTO-BASE Gypsum Plaster 231 Mixing, Application 251 Specification Standards 440
STRUCTO-GAUGE Gauging Plaster Veneer Chalkboards 208 Gauging Plaster 233 Mixing, Application 255 Specification Standards 440
STRUCTO-LITE Gypsum Plaster 231 Mixing, Application 251 Specification Standards 440 Coefficient of Expansion 446
Structural Components 28, 228 Steel Studs, Runners 28, 228 Cavity Shaft Wall Components 31 Area Separation Wall Components 32 Double Wall Components 32 Angles, Channels, Clips, Brackets, Tie Wire 32, 58, 229, 230 Job Inspection 341
Strut-Studs, Installation 86
Stucco Brush 407
Stud Adhesive General Application 103
Stud, Steel (see Steel Studs and Runners)
Subfloors, Wood and Plywood 316
Suction of Plaster Bases, Problems 368
Sun-Faded Gypsum Base 209, 235-236, 360
Surface Burning Characteristics 424
Surface Treatment Joint Finishing 168 Concrete Coatings 182 Texture Finishes 187 Repair of Defects 345-376
Surfacer, CGC Drywall 52 Application 189
Suspended Ceilings Metal Grillage Erection 73 Installation, Plaster Systems 243 Grid 268 Structural Implications 270 Acoustical Requirements 274 Sound Control 276 Lighting 277 Environmental Considerations 279 Exterior Applications 280 Fire Safety 281 Seismic Considerations 286 Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning 287 Air Handling Guidelines 288 Rated Assemblies 284, 317 Installation 289 Job Inspection 338
Suspended Ceiling System, Drywall SHEETROCK Brand Lay-In Ceiling Tile 18 DONN Brand Grid 18 Installation, Lay-In Tile 126 Installation, Surface Mounted Panels 126
Suspension System, CGC Drywall Components 19 Installation 126
Systems, High Performance Sound Control Partition 303
Synthetic Gypsum ix
Appendix
501
T
Tack Claw 397
TAPCON Anchor 41
Tape, DUROCK Brand 143
Tape, Insulating, Uses 90
Tape, SHEETROCK Brand Flexible Metal Corner 23, 162 Application 162
Tape, Joint Reinforcing 56 Application, Arches 137 Joint Treatment, Drywall 170, 173 Exterior Ceiling Treatment 175 Joint Treatment, Veneer 200 Joint Treatment, Cement Board 143, 153, 154
Tape, Steel Power, Use in Measuring 97, 395
Tape, Vinyl Foam Application 105, 116
Tapered Edges, Types 5
Texture Finishes Powder Textures 50, 188 Ready-Mixed Textures 52, 190 Selector Guide 53 Spray-Applied, Frame Spacing 67, 187 DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish 206, 209 IMPERIAL Brand Veneer Finish 207, 208 Application, Each Type 187-189 Finish Plasters 254 Installation Problems, Remedies 364
Texture Finish Patterns Spatter 190 Orange Peel 190, 191 Knock-Down 191 Skip-Trowel 191 Stipple 191 Crow's Foot 192 Swirl 192 Roller and other 192
Taping Compounds, Joint 45 Mixing, Application 168
Taping Tools--Dispensers, Creaser, Knives 401, 402
Temperatures, Working Gypsum Drywall Application 95 Veneer Plaster Application 95, 200 Cement Board Application 143 Lath and Plaster Application 239 Basecoat Plastering 253 General Data 325, 328
Test Values, Fire and Sound Definitions and Abbreviations 206, 295, 423, 427, 429, 430
Rated Wood Stud Partitions 297 Rated Steel Stud Partitions 299 Rated Wood Floor/Ceilings 301 Rated Steel Floor/Ceilings 302 Sound Control Partitions 303 Area Separation Walls 304 Cavity Shaft Walls 311 Vent Shaft 315 Wood Frame Floor/Ceilings 316 Sound Control Floor/Ceilings 316 Noncombustible Floor/Ceilings 316 Beam Fire Protection 317 Column Fire Protection 320
Testing Laboratories and Methods 282, 295, 423-431
Texture, Plaster Finish 209
Texturing Equipment Hand Equipment 407 Spray Machines 189, 190, 408 Hoses, Guns, Nozzles 189, 411
THERMAFIBER Blankets, Sound Attenuation, Fire and Thermal 36 Ceiling Weight Limits 4, 67 Specifications 36 Installation 127 Use in Rated Systems 298, 299, 303, 304, 306, 308, 310 Surface Burning Characteristics 426 Specification Standards 441 Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Thermal Expansion General Factors 330 Coefficients of Building Materials 446
Thermal Resistance Insulating and Sound Blankets 36 Coefficients, Building and Insulating Materials 447
Three-Coat Finish, Plaster Standard Basecoats 250 Basecoat Application 249 Replastering 260
502
Tie and Hanger Wire 33, 229 Attachment, Metal Lath 245
Tile Base, Ceramic Water-Resistant Gypsum Panels 7 Cement Board 140 Surface Problems 362
Tile, Clay Plaster Base 245 Plastering Problems 367
Time-Temperature Curve 424
Toggle Bolts 265
Tools and Equipment, Types Acoustical Ceiling Tools 392 Framing Tools 392 Board and Lath Application Tools 395 Caulking Equipment 399 Mixing Equipment 400 Finishing Tools 401 Mechanical Taping Tools 405 Texturing Equipment 407 Hand, Spray Texture Equipment 408 Hoses, Guns, Nozzles 411 Misc. Equipment 413
Topping Compounds, Joint 45-47 Mixing, Application 168 Uses in Texturing 52
Transmission-Loss Values, Sound Testing 428
Trestle, Folding 413
Trim Accessories 22, 161, 200, 223 Corner Reinforcement 22, 161, 200 Paper-Faced 22, 161
U
UL Designations for Products 444
Universal Spray Machines 408
Metal Trim 25, 164, 201 Vinyl Trim 165 Specifications 227 Control Joints 27, 165, 201, 225 Application, All Types 161-167, 200-203,
247, 250
Trim, SHEETROCK Brand Metal 22 Specifications 227 Application 164, 200 For Exterior Soffits 125
Triple-Layer Application Partitions 113 Beam Construction 317
Trowel Finishes, Plaster 254 Application Problems 368 Tools Available 405
T-Square, Drywall 395 Use in Cutting 98
Tunnel Test, Steiner 424
Twisted Framing, Cause and Correction 350
Two-Coat Plaster Finishes Veneer Frame Spacing 68 Veneer Application 206 Standard Basecoats 231 Basecoat Application 249
Two-Compound Systems, Joint Treatment 50
Two-Purpose Plaster, RED TOP 231 Application, Mixing 251 Specification Standards 440
Uneven Surfaces, Gypsum Board 345, 349
V
Vapor Retarders
Veneer Application
Foil-Back Gypsum Panels 6
General Recommendations 198
Foil-Back IMPERIAL Brand Base 12
Joint Treatment 200
General Considerations 144, 320, 326
Application of Finish 198, 207, 209
Coefficients of Thermal Resistance 447
Drying Conditions 200
Vapor Permeance Values SHEETROCK Brand Panels Shaft Wall Liner, IMPERIAL Brand Bases 445
Grounds 200 Mixing and Proportioning 206 Chalkboards 208
Appendix
503
Rated Assemblies 297 Job Inspection 340 Problems, Remedies 358
Veneer Finishes General 58 Coverage 60, 61 IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat Plaster 59, 208 IMPERIAL Brand Finish Plaster 59, 207 DIAMOND Brand Basecoat Plaster 60 DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish 60 Application, One-and Two-Coat 199, 207, 208 Mixing and Proportioning 206 Chalkboard Installation 208 Job Inspection 340 Application Problems, Remedies 358 Specification Standards 440
Veneer Gypsum Base--see Gypsum Base, Veneer
Veneer Systems Job Inspection 341 Problems, Remedies 358
Vent Shaft System, Rated Assembly and Installation 316
Ventilation Requirements Gypsum Drywall Application 4, 95 Exterior Soffits 124 Texture Finishes 187-189 Lath and Plaster Application 239 Veneer Plaster Application 95 General Considerations 329
Vermiculite-Aggregated Gypsum Plaster, Coefficient of Expansion 446
Vertical Application, Gypsum Board 96, 316
Vinyl-Faced Gypsum Panels 15 Specifications 17 Installation 116, 131 Surface Burning Characteristics 424 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
Vinyl Foam Tape Application 105, 116
W
Wall and Ceiling Spray Texture (RUFF TEX), SHEETROCK
Brand 51, 189
Wall and Ceiling Texture, SHEETROCK Brand Ready-to-Use 52, 184
Wallboard (see Gypsum Panels)
Wallcovering Primer 179
Wall Shield, Ul-Listed DUROCK Brand Cement Board 151
Water Infiltration 320
Water Level 394
Water Vapor Transmission 320
Water-Moisture Control 325
Waterproofing Compounds and Coatings Bituminous 246
Water-Resistant Gypsum Panels 7 Specifications 9 Application 119 Specification Standards 440 Permeance Values 445
Weather Precautions, Application Joint Treatment 168 Veneer Finishes 198-200 Plasters 238, 257, 369
Weights, Wall and Ceiling Conventional Plaster Systems 260
Wet Sanding 173
Wind and Seismic Forces, Effects of 330
Window Openings, Framing 86
Wire, Tie and Hanger 33, 229
Wood Fiber Plaster, RED TOP 231 Mixing, Application 251 Specification Standards 440 Coefficients of Expansion 446
Wood-Framed Partitions/Ceilings Gypsum Drywall Application 105 Veneer Base Application 105 Blanket Installation 127 Fixture Attachment 131 Cement Board Application 145 Lath Attachment 247 Rated Assemblies, Drywall and Veneer 297, 299, 301, 302, 316 Misalignment Causes, Correction 349
Wood Framing Requirements 65, 124, 333
Wood-Joist Construction 316
Wood Lath, Repair or Replacement 260
Workability Problems Veneer Finishes 359 Plaster Finishes 374
Workmanship, General Factors 335
504
Z
Z-Furring Insulating Blankets
(see Fire Safety Insulating Blankets)
Z-Furring Systems Z-Furring Channels 33
Insulating Blankets 36, 81 Erection 81 With Masonry Walls 114
Appendix
505
Alphabetical Index to Tables
A
ASTM Application Standards 442
ASTM Standards for Performance Specifications and Test Methods 442-443
Abuse-Resistant Systems by Category 433-434
Agencies and Organizations 418-422
Application Guide--Setting-Type Joint Compounds 174
B
Basecoat Plaster (Over Metal Lath) 249
Basecoat Plasters for Conventional Plaster Systems 249
Braced Soffit Design Maximum Dimensions 138
C
Categories of Abuse Resistance 432
Ceiling Panel Types and Manufacturing Processes 270-273
Cement Board Sizes and Packaging 140
CGC Literature 450
CGC Plant Locations 448-449
Checklist for Drywall Problems 345
Comparing Plaster Systems 437
Conditions for Hose Stream Test 423
Coverage--Adhesives for Lamination 93
Coverage and Technical Data--Gypsum Basecoat Plasters 232
Coverage--DIAMOND Brand Basecoat 60
Coverage--DIAMOND Brand Interior Finish Plaster 60
Coverage--Finish Plasters 235
Coverage--IMPERIAL Brand Basecoat and Finishes 60
Coverage--Laminating Adhesives 45
D
Drying Time--Joint Compound Under Tape 176
Drywall Problems Checklist 345
DUROCK Brand Cement Board--Typical Physical Properties 142
F
Finishing Level Matrix 159
Finish Plasters for Conventional Plaster Systems 254
Fire-Rated Ceilings 284-286
Fixture Attachment--Drywall and Plaster Systems 434
Fixture Attachment Load Data--Drywall and Veneer Plaster Construction 131, 434
Fixture Attachment Load Table--Cement Board 146
Frame and Fastener Spacing --GRAND PRIX Plaster Base 244
Frame Spacing--Gypsum Base 240
Frame Spacing--Textured Gypsum Panel Ceilings 187
G
Gauging Plasters--Technical Data 257
Gypsum Board Screw Usage--Horizontal Board Attachment 435
Gypsum Board Screw Usage--Vertical Board Attachment 436
H
Horizontal Board Attachment (Screws) 435
Hygrometric Coefficients of Expansion (Unrestrained) 446
506
I
Interior Framing Limiting Heights 69
L
Limiting Span--Metal Furring Members 72
Limiting Span--Steel Stud Ceiling System 75
M Maximum Aggregate Quantity--Gypsum Plasters 252
Maximum Fastener Spacing--Constructions Using Drywall, Gypsum Base and Similar Products 101-102 Maximum Frame Spacing--Drywall Construction 67 Maximum Frame Spacing--Metal Lath 244 Maximum Frame Spacing--Veneer Plaster Construction 67 Maximum Spacing--Control Joints 167, 203 Maximum Spacing--Cross-Furring Members 245 Maximum Spacing--Main Runner--Carrying Channels 244 Maximum Spacing--SHEETROCK Brand Control Joints for Interior Plaster Assemblies 226, 248 Metal Lath Selector 223 Metric Terms and Metric Equivalents 438 Metric Conversion 439 Minimum Bending Radii of Dry Gypsum Board 134 Minimum Bending Radii of Wetted Gypsum Board 135 Minimum Radii of SHEETROCK Brand 6.4 mm (1/4) Flexible Gypsum Panels 134
P
Permeance--CGC Products 445
Products/UL Designations 444
Plaster Product Compatibility Selector 249
S
Selector Guide for Gypsum Board Nails 44
Selector Guide for Screws 38-43
Sound Control Guidelines for Air Handling Systems 288
Special Plasters--Approximate Yield 235
Specifications--Area Separation Wall & Shaft Wall Components 32
Specifications--Gypsum Bases 13
Specifications--Gypsum Panel Products 9
Specifications--Liner and Sheathing Products 15
Specifications--Plaster Base 221
Specifications--SHEETROCK Brand Joint Compounds 55
Specifications--SHEETROCK Brand Lay-In Ceiling Tile 19
Specifications--SHEETROCK Brand Vinyl-Faced Panel Vinyl 16
Specification Standards 440-441
Specifications--Structural Accessories 230
Specifications--THERMAFIBER Blankets 36
Specifications--Typical Plaster Trim Accessories 227
Stucco Proportions (Job-Mixed) 260
Support Area--Hangers 244
Surface Burning Characteristics (Per CAN/ULC S102) 426
Appendix
507
T
Texture/Compound Selector 53
Thermal Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Common Building Materials 446
Thermal Resistance Coefficients of Building and Insulating Materials (R-Values) 447
Thickness--Area Separation, Shaft Wall and Furring Components 31
Typical Steel Thickness--Steel Studs and Runners 29
U
UL Designations for CGC Products 444
V
Vapor Permeance Values for CGC Corporation Products 445
Veneer Plaster Product Compatibility Selector 206
Vertical Board Attachment (Screws) 436
508
CGC Inc. To contact your local CGC sales office or representative, call toll-free: 888-206-1110 (Atlantic); 800-361-1310 (Quebec); 800-387-7920 (Ontario); 800-663-1055 (Western); or see the CGC website (http://www.cgcinc.com).
Industrial Division Information about products from the Industrial Division of CGC Inc. can be obtained by calling: 800-387-2690 or see the Industrial Gypsum Division website (http://igd.com).
Additional Copies To purchase your copy of the CGC Gypsum Construction Handbook, please see the CGC web site (www.cgcinc.com) for more information.
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