...opinion is valued; the students are not given the information in a ready manner, they are taught to be independent of different sources (textbooks, manuals, texts, ghosthomas).
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ISSN 2225-1545 77-45777 07 2011 .
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Abdirakhimova M.N. senior teacher of English department of foreign languages Karshi Engineering Economic Institute
ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS
Abstract: This article deals with some ways to assess young language learners' second language acquisition and academic progress. It opens with a discussion of procedures that are used in order to place young children in ESL programs; then deals with assessment instruments that are used with young English language learners; considers ways to decide whether or not a given assessment instrument is effective; and also discusses some new trends in the assessment of the language and academic attainment of young English language learners.
Keywords: Standardized tests, survey or questionnaire, split half test, openended task, assessment tool, testretest procedure
Standardized Tests used with Young English Language Learners. When students are newly admitted into schools, their parents or caregivers fill out a home language survey or a home language questionnaire. These evaluative instruments, used for preliminary screening, contain questions about a language or languages that children and their caregivers speak at home. Overall, this type of preliminary screening works fairly reliably for the identification of English language learners. However, there is evidence that due to immigrant parents' lack of English language proficiency, or concerns about their legal status in the United States, or reluctance to have their children identified as limited English proficient, language surveys and questionnaires are not always filled out correctly. [1]
If the survey or questionnaire does reveal that a child speaks a second language at home, the school must administer a federally mandated standardized language test to determine whether or not a child is proficient in English and whether or not she would benefit from placement in a second language program. Usually, the test is administered again at the end of the school year to measure the child's second language attainment and academic language development. Once standardized test demonstrates that a child has achieved a level of proficiency that enables him or her to function in the mainstream classroom, the student exits a second language program.
The question considered in this article is as follows: What features does the language test need to possess in order to be useful?
To answer the question above, let us compare a language test to another measurement device such as a thermometer, a scale, or a speedometer. While the thermometer measures temperature, the scale measures weight, and the speedometer measures speed, the language test is meant to measure a child's command of
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language or demonstrate to the public the rate of academic progress of English language learners.
In order to be reliable, a measuring device needs to be well made, that is, it needs to be well calibrated and well constructed. The same holds true of a language test. What kind of a language test can be described as well made? Some of the criteria that determine reliability of assessment instruments meant for young second language learners are as follows:
The language test has clear directions. It tells language learners what exactly they need to do in simple, clear, and unambiguous language.
If the test has an open-ended task, it explicitly tells test takers the extent of the desired response.
The test is made of tasks that are free of ambiguity and easy to interpret. The print and graphic materials are user-friendly; its pages do not look overcrowded; its graphics are clear, simple, and attractive. The language test is neither too short nor too long. The well-made assessment tool also has provisions for reliable scoring. By providing scoring rubrics and unambiguous scoring guidelines, it enables the test reader to interpret test results accurately and to assign correct scores to test takers. The test site staff and physical environment provide a supportive atmosphere. Learners' state of mind at the time they take a language test and the physical environment at the test site are all part of test reliability. If the learner is overly nervous or distracted at the time of testing, the test will fail to provide accurate results. [2] We can find out whether a language test is reliable or not by performing some relatively simple procedures. One of the reliability evaluation procedures is known as a split half test. When this procedure is implemented, a group of students complete all even numbered tasks contained in a test and then do all odd numbered tasks. If both times students get the same (or almost the same) score, the test is reliable. Another method used to evaluate reliability of a language test is the socalled testretest procedure. When this method is used, two different versions of the same test are taken by the same group of individuals within a short time period. If subjects of the testretest procedure get a low score one time and a high score a second time, the test is clearly unreliable. Conversely, when each individual who participates in a testretest experiment earns the scores that fall within the close range of each other, the test is pretty reliable. Reliability is not all there is to a good language test. A good test is also valid. To understand the concept of validity, let us again consider a scale analogy. There are all kinds of scales out there. Some scales are used for weighing human bodies, others are for weighing huge containers, and still others are for weighing miniscule amounts of chemicals. It is not enough that these measuring tools should be well made and reliable. It is also important that they be able to provide the kind of information that one needs to collect. You would not get very far if you tried to weigh electronic particles with a bathroom scale no matter how well that bathroom
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scale is designed. It is not enough that a measuring instrument be well made or reliable. For any measuring procedure, you need to be assured that the device you are using can provide the kind of data that you seek to obtain. Language tests used in schools are no exception. These assessment tools should also be appropriate for educators' intentions and have the capacity to provide the type of data which educators are interested in gathering. [3]
Unlike test reliability, test validity is not quantifiable. There is no simple number that can express the test's capability to provide users with the kind of information that they are seeking to obtain. The job of assessing test validity is performed by teams of capable experts. Qualified, experienced language educators alone can say whether tasks contained in a test can really measure language proficiency or language attainment of language learners.
One of the most commonly made recommendations is taking classroom teachers' appraisal into account when evaluating language development and academic attainment of language learners. "Whose judgment counts?" ask second language educators dismayed by the fact that their perspective is not taken into consideration in the evaluation of language learners. [4]
Creating a Comprehensive Assessment System for Young Children While it sometimes feels like we have made little progress, it is important to look at where we are today. There is far more integrity in our approach to assessment and how what we learn can be best used to support families and children whose home language is not English. Perhaps one of the most important realizations is that in order for children to make progress in educational settings, we must approach assessment from the position of strengths and that the students must be valued, which includes embracing their language and culture in our classrooms. [5] The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS / SDE) have written a powerful position statement that addresses the need for appropriate and responsive assessment of children, curricula, and programs to assure that the needs of all young children are met. As the professional organization for early childhood, NAEYC has published several statements that guide the assessment practices for diverse groups of young children [6]. Whereas in the past there were relatively few screening tools, there are now choices, and many of them address needs of English learners (ELs).
Perhaps the greatest gain is the understanding of the importance of using a comprehensive assessment system that includes various tools and strategies to gain a holistic picture of a child. We understand the importance of observation as a primary tool for data collection, whether using standardized assessments or authentic assessments within an environment that includes play and learning centers; however, we also embrace the fact that we need to use research-based tools, goals, and benchmarks to assess progress and appropriate support for development and learning across domains. We collect work samples, use screeners and checklists, have conversations, document experiences with pictures and detailed data, and most importantly, we open ourselves up as learners in the process who examine our own
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assumptions. Parents are welcomed into the process and seen as partners in making sense of our data. We never hesitate to have conversations with children to gain their perspectives. The assessment process is recursive it never ends. [7]
Researchers also recommend that the context of student learning and students' educational backgrounds should be factored in during the assessment process. According to this scenario, language learners' home background, previous educational experiences, and the students' current classroom environment should be taken into consideration in the assessment process.
Given that classroom teachers observe their students speak, read, and write English on a daily basis and in a natural communication context, researchers and classroom practitioners argue that including classroom generated data in the evaluation of language learners can render language learners' assessment both more accurate and more valid.
It is important that teacher-made assessment instruments be reliable and valid, second language educators know that the quality of a teacher-made assessment tool cannot be reduced to its reliability or validity. Nor is the most innovative assessment tool inherently effective persent. The usefulness of assessments administered in the language classroom has everything to do with the quality of instruction. If instruction challenges and stimulates young language learners, assessment tools are likely to be conceived in the same intellectually challenging and stimulating spirit. [8]
In summary, good assessment instruments used with young language learners need to be reliable (accurate) and valid (produce the kind of data that educators seek to obtain), second language educators question reliability and validity of standardized proficiency and high-stakes tests used with young language learners. Suggestions have been made to take teacher judgment into account when evaluating language proficiency and academic attainment of young language learners. Some of the innovative assessment instruments used by second language teachers include journals, observations, and portfolios.
References: 1. F. Genesee and J.A. Upshur (1996), Classroom-based evaluation in second language education. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2. A detailed discussion of language test parameters is contained in F. Genesee and J.A. Upshur (1996), Classroom-based evaluation in second language education. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3. N. Cloud (1991), "Educational Assessment." In E. Hamayan and J. Damico (Eds.), Limiting bias in the assessment of bilingual students. Austin, TX: Proed, pp. 219245. 4. J.M. O'Malley and L.V. Pierce (1996), Authentic assessment for English language learners: Practical approaches for teachers. Chicago, IL: Addison Wesley. 5. Espinosa, L. M. (2010). Getting it right for young children from diverse backgrounds: Applying research to improve practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
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6. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2005). NAEYC code of ethical conduct and statement of commitment. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.naeyc.org National Association for the Education of Young Children (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Retrieved from http://www.naeyc.org F. Genesee and J.A. Upshur (1996), Classroom-based evaluation in second language education. 7. Dodge, D. T., Rudick, S., & Berke, K. (2011). The creative curriculum for infants, toddlers and twos. Washington, DD: Teaching Strategies. 8. F. Genesee and E. Hamayan (1994), "Classroom-Based Assessment." In J. Richards (Ed.), Educating second language children: The whole child, the whole curriculum, the whole community. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 212240.
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: 378.046.4 Abdullaev S.X., candidate of pedagogical sciences
associate professor of "Pedagogy, Psychology and Educational Technologies" Namangan Regional Center for retraining and advanced training of public education Mamadaliev A.Z.
deputy dean of the faculty of Construction and Technology Namangan Engineering and Construction Institute
ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS OF PEDAGOGICAL MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT CULTURE
Abstract: This article describes the principles of pedagogical management, the education system and management principles, methods and organizational forms aimed at increasing its effectiveness, managing teachers in educational institutions, studying the specifics of the educational institution management culture, and developing a management culture.
Key words: pedagogical management, education system, principles, methods and organizational forms of management, efficiency, pedagogical management, educational institutions
It is noteworthy that at the heart of the large-scale political, socio-economic reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years, issues related to man and his interests have been identified as a separate priority. These include the harmonious development of students of higher education institutions and their wellbeing. The conditions for the realization of the interests of future personnel and the creation of effective mechanisms are one of the main reforms in the country.
Therefore, the prospects of the final stage of the national training program are aimed at improving and further developing the training system in accordance with the prospects of socio-economic development of the country on the basis of analysis and generalization of experience gained in one of the areas.1
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 20, 2015 No 242 "On measures to organize retraining and advanced training of managers and teachers of higher education institutions", December 3, 2015 "On management personnel of higher and secondary special, vocational education institutions" Resolution No.2 351 "On measures to organize targeted training of the reserve." Such attention paid by the state to the issue of personnel can be explained by the fact that Uzbekistan has a special place in the field of education. This, in turn, requires special training of management personnel who are able to operate with a view to modern students of personnel management.3
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In order to be competitive, an educational institution is required to constantly develop, implement a personnel policy that meets the needs of the labor market and higher education customers, organize educational processes on the basis of innovative approaches. Its leader, on the other hand, determines the place of the educational institution in society, formulates strategies, makes decisions, distributes tasks, and sets an example in the formation and development of employee behavior. Many scientific papers have been published on the leadership culture and its role and importance in the life of a higher education institution (HEI).4
It is noteworthy that the scientific research of several experts in the field of management of educational institutions and some scientists who have conducted research in this field is devoted to the study of various aspects of management culture in the educational institution.5
Taking into account the role of education in the life of our country, it should be noted that the problems of studying the specific management culture of the educational institution, the formation of a culture of management, the practical use of human resources are relevant today.
Well-known researchers in the field of pedagogy have noted that the outcome of the educational institution depends in many respects on the level of interaction of all educators. Scholars such as ST Shatsky, FS Makarenko, VA Sukhomlinsky raised the issue of the formation of a single faith as the basis of a united, cohesive community, emphasizing that this situation will positively solve many problems in the field of governance. In this regard, measures aimed at the formation of managerial competencies of the reserve of management personnel in the educational institution constitute a means of managing the behavior of employees of the institution, as well as the entire teaching staff. In turn, using the management tool, the head of the educational institution forms a clear model of teacher behavior, ensures that the type of management appropriate to the goals of the educational institution leads the institution, enhances and uses its positive potential.
Pedagogical management consists of a set of principles, methods and organizational forms of management of the educational system aimed at improving the education system and its effectiveness, equipping it with processes, events and problems related to the characteristics of management activities of leaders and teachers in educational institutions. The study of this problem revealed that the essence of the leading type of management in an educational institution corresponds to a partnership-based management, which consists of a competent approach to the activities of all participants in the educational process. These types of signs are most evident in areas such as problem solving (in agreement with goals), leadership principles (joining views on common action). At the same time, the basic
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management that should be dominant in this educational institution also reflects other types of culture.
Values such as competitiveness and innovation, which are supported and effectively implemented by the leadership, belong to the type of participatory culture and reflect the strong position of the management system in the educational institution. Methods of overcoming persistent problems in the educational institution correspond to the characteristics of bureaucratic management, that is, this is done by strengthening management and adherence to the rules. Entrepreneurial orientations of management culture are more pronounced in the treatment of disagreements and conflicts.
The culture of management in higher education is a management tool for the behavior of employees of the institution, as well as the entire teaching staff. Using this management tool, the head of the educational institution forms a clear model of pedagogical behavior, ensures that a certain type of culture leads in his organization, enhances and uses its positive potential. Because an educational institution will have several types of culture at the same time.
It should be noted that the growth of competition in the labor market and the demand for training require the development of participatory and entrepreneurial management in educational institutions. A similar approach is recognized by university staff. It is recognized that the comprehensive direction of discussion, which is characteristic of the type of participatory management of organizations, meets today's requirements. At the same time, it was emphasized that the solution of problems (through open interaction), the organizational framework of leadership (encouragement of communication and cooperation) in this area is fully consistent with the mission of the organization. For this reason, more attention has been paid to the participatory culture in the type of management that the organization has identified as promising.
Another activity identified as a promising direction is the search for new creative approaches in overcoming persistent problems. Another type of management that needs to be developed using this factor is the entrepreneurshipbased approach.
In order to develop the basics of management, to improve the work related to the reserve of management staff, it is necessary to pay more attention to the following areas:
development of methods and technologies for objective assessment of the development of employees included in the reserve of management personnel, opportunities and prospects for promotion;
be able to choose a position that suits the abilities of each employee; Encourage competitive and highly skilled employees to leadership positions and develop tools and mechanisms to attract them.
In conclusion, the ability of the organization to use the resources of management personnel as one of the progressive tools in managing the behavior and behavior of employees and, most importantly, depends on the level of development
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of management culture, technology used and the dynamics of the external environment.
References: 1. .\\ ,2013,41 .543-. 2. ,2015,33-.,442. 3. 2015,48-.,608. 4. .. .\ . ..2- .. . :- ,2007..152: . .-: "unaksprint",2005.170.6. 5. ., ., .. .\\ « »,2008.5 ..32-36; .. .\\ « »,2007.6..52-55. 6. http:\\bibiofond/ru
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Abdullaev Kh.A. student TSUE
THE ROLE AND CURRENT SITUATION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE REGION'S ECONOMY
nnotation: The article discusses the role of industrial production in increasing the economic potential of the region. The solution of the economic development of the country and the region is mainly analyzed by indicators and economic situation of the industrial development of this region.
Key words: regional economy, industry, manufacturing, imports, exports, goods and services, gross regional income, agriculture, employment.
Industry is very important in the modern economic activity of the region. The economic development of any country and region is largely determined by the industrial development of that region. Industry is one of the key links in modern civilization, providing us with the products and jobs we need. At the same time, it is one of the key sectors supporting industry, agriculture and services.
Some industries that depend on raw materials and agriculture are also agricultural-based industries. Industries are part of the secondary manufacturing sector, which is the main feeder of employment opportunities for many people. The level of employment and high incomes are directly determining the economic stability of the region.
The development of industrial production in the regions depends on a number of factors, which are determined by many factors. One of the important tasks is to study the factors influencing the industrial production of the region and to propose specific development models. In general, in today's era of modernization, the role of industries is an integral part of our lives. It can be said that without industry, it is difficult to ensure economic stability in any region.
Evolutionary economics argues that economic development and growth occur as a result of an evolutionary process (Nelson, 2008; Nelson and Winter, 2009). As part of this process, new firms become familiar with the existing industrial structure, and during their life cycle, most new firms experience growth and decline before they eventually die (Ireland et al. 2009).
This article argues that the overall level of regional economic performance in a capitalist economy stems from the consolidated decisions of firms. The industry is described as a group of firms that produce substitute products (Porter, 1980) and consists of actors seeking to advance their interests based on limited rationality in the regional industry (Simon, 1982) and in interactions with others (Sharp ), 1997). The result of these individual firm decisions is reflected in regional industrial development.6
6 Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship volume 6
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Road dependence theory is increasingly being used as a theoretical basis for analyzing regional industrial development (Henning et al. 2013; Isaksen and Trippl, 2014). The theory is that regional industrial development is a road-dependent process because its historical heritage has a major impact on today's regional industrial structure (Boschma and Frenken, 2006, p. 280: 281). Road dependency theory argues that the emergence of industrial structures, infrastructure, and institutional structures today makes some industry-appropriate choices preferable to others (Martin and Sunley, 2006). In addition to the theory of road dependence, once created, industrial roads can develop in two directions (Martin, 2010). The first direction is aimed at limited road widening, while the other is aimed at more rapid development. While the limited expansion of the industrial path is based on the state of knowledge recycling, the dynamic evolution of the industrial path is based on updated regional knowledge and innovation.
Either contributes to the consolidation of existing technologies and knowledge, industrial renewal through the attraction of new technologies, industries or knowledge, or contributes to the creation of regional industrial routes by exploiting new business opportunities in the region and thereby introducing potential new industries (Martin, 2010; Martin and Sunley, 2006; Todtling and Trippl, 2013).
As creators of new enterprises, entrepreneurs make a significant contribution to the evolution of this regional industry. However, although context appears to be important in the business literature (Aldrich and Cliff, 2003), entrepreneurial researchers see both entrepreneurs and their new firms as decontextual individuals (Alsos et al. 2014). Along with this research, entrepreneurs seek to increase their business success opportunities by optimizing their new firm locations and thus contribute to increasing regional interactions and knowledge flows.
Industrial development is necessary for the modernization of agriculture. In many regions, agriculture is traditional and backward. Product cost is high and productivity is low. To modernize agriculture, we need tractors, machinery, pump sets and combines. To increase productivity, we need chemical fertilizers, pesticides. All of this is an industrial product. It is impossible to produce these goods without industrial development. Agricultural products such as jute, cotton, sugar cane and others are raw materials. Industrialization is also necessary for the production of finished products such as textiles and sugar. Hence, the development of industry is necessary for the modernization of agriculture.
Industrialization is often crucial to the region's economic growth and reducing long-term poverty. At the same time, the method of industrialization affects how the poor benefit from growth. Economic and industrial policies that support the poor are aimed at increasing economic returns on the factors of production that the poor have, e.g. increasing the incomes of unskilled workers, policies that promote high returns on capital and land will exacerbate inequality if they do not include changes in the concentration of physical and human capital and the concentration of land ownership. The use of capital-intensive methods instead of labor-intensive methods increases income disparities, as well as the introduction
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of skill-based technologies, especially in regions with low levels of education and accumulated human capital.
The reason for the low level of industrial development in the regions is the fact that a large part of production technologies are associated with medium and low-level technologies.
Compared to the same period last year, the share of high-tech industry in the structure of manufacturing industry increased by 1.9% (in January-November 2019 - 1.5%), medium-high-tech - 23.1% (26, 1%), medium-low-tech - 40.5% (36.6%) and low-tech - 34.5% (35.8%) (Figure 1). We can see that the work on the widespread involvement of high technology in industrial production is still one of the most pressing issues.
Figure 1. The structure of production technologies in industry.7
At the same time, it is important to increase domestic and foreign investment in the industry. In many developed countries of the world, we can see that a very large part of industrial technologies are high-tech based on the latest innovations.
7 Data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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As a result of the assessment of modern industries in the regions of the country and their impact on the economic growth of the regions, the following main problems and shortcomings were identified:
- As a result of low investment activity in regions without large reserves of raw materials, there is a large gap between the regions in terms of attracting investment to the economy.
- The lack of foreign-invested enterprises in the regions makes them unable to attract enough foreign investment in line with the size of their economies.
Conclusions The analysis shows that industrial development is an important basis for economic growth for the regions. The expansion of production is associated with stimulating exports, increasing trade openness, economic liberalization, and improving the business environment in many countries. At the same time, import protection and selected state intervention were also applied. Since poverty is mainly a rural problem in many developing countries, increasing agricultural productivity is often the key to reducing poverty at the beginning of economic development. At the beginning of rural development, which was emphasized by agricultural reform or otherwise, there was a decrease in inequality, usually due to a decrease in rural poverty. In order to further improve the industrial sector and increase industrial production in the regions of the country, it is necessary to take the following measures: increase the use of existing production capacity in the regions; Rehabilitation of idle production facilities, creation of new material and technical base; creation of favorable conditions for the activities of newly established enterprises, granting benefits; the number of small businesses and private entrepreneurs in industries encourage more reproduction and organization; Accelerate the development of programs to produce import-substituting finished products.
References: 1. . . .: , 2. Armstrong, J.Taylor. Regional economics and policy. 3 edition. WilleyBlackwell publisher 3. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. 4. www.stat.uz Official website of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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Abduvasikova D.D. senior teacher f the department "Foreign Languages"
Tashkent architecture and civil engineering institute
THE ROLE OF MODERN TEACHING METHODS INTERACTIVE METHODS, INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL
PROCESS
Annotation: One of the reasons why the use of pedagogical and information technologies in the learning process is getting stronger, one of the reasons for this is that while traditional teaching has taught students to acquire only the knowledge, modern technology enables them to search for their knowledge, analyze them independently and analyze their conclusions they also teach themselves. As you know, application of innate pedagogical technologies in the educational process in higher education has a number of advantages. Innovative educational technologies effectively utilize knowledge, skills and skills in one or more related areas of students' educational work, as well as develop their personality and moral qualities.
Key words: Teaching, learning, modern, urgent problem, pedagogical technologies, educational process, international standards, well-trained, individual, interactive methods
Language teaching in general and English language teaching in particular has tremendously changed over the centuries. Language learning and teaching are dynamic, fluid, mutable processes, so there is nothing fixed about them unlike the teaching of other subjects. Language teaching especially throughout the twentieth century underwent numerous changes and innovations. Approximately, every decade a new approach or methodology comes into practice. Many major theories, events, trends and technologies which shaped English language teaching during the past decades suggest methodologies are as much a product of their times as educational systems, and rooted in the ideas of their time. Ideas may come into and go out of fashion. Many new approaches are rediscoveries of old methods neglected but re-illuminated. English language teaching practitioners around the globe have been practicing different trends suitable to their context, needs, availability of resources and practicality. Teachers have had a large amount of methods offered at different times. Obviously, some teachers stick on certain methodologies very sternly.
Nonetheless, majority of the English language teachers instead of adhering to prescribed trends, follow different ones at different times applicable to their contexts. Besides, they practise different educational technologies to grow academically and professionally. Educational technologies, especially computers and computer-related peripherals, have grown tremendously and have permeated all areas of our lives.
It is incomprehensible that anyone today would argue that banks, hospitals, or any industry should use less technology. The Internet in particular is becoming
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an increasingly vital tool in our information society. More people are going online
to conduct such day-to-day activities as education, business transactions, personal
correspondence, research and information-gathering. Each year, being digitally
connected becomes ever more critical to educational advancement.
From the beginning of the computer age, educational researchers and
practitioners were sure for technology use to be widespread in schools and
universities it needed to be closely tied to education. No doubt, teaching is changing
and, in many ways, becoming a more difficult job because of increasingly numerous
contradictory expectations, including the following: We are living in an age of
information overload with the expectation that students will learn high-level skills
such as how to access, evaluate, analyze, and synthesize vast quantities of
information. At the same time, teachers are evaluated by their ability to have
students pass tests that often give no value to these abilities. Teachers are expected
to teach students to solve complex problems that require knowledge necessary
across many subject areas even as they are held accountable for the teaching and
learning of isolated skills and information. Teachers are expected to meet the needs
of all students and move them toward fulfillment of their individual potential even
as they are pressured to prepare students for maximum performance on high-stakes
assessment tests that are the primary measure of student and school success.
One of the most important and urgent problems facing the continuing
education system is the use of innovative educational technologies in their teaching,
training them in the educational process, and knowledgeable, compelling,
entrepreneurial, professional, and competent staff training requirements of
international standards, the formation of a to enhance the effectiveness of education
and to gain full access to learning, it is important for the individual to be in the focus
of
attention
of
the
education and in order to ensure that young people are well-trained in education
and well-trained in education, and who can use modern pedagogical technologies
and interactive methods and can use them in teaching and learning teachers need.
For this purpose, it is necessary to equip all teachers with innovative
pedagogical technologies and interactive methods and to improve their skills in
teaching and learning. All interactive teaching methods and teaching technologies
aimed at ensuring effective and effective teaching process are widely used and
widely used in all secondary and vocational, professional and vocational education
institutions and faculties of the country and have positive results.
In addition, innovative pedagogical technologies are the main organizational
and methodological tool of the pedagogical process. In contrast to the thorough
development of the methodological development of the instructor's effective
functioning, the teaching technology is focused on students' activities, which
creates the necessary conditions for students to independently master their own
learning materials, taking into account their personal and teacher work. Modern
education should address the challenges of upbringing lifelong competences in the
market economy, as well as educating a highly educated, competent person with a
high sense of consciousness, an independent mindset, and an example of behavior.
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This requires the teacher to use pedagogical technologies in the learning process, to be always creative and motivated, to use innovative teaching technology in the teaching process.
Distinctive features of innovative educational technology: Under the guidance of a teacher, the student receives, learns and accepts independent knowledge; the pupil is not taught; it is taught to be independent; the student's independent opinion is valued; the students are not given the information in a ready manner, they are taught to be independent of different sources (textbooks, manuals, texts, ghosthomas). Thus, the teacher's task is to explain, guide and manage the technology of innovative learning. The reader should be able to work independently, read, master, think and defend his or her thoughts. At the same time, the education model should be avoided. The education model can be divided into 3 categories: 1. Passive learning. The teacher is mainly employed, so the teacher is active, the student is passive (80/20); 2. Active learning. The teacher and the student (50/50) work equally; 3. Interactive learning. Student and student. Student active.
At the same time, the teacher is only a manager. Thus, interactive education is now an effective type of education. Education technology assures effective outcomes and achievement of educational objectives and identifies the universal system of modern information and pedagogical technologies. Education technology provides optimal ways and means of utilizing human resources and technical resources to achieve educational goals, power and time consuming.
In today's innovative processes, people need independent, self-reliant individuals capable of developing new information and independently evaluating their knowledge to address the challenges facing the education system. That is why the role of modern teaching methods interactive methods, innovative technologies in the educational process of educational institutions is immense. Therefore, today's teaching and educational process of all educational institutions is characterized by the teacher's professional skills, experience, modern teaching methods, interactive methods, and the role and importance of innovative technologies.
Information technologies in English language teaching can actually assist with some of these expectations and make teachers and their students are more successful. However, as the world becomes more complex year-to-year instead of the generation-to-generation pace of most of the last century, educational needs continue to shift from teaching and learning isolated skills and information within each content area, to teaching skills that enable students to solve complex problems across many areas. Educators must prepare for a technology-rich future and keep up with change by adopting effective strategies that infuse lessons with appropriate technologies.
However, this is balanced by a significant observation: the benefit to students of using new technologies is greatly dependent, at least for the moment, on the technological skill of the teacher and the teacher's attitude to the presence of the technology in teaching. The skill and this attitude in turn are largely dependent on the training staffs have received in this area. It is safe to say, there is no single most
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excellent way of teaching foreign languages. The successful language teacher does not confine himself or herself to only a single method. A method which is appropriate with one class on one occasion does not necessarily suit to the same class at another time. Likewise, a method which is suitable for one language teacher while teaching a particular language item may not be applicable for other teacher in the same or similar context. There has been a gradual shift from a literature based foreign language to equipping learners with communicative skills for interaction globally.
References: 1. Andrew M. 100 great ideas for educational podcasting. Sheffield Hallam University, 2008. 2. Blaine F. Peden, Benjamin Z. Domask. Do podcasts engage and educate college students? University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 2010. 3. Sajan Kumar Karn. Current trends in ELT around the globe // Nelta. 2007. 1-2. 4. .. - - // : XV . 29-30 2004 . : , 2004. . 344-346. 5. .. . ., 2001.
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372.854
Akhmadzhonova Yo.T. department of chemistry assistant
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan, Jizzak
Akhmadzhonova U.T. department of physics assistant
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan, Jizzak
"PRESS CONFERENCE" IN THE DELIVERING OF CHEMISTRY
Annotation: This article presents the information of delivery the lesson on the theme "Starch, its features and biological importance" in the form of didactic play technology "Press conference".
Keywords: didactic game, Press Conference, experts, playful methods
Reforms in the education system of our country and the introduction of modern educational technologies are required. Particular attention is paid to increasing the number of practical areas of theoretical knowledge.[1-2]
One of the most pressing issues in the teaching process today is the development of students' thinking skills, the ability to use their knowledge in practice and the ability to learn new knowledge independently.
Didactic game (conference lesson, business games, plot-role) lessons play an important role in the development of creative thinking. Because process activities are organized during play, students are able to naturally express their pictorial situations. Playful active activity, on the other hand, increases their creative potential and helps to develop thinking. Transformation of students' theoretical knowledge into practical skills and abilities, the formation of educational activity in them play a special role in the broad involvement of them in the process of social relations, as well as practical games.[3-5]
Didactic game technologies help to ensure the effectiveness of education, to create activity in students, to form knowledge, skills, abilities, to reduce time, to accelerate learning.
The psychological features manifested in the process of play allow each student to demonstrate their personal abilities, stabilize their place in social life, develop in them self-management skills.
Didactic game lessons can be divided into the following depending on the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities of students and the coherence of play activities:
Plot-role role-playing lessons Creative-play lessons Business-game lessons Conference lessons
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Game-training lessons In conducting any didactic game lessons, the teacher will first have to prepare and conduct the students for individual, then group lesson games, and after they have successfully passed, they will have to prepare for the mass game lessons. Because students need to have the necessary knowledge, skills and competencies to actively participate in didactic play lessons, there must also be collaboration and mutual support between the class community.[6-8] In addition, it is important that the teacher adheres to the following didactic requirements when conducting didactic game lessons: Didactic game lessons should be aimed at solving educational, pedagogical, developmental goals and objectives Dedicate yourself to important problems and solve them throughout the game Compliance with the principles of upbringing a harmoniously developed person and the norms of Eastern morality The game lesson structure should be in a logical sequence. These lessons should follow didactic principles and achieve great results with the least amount of time. During the pedagogical practice, we organized a "Press Conference" method of didactic games on the topic "Starch and its properties, biological significance" in the textbook of the ninth grade. To ensure that all students participate in this lesson, they should be asked questions in advance and given a list of references that they can use. This makes the lesson more effective and all students in the class participate equally. [6-8] According to the method of "Press Conference", the lesson begins as follows: the lesson is attended by various representatives of the field of chemistry (biologist, biochemist, physicist, chemist, geochemist, technologist, ecologist) and answers all questions of students. The course is led by a facilitator. The teacher does not interfere in the lesson process, but only appears at the end of the lesson to summarize the topic and evaluates the participants and "experts" who actively participated in the lesson. The facilitator begins the lesson by announcing the topic and explains that today's lesson involves various "experts" in the field of chemistry and can ask them questions that interest you. For example, one of the students asked, "What is starch?" biologists and biochemists answer the question based on their fields The technologist will answer the question about the process of obtaining starch and give detailed information about the areas of application of starch. The ecologist, on the other hand, dwells on the ecological aspects of starch.[9-12] The question continues, "What is the advantage of starch?" The "consultant" participating in the conference will answer the question posed by the students and give their advice to their students about where starch can be used, its useful properties.[13]
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10 minutes before the end of the lesson, the teacher comes on the field and concludes the topic "Starch and its properties." Participants and "experts" who actively participated during the lesson will be evaluated and homework will be announced.
The use of similar playful methods in the lessons, the proper use of pedagogical technologies in the educational process increases the interest of students in knowledge and education, allows the effectiveness of the educational process to be high.
References: 1.U.K Tolipov, M.Usmonbaeva Application bases of pedagogical technologies Tashkent "Science" 2006 2. Ch.Mirzaev, T.Urozaliev Pedagogical technologies in education. Folk education // 2002 3 3. Yaxshieva Z. Z., Ahmadjonova Y. T., PISA : "O`quvchiga yodlashni emas, fikrlashni o`rgatish kerak"// - .-2020. 33-35 4. . ., . ., . . // XXI . 2016. . 12. 5. . ., . . // . 2019. . 3 (47). 6. . ., . ., . . : // XXI . 2016. . 10. 7., . ., & , . . (2020). . Science and Education, 1(4). 8., . ., , ., & , . . (2016). . XXI , (3-1). 9. . ., . . - // . 2018. . 3. . 16-18. 10. . ., . . // . 2019. . 3 (47). 11. . ., . . // « ». 2020. . 12. 12. Akhmadjonova A. T. Calculation of power parameters of an autonomous solar power plant // . 2020. . 1. . 30-33. 13. . ., . ., . . MgO // . 2020. . 6-2. . 190-192.
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Almenova G.P. student
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Azhiniyaz Uzbekistan, Nukus
ECONOMIC VALUE GLICIRRHIZA GLABRA L.BUNGE. FROM THE FAMILY FABACEAE LINDL. CROP WILD RELATIVES OF
CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract: The article analyzes the crop wild relatives of cultivated plants from the Fabaceae Lindl family. Republic of Karakalpakstan. In Karakalpakstan, out of 171 WRCP species, the Fabaceae Lindl family consists of 10 genera and 15 species. According to the location, the WRCP was divided into 4 parts - this is the Karakalpak part of the Ustyurt plateau and Kyzylkum, the Amu Darya Delta and Aralkum. Analysis of the synopsis showed that Glicirrhiza glabra L. occupies a prominent place. Perennial rhizome, herbaceous plant. Blooms from late May to June. Licorice glabrous is a Pontic-Mediterranean species, the eastern border of the range of which reaches Iran and Afghanistan. Economic value: technical, fodder, medicinal, melliferous.
Key words: Crop wild relatives of cultivated plants, flora, Glicirrhiza glabra L.
Introduction. About 80% of Uzbekistan's area is occupied by deserts, of which Kyzylkum is the largest with an area of 30 million hectares. A unique gene pool of various ecological groups is concentrated on the territory of Uzbekistan, which is a valuable reserve of forage, raw materials, medicinal, food and other useful plants. [13].
Determination of biological productivity and rational use of wildlife is one of the most important tasks of modern ecology [14].
Evaluation and preservation of the gene pool of desert wild species of local flora is closely related to the study of morpho-anatomical characters, chemical composition, including economic value.
Plants are a renewable resource of nature, and people have long used their healing properties. Despite advances in the synthesis of chemical compounds in the creation of medicines, plants remain the most important resource for obtaining a number of valuable medicines. On the international market, every third medicinal product is of plant origin, and as for the drugs used, for example, for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, 80% of them are of plant origin. The interest in medicinal plants is due to the fact that the systematic and long-term use of any synthetic drug can cause various disorders in the human body.Medicinal plants, as a rule, are not toxic (or contain toxins in small quantities), therefore they do not cause side effects. Preparations based on the use of several plants have medicinal properties precisely due to the total content of biologically active substances in them. In addition, many medicinal plants are available, and the
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technology for making medicines from them is simple and feasible even at home. Sesquiterpene lactones, along with alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins, and flavonoids, are naturally biologically active compounds isolated from plants. Many of them have analgesic, antitumor, anthelmintic, growth stimulating, and antimalarial effects [4, 5, 6].
The republic possesses innumerable plant resources and many of them have not yet been touched by the breeder's hand. Creating new varieties, breeders are increasingly turning to wild forms of one type or another [3].
In Karakalpakstan, out of 171 WRCP species, the Fabaceae Lindl family consists of 10 genera and 15 species. According to the location, the WRCP was divided into 4 parts - this is the Karakalpak part of the Ustyurt plateau and Kyzylkum, the Amu Darya Delta and Aralkum. On Aralkum from the Fabaceae family Lindl. there are 4 genera and 5 species. Which belong to different life forms [1, 2].
Objects and research methods. The object of this research is the plant Glicirrhiza glabra L., a species from the Fabaceae Lindl family.
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. - Nude licorice. Perennial rhizome, herbaceous plant. Blooms from late May to June. The total identified area occupied by this plant is 2 856 hectares, from one hectare beekeeping farms receive 50-60 kg of pure honey. However, in view of the intensified exploitation of commercial thickets by organizations that harvest the roots and rhizomes of the plant, wild populations of licorice are decreasing from year to year [7, 9, 10].
Areal. Licorice naked is a Mediterranean species, the eastern border of the range of which reaches Iran and Afghanistan [11].
Ecology. The main habitats of licorice are the floodplains and river valleys of the steppe and desert regions of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. The peculiarity of the habitats of naked licorice is their temporary flooding in the springsummer period and the relatively high standing of groundwater in them.
Economic value: technical, fodder, medicinal, melliferous. From the roots and rhizomes of licorice, up to 23% of saponin-glycyrrhizin (potassium and calcium salt of glycyrrhizic acid), which gives them a sweet taste, and 27 flavonoids (liquoritin, liquiditoside, isoliquiritin, etc.) are isolated, the total content of which reaches 4%, glabrous (glycyrrhizic ) acid, steroids, essential oil, asparagine, ascorbic acid, bitterness, pigments, gums, etc. [7, 8].
Research results. The aerial part of licorice naked contains saponins, tannins, flavonoids, essential oils, sugars, pigments and other substances. This opens up prospects for the use of licorice herb in medicine, as a possible raw material for the creation of anti-inflammatory, protistocidal, antispasmodic and antiviral drugs.
Licorice preparations have long been used in medicine as a mild laxative, expectorant, emollient and diuretic, and also as a means of regulating water-salt metabolism. Dry extract, thick extract, licorice syrup, breast powder and other preparations are used. Licorice root also serves as a base for pills and improves the taste of various preparations and mixtures [7, 8].
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Recently, on the basis of glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids, preparations
have been created (glycyram, etc.) used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases,
bronchial asthma, eczema, etc. Based on the flavonoids of licorice roots,
preparations have been created that have antispasmodic and antiulcer activity -
liquiditon and flacarbin. There are also encouraging data on the anticancer and
protistocidal activity of licorice root and the substances it contains.
Licorice is used in more than 20 industries and agriculture. Its root and
extracts are used in the tobacco and food industries (in the production of beer, kvass,
confectionery). The foaming properties of the root have found application in
technology (in the production of fire extinguishers and paints). Licorice root is also
used in soap making, textile, leather and chemical industries, and even in metallurgy
- to suppress sulfuric acid mist in electrolysis baths. Wastes from the production of
licorice extract are used as raw materials for the manufacture of fertilizers,
parchment, heat and sound insulation boards. Licorice hay is highly nutritious and
is eaten by many pets [7].
Beekeeping farms receive 50-60 kg of pure honey from one hectare.
However, in view of the increased exploitation of commercial thickets by
organizations harvesting the roots and rhizomes of the plant, wild populations of
licorice are decreasing from year to year [12].
Conclusions. Thus, summarizing the above, we can conclude that Glycyrrhiza
glabra L. is a valuable plant, it is used as a medicinal, technical, fodder and honey
plant. The wild flora of the Republic of Karakalpakstan has significant potential
and, with rational and competent use, will provide the population with not only
high-quality, environmentally friendly honey, medicine and other valuable products
for many years to come.
References:
1. . ., ., .
- // , 2016.
N4(6). . 51-58.
2. .., .., ..
-
// .
2017. 6 (88). . 14-16. DOI: 10.20861/2304-2338-2017-88.
3. .., ..
. . . 1981. .
6-11.
4. .., ..
// .
1984. 10.
5. .. //
. 1982. 5.
6. . . Artemisia //
. 1987. 4.
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7. . ., . . . -- .: . .--., «», 1966. 8. . ., - . ., 1962. 9. , . -- .: . ., «», 1968. 10. . . Euglycyrrhiza Boiss., . -- .: . .--., «», 1966. 11. . . (Glycyrrhiza L.) . . . . . . . . -, 1953. 12. .., .. . . , 11 (33), 2016, 1. 13. .., .., .. . . .: « ». 2016. 14. .. Sanquisorba officinalis L. . 582.734 (581.52). 2013.
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Almenova G.P. student
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Azhiniyaz Uzbekistan, Nukus
THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF CROP WILD RELATIVES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS FROM THE FABACEAE LINDL. FAMILY
REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract: The article analyzes the crop wild relatives of cultivated plants from the Fabaceae Lindl. family, the flora of the Republic of Karakalpakstan by their medicinal properties. Analysis of the synopsis showed that WRCP consists of 10 genera and 15 species, and revealed the presence of 10 medicinal plants. Of these, two species are represented in the genera Alhagi Hill, Ammodendron Fisch, Astragalus L., Glicirrhiza L., Melilotus Mill, and in the rest Caragana Fabr., Medicago L., Onobrychis Hill, Trigonella L., Trifolium L. ...
Key words: crop wild relatives of cultivated plants, flora, the medicinal value.
Introduction. About 80% of Uzbekistan's area is occupied by deserts, of which Kyzylkum is the largest with an area of 30 million hectares. A unique gene pool of various ecological groups is concentrated on the territory of Uzbekistan, which is a valuable reserve of forage, raw materials, medicinal, food and other useful plants.[1].
Determination of biological productivity and rational use of wildlife is one of the most important tasks of modern ecology. [2].
Evaluation and preservation of the gene pool of desert wild species of local flora is closely related to the study of morpho-anatomical characters, chemical composition, including economic value.
Medicinal plants, like other natural resources, are the property of the people and their protection is one of the most important tasks today. This should be remembered from the moment of organizing work on their procurement. When the areas and scales of procurement of medicinal raw materials are determined and explanatory work is carried out with collectors, special attention should be paid to the following: in order to preserve the habitats of useful plants, it is necessary to harvest only those parts of them (leaves, flowers, grass) that will be used, and strictly in the required amount. The entire plant should not be destroyed predatory by uprooting it. When harvesting medicinal raw materials, the species surrounding the medicinal plant must not be damaged. The underground organs of plants are usually harvested after the fruit has ripened, which must first be collected and scattered around the mother plant to ensure the preservation of natural thickets, and only then the plant must be dug up. It should be remembered that plant conservation is the business of every inhabitant of our planet.
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The republic possesses innumerable plant resources and many of them have not yet been touched by the breeder's hand. Creating new varieties, breeders are increasingly turning to wild forms of one type or another. [3].
Crop wild relatives of cultivated plants (WRCP) are carriers of such biological properties as resistance to extreme environmental factors (high and low temperatures, droughts, salinity, flooding, etc.), as well as to diseases, pests, etc. Therefore, further progress in breeding is not conceivable without the comprehensive and complete use of wild relatives of cultivated plants.
A prominent place in the composition of crop wild relatives of cultivated plants for economic use belongs to the representatives of the legume family (Fabaceae Lindl.). In Karakalpakstan, out of 171 single WRCP species, the legume family consists of 10 genera and 15 species. Which belong to different life forms[4, 5].
Objects and research methods. The objects of study are wild medicinal plants of the Fabaceae Lindl family of the natural flora of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The proposed list of wild relatives of cultivated melliferous plants was developed on the basis of a literature review.
Family Fabaceae - one of the largest families of the world's flora, herbaceous and woody plants. Legumes are easily recognizable by their flower shape. Another sign of legumes is a fruit characteristic only for this family, a bean. Valuable food plants are high in protein. (beans, mung bean, soybeans, peas, peanuts, etc.) vegetable oil, a source of medicinal substances, decorative, technical, etc. Many leguminous plants on the roots have nodules filled with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Considering, on the one hand, the insignificance and, on the other hand, the specificity of the species composition of the desert flora of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, knowledge about the use of useful qualities of plants is of particular interest. [6, 7].
Research results. Our research has shown that in the Fabaceae lindl. WRCP is marked with 10 genera and 15 species. Two of them were recorded in the genera Alhagi Hill, Ammodendron Fisch., Astragalus L., Glicirrhiza L. and Melilotus Mill. In other genera, one species is presented (Table 1).
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Table 1
The medicinal value of crop wild relatives of cultivated plants from the
Fabaceae Lindl family.
Fabaceae Lindl family.
Genera
Species
Med
1 Alhagi Hill
1,1 A.persarum Boiss. et Bushe 2,2 A. pseudoalhagi (Bieb.) Fisch.
+ +
2
Ammodendron Fisch
1,3 A. conollyi Bunge 2,4 A. longiracemosum Raik
+ +
3 Astragalus L. 1,5 A. transcaspicus Freyn
_
2,6 A. unifolialatus Bunge
_
4 Caragana Fabr. 1,7 C. grandiflora (Beib.) DC.
_
5 Glicirrhiza L.
1,8 G.aspera L 2,9 G. glabra L.
+ +
6 Medicago L.
1,10 M. lupulina L
+
7
Melilotus Mill
1,11 M. albus Medik. 2,12 M. officinalis (L.) Pall
+ +
8 Onobrychis Hill 1,13 O.micranta Schrenk.
_
9 Trigonella L. 1,14 T. grdiflr Bunge
_
10 Trifolium L.
1,15 T. repens L
+
10
The table shows that the analysis of the composition of plants from the Fabaceae Lindl. Family, found within the Republic of Karakalpakstan, revealed 10 species of medicinal plants. Of these, A. persarum Boiss medicinal species are of the genus Alhagi Hill. et Bushe and A. pseudoalhagi (Bieb.), and from the genus Ammodendron Fisch species A. conollyi Bunge and A. longiracemosum Raik, two species G. aspera L and G. glabra L. from the genus Glicirrhiza L., species M. albus Medik. and M. officinalis (L.) Pall from the genus Melilotus Mill. The other of the genera are represented by one species of medicinal plants - M. lupulina L, a species from the genus Medicago L. and T. repens L from the genus Trifolium L.
Other species: T. grapdiflora Bunge from the genus Trigonella L., O. micranta Schrenk. from the genus Onobrychis Hill, C. grandiflora (Beib.) DC. from the genus Caragana Fabr. and the species A. transcaspicus Freyn and A. unifolialatus Bunge from the genus Astragalus L. have no medicinal properties.
Conclusions. It should be noted that the given figures for the composition of crop wild relatives of cultivated plants from the Fabaceae Lindl. flora of Karakalpakstan is not yet final. Further detailed study of the flora of individual regions of the republic, undoubtedly, should lead to a clarification of the number of genera and species of flora of the republic that are of economic value.
Thus, summarizing the above, we can conclude that the wild medicinal flora of the Republic of Karakalpakstan has significant potential and, with rational and competent use, will provide the population not only with high-quality, environmentally friendly drugs, but also other valuable products for folk treatment of various diseases.
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References:
1. .., .., .. .
. .: « ». 2016.
2. .. Sanquisorba officinalis L. .
582.734 (581.52). 2013
3. .., ..
. . . 1981. .
6-11.
4. . ., ., .
- // , 2016.
N4(6). . 51-58.
5. .., .., ..
-
// .
2017. 6 (88). . 14-16. DOI: 10.20861/2304-2338-2017-88.
6. ., . .
. . 1989. .18-28.
7. .. . .
. 1988. 297 .
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2021_1_82_31 : 303.01
Avazov N.R. student
Tashkent state university of Economics Uzbekistan, Tashkent
REFLECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE IN MUKIMI'S WORKS
Annotation: This article analyzes the life of Muhammad Aminkhoja Mukimi, one of the great Uzbek poets, and the reflections of socio-economic life in his works. Socio-economic aspects of the events of the late XIX and early XX centuries are described in detail. It is also stated that the principles of this great poet still exist today and are present among the population.
Keywords: Mukimi, Mukimi's works, socio-economic life, way of life of the population, public administration.
Literature is truly one of the most influential factors in the social development of a society. Raising the social consciousness of the society and its comprehensive development is done by increasing the attention to literature. Literary people describe the consciousness of the people, their worldview and aspirations on the basis of various literary works. In addition, many works of art can be used to embody the socio-economic situation of a particular period and draw conclusions about the life of that period. In addition, literary figures express the pain and perception of the people through their works. No other factor can have a strong influence on the social life of a literary society. Inculcating spiritual ideas in society, especially in the minds of young people, is important for them to become highly spiritual in the future.
Muhammad Aminkhoja Mukimi is one of the writers who had a glorious, exemplary way of life, who made a great contribution to the formation of society at a certain time and was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Muhammad Aminkhoja Mukimi was one of the great writers and lived an exemplary life. In his works, he not only created an artistic interpretation, but also expressed his views on economic views and public administration, which can serve as a model for today's generation. He was one of the richest people in the world, not just materially. If people pay attention to his personal life, they can learn a lot from his example. Based on the study of Mukimi's works, it is possible to observe and analyze the economic situation in the country during this period. The study of the works reveals the economic aspects that can be applied even today. In addition, Mukimi's work cites the personalities of the leaders and the important factors that the people demand of them. Although it was a difficult period, Mukimi was not afraid to criticize the system of governance and the tax system in the country. It is also possible to study the geographical location of the country and the social status of the regions during this period. The living standards of the population are also mentioned in the works.
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Therefore, it is advisable to study Mukimi's work and promote it to the general public.
Mukimi has written in several genres of literature. His particularly humorous works are commendable. The conflict between Mukimi's worldview and the environment created a critical trend in his work. This was reflected more in his satire. His humorous works are divided into satire and humor. Mukimi has many works in this direction. His humor was mainly based on critical laughter, and he was able to poetically embody the problems that existed in society during his lifetime. He lived in extreme poverty and studied the lives of ordinary people. In his works, he described the problems that exist in society. Because of the vitality of his works, his influence is high both in his time and today. In his comedy he mainly tried to describe the socio-economic life of the period in which he lived. Even today, on the basis of the study of his works, it is possible to assess the lifestyle of the population in the past.
In his works, Mukimi also expressed his economic views. In particular, in his works he paid great attention to the tax system of this period. He was able to criticize in his works the high taxes imposed on the population and, as a result, the deteriorating living standards of the population. Through his writings, he warned members of the government that if such taxes were imposed on the population, the population could face poverty. Today, poverty is seen as a global economic problem.
He also criticized corruption, which is one of the global economic problems today. During this period, he strongly criticized officials who oppressed the common people and extorted money from them. After seeing such injustices in life, the poet decided not to work in the state structure. That is why he lived a normal life until the end of his life. His main goal was not to make a fortune or lead a good life, but to influence society. That is, through his works he aimed to develop society and solve existing problems. The poet spent his whole life in this way. In his time, he was highly respected and loved by members of society. Because Mukimi is a person who with his thoughts and good deeds has a deep place in the hearts of the people.
In particular, his work "Tanobchilar" reflects the views of the tax system of this period. Therefore, Mukimi was not indifferent to economic life in his time. This work provides detailed information about the tax system of the period and its shortcomings. Especially during this period, due to the direct involvement of the tax factor, various shortcomings and problems arose. This work is mainly devoted to the socio-economic life of Mukimi's time, which tells about the people's dissatisfaction with taxes and various frauds in the collection of taxes. In this play, the tax collection activities of two taxpayers in one village are analyzed and conclusions are drawn.
During his stay, taxes were collected directly by taxpayers and paid to the state treasury. Tax rates are set by public officials. Certain representatives assigned to the regions were engaged in tax collection. However, misunderstandings and problems have increased in these processes. The reason is that not all representatives
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did the job based on the criteria of fairness. Mukimi, on the other hand, criticized such people in his works. During this period, due to the increase in taxes, most of the income of ordinary people spent directly on taxes. As a result, living conditions among the people became more difficult. During this period, the people lived mainly on agriculture and handicrafts. At the same time, low-income people have been negatively affected by the increase in taxes. The tax system in these areas has been established since that time. At the same time, there were big problems in this system, but later these problems were gradually eliminated and contributed to the development of a truly transparent tax system. The contribution of great scholars like Mukimi in this development is enormous.
Mukimi's other works also focus on economics. For example, he wrote a promissory note ("Veksel") on economics. During this period, the promissory note had just begun to enter the country. In the early days, misuse of the promissory note led to various misunderstandings and problems between members of the public. In this play, there are problems such as the misinterpretation of the promissory note in practice and the use of promissory notes by officials in their own interests. Mukimi expressed his attitude to them in this play.
He is also the founder of another great literary genre throughout his life. This genre is included in the literature under the name "Travelogue". This genre is present in the literature of almost all nations. A work of prose and poetry that contains travel memories and related details is called a travelogue. The genre of "Travelogue" has a unique history of formation and development in Eastern literature, including Uzbek classical literature. Mukimi is the founder of this genre, which was organized in Uzbek literature in a special poetic form and later became a literary tradition. Indeed, after Mukimi's Travelogues became popular, the Travelogues of Zavqi, Furqat, Tajalli, and other contemporaries of the poet were created in the same style. Travelogues of this period were often written in poetic form. Their internal structure is as follows:
The need to enter, that is, to travel, the reasons are stated. Travel memories are described in detail. Certain conclusions are drawn from travel. Mukimi's Travelogues are mainly divided into three parts. The first of them is the memories of the trip from Kokand to Shahimardon. From here, Mukimi's journey from Kokand ends in Shahimardon, where he records his adventures. The second is the impressions of his trip from Kokand to Fergana. From this he describes the events that took place on the road from Kokand to Fergana. The third is a description of what he saw and learned during his trip from Kokand to Isfara. The poet's journey from Kokand ends in Isfara, and he summarizes all his impressions in this work. In these travelogues, Mukimi mentions the geographical location of different regions and the way of life of the population in these areas during his lifetime. This work is based on his travels, and he recounts all his travel memories. Along the way, Mukimi visited all the regions, first of all, citing the socio-economic situation of the population in this area and the geographical location of the area. On the basis of this
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work it is possible to analyze the historical condition of the regions. In addition, Mukimi cited the customs and traditions of the people in the areas he visited. He also focused on the system of regional governance.
In conclusion, Mukimi in his works was able to provide information about the socio-economic situation of the period in which he lived. In addition, he was one of the just men of his time and was always critical of various vices in society. For him, the priority was not his well-being, but the well-being of society. He respected the values and traditions of the people, and in his time was an ordinary man, one of the most respected people. His way of life can be considered as an example for people. Because he has always been on the tariff of justice and tried to contribute to the development of society. Therefore, it is important to inform the public about the life and works of Mukimi not only in Uzbekistan but all over the world. Good results can be achieved, especially in the upbringing of young people, by relying on the principles of Mukimi.
References: 1. Yakubov H., Uzbek democratic poet Muqimiy. 1953. 2. Karimov F., Muqimiy. Life and work. 1970. 3. Ahmedov S. A poetic story in Uzbek democratic literature.1987. 4. G'ulom Karimov., "Muqimiy", T.: «Ma'naviyat». 2009.
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Azamova D. Yunus Rajabiy nomidagi Ozbek milliy musiqa sanati instituti
4-bosqich talabasi
MUSIQA --FOYDALI SANAT
Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada musiqaning inson ruhiyatiga qanday tasir korsatishi, maqom sanatining inson komillikka erishishidagi orni togrisida bayon etilgan.
Kalit sozlar: Abu Nasr Farobiy, Darvesh Ali Changiy, musiqa ilmi, maqom, sanat.
A'zamova D. student
Uzbek National Music Institute named after Yunus Rajabi
THE MUSIC IS USEFUL ART
Annotation: This article discusses how music affects the human psyche and the time of the art of makom in human perfection. Everyone is a unique, unique miracle, with different thoughts, ideas and worldviews.
Key words: Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Darvesh Ali Changi, musicology, makom, art
Har bir inson o'ziga xos, takrorlanmas mojiza bo'lib, turlicha oy-fikr, dunyoqarashga ega. Shuningdek, hammaning yurish-turishi, gapirishi, dunyoqarashi turlicha boladi. Hammamiz kiyimimizni, iste'mol qiladigan oziqovqatlarimizni didimiz, xohishimizga qarab tanlaymiz. Tanamiz uchun bular qanchalik zarur bolsa, ruhimiz uchun ham ozuqa kerak. Ruhimizni ham did bilan tanlangan ma'naviy ozuqalar orqali oziqlantirsak, nur ustiga nur bo'ladi.
Mana shunday inson ruhiyatiga ijobiy ta'sir korsata oladigan, uning ichki dunyosini gozallashtiradigan, unga manaviy ozuqa bera oladigan ulkan kuchga ega san'at turi bu musiqadir. Bu borada buyuk allomalarimizning ham fikrlari mavjud. Jumladan, Abu Nasr Farobiy takidlaydi: "Musiqa ilmi shu ma'noda foydaliki, u oz muvozanatini yoqotgan odamlar xulqini tartibga keltiradi, mukammallikka yetmagan xulqni mukammal qiladi va muvozanatda bolgan odamlar xulqining muvozanatini saqlab turadi. Bu ilm tananing salomatligi uchun ham foydalidir. Chunki, tana kasal bolsa, ruh soladi, tana tosiqqa uchrasa, ruh ham tosiqqa uchraydi. Shuning uchun ovozlarning ta'siri bilan ruhni sogaytirish yordamida tana sogaytiriladi".
Musiqa ilmining tarixi qadim-qadim zamonlarga borib taqaladi. Rivoyatlarda aytilishicha, Alloh taolo Hazrati Odam alayhissalomni yaratib, uning vujudiga jon kiritish paytida musiqa sadolari yangragan ekan. Bundan tashqari, har bir xalqni musiqa bilan bogliq bolgan turlicha afsona, rivoyatlari mavjud. Ulardan biri XVI-
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XVII asrlarda yashab ijod qilgan Darvish Ali Changiy va uning chang sozi ijrochiligiga oid quyidagi ma'lumotni keltirish mumkin: "Buxoroda (XVI asr) Shayboniylardan bolgan Abdullaxonning zamondoshi Xojai Kalon (Buyuk Xoja, Shayx Xoja Sa'd) ogir dardga giriftor boladi. Tabib Sulton Muhammad uni davolab, kasalni yengishda chang mashqlarini eshitishni tavsiya etadi. Xoja Sa'd Darvish Alini huzuriga chorlaydi. Darvish Ali uch oy davomida Sa'd qoshida chang chaladi. Shundan song Xoja butunlay tuzalib ketadi".
Ushbu ma'lumotlardan korinib turibdiki, milliyligimizni ozida mujassam etgan mumtoz ohanglarimiz qadim zamonlardan beri insoniyat hayotida muhim orin tutgan va uzoq yillar davomida saqlanib, rivojlanib,sayqallanib kelgan.
Ozbek mumtoz musiqasi durdonalaridan biri hisoblanmish maqomlarimiz ham avvallari xon saroylarida ijro etilgan. Hozirgi kunda esa shoh asarlarimizdan barcha bahramand bolishi mumkin. Xalqimiz, yoshlarimizda yuksak insoniy tuygular, mardlik ruhida ma'naviy tafakkurini boyitish, milliy ozligimizni anglash, estetik didni shakllantirishda maqom san'atining orni beqiyos. Prezidentimizning 2017-yil 17-noyabrdagi PQ-3391-sonli qarorlarida Ozbek milliy maqom san'atini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari ishlab chiqilgan. Ushbu qarorga muvofiq, bir qancha ishlar amalga oshirilib kelinmoqda. Jumladan, Ozbekiston davlat konservatoriyasi tarkibidagi Ozbek milliy maqom san'ati fakulteti - Yunus Rajabiy nomidagi Ozbek milliy musiqa san'ati instituti sifatida alohida ajralib chiqdi. Yaqinda Madaniyat vaziri Ozodbek Nazarbekov maktabgacha ta'lim yoshidagi bolalarga maqom ohanglaridan eshittirib borish taklifini berdi. Darhaqiqat, maqom ohanglarini yosh bolalarga eshittirish ularning estetik olami takomillashib borishiga zamin yaratadi. Madaniyat vazirligi tomonidan maqom kuy va ashulalaridan iborat bolgan maxsus toplam bolalar uchun ishlab chiqildi.
San'atga oshino qalbdan yomonlik chiqmaydi, deyishadi. Bolalik paytidan boshlab milliyligimiz mujassam bolgan maqomlarimizni tinglab ulgaygan yoshlarimizdan kelajakda Ibn Sino, Farobiy, Beruniy, al-Xorazmiy, al-Fargoniy va boshqa koplab shu kabi buyuk insonlar yetishib chiqishiga aminmiz. Har bir inson qaysi sohada faoliyat yuritishidan qat'iy nazar milliy ohanglarimizni tinglasa, ular matnidagi mazmunlarni uqib olsa, xalqimiz madaniyati yanada yuksalib boradi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar royxati: 1.Qodirov R. G. " Musiqa psixologiyasi" T: Musiqa. 2005-yil 7-b 2. Rajabov I. "Maqomlar" T: Sanat. 2006-yil 18-b 3.Fitrat A. Ozbek klassik musiqasi va uning tarixi.--Toshkent: Fan, 1993, 56-b.
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Bazarov F.O. docent
Tax and taxes department Tashkent institute of finance
TAX FACTORS FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: STATUS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Abstract: The article discusses the issues of improving the tax factor for the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, its current problems and ways to solve them, the prospects of stimulating the development of small business and private entrepreneurship through tax incentives.
Key words: small business and private entrepreneurship, tax regime, tax incentives, simplified taxation, tax reform, investment tax credit.
Introduction Continuation of the policy of reducing the tax burden and simplifying the taxation system in the third direction of the Action Strategy "Further development and liberalization of the economy" to provide additional motivation to small business and private entrepreneurship in the implementation of the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 20172021. Improving tax administration and expanding appropriate incentives, as well as creating a favorable business environment for the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, reducing government interference in the activities of business structures, ensuring the free operation of taxpayers and providing them with the necessary assistance to expand their activities. Great attention is paid to creating a favorable investment climate and an attractive investment climate, promoting fair competition, and encouraging the rapid development of small business and private entrepreneurship. This approach is primarily explained by the priority of rapid development of the private sector in the economy of the republic. Thanks to the measures taken over the past 5 years, Uzbekistan has risen from 146th to 76th place among 190 countries in the ranking of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation "Doing Business". Today, more than 90 percent of all businesses are small businesses. The main goal of small business development is to expand the share of the private sector in the country's economy, increase the self-employment of the population, especially youth, as well as increase the income from entrepreneurial activities to 70% of the total income structure. It is also planned to increase the turnover of small businesses by 2018, primarily due to the legalization of their activities, as well as increase labor productivity in this sector by at least 7%.
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It should be noted that the measures taken will help to further strengthen entrepreneurship, diversify the economy, increase the share of private property in it, attract investment for modernization and technological renewal of production.b
As a result, the share of small business in GDP in 2030 will increase to 70.1% (59.4% in 2018), industry to 54.3% (34.7%), investment to 52.3% (34.9%), exports to 45.2% ( 26.5%) [1].
As noted in the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev to the Oliy Majlis in 2020: "The only way to eliminate the 'hidden' economy is to reduce the tax burden on the basis of the new tax concept, increase the competitiveness of our economy through the application of a simple and stable tax system, create a favorable environment for entrepreneurs and investors."
Decisions made in recent years on the system of taxation of small businesses have introduced some misunderstandings, various controversial issues, including the application of the simplified taxation procedure, the turnover of a single tax payment of more than 1 billion soums. Under the simplified taxation procedure, 1 bln. The introduction of the soum is aimed at legalizing the hidden income and increasing the fiscal function of taxes, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is necessary to equalize the tax burden on the general and simplified taxpayers.
As the head of our state Sh. Mirziyoyev noted: "Our citizens should not be interested in tax evasion, but in its timely payment. The main idea of the new tax concept, which will be introduced from 2019, is to reduce the tax burden, to apply a simple and stable tax system. In this way, we can increase the competitiveness of our economy, create a comprehensive environment for entrepreneurs and investors.
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. ZRU-508 of December 24, 2018 "On amendments and additions to some legislative acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan in connection with the adoption of the main directions of tax and budget policy for 2019" and the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 26, 2018 Resolution No. PP-4086 "On the forecast of key macroeconomic indicators and parameters of the State Budget and budget targets for 2020-2021" guarantees the implementation of the simple and stable tax system, as noted by the President.
Main part The country's economy includes interconnected industries and sectors. This deepening and development, expansion of the division of labor, in turn, makes it necessary to ensure the balance of activities of all sectors and industries. The emergence of such a balance creates the basis for the balanced development of the economy and the welfare of the population. The higher the use of natural and labor resources, the greater the material basis for the success of the economy, human consumption, its higher standard of living. One of the features of modern production is the efficient use of labor resources, saving labor, ensuring its safety and freedom. There are various ways to define the scope of small businesses, one of which is to identify businesses based on their area of activity and the number of people employed in them. Depending on the nature and objectives of the activities of these small businesses, a specific organizational and legal form is selected [2].
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Entrepreneurial activity manifests itself as a form of business and is carried out in its various branches. Thus, an entrepreneur is an enthusiastic person with full or partial material or financial resources, who uses this resource to organize his business. The firm (organization, company, enterprise) created by him will become a part of developing small business in our country [3].
Today, a lot of attention is paid to the support of enterprises in the real sector of the economy, first of all, modernization of production, expansion of cooperation, establishment of strong cooperation, stimulation of domestic demand for domestically produced products. In particular, special attention is paid to the implementation of the following:
1. Take appropriate measures to support economic structures to reduce the tax burden, simplify and unify the taxation system.
2. Revision of overdue and current accounts payable of enterprises on payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds for the purpose of state support.
3. Implementation of measures to reduce costs associated with the organization of business entities.
It is worth noting three important areas of state support for entrepreneurship. These are;
- Improving the order in foreign market relations; - Improving fiscal and credit policies governing the financial condition of the enterprise; - introduction of the mechanism of self-regulation of the existing state institutional system. The state performs such tasks through the use of a coordination mechanism. Further improvement of the business environment, creation of the most favorable investment climate, increasing the transparency of public and economic administration, on this basis, radically improving the business environment, creating new jobs and the population in the private sector of the economy In order to increase employment, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on August 13, 2019 "On additional measures to radically improve the system of protection of private property and strengthening the guarantees of property rights, support for entrepreneurial initiatives, as well as financial resources and production Resolution No. PQ-5780 "On expanding access to infrastructure" was adopted. In accordance with this decision, the moratorium on tax audits of financial and economic activities of small businesses that pay taxes and other mandatory payments on time, as well as ensure sustainable growth and profitability of production, has been extended until January 1, 2021. A number of programs are being implemented to provide financial support to various segments of the population, including young people, low-income and vulnerable citizens and small businesses. More than 7.2 trillion soums have been allocated for the implementation of the "Every Family is an Entrepreneur" program alone. As the world experience shows, the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in general contributes to the emergence of the middle class,
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the expansion of a stable tax base. At the same time, the development of small
business and private entrepreneurship plays an important social role, especially in
creating new jobs in rural areas and solving the problem of employment among
young people [9].
It should be noted that the tax system is constantly being improved, depending
on the direction of state economic policy and taking into account the results of
existing taxes. Current measures to improve it are aimed at rational reduction of
taxes, consolidation of some payments, introduction of a simplified and preferential
system for small and private businesses. In particular, the new version of the Tax
Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which came into force on January 1, 2020,
provides for the transition to a simplified system of taxation for small businesses, ie
a single tax instead of various taxes.
The transition to such a system should facilitate the work of accounting and
reporting staff in the tax authorities and reduce the number of potential violations
and irregularities. According to the tax authorities, about a quarter of small
businesses have switched to a single tax payment. This does not significantly reduce
the tax burden. Because under the new tax system, income from the sale of products
is taxed, not profit. In this case, a single fixed tax rate is established for all categories
of taxpayers, regardless of the size of the enterprise, output and profit.
As the economy develops and improves over the years, taxes take precedence.
Therefore, in order to ensure macroeconomic stability, one of the most pressing
issues today is to increase the share and quality of products created by small
businesses operating in the country in GDP, the effectiveness of employment.
In order to determine the place of the single tax payment in the system of
taxation, it is expedient to study its place in the system of state budget revenues of
the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Table 1
Dynamics of change in the share of the single tax in state budget revenues (in
percent)8
Indicators
2017 year 2018 year 2019 year
Without the income of state trust funds - total
100
100
100
Direct taxes
25,8
23,6
23,0
Allocations to the state budget from the single tax payment from trade and catering enterprises
3,3
3,3
3,4
Allocations from the single tax payment to the state budget
3,0
2,9
3,1
The table shows that the share of the single tax payment in the state budget is not so high. The dynamics of single tax revenues in 2017-2019 has an upward trend,
8Prepared on the basis of appendices to the decisions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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its share in total revenues in 2017 was 6.3%, in 2018 - 6.2%, in 2019 - 6.5%, ie its
share in total revenues was 0 , An increase of 3 percentage points.
Single tax rates for 2019 were approved by the Decree of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 26, 2018 No RQ-4086 "On the forecast of
key macroeconomic indicators and parameters of the State Budget of the Republic
of Uzbekistan for 2019 and budget targets for 2020-2021". it is categorized as
follows:
Table 2
Single tax rates 9
/
Payers
Tax rates, as a
percentage of the
taxable base
1 Legal entities in all sectors of the economy, except as provided in paragraphs 2-8
4*
2 Legal entities providing customs clearance services (customs brokers)
5
3 Pawnshops
25
4 Legal entities that receive income from the organization
of public performances by attracting legal entities and individuals (including non-residents) licensed to engage in
5
concert activities
5 Brokerage agencies (except for those specified in
paragraph 6), as well as legal entities providing brokerage services under brokerage, bidding agreements and other
25**
contracts for the provision of brokerage services
6 Legal entities engaged in brokerage activities in the securities market and commodity exchanges
13**
7 Legal entities whose main activity is leasing of property (except for leasing companies)
30
8 Procurement organizations for the purchase, sorting, 4% of trade turnover or
storage and packaging of agricultural products
25% of gross income
Note: *) the amount of interest income on financial lease (leasing) for enterprises that lease property.
**) as a percentage of the amount of remuneration (gross income). From January 1, 2019, the fixed tax rate paid by individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activities without obtaining the status of a legal entity is as follows (Table 3).
9Taken from the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 26, 2018 No RQ-4086 "On the forecast of key macroeconomic indicators and parameters of the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019 and budget targets for 2020-2021."
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Fixed tax rates for individual entrepreneurs 10
/
Activity type
Fixed monthly tax rate (in soums)
Tashkent c
Nukus c. and cities under the province
Other cities
Other places
1 Retail: with food and non-food items
1 000 000 750 000 400 000 300 000
with agricultural products in farmers' 400 000 200 000 100 000 50 000 markets *
with newspapers, magazines and book 500 000 products
2 Household services
350 000
250 000 200 000
200 000 50 000 100 000 50 000
3 Production and sale of own products, 300 000 including the preparation and sale of national sweets and bakery products, as well as the preparation and sale of certain types of food sold in bulk at home or in specially designated areas by the decision of local authorities
200 000
100 000 50 000
4 Children's slot machines
300 00 200 000 100 000 50 000
5 Other activities
300 000 200 000 100 000 50 000
6 Road transport services:
For trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 3 tons
200 000
For trucks with a carrying capacity of more than 3 tons
300 000
*) Livestock (livestock, raccoon, fur and other animals, fish, etc.) and their products slaughtered, raw or processed, in addition to industrial processing, livestock, beekeeping and agricultural products are natural and excluding sales in processed form (except for ornamental horticultural (floriculture) products).
10Taken from the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 26, 2018 No RQ-4086 "On the forecast of key macroeconomic indicators and parameters of the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019 and budget targets for 2020-2021."
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In accordance with the Law "On the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020" introduced two important innovations in the taxation of individual entrepreneurs.
The first is that from 2020, the trade turnover will reach 100 million. Individual entrepreneurs (YTTs) were given the right to choose the procedure for payment of personal income tax instead of the fixed tax.
In particular, the NTO may choose to pay personal income tax (at the rate of 12 percent) or income tax in a fixed amount by submitting a declaration to the tax authority on the income received.
Second, from 2020, the amount of fixed income tax amounts for NPOs has been significantly reduced.
Conclusion In the course of our research on improving the mechanism of taxation of small businesses and reducing the tax burden, the following scientific conclusions were made: 1. One of the most pressing issues in the context of modernization of the economy is the value added in the financial statements in order to determine and regularly analyze the real level of the tax burden on small businesses. It is also advisable to include an indicator. 2. Determining and substantially reducing the optimal option of the level of tax burden on enterprises is a complex process, and the percentage analysis performed may not reflect the real situation in practice. When comprehensive measures are taken to address the factors affecting the level of the tax burden, it is possible to achieve a truly reasonable reduction in the tax burden on the enterprise. These factors are inextricably linked and, in our opinion, include: the number, size and level of taxes, levies and contributions to extra-budgetary funds paid by the enterprise in the chosen system of taxation; established benefits and conditions of their application; formation of the tax base of taxes and levies features; the level of solvency and financial soundness of enterprises. 3. An in-depth analysis of the tax planning process, which is effectively used in the activities of business entities in developed countries, was based on the expediency of expressing this concept as follows. Business tax planning is the process of reducing taxpayers' tax liabilities within the law, minimizing production costs, maximizing profits through efficient investment and identifying additional sources of income, efficient use of property, and the introduction of new innovative techniques and activities. is a set of actions aimed at reducing taxes with. 4. It is necessary to improve the existing mechanism for the transition of existing micro and small enterprises from the general taxation regime to the simplified taxation regime and, conversely, from the simplified procedure to the general taxation regime. Because, in our opinion, the mandatory establishment of the procedure for recalculation of general taxes and fees for the previous period, and non-compliance with this procedure is the basis for the imposition of financial sanctions, in our opinion, contradicts the principles of taxation.
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In general, we would like to make the following suggestions and practical recommendations for improving the tax factor for the development of small business and private entrepreneurship:
1. At least two criteria in determining the status of small business and private entrepreneurship, namely, the number of people employed in the enterprise and
the amount of annual working capital of the enterprise should be obtained. In our opinion, it is unreasonable to take the number of employees as the sole criterion for granting the status of a small enterprise in the support of the state, the provision of tax benefits. Given the number of employees in small businesses as a criterion for identification, it may hinder the objective resolution of employment, which is one of the most pressing issues for Uzbekistan.
2. Based on the results of the research, we consider it appropriate to define the tax burden as follows: the tax burden is based on the current tax legislation, all taxes and other mandatory payments, levies, other than the budget, calculated and paid by the business entity during the reporting period. contributions to funds and taxes by the business entity is the sum of administrative expenses, expressed as a percentage of the value added created during the reporting period of the business entity.
3. In our opinion, it is expedient to introduce stratified rates based on the share of value added created in the enterprises of the sector in setting OTR rates. Because
Although the development of enterprises in some sectors plays an important role in the economy, the current tax rate for them is low, but the fact that they do not take into account the results of their activities in determining the tax base does not provide sufficient incentives for this type of activity. On the contrary, it is a priority in the economy. Despite the high rate of OTR in non-taxable sectors, the share of gross income as an object of taxation in the enterprises engaged in this activity is a relatively small share of OTR in sales revenue. This creates an unhealthy competitive environment in small businesses engaged in a variety of activities.
4. In order to improve the current practice of calculating the property tax and use it as a tool to encourage the efficient use of property, in the taxation of fixed assets on the balance sheet of business entities, based on their direct participation in the production process, divided into active and passive fixed assets In this case, it is advisable to apply the practice of setting tax rates. In this case, the tax should be levied at a lower rate on active fixed assets that are directly involved in the production process, and on passive fixed assets that are not directly involved in the production process. The introduction of this practice will force the company to make efficient use of underused administrative buildings and encourage investment in fixed assets involved in the production process.
5. Delay in payment of OTR to newly established micro and small enterprises for financial and economic activities of enterprises expanding the scope of the positive impact of the tax incentive provided in the form of in order to do so, the enterprise received the amount of deferred tax in those months. It is necessary to introduce the practice of distribution in proportion to the amount of income and to improve the process of granting the right to defer payment of OTR.
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6. Accounts receivable that have not been collected during the claim period when the amounts are recognized by the economic court as "bad debt", a single tax payment to the state budget at the time of shipment of the product. The amount equal to the amount of the overdue "bad debt" must be returned to the enterprise. This will serve to improve the mechanism of implementation of the OTR on the basis of the principle of fair taxation.
7. In the process of transfer of OTR to the state budget by small enterprises producing goods, works and services, it is expedient to establish the procedure for the transfer of OTR, calculated by small enterprises, to the state budget in full. As a result, on the one hand, the procedure for collecting OTR in small enterprises will be adjusted to the tax principles, on the other hand, the redundancies made by the tax authorities and small enterprises will be eliminated.
8. In small enterprises that have voluntarily switched to YAT and VAT, it is advisable to fully reduce the amount of YAT to VAT. The application of this practice will serve to improve the mechanism of VAT accounting between counterparties and create a healthy competitive environment in the formation of prices.
References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 5614 of January 8, 2019 "Concept of complex socio-economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030." 2. Oqyulov O., Kamalov O.A., Ibragimov B.A. Small business and entrepreneurship entities. Educational-methodical manual. - T .: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2013. 3. Sobirjonova D., Boymatova U. Private and small business management. Study guide. - T .: «Economy-Finance», 2007. 4. Dzhamalov Kh.N. On the question of methods for assessing the financial stability of small business and its factors // Scientist of the XXI century. 2020. No. 3-2 (62), p.50-59 5. Djamalov X.N. Modern features of financial management in small businesses // Scientific electronic journal "International Finance and Accounting". 2, April, 2020, pp. 17-30. 6. Djamalov Kh.N. Role and functions of the estimation of the business in the system of financial management// Public finance// Paris, 2010 year may, 22-28 p. 7. Frantisek Liptak, Slavka Klasova, Viliam Kovac. Special Economic Zone Constitution According to Cluster Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance. Vol. 27, 2015, Pages 186-193. 8. Saiful Bahri Mohd Kamal, Dahlia Zawawi, Dahlan Abdullah. Entrepreneurial Orientation for Small and Medium Travel Agencies in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance. Vol. 37, 2016, Pages 115-120. 9. Akif Musayev, Selin Uzelaltinbulat, Samira Mammadova, Latafat Gardashova, Aygun Musayeva "Estimation of impact of the changes made to the tax legislation to the tax receipts through fuzzy numbers" /Procedia Computer Science 120 (2017) 333340. www.sciencedirect.com
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Berdiqulova M.E. GulDU Masofaviy ta'lim kafedrasi o'qituvchisi
O'SMIRLIK DAVRIDA ALTRUISTIK XUSUSIYATLARNING PSIXOLOGIK AHAMIYATI
Annotatsiya: O'smir shaxsida ma'naviy- axloqiy xususiyatlar haqida tushunchalar shakllantirish orqali ularda shaxsiy xatti-harakatlarga nisbatan ma'suliyat hissini ortishiga zamin yaratish mumkin. Altruizm shaxsning ichki olami bilan bog'liq bo'lgan va uning tashqi xulq-atvorida namoyon bo'luvchi ijtimoiy axloqiy sifatlardan biri hisoblanib, o'smirlardagi empatiya hamda irodaviy sifatlarning barqaror shakllanganligi ulardagi altruistik xulq-atvorga zamin bo'lib xizmat qiladi.
Kalit so'zlar: o'smir, axloq, altruizm, empatiya, xulq-atvor, ijtimoiy norma, sanksiya, saxiylik.
Berdikulova M.E. teacher of the department of distance education
GulDU
PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALTRUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN ADOLESCENCE
Annotation: By developing an understanding of the spiritual and moral qualities of a teenager, you can form in him a sense of responsibility for personal behavior. Altruism is one of the social moral qualities associated with the inner world of a person and reflected in his external behavior, and the stable formation of empathy and willpower in adolescents serves as the basis for their altruistic behavior.
Key words: youth, morality, altruism, empathy, behavior, social norms, sanctions, generosity.
"Yoshlarimizning mustaqil fikrlaydigan, yuksak intellektual va ma'naviy salohiyatga ega bo'lib, dunyo miqyosida o'z tengdoshlariga hech qaysi sohada bo'sh kelmaydigan insonlar bo'lib kamol topishi, baxtli bo'lishi uchun davlatimiz va jamiyatimizning bor kuch va imkoniyatlarini safarbar etamiz" -deydi prezidentimiz Sh. Mirziyoyev.
Darhaqiqat, bolaning har jihatdan barkamol rivojlanishida uning ruhiy dunyosining sog'lomligi, xulq-atvorining mukammalligi, xatti-harakatlarining adekvatligi katta ahamiyatga ega. Bu bolaning ijtimoiy muhitda tez moslashuvida, maktabda bilim olishida, axloqiy ko'nikmalarning shakllanishida muhim o'ringa ega.
Jamiyatda har qanday shaxslararo munosabatlar zamirida o`zaro manfaatdorlik yotadiki, shunga muvofiq altruizm bu mehr-muhabbat, xurmat,
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g`amxo`rlik kabi psixologik hissiyot va ijtimoiy-psixologik qadriyatlarni o`zaro almashinishdir. Bunda kishilardagi o`z-o`ziga beradigan baho, o`z-o`ziga munosabat, emotsional soha muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Shaxs va jamiyat hayotida ijtimoiy ta'sirlarning roli beqiyosdir. Aynan ijtimoiy ta'sirlar, ya'ni, ijtimoiy norma, sanksiya, ijtimoiy ma'suliyat hissi va ijtimoiy rollarning o`zaro ta'siri natijasida kishilar altruistik xatti-harakatlarni sodir etadilar.
Milliy mintalitetimizga xos bo`lgan o`zgalarga xurmat, saxiylik, mehmondo`stlik, vatanparvarlik, mehr-muruvvatli qilib, boshqacha aytganda A.Navoiyning ta'kidlaganlaridek bolalarni «...yaxshilik, karam bir jabrlanganning qattiqchilik yukini ko`tarmoq va o`sha qiyinchiliklardan qutqarmoqdir. [1]
Altruizm jamoatchilik tomonidan ijobiy sifat deb qaraladi va alturistik xattiharakat ijtimoiy ma'qullangan xulq-atvor shakli sifatida tan olinadi. Chunki, shaxsning altruistik xatti-harakati uni ma'naviy, axloqiy, ruhiy kamolotidan darak beradi. Shaxsdagi bu kabi altruistik xulq-atvorni shakllantirish va barkamol avlodni tarbiyalash jamiyat oldida turgan muhim vazifalardan biridir. Zero, o'zaro muruvvat, sahovat, o'zaro beg'araz yordam, shaxsiy manfaatlardan jamiyat manfaatlarini ustun qo'yish kabi xulq-atvor elementlari o'zbek xalqining qonqoniga singib ketgandir. Shu boisdan ham, o'smirlar orasida o'zaro mehr-muhabbat, sahovat, muruvvat kabi altruistik hislarni shakllantirish jamiyat taraqqiyotining zamiri bo'lmish barkamol avlodni tarbiyalashning muhim omilidir. O'smirlarda altruistik xulq-atvorni tarkib toptirishda quyidagi muhim jihatlarga e'tibor qaratish lozim:
Birinchidan, beg'araz yordam berishga undovchi omillarni bartaraf etish darkor. Buning uchun shaxsda inqirozli vaziyatni aniqlashtirish yoki vaziyatga nisbatan ma'suliyat hissini tarkib toptirish lozim. [2] Bunda o'smirga dakki berish yoki qat'iy talab qo'yish ularda aybdorlik hissini va shaxsiy obro'sini tiklashga bo'lgan intilishni ortishiga olib keladi.
Ikkinchidan, altruizmga o'rgatish mumkin. Ijtimoiy ma'qullangan xattiharakatlarning ahamiyatini shaxsiy namuna asosida ko'rsatib berish orqali o'smirlarni anglangan xulq-atvorga o'rgatishning imkoniyatlari kengayadi. Oilada altruistik xulq-atvor namunalarini ko'rgan o'smirda o'zgalarga yordam berish, empatiya hislari yuqori darajada bo'ladi.
Uchinchidan, agar biz o'smirlardan altruistik xulq-atvorni kutadigan bo'lsak, muhim jihatni, ya'ni ezgu ishlarni amalga oshirishga undovchi ichki motivatsiyani unutmasligimiz kerak. O'smir o'z altruistik xatti-harakatining ichki imkoniyatlari va motivlarini to'g'ri anglab yeta olsa, u o'zgalarga ongli ravishda beg'araz yordam berishda davom etaveradi.
Umuman olganda, shaxsni altruistik xulq-atvorga qanday motivlar undashi borasida ko'pgina atoqli faylasuf, psixolog, sotsiolog va boshqa sohadagi olimlar uzoq yillardan buyon izlanishlar olib boradilar. [3]
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro`yxati: 1. Atabayeva N., Ismoilova N. Bolada altruizm shakllanishiga ta'sir etuvchi omillar // Toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti ilmiy axborotlari. Toshkent, 2017. 3 (12). B 139-144
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2. Umarov B.M. "O`zbekistonda voyaga yetmaganlar jinoyatchiligining ijtimoiypsixologik muammolari" Toshkent: Fan, 2008. B 41-42. 3. . . , , . .: 2013. 304.
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Bokiyev M.M. assistant of the department of biological chemistry
Andijan State Medical Institute
FERROSEN REMOVAL REACTIONS
Annotation: The article provides information on ferrocene arylation reactions, as well as biologically active substances containing ferrocene
Keywords: ferrocene, getroanullary, homoanular, diacetylferrocene, ferrosenylketone, polyalkylferrocene.
Ferrosene is more susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions than benzene. For example, the acidification reaction of ferrocene occurs in the presence of phosphoric acid under the action of acetic anhydride.
H3PO4 (85%)
Fe
+ (CH3CO)2O
- CH3COOH
O
C CH3
Fe
Synthesis of monoacetylferrosene The acetyl group reduces the activity of ferrocene. The addition of a substituent to a molecule, such as an acetylation reaction, occurs under more severe conditions in the presence of Lewis acids:
O
C CH3
Fe
+ (CH3CO)2O
AlCl3
- CH3COOH
O
C CH3
Fe
O
C CH3
In the synthesis of diacetylferrocene mainly heteroannular diacetyl compound - 1,1`-diacetylferrocene and to a lesser extent its homoannular isomer - 1,2diacetylferrocene are formed [1]:
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O
C CH3
Fe
O
C CH3
O C CH3 O C CH3
Fe
a
b
a-1,1`-diacetylferrorosene; b-1,2-diacetylferrosene
It has been shown that ferrocene can be acylated with acyl chlorides in the presence of hexacarbon molybdenum:
O
Fe
O Mo(CO)6
+
R
C Cl
Fe
CR + HCl
Acetylferrocenes are used to obtain other derivatives of ferrocene. It has been shown that diacylferrocenes are formed when ferrocene is acylated with halogen anhydrides or anhydrides in the presence of large amounts of aluminum chloride. The reaction produces mainly heteroannular diacetylferrocenes and very few homoannular diacetylferrocenes.
Fe
O
AlCl3
+ 2 R C Cl -2 HCl
O
CR
Fe
O
C R
Hetroanular diacetylferrosene synthesis The two cyclopentadienyl rings in Ferrosen can be linked by an acylation reaction [2]. The reaction produces a specific bridging compound of ferrocene. The formation of mono- and polyalkylferrocenes as a result of alkylation of ferrocene by Fridel-Crafts has been reported in the literature [3]. Under such conditions, the yield of the alkylation reaction is of more medicinal value. This is because oxidation, isomerization reactions, and partial decomposition of the Ferrosen nucleus occur during the process. The unusual chemical structure of the ferrocene nucleus and the possibility that such compounds can be used in a variety of fields, including the production of
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biologically active compounds, determine the relevance of the study of ferrocene derivatives over the last decade. Ferrosenyl (alkyl) derivatives have been found to have high anti-tumor activity and low toxicity [4].
The arylation reactions of ferrocene are also relatively well studied, and the methods of synthesis of arylferrocene are as follows [5]:
1. Radical arylation reactions; 2. Ferrosenyl halides are converted to arylboric acids or Fc EXn (E = B, Zn, Hg and b., X = Cl, Br, I.) cross-coupling reactions of compounds of the type with aryl halides; 3. Reaction of alkali metals with arylcyclopentadienides with salts and complexes of Fe (II) or Fe (III). Ferrocene derivatives with aromatic compounds are obtained mainly by diazotization. It is known that the diazotizing reaction was discovered by P. Gris in 1858 and is widely used in organic synthesis. Based on this reaction, the production of paints on an industrial scale was launched. The diazotization reaction is also widely used to obtain various compounds of aromatic amines, ie to introduce an aromatic compound residue into a molecule of organic matter [6]. Ferrocene aryl compounds are relatively well studied. Arylation reactions are mainly carried out with arendiazonic salts. Depending on the reaction conditions, mainly mono- and partially bis-heteroannular diarylferrocenes were formed [1]. Among the arylferrosens, ferrosenylbenzoic acid is also important. The interaction of diazonium salts and ferrocene made from aminobenzoic acids results in the formation of ferrosenylbenzoic acid:
H2N
Fe +
NaNO2; HCl
Fe
COOH - N2, NaCl,2H2O
COOH
Ferrosenylphenols were also synthesized by this method. Some derivatives of ferrosenylbenzoic acids and ferrosenylphenols are biologically active compounds. For example, the sodium salt of p-ferrocenyl-phenol has been shown to be used in the treatment of anemia, while the sodium salt of o-carboxybenzoilferrosene has been introduced into the treatment of anemia under the name Ferrocerone [6,7].
Derivatives of ferrocene with some heterocyclic compounds have also been reported in the literature. For example, ferrosenyl-pyrimidines are derived from ferrosenyl ketones by annealing (a type of cyclization reaction in which an additional cycle is attached to an existing cyclic compound) and intramolecular cyclization reactions [8]. The electrochemical properties of the newly obtained compounds were studied.
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O
R
Fe
CH3COONH4, HC(OC2H5)3, ZnCl2, C6H5CH3
Fe
N N
R
Ferrosenoylpyrimidines have been shown to react with ferrocenylbutandione1,3.
O OH
OR N
R
Fe
CH3COONH4, HC(OC2H5)3, ZnCl2, C6H5CH3
Fe
N
The structure of the obtained compounds was confirmed by PMR and YaMR 13C spectroscopy methods. These compounds have been described as potentially biologically active substances.
Under the guidance of Professor IR Askarov, the synthesis of a number of aromatic compounds of ferrocene and its derivatives was carried out with high efficiency [9,10].
References: 1. ., ., .. . . . .: , 1983. 544 . 2. . . . .: . 1987. 696 . 3. Snegur L.V. et al. // J. Org. Chem. 2004. Vol. 689. P. 2473-2479. 4. Simenel A.A. et al. // J. Org. Chem. 2003. Vol. 688. P. 138-143. 5. .. . . . . . . 2015. 7-27 . 6. ., . . . .: 2012. 12 14 . 7. .., .., .. . .: , 2017. 896 8. ., .. - - // . . - 2017.-3. -. 24-26.
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378
Dexkanboyev I.S. master's student
Namangan State University Uzbekistan, Namangan
THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT IN ACHIEVING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Abstract: This article discusses the role of investment in achieving economic efficiency.
Key words: economy, efficiency, economic indicators, stock, investment, risk
The concept of "investment" is quite multifaceted. In general, investment in the economic literature refers to any current activity that increases the future ability of the economy to produce. Accordingly, the investment of funds and other capital in the implementation of various economic projects with the aim of their subsequent increase is called investment. Legal entities and individuals making investment investments are investors.
The economic motive for investing funds is to receive income from their investment. In other words, investments include only those investments that are aimed at making a profit, increasing the volume of capital. Consumer investments, for example, in the purchase of household appliances, automobiles for household personal use and other goods, in terms of their economic content, are not considered investments.
In world practice, there are three main forms of investment: real (capitalforming) investments; portfolio investment; investments in intangible assets.
Real (capital-forming) investments are investments in real assets, i.e. in the creation of new, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, industries, technological lines, various objects of production and social services in order to increase fixed assets or working assets.
Portfolio investments are investments in the purchase of securities of the state, enterprises, banks, investment funds, insurance and other companies. In this case, investors increase their not production, but financial capital, receiving income from the ownership of securities. At the same time, the real investments of funds spent on the purchase of securities are made by enterprises and organizations that issue these securities.
Investments in intangible assets include investments aimed at acquiring licenses, patents for inventions, certificates for new technologies, trademarks, certificates for products and production technologies and other intangible assets.
Investments in the economic literature are usually classified according to the following main characteristics:
1. By the nature of participation in investment:
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a) direct investment - direct investment of funds by an investor in investment objects (this type of investment is carried out mainly by trained investors who have sufficiently accurate information about the investment object and are well acquainted with the investment mechanism);
b) indirect investment - investment mediated by other persons (investment or financial intermediaries). These investments are made by investors who do not have sufficient qualifications to select investment objects and further manage them. In this case, they purchase securities issued by investment or other financial intermediaries (for example, investment certificates of investment funds and investment companies), and the latter, collected in this way, place investment funds at their own discretion - they choose the most effective investment objects, participate in their management, and the income received is then distributed among their clients.
2. By the investment period: a) short-term investments - capital investment for a period not exceeding one year (for example, in fast-moving commercial projects, short-term deposits, etc.); b) long-term investments - capital investment for a period of more than one year (as a rule, in large and long-term investment projects). In the practice of investment companies and banks, long-term investments are detailed as follows: up to 2 years, from 2 to 3 years, from 3 to 5 years, more than 5 years. 3. By the form of ownership: a) private investments - investments made by citizens, as well as by non-state enterprises and organizations; b) public investments - investments made by central and local authorities and administration at the expense of budgets, extra-budgetary funds, as well as state enterprises at the expense of their own and borrowed funds; c) foreign investments - investments made by foreign citizens, legal entities and states; d) joint investments - investments made by persons of a given country and foreign states. Investments, especially real (capital-forming) investments, can be carried out both at the expense of internal (national) and external (foreign) sources. Both sources of investment play a significant role in enhancing the attraction of capital and the development of the country's economy. First, let's look at internal sources of investment. On a national scale, the overall level of savings depends on the level of savings of the population, organizations and government. Thus, the population can set aside certain funds for the future, companies can reinvest part of the profits received from their activities, and the government can accumulate funds by exceeding the receipt of funds. into the budget over expenses. At the same time, the amount of savings directly affects the amount of investment in the country, since part of the funds is directed to consumption, and the rest to investment.
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Based on this, the following main internal sources of investment can be identified:
a) profit Businesses and organizations often use profit as a source of investment. Part of the profits earned is directed by them to business development, production expansion and the introduction of new technologies. It is obvious that those enterprises and organizations that do not allocate funds for these purposes ultimately become uncompetitive. b) bank loan Bank lending in many developed countries is one of the main sources of investment. At the same time, a special role is played by long-term lending, since in this case the load on the borrower is not high and the company has time to "spin up" the business. However, the role of bank lending as a source of investment depends on the development of the banking system and economic stability in the country. There is no doubt that the instability in the country leads to the reluctance of banks to issue long-term loans and finance investment projects. In general, bank lending contributes to a gradual increase in production and, as a result, to the overall recovery of the country's economy. c) issue of securities The issue of securities is gradually becoming a source of investment in Russia. At the same time, in developed countries it is the issue of securities that is one of the main sources of financing for investment projects. In order to receive funds, enterprises can issue both shares and bonds. At the same time, buyers of securities, as a rule, can be any legal entities and individuals with free funds. It is they who in this case act as investors, providing their own funds in exchange for the company's securities. d) budget financing Currently, there is a state budget surplus in Russia. Thanks to this, it is possible to implement part of the investment projects at the expense of centralized sources of financing. At the same time, both irrevocable budget financing of nationally significant projects and lending to potentially profitable projects can be used. e) depreciation charges Depreciation deductions are aimed at restoring the means of production that are worn out in the process of being used in the production of goods. However, at present in Russia depreciation charges are depreciating due to inflation, which significantly reduces their role as sources of investment. a) foreign direct investment It is customary to understand direct investments as capital investments in real assets (production) in other countries, in the management of which the investor participates. Investments can be considered direct if a foreign investor owns at least 25% of the company's shares, or their controlling stake, the amount of which can vary within a fairly wide range depending on the distribution of shares among shareholders.
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References:
1. Soliyev, I. I. (2020). Methods for Selecting Innovative Projects for
Implementation. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and
Technologies, 23(2), 263-266.
2. , . ., & , . (2020).
. , (6-2), 317-322.
3. Abduazizova, V. V., & Soliev, I. I. (2020). METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
OF CREATIVE ABILITIES OF STUDENTS. , (6), 3-6.
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378
Dexkanov S.S. master's student Namangan State University Uzbekistan, Namangan
THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPITAL MARKET
Abstract: This article discusses the role of investment in the development of the capital market.
Key words: Capital, market, securities, investment, stocks
The growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) that has taken place in recent years is evidence of the outlined recovery of the Russian economy. However, it is important that the growth of GDP in the country's economy was due to the development of industries producing high-tech and competitive products that provide demand in the domestic market and access to the external one. The most important factor for solving this problem is to increase the scale of investments and increase their efficiency.
As a result of market reforms in the country, there have been significant changes in the organization and implementation of investment activities, along with state investments and investors, private and foreign ones appeared. Accordingly, new, increased requirements were imposed on the efficiency of investment projects, the formation of sources of their financial support and the optimization of the latter. Under the influence of internal and external competition, innovation has become an integral part of business development. The stock market has been formed and is functioning, which allows enterprises to mobilize resources or invest them in financial instruments. Leasing, project financing, mortgage lending and other modern methods are being introduced into the practice of financing capital investments.
However, the key investment issue remains investment in fixed assets of the enterprise. It is investment in the development, improvement, timely maintenance or replacement of fixed assets that gives the enterprise the opportunity to improve production efficiency, expand the sales market, increase production capacity and the quality of products.
In other words, capital investments are investments in fixed assets (fixed assets), including the costs of new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the acquisition of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, design and survey work and other costs.
Thus, the objects of investment carried out in the form of capital investments are the costs of construction and installation work during the construction of buildings and structures; purchase, installation and adjustment of machinery and equipment; costs for design and survey work; the costs of maintaining the
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directorates of an enterprise under construction; costs for training and retraining of personnel; costs of land acquisition and resettlement in connection with construction, etc.
Investments carried out in the form of capital investments are subdivided into the following types:
1) defensive investments aimed at reducing the risk of purchasing raw materials, components, maintaining the price level, protecting from competitors, etc .;
2) offensive investments, due to the search for new technologies and developments, in order to maintain a high scientific and technical level of manufactured products;
3) social investments, the purpose of which is to improve the working conditions of personnel;
4) mandatory investments, the need for which is associated with the satisfaction of state requirements in terms of environmental standards, product safety, other conditions of activity, which cannot be ensured by only improving management;
5) representative investments aimed at maintaining the prestige of the enterprise.
Depending on the direction of action, there are: · initial investment (net investment) made upon acquisition or founding of an enterprise; · extensive investments aimed at expanding production potential; · reinvestment, which is understood as the investment of released investment funds in the purchase or manufacture of new means of production; · gross investment, including net investment and reinvestment. In economic analysis, another grouping of investments made in the form of capital investments is also used: 1) investments aimed at replacing equipment worn out physically and (or) morally; 2) investments in equipment modernization. Their goal is primarily to reduce production costs or improve the quality of products; 3) investments in the expansion of production. The task of such investment is to increase the possibilities of producing goods for previously formed markets within the framework of already existing industries, while expanding the demand for products or switching to the production of new types of products; 4) investments in diversification associated with a change in the range of products, the production of new types of products, the organization of new sales markets; 5) strategic investments aimed at introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, increasing the degree of competitiveness of products, reducing economic risks. Structural changes in the economy are implemented through strategic investments, key import-substituting industries or competitive export-oriented industries are developing.
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Investments made in the form of capital investments play a very important
role in the life of every enterprise. The main opportunity to improve the financial
condition of the enterprise is precisely the investment in the organization's fixed
assets. Through investments in development, improvement, timely maintenance or
replacement of fixed assets, it gives the enterprise the opportunity to improve
production efficiency, expand the sales market, increase production capacity and
the quality of products. Ultimately, this can increase the volume and range of
products, expand the client base, shorten the delivery time of raw materials,
production time, product delivery and, as a result, increase the profit of the
enterprise.
However, it should be borne in mind that for all these positive effects from
capital investments, a comprehensive economic analysis of the project is required,
which will answer the question: will the company's management be able to control
the increase in production? After all, the concentration of production can lead to the
loss of production management, a decrease in labor productivity, significant damage
to social development and disruption of the natural environment. Therefore, before
the implementation of the project, it is necessary not only to analyze its positive
aspects, but also to pay attention to the managerial, organizational and optimization
capabilities of the bodies managing the project.
References:
1. Soliyev, I. I. (2020). Methods for Selecting Innovative Projects for
Implementation. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and
Technologies, 23(2), 263-266.
2. , . ., & , . (2020).
. , (6-2), 317-322.
3. , . ., & , . (2020).
. , (6-
2), 312-316.
4. Abduazizova, V. V., & Soliev, I. I. (2020). METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
OF CREATIVE ABILITIES OF STUDENTS. , (6), 3-6.
5. , . . (2020).
. , (4), 884-887.
6. Soliyev, I. (2020). Formation of innovative activities in the educational system:
technological approach. : , (51), 150-151.
7. Soliev, I. I. (2019). INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES IN THE ECONOMY AND
THEIR PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE. , (6), 68-69.
8. Ismatullaevich, S. I., & Yakubovich, Y. A. (2019). The role of innovative activity
in the Socio-Economic development of society. ACADEMICIA: An International
Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 9(4), 93-98.
9. Soliyev, I. I., & Shokirov, A. (2018). THE MAIN FEATURES OF
INNOVATION RISKS. , (1), 773-775.
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Egamberganova F.Sh. student
faculty of computer engineering Urgench branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies
MARKETING AUTOMATION-BENEFITS AND COSTS
Annotation: Within manufacturing industries, automation has led to increased labour productivity as fewer workers are needed to produce the same number of manufactured goods.
A perceived downside of automation is that it leads to jobs being displaced in traditional areas of work in particular, 'blue-collar' manufacturing jobs. Less visible is how the process of automation leads to the creation of new jobs in areas such as robot manufacture, research, marketing and software development.
Key words: manufacturing industries, automation, job, economy of scope, economy.
Definition of automation Automation refers to the process of automatically producing goods through the use of robots, control systems and other appliances with a minimal direct human operation.
However, there are still concerns about the social and economic impact of the rapid job displacement associated with automation and globalisation. In fact, there is enduring concern automation is costing jobs an idea some economists argue is
just an enduring faith in the Luddite fallacy.
Benefits of automation for firms
Automation enables firms to produce goods for lower costs. Automation leads to significant economies of scale important in industries which require high capital investment.
Automation enables firms to reduce number of workers, and this limits the power of trades unions and potentially disruptive strikes. Automation also enables a greater economy of scope. This means that one factory is able to produce a greater range of goods; this diversity and product differentiation is as important for firms as lower unit labour costs. In the 1950s, the goal was to produce goods as cheaply as possible. Now, consumers are looking for greater customisation of products. Automation enables consumers to be able to customise the size, look and function of your fridge rather than just picking a standard model from the assembly line.
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Automation can also enable shorter lead times, quicker delivery and more efficient use of stock and cash flow.
Automation can improve safety records by implementing automatic fail safe mechanisms and reduce the risk of human error.
Costs of automation for firms Requires significant capital investment and the benefits may take several years to exceed current production methods. Firms who are under short-term pressures may be reluctant to take the investment needed and lag behind. Lack of investment in automation has been put forward for poor growth in labour productivity in US and UK. Requires more specialised labour to develop software and maintain machinery. Some forms of automation may put off consumers. For example, consumers may get frustrated speaking to a computer rather than dealing with a human on the end of the phone. Benefits of automation for the economy In addition to the benefits accruing to firms, automation can have various benefits for wider society. Consumers have gained the convenience of greater choice of goods and services. For example, ATM cash machines are a very simple example of automation which enables people to get cash when banks are closed. Lower costs of production enable lower prices, leading to more disposable income to be spent on a wider range of services. Leads to the creation of new kinds of jobs, which are more creative, less repetitive and enable more flexible labour markets. For example, rather than do repetitive jobs in a factory, young workers can become software engineers to develop the ideas, design and methods that the robots will then make. More profitable firms should, in theory, enable governments to receive more tax revenue to spend on public goods. Automation is essential to remain internationally competitive. If one country doesn't automate, production will shift to those countries who do, and then gain comparative advantage. Problems of automation for the economy It can create winners and losers. Some will benefit significantly from automation owners of more profitable factories, and software developers. However, those who lose jobs from the process of automation, may struggle to gain equivalent employment. In recent years, there has been a rise in male unemployment and inactivity across western Europe / US. Globalisation and automation has been suggested as one reason for these higher structural rates of unemployment especially amongst unskilled male workers. Even those who have found work, often find it is in the gig economy zero hour contracts. This has created ill-feeling towards the direction of the economy despite higher GDP.
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Impact on equality. The process of automation has co-incided with a rise in levels of inequality in UK and US. There are many reasons for the rise in inequality, but the fear is that some benefit from automation more than others.
Automation may increase corporate profit, but not necessarily median wages. Since 2008, we have seen a rise in real GDP, but median wages have stagnated. Company profit has increased, but the share of tax revenue paid by companies is not increasing.
Automation can increase monopoly power of the most successful technology firms, e.g. Apple, Amazon have all benefitted from automation to gain higher market share.
Loss of human element. We are moving to a society where we have less personal contact self-service till, automated announcements and buying online. It means we can avoid having human contact and although the economy may be efficient, it could create problems of loneliness and a sense of separation. This human touch is something not measured by economic statistics like GDP.
For example, if a human is making announcements about trains, they can make jokes and entertain waiting passengers. An automated computerised announcement system has no sympathy, empathy, but is robotic. Uber uses an automated pricing mechanism. This meant during some crisis, the price of Ubers went through the roof. This gave impression Uber was profiting from tragedy. (Uber later but cap on surge-pricing).
Future trends of automation 3d printing and automation of customised production are just in their infancy. Over the next few years/decades we could see a prolonged revolution in labour markets. Quite soon we could see driver-less taxi's, and print on demand services for a whole range of goods. If this occurs, we could see further pressures on old fashioned styles of jobs. The labour market could see further fragmentation between `insiders/high skill' and outsiders/low skill. Conclusion Automation is a major influence on the economy and will continue to be over the next decade. In theory, automation can lead to significant benefits for the whole economy. Greater GDP, higher productivity and increased customisation of the consumer experience. However, there are legitimate concerns about how these gains will be distributed. It is tempting to dismiss all concerns of new technology as the old Luddite fallacy. But, there is no guarantee that displaced workers will be seamlessly integrated into a very different labour market. But, on the other hand, it would be a mistake to be too pessimistic. Past trends in automation have served the economy well. Who would go back to a time of 1 million people working as a coal miner or 90% of the population growing their own food? Automation will lead to new opportunities, and with increased technology, we could see the potential for a revitalisation of cottage industries with selfemployed workers having the ability to use their creativity to join a fast-changing economy.
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References: 1.1967 Bright, J. R. "The Development of Automation," inTechnology in Western Civilization, 2.1984 Noble, D. F. ishlab chiqarish kuchlari: ijtimoiy tarixi Sanoat Avtomatlashtirish. Nyu-York: 3.1988 Zuboff, S. aqlli mashina yoshida:Ish va kuch kelajagi. Nyu-York: Asosiy Kitob. 4.1989 Forester, T. (ed.) Inson kontekstidagi kompyuterlar: Axborot texnologiyalari, mahsuldorlik va odamlar. Kembrij, MA: MIT Bosing.
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Ergasheva N.K. senior lecturer of the Department of foreign languages in natural directions
Fergana State University
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING GRAMMAR
Annotation: Two very distinct and opposing instructional approaches are inductive and deductive. Both approaches can offer certain advantages, but the biggest difference is the role of the teacher. The article looks into two distinctive ways of teaching grammar.
Key words: inductive, deductive, monolingual classroom, authentic material, grammatical structures.
There are two main ways that we tend to teach grammar: deductively and inductively. Both deductive and inductive teaching have their pros and cons and which approach we use when can depend on a number of factors, such as the nature of the language being taught and the preferences of the teacher and learners. It is, however, perhaps generally accepted that a combination of both approaches is best suited for the EFL classroom. Inductive and deductive approaches to teaching grammar have been studied since the beginning of the 20th century and continue to be the subject of experimental studies in the 21st century.
A large and growing body of literature has investigated the effects of deductive and inductive approaches on the acquisition of various grammatical structures. Deductive teaching is a traditional approach in which information about target language and rules are driven at the beginning of the class and continued with examples. The principles of this approach are generally used in the classes where the main target is to teach grammar structures. For instance, these principles are convenient for the classes that grammar translation method is applied. A deductive approach is based on the top-down theory which the presentation and explanation of grammar rules take the precedence over teaching.
These two approaches have been applied to grammar teaching and learning. A deductive approach involves the learners being given a general rule, which is then applied to specific language examples and honed through practice exercises. An inductive approach involves the learners detecting, or noticing, patterns and working out a `rule' for themselves before they practise the language.
A deductive approach (rule-driven) starts with the presentation of a rule and is followed by examples in which the rule is applied.An inductive approach (rulediscovery) starts with some examples from which a rule is inferred.
Thornbury, 1999 Both approaches are commonplace in published materials. Some course books may adhere to one approach or the other as series style, whereas some may be more flexible and employ both approaches according to what the language being taught lends itself to. Most inductive learning presented in course books is guided
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or scaffolded. In other words, exercises and questions guide the learner to work out the grammar rule. The following course book extracts illustrate the two different approaches. The subsequent practice exercises are similar in both course books.
Inductive The inductive teaching approach in TESOL is a sort of discovery learning that focuses on the student. For example, an instructor might use or show a few examples of a grammar point in English and then ask students what they notice. In many cases, the grammar point might be introduced by simply engaging the students in a directed conversation to slowly introduce it. The teacher guides the students to noticing the grammar pattern, and finally explicitly exposes them to it. Example A teacher writes on the board a few examples of simple present and simple past sentences. The teacher then asks the students what differences they notice in the sentences. The students discuss the differences and maybe even try converting some simple sentences from present to past on their own. Finally, the teacher explains the rule for converting sentences from past to present. Pros and cons of an inductive approach to grammar teaching An inductive approach starts with some examples from which a rule is inferred. It is also called discovery learning. There are several advantages of this approach. First, rules learners discover for themselves are more likely to fit their existing mental structures than rules they have been presented with. Second, the mental effort involved ensures a greater degree of cognitive depth which again, ensures greater memorability. Third, students are more actively involved in the learning process rather than being simply passive recipients. Forth, it is an approach which favors pattern-recognition and problem-solving abilities. Fifth, if the problem-solving is done collaboratively and in the target language, learners get the opportunity for extra language practice. Finally, working things out for themselves prepares students for greater self-reliance and is conducive to learner autonomy. However, there are several disadvantages as well. First, the time and energy spent in working out rules may mislead students into believing that rules are the objective of language learning rather than a means. Second, the time taken to work out a rule may be at the expense of time spent in putting the rule to some sort of productive practice. Third, students may hypothesize the wrong rule, or their version of the rule may be either too broad or too narrow in its application. Forth, it can place heavy demands on teacher in planning a lesson. Fifth, however carefully organized the data is, many language areas such as aspect and modality resist easy rule formation. Finally, inductive approach frustrates students who would prefer simply to be told the rule. Deductive A teacher writes examples of simple present and simple past sentences on the board. The teacher then proceeds to explain the differences between present and past in English. Once the lecture is complete, worksheets are handed out and students are asked to convert simple sentences from present to past. In contrast to deductive approach, in the inductive approach represents a different style of teaching where the new grammatical structures or rules are
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presented to the students in a real language context. The students learn the use of the structure through practice of the language in context, and later they realize the rules from the practical examples. It means from specific to general. For example, if the structure to be represented is the preposition the teacher would begin the lesson by showing a picture of flat and saying, " This is my room and it is comfortable. There is a book on the table, there are six chairs near the table." The teacher would then provide many examples using students and items from the classroom, hotels, living rooms or anything within the normal daily life of the students, to create an understanding of the use of the structure. After each of the various examples students practice the structures meaningfully in small groups or pairs. Fluency is emphasized than accuracy. Because according to Bob Adamson, The deductive method is often criticized because:
a) It teaches grammar in an isolated way; b) Little attention is paid to memory; c) Practice is often mechanical. It's a good opportunity in order to improve the learner's communicative skills. With this approach, the teacher role is to provide meaningful contexts to encourage demonstration of the rule. As Benjamin Franklin mentioned: "Tell me, then I forget, teach me then I remember, involve me and I learn". Yes, if we involve our learners to learn the language through different types of activities, they'll learn with a great interest. As we know practice makes perfect. You can explicitly confirm the rules the students have discovered. You will not have told them these rules, you will merely guided the class towards them. So it also promotes increased student participation and practice of the target language in the classroom, in meaningful contexts. The use of the inductive approach has been noted for its success in classrooms world-wide, but its disadvantage is that it's sometimes difficult or students who expect a more traditional style of teaching to induce the long rules from context and that it is more time consuming. Except that, with the help of this method students will improve their transferable skills, which they use in a real life situation, such as: communicative skill problem solving skills decision making skills time management skill autonomy skill critical thinking skills presentation skills leadership skills. In general, inductive techniques tend to adopt a naturalistic approach, while deductive methods mostly entail raising learners` consciousness of a particular feature. The relative merits and demerits of inductive and deductive methods of teaching grammar have been researched rather exhaustively in both societies where English is predominantly spoken and countries where it is spoken as a second language. The problem is that the findings of such studies are not truly generalizable to parts of the world where English is considered a foreign language. Furthermore, despite this large volume of research, it can be seen that there is little agreement in this regard. Some studies have pointed to the superiority of deductive methods, while others have made a compelling case for inductive approaches. It was found that those learners who had been taught grammar deductively demonstrated
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significantly higher levels of accuracy than their peers who had been provided with inductive instruction.
References: 1. Gardner R., 1985. Social psychology and second language learning. The role of attitudes and motivations. Department of Psychology, the University of Western Ontario. London: Edward Arnold. 2. Nunan D., 1991. Language teaching methodology. London: Prentice Hall International. 3. Reid N., 2006. Getting started in pedagogical research in the physical sciences. UK Physical Sciences Center, University of Hull: Hull.
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808. 33
Ermukhametov S. student
medical faculty Andijan State Medical Institute
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN CHOLPON'S WORK
Annotation: This article summarizes the views of one of our modern scholars Cholpon on the issues of spiritual and enlightenment education, including the role and importance of the concept of enlightenment in the life of the nation. The views of the Uzbek people on educational reforms that determined the socio-political life of the early twentieth century are widely analyzed.
Key words: Cholpon, enlightenment, beauty, spirituality, freedom, poetry, literature, ignorance.
The enlightened writer Abdulhamid Cholpon was one of the great people who lived and worked during the oppression. In the poet's poetry, such ideas as love and devotion to the country, hatred of colonial oppression, raising the national consciousness of the people are expressed with great skill. In this sense, the writer's work has a special role in the education of a harmoniously developed generation.
The idea of enlightenment has a special place in Cholpon's art. In his story "Doctor Muhammadiyar", in the language of Muhammadiyar, he said, How high and beautiful it would be if they stood up for their duties and did their work in an orderly manner and showed the benefit of our people. " But these dreams remain imaginary because they have no real ground. However, two aspects of the work do not go unnoticed, the first is that Cholpon in the story shows the ignorance and ignorance in the life of Turkestan, urges people to study European culture, and secondly, Uzbeks sing of solidarity with all nations.
The power that governs all of Muhammadiyar's actions is his love for his people. On the one hand, the fact that our rich people, who earn money and spend their money on gambling and prostitution, and their property passes into the hands of foreigners, the ignorant drunkards quarrel with each other and cannot see beyond their noses, on the other hand, insults and actions make Muhammadiyar suffer. Indeed, in his eyes, the greatest evil that has destroyed the nation is ignorance. As he travels away from his homeland by train, the grandfather, who has seen his greatgrandfather, cries out to the mountains. He urges them to open their eyes and keep pace with the times: "O my compatriots! How long is this ignorance? Why aren't you so excited? After all, you are human too! Act like people! What do you not enter without using the fruit of knowledge and enlightenment that comes to mind? Awake from sleep! Try it! Seek knowledge, enlightenment and profession! It's time, maybe it's over! "
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Cholpon expresses his desires and feelings in these words, that is, he calls the people to enlightenment, because the main problem for this period was ignorance.
When Muhammadiyar traveled to Europe for many years and returned to Turkestan, he encountered the same old scene on the train: "The chaotic compatriots who slept in the car and lost their tickets and were beaten by the conductors ... Muhammadiyar could not bear to go to the tanbur. The scenery of the charming homeland strikes the eye. No, these are absolutely no different from Switzerland. And the fertile soils are no less than those of the Americans. The writer here once again expresses beauty and splendor, the hidden beauty must be sung to the world, for which the people must awaken from their slumber, from the ugliness, that is, no less than America or Switzerland.
In general, the main problem in each period is the upbringing of a harmoniously developed generation. For example, in the works of Eastern scholars Al-Khwarizmi, Abu Nasr Farobi, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Abu Ali Ibn Sino, Yusuf Khas Hajib, Umar Khayyam, Ahmad Yugnaki, Alisher Navoi and others, the issues of the perfection of a harmoniously developed generation are also mentioned. In the first part of Alisher Navoi's "Khibatul-haqayiq" about the benefits of science, the harm of ignorance, A. Navoi says, "Knowledge plays an important role in the formation of the person." Knowledge opens the way to happiness, so be knowledgeable, seek the path of happiness. The learned man is a precious dinar, the ignorant man without knowledge is a worthless fruit. When will an educated man and an ignorant man be equal? An educated woman is a man and an ignorant man is a woman.Enlightenment issues also played a key role in the works of enlightened poets Ogahi, Muqimi, Avaz Otar, Zavqi.
If we pay attention to the work of Abdullah Avloni, one of our modern scholars, the main motive was school and education. School work, the dissemination of enlightenment among the people, formed the main direction of Avloni's activity until 1917. He showed great devotion in this way. In 1913, the work "Turkish Gulistan or Morality" was published. The book was written as a textbook for high school students. However, the significance of this work, which is one of the rare events of the Uzbek Jadid enlightenment at the beginning of the century, is not limited to the school. It also served as a guide for lovers of literature and ethics.
Cholpon, like his followers, propagated the ideas of enlightenment among the people. His famous novel "Night and Day" was also covered with the idea of enlightenment, and Miryokub's meeting with Sharafiddin Khodjaev had a special effect on his mind. Sharafiddin Khodjaev, a trader from Tashkent who travels to Finland, calls himself a "serious". In the past, Miryaqub had a different opinion about the Jadids, thinking that they were "the worst of infidels." Or rather, they had explained it to him. This is completely different. He thinks about his country, talks about his friends and enemies. The socialists insisted that the children of every nation should be educated in their own language, otherwise it would ruin their upbringing, the land of the rich, the factories of the factory workers would be taken barefoot. On the contrary. Get rich! Get a factory! Fabrika och! Use five thousand, tens of thousands of rabbis! Develop national industry! Gives such ideas, but also
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emphasizes the superiority of science and enlightenment in the upbringing of children. From this conversation, the image of Miryokub begins to take a new step, to think about the future of the nation. He opens the eyes of the nation and begins to think that it needs knowledge, enlightenment. He begins to be disgusted with his past. In the image of Cholpon Miryokub, it is as if he is describing himself. Although Cholpon was in the colonial system in his works, he took the ideas of enlightenment as the main motive for the future of his nation.
References: 1. Karimov Naim. A poet who awakened independence. Tashkent: Manaviyat, 2000. 2. Mahmudova G. Jadidism and the development of moral and aesthetic thought in Turkestan. - Tashkent: "DAVR PRESS", 2006. 3. Quronov D. Poetics of Cholpon's prose. -Tashkent: Sharq, 2004. 4. Urakova O. J. Expressiyon of Romanticizm in Art Literature //Jekonomika i socium. 2019. . 3. . 58. 5. . . - .« // »-. 2019. 6. Urakova O. J. THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL IN ART IN THE CONTEXT OF ROMANTICISM //Theoretical & Applied Science. 2020. . 7. . 29-32. 7. NafosatZikirova,Nasiba Abdullayeva, Ozoda Nishanova, Baktior Djalilov, Enajon Nishanbayeva. (2020). Issues On Using Interactive Strategies In Teaching Process. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12 (02), 2753-2756. 8. Nafosat, Z., Nasiba, A., Ozoda, N., Baktior, D., & Enajon, N. (2019). Interactive strategies and methods of education. 9. Abdullaeva, N. B. (2015). THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE AESTHETIC COMPONENT IN DESIGN. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 9(29), 169-171. 10. , . (2014). . Credo new, (3), 14-14. 11. , . . , 2/4/2017, 70-72. 12. Nurmatova, M. A. (2014). Nekotoryie osobennosty dukhovno-nravstvennogo vospitaniia studentov meditsynskikh vuzov [Some peculiarities of spiritual and moral education of medical university students]. Molodoi uchenyi [Young scientist], 6, 868-870. 13. Nurmatova, M. A. (2014). Zhabborova Yu. D., Umarova N. Kh., Khudaiberdiev AK Some features of the spiritual and moral education of students of medical universities. Young scientist, (6), 868-870. 14. Nurmatova, M. (2009). Shaxs kamolatida axlqoiy va estetik qadriyatlar uyg`unligi. Toshkent:"Universitet, 53. 15. , . . (2009). . , (1), 84-86.
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338.23
Erniyazova Sh.S. student
Tashkent institute of finance Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
STATE ACTIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF ANTI-CRISIS POLICY
Annotation: The article describes the actions taken by the state, which seeks to smooth out the consequences of crisis situations with the help of anti-crisis policy.
Keywords: sustainable economic growth, anti-crisis policy, ways to overcome global financial crises, economic disasters, lending system, diversification of budget funds, financial control.
Society in the modern world is full of needs and it is not enough just to satisfy the needs, but it is also necessary to constantly improve living conditions. The commendable pursuit of comfort is justified by marked positive changes in living standards. In the global economy, however, observations show that economic growth has an unstable trend. The economy as a cyclical mechanism has its own recessions and peaks. In turn, the recessions have a negative effect on practically all aspects of the life of society, for this reason, state policy is aimed at smoothing out their consequences through the implementation of an anti-crisis policy. Thanks to history, it is possible to determine how these and those states managed the consequences of crises. The practice of resisting the economic, financial, industrial and other crises of developed countries is one of the most important objects of scientific and applied research, which helps to isolate the most effective anti-crisis policy tools.
In the modern world, society strives for constant improvement of conditions and living standards, which can only be ensured by sustainable economic growth. However, observations show that economic growth is constantly interrupted by periods of economic instability. The economic system tends to develop cyclically: it has crises and ups. At all times, people have strived and will strive for the peak of their well-being, and the government, in turn, for the peak of the state's economy. But it should be borne in mind that the country's economy cannot be forever at the peak of its development, and recession and crisis will inevitably follow. Crises have a negative effect on practically all aspects of the life of society; therefore, the state seeks to smooth out their consequences through an anti-crisis policy.
The experience of countering the economic, financial, structural, industrial and other crises of the governments of developed and developing countries is an important object of scientific and applied research, designed to highlight and summarize effective instruments of anti-crisis policy of the authorities. Crisis is not only an economic concept; this term is used in many cases of life. In the final sense, it is an unintended development that manifests itself suddenly, unexpectedly. The crisis negatively affects the entire state at the macro level, and the firm at the micro
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level. The definition of a financial crisis can be interpreted as follows: "it is the destruction of the financial market from an increase in the scale of problems of wrong decisions, as well as moral risk, the reasons for the loss of influence of financial markets, funds on the possibility of the most productive investment [1].
In turn, the global crisis is a phenomenon that systematically covers all spheres of financial and economic activity, money circulation, the banking sector and others [2]. That is why the approach to solving such global issues should be systematic and carefully thought out. It will be advisable to supplement and even, perhaps, tighten the measures that have already been applied in a number of areas to restore the economy. In order to stabilize the situation in the country, it is necessary to choose short-term or long-term ways of overcoming the global financial crises, which include the following measures:
- Development of agriculture; - Increasing humanitarian aid and adjusting social policy; - Solving the problem of food supplies; - Creation and increase of gold and foreign exchange reserves; - Expansion of cultivated areas and the involvement of people in public works; - Revision of the pricing policy. Economic disasters require not only government intervention in the financial sector, but also coordination and coherence of actions by the governments of different countries, their joint actions. In the context of globalization, international financial institutions are acquiring more and more importance, designed to provide conditions for the sustainable development of the states of the world community. One of the most important of them is the International Monetary Fund, which plays a significant stimulating and regulating role, both in the development of the economies of the participating countries, and, indirectly, in the development of the world economy as a whole. Currently, the main activity of the IMF is aimed at providing financial and other types of support that are required by member countries to cope with the consequences of the global crisis. Amid the spread of the global financial crisis originating in advanced economies, developing countries have taken unprecedented steps to reform their policies towards low-income countries, culminating in the announcement of significant new resources. The initiative was launched in collaboration with lowincome countries in response to a call from the leaders of the G20- 35 for urgent strategic action to meet the needs of developing countries. As a result of these reforms, the amount of funds available to these countries has sharply increased, the IMF's lending system has radically changed, and the conditions for granting loans to the Fund have been simplified. It should be noted right away that the negative consequences of the global financial crises affect literally all countries, but each state may suffer to a greater or lesser extent. Countries certainly have an opportunity to break the financial impasse. Include internal resources and make a number of important internal political decisions.
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And each state solves these problems in its own way. For many countries, such negative events become plainly, the desire for economic growth. Therefore, thinking about ways out of a difficult situation, it is necessary to analyze all the factors and causes of the crisis. And only after that, proceed to balanced, coordinated, correct, and most importantly effective actions. The fight against inflation only by using monetarist methods leads to insufficient lending to the real sector of the economy and industrial production. The result of such a financial policy may be the disappearance and reduction of production, the growth of imports and the dependence of the financial system on foreign loans, local goods will be unclaimed in the demand market. Each crisis situation is individual, and therefore there is no single solution to overcome it. However, it is possible to summarize several basic steps that will be most effective in overcoming a crisis situation, namely:
1) Diversification of budgetary funds: creating the maximum number of ways to generate income. In this case, due to a drop in production in any one industry, the economy as a whole will suffer less;
2) Creation of jobs necessary to increase employment of the population. For the budget, this is useful in that more funds will come in the form of taxes, and, in addition, the population will spend more, stimulating production. To create jobs, it is necessary to maintain a conducive business environment;
3) Curbing inflation; 4) Financial control: over the exchange rate, over the interest rate; 5) Informing the population and enterprises: about the current situation, about forecasts and prospects, about recommendations for overcoming problems; 6) Renewal of the industrial sphere: equipment and technologies; 7) Support for key sectors of the economy, if necessary - adjusting the budget allocation (reducing costs for less important sectors and increasing costs for more important ones). If we create a system of incentives for the formation of an economy with characteristic features, the proposed scenario will allow us to survive the crisis with the least losses and get out of it with a more productive economy. The financial crisis, as you know, is considered a situation of dramatic and instantaneous decline in the value of organizations or global financial assets. The complexity of building a financial system is determined by a number of problems, for example, such as all kinds of currency crashes, bank bankruptcies, the difficulty of managing liquid assets, as well as sovereign defaults. The interrelation of strategic actions and anticrisis measures of the government remains an important point, as well as their differentiation. And only timely prepared and implemented measures will make it possible to overcome the consequences of the global financial crisis and reduce to minimum losses in the economic and social spheres. Crises may not always affect the economies of a developed and a developing country equally, at some point developed countries suffer much more than others, for example, the 2008 crisis, and vice versa, countries with a developing economy or a transitional one are more affected by the crisis.
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References: 1. Shipovich, L. Yu. Classification and causes of financial and economic crises [Text] / L.Yu. Shipovich // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. - 2015. . 31. - S. 24-28. 2. Yakunin, V.I. The political dimension of the global financial crises. Phenomenology, theory, elimination [Text] / V. N. Yakunin, S. S. Sulakshin. - M .: Scientific expert, 2012 .-- 632p.
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656.338
Fayzullayev J.S. doctoral student Tashkent State University of Economics Uzbekistan, Tashkent
THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TARIFF SYSTEM IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Introduction In world practice, it is considered as the only integrated component of the international supply chain system for trucks. Their effectiveness is considered to be the achievement of the synergistic effect of their interrelated components. It is well known that synergy is a science and technology aimed at increasing the efficiency of distribution, production and sales in the field of logistics in the face of other methods of management. Their structurally mutually beneficial coordination in the delivery of goods and information flows and provides an icon to reduce stagnation due to the appropriate increase in the competitiveness of the enterprise, which is also very important in times of crisis. Analysis of the efficiency of railway transport the lack of a system and the fact that this system lags behind foreign industries in terms of production and technology at least 15-20 times, requires radical reform in this area. The logistical approach to the reform of the railway network requires the competitiveness of the network, the transition to a new tariff system, the creation of a system with equal economic benefits for both consumers and service providers. Analysis and results The main method of regulating railway transport tariffs is the establishment of tariffs or the establishment of their minimum and maximum limits through constant indexation of existing tariffs based on price list 10-01. This system was developed and put into practice in 2003. the following conclusions were drawn from the study of tariffs in the railway transport system: the tariff system does not cover the country's railway transport. It covers only the activities of JSC "Uzbekistan Railways", designed for the monopoly market, and does not provide for structural reforms that will create new conditions; the tariff system causes a lot of complexity and misunderstanding among users due to the fact that it is not coordinated on the specific factors and conditions that cause tariffs; the overall level of tariffs is high and also unreasonably indexed, given the development system; regulation of tariffs and the general system is not developed in a convenient way, taking into account market conditions; errors in the equation on the main factors are observed;
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tariffs do not include adequate incentives and quality development to
increase the efficiency of private transport.
The following are the shortcomings of the system of tariffs for freight
transportation by rail, which are viewed by consumers, and as a result of their
implementation on the basis of logistics practices, the quality and efficiency in the
industry is declining. The 10-01 price list has remained only two different basic
blocks in recent years after several changes. It is observed that the tariffs for the
same type of transport services differ radically from each other (Table 1).
Table 1
Basic structural comparison of price list blocks 10-0111
Section 2
Section 3
Transportation of export
Basic tariff status
and import cargo through Transportation of export domestic transport and and import cargo by land
seaports
1. Carried out on the basis of
the general tariff "consisting of
Yes
No
wagons" (the tariff is divided
into two parts)
2. Optimization on three tariff
Yes
No
classifications
3. Apply the minimum weight of the increase in the consideration of tariffs
A separate point of view on each tariff nomenclature
Consolidation of loads by main groups (17 cases)
Unified Tariff and Statistical Nomenclature
Yes (several cases)
In another abbreviated view
Average rate of tariffs as a 100
percentage
More than 150
The problem is that the concepts of "domestic" and "international" transportation are not clearly defined. In our opinion, if the transportation of goods begins and ends in the territory of the country, it would be legally illogical to apply the concept of "international transportation". Accordingly, international tariffs should not be applied to goods, regardless of whether they are export-import.
A comparative analysis of the situation with rail and road transport shows that there is a huge difference between them: the transportation of small consignments of goods up to 2000 km by rail lags behind the road transport by 10-15 times;
11 The results of the research were developed by the author.
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shipping in wagons is approx 5-10 times less. In particular, when transporting goods
over distances of 200-500 km, railway transport lags significantly behind in terms
of time.
Today, about 80 percent of shipments across the country in the railway system
are ordinary shipments. However, their average speed is 20-25 km per hour. This
figure is 70 km per hour in Europe. It should be noted that it is incomparably low
and requires radical reform of the management and organizational structure of the
railway transport sector. The problem of reducing the time of delivery of goods in
transport poses a task not only for users but also for transport service providers,
including the lack of wagons, a decrease in production, an increase in cost.
In order to increase the impact of delivery times, the following should be
taken into account when setting tariffs:
identify several delivery criteria for the timing of delivery of goods and
coordinate their diversity according to the tariff, for example, the timing can be
defined as within the norm, expedited, immediate;
setting the standard speed depending on the main routes or routes of
shipment;
establishment of administrative incentives for the continuous
implementation of measures to reduce the duration of the movement of goods.
Administrative incentives can be implemented as a state order, which sets tasks to
increase the speed of use of freight cars.
Successful use of container transportation technology, which improves the
quality of delivery in alternative and competitive transport systems, as well as
logistical and economic errors in the field of railway transport services in the case
of reasonable tariffs - this leads to reduced demand for the industry.
Table 2 shows the mechanism for applying tariffs for rail services for the
transportation of relatively heavy coal in Germany using an integrated logistics
approach. This approach gives users of railway transport services (shipper,
consignee, forwarder) an additional opportunity to plan freight transportation. At
the same time, it manages to build the most reasonable supply chain and model.
Table 2
Tariffs for railway services in Germany (system of reduction of tariffs for
coal transportation on direction trains)
The net weight of the wagon was not less than
one ton
Reduction of coal transportation costs on scheduled trains as
a percentage
three times a three times a
on
once every
week
week
weekdays two days
900
9,0
13,0
15,0
17,0
1100
16,0
21,0
23,0
24,0
1300
20,0
25,0
27,0
28,0
1600
23,0
28,0
30,0
31,0
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According to the table, in Germany, discounts on the cost of transporting coal
on direct trains are up to 30% depending on the number of flights and the volume
of production. It should be noted that to date, the structural reform of the railway
transport network has not found its essence, but in other cases leads to further
confusion in terms of freight tariffs. It is advisable to confirm the correctness of the
choice made in the delivery of goods with technical and economic reports based on
the analysis of costs associated with the transportation of different types of
transport. This selection criterion also serves to some extent in solving the problem
of optimizing the cost of delivery of goods in mixed transport (Table 3).
Table 3
Specific features of freight delivery cost optimization12
Selection criteria
Type of transport
Railway
Water
Car
Pipe
The weather
Speed
average minimum
high
low
maximum
Cost level
average
lowest
low low highest highest
Possible assortment of goods
highest
low highest minimum
very limited
partially limited
Number of markets big
served
limited
unlimited
very limited
partially limited
Delivery reliability
average
low
goof
high
average
The wide range of transport and logistics services and their wide range of variables in terms of quality, their impact on the competitiveness of services and cost, as well as other factors make it necessary for the company to have a clear, specific strategy in the field of logistics services to consumers requires A comparative analysis of transportation costs by modes of transport is presented (Table 4).
12 The results of the research were developed by the author.
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Table 4 Comparative analysis of freight costs by modes of transport13
Cost of transporting 20 tons of cargo per 1 km (by example of textiles)
Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
2,45 $
1,70 $
1,55 $
1,35 $
0,92 $
Cost of transportation of 1 standard wagon cargo per 1 km (up to 100 km)
Uzbekistan 7,29 $
Kazakhstan 4,24 $
Kyrgyzstan 2,65 $
Tajikistan 6,83 $
Turkmenistan 2,65 $
Number of procedural documents required for export and import
10/11
10/12
9/10
11/12
6/5
If we pay attention to the analysis of prices on a comparative basis, we can see that the costs of domestic producers are somewhat higher. For example, to deliver a standard wagon load (60 tons of textiles) per kilometer, you have to pay $ 7.29 to the rail transport service. The same figure is $ 4.24 in neighboring Kazakhstan, $ 3.65 in Kyrgyzstan, $ 6.83 in Tajikistan and $ 2.65 in Turkmenistan. This has a negative impact on the competitiveness of our country's railway transport in international transport. Expenditures on the cost of transport services from 2009 to 2019 were studied (Table 5).
Table 5 Changes in the cost structure of transport,14 %
Indicators
100 2009 100 2010 100 2011 100 2012 100 2013 100 2014 100 2015 100 2016 100 2017 100 2018 100 2019
I. Transport
1.1 Salary costs 8,4 6,7 7,4 6,9 6,3 6,1 6,4 7,4 7,4 7,5 8,3
Depreciatio
1.2
3,6 7,1 9,9 9,3 9,6 9,1 8,1 8,4 9,6 10,3 12,3
n
Material
1.3
48,6 41 45,6 41,6 49,2 56,1 51,9 52,3 48,5 44,8 37,0
costs
Hence, fuel
(energy) 11,8 9,3 9,8 11,3 11,8 10,3 9,4 11,5 10,4 9,3 9,6
costs
Other
1.4
39,4 45 37,1 42,2 34,9 28,7 33,6 31,9 34,5 37,4 42,4
expenses
13 The results of the research were developed by the author. 14 The results of the research were developed by the author.
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It is known that about 9.6% of the total cost of work performed by vehicles
is spent on fuel (energy) and lubricants. Consumption of fuel resources in the
transport sector of Uzbekistan, in relation to this value, forms the total cost of
services. At the same time, wages, which are part of the cost of transport, make up
8.3% of total expenditures. This figure is 50-52 percent in the EU, while other costs
are 40.2 percent. Depreciation is 12.3% in Uzbekistan and 6-7% in the European
Union. The logical conclusion of scientific research work often ends with the
identification of realistic amounts of economic or social efficiency that can be
achieved as a result of the proposed science-based measures.
In determining the economic effect that can be achieved as a result of the
practical application of the scientific proposals discussed and recommended in the
previous chapters, it is advisable to first approach the case on a case-by-case basis.
For example, in calculating the economic efficiency is the efficiency of the tariff for
the carriage of goods by rail:
=
=1 =1
-
,
sum/tkm
(1)
Here:
total income of the railway enterprise in the form of i, sum; - i- railway transport work, tkm; - i- income of the enterprise with the tariff of the smallest railway
transport enterprise, sum;
Pmin - the amount of business transport work of the enterprise with the
smallest railway transport enterprise number i, tkm.
Using this indicator, the amount of economic efficiency that can be obtained
from the total volume of freight transported by rail can be determined by the
following formula:
Erwk
=
(S
-
S)
Prwk
=
( =1
=1
-
)
rwk=rwk*rwk
,
sum
(2)
here:
Prwk - amount of total transport work in railway transport, tkm.
Thus, as a result of the implementation of an integrated information
management system, the exchange of data in railway transport enterprises will be
accelerated and the cost of transportation will be reduced. Given the importance of
electronic computers in reducing the cost of railway transport enterprise in
determining such a change, the share of cost reduction is determined by the
following formula.
Einformation
of inegration
=
({nni=ni1=1DPi i
-
Dmin Pmin
),
sum/tkm (3)
here:
i number railway company transport case, tkm; enterprise income with the lowest railway company tariff, sum; the amount of transport work with the lowest railway company tariff,
tkm.
Conclusions and suggestions
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Based on the above considerations, a six-step approach to improving the tariff
system in the transport and logistics system was proposed:
1. Assess the general situation in the services market in terms of logistics;
2. Clear definition of goals and objectives and principles of tariff regulation
in the transport system;
3. Establishing the demand for transport and logistics services in the links of
the logistics system in places where transport facilities are dense and high speed;
4. Formation of competitive transport logistics systems taking into account
the value in the logistics chain and assessing their impact on the final cost of the
finished product;
5. Establishment of maximum tariffs in the transport and logistics system,
taking into account government support and other factors in tariff regulation;
6. Evaluate the effectiveness of tariff regulation mechanisms in the transport
system.
In short, the development of a successful tariff policy in the state regulation
of the tariff system is a very important factor not only for structural reforms in the
field of railway transport, but also to create the opportunity to achieve the expected
economic benefits of macro and micro logistics.
References:
1. Fayzullayev J.S. Improvement of Economic Efficiency of Development of Railway
// Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research (AJTMR) ISSN: 2249 0892
Vol9
Issue2,
Dec
-2019.
http://www.ajtmr.com/papers/Vol9Issue2/Vol9Iss2_P9.pdf
2. Fayzullayev J.S. The economic-mathematical model of the organization activity
of the modern transport-logistics system. //
Bulletin of Science and Pracrice (scientific journal). 2018. 5
(4). . 345-352. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1147072. Impact Factor (5) GIF 0.454; (21)
Info Base Index 1.4; (17) OAJI 0.350, (43) (UIF) 0.1502; (4) JCR 1.021.
http://oaji.net/articles/2017/3996-1526585902.pdf
3. Fayzullayev J.S. Evaluation of efficiency of transport - logistics system. // XLVII
International correspondence scientific and practical conference «International
scientific review of the problems and prospects of modern science and education»
(Boston. Usa. July 24-25, 2018). 62-65. https://scientific-
conference.com/images/PDF/2018/49/International-scientific-review-7-49-
ISBN.pdf
4. Fayzullayev J.S., Increasing the efficiency management of 3PL and 4PL logistics
companies in the railway system. // «
: ,
» -
. . 2018. 28-29 . .37-42.
http://tsue.uz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/4.-Fayzullayev_J_S_increasing-the-
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system.pdf
5. FayzullayevJ. (2020). Effectiveness of modern methods in the development of
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the integration transport systems. , 1(3).
https://tsue.scienceweb.uz/index.php/archive/article/view/3892
6. Fayzullayev J.S. Effectiveness of modern methods in the development of the
integration transport systems // Asian Journal of Technology & Management
Research (AJTMR) ISSN: 2249 0892 Vol9 Issue2, Dec -2019 62-65.
https://saarj.com/wp-content/uploads/SAJMMR-JULY-2020-FULL-
JOURNAL.pdf
7. Fayzullayev J.S. Theoretical Aspects of the Transport Logistics System
Management // Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research (AJTMR)
ISSN:
2249
0892
Special
Issue2,
Sep
-2019.
http://ajtmr.com/papers/SplIss2/SplIss2_8.pdf
8. Faizullaev Javlonbek Sultonovich. (2020). Transportation and logistics system:
problems and solutions. Archive of Conferences, 10(1), 50-54. Retrieved from
https://www.conferencepublication.com/index.php/aoc/article/view/424
9. Fayzullayev J.S. Problems And Status Of Efficiency Of The Transport And
Logistics System In The Railway Network , Archive of Conferences: Vol. 13 No. 1
(2021):
GTIMSC-2021,
https://www.conferencepublication.com/index.php/aoc/article/view/573
10. Fayzullayev, J.S. (2021) "Economic-mathematical model of evaluating the
efficiency of the transport system," Economics and Innovative Technologies: Vol.
2021: No. 1, Article 1. https://uzjournals.edu.uz/iqtisodiyot/vol2021/iss1/1
11. Fayzullayev, J.S. (2021) "ECONOMIC-MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF
EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM,"
Economics and Innovative Technologies: Vol. 2021: No.1, Article 1. Available at:
https://uzjournals.edu.uz/iqtisodiyot/vol2021/iss1/1
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Holbekova M. English language teacher Fergana State University
Mamajonova M. teacher of English language
Tashkent 23 school Holbekov Sh.
Fergana State University
COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Annotation: A communicative approach is an approach which is worldwide known and established it has established itself in many parts of the world as a way of teaching languages, especially English. It is the approach that has prevailed in English Language Teaching over the past 50 years, and it is still used nowadays. The following article looks into the application of this approach in language classes.
Key words: method, approach, techniques, grammar translation method, structuralism, communicative approach.
The goal of the linguist is to study the linguistic competence native speakers are endowed with. He also showed, rightly, that structuralism and behaviorism were unable to account for one fundamental aspect of language, namely the creativity and uniqueness of individual sentences. A child is able to produce an infinite number of sentences that s/he has never encountered. This makes the factors of imitation, repetition, and habit formation weak arguments to account for any language learning theory.
Communicative language teaching (CLT), or the communicative approach, is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study.
Language learners in environments utilizing CLT techniques, learn and practice the target language through the interaction with one another and the instructor, the study of "authentic texts" (those written in the target language for purposes other than language learning), and through the use of the language both in class and outside of class. Learners converse about personal experiences with partners, and instructors teach topics outside of the realm of traditional grammar, in order to promote language skills in all types of situations. This method also claims to encourage learners to incorporate their personal experiences into their language learning environment, and to focus on the learning experience in addition to the learning of the target language.
According to CLT, the goal of language education is the ability to communicate in the target language. This is in contrast to previous views in which grammatical competence was commonly given top priority. CLT also focuses on
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the teacher being a facilitator, rather than an instructor. Furthermore, the approach is a non-methodical system that does not use a textbook series to teach the target language, but rather works on developing sound oral/verbal skills prior to reading and writing.
However, all these linguists and educators felt that students during those years were not learning the language in the right way. They claimed that they did not learn the `whole language' and realistic language. Students did not know how to communicate outside the classroom in real life situations, using the appropriate social language. So far they were relying on the structures of language instead of relying on functions and notions of language. This made them unable to communicate in the culture of the language studied.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages, emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. It is also referred to as the "Communicative Approach". Historically, CLT has been seen as a response to the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM), and as an extension or development of the NotionalFunctional Syllabus. Task-based language learning, a more recent refinement of CLT, has gained considerably in popularity.
Communicative language teaching can be understood as a set of principles about the goals of language teaching, how learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of teachers and learners in the classroom. Communicative competence includes the following aspects of language knowledge:
-Knowing how to use language for a range of different purposes and functions;
-Knowing how to vary our use of language according to the setting and the participants;
-Knowing how to produce and understand different types of texts; -Knowing how to maintain communication despite having limitations in one's language knowledge. So, Communicative Language Teaching is an approach to the teaching foreign languages that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. Principles of CLT: -In the CLT approach, the meaning is given prime importance. The main focus of the approach is to make the learners able to understand the intention and expression of the writers and speakers. -In this approach, it is believed that communicative functions are more important rather than linguistic structures. Littlewood states that «one of the most characteristics features of communicative language teaching is that it pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language, combine these into a more fully communicative view». Each language has a limited number of sentence patterns. Mastering only those sentence patterns does not help the
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learners to communicate in the target language. The learner needs to learn the communication functions of those structures.
-While using the CLT approach in teaching language, the target language is used in the classroom. The target language is a vehicle for class room communication, not just the object of study.
In a world where communication of information and information technology have broken new considerable ground, CLT can play an important role in education.
Criticism Notional syllabus was criticized as merely replacing one kind of list, namely a list of grammatical structures, with another list of notions and functions. The various categories of language functions are overlapping and not systematically graded like the structures of the language. The communicative approach focuses on the use of language in everyday situations, or the functional aspects of language, and less on the formal structures. There must be a certain balance between the two. It gives priority to meanings and rules of use rather than to grammar and rules of structure. Such concentration on language behavior may result in negative consequences in the sense that important structures and rules would be left out. The approach relies extensively on the functional-notational syllabus which places heavy demands on the learners. A major principle underlying this approach is its emphasis on learners' needs and interests. This implies that every teacher should modify the syllabus to fit the needs of the learners. The requirements are difficult. Not all classrooms can allow for group work activities and for teaching aids and materials. In spite of its critics, CLT has gained widespread acceptance in the world of language study. CLT can succeed, as long as teachers don't completely reject the need for the structure provided by grammar. Teachers must strive for moderation and shouldn't neglect the merits of other methods. CLT, in the hands of a balanced teacher, can bring new life and joy to the classroom. Its vitality makes it an important contributor to language learning approaches.
References: 1. Spada, N. (2007). Communicative Language Teaching: Current Status and Future Prospects. International Hand Book of English Language Teaching (Part I). New York, Springer. 2. Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to Translation (Language Teaching Methodology Senes). Oxford, Pergamon Press. https://doi. org/10.1017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100005222. 3. Weir, C. J., & Weir, C. J. (1990). Communicative language testing. Hemel Hempstead, Prentice Hall.
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UDC 007.62
Iminov I.Kh. master
Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies Uzbekistan, Andijan Melikuziyev Sh.M. master
Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies Uzbekistan, Andijan Urinov I.Sh. master
Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abstract: In this article, we consider the use of artificial intelligence technologies in various branches of science and technology, its introduction into everyday life has greatly simplified security tasks. The speed of data processing, the extraction of important information, the identification of people and almost any objects, the detection of the behavior of objects allows you to quickly respond to possible violations and incidents, which reduces costs and ensures the effectiveness of security systems.
Keywords: AWAN camera, important information, Video analytics, algorithm, process.
In our time, video surveillance has become an integral part of an integrated security system, because current video surveillance systems can not only show and record video, but also program the reaction of the entire security system in case of emergency situations. Depending on the type of equipment, video surveillance systems are divided into analog and digital.
Artificial intelligence will be useful where it can solve a problem better and faster than a human. There are many such tasks in video surveillance. For example, when processing a parallel image transmitted from several cameras, the operator may miss an important point, and the total amount of information is immense for a person. Here a video analyst comes to the rescue, whose task is to compile metadata describing the object, identify significant events, detect deviations in the behavior of the observed object in the video stream for further responding to them in a predetermined way. And the integration of such systems into a network will make it possible to obtain information about the movement of an object even without its identification. Artificial intelligence for video analytics. Video analytics can be either software, where data is processed on a recorder or server, or hardware - the processing is performed by a processor built into the camera. Such cameras are
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called smart - that is, smart. There are several information processing methods: Image processing methods based on comparing pixels are used in motion detectors, abandoned object detectors, etc. Note that most of the algorithms are implemented at this level. Object recognition. The algorithm is based on determining the class of an object from its video image with subsequent comparison with a database of objects. This includes face recognition, license plate recognition, and so on. These are relatively simple analytics. Analysis of behavior and tracking of objects in the frame. The methods are based on complex mathematical algorithms, while in most cases it is difficult to compose an algorithm that would accurately describe the behavior of objects in the frame. It is even more difficult to implement the "transfer" of an object from one video camera to another. Consider a practical example observing people in public places. Let's say a man who looks like a suspect walks into a shopping center. This person was traveling through the store with a large backpack that could contain dangerous goods. When the security service managed to identify him, he had already visited various rooms and disappeared into the parking lot. How can I find it on the video recordings of cameras installed on the floors and combine these videos? In this case, video analytics is used, which helps to identify a person and compare it with information available in databases or track the movement of a person even if he is not in the databases. Today there are technologies that allow performing all these operations in automatic or semiautomatic mode.
An AWAN camera is a section that connects the supply channel with the water intake front of the NS.
Most often it is an expanding and deepening AWAN camera with a length of at least (1.2-1.3) the length of the whirlpool zone. L=(1,2-1,3)×L
Arrange the rivers leading edge short with central taper angles up to 40-45 °, but not less than 30-35 °.
If mark. bottom of the water intake coor. is below the mark. bottom supply, channel, then the expanding front chamber is arranged with a straight bottom slope i = 0.2. The nature of the flow in such an AWAN camera is extremely unfavorable. If sediments are present in the water, they are deposited in the front chamber.
An effective means of improving flow spreading in a short expanding front chamber and reducing sediment deposition in it is the device of the front chamber bottom with a reverse slope of the bottom. With a gradual decrease in the depth of the fore-chamber, the flow in it expands better.
To reduce the length of the draw-off front in stations and of the block type, a curvilinear draw-off front is arranged.
By design, water intake facilities are divided into water intakes of the type of a coastal well, regulating the construction, suction pipes and the simplest tubeless bucket ones.
Water intakes of the shore well type are used at the HC for household and drinking purposes. To reduce local losses at the inlet of the flow into the suction pipe, the diameter of the inlet section is increased and Din = 1.3-1.5 Dvs.tr or at the recommended speed equal to 0.8-1 m / s. The inlet is buried under min. The water
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level at h2 = (1-1.5) Din, but not less than 0.5 m. The distance between the inlet of the vertical suction pipe and the bottom of the chamber is h1 = 0.8 Din.
Non-pressure water intakes of the type of a regulatory structure are arranged with several suction chambers. They are used at irrigation stations with the supply of each pump no more than 2 m3 / s and fluctuations in the water level in the water source no more than 2-3 m. The speed of approach to the suction. Pipes no more than 1 m / s, and the velocity of the flow entering the inlet section is about 0.8 m / s. Excess of the site coor. above the maximum water level, depending on the capital class, take 0.5-1 m. The width of the chamber bk = (2.5-3) Din. Deepening of the suction inlet. Pipeline for min. the water level is not less than 0.8 Din; the distance from the bottom of the well to the inlet of the suction t-yes is not less than 0.7-0.8 Din.
Suction pipes of chamber and elbow shape are built into the concrete block of the NS building with vertical pumps - axial and centrifugal. The chamber supply is arranged when the pump is supplied up to 2 m3 / s. The structural dimensions of the suction pipes are taken according to the catalogs or drawings of the manufacturer. Bottom lattice water intakes should be referred to the types of water intake structures specific to mountain rivers. The river bed is blocked off by a low concrete blind spillway dam, which forms a kind of spillway threshold. ] Between the goby and the left-bank abutment, a horizontal gallery is cut into the dam, covered with a lattice. Water passing over this gallery enters ("falls through") through the grate and is discharged into the water intake chamber located in the left bank abutment. The design of the intake chamber provides for the possibility of flushing it from sediment trapped in it. The intake chamber usually has emergency entrance windows for water intake in case of clogging or freezing of the grating of the intake gallery. From the receiving chamber, water is supplied through water lines to the primary clarification tanks for clarification.
The design of such a water intake allows water intake at any change in flow rate and at any depth. It can be recommended for ingestion of water containing relatively coarse sediment.
This type of water intake is used in a wide range of flow rates (from 0.1 to 8 m3 / s).
In order to prevent clogging of the gratings with a stone, they are made of Tsection steel (with the edge down). The width of the gaps should be less than the prevailing (60-90%) sizes of bottom sediments. In practice, the gaps are 6-12 mm wide. To be able to clean them and the gallery, the grates are arranged with lifting in separate sections 12 m long.
References: 1. RD 78.36.003-2002 Engineering and technical strength. Technical means of protection. Requirements and design standards for the protection of objects from criminal encroachments, 2009. 2. Kozlov S.B., Ivanov E.V. Entrepreneurship and Security. -M .: Universum, 2007. 3. "IP video surveillance system", K. Goncharov, A. Cherkasov, T. Fisenko, 2010.
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4. G. Krugl, "Professional video surveillance. Practice and technology of analog and digital CCTV ", 2014. 5. "Video analytics. Myths and Reality ", Harald Lutz, Ivo Keller, Torsten Anstedt, 2013. 6. "Guide to Video Surveillance", John Honovich, 2010. 7. "IP-video surveillance: visual aid", Alexander Lytkin, 2009. 8. Video surveillance systems. Basics of construction, design and operation Peskin A.E., 2016. 9. Avdeev S. Digital resources in education [about the project "Informatization of education" and the creation of a single collection of digital educational resources] Education. - 2008. 10. Buhantseva NV. Electronic resources: technology development and cooperation, NV Buhantseva and M of Education and Science of Russia. Federation Gos.obrazovat. Institutions of higher. prof. Education, Volgogr. state. Univ. 11. Derevnina A. Principles of Electronic Textbooks / A. Derevnina, MB Koshelev Open Education. - 2001. 12. www.market.yandex.ru
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Inomjonova D. Andijan State University
THE STUDY OF THE GEOECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF A BIG CITY
Abstract: This article analysis the system of studying the geoecological problems of large cities, in particular cities, assessing its complex indicators such as: the state of atmospheric air, soil, hydrogeological and engineering and geologists.
Keywords: air pollution, soil, surface and underground water, engineering and geological conditions.
The problem of the geoecology of the urban environment is the subject of studying various branches of knowledge: ecology, geography, geology, biology, soil science, and hydrogeology. Geoecological features of the urban environment, for example, the city of Tashkent is also determined by its geographical The city is located on the right bank of Chirchik in the zone of influence of emissions into the atmosphere of waste from the industrial objects around its industrial facilities. Gorodiecology of the city has a specific place in the entire complex of environmental sciences. This is due to the functioning of the city in a limited territory and conditions for the high concentration of people, which leads to the formation of almost all existing types of anthropogenic pollution, which determines its geoecological state. One of the main issues in the study of the modern geoecological state of the city of Tashkent under the influence of natural and techno genic factors is to assess its complex indicators such as: the state of atmospheric air, soil, hydrogeological and engineering and geological conditions The purpose of the study is to oborimize the complex indicators as: the state of atmospheric air, soil, the hydrogeological and engineering and geological conditions of the city of Tashkent in recent years. Geoecological studies are aimed at resolving issues of interactions between nature and society related to the geoecological assessment of the economic activity consequences, the quality of the environment and the development of environmental management recommendations. Geoecological studies operate on the following set of methods: geological, geochemical, geophysical, hydrogeological, geomorphological, geocryological. Because of the obtained data interpretation, phenomena, processes, properties and dependencies are established. They act as geoecological factors, so reflect certain interaction aspects of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere with the biosphere. Geological studies include those aimed at studying the properties of the geological environment, the petrological nature of rocks, and geodynamic processes. The petrological properties of rocks are due to their mineral and chemical composition, structure and texture, occurrence conditions and the changes that they undergo in earth's crust depths and on its surface. Geodynamic processes occurring both inside the crust and on its surface are expressed in the form of tectonic movements, seismic and volcanic processes. Petrological rocks properties in combination with
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geodynamic processes determine the place and time of occurrence, as well as the nature of geoecological factors. Practice shows that the lack or poor knowledge of the geological environment state often leads to disastrous consequences. A striking example of this are large-scale damage during earthquakes. Tragic situations also arise during the underground and surface mine works, especially, when previously unknown and not mapped in time faults and floods make themselves known. Because of geological studies, they reveal features of geological processes manifestation, outline geopathogenic zones, determine their nature and degree of functioning. Geochemical studies study the distribution of chemical elements or chemical compounds in rocks, atmosphere, natural waters, vegetation, and animals. In recent years, they are widely used in the practice of geoecological work. Particularly special geochemical surveys techniques and mapping of certain areas are attractive, including urban agglomerations. They are carried out in order to identify places of elevated concentrations of chemical elements, delineate and assess the magnitude of geochemical anomalies, and primarily to determine the distribution contours of toxic and radioactive elements. More than 57 thousand business entities are registered in Tashkent, of which about 20 thousand, or more than 35%, have a direct impact on the geoecological state of the city. The city of the city from industrial enterprises and autotran of these, motor vehicles in 2018 accounted for 97% of all emissions. This situation is characteristic of all major cities, where emissions from road transport are 80-99% of the total volume of outlied pollutants in the air pool. The share of motor vehicles exploited in the city is over 20% on the total number of cars in the republic as a whole. Approximately the number of cars in the city increases to 12-14 thousand units per year. An indicator of the level of pollution of atmospheric air is a complex index of the atmosphere contamination, which is calculated in five priority pollutants (dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and dioxide. The level of air pollution is considered low at from 0 to 4, elevated - from 5 to 6, high - from 7 to 13, very high with more than 14. Observations on the quality of atmospheric air of the city of Tashkent, nitrogen dioxide - from 0.04 to 0.02 mg per cubic without a change, the content of sulfur and ammonia dioxide - 0.003 and 0.01 mg per cubic meter, respectively remained. Surface and groundwater. An irrigation network through a Bozsu water system, the main power source of which is the Chirchik River, irrigates the territory of Tashkent. The main trunk channels is Bostsu, South Karasu, Salar, Anhor, Damashi, Karakamysh. There are 129 watercourses with a total length of 417.5 km; there are also several artificial water-based lakes with a total area of 91 hectares and a volume of 1.4 million m3.
As of 2018, the level of pollution of the watercourses of the city in the index of pollution of the main watercourses has changed positively from IV-V to II-IV classes, and exceeding those fixed in certain cases are At the same time, the condition of the channels and collectors of the city cannot be recognized as satisfactory, this problem remains one of the most acute geoecological problems of Tashkent. The groundwater is characterized by the pollution of industrial facilities. The unsatisfactory condition of the treatment facilities and underground
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communications, low level of technological operation and insufficient environmental control are the main causes of the poor state of groundwater.
In terms of bacteriological indicators, 36.1% do not correspond to the normative indicators. We believe that the main source of pollution is solid household waste. Engineering and geological conditions of the city of Tashkent. Geoecological state the city has changed significantly due to the change in the relief of the city. Because of these studies, it was found that change in relief and engineering and economic impact on urban territory, leads to the formation of negative processes, such as suffusion, landslides, and rise in the level of groundwater. It was found that most intensively under the influence of technogenic load the upper part of the lithosphere changes, so the main attention is paid to the study changes in relief, engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions to pay special attention to the core - the impact zone of ground and underground structures. As a result, it was revealed that the relief within the city varies unevenly. Within the city of Tashkent distinguishes four zones characterized by different geological structure, located in different conditions of engineering economic impact, different capacities of technogenic deposits in valleys of the erosion network and watercourses, various morphometric characteristics, direction and intensity of relief changes. The zone of intensive relief changes is located in the southwestern part of the city. And is confined to areas of new development of industrial enterprises and residential arrays. Negative landforms, ravines, covered with ravines. Should note that the thickness of technogenic deposits, represented by household and industrial waste in the valleys of these ravines is tens of meters. In the northern, northeastern and western areas of new and residential development is zone of strongly changed relief. Small landforms and erosional relief incisions covered with fabricated deposits. Areas of old buildings, which are located in the central parts of the city, because of backfilling of erosional cuts in the valleys of ancient watercourses, reduced dissection of the relief.
The southeastern and eastern part of the city, the surface of the floodplain and the second above the floodplain terrace of Chirchik, which is composed mainly of pebbles, overlapped from the surface by loams with a thickness of 0.5 to 5.0 is considered as zone of practically unchanged relief. Insignificant dissection and a small number of watercourses and shallow erosional incisions characterize the territory. Changing the form of relief in the city of Tashkent, associated with the high rates of housing and industrial construction, redevelopment of the city, the reduction and destruction of the existing hydrographic and erosion network, an increase in the capacity of this city. There is a violation of the water balance and the groundwater balance, the level of groundwater and the formation of the flooding process occurs. From the above, it should be studied by the geoecological state of the city of Tashkent showed that there is no uniform methodology for comprehensive research. Currently, there is no unified methodology for organizing research activities. Analysis and evaluation of the environmental situation in the city is a challenging task and its successful solution depends on the proper choice of the technique.
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References: 1. National Report on the State of the Environment and Use of Natural Resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan / under the general ed. N. M. Umarov; 2. Lana Tshai. Economic Review No. 5 (233) 2019 3. Geoecology and seismicecology of the cities of Uzbekistan.-T: "", 2014 4. Khudolai V.V. Environmental aspects of waste disposal // Reports of the seminar "Environmental aspects of recycling of a large city waste". - St. Petersburg., 2001.P. 32-41.
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UDC 66,667/543.57 Islamova S.T., doctor of philosophy (PhD) technical sciences assistant of the deportment of medical chemistry Andijan state medical institute
FEATURES OF IDENTIFICATION OF PAINT MATERIALS BY THERMAL ANALYSIS
Anntation: This article reveals the feature of identification of paints materials by thermal analysis. The thermal behavior of samples depends on the chemical composition and the amount of added components. Methods of thermo gravimetric analysis were developed in the control mode of metrological characteristics using standard samples of paint materials. Offered for implementation developed methods for the identification and quantification of paint materials by thermal analysis methods provide for the establishment of an optimal solvent system for differential thermal derivatographic control.
Keywords: paints materials, identification, thermal analysis, differentialthermal derivatographic control
Thermal analysis methods - methods for studying physicochemical and chemical processes based on the registration of thermal effects, accompanied by temperature programming. Installation for thermal analysis methods usually includes a furnace, sample holders, thermocouples measuring the temperature in the furnace and samples [1].
When heating or cooling the sample, changes in the temperature of the object with time are recorded. In cases of phase transformations, a platform or kink appears on the heating (cooling) curve. Samples were preliminarily crushed in an agate mortar to a powder state in order to uniformly fill the crucible of the derivatograph and uniform temperature gradient during heating of the sample in the derivatograph. Then the sample was dried in an oven to remove residual moisture and solvent [2].
Thermal analysis was performed on a Paulik-Paulik-Erdey system derivatograph with a heating rate of 100 ° C / min and 0.1 g sample at a sensitivity of the T-900, TG-200, DTA-1/10, DTG-1/10 galvanometer in an air atmosphere. Weighed samples were in the range of 10-40 mg. The sample was heated in an atmosphere of air in ceramic crucibles in the temperature range from 250C to 7000C. Recording was carried out under atmospheric conditions with a constant removal of the gaseous medium using a water-jet pump.
The holder was a platinum crucible with a diameter of 7 mm without a lid. Alumina was used as an inert carrier. The analysis was carried out according to the DTG, DTA and TG curves, which were obtained by registration on a personal computer having an analog-to-digital converter. From the obtained thermograms, the thermo-oxidative stability and kinetic characteristics of the thermo-oxidative destruction of the samples were determined: the destruction rate, the destruction rate constant, and the activation energy. The results of thermogravimetric analysis of
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paints are shown in the figures. On the heating curve of the Royal mel sample (Fig. 1.), two endothermic effects were detected, at 120, 185 ° C, which corresponds to aldehydes and alcohols. The exothermic effects at 240, 303, 430,450, 485, 518, 570 and 705 ° C correspond to the thermal effects of polyacrylamide, o-xylene, cyclopentane, octane, undecane, cyclohexane, cyclodecane, pentadecane.
Figure 1. The result of differential thermal analysis of Royal mel.
Conclusions: The thermal behavior of the samples depends on the chemical composition and the amount of added components. Classification and coding of goods are important components of customs. The correct determination of the code of goods according to the HS is one of the urgent tasks.
References: 1. Islamova ST, Khamrakulov G., Bakhtiyorova L., Khamrakulov M. Identification and classification of goods 32 groups of the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan // «Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences». -7-8. Vienna. -2015. - P. 46-52. 2. Islomova S.T., G. Xamrakulov, U. Kodirov. Increasing the effectiveness of customs control on the basis of improving mechanizm klassifikation paint materials. // Problems and prospects of classification and certification of goods on the basis of chemical composition Proceedings of the VI International Scientific-Practical Conference. - Andijan. - 2015. - p. 61-64.
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Ismailov T.Kh. master's degree Music education and art Nizami Tashkent State Pedagogical University
CHARACTERISTICS OF KHOREZM DOSTON ART
Annotation: This article comprehensively analyzes revealed and tradition of folk art (epos) Khorezm and views of scientists and thinkers of Central Asia for the development of musical art Key words: Dastan, bakhshi, performance, tradition, spirituality, music.
Key words: Khorezm music, epic, folklore, tradition, baxshi, musician, art, international festival
Uzbek epic poetry is a very ancient and important symbol of spiritual heritage. Folk art, art has a special place in the spiritual development of man. The development of all arts is based on folklore. From the beginning of mankind to the present day, folklore has been used in folk art, such as literature and singing. The most beautiful of these patterns is the art of giving. Art not only enriches a person's worldview and thinking, but also introduces him to the world of virtues, goodness, and beauty. It is impossible to imagine human life without music. After all, art is one of the most important aspects of human spiritual activity, a great and powerful force that encourages creativity. Today, in order to widely promote the art of baxshi and epic poetry in our country and abroad, teachers, epic poets, scholars of the field, talented young bakhshis, material and spiritual support, the Cabinet of Ministers of April 26, 2018 304- The "Yo'l xaritasi" for 2018-2022 for the further development and improvement of the art of baxshi and epic poetry was approved by Resolution No.
It is planned to monitor the full and quality implementation of the measures envisaged in the "Yo'l xaritasi", to coordinate the activities of the responsible ministries and departments, local authorities on a systematic basis. Preservation and development of unique examples of Uzbek baxshi and epic poetry, its widespread promotion, strengthening the sense of respect and attention to this type of art in the hearts of the younger generation, the development of friendship between different peoples. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev on November 1, 2018 to hold the International Festival of the Art of Bakhshichilik in order to strengthen ties of friendship and brotherhood, creative cooperation, further expand the scope of cultural and spiritual relations at the international level It was noted that the need to organize creative meetings of scientists and practitioners in the field between the events of the festival. In this regard, an international scientific conference on "The role of the art of baxshi in world civilization" was organized. The main purpose of this scientific conference is to further develop the art of baxshi and epics, scientific study of epics of Uzbek and
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other peoples, scientific cooperation in this area, cooperation in the field of culture and art, as well as in the field of enlightenment at the international level. expansion. The epics embody the rich and ancient traditions of our people's artistic thinking. Bakhshi is an artist and folk narrator who sings and recites songs and epics by heart. Bakhshi must know the life and culture of the people, the history of the country in which he lives, and the art of memorization. He should be able to make effective use of various forms of living vernacular, word games and idioms, proverbs and sayings. Being able to find a melody that captivates the audience, making the epic attractive and interesting is one of the main requirements of narration. That, in turn, requires natural talent, a strong intellect, and the ability to exercise regularly with perseverance and endurance. Bakhshis love to sing epics of various meanings, which glorify devotion to the motherland, love, friendship, brotherhood, courage and bravery, heroism. Khorezm epic poetry has its own peculiarities in terms of repertoire. In almost all parts of Uzbekistan, solo performances dominate the delivery of epics, while in Khorezm, mostly collective performances. Khorezmian epic poetry is distinguished by its ancient roots, unique style and dialect, bright and attractive melodies. In ancient Khorezm, storytellers were considered to be lovers, bakhshi, goyans, and women as khalfas. The word bakhshi should be close to the Persian word bakhshi. Translated into Uzbek, the word "bakhshi" means "to forgive", "to forgive". In fact, the bakhshis have been performing epics dedicated to an event as if they were their own experience. Khorezm epics differs from other styles by its musicality, wide development of lyrics, as well as by many Turkic peoples, Khorezmian epics are characterized by smooth rhythms, preludes, curtain and sound changes. One of the rarest aspects is the unique style and dialect, the rich complexity and at the same time the common literary and musical reality. The melodies and songs of the epics "Gorogly", "Avazkhan", "Baziryon" on the way to Khorezm are not inferior to maqoms or songs in terms of their potential. Khorezm epic poetry consists of 2 main schools "Shirvoniy" and "Eroniy". The common denominator of both styles is that most of the bakhshis are literate and do not invent a poem when it is the turn of the song after telling a part of the story, but rather a stable musical text of the epic. memorized and used instead. Sometimes his manuscript is carried with him and can be used during the performance. Shirvan poets often know how to pronounce epics, but often keep them a secret. The Iranian style, on the other hand, sometimes mentions the name of the poem in the story, where the text of the poem comes from. Shirvan-style bakhshis recite epics accompanied by dutar, buloman or gijjak, and doira accompanied by doira, while Iranian-style bakhshis perform the epic mainly with dutar. It also differs from Shirvani by its dramatic melancholy feature, simple musical weight, weighty performance, and various jumping movements. One of the main features of the Iranian-style epic tradition is that the bakhshi mainly recites epics with a dutar. He is often accompanied by a bully or a bully. In some cases, the bakhshi sings solo in front of a crowd without musicians. The Khorezm school of epic poetry has its own traditions and differs from other local epic schools. Khorezmian epics are distinguished by their performance in the "open voice", the introduction of the
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instrument, the change of the curtain and the sound. Ahmad Bakhshi, Kurbannazar Abdullayev (Bola Bakhshi), Ruzimbek Murodov, Qodir Bakhshi Jumaniyazov, Otaxon Bakhshi Matyokubov, Jumaboy Khudaiberganov, Kalandar Bakhshi Normetov, Norbek Bakhshi Abdullaev have made a great contribution to the development of Khorezm epics. Kurbannazar Abdullaev (Bola Bakhshi) is one of the founders of a unique school of baxshi in Khorezm. Kurbannazar Abdullayev memorized about 40 epics: "Avazkhan", "Oshiq Garib va Shohsanam", "Gorogli", "Bozirgon", "Hirmon dali", "Oshiq Mahmud". Kurbannazar Abdullayev (Bola Bakhshi) was awarded the title of "People's Epic of Uzbekistan" in 1938. He was the first in Uzbekistan to receive this title. In short, although technology has penetrated people's lives over time, it still relies on national spirituality. Our folk art is past, present and future. Wise, great and eternal heritage of our people, this Uzbek name is glorified everywhere and always. Because at the heart of the original folklore is the idea of human perfection. It reflects the eternal history of the people. Preservation and development of unique examples of this unique art, its widespread promotion, strengthening the sense of respect and attention to this type of art in the hearts of the younger generation and further strengthening international cultural ties between the peoples of the world serves for. It is necessary to thoroughly study the history of the art of bakhshi and epic poetry, the work of bakhshis and epic poets, to conduct fundamental research in this area, to restore forgotten epics, and to pass them on to future generations. One of the main tasks in the development of epic schools is to record the performances of bakhshis on audio and video tapes, to turn their works into books, to record Khorezmian epics, to make films from these epics as much as possible. After all, epics, which embody a variety of arts, such as literature, poetry, music and spectacle, are not only a means of education, but also a unique gem of our cultural heritage.
References: 1. Matyoqubov B. "razm doston ijrochiliginig zarxat sahifalari". razm. Urganch nashriyoti. 1999. 2. Jabborov I. "Yuksak madaniyat va noyob ma'naviyat maskani". shkent. O`zbekiston nashriyoti.- 2012. 3. Matyoqubov B. "Doston navolari". Toshkent. "BUILDING PRINT" nashriyoti. 2009. 4. Sarimsoqov B. "O`zbek xalq og`zaki poetik ijodi". Toshkent. O`qituvchi nashriyoti. - 1990. 4. Sarimsoqov B. "O`zbek xalq og`zaki poetik ijodi". Toshkent. O`qituvchi nashriyoti. - 1990.
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Ismoyilov M.I. XTB tasarrufi tarix fani o'qituvchisi
Jizzax viloyati Sharof Rashidov tumani
TURK SIVILIZATSIYASI: XUNNLAR IMPERIYASINING DUNYO DAVLATCHILIK TARAQQIYOTIGA TA`SIRI
Annotatsiya: Hasan Ato Abushiyning (XIX-XX asr boshi) yozishicha, "Xunlar miloddan avvalgi davrlarda Oltoy tog'laridan boshlab Tibet, Chin xududlarining shimoliy g'arb sahrolarigacha hamda Torim nahri va Lubnur(Lubnor) ko'llarigacha, hozirgi Mo'g'uliston sahrolaridan Turkistonu, Qirg'iziston sahrolariyu, O'rol tog'lariga qadar keng yaylovlarga tarqalishgan. Xunlar haqida Xitoy manbalarida qarib 3 ming yil avvalgi davrlardan ma'lumotlar uchraydi. Xitoyliklar ularni "Xyun-yu, Xyun-nu" keyinchalik "Xun" ba'zan "Xen"deb ataganlar. Xunlar Buxoro va Qirg'iz sahrolarini birga qo'shib, avval bir yirik va quvvatli hukmronlik tashkil etganlar. Lekin zamonlar o'tishi bilan ular 3 toifaga bo'linib, "janub xunlari yoki oq xunlar", "g'arb xunlar", "shimol xunlar"deb yuritildilar va ular tub joy qabilalar bilan aralashib boshqa nomlar bilan ham atalganlar.
Kalit so`zlar: Xunn, xionnu, Mo`g`uliston, imperiya, ittifoq, bosqin, qabila.
Ismayilov M.I. XTB subordinate teacher of historical science
Jizzakh region Sharaf Rashidov district
TURKISH CIVILIZATION: THE IMPACT OF THE CUNNILINGUS EMPIRE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD STATEHOOD
Abstract: Hasan Ata Abushi (early 19th - early 20th centuries) Writes: "The Huns in the period from Gorny Altai to the northwestern deserts of Tibet, China and the rivers Torim and Lubnur (Lubnor), modern Mog. from the deserts of Ulistan to the deserts of Turkestan, Kyrgyzstan and the Ural Mountains. Chinese sources date the Huns around 3000 years ago. The Chinese called them "Hyun-yu, Hyun-nu" and then "Hun" and sometimes "Hyun". The Huns united the Bukhara and Kirghiz deserts to form a large and powerful empire. But over time they were divided into three categories called "Southern Huns or White Huns", "Western Huns" and "Northern Huns", and they were mixed with local tribes and received other names.
Keywords: huns, xionnu, Mongolia, empire, union, invasion, tribe.
Miloddan avvalgi birinchi ming yillikda. Mo'g'uliston janubidan Kaspiygacha Markaziy Osiyoning keng hududlarida ko'plab qabilalar yashagan. Ulardan biri xunnlardir. Xitoy manbalariga ko'ra, "xionnu", "xunn" so'zi zamonaviy
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Mo'g'ulistonda joylashgan Orxon daryosi nomidan kelib chiqqan. Miloddan avvalgi
III asrda. bu erda yashovchi ko'chmanchi qabilalarni Mod birlashtirgan. Xitoyliklar
Xunnlar
hukmdori
-
Shanyu
deb
atashgan.
Xunnlar Yenisey bo'yida va Oltoy tog'larida yashagan qo'shni qabilalarni
bo'ysundirdilar. Ular Xitoyni har yili ipak matolari, paxta, guruch va bezaklarni
jo'natish shaklida o'lpon to'lashga majbur qilishdi.Xunnniklar ittifoqiga turli
qabilalar kirgan. Davlat harbiy printsip asosida qurilgan: u chap, markaziy va o'ng
qanotlarga bo'lingan. Shtatdagi ikkinchi shaxslar "tumenbasi" - temniklar edi. Ular
odatda hukmdorning o'g'illari yoki uning yaqin qarindoshlari edilar. Ular 24 klanni
boshqargan va barcha 24 temnik Shanyuga shaxsan bo'ysungan. Har bir temnikda
10000 qurollangan otliq bor edi.Imperiyaning hukmron qatlami qabila
zodagonlaridan iborat edi. Yiliga uch marta barcha rahbarlar, harbiy rahbarlar
Chanyuga yig'ilib, davlat ishlarini muhokama qilardilar.
Xunnlarning G'arbga harakati boshqa barcha qabilalar va xalqlarni harakatga
keltirdi. Tarixda misli ko'rilmagan bu ko'p tilli qabilalar va xalqlarning harakati
"Xalqlarning buyuk ko'chishi" deb nomlandi.Sekin-asta, ammo ishonch bilan
xalqlar Sharqdan G'arbga qarab, yangi yerlarni o'zlashtirdilar. 375 yilda Balamber
boshchiligidagi xunnlar Volgadan o'tib ketishdi. Bir necha yil davomida Qora
dengiz mintaqasining butun hududi xunnlar tomonidan bosib olingan. Mahalliy
aholining bir qismi - gotika qabilalari - xunnlarning tarkibiga kirdilar.
395 yildaxunnlar Sharqiy Rim imperiyasining poytaxti Konstantinopolga
yaqinlashib, Kavkaz va Mesopotamiyada yurishlar qildilar. Sharqiy Rim imperatori
xunnlarga oltindan o'lpon to'lashni va'da qildi. 437 yilda xunnlar Yevropaga chuqur
sayohat qildilar. Zamonaviy Fransiya hududida ular Burgundiya qirolligini mag'lub
etdilar.
445 yildaAtilla hokimiyat tepasiga keldi.Atilla - Xunnlarning 434 yildan 453
yilgacha bo'lgan rahbari, Rim imperiyasiga istilo qilgan barbar qabilalarining buyuk
hukmdorlaridan biri. G'arbiy Yevropada ular uni "Xudoning balosi" dan boshqa
narsa deb atashmagan. Atilla o'zining birinchi istilo kampaniyasini ukasi Bleda
bilan birgalikda amalga oshirdi.
Ko'pgina taniqli tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, amakilari Rugila vafotidan
keyin aka-ukalarga meros bo'lib qolgan Xunnik imperiyasi, g'arbda Alp tog'lari va
Boltiq dengizidan sharqda Kaspiy (Xunn) dengizigacha cho'zilgan. Margus (hozirgi
Pozarevak) shahrida Sharqiy Rim imperiyasi hukmdori bilan tinchlik shartnomasi
imzolanishi munosabati bilan ushbu hukmdorlar birinchi marta tarixiy yilnomalarda
tilga olinadi. Ushbu kelishuvga binoan, rimliklar xunnlarga o'lpon to'lashni ikki
baravar oshirishi kerak edi, uning miqdori bundan buyon yiliga etti yuz funt
sterlingga teng bo'lishi kerak edi.
Xunnlarning tarixi to'satdan boshlandi va tugadi, qisqa vaqt ichida deyarli
butun Yevropani zabt etgan butun bir imperiya shakllandi va xuddi shu qadar tez
yo'q bo'lib ketdi. Biroq, bu kichik bo'shliq ham xunnlar uchun o'z madaniyatini,
dinini va turmush tarzini yaratishi uchun yetarli edi.
Xunn qabilalari o'sha davr uchun murakkab ijtimoiy tashkilotga ega edilar.
Mamlakatning boshlig'i cheksiz kuchga ega bo'lgan "osmon o'g'li" deb nomlangan
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Shany edi.Xunnlar urug '(urug') ga bo'linib, ularning soni 24 tani tashkil qilgan. Ularning har biriga "avlod hukmdorlari" rahbarlik qilgan. Fath urushlarining boshida yangi yerlarni o'zlari o'rtasida bo'linadigan menejerlar edi, keyinchalik Shanya bu bilan shug'ullana boshladi va menejerlar har biri uchun 10 ming kishidan iborat otliqlar ustidan oddiy boshliqlarga aylanishdi.
O'zini hurmat qiladigan har bir davlat singari Xun imperiyasi ham o'z diniga ega edi. Ularning asosiy xudosi Tengri - Osmon xudosi edi. Ko'chmanchilar animistlar edilar, Osmon ruhlarini va tabiat kuchlarini ardoqladilar. Himoya tuynuklari oltin va kumushdan yasalgan; plastinkalarda hayvonlarning, asosan ajdarlarning tasvirlari o'yib yozilgan.
Xunnlar odamlarga qurbonlik qilmagan, ammo kumushdan yasalgan butlari bo'lgan. Diniy e'tiqodlarga ruhoniylar, sehrgarlar va tibbiyot xodimlari jalb qilingan. Xunnlarning hukmron elitasida ko'pincha shamanlar bilan uchrashish mumkin edi. Ularning vazifasi yilning qulay oylarini aniqlash edi.
Samoviy jismlar, elementlar va yo'llarni ilohiylashtirish ham ularning diniga xos bo'lgan. Otlar qon qurbonligi sifatida taqdim etilgan. Barcha diniy marosimlar har qanday hodisaning majburiy atributi bo'lgan harbiy duellar bilan birga bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, kimdir vafot etganida, xunnlar qayg'u belgisi sifatida o'zlariga jarohat etkazishga majbur edilar.
Xunnlarning bosqini tarixiy voqealar rivojiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. G'arbiy Yevropa qabilalariga kutilmagan bosqinlar ko'chmanchilar pozitsiyasida o'zgarishlarni keltirib chiqaradigan asosiy katalizator edi. Ostrogotlarning yo'q qilinishi Yevropa sklavenlarini nemislashtirish imkoniyatining oldini oldi. Alanlar g'arbga chekinishdi va Sharqiy Yevropaning Eron qabilalari zaiflashdi. Bularning barchasi faqat bitta narsani guvohlik beradi - faqat turklar va sklavenlar tarixiy voqealarning keyingi rivojlanishiga ta'sir ko'rsatdilar.
Hatto aytish mumkinki, Xunnlarning yetakchisi Yevropaga bostirib kirib, Sharqiy proto-slavyanlarni gotlar, eronliklar, alanlar va ularning madaniyat rivojiga ta'siridan ozod qildi. Sklaven qo'shinlari xunnlar tomonidan harbiy yurishlarning yordamchi zaxirasi sifatida foydalanilgan.
Atilla davrida xunnlar hududi aqlga sig'maydigan joylarni egallab olgan. Volgadan Reyngacha cho'zilgan Xunnniklar zabt etuvchilar imperiyasi maksimal darajada kengayib boradi. Ammo Atilla vafot etganda buyuk kuch parchalanadi.
O'rta asrlarning tarixiy voqealarini tavsiflovchi ko'plab manbalarda Yevroosiyoning turli qismlarida uchraydigan turli xil ko'chmanchi qabilalar xunnlar deb nomlangan. Biroq, hech kimYevropalik xunnlar bilan munosabatlarini isbotlay olmadi. Ba'zi nashrlarda bu so'z "ko'chmanchi qabilalar" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi atama sifatida talqin etiladi.
Buyuk imperiya inqirozidan so'ng bu ittifoq tarkibidagi ba'zi qabilalar o'z nomlari bilan yangi siyosiy uyushmalar-hokimlik tipidagi davlatlarini tuzganlar. Oq Xun yoki Eftalitlar va Tavg'ach, Davan, Qang' (qang'ar) kabi davlatlar shular jumlasidandir. Bu davlatlarning nomlari asosan birlashmaga asos solgan qabilalar nomi bilan atalgan. Ular dastlab bir necha yirik urug'lar va kichik qabilalar birlashuvidan hokimlik ko`rinishidagi mustaqil siyosiy uyushmalar tarzida yuzaga
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kelib, keyinchalik davlat tipidagi yirik qabilalar birlashmalarga aylanganlar va ancha keng hududlarni o'z ta'sirlariga qaratganlar. Bu holat Xunlarning migrasiyasi tufayli ham ancha oldingi davrlardan boshlangan. Umuman, xunlar ilk turkiyzabon qabilalardan biri bo'lib, Markaziy Osiyo va boshqa mintaqalardagi ba'zi xalqlarining, jumladan, o'zbeklarning ham eng qadimgi ildizi-ajdodlari sanaladi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. Tarix fanlari doktori Kradin N. N. Hunnu imperiyasi: jamiyat va hokimiyat tuzilishi. VAK 07.00.03 kuni dissertatsiya mavzusi va mualliflik avtoreferati // Dissertatsiya va tezislarning ilmiy kutubxonasi 2. Gumilyov L. N. "Xionnu xalqi tarixi" - "Kitob sotuvchisi tokchasi" kutubxonasi. Moskva: Ilm va sarguzasht, 2000 yil - 150-eslatma 3. Gumilyov L.N. "Xionnu xalqi tarixi" - "Ikkinchi qo'l kitob sotuvchisi javoni" kutubxonasi. M.: Ilm va sarguzasht, 2000. - B.1-27. 4. Bichurin N. Ya. Xitoy imperiyasining statistik tavsifi (1827-1834). - Ed. 2-chi. M.: Vostochny Dom, 2002. - S. 267. 5. Bichurin N. Ya. Ma'lumotlar to'plami. M.: Vostochnyy dom, 2002. - P. 172.
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UDC 378.1 Isroilova N.Kh.
teacher of the department of German language and literature faculty of foreign languages Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan Mamatova N.K.
teacher of the department of German language and literature faculty of foreign languages Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan Mamatov R.R.
assistant of the department of Uzbek language, pedagogy and physical culture, Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technology Uzbekistan, Andijan
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING GERMAN AS A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Abstract: The second foreign language in the universities is a new phenomenon. It can be argued that the introduction of a second foreign language into the curriculum of a general education school has become a real step towards multicultural education, towards the formation of a multilingual personality. German is typically the second foreign language. As practice shows, three out of four who study German as a second foreign language have studied English as a first foreign language and can use the experience, knowledge, abilities and skills that can be transferred into the second foreign language and greatly facilitate its learning.
Key words: German language, second foreign language, intercultural communication, learning process.
When teaching German as a second language, it is necessary to rely on the general principles that apply when teaching any foreign language. Despite the fact that these principles have much in common, they still have some modification in relation to the second foreign language, taking into account the specificity of the learning conditions, for example, the presence of three languages in contact in the learning process, extensive experience in learning a foreign language, etc.
The most essential principles are as follows: 1. As in teaching any foreign language, communicative goals predetermine the general methodological approach to teaching. But since the students already have experience in learning English, mastering German is carried out by them more consciously, they can compare both certain linguistic phenomena of German, and the organization of the learning process. Students who study English and German have more developed reflection. That is why the general methodological principle
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in teaching German can be defined as communicative-cognitive, where the cognitive aspect is subordinated to the communicative, and it manifests itself where it is necessary to find any analogies that facilitate assimilation, or, conversely, to identify differences in order to avoid interference.
2. The entire educational process should be focused on the student's personality, on his development, independence, on taking into account his capabilities, needs, interests.
When teaching German, there are even more prerequisites for this than when teaching English, thanks to the experience of learning a foreign language, a later start of learning and a more conscious approach to learning the language ... For some students, it is necessary to create conditions for faster progress, while others should be given the opportunity for repetition and training.
The problem of an individual's activity in learning is one of the most urgent in educational practice. The negative attitude of students to a foreign language, these include:
Lack of systematic and in-depth clarifications about the importance of learning foreign languages;
Incorrect teaching, not stimulating logical and meaningful memorization of language material, but orienting students only to intuitive understanding. Students accustomed to a system of work based on the principle of conscious learning cannot come to terms with a method of working on a language that contradicts their usual focus in working on other subjects. As a result, they become convinced that a foreign language is some kind of special subject that requires primitive, uninteresting forms of work;
Inability of the teacher to organize work depending on the different levels of education. The methodology of teaching a foreign language should be rebuilt at different stages of work, of course, in accordance with the age characteristics and the increased volume of students' knowledge;
Lack of tangible practical results of work on the language among students. Students, after several years of studying a foreign language, not seeing the practical results of this study, are disappointed and come to the conclusion that their work on the language is useless, which, of course, does not contribute to an increase in interest in the subject being studied;
Lack of timely individual assistance in the event of a backlog of students. In addition, the lack of correspondence between the construction of lessons and the mental needs of students also leads to a loss of interest among learners in the subject being studied. It is also important to note that the specificity of teaching a foreign language is fundamentally different from the specificity of teaching other school subjects. The impossibility of a foreign language to implement the entire set of functions performed by the native language. After all, acting in the unity of the functions of communication and generalization, at first it is the main means of the learner's "appropriation" of social experience, and only then is the means of
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expression, formation and formulation of his own thought. A foreign language under the conditions of higher education can no longer serve as an instrument of cognition of the surrounding world as a native one.
If a student masters all other subjects by means of the native language as a tool, tool, means, then when mastering a foreign language there arises the problem of gradual, externally controlled assimilation of the language itself, its means and methods of functioning, so that in the future with their help move on to solving complex cognitive problems. The challenge is to pinpoint the transition from what is currently the goal to tomorrow that will be the means to another, more complex goal. To remove this difficulty, that is, to identify whether a foreign language at a certain moment is the goal or means of teaching, methodologists divide the process of teaching the language into several stages.
The educational process as a model of real intercultural communication, she identifies such four stages of mastering foreign language communication as the stage of the formation of speech skills, their improvement, the development of speech skills and communication training. Thus, all of the above allows you to understand the peculiarities of a foreign language as an academic subject in order to take them into account when including active teaching methods in a foreign language educational process. It is necessary to highlight the criteria, guided by which it is possible to determine the place of each of the methods in foreign language lessons, as well as to identify the means that ensure the applicability and effectiveness of active teaching methods.
A German lesson is a logically finished part of the work of teaching a language, the main goal of which is to achieve certain goals of a practical, general educational and educational nature. To achieve a positive result in the implementation of these goals, it is necessary to do pre-planned exercises and tasks, based on the means and teaching methods laid out by the teacher. The essence of the lesson depends on the speech orientation.
Successful assimilation of language skills and information in a German lesson is directly dependent on the organization of this lesson.
A German lesson can only be complex, that is, it should contain a variety of types of work and study different aspects of the language. During the lesson, students should demonstrate vigorous speech activity. Transfer of knowledge and skills from the native language to the target language. During the lesson, the training and consolidation of the passed material should prevail over the study of new.
A lesson system is a collection of lessons of different types, which are arranged in a hierarchical chain and have a common end goal. The system of lessons is characterized by the sequence of processing of some language material and often covers an entire paragraph of the textbook or a certain conversational topic.
In the system, lessons are of the following types: A lesson in mastering primary skills; A lesson in practicing speech skills; Oral speech lesson; Lesson of repetition of the studied material.
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In addition to these types, there are also survey and trial lessons. Lessons for practicing primary skills are intended for: submitting new material, repeating this material, solving exercises and tasks for recognizing language material. The number of such lessons depends on the degree of complexity of the new material and on the level of knowledge of the target language. During the lessons of practicing speech skills, the main attention is paid to reading, dialogues. The educational process is the most difficult moral relationship between a teacher and a student, in which the corresponding, defining feature is the upbringing of a sense of honor and dignity.
References: 1. Bim I.L. The concept of teaching a second foreign language (German based on English). Title, 2001. 2. Bogdanov M.V. Self-study book of the German language / M.V. Bogdanov. - M .: Liszt New, 2001. 3. Nuritdinova Y.A. The use of multimedia presentations when learning English. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 4. Qodirova G.T. The didactic concept of teaching based on computer technologies. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 5. Egamberdiyeva D.U. The essence of the method of video-English. Conference materials. 2016.
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Kadirov D. master's student Tashkent State University of Law
FUNCTION OF ACCUSATION IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: This article analyzes the essence of the accusation in the judicial and legal system, as well as the historical aspects of the origin of the accusation, the role and significance of the accusation in the criminal process of legal status, the norms and scientific views of the essence of the accusation based on foreign and national legislation.
Keywords: accusation, suspicion, defence, justice, function.
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mirziyoyev Sh.M. in his Address to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 29, 2020, noted that "Justice is a solid foundation of statehood" [1].
In fact, in recent years, the reform of the judicial sphere, as well as reliable protection of human rights and interests, has reached a new level.
If we turn to history, then in the 8th century our ancestors, who lived on the territory of modern Uzbekistan, converted to Islam, after which, like in other Muslim countries, the courts of "kadis" and "biys" began to operate in our country.
If the kadis made decisions based on Sharia (Muslim law) in criminal and civil cases, disputes related to inheritance, family and marriage issues, then the courts of biys resolved disputes based on local customs and traditions.
During this period, cases were considered without the participation of a defence attorney; there was no defence function in the trial. Moreover, the accusation was expressed in a private form, that is, one sued the other.
In our country, this system existed almost unchanged until the second half of the 19th century.
By 1864, according to the judicial reforms carried out in Russia, the legal profession was legislatively enshrined in the judicial charter, and the legal profession became a new legal institution in Russia. Since that time, in the Turkestan Territory, as in other countries of Russia, when considering criminal and civil cases in court, defence lawyers were given special powers. In general, from this period, the function of protection appeared in the criminal process.
The function of the accusation was due to the introduction of the concept of the institution of the prosecutor's office in the draft of the interim Regulation on the management of the Turkestan region from 1867 Analyzing the judicial and legal history, we note that in 1887, by order of the Minister of Justice of Russia, regional prosecutors were created at the courts of the Syrdarya, Margilan and Samarkand regions, who were administratively subordinate to the Minister of Justice of Russia.
After the formation of the Uzbek SSR, based on the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR of May 25, 1922, the first Criminal Procedure Code of the Uzbek
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SSR was adopted, which operated until 1959. On May 21, 1959, the new version of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Uzbek SSR was adopted, which operated until the first days of our independence.
On September 22, 1994, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Uzbekistan was adopted, and in connection with its introduction into force, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Uzbek SSR of 1959 lost its force.
Above, we touched upon the judicial and legal system of Turkestan and its historical roots. Now let's pay attention to the existence of the function of accusation, defence and justice in the criminal process of democratic rule-of-law states.
This situation is reflected in the principles of the criminal procedure legislation of our country "on the administration of justice only by the court and on the adversarial nature of the proceedings in court" [2].
According to paragraph 6 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 19, 2003, No. 17 "On the practice of the courts' application of laws that ensure the suspect, the accused the right to defence", the adversarial principle implies the separate implementation of the functions of prosecution and defence. At the same time, the court cannot act on the side of the prosecution or the side of the defence and should not express any of their interests. The court, while maintaining objectivity and impartiality, must carry out the function of resolving the case, that is, provide the parties with equal opportunities to defend their positions by exercising procedural rights.
As our scientists noted in their research, "the functions of the criminal process can be conditionally divided into three types, in particular:
1) based functions (prosecution, defense, justice - case resolution, control); 2) optional functions (compensation for damage, securing a civil claim, establishing the cause of the crime and the conditions that contributed to its commission); 3) additional functions (supporting functions: the function of the secretary of the court session on drawing up the minutes of the court session, etc.)[3]. This means that the main functions of the criminal process such as prosecution, defence and justice are inextricably linked with each other, they are very thinly separated from each other. At the same time, the accusation is an important function of the criminal procedure. Since, without the function of accusation, without accusing a person of committing a crime, neither defence nor justice is carried out. It is necessary to note the popular expression of ancient Roman law: "Nullum crimen sine poena, nulla poena sine lege, nullum crimen sine poena legli". That is: "There is no crime without punishment, there is no punishment without law, there is no crime without legal punishment." Researcher of the Russian Federation A. Kovaleva characterizes the accusation as "the starting point and driving force of the entire trial, since if no one accuses anyone, then there is no need for protection from accusation, as well as for the administration of justice" [4 ].
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If we turn to Western experience, then in the Federal Republic of Germany the central concept of criminal procedure is "suspicion" [5]. German textbooks mainly focus on the concept of "suspicion", study it in every possible way and widely disclose it.
In German criminal law, the initiation of a preliminary investigation is linked to "suspicion". In particular: "When the prosecutor's office receives information about the commission of a criminal act based on a statement of the commission of the act or otherwise, it must examine the factual circumstances to decide whether a public charge should be brought" [6].
Russian researcher Y. Ploshkina believes that: "Suspicion plays a key role in the criminal process in Germany, serving as the basis for the initiation of a preliminary investigation, for the application of measures of criminal procedural coercion, as well as for the appearance in the process of various participants in criminal proceedings. Not only the German criminal procedural doctrine, but also judicial practice, and the legislator in criminal proceedings are guided by the doctrine of suspicion "[7].
It should be noted that although according to German law, "suspicion" appears as a central concept in criminal proceedings, in Germany there is no such participant in the process as "suspect". As a result of suspicion in the German criminal process, such participants as "the accused" and "the witness under suspicion" arise.
The notion of "charge" is also touched upon in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of December 19, 1966, in particular: "Every arrested person shall be informed upon the arrest of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges brought against him." Also, the International Covenant uses the term "accused" as a concept of a participant in a criminal process [8].
Our legislation contains such concepts as "suspicion", "charge", "suspect" and "accused", each of which is defined separately. The rights of the suspect and the accused are specified in separate norms of the criminal procedure law (Articles 46, 48 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan).
Summing up, within the framework of covering the topic, we can conclude that the prosecution serves to improve criminal procedural law and regular reform of human rights and guarantees, such functions as prosecution, defence and justice are interconnected, the functioning of which independently testifies to the existence of the rule of law in society [9].
Improving one function will not only negatively affect the activities of justice, but will also lead to the loss of citizens' confidence injustice and the state. The practicality of procedural equality in court always ensures a fair trial.
Therefore, in our opinion, ensuring the independence of each participant in the criminal process, performing the function of prosecution, defence and justice, separating them from each other, especially proceeding from the principle of adversarial, the creation of equal rights and opportunities for the implementation of the functions of prosecution and defence guarantees justice.
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References: 1.https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/4057. Message from the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mirziyev to Sh. Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 29, 2020. 2. The Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Bulletin of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1995, No. 2). Articles 12, 25. 3. Zhinoyat-process uui. Umumiy ism. Darslik // Mualliflar Zhamoasi. / G. Tulaganova, S. Rakhmonova - Toshkent: TDYUU nashriyoti, 2016, p. 19. 4. Kovaleva A.V. The value of the institution of the prosecutor's refusal to prosecute for establishing objective truth in criminal proceedings // Theory and practice of social development, 2016, No. 10, p. 109. 5. Volk, Klaus. Grundkurs StPO. 7. Auflage. C.H. Beck, München 2010. p.31. 6. Golovenkov P., Spitsa N. Criminal Procedure Code of the Federal Republic of Germany - Strafprozessordnung (StPO). Scientific and practical commentary and translation of the text. Scientific works in the field of German and Russian criminal law, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2012, § 160 I, p. 236. 7. Ploshkina Ya.M. Suspicion in German criminal proceedings. DOI: 10.12737 / art.2019.2.12, Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law No. 2, 2019, M, P.97. 8. International Covenant "On Civil and Political Rights". New York, December 16, 1966 (the Republic of Uzbekistan joined this International Covenant in accordance with the resolution of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 31, 1995 No. 127-I, entered into force for the Republic of Uzbekistan since December 28, 1995). Articles 9, 10, 14. 9. Urlov Sarbon REQUIRED PERSPECTIVES FOR INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND OVERCOMING CRIME // Review of law sciences. 2020. No. 4
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Kasimova D.A. Andijan machine -building institute
Xamdamov B Andijan machine -building institute
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE OF COTTON COTTON AND REDUCTION OF ERRORS
Abstract: This article discusses the processes for determining the moisture content of cotton seeds, measurement errors and ways to reduce them.
Keywords: measuring devices USX-I, VXS-I and VXS-MI, measurement errors inconsistency, error detection methods
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378
Kazakov O. associate professor the department of management
faculty of economics Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
Ahmedov A. student
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
THE ROLE OF THE LEADER IN INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTERPRISE
Abstract: This article discusses the role of the leader in improving the efficiency of the enterprise.
Key words: organization, leadership, beans, efficiency, economic growth
Leadership is the ability to influence individuals and groups of people to motivate them to work towards goals. There are many means by which you can influence others and lead people with you.
According to the personal theory of leadership, the best leaders have a certain set of personal qualities that are common to all. Developing this thought, it can be argued that if these qualities could be identified, people could learn to cultivate them in themselves and thereby become effective leaders. Some of these studied traits are the level of intelligence and knowledge, impressive appearance, honesty, common sense, initiative, social and economic education and a high degree of self-confidence [Mokshantseva O.S. Social Psychology. Uch. pos. for universities - M .: Infra-M, 2001.].
However, personality studies continue to produce conflicting results. Leaders tend to be distinguished by intelligence, desire for knowledge, reliability, responsibility, activism, social participation, and socioeconomic status. But in different situations, effective leaders displayed different personal qualities. Scientists concluded that "a person does not become a leader only because he has a certain set of personal properties."
The behavioral approach has created a framework for classifying leadership styles or behaviors. It has become a significant contribution and a useful tool for understanding the complexities of leadership. This approach to the study of leadership has focused on the behavior of the leader. According to the behavioral approach, efficiency is determined not by the personal qualities of the leader, but rather by his demeanor towards subordinates.
Neither a personality or behavioral approach has been able to identify a logical relationship between a leader's personality or behavior, on the one hand, and efficiency, on the other. This does not mean that personal qualities and behavior are irrelevant to the leadership. On the contrary, they are essential ingredients for success. However, more recent research has shown that additional factors can play
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a decisive role in the effectiveness of leadership. These situational factors include the needs and personal qualities of subordinates, the nature of the task, the requirements and influences of the environment, and the information available to the manager.
An important contribution of the behavioral approach to leadership theory is that it helped to analyze and classify leadership styles. Leadership style in the context of management is the habitual manner in which a leader behaves towards subordinates in order to influence and motivate them to achieve the goals of the organization. The extent to which a manager delegates authority, the types of power he uses, and his concern primarily for human relationships or, above all, for the performance of a task all reflect the leadership style that characterizes a given leader.
Each organization is a unique combination of individuals, goals and objectives. Each manager is a unique personality with a number of abilities. Therefore, leadership styles do not always fit into a specific category. According to the traditional classification system, the style can be autocratic (this is one extreme) and liberal (the other extreme), or it will be a work-centered style and a personcentered style. An autocratic leader in management is authoritarian. The autocratic leader has enough power to impose his will on the performers, and, if necessary, does not hesitate to resort to it. The autocrat deliberately appeals to the needs of the lower level of his subordinates on the assumption that this is the level at which they operate.
Based on these initial assumptions, the autocrat usually centralizes authority as much as possible, structures the work of subordinates, and gives them little freedom to make decisions. The autocrat also tightly directs all work within his competence and, in order to ensure that the work is done, he can exert psychological pressure, as a rule, threaten.
When an autocrat avoids negative coercion and uses a reward instead, he is called a benevolent autocrat. Although he continues to be an authoritarian leader, the benevolent autocrat takes an active role in the mood and well-being of his subordinates. He may even agree to allow or encourage them to participate in scheduling assignments. But he retains the actual power to make and execute decisions. And as supportive as this leader may be, he extends his autocratic style further, structuring tasks and imposing strict adherence to a huge number of rules that rigidly regulate employee behavior.
The ideas of a democratic leader about workers differ from the ideas of an autocratic leader:
Labor is a natural process. If conditions are favorable, people will not only accept responsibility, they will strive for it.
If people are attached to organizational goals, they will use self-management and self-control.
Involvement is a function of goal achievement reward. The ability for creative problem solving is common, and the intellectual
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potential of the average person is only partially used. Due to these assumptions, the democratic leader prefers such mechanisms of
influence that appeal to the needs of a higher level: the need for belonging, high purpose, autonomy and self-expression. A real democratic leader avoids imposing his will on his subordinates.
Organizations dominated by a democratic style are characterized by a high degree of decentralization of powers. Subordinates take an active part in decisionmaking and enjoy wide freedom in performing tasks. Quite often, by explaining the goals of the organization, the leader allows subordinates to define their own goals in accordance with the ones that he has formulated. Instead of exercising strict control over subordinates in the course of their work, the grassroots leader usually waits until the work is completed to the end in order to assess it. The leader acts as a liaison, ensuring that the goals of the production group are aligned with those of the organization as a whole, and that the group gets the resources it needs.
Because a democratic leader assumes that people are motivated by higherlevel needs - for social interaction, success, and self-expression - he tries to make the responsibilities of subordinates more attractive. In a sense, he tries to create a situation in which people, to some extent, motivate themselves, because their work, by its nature, is itself a reward.
It also encourages subordinates to understand that they will have to solve most of the problems without seeking approval or help. But the leader puts a lot of effort into creating an atmosphere of openness and trust so that if subordinates need help, they could not hesitate to turn to the leader. To achieve this, the head organizes two-way communication and plays a guiding role.
One can understand why both the autocratic approach and the human relations approach have won many supporters. But now it is already clear that both those and other supporters sinned by exaggeration, drawing conclusions that are not fully supported by facts.
There are many well-documented situations where a supportive autocratic style has proven to be highly effective.
The democratic style has its strengths, successes and weaknesses. Certainly, many organizational problems could be solved if improved human relations and worker participation in decision-making always lead to greater satisfaction and higher productivity. Unfortunately, this does not happen.
Scientists have encountered situations where workers were involved in decision making, but, nevertheless, the degree of satisfaction was low, as well as situations where satisfaction was high and productivity low.
It is clear that the relationship between leadership style, satisfaction, and performance can only be determined through lengthy and extensive empirical research.
References: 1. Mokshantseva O.S. Social Psychology. Uch. pos. for universities - M .: Infra-M, 2001. 2. Bialiatskiy NP, Roysch P., Susha NV. Manager's technique. - Minsk: Book
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House, 1998. - 255 p. 3. Yokubovna, Y. H. (2019). Evaluation of the economic impact of local population in the development of regional economy: n example of Chadak village. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 2(3), 83-93. 4. , . . (2019). : . : , 17(8), 1593-1606. 5. HY Yoqubjonova. ECOTOURISM IN THE ECONOMY OF THE REGIONS. , (3) 2019. 57-61.
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Khakimova Sh.R. English and literature department teacher
Gulistan State University Juraeva I., PhD
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek Uzbekistan, Tashkent
PROBLEMS OF REFLECTION OF TRADITIONS IN LINGUISTIC COUNTRY-STUDY TEXTS
Annotation: This article provides information on the difficulties and linguistic problems in the clear expression of English customs and words in Uzbek in linguistic texts, and compares the semantic differences of words in the two languages.
Keywords: art of translation, transformation, free combinations, realia, semantic structure, grammatical connection, English grammar, Uzbek grammar, translation language.
The art of translation is one of the most delicate and elegant arts and requires a perfect, careful use of word space. The words should be chosen in such a way that the translation is understandable to everyone and that the meaning expressed in the original sentence is consistent with the meaning given in the translation. In order to create such consistency, the words being translated are not translated literally. If that were the case, there would be no easier task than translation.
Until the twentieth century, the word "translation" was used only to refer to the translation of historical, philosophical, literary, and artistic works. The terms "translator" are used in Turkic peoples, "dolmetechen" in German, and "interpret" in English and French. The same can be said of the theory of translation.
Nowadays, the practice of translation (regardless of the type of translation) is based on science. Of course, intuition has a place and weight in the creative process. Science allows translation to be complete and reliable.
Translation, or rather true translation, is the skill with which a work is being rewritten. When translating a book, the translator re-feels, understands, and conveys the author's feelings and thoughts to the people of the language being translated as a new work. When the level of a translator who translates a book rises to the level of the author, logically the translator who translates 100 books becomes a "treasure trove of knowledge." For this reason, our forefathers were practically encyclopedic scholars, even though they wrote more in certain fields and less in others, and they pushed the field at least a few steps forward in whatever field they wrote.
Translation is the creative assimilation of the artistic and scientific beauty of another language for its people, demonstrating the strength and power of the new language means turning into an art event. Working as a translator, mastering the language at a professional level, is an almost unexplored, unique and delicate
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enough issue. The translation skills are one of the most common types of creative skills in the world. Due to the misuse of a single word in a text or a scientific or artistic work, the meaning of the sentence changes completely. Why take months to translate a single work? Does it take so long? This is definitely one of the questions that is of interest to all of us. Indeed, as noted above, it is a very delicate matter. Of course, technology and science are advanced today, but sometimes they can be weak. In today's article we will talk about this issue of complexity.
This is how the originality, subtlety and secrets of the art of translation are revealed. One of the most complex and important factors in translation is the transformation of words.
In one language, except for the equivalent that corresponds to another language, the rest can express a different meaning. For example, in English, the word "close" is translated from Uzbek as "to close", "to hide", and also means "close", "not burning", "next to". The word "slip" translates to "sleep soundly," "get things done quickly," "go the wrong way," "a piece of paper," "a small mistake," and "avoid something." That is, they are polysemantic and can have many meanings, it should be noted that one word in English has a maximum of 23 meanings. The translator must use his / her skills to use the appropriate, appropriate word translation based on the context. In the process of translation, polysemous words are given one meaning in one language and other meanings in another.
Another most difficult problem facing translators is how to find lexical equivalents for objects and events which are not known in the receptor language. Usually, there are a number of problems and difficulties in translating Uzbek traditions. Because some words in Uzbek do not have the exact equivalent or exact meaning in English. They are called cultural words and phrases. If a word or a phrase is unknown in the receptor language the translator must find the ways of substitution without distorting the meaning of it.
Our investigation showed that Uzbek cultural words may be translated into English by the following ways:
For example, "Nahorgi osh" - "Morning Plov" (One of the old and binding ceremonies of uzbek nationality is morning plov. The big plov is cooked for hundred of guests when a child is born, during a circumcision event, in honor of a man returning from the military service, in the early morning of a wedding day), The day before ceremony beginning in the evening they solemnize "sabzi tugrar" (carrots shredding) rite, (which usually neighbors and near relatives come to. After finishing "sabzi tugrar" ritual, all participants are invited to sit at the table.)
In this case, the meaning of the word is well understood. Due to the lack of accurate translations in "Chopon", "Karnay", "Surnay", definitions are used to explain them ("Chopon" - "Chapan" (traditional men's robes), "Karnay", "Surnay" - Uzbek national musical instruments ). The following is an English translation of several realia words:
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realias Fotiha toyi Non sindirish Qiz oshi
Kelin salom
Beshik to`yi Sunnat toy - Khatna Qilish
Meaning
engagement ceremony
engagement
Several days prior to the wedding party the «kiz oshi» ceremony («girls only party») is held in the bride's house, to which the bride invites her close friends and relatives.
daughter's-in-law greeting (Young daughter-in-law, dressed with a bright headscarf on her head that covers her face, goes to the guests to greet all with the bows. Bride is obliged to greet each of them by bowing lowly. The daughter-in-law bows for a reason - the gifts should be presented to her. )
Beshik Tuyi (wooden cradle) is a ritual celebration related to the first putting the baby into the cradle.
Circumcision is another ancient Uzbek ceremony adopted after accepting Islam (Sunnat Tuyi). This ceremony is held for boys at ages 3, 5, 7, 9 but nowadays this aging is not strict and one can do this ceremony when needed.
The semantic structure of languages differs greatly from one another. Care must be taken in translating units that come in the form of phrases and have a figurative meaning. Take, for example, the phrase "breaking bread." In this case, a compound gives a single meaning and is used in a figurative sense. Translated into English, it translates as "bread crumbing", which at first glance is structurally correct, but the meaning is far from the original. For this reason, it should be translated as "engagement".
Another example is one of the Uzbek national traditions "oyoq bosdi". The word is in the form of a phrase, which in this case poses a problem in expressing the exact meaning in translation. The translation can be translated as "to step on", but
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the meaning is completely different. In professional translation, the meaning of the word is taken into account, which is why it is translated as "pressing the foot".
The translation process should take into account the semantic and structural features of the phrases. It is recommended to translate the horse first, because no matter what the definition is, everyone identifies the horse, and the horse represents the most important meaning in the sentence. The next task of the interpreter is to distinguish the groups of meanings in the sentence. In most cases, the order of the free combinations of English and Uzbek can be compatible in both languages:
"Kelin o'tirmayapti" - "The bride is not sitting"; "Kelin ovqat yemayapti" - "The bride is not eating soup"; "Qiz bazmi" - "Girl's party"; "Hina qo'yar" - "Put henna"; "Qiz bekitdi" - "The girl hid"; "To'qqiz tovoq" - "Nine plates"; "Isiriq puli" - "Incense fee". It is no secret that it is a real skill to use words in their proper place. It is up to us to translate without making mistakes in the matter of translation. Translation means the creative mastery of the artistic beauty of another language for one's own people, the transformation of a work into an artistic event of that language, demonstrating the power and might of the new language. Working as a translator, mastering the language at a professional level, is almost extensiveis an unexplained, peculiar, and delicate enough matter. The profession of translator is one of his most creative vessels in the world. Massso much is written (spoken) about translators in the media for both are usually different, often misconceptions, about this profession. It is the responsibility oflegal, technical or medical texts that require a thorough knowledge of the Uzbek language. The main problem of translation is to fully understand the text in front of the translator and requires a thorough understanding. In the absence of such a requirement, the translation is mainly mechanically words belonging to a particular language will be replaced by words used in another language, and this work would have already been done by the computer. And to this day, there would be no need for a translator. Translation is a creative endeavor that involves intuition, personal experience, understanding of the meaning behind the text, and so on. Each type and appearance of translation translates to the stage of comprehension of the original text has unique features and characteristics. At the same time, the translator strives to comprehend, to understand and feel, to realize its artistic value. Defines how it is formed methodologically, translation text, what level of sensitivity, specific word, sentence, phrase, paragraph etc. determines how it should be translated. What is translated, even the smallest ideological unit, word or sentence, whether it is a major scientific or artistic work, a monograph, a novel, takes on a new meaning in the presence of another language. Gradually, this new national environment leads to the emergence of qualitatively original ideas, thoughts, genres,
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images, which, in turn, lead to a completely unified dictionary, science, literature and art. will lead to the emergence of works.
The re-creation of image tools in the translation process and the word in it the problem of selection requires excellent skill from the translator. The translator works hard to recreate the work from another language, the mother tongue, absorbs, then chooses an alternative word depending on the nature of the text, that is the meaning of the words, the tone, the form, the stylistic alternative, the original idea as complete as possible, burns with the anxiety of expression, writes Ghaybulla Salomov.
Word choice plays an important role in translation. An interpreter is the original in translation, if he can feel how skillfully the author has chosen the word also makes the word so convincing.
References: 1. Muminov O. Guide to Simultaneous translation. T., 2005. 2. Muminov O., Sunnatov O. History of Translation. T. 2008. 3. Peter Newmark. Approaches to translation. G. B. 2002. 4. Musayev K. Fundamentals of translation theory. T .: 2005. 5. Gafurov I., Muminov O. Translation theory. T .: 2012. 6. www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35. 7.http: //humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/nelc/facultypages/dankoff/index.html 8. Sharipov J. From the history of translation in Uzbekistan. - Tashkent: Fan, 1965. 9. Sharipov J. Literary translations and skilled translators. - Tashkent: Fan, 10. Sharipov J. Some issues of poetic translation - Tashkent: 1969 11. Kadirova Gulchehra, Rasuleva Maprat, Khalilova Shoira, & Akbarov Nurislom Akhtamjon ugli. (2021). Comparative characteristics of operating systems of the windows 7th and 10th generations family. International Journal of Human Computing Studies, 3(1), 74-77. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijhcs.v3i1.1240 More Citation Formats 12. Sultanova D. Poetry and translation. - Samarkand: SamDChI, 2009. 13. The art of translation. Collection of articles. Book 4 Collector T. Juraev. Tashkent: Literature and art. 14.Research Studies Responsible Editor: Ph.D. Sharipov. - Tashkent: Teacher, 15.Vladimirova N. The problem of expression of nationality in translation.Translation time. 16. Muminov A. M. Language world picture and its reflection on translation http://sociosphera.com/publication/journal_filologicheske_vedomosti/ 2016/168/language_world_picture_and_its_reflection_on_translation/
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UDC 800
Khalilova O.A. senior teacher of English department of foreign languages Karshi Engineering and Economics Institute
FUNDAMENTALS OF LEXICOLOGY
Abstract: This article deals with the lexicology object and its links with other linguistic affiliates, two approaches to language learning, linguistic analysis, and perspectives of contemporary English linguistics.
Key words: lexicology, vocabulary, vocabulary, lexicon, mental lexicon, idioms, grammar, phonetics, word life, morphology, etymology, phraseology.
Lexicology derives from two Greek words lexis "word" and logos "learning". It is a branch of Linguistics dealing with the vocabulary system of the language. It studies the total sum of all the words that the language possesses. Thus, this science studies the properties of the words as the basic units of the language.
The word can be defined as a structural and semantic entity of the language system. The word is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit. Lexicology studies various lexical units: words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and morphemes which make up words. The word as well as any linguistic sign is a two-faced unit possessing both form and content or in other words sound-form and meaning.
The term vocabulary means the total sum of words that there are in the language. The size of the vocabulary of any language is huge. No person can learn or know all the words of the language. Individual people possess their own total vocabulary consisting of all the words they know. Another word used to denote vocabulary is the term lexicon. In modern Linguistics three main meanings of the term lexicon are distinguished:
the vocabulary which a speaker of a language has in his or her head, that is, mental lexicon;
the set of lexemes of a language and the processes which are related to them;
the set of lexical items of a language; Distinction is made between General Lexicology and Special Lexicology. General lexicology is a part of General linguistics. It is concerned with the study of vocabulary and its basic units, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. It works out basic notions and methods of vocabulary study. Within the frames of General Lexicology many notions, such as the notion of the word, the notion of the meaning, the notion of the context, and the notion of system relations are investigated. Special lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (English, Russian, German, French, etc.). It describes words and vocabulary of one particular language. Every Special Lexicology is based on the principles of General
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Lexicology. Special Lexicology is further subdivided into Diachronic / Historical and Synchronic / Descriptive. Historical Lexicology deals with the evolution of any vocabulary, the origin of words, their change and development.
The subject matter of Descriptive Lexicology is the vocabulary of a particular language at a given stage of its development. It studies mainly the structure and specific functions of words. [1]
There are different aspects or branches of Lexicology. Any language is the unity of different aspects: grammar, vocabulary, and sound system. As Lexicology is the science that deals with vocabulary systems, it is definitely connected with all the rest of the aspects. Lexicology is linked with phonetics since the latter is concerned with the study of the sound-form of the word. There is a close rapport between Lexicology and Grammar. Grammar is concerned with various means of expressing grammatical relations between words as well as with patterns according to which words are combined into word-groups and sentences. Lexicology is bound up with Stylistics since there are problems of significance, vocabulary stratification, style treated in the frames of both the branches. The structure of words is studied by morphology.
Ways of coining new words is the object of word-building, meaning of words, their relations in vocabulary became the object of semasiology. Set- expressions and idioms are studied by phraseology, the origin of words, their development in the language are dealt with etymology and the behaviour of words in speech is considered by contextology. [2]
Two Approaches to Language Study There are two principle approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material: synchronic and diachronic. With regard to Special lexicology the synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time. It's Special Descriptive lexicology that deals with the terms and vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time.
The diachronic approach in terms of Special lexicology deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. It is Special Historical lexicology that deals with the evaluation of the vocabulary units of a language as the time goes by. The two approaches shouldn't be set one against the other. In fact, they are interconnected and interrelated because every linguistic structure and system exists in a state of constant development, so that the synchronic state of a language system is a result of a long process of linguistic evaluation, of its historical development. Closely connected with the Historical lexicology is Contrastive and Comparative lexicology whose aims are to study the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of the languages under comparison.
Methods of Linguistic Analysis Every science has certain methods of investigation at its disposal. The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several phases:
Observation is the basic phase of all modern scientific studies including linguistics. In other words, we deal with the inductive method of query. The key
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role of the opening phase of linguistic analysis is that the statements of fact must be based on study, not on not proved authority, logical conclusions or personal preferences.
Classification is the second phase that comes after study. Every lexicological research is based on collecting linguistic examples. At this stage of linguistic analysis the stored facts, the collected data, and empirical material undergo some grouping.
Generalization is the third stage of the linguistic analysis at which the set of data and their sorting must finally lead to the formulation of a hypotheses, rule, or law.
Verification is the phase of linguistic analysis that leads to the results of the scientific investigation. While doing research, any linguist encounters all the phases of investigation. To finish his goal the linguist uses different methods and procedures. They are contrastive analyses, statistical analyses, method of immediate constituents, distributional analyses, transformational analyses, componential analyses, and method of semantic differentiation. [3]
Contrastive analysis is aimed at finding out similarities and differences in both related and non-related languages. For instance, contrastive analysis is applied in language teaching when we deal with such a event as linguistic interference. It was empirically shown that the mistakes which are made by foreign language students can be often the result of differences in structural patterns between the target language and the language of the learner. This naturally implies the necessity of a detailed comparison of the structure of a mother tongue and a foreign language. Contrastive analysis can be carried out at three linguistic levels: phonology, grammar and lexis. Statistical analysis is generally referred to as one of the principal branches of linguistics. Insights derived from statistical accounts of the vocabulary can be useful to the solution and explanation of exact problems linked with the qualitative and quantitative language use. Statistical inquiries have considerable value because of their relevance to certain problems of the selection of vocabulary items for the purposes of language usage and language teaching. During the day we usually pronounce about 48 000 words. We can survive in the alien environment using only 500 different words of the foreign language. It means that if we do not wish to waste time on committing to memorize vocabulary items, which are never likely to be useful to the learner, we have to select only lexical units that are usually used by a native speaker. In Modern Linguistics the issue of Basic / Nuclear English was investigated. Basic English was a project designed to provide a basic minimum vocabulary for the learning of general English. The project involved a word list of 850 words, the description of their functions and the connections between them. Statistical regularities can be observed only if the phenomena under analysis are sufficiently numerous. Thus, the first requirement of any statistic investigation is the size of the sample material.
The Perspectives of Modern English Lexicology Lexicology has its own main aims and tasks. Modern English lexicology investigates the problem of word structure and word formation, the classification of vocabulary units, description of
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the relations between different lexical layers of English vocabulary. As a science it has both theoretical and practical use. The theoretical value of Lexicology stems from the theory of meaning which was first developed within the philosophical science. The relationship between the name and the thing constitutes one of the key questions of Gnostic theories. The research carried out in the frames of Lexicology meets the needs of many different sciences, such as lexicography, literary criticism, and foreign languages teaching. Modern English Lexicology aims at giving a systematic description of the Modern English word-stock. [4]
Modern English Lexicology forms part of the Theoretical Course of Modern English. It is inseparable from its other component parts, i.e., Grammar, Phonetics, Stylistics, the Course of History of the English Language.
Moreover, the Course of Modern English Lexicology is of great practical importance because it is aimed both at summarizing the practical material already familiar to the students from foreign language classes and at helping the students to develop the skills and habits of generalizing the linguistic phenomena.
References: 1. Eggins S. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Continuum. 2005. 56-63 pp. 2. Haspelmath M. Understanding Morphology. London: Arnold, 2002. 28-37 pp. 3. . Akhmanova O. Lexicology. Theory and Method. - M., 1972. 124-131 pp. 4. Ginsburg R.S. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979. 17-25 pp.
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504.75
Khalmirzaeva S.S. Art. lecturer
Andijan State Medical Institute
HUMAN ECOLOGY
Abstract: Human ecology is an interdisciplinary science about the interaction of people with living and nonliving components of the environment at the organismic, population-species, biogeocenotic and biosphere levels. Human ecology arose at the junction of several sciences and is interconnected with such sciences as biology, demography, sociology, hygiene, toxicology, geography, philosophy, etc. The subject of human ecology is the human environment (natural and social), its features. This science investigates the adaptation of people to environmental factors, as well as the structure and conditions of existence of anthropogenic ecosystems. One of the tasks of ecology is to study the forms of anthropogenic activity and its consequences for living systems. In addition, she studies artificial space ecosystems and the influence of space factors on the human body. Attention is also paid to the ecological aspects of chronobiology and chronomedicine. Sections of human ecology are medical ecology, social ecology, environmental psychology.
Key words: Medical ecology, Human ecology, integral science, environmental factors
Medical ecology is a complex, integral science dealing with the problems of the impact of the human environment on the state of his health and the occurrence of pathology, as well as the use of environmental factors in order to prevent, treat diseases and restore health. Its tasks include the study of the types and forms of the impact of environmental factors, the mechanisms of their action on the human body. Special attention is paid to ecological, or environmental, diseases; the role of environmental factors in the occurrence of malformations, malignant tumors, occupational and other diseases. Medical ecology studies the types of environmental pollutants and the ways of their entry into the human body, diseases resulting from the impact of man-made pollution, for example, minamata disease, "yellow" children, etc. One of the tasks of medical ecology is to assess the degree of risk of environmental pollution at the organismic and population-specific levels in the present and the future, to study the ways and possibilities of self-purification of ecosystems, as well as to develop methods for monitoring the cleanliness of the human environment, principles and methods of conservation and restoration of nature. In addition, medical ecology studies the recreational significance of environmental factors, the recreational possibilities of various natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. Social ecology studies the patterns of interaction between human society and individual groups of people with nature, develops the ecological foundations of rational nature management, methods of nature protection
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and optimization of the human environment. Environmental Psychology 150 is a multidisciplinary science that studies environmental factors that affect the psyche, human behavior and the consequences of such an impact. And also researches and applies abiotic and biotic factors for the restoration of mental state, as well as for the treatment of people with mental disorders and mental illnesses.
Purpose: To study the structural units of the biosphere and biogeocenosis, environmental factors, and their parameters. Show the main features of the habitat of modern humans and anthropogenic ecosystems. To note the importance of environmental factors in human life, to analyze the types of human adaptation and the main ecological types of people.
Biogeocenosis - Study and disassemble the main components of biogeocenosis, pay attention to their interaction with each other. Note that a person is directly or indirectly closely related to many biogeocenoses.
For each organism there is a certain combination of environmental conditions that is optimal for its growth, existence and reproduction. On both sides of this optimum, biological activity gradually decreases until, finally, its conditions become those in which the organism cannot exist at all. The range of environmental conditions required to maintain a population is much narrower than the range required for the survival of an individual. For the prosperity of a human population, in addition to maintaining the existence of individual individuals, conditions are necessary to ensure growth and reproduction, including social and psychological ones. Give examples of changes in the number and composition of human populations under the influence of anthropic environmental factors.
Individual organisms of a population can react to the same environmental factor in different ways, which is due to the genetic diversity of individuals. Adaptation is a true adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions, which occurs without exceeding homeostatic abilities. Compensation (pseudoadaptation) is the adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions, due to the appearance of tension in the body's systems, which exceed the limits of homeostatic capabilities.
Decompensation is a clear change in the body, leading to a decrease in vitality and fertility.
The pyramid on the diagram reflects the quantitative ratio of individuals in the population exposed to a low-intensity factor (for example, small doses of antibiotics acting on the bacterial population).
Disassemble and sketch in the sketchbook. Draw up similar charts for medium to very high environmental impacts. Explain why there are: antibioticresistant bacterial strains; insects resistant to insecticides and give examples of the biological reactions of organisms in human populations under the influence of stress factors.
References: 1. . .., . ... . . 2014 . .2 .289-326. 2. .., .. . ., 1994. 256 .
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3. .., .. . ., , 2001. 640 . 4. .. . . , 2007. 540 . 5. .. . ,1979.286 . 6. . . .,,1986.728 . 7. .. (, , , ..: , 1994. 367 . 8. .. ( ) . . ,2000.364 . 9. .. . .,ACADEMIA,2002. 480 . 10. « » (, . .. .. ) . , 2003. 460 . 174
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Kharatova Sh.Kh. senior teacher
department of foreign languages-1 Tashkent State Transport University
INNOVATIVE METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH
Annotation: This article contains information and recommendations on innovative methods of teaching English and the importance of foreign languages in the education system. The article contains views on the development of attention to foreign languages in our country.
Keywords: foreign language, innovation, method, style, education system, vocational education, technology, vocabulary, skill.
Today, foreign language skills are becoming an integral part of vocational education. Experts in various fields have a high level of cooperation with foreign partners, so they have a high demand for language learning. In modern society, foreign languages are becoming an important part of vocational education. Such knowledge is first acquired by people in schools, colleges, high schools, and later in institutes, training courses, or by familiarizing themselves with basic information sets that help them learn a foreign language independently. Today there is a large collection of teaching materials for people with different levels of language skills. Success in achieving this goal depends on the practical methods and skills of teachers. The ability to use information technology and modern teaching methods helps to quickly understand new materials. By combining different methods, the teacher will be able to solve specific curricula. In this regard, teachers and students need to become familiar with modern methods of teaching foreign languages. As a result, they develop the skills to choose the most effective ways to achieve their goals. Using a variety of teaching and learning methods can be effective. Teaching takes place in small steps and is based on the student's existing knowledge system. As time goes on, there is more and more innovation in every field. There are also different styles of language teaching. When teaching English, it is best to use stepby-step instructions, depending on the age and level of the learner. Students are divided into groups based on elementary education, intermediate education, and advanced education. A special program will be developed by the teacher for each stage.
At the initial stage, the emphasis is on pronunciation. According to Harmer, the first requirement for those who know the native language during the conversation is pronunciation. At the beginning of the learning process, the teacher should focus on the student's pronunciation. Although grammar and vocabulary are important, it is useless if the speaker mispronounces them. Native speakers can also understand speech with grammatical errors if the speaker pronounces the words correctly. Therefore, in teaching, the main focus is on pronunciation. In this case, the use of different audios of native speakers gives good results. The teacher should
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teach the correct pronunciation of letters and words during the lesson. There is also
a strong emphasis on oral and reading skills in the early stages. If we look at the
types of speech activities in foreign language teaching, the following tasks should
be performed in their teaching:
a) Create a reading mechanism;
b) Improving oral reading techniques;
c) Teach them to understand what they are reading.
At the elementary level, the emphasis is on reading aloud. Reading texts are
also becoming more and more complex, from the simplest to the simplest. However,
it should be noted that although the work in the early stages is mainly focused on
the development of oral skills, it does not solve the problem of developing oral
speech in English. She is only in the process of preparing for a real oral presentation.
In addition, reading words beautifully and fluently increases a student's love of
learning the language.
In addition, students will be introduced to The Present indefinite Tense, The
Past indefinite Tense. , Are required to be familiar with verb tenses such as The
Future indefinite Tense and to be able to use verb forms vividly in these tenses.
Students will learn that nouns are used in the singular and plural, that suffixes "s"
or "es" are added to the third person singular form of a verb in the present indefinite
tense, and that interrogative, negative, and imperative forms of sentences are also
introduced at an early stage. during the study period.
In the middle stage of teaching English, the focus should be on using
techniques that help to increase thinking, speaking, and initiative in reading and
understanding larger texts. Students will be given homework assignments.
Exercises to check comprehension of the text are given and can be expressed as
follows:
Answer the question on the text Samarkand:
Why Samarkand is called like this?
Where is the ancient centre of the city?
How many population is there?
Question-answer exercises are used to strengthen the student's speech,
improve memory, and repeat. New words from the text are memorized. Questioning
and answering will help you to memorize the words and use them in your speech.
In addition, a variety of games in the classroom can increase a student's interest in
language learning and speed up learning. In the Hot Ball game, students form a
circle and say one of the new words to each other on the ball. Participants do not
repeat each other's words, are expelled from the game if they repeat or stop
speaking. That's the way to go. In the middle stage, grammar is taught in more depth
than in the first stage, and students are given exercises and tests based on the rules
of grammar.
Computer and phone language learning programs are also great for
elementary and middle school language learning. Examples include Talk (English
speaking practice), Daily English, Learn English (English master), How to speak
real English. These programs are designed to include all sections of reading,
listening, and testing. Recording new words on a phone dictaphone is another great
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way to repeat in your spare time. Also, showing more English subtitles and cartoons
is an effective way to teach the language.
At the higher level, independent work plays a special role, especially in a
foreign language. The requirements for this course are different from those of the
previous stages. The lesson is no longer based on oral speech, because at this stage
most of the language material is studied passively (receptively). That is, reading
comprehension plays a key role. Texts are also large in size, and language material
is complex. Reading, speaking, listening exercises are held regularly. When
organizing a lesson, a separate day is set for Reading, a separate day for Speaking,
and a special day for Listening. Homework is also more complex than previous
steps. Speaking lessons include a 2-minute talk with a topic. Alternatively, text
cards will be distributed to students. Each student gives their opinion on the topic
on the card of their choice. The speech requires the use of previously used phrases,
phrases, introductory words, new words, synonyms. Homework can be used to
prepare additional text topics using the press, periodicals, media, and online
materials. Students will be interested to learn about interesting research and
scientific
discoveries.
In conclusion, modern language teaching is aimed at forming a more cultured
individual who has the skills to self-analyze and systematize new knowledge.
Innovative methods are an integral part of modernizing the entire system. With this
in mind, teachers can become acquainted with the most advanced approaches and
then combine them and use them in their work to achieve significant growth in the
education system. Many organizations are moving to a new level, using multimedia
capabilities to send and receive information. The use of computers and other devices
determines the success of the whole educational process.
Adequate attention should be paid to the development of speaking skills and
social resilience in educational training. In addition, the success of any lesson in
education depends in many ways on the proper organization of the lessons. The
lesson should be based on the creative collaboration of teacher and student. Only
then will students be able to think independently and develop their will.
References:
1. Safonova, V.V. Cultural studies in the system of modern language education
//Foreign language at school, 2001.
2. Johnson, K. E. The Sociocultural Turn and Its Challenges for Second Language
Teacher Education. // TESOL Quarterly., - London., 2006: - 235- p.3. Harmer J.
The Practice of English Language Teaching. - London., 2001: - 64 pages.
4. Jalolov J. Methods of teaching foreign languages. - Tashkent., 2012: - 48 pages.
5. www.natlib.uz
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Khasanova B.J. Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute
MARKETING RESEARCH ON THE USE OF VACCINE MEDICINES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: This article provides information on marketing research and news, analysis of the use and application of vaccines in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine, World Health Organization, World Health Assembly, immunization system, national vaccination program, "Nukus-farm", "Zaamin-farm", "Kosonsoy-farm", "Syrdarya-farm", "Boysun-farm "," Bostanliqfarm "," Parkent-farm ", pharmaceutical network.
Introduction: A vaccine is a drug designed to build immunity against an infectious disease. The vaccine is made from weakened or killed microorganisms or their antigens obtained by genetic engineering or chemical means. Scientists, doctors, manufacturers and sponsors around the world are working to develop the COVID-19 vaccine. The World Health Organization is coordinating the activities of the participants in this process. The modern concept of vaccination was introduced in the late 18th century by the British physician Edward Jenner. By 1900, there were two human vaccines against the virus - smallpox and rabies, and three bacterial vaccines against typhoid, plague. Vaccines against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, measles and other infectious diseases have been developed in the last century. In 1979, the World Health Assembly declared victory over smallpox. This achievement is one of the greatest public health victories in history.
Over the past year and a half, more than a dozen regulations have been adopted to develop the pharmaceutical industry and ensure the cheapness and free circulation of medicines and medical devices. The system of public administration in the pharmaceutical industry has been revised, and the Agency for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry under the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been established. Free economic zones "Nukus-farm", "Zomin-farm", "Kosonsoy-farm", "Syrdarya-farm", "Boysun-farm", "Bostanliqfarm" and "Parkent-farm" were established.
UNICEF has donated 16 vehicles to the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan as part of a joint immunization program in Uzbekistan. The vehicles are designed for the regional branches of the Sanitary-Epidemiological Surveillance and Public Health Service and will be used to further improve monitoring and assistive supervision across the country. With financial support from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), UNICEF purchased these vehicles to support the Ministry of Health in strengthening its national immunization program. UNICEF has also assisted the Ministry of Health in strengthening the national vaccination program by building vaccine depots at the national, provincial and district levels, and purchasing, installing and transporting refrigerators, freezers and
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refrigerators. In addition, an information system has been developed to manage the logistics of vaccines. The project is expected to significantly improve the national vaccination system. UNICEF prioritizes the fair distribution of vaccines. During the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing supply of COVID-19 vaccines (COVAX), a fair distribution of vaccines is critical. "I am confident that these vehicles, along with other equipment provided for the cold chain, will make a significant contribution to improving the health of children across the country," said Jeffrey Ijumba, UNICEF Deputy Country Director for Uzbekistan. "Fair distribution of vaccines for children has become an urgent task, and the assistance provided today and the vehicles delivered to the provinces are an important step in ensuring the delivery of quality vaccines in all regions of the country."
Methods: Five projects worth $ 41.7 million are being implemented in the region. Measures are being taken to establish public pharmacies in the country. In particular, work has begun on the construction and placement of 75 public pharmacies in Surkhandarya region under a public-private partnership. At the same time, the study showed that insufficient measures are taken to ensure the timely, quality and complete implementation of the adopted legislation, and the lack of initiative on the part of the heads of the responsible bodies. In particular:
- first, the formation of directorates of free economic zones is not provided, specific sources and mechanisms for financing their activities are not identified, the issue of allocating land plots for the location of production facilities is not resolved;
- secondly, the Republican Council for Coordination of Administrative Councils of Free Economic Zones and Small Industrial Zones does not take sufficient measures to effectively organize the work of free economic zones and attract investment;
- thirdly, the lack of developed transport, road and engineeringcommunication infrastructure of free economic zones does not allow to establish high-quality pharmaceutical production facilities in their territory. 'is carried out without regard to tibor;
- fourthly, the legal order of establishment and operation of public pharmacies in terms of public-private partnership is not established, their location is not approved, which leads to untimely fulfillment of tasks assigned to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan to organize the activities of such pharmacies. brought about;
- fifth, the process of introducing modern information and communication technologies to account for the movement of socially important drugs and medical devices in pharmacies, as well as to inform the public about the location of pharmacies, the range and prices of medicines is slow;
- sixth, the research activities of the pharmaceutical industry do not meet modern requirements, insufficient attention is paid to the training of qualified specialists;
- seventh, there is no effective system for testing existing scientific developments in practice, and insufficient measures are being taken to introduce
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them into production and implement new innovative projects in the field of development of medicines and medical devices.
Types of vaccines and their classification.
Vaccines:
Classification:
Corpuscular vaccines
Corpuscular vaccines contain weakened or
killed microbes (virions).
Chemical vaccines Recombinant vaccines
Live vaccines
Chemical vaccines are made from antigenic components derived from microbial cells. In doing so, antigens that determine the immunogenic properties of the microorganism are isolated. Genetic engineering techniques are used to produce these vaccines, which incorporate the genetic material of a microorganism into antigen-producing yeast cells. After the yeast is grown, the required antigen is isolated, then cleaned and a vaccine is prepared. An example of such a vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine, as well as a vaccine against the human papilloma virus. Live vaccines are prepared on the basis of strains of harmless attenuated microorganisms. Vaccine strains multiply in the vaccinated person and cause the vaccine to become infected. In most vaccinated people, the vaccine infection passes without obvious clinical signs and leads to the formation of stable immunity. Live vaccines include: measles, rubella, polio, tuberculosis, and footand-mouth disease vaccines.
Results: Currently, children and adults at risk are vaccinated free of charge by the state against many serious infectious diseases in the country, depending on the system and epidemiological situation. As a result of the measures taken, paralysis has not been reported in Uzbekistan in recent years, and the incidence of asthma, measles, typhoid and hepatitis B among children has sharply decreased.
Analysis: Vaccination is carried out in clinics or vaccination centers by a specially trained health worker under the supervision of a physician. Before vaccinating a child, his body temperature is measured and he is asked what diseases he is suffering from; the doctor will carefully examine the child to determine if it is possible to vaccinate him. Children who have recovered from cardiovascular or central nervous system diseases or have chronic diseases should be vaccinated after undergoing appropriate medical examination. A strong reaction can sometimes occur when a child is vaccinated, so he or she should be monitored by a doctor for
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some time after vaccination. The vaccine may have local and general effects, such as slight redness, swelling, pain, fever, and general malaise at the vaccinated site. If the vaccinated child is very upset, has a high fever, it is necessary to consult a doctor immediately. Vaccination information for children or adults is recorded in their medical records. Parents need to know what vaccinations have been given to their children and when they should be given, as well as to ensure that the vaccines are given on time, as timely vaccinations can be very beneficial.
Discussion: Today, prevention is one of the most effective measures to prevent the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. Special prophylaxis (vaccination) means that the population resists this or that infection through prophylactic vaccination. Over the past 40 years, prophylactic vaccination has played an important role in the fight against infectious diseases such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, mumps, hepatitis B, measles, tuberculosis, influenza, mumps and tetanus. Professor Egamberdi ESHBOEV, Chief Research Fellow of the Tashkent Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums, said: "Thanks to the use of special prophylactic methods, the main infectious diseases have been completely reduced from the face of the earth, even eliminated. All this was done in exchange for the use of the vaccine. Chickenpox (natural smallpox) disappeared without a trace, and diseases such as polio, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and typhoid were reduced to a minimum. Indeed, vaccines, immunosuppressants and immunoglobulins are important in the prevention of any infectious disease, i.e. in cutting the pathway. The most important of these is the vaccine."
References: 1. Nazarova Z. A., Mahmudjanova K. S. , Tureeva G. M. , Fayzullaeva N. S. Technology of special dosage forms. Tashkent.- "Wing of Wisdom".-2014. 2. Tikhonov A. I. , Yarnyx T. G. , Zupanets I. A. and others Biopharmacy N.U.Ph; Gold pages. - 2003. 3. Khodjaeva M. A. Development of dermatological polymer technology. Film. Levomexidine Author's abstract. dis. Cand. farm. fans. - Tashkent, 2012. 4. U.S. Salixbaeva; Problems and prospects of development of the pharmaceutical market in the Republic of Uzbekistan. V / Chemistry and pharmaceuticals. 2002. 5.www.provisor.com.ua/archive/2004/N17art_26php 6. www.nanolab.com.ua. 7. www.health_ua.com/articles 1621html 8. https: //protabletki.ru 9. www.drug-enyclopedia.ru/mikrokapsulirovanie-p.php
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UDC 632.911.2; 632.911.4 Khayitov B.
Abdullaev M. Tavakkalova D. Khakimova Kh. Namangan Institute of Engineering and Construction
INFLUENCE OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERBASED FOOD PRODUCTS ON THE QUALITY OF WAX WORMS
Annotation: The article presents the results of experiments on feeding waxworms on the basis of electrochemically activated water in different nutrient media.
Keywords: fruit peel, bee nectar, biological method, poacher, large wax moth, electrochemically activated water, pH, artificial nutrient medium.
One of the urgent tasks today is to introduce advanced technologies in industry, people and agriculture, and on this basis to increase the share of the country in economic indicators. One of the factors that reduces the yield of agricultural crops is pests. Today, there are more than 80,000 species of pests worldwide, of which 10,000 species cause enormous damage to plants. It is estimated that more than 30 percent of the world's agricultural crops are destroyed each year by pests. Therefore, protection of plants from them is one of the urgent issues. In particular, the widespread use of biological methods in the protection of plants from pests, scientific research to improve the efficiency of bioproducts used is important. At present, more than 900 biofactories and biolaboratories in the country breed large waxworms, which are used to produce environmentally safe and highly effective biological agent for agricultural pest control - poaching [1]. A number of scientific studies have been conducted on the feeding and reproduction of large wax moth larvae in biolaboratory conditions. Artificial food medium has been prepared by foreign and domestic scientists on more than 20 recipes. First, the American scientist M.H. He raised a large wax moth in an artificial feeding environment by Haydak. [2]. D. Beck and R.G.Young found an increase in larval growth with a small amount of beeswax [3, 4]. American researcher A. Balazs proposed bee wax and water to modify the food prepared by M.H. Haydak [5]. R.H. Dadd studied bee wax and its composition in detail and proved that beeswax promotes larval growth and serves as a metabolic source of water in artificial nutrient media. In 2014-2020, we used electrochemically activated water to propagate large waxworms in biofabricated environments in a variety of artificial nutrient media, based on experiments with food recipes recommended by H.R. Mirzalieva and UHQITI scientists used in Uzbekistan [9, 10, 11, 12, 13.].
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Table 1
Feed species for the reproduction of large wax moths
Kh.R.Mirzalieva recipe
"O'HQITI" recipe
100 g pasta
900 g of corn flour
200 g sugar
250 g. sugar
480 g corn flour
150 g. merva
1
20 g of margarine 180 ml. sut
2
70 g. margarine 327. ml. water
20 g of milk yeast
300 g. apple peel
3 g. yeast
Experiments on the study of normative conditions and feeding of large wax moth worms on the basis of electrochemically activated water consisted of 3 options and were conducted in 4 repetitions. In this case, option 1 was the current method, and the feed was treated with ordinary tap water. In option 2, the food prepared on the basis of the recipe of OHQITI was treated with electrochemically activated tap water (pH = 10 0.5), and in option 3 the food prepared according to the recipe of H.R. Mirzalieva was treated with electrochemically activated tap water (pH = 10 0.5). To determine the emergence of worms in the experiment, 3 samples (a total of 300 out of 100 in each sample) were taken from the total number of eggs laid by the butterflies in one batch. The eggs were first placed flat on a filter paper placed on a Petri dish. The development and viability of the worms, as well as the condition of the fungi and butterflies, also served as successors to the first worms to emerge. For their development, the required air temperature (30-330S) and relative humidity of 75-80% are created in the laboratory.
Qualitative indicators of worms fed in two different nutrient media were studied. According to the results of the experiment, the number of worms in 100 eggs in 1 control variant was 86.75 (86.75%), the number of fungi was 70.5 (81.2%), the number of butterflies was 60.25 (85.5%), the development of insects stage was 58.1 days (eggs - 9 days, worms - 26.4 days, fungi -9.9 days, imago 13.1 days). In 2 variants, the number of worms per 100 eggs according to the recipe of OHQITI was 88.25 (88.25%), the number of fungi was 73.25 (83%), the number of butterflies was 64.5 (88.05%), the stage of development of the insect was 57, 8 days (eggs - 9 days, worms - 26 days, mushrooms - 9.8 days, imago - 13 days). In 3 variants, according to the recipe of H.R. Mirzalieva, the number of worms per 100 eggs is 89.25 (89.25%), the number of mushrooms is 72.75 (81.51%), the number of butterflies is 63.25 (86.94%). ), the developmental stage of the insect was 57.8 days (eggs - 9 days, worms - 26.3 days, fungi - 9.8 days, imago 12.7 days).
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Table 2
Effect of electrochemically activated water-based foods on the quality of
waxworms
Experiment Number Number Number of Number of Insect development
options
of eggs of worms mushrooms butterflies,
stage, day
obtained hatched (pieces)
(pieces)
(pieces) from eggs
(pieces)
Pieces Pieces
% Pieces
% Pieces
% eg g larva mushroom imago
The current
1. method of control
(=70,5)
Electrochemically
activated tap
2. water "O'HQITI"
recipe
(=100,5)
Recipe for
electrochemically
3.
activated tap water H.R.
Mirzalieva
(=100,5)
100
86,7 86,7 5 5
70,5
81,2
60,2 5
85,5
9
26
9,8
13, 0
100
88,2 88,2 73,2 5 55
83,0 0
64,5
88,0 5
9,0
26, 0
9,8
13, 0
100
89,2 89,2 72,7 5 55
81,5 1
63,2 5
86,9 4
9,0
26, 3
9,8
12, 7
"O'HQITI" recipe The output of worms from 100 eggs (option 2) was 1.5% higher than the control option, the number of fungi was 2.8%, the number of butterflies was 2.45% higher. The survival rate of worms was found to be 1.5% higher and that of fungi 1.11% higher. Mirzalieva's prescription also showed that the results were higher than the control option.
On the basis of electrochemically activated tap water in the reproduction of large wax soot and The recipes recommended by X.R.Mirzalieva were more effective than the control option. This can be explained by the fact that the alkalinity of the medium in electrochemically activated tap water (pH = 10 ± 0.5), low overall hardness and low content of chloride and sulfate ions in it led to an increase in nutrient content.
References: 1. . . " " // Science and innovative development / 2018 1 99-102 2. Haydak M. "Is wax a necessary constituent of the diet of wax moth larvae?" //Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1936. vol. 29, N 4. pp. 581588.
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3. Beck S. D. Growth and development of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.).(Lepidoptera: Galleriidae) //Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 1960. N. 49. pp. 137-148. 4. Young R. G. The effects of dietary beeswax and wax components on the larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) //Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1961. vol. 54. N 5. pp. 657-659. 5. Bazals, A. Nutritional and nervous factors in the adaptation of Galleria mellonella to artificial diet. A. Balazs //Acta Biologica Hungarica. - 1958. - N. 9. - pp. 47-69. 6. Dadd, R.H. A study of carbohydrate and lipid nutrition in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) using partially synthetic diets //Journal of Insect Physiology. 1964. vol. 10, N 2. pp. 161-178 7. . . (Galleria mellonella L.) : . ... . . . : , 2016. 143 . 8. . ., . ., . . Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Galleriidae) // . 1977. . 56. . 9-P. P. 1315-1319. 9. .. (Galleria mellonella L.). // Mass reconnaissance of insects. - Kishinev. 1981. P. 26-30. 10. .., ,., .. // International Scientific Journal. Kiev, 2016 y. 6. P. 103-104 11. .., .., .., .. // « » monthly scientific journal. Kazan, 2014 y. 8. P. 55-57 12. .., .., .., .. // Moscow Economic Journal. Moscow, 2017 . 6. 13. . . . The use of electrochemical activated water in order to increase the efficiency of breeding larvae of grain moth in bio-factory //« » monthly scientific journal. 2018. . 6. P. 86-88.
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13.00.02 Kilicheva F.B.
associate professor manageress of the department of languages Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
THE METHOD OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A SCIENCE
Annotation: This article examines the issues of effectiveness in teaching the Russian language. When presenting each section, the features of teaching the Russian language are briefly and easily disclosed, special attention is focused on the most difficult problems
Key words: Russian language, methodology, teaching, efficiency, science
The methodology of teaching the Russian language is among the pedagogical sciences. It can be called applied science, since it, based on theory, is designed to solve the practical problems of education, training and development of students.
Like any other science, the methodology of the Russian language has its own subject. The subject of its study is the process of mastering the native language in the learning environment (mastering speech, writing, reading, grammar, phonetics, etc.). The methodology of the Russian language is designed to study the patterns of the formation of skills in the field of language, the assimilation of systems of scientific concepts in grammar and in other sections of the science of language. The results of this study form the fundamental basis for solving problems: on the basis of the known patterns, it is necessary to develop an optimal system of language teaching. This system (or, rather, these systems) should provide each student with the necessary minimum of skills and knowledge of the language. At the same time, the methodology takes into account a number of social requirements for teaching: it provides such a structure of teaching that would maximally contribute to the communist education of students, the development of their thinking, and would also be effective, fairly economical.
By tradition, speaking about the tasks of the methodology as an applied science, they call its three tasks:
What to teach? The answer to this question is the development of the content of education - programs in the Russian language, the creation of textbooks and various teaching aids for students, their continuous improvement, checking the availability and effectiveness.
How to teach? In accordance with this question, teaching methods, methodological techniques, systems of exercises, recommendations for the use of certain types of assignments, manuals, sequential systems of practical work of students, lessons and their cycles, etc. are being developed.
Why so and not otherwise? This implies a study of the comparative effectiveness of methods, justification of the choice of a method, experimental verification of recommendations, etc.
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The methodology of the Russian language studies the levels of knowledge, skills and abilities of students at different stages of education, finds out the reasons for success or failure in learning, examines typical mistakes - speech, spelling, etc., finds ways to eliminate and prevent them. Time suggests its tasks to methodology, as well as to pedagogical science as a whole. So, today in the methodology of the Russian language there is an active search for such methods and techniques that would ensure maximum cognitive activity and independence of schoolchildren in the educational process; the best development of students' thinking and speech; the strength of the acquired knowledge, abilities and skills, etc.
Language teaching takes place in preschool institutions, in primary and secondary schools, in technical schools (for example, in pedagogical schools), in universities. The tasks of teaching the native language at all these levels of education, of course, cannot be the same. But the basic requirements of science are the same: everywhere the subject of science is the process of mastering a language, regardless of the level of education, the methodology studies the objective laws of mastering a language, develops training systems, tests them, etc.
But each step has its own characteristics. So, the methodology of preschool education is oriented in the field of the native language mainly on the development of the speech of children.
The methodology of primary education - the Russian language, which interests us first of all, has its own specific features. In all its sections (except for the development of students' speech), she cannot rely, with rare exceptions, on some foundation laid earlier. This is the reason for its very name - "methodology of primary education." Let's name the main sections of the method:
"Methods of teaching literacy", ie, elementary reading and writing. The problem of teaching children to read and write has always been extremely acute not only in pedagogy, but also in social life, since the literacy of the people is their weapon in the struggle for liberation, for political consciousness, for culture. The enormous successes of the method of teaching literacy in the USSR are generally recognized.
"Reading technique". The task of the "Reading" subject in primary grades, as you know, is, first of all, to equip children with the skill of sufficiently fluent, correct, conscious and expressive reading. Primary school is designed to prepare the student for the transition to the middle school, both as a reader and as a reader.
"The technique of grammar and spelling." It includes teaching elementary writing and calligraphy, the formation of grammatical concepts, the first spelling skills - when there is still no sufficient grammatical basis.
"The development of students' speech." This section is unique in elementary school. For the first time, children become aware of language, speech as a subject of study - analysis and synthesis; they master speech, which is caused not by the situation itself, but by an act of will: they are placed in conditions when they need to think over, plan, talk not only about what they really want to say, not only about what is interesting; they master written speech, which, as you know, differs from
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oral not only in its graphic form, but also in vocabulary, syntax, and morphological forms.
The technique should also ensure the further enrichment of the children's vocabulary, the development of their syntax, their coherent speech.
The methodology of the Russian language, like other pedagogical sciences, affects the interests of tens, hundreds of millions of people. It is known how much grief a "deuce" brings for a dictation, for an essay.
References: 1. Ramzaeva T.G., Lvov M.R. Methods of teaching the Russian language in primary grades: Textbook. manual for ped students. in-tov on specials. 2121 "Pedagogy and methodology early. training "- M .: Education, 1979. - 431 p., ill. 2. http://pedlib.ru/Books/4/0033/4_0033-1.shtml#book_page_top 3. https://www.rki-site.ru/russkij-yazyik-kak-inostrannyij.html
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UDC 625.8
Koysinaliev N. trainee teacher Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering
Erkinov S. student
Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering Ahmadjonov M. student
Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering
IMPROVING THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF HIGHWAYS USING PLASTIC MATERIALS IN RESPONSE TO TODAY'S DEMAND
Annotation: The article describes the plastic materials entering the world market today and their advantages in use today, the areas of application and convenience today. The planning processes for improving the drainage system using raw materials that are economically cheaper and of better quality than the concrete drainage system are explained and calculated.
Keywords: Plastic, low weight, installation, smooth inner surface, Corrosion, chemical resistance, convenience, advantages, Water supply, polyethylene, metalplastic, special grades, engineering.
Introduction: Cast iron, steel, concrete: these building materials are slowly and almost irreversibly becoming a thing of the past. Instead, new favorites are plastic pipes. The triumph of plastics began in the first half of the twentieth century with the invention of the method of industrial polymerization of ethylene. The first polyethylene pipes were the result of this process. In addition, this product turned out to be so good that the rolling pipe market shook and fell under plastic pipes for water supply, heating and sewage. Over time, interest in plastic only increased. And new players have emerged around the world: polyvinyl chloride and then polypropylene pipes. Closer to our time, metallic polymers have also emerged plastic pipes reinforced with aluminum foil. As a result, the modern range of rolled tubular products made of structural polymers is distinguished by simply extraordinary diversity.
The main part: Today, plastics based on natural resins (rosin, shellac, bitumen, etc.) have long been known. The first plastic celluloid was made from an artificial polymer - nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate), which began production in 1872 in the United States. The production of materials based on In the 1930s, the production of thermoplastics, polyvinyl chloride, polymethylmethacrylate, polyamide, polystyrene was established in the former USSR, USA, Germany and other industrialized countries. However, the plastics industry only began to develop after World War II. In the 1950s, polyethylene plastics began to be produced in
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many countries. In addition, about 10 companies in Uzbekistan process plastic. Among them are Tashkent Plastics Plant, Ahangaran Building Materials Plant, Jizzakh Plastics Plant. It is widely used in construction for plastic flooring and other finishing works, sealing of buildings, hydro and thermal insulation, production of pipes, sanitary ware. The first plastic, parquet, was invented in 1856 by Alexander Parks, a Birmingham metallurgist.
Properties: Plastic has a low density (0.85-1.8 g / cm3), very low electrical and thermal conductivity. Melts during heating. Resistant to moisture, bases and acids. Polypropylene is a unique product whose invention has expanded the use of plastic pipes - thanks to special varieties of PP plastic, these products have stopped the fear of high temperatures and have the ability to withstand significant pressure without any reinforcement. Polyvinyl chloride is the most durable type of polymer. PVC pipes and the material made of them have a high degree of durability. In addition to the individual qualities mentioned above, water supply pipes - plastic, metal-plastic and copolymer - also have all the properties of all polymers. Shelf life Materials made from it have a service life of at least 50-60 years without repair. Many do not change their environment even under the influence of the external environment, as a result of which polymer products are finding their place not only in everyday life, but also in industry.
For the preparation of 1 piece of tray for 90 thousand soums
Types and properties of products made of plastic material. Over the past 20 years, metal pipes for laying water pipes have been significantly squeezed out by emerging competitors -- plastic water pipes are confidently taking their place in this market. Represents a whole series of products in which different polymeric materials are used in the manufacture of plastic pipes, and this unites them. Their popularity is due to ease of installation, high performance and durability.
Advantages of plastic products: Ease of installation and the ability to lay in different configurations and optional road conditions, and high speed. The important thing is the service life, the manufacturers declare a service life of at least 40-50 years. Resistant to corrosion, chemical resistance. We can say that the smooth inner
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surface of the pipe is resistant to liquid flow. Plastic pipes are characterized by good sound insulation, through which the movement of liquids is almost inaudible. The installation can be laid in a variety of conditions, including the ground. The low weight of the products makes it very easy to fasten. Plumbing plastic pipes do not require additional surface treatment. Plastic is an excellent dielectric that is not affected by stray currents, which are the main cause of damage to metal pipes. The plastic drainage system allows bonding of different polymers. During the transition to cement concrete pavements, construction began in Uzbekistan, the demand for Portland cement in the production of road construction materials, especially highefficiency products meets modern requirements [2]. That is why we need to switch to modern and cheap plastic materials.
There are many advantages of plastic slats instead of semi-concrete slats, one of the main ones is that the weight of slats made of plastic materials is much lighter than our concrete slats. This is just an indicator of the length, which makes it much more convenient in terms of length. Concrete slabs are limited in length, ie we can make them 6-8 meters, but we can face a number of inconveniences in terms of weight and installation, including plastic. quite convenient and purposeful.
Lat Latok for drainage, made of 14m plastic material drainage, made of 14m
plastic material
Conclusions: The development, design, construction and operation of the road transport sector, [1] is growing rapidly today, so I believe that the drainage system of modern highways should be modern, and therefore I think it would be expedient to use trays made of plastic materials, as in today's developed countries, instead of cement-concrete trays, which are considered obsolete. This is because, first of all, we can tell you about the low cost of economic recognition and ease of use and the convenience of the repair process. Depending on the conditions of our roads, the convenience of using a plastic trowel will increase. We can apply it in parallel with the way we are building today. It is possible to use 8 m of cement concrete slabs. Our plastic formwork can be used on a voluntary basis, depending on the condition of the road. Of course, the ability to pass water from the place where we all know, and of course, the connection is also more convenient and preferable in plastic trays. So I came up with ideas, and to see them flush it out, it's really fun.
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References:
1. 1.Saydazimov N., Qo'ysinaliyev N., Mutalibov I., Maxmudov S. 2. RESEARCH OF METHODS OF REPAIR OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVELS " " 11(78) 2020 www.iupr.ru UDC: 691.544 [1] 3. Saydazimov N., Mutalibov I., Qo'ysinaliyev N., O'ktamov S. 4. IMPROVING THE ELASTICITY OF CEMENT-CONCRETE ROADS, " 11(65) 2020 UDK: 691.001.5, [2] 5. Nurxonov Davronbek magistrant, Mahkamov Dilshod Ismatillayevich, dotsent Asfaltbeton qoplamalarni ishlash muddatlarini uzaytirishda innovatsion texnologiyalarni qo`llash "International journal of advanced technology and natural science" international journal [ 5, 110-page] 2020. 6. Nurxonov Davronbek, Dehqonov Abror Avtomobil yollari xizmat muddatini uzaytirish uchun maxalliy xom ashyolar asosida geosetka olishni takomillashtirish "International journal of advanced technology and natural science" international journal [ 5, 128-page] 2020. 7. Nurxonov Davronbek, Xamdamov Davronbek "Geosetka materiallarini tayyorlash texnologiyasi", "Innovation in the modern education system a collection scientific works of the International scientific conference" (25th February, 2021) Washington, USA: "CESS", 2021. [Part 3 p. 137] 8. Inamov A.N., Ergashev M.M., Nazirqulova N.B., Saydazimov N.T. "The role of geo information technologies in management and design of the state cadastre of roads" https://saarj.com/academicia-current-issue "ACADEMICIA (An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal)" Vol. 10 Issue 11, November 2020 9. Anvarjon Dadaxodjayev, Marufjon Mamajonov, Mukhammadyusuf Ergashev, Murodjon Mamajonov "automated drawing of roads in credo complex program", https://www.iupr.ru/11-78-2020 " " 11(78) 2020. 10. https://yandex.com/ 11. https://www.google.com/search?q
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Mahammadjonov T.A. assistant
department of biological chemistry Andijan State Medical Institute
REGISTRATION AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT LEARNING
Annotation: The article provides information on how to control student learning and how to assess students' knowledge.
Keywords: control of students' knowledge, control methods, oral control, written control, tests, quizzes, exams.
Monitoring student learning is a key part of the learning process. His task is to determine to what extent the goal of teaching has been reached. Because control of students 'knowledge in high school has a teaching nature, control methods are closely related to other teaching methods.
The functions of teaching, upbringing and development are also performed during the control of students' knowledge. The importance of teaching is that the student will have the opportunity to constantly improve their knowledge and skills. The educational importance of controlling students 'knowledge is enormous. Regular examinations teach the student to work systematically, to apply the acquired knowledge and skills in practice.
Students develop responsibility, purposefulness, self-discipline, overcoming difficulties and other spiritual qualities. In the control of students 'knowledge, special attention is paid to the importance of their development. Students' thinking ability, analysis, synthesis. comparisons, generalizations, clarity entries are also controlled separately.
Forms of monitoring chemistry learning outcomes vary. Depending on the organization of this control -- individual, frontal, group, and differentiated, or executed -- it can be verbal, written, experimental.
There are also types of control in didactics that depend on the didactic function: before teaching a topic. During the course, quarterly or semi-annually, at the end of the year
Control methods. 1. Verbal Control and Self-Control Methods; a) individual request; b) frontal interrogation; c) oral records; g) oral examination; d) programmed request; e) verbal self-control. 2. Methods of written control and self-control: a) written control; b) written expenses; c) written examination; g) programmed written work; d) self-monitoring in writing. 3. Practical-laboratory control and self-control methods: a) control and laboratory work; b) control using EXM; c) solving experimental problems; g) self-monitoring with the help of practical and laboratory work.
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Questioning is the main form of taking into account students 'mastery. A system of specially selected questions indicates that the teacher is following the students in a systematic way.
Material from previous and non-previous lessons will also be requested. Such feedback allows the learner to deepen and expand their knowledge. In order to save time, a "short question" is conducted. They are pre-recorded on special cards.
Control written work. Control writing is an economical means of taking into account students' knowledge, which allows them to check the mastery not only of individual students, but also of the whole class at the same time. The "one-pass written assignment" lasts 10 to 15 minutes - this control can be included in the diary. Judgments about the quality of educational work are made based on students' mastery. Three forms of student learning are used: daily time-by-time and final forms. All three form a holistic system of accounting for school learning. The final step in taking chemistry into account from time to time is for some teachers to characterize each student and the whole class. On the basis of such a record, a general conclusion is made about the annual mastery of students. After a topic is covered, or at the end of the term, a written checklist on that topic is conducted throughout the course. This work is structured in several variants (2, 3, 4, etc.) to ensure that the students' control work is done independently. The ease and difficulty of the questions should be approximately the same. Checking and evaluating how the work is done plays a big role in terms of education. Based on the teacher's analysis of the most common mistakes, the teacher not only evaluates the students' answers, but also draws appropriate conclusions to further improve the teaching of chemistry. Not only theoretical knowledge, but also the ability to use chemical language, graphics, quantitative calculations, but also the ability to experiment - to use the most commonly used equipment, to perform the most important chemical operations, to use a chemical experiment in testing students' learning and skills. there is also the task of developing skills. At the end of the quarter and at the end of the year, the most important experimental skills of students are checked and evaluated. This also plays a big role in terms of education. Experimental problem solving can be used to test skills. The test can be used to monitor the knowledge of high school students. Usually the test is held outside of class time and students are divided into two or three groups. The teacher prepares the questions and issues in advance and gives them to the students. Students who master the lessons well, respond frequently, can be exempted from the test to reward them. Maturity Certificate Exam. The purpose of the maturity test is to test the depth of students' knowledge, their level of ability to think independently, their ability to connect knowledge with life, theory with practice. What the reader should know:
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a) have a concrete idea of substances and their changes b) know the basic concepts and laws of chemistry and explain them in concrete material c) knowledge of the history of the most important discoveries and inventions, issues related to the life and scientific activity of chemists g) be able to use chemical language d) be able to do simple experimental work, solve quantitative problems. \ The term test is derived from English and when translated into Uzbek means to check, research, test. The test is a short, standard, and usually time-limited test. Test questions are created to conduct such new and convenient tests. Each question has five answers marked with the letters A, B, C, D, E, and one of them is correct. The questions are structured on the principle of "choosing the right one out of many" and "from simple to complex" and based on a rigorous school curriculum. Some teachers may have planned to take the exam based on two theoretical questions, the third of which is a test. However, based on such an approach, it is not possible to fully assess the level of student mastery. The teacher must carefully choose one of the two methods in agreement with the students. It is a good idea to make a punch card out of thicker paper of the same size to keep track of the students' answers. This means that a punch card must be prepared in advance for the class. Students mark their correct answers on these punch cards. To calculate the correct answer, you need to take a punch card, mark the correct answers in the form of a cross circle, and prepare a "template" by cutting them out with scissors. The template should be the same size as the reader punch card and fall on top of it. Determining the correct answer A "template" is placed on top of the three punch cards, so many crosses appear on the template. In schools equipped with a personal computer, test runs can be conducted using machines. To do this, the options of test tasks, their correct answers, assessment criteria are entered into the machine memory, and it is enough to pass the "test" of the student. Qualitative indicators of mastering. Assessment of mastery is an important tool for improving the quality of student work. Students' mastery of chemistry is measured by three indicators: a) the volume of knowledge and practical training; b) quality of education and training; c) forms of identification of knowledge and learning. The quality of knowledge is characterized by concreteness, comprehensibility, systematicity, accuracy, thoroughness. The form of knowledge and learning identification is also important in characterizing students 'mastery. It is very predictable that students will be put into mastering chemistry; depending on the specific circumstances, they may be deepened and clarified; the teacher may increase or decrease these grades somewhat in order to motivate students to do better. For example, the reader to the oral answer: a) knows the material with full answers to the questions;
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b) clearly knows the definition and expression of chemical concepts; c) be able to apply their knowledge in solving practical problems; g) consistently describe the material; d) answers the main and additional questions independently, such student is given a grade of "5". If a reader: a) is well prepared for practical work and follows the instructions clearly; b) understands and performs all experiments consciously; c) accurately perform all chemical experiments and obtain accurate results from the whole work; g) if he is able to observe correctly, draw the right conclusions, perform experiments independently, the practical work of such a student is given a grade of "5". If a reader: a) gives correct answers to all questions in the written work; b) questions related to concrete and theoretical materials responds perfectly and clearly; c) narrates consistently and completely competently, he the student's written work is rated "5". Monitoring the results of students' acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities is of didactic importance in the learning process. Its purpose is to compare the actual learning outcomes with the learning objectives. Control is carried out in different forms, types and methods, and different tasks are included in the means of control.
References: 1. I.N.Borisov. Methods of teaching chemistry. T. Teacher. 1966, 139-141, 218219. 2. G.M.Chernobelskaya. Basic methods of teaching chemistry. M. Prosveshenis. 1987, 119-121, 132-133, 136-137. 3. N.A.Kadygrob. Methods of chemical preparation. Course lecture. Izd.Mosk.universiteta. 1979, 34-36. 4. Obhaya metodika obucheniya ximii. Pod red. L.A.Tsvetova. M. Enlightenment. 1981, 72-74. 1982, 56. 5. T.V.Cheremuxina. Individual work with students in chemistry. T. Teacher. 1989, 6-8
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378
Majidov F.A. master's student Namangan State University Uzbekistan, Namangan
EFFICIENT USE OF HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES IS ONE OF THE MEANS OF INCREASING THE LIVING STANDARDS OF THE POPULATION
Resume: The article argues that the efficient use of the household is one of the means of improving the living standards of the population.
Keywords: household, economy, frugality, productivity, standard of living
The study of the living standards of the population occupies an important place, both in domestic and foreign statistics. Therefore, in order to obtain detailed information about the material and cultural standard of living of the population, statistics provide a large-scale survey of its budgets.
Budget statistics allow us to study income, expenses and consumption of the population, as well as to characterize the production of gross output in personal subsidiary plots according to budget research data. It also examines the indicators of personal consumption of families and indicators of the level of consumption of non-food products.
Statistical accounting and reporting, reflecting the totality of mass phenomena and processes, characterizing them from the quantitative side, identifying certain economic patterns, serve as an important source of analysis. Statistical methods are the main means of studying massive, repetitive phenomena, play an important role in predicting the behavior of economic indicators.
Household statistics of the population is one of the branches of socioeconomic statistics that studies the standard of living of the country's population and, mainly, its material situation. Household survey materials characterize changes in the structure of income and consumer spending of the population, the level of income, expenditure, consumption, etc. different groups of the population, make it possible to identify differences in these levels depending on the composition of the family, the employment of its members; show the role of individual sources in the formation of income, the dependence of consumption on the level of income; allow you to track changes in consumer demand; characterize the differentiation of the population by income level, etc.
It is used to substantiate priority measures in the field of determining the effectiveness of measures for social protection of the population, especially its lowincome strata during the transition to a market economy.
Household data are widely used by statistics in various economic calculations: consumer price indices, national income and its distribution,
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calculating real incomes of the population, compiling a balance of production and use of agricultural products, and many others.
Household cash income consists of cash receipts, which are generally renewable in nature, and accrue to the household or individual members of the household on a monthly basis. Household cash income is derived from the following main sources: wages and salaries of employees and other related income from employers, net income from self-employment, income from entrepreneurial activities, income from personal investment (rent, interest, dividends), royalties and commissions fees. Household cash income also includes alimony, pensions, scholarships, benefits, and other regular cash assistance. Withdrawal from savings, loans taken or repaid loans received, etc. - even if used for consumption purposes, they are not considered household income.
Household expenditures include consumption expenditures and nonconsumption expenditures.
Non-consumption expenses include income tax and other direct income, pension and social security contributions and similar premiums, remittances, gifts and similar transfers made by the household or individual members. Additions to savings, amounts invested or loaned out, loan repayments, and other financial transaction costs are excluded.
Consumer expenditure includes all current expenditure on goods and services for use by a given household or individual members. Consumer spending does not include direct taxes, seniority pensions and other types of social insurance, savings bank deposits, housing cooperatives contributions, life insurance premiums, accrued money transfers, and expenses to non-residents. household members, and loan repayments. Also excluded are costs that are investment in nature, gratuitous cash transfers and donations. Education, medical and other services received free of charge are not included in consumer spending.
So, having considered all the above issues, we can say that the standard of living of the population of Uzbekistan is constantly changing. But if you look at the tendencies of this change, you can see a clear decline in the standard of living of the population of Uzbekistan in recent years.
Based on the above, we will draw a number of conclusions: First, in spite of the fact that both income and expenses of the population are growing every year, the difference between income and expenses is decreasing. This is far from having a positive effect on the well-being of the population of Uzbekistan. Secondly, the economic and statistical analysis of the living standards of the population of Uzbekistan has several branches, the most important of which is the statistics of households of the population. The indicators studied in this industry are used in the study of measures for the social protection of the population of Uzbekistan. Thirdly, with the help of economic and statistical analysis, it is possible to study the provision of the population with social benefits, that is, whether there are enough health workers, medical institutions in a particular region of Uzbekistan,
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and whether there is the necessary number of recreation facilities, theaters, museums necessary to maintain a high cultural level. the level of the population of Uzbekistan.
Lastly, the economic and statistical analysis of the living standards of the population of Uzbekistan is carried out in order to improve certain living conditions of the population. But, at the present time, in the current unstable economic situation, it is becoming more and more difficult to do this.
Providing agricultural enterprises with labor resources and their rational use, increasing labor productivity and, on this basis, raising wages is the most important condition for the successful development of agriculture and its transformation into a highly efficient and highly productive industry.
References: 1. Yokubovna, Y. H. (2019). Evaluation of the economic impact of local population in the development of regional economy: n example of Chadak village. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 2(3), 83-93. 2. , . . (2019). : . : , 17(8), 1593-1606. 3. HY Yoqubjonova. ECOTOURISM IN THE ECONOMY OF THE REGIONS. , (3) 2019. 57-61. 4. Tuyboevna, K. S. (2020). Interactive method one of the most popular types of today's pedagogical technologies. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 8 (11), Part II, 83-92. 5. Karimova Sanobar Tuyboevna. (2020). Using the educational electronic resource phet in the teaching of physics. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 10 (6). 1424-1426. 6. Karimova Sanobar Tuyboevna. (2021). About the use of interactive method and phet electronic resource in educational process. Middle European Scientific Bulletin, 8. https://doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2021.2.164
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Mamajonov M. teacher
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Construction Kholmirzaev M. teacher
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Construction
GEODESIC WORK IN THE PROCESS OF DESIGN TO ENSURE TRAFFIC SAFETY ON ROADS
Annotation: This article deals with the role and importance of geodesy in the design of longitudinal profiles on highways and the design of cross-sections.
Keywords: Red line, black line, horizontals, working height, interpolation.
Introduction As far as we know, the most effective and safe roads are highways. But highways also have their drawbacks. Such deficiencies not only have a major impact on road safety, but can also pose a serious risk to the vehicles, drivers, passengers and pedestrians involved. We know that highways are not always smooth and smooth. In mountainous areas, there are problems such as passes, ravines, dams, snow and avalanches. In urban areas, there are problems such as congestion and pedestrian traffic. Geodetic work is a great help to road engineers in solving these problems and finding solutions to them [1]. Materials and methods In the preparation of this article, the methods of project analysis, study and nationalization of foreign experience, study and orientation of technology opportunities, logic and generalization methods were used, and a proposal to implement measures based on the geography of the region. was given. The main part Road design is based on more complex calculations. The design process is divided into two parts. These are field work and chamber work. Field work is mainly a section of project exploration work, which is geodetic work. The projection of the road axis in the vertical plane in the plane of the drawing is called the longitudinal profile of the road. The longitudinal profile describes the verticality of some sections of the road, measured by the longitudinal slope, and its location relative to the ground. Longitudinal slope is one of the most important indicators of the transportability of roads. The natural slopes of the place often exceed the permissible values required for efficient use of cars. In such cases, the slope of the road is flatter than the slope of the ground, for which part of the soil is cut off on the ascents, or, conversely, the soil is poured into the passages from the lower parts of the relief. When designing a highway, it is first necessary to determine their horizontality through the levels. When counting using levels, the longest distance should not exceed 100 meters [2].
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Figure 1. Location of the track in the longitudinal profile: I - path in "zero" characters; II - in the lift; III - in the carving
Areas where the road surface is lower than the ground surface as a result of soil cutting are called carvings, and sections of the road that pass over the artificially poured soil above the ground are called elevations. called. These elevations and carvings determine soil consumption and road strength when designing a road crosssection. The difference between the road surface markings and the roadside markings, which determine the height of the lift or the depth of the carving, is called the working mark. Fracture areas of the longitudinal profile, which are formed when the slope changes, cause some inconvenience for movement: convex areas on the road obscure the front part of the road, and large areas with a relatively small curvature radius of curvature. when driving at high speed, the front axle of the car becomes lighter and it becomes impossible to control it; Due to the sudden change of direction in the fractured areas, there is an impulse that disturbs the passengers and tightens the suspension. Therefore, the broken areas of the longitudinal profile are smoothed by inserting the connecting vertical curves, and the smoothed broken areas of the longitudinal profile are indicated by a dotted line. Numbers in parentheses represent working symbols in the absence of vertical curves, and numbers without parentheses represent real characters [3].
Figure 2. Working mark of the footpath: a - in the carving; b - in the lift
The profile is first made in a graphite maker, then manually filled in with information about soils, artificial structures, location details, and more. To make the longitudinal profile clearer, vertical distances (characters) are set on a larger scale
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than horizontal characters. For flat roads, the vertical scale is 1: 500 (5 m per 1 cm) and the horizontal scale is 1: 5000 (50 m per 1 cm).
Results When designing roads, longitudinal slopes that do not exceed the allowable height, the height of the road surface above the sources of moisture (groundwater and in some places surface water ponds) to create a favorable water-heat regime for the ground foundation, as well as The height of the footing above the level of snow cover (ensures that the road is not covered with snow) should be considered. The arches work on compression, with the strength of the reinforced concrete giving good results [6]. Determining the position of the road surface relative to the ground in a longitudinal profile is called designing a longitudinal profile or drawing a project line. The following must be ensured during the project line: smoothness of the longitudinal profile, allowable longitudinal slope, sufficient visibility - these allow cars to travel at high speeds; drainage of water from the bottom of the road; the project line is not in the form of a saw; when the project line is in the form of a saw, the "lost ascents" lead to slopes, and then to the ascent of the road section, when passing, the car engines do useless work; roads must pass through the elevation signs indicated when passing through checkpoints, such as the elevation signs at the beginning and end of the route adjacent to the existing road. Conclusion There are many different ways to design a highway. However, regardless of the method used, geodetic work is performed when the designer performs the work. There are two ways to draw a project line: design methods can be as wrapping and cutting lines. In the design of the curve, the design line is drawn as parallel to the ground as possible, except for the rule of thumb in the low-lying areas of the terrain and in the vicinity of sharply curved areas of the longitudinal profile of the surface. Designing as a curb in flat and low-lying terrain allows for the creation of a welldrained footpath. The full use of geodesy in the design will make a significant contribution to safe traffic on highways and increase traffic speed.
References: 1. Q.M. Inoyatov, M.A. Mamajonov. "Avtomobil yo'llarida harakatni xavfsiz tashkil etishda sun'iy inshootlarning roli" Uzacademia scientific-methodical journal republican number 3 on the subject "increasing the innovative activity of youth, improving the spirituality and achievements in science" collection of materials august 31, 2020 part 12 pages 539-541 <ISSN (E) -2181-1334> 2. Mukhammadyusuf Ergashev, M.Mamajonov, M.Kholmirzayev "Automation and modulation of highways in gis software", https://www.modern-j.ru/5-59-2020 " " 5(59) 2020. 3. Anvarjon Dadaxodjayev, Marufjon Mamajonov, Mukhammadyusuf Ergashev, Murodjon Mamajonov "Creating a road database using gis software" The present
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certificate confirms the publication of the article in the scientific journal "Internauka" 343 (172) 21.11.2020 . 43869 4. Saydazimov Nosirjon, Mutalibov Ibroxim, Qo'ysinaliyev Nuriddin, O'ktamov Sardor "Improving the elasticity of cement-concrete roads", https://www.modernj.ru/11-65-2020 " " 11(65) 2020. 5. Saydazimov Nosirjon, Qo'ysinaliyev Nuriddin, Mutalibov Ibroxim, Maxmudov Sirojiddin "Research of methods of repair of cement concrete pavels", https://www.iupr.ru/11-78-2020 " " 11(78) 2020. 3 bet 6. Inamov A.N., Ergashev M.M., Nazirqulova N.B., Saydazimov N.T. "The role of geo information technologies in management and design of the state cadastre of roads" https://saarj.com/academicia-current-issue "ACADEMICIA (An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal)" Vol. 10 Issue 11, November 2020
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UDK 800
Mamarizayeva S.Y. "Masofaviy ta`lim" kafedrasi stajor o`qituvchisi
Qo`qon Davlat Pedagogika instituti
XALQ OG`ZAKI IJODI ELEMENTLARINING INGLIZ TILI DARSLARIDA QO`LLANILISHI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada xalq o`g`zaki ijodi elementlarining ingliz tili darslarida qo`llanilishi va uning ahamiyati, muhimligi haqida so`z yuritiladi.
Kalit so`zlar: maqol, ertak, topishmoq, til o`rgatish
Mamarizayeva S.Y. intern teacher of the department" distance education"
Kokand State Pedagogical Institute
APPLICATION OF ELEMENTS OF FOLK ORAL CREATIVITY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LESSONS
Abstract: This article discusses the use of elements of folklore in English lessons and its importance.
Keywords: proverb, fairy tale, riddle, language teaching
Xalq qo`shiqlari matal va masallari, maqol va hikmatlari, ertak dostonlari asrlarning samarasi, xalq donoligining, so`z san`atining injulari sifatida vujudga kelgan. Chet tili darslarida ertaklar, maqollar va topishmoqlardan foydalanish tili o`rganilayotgan mamalakatning xalqi xayoti va madaniyati bilan ham bevosita tanishtirib boriladi desak mubolag`a bo`lmaydi.
Maqol xalqning ko`p asrlar mobaynida ijtimoiy iqtisodiy, siyosiy va madaniy xayotida to`plagan tajribalari, kuzatishlari asosida yuzaga kelgan ixcham, chuqur mazmunga ega bo`lgan og`zaki ijod janrlaridan biridir. Maqol atamasi arabcha "qovlun"- gapirmoq, aytmoq so`zidan olingan bo`lib, aytilib yuriladigan ifoda va iboralarga nisbatan qo`llaniladi.[1, 91 B]
Maqol o`z tabiatiga ko`ra xalqaro janr hisoblanadi. Dunyoda o`z maqollariga ega bo`lmagan xalqning o`zi yo`q. chunki har bir xalq hayotiy tajribalarini maqollar shaklida avlodlarga qoldiradi. Shuning uchun ham turli xalqlar og`zaki ijodida mazmun va shakl jihatidan bir biriga yaqin hamda hamohang maqollar ko`p uchraydi. Chunki har bir xalq hayoti va tarixida juda ko`p o`xshshliklar, umumiyliklar mavjud. Aynan shu umumiylikdan ingliz tili o`rgatish jarayonida foydalanish esa o`rganuvchining ona tili va o`rganilayotgan til o`ratsidagi to`siqni yengishda yordam beradi. Misol uchun:
A friend in need is a friend indeed-Do`st kulfatda bilinadi There's no place like home-O`z uying o`lan to`shaging
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Til o`rgatish jarayonida xalq og`zaki ijodi namunalaridan foydalanish o`rganish jarayonini nafaqat rang-baranglashtiradi balki o`z oldimizga qo`ygan masalalar yechimiga ham xizmat qiladi. Ko`p maqollar ohangdosh va rifmikaga egadir. O`rganishning boshlang`ich bosqichida biz ulardan fonetik mashqlar sifatida, ma`lum bir tovush ustida ishlaganimizda foydalanishimiz mumkin. Misol uchun :
[e]-tovushi Best defense is offense-Eng yaxshi himoya bu hujum [s]-tovushi Speech is silver but silence is good. Gapirish kumushga teng, sukut oltinga. Maqollar va matallar umumlashgan xususiyatiga ko'ra, taqlid san'atini o'rgatishda chet tilini o'qitishning barcha bosqichlarida, fikrni tasvirlash va uni qisqa shaklda bayon qilishda foydalanish mumkin. All that glitters is not gold-Hamma yaltiragan narsa ham oltin emas A little knowledge is a dangerous thing-Oz bilim xavfli narsa. Topishmoqlar xalq og`zaki ijodining kichik va ommabop hamda xalqaro janrlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Bu janr yosh avlodni hayotni bilishga, borliqdagi narsa buyumlarning xususiyatlairni yodda saqlab qolishga o`rgatadi. Qadimda topishmoqlar cho`pchak, topmachoq, matal, bayt, jumboq, topar kabi nomlar bilan yuritilgan. Bolalarga chet tilini o`rgatishda, o'qitishda topishmoqlar eng qiziqarli va ko'ngil ochar vositalardan biri hisoblanadi. Jumboqlarni yechish aqllilik, zukkolik va mantiqni rivojlantirish uchun ular yaxshi mashq bo'lishi mumkin.[2] O'qituvchilar ingliz tilidagi topishmoqlardan - ko'pincha yangi o`rganilgan so'zlarni mustahkamlashda, ingliz tilidagi polisemantik so'zlarga e'tiborni jalb qilishda, shuningdek ba'zi grammatik hodisalarni tasvirlash uchun foydalanadilar. Sinfda bolalar uchun ingliz tilidagi jumboqlardan foydalanishda, ularga yorqin rasmlar ilova qilinadi va ingliz tili darslarida topishmoqlar turli o'yinlar uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qilishi mumkin. Masalan, ingliz tilidagi ranglar mavzusini tusuntirib berayotganda, mavzu oxirida siz bolalar bilan turli xil ranglarni eslatib, bir nechta jumboqlarni o'rgatishingiz mumkin: Misollar: I am purple, yellow, red, and green The King cannot reach me and neither can the Queen. I show my colors after the rain And only when the sun comes out again. (A rainbow) Beqasamdan yo`li bor, Osmon-falakda chiqar. (Kamalak) Ingliz tilidagi otlarni (artikllar, ko'plik) o'rganishning murakkab jarayonlaridan biri bu sanaladigan va sanab bo'lmaydigan ot turkumidir. Bunday otlarning farqini tushuntirgandan so'ng, o'qituvchi odatda inglizcha otlarni hisoblash va hisoblash mumkin bo'lmagan misollarini so'raydi. Va bunday otlarga misol sifatida va o'rganilgan mavzuni mustahkamlash uchun siz bir nechta jumboqlarni o'rgatishingiz mumkin. Clean, but not water,
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White, but not snow, Sweet, but not ice-cream, What is it? (Sugar) Choyga solsam erib ketar, Lazzatini berib ketar.M (Shakar) Chet tili darslarida maqol va topishmoqlardan foydalanish chet tilini o'rganishga bo'lgan qiziqishni uyg`otadi, o'quvchilarning faolligi va dars samaradorligini oshirishning ajoyib usuli hisoblanadi, chunki ular o'yin va raqobat elementini tilni egallash jarayoniga kiritishga yordam beradi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro`yxati: 1.O`zbek xalq og`zaki poetik ijodi: K.Imomov, T.Mirzayev, B.Sarimsoqov, O.Safarov T.:O`qituvchi 1990.-304 B. 2.Ushinskiy K.D. Rodnoye slovo: Kniga dlya uchashixsya. Sobr.soch.T.6. 3.Madayev O. Sobitova T. Xalq og`zaki poetik ijodi- T.:"Sharq" 2001 141-151 B. 4.Bolalar adabiyoti va folklore. Mamasoli Jumaboyev Toshkent 2006 5.Jahongirov G` O`zbek bolalar folklori. "O`qituvchi" 1985
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374
Mamatova N.A. Andijan state medical institute
ON SOME ISSUES OF TEACHING ONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH
Annotation: In this article modern approaches of investigation of the characteristics of native speaker performance in conversation is considered, which is impossible to do without knowing the social cultural sphere, as well as nationalcultural specific ways and basic types of activities of teaching speaking English have been reviewed.
Key words: the functions of conversation, national-cultural specific, fluency activities, a psychological barrier.
Different cultures talk about different things in their everyday lives. Native speakers very aware of what they should and should not talk about with specific categories of people in their own language, but rules may be different in a foreign language. Both teachers and students need to develop a sense of "taboo" subjects if they are to avoid offence.
Good conversationalists use stress and intonation to keep conversations going. A fall on words like "O.K." or "So", often serves to show that we are about to change the subject . A rise on "really" is a way of showing interest. All of these are important signals and it is worth pointing these out to students when they occur so that they start listening for them. A wide voice range is also more likely to keep a listener interested than a monotone. This can be difficult for students whose native language has a narrow voice range and for these students additional sensitively training may be needed. Students also need to realize that the wrong intonation could lead to misunderstanding. For example, researchers found that Pakistani ladies who were serving in the canteen of Heathrow often got a hostile reaction by pronouncing the word with a falling intonation, rather than the rise which would be polite in British English. While it is true that speakers do not use as much gesture as people in some other cultures, e.g. Italians, they do use their hands to emphasize a point. The positioning of the body also has an effect on the listener, sitting on the edge of a seat may be seen as being aggressive. Slumping in it is a sign of boredom and even where do not mean it this may be how it comes across. In some cultures people also stand very close to those they are talking to and many Americans report discomfort when faced with Middle-Easterners who tend to value proximity and touch.
Body language is a complicated area, but it is worth observing your students and giving them feedback on how they appear to others.
Teachers need to be aware of the characteristics of native speaker performance in conversation if they are to teach conversation effectively they also need to consider which of the functions of conversation are most relevant to the
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students. They will vary according to level and needs, but most general the purpose of the students would be to use English in order to:
-give and receive information; -collaborate in doing something; -share personal experiences and opinions with a view to building social relationships. There are 4 basic types of activities of teaching speaking: 1st -controlled activities to give students confidence and support . 2nd -awereness activities to increase sensitively in students to what they are aiming at. 3rd -fluency activities to give students the practice they need to use English for communication. 4th -feedback tasks to allow students to reflect on their own performance so that they become aware of areas in which they have to improve. In most conversation programs we would expect a mixture of all of these activities from the start, geared to the needs of the students. When we think about the mix the following considerations apply: It may be necessary to introduce fluency activities gradually, students who are used to highly controlled patterns of interaction, where it is the teacher who initiates all the language exchanges and judges whether they are correct or not may find that fluency activities pose a considerable threat because they are not used to the freedom involved. It is also unlikely that any one lesson will consist entirely of one type of activity. It is always best to aim for variety of task type. Normal conversations proceed so smoothly because we co-operate in them. There were four maxims or principles which develop co-operative behavior established. 1. The maxim of quality. Make your contribution, one that is true specifically: a) Do not say what you believe to be false b) Do not say anything for which you lack adequate evidence 2. The maxim of quantity. Make your contribution just as informative as required and no more. 3The maxim of relation. Make your contribution relevant and timely. The maxim of manner. Avoid abscurity and ambiquity. Readers will realize that these maxims are often broken and when this happens, native speakers work harder to get at the underlying meaning, example: -How did you find the play? -The lighting was good. By choosing not to be as informative as required B. is probably suggesting the play is not worth commenting on. A lot of the material written English as a foreign language is deliberately free of such ambiguity. This means that students
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have problems later in conversational situations where the maxims are not observed. Systematic listening practice using authentic discourse may be one solution.
Ask any student of English as a second language (ESL) what it is that he or she wants from the language class experience and nine times of ten the answer will be "more conversation, practice". We have thought about this request frequently and have wondered just what our students mean.
If the students are living and studying in the United States, don't they have plenty of opportunity to practice their English? Isn't the free conversation experience waiting for them daily just out of the classroom door?
We have come to believe that one conversation groups fail it is neither the fault of the activities presented nor due to the lack of creativity of energy expanded on the part of the teacher. Hours are spent conscientiously developing and designing activities and topics to cue exciting and effective conversation among the students our hearts are in the right place! Rather the problem lies with unrealistic exceptions. We put a room full of strangers into a circle and we expect them to act as close friends before they even know or trust each other. We expect them to be well versed in the dynamics of group process such as turn talking/ interrupting active listening etc. We expect them to know how to deal with the more vocal members and draw out the more timid or self-conscious ones. They are expected to know how to conduct themselves as a cohesive entity with no previous experience of selfdirection in the classroom. Too often we give them topics that are too hot to handle topics that require a great deal of personal disclosure.
Many students have to overcome a psychological barrier before they are prepared to speak in the foreign language. Some students find speaking in the classroom situation a threat because there is always an audience and consequently prefer the anonymity of one-to-one encounters outside. Others on the other hand who quite happily contribute in the sheltered environment of the classroom, experience considerable problems in building up the courage to use the language outside the class.
References: 1. Scarcella, R., & Oxford, R. (1992). The tapestry of language learning: The individual in the communicative classroom. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. 2. Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle. 3. Mohan, B. (1986). Language and content. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. 4. Nunan, D. (1989). Designing tasks for the communicative classroom. 5. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Mamazulunov N. assistant
Andijan State Medical Institute
INORGANIC PHOSPHATE AND PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE
Abstract: Fluorescence spectroscopy has become one of the most prevailing high-sensitivity applications for the detection and quantification of molecules. The fluorescence phenomenon studies the emission of light from excited singlet states, or the luminescence, of any molecule. These molecules absorb radiation at specific wavelengths. As this occurs, molecules become electronically excited and electrons are promoted from the ground state (µG) to the excited state (µE). As electrons transition back down to the ground state, energy in the form of photons is released to form immediate emissions.
Keywords: Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), dihydrogen phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, sodium 4-styrenesulfonate, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), carboxymethyl cellulose.
Förster resonance energy transfer - FRET Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a technique that relies on the transfer of energy from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor fluorophore. The non-radiative transfer between these fluorophores is called, FRET pairs. FRET is an effective tool used to measure the distance between the donor fluorophore to that of the acceptor fluorophore. FRET occurs when the emission spectra of the donor fluorophore and the absorption spectra of the acceptor fluorophore are apart by a distance less than 10 nm and are overlapped by 30%. When a ground state acceptor fluorophore is near an excited donor fluorophore, the excited state energy is transferred. This transfer of energy leads to increased emission fluorescence intensities of the acceptor while the donor excited state lifetime and fluorescence intensity decrease. This energy transfer is a product of dipole-dipole interactions. Alongside dipole interactions, resonance energy transfer relies on donor quantum yields, donor and acceptor fluorophore distances and spectral overlap.
Figure. Energy transfer between tryptophan donor emission with dansyl acceptor absorption.
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Tryptophan (Trp) donor and dansyl group (DNS) acceptor monomers form dimers used to calculate donor-to-acceptor distances. (Copyright © Springer Nature) [1]
Fluorescence dyes for inorganic phosphate detection Selecting fluorophores for specific sensors requires a variety of considerations. An example would be identifying the overall net charges of prospective probes. When targeting specific molecules with anionic or cationic properties, receptors or binding sites on the fluorophore should possess high affinity for the target species. Although there are challenges to designing probes for molecular specificity, nonetheless, there have been successful methods to achieve optimized conditions for electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions. In the preparation of developing an inorganic phosphate sensor, the molecular species must be understood. Inorganic phosphate has a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol. The ion forms a tetrahedral arrangement, comprising of a phosphorus central atom and four surrounding oxygen atoms. Phosphate possesses three pKa values, pKa1 = 2.148, pKa2 = 7.198 and pKa3 = 12.35. Under specific pH conditions, inorganic phosphate exists as phosphoric acid, dihydrogen phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate and phosphate (tribasic).
Figure . Molecular structures of phosphate species with pKa values.
Methods:Survey for potential inorganic phosphate sensors Propidium iodide and quinacrine mustard dihydrochloride hydrate spectral properties: 15 µM propidium iodide in tris buffer (0.1 M, pH 7) and varying concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) (150 µM 266 µM) using K2HPO4 were titrated and fluorescence emission was monitored at 632 nm upon excitation at 493 nm. The same procedure was repeated in propidium iodide 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or 0.1% poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PSS). An identical protocol was followed for 18 µM quinacrine mustard dihydrochloride hydrate (QM), in tris buffer (0.1 M, pH 7), 0.1% CMC or 0.1% PSS. The fluorescence emission at 500 nm was monitored upon excitation at 436 nm. Sephadex LH-20 for QM binding complex and spectral properties:
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Sephadex LH-20 was hydrated in MilliQ and transferred to Econo-Column® (1.5 x 10 cm, Bio-Rad, Mississauga, ON, Canada) and washed thoroughly with MilliQ. 20 mM QM was applied to the packed column. The column was washed thoroughly with 400 mL of MilliQ and was resuspended five times. 250 µL of Sephadex LH-20-QM, 500 µL of tris buffer (0.1 M, pH 7) and 100 µL of varying Pi concentrations (0 mM 1.25 mM) were added to five separate microcentrifuge tubes (Axygen®). All tubes were vortexed for 1 minute and centrifuged at 2000 rpm. 500 µL of supernatants was monitored for QM fluorescence (ex: 436 nm, em: 500 nm). An identical protocol was conducted using QM (20 µM, 700 µL) and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, 0.5 g and 1.0 g) in the place of Sephadex LH-20QM.
Synthesis, laser ablation and FTIR of cellulose-phosphate using filter paper for binding complex: Following pre-existing synthesis methods, 1 cm Whatman® filter paper disks were washed generously and subjected to the basic synthesis conditions for cellulose-phosphate. Controlled samples were made without the addition of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). Cellulose and cellulose-phosphate disks were mounted onto microscope slides and subjected to laser ablation (70 secs, 50%, 20 Hz) using PhotonMachines 193 nm short pulse width Analyte Excite excimer laser ablation system (Isomass Scientific Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada). Samples were also characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using the Bruker Alpha FTIR Spectrometer (Plantinum-ATR attachment) (Bruker Ltd, Milton, ON, Canada).
References: 1. Lakowicz, J.R.: Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 3rd Edition, Joseph R. Lakowicz, editor. (2006) 2. Brand, L., Johnson, M.L.: An Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy. 15 (2011). 3. Feng, F., Tang, Y., Wang, S., Li, Y., Zhu, D.: Continuous fluorometric assays for acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibition with conjugated polyelectrolytes. Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 46, 78827886 (2007). 4. Stanisavljevic, M., Krizkova, S., Vaculovicova, M., Kizek, R., Adam, V.: Quantum dots-fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based nanosensors and their application. Biosens. Bioelectron. 74, 562574 (2015). 5. Selvin, P.R.: The renaissance of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7, 730734 (2000). 6. Buisine, E., De Villiers, K., Egan, T.J., Biot, C.: Solvent-induced effects: Selfassociation of positively charged systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 1212212128 (2006). 7. Liu, Y., Schanze, K.S.: Conjugated polyelectrolyte-based real-time fluorescence assay for alkaline phosphatase with pyrophosphate as substrate. Anal. Chem. 80, 86058612 (2008).
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Mansurov O.F. student of water management and reclamation
Tashkent Irrigation and Agriculture Bukhara branch of the Institute of Mechanization Engineers
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This article discusses the impact of climate change on water management in Uzbekistan and the basics of water management and planning with the participation of stakeholders. The information is also intended for researchers, science teachers and a wide range of professionals interested in water management and efficient use in Uzbekistan.
Keywords: water resources, climate change, temperature, management, guidance, need, precipitation, snowfall, strata, water flow.
Water resources management must ensure that the needs of society and nature for water of the required quality and quantity are met on a regular basis in all areas of space and time - on an operational, annual, multi-year and long-term scale. In other words, water management is about maintaining a balance between water resources and the needs for them.
Global warming is affecting all aspects of water resources management in Uzbekistan, from urban and agricultural water supply to flood management and aquatic ecosystem protection. Rising temperatures, loss of snow cover, increasing and frequency of flood events, and rising sea levels are the main effects of climate change, which has a broad impact on water resources management. Reducing emissions from climate change is an important step we need to take, but water resources managers and elected officials must now act to adapt to the effects of global warming that have already occurred or are imminent.
To fully understand the concept of water resources management, it is necessary to pay attention to its broad and narrow content. Water management - in the broadest sense - is the full range of political, legal, socio-economic, technological and other functions for the use and protection of water resources. In the political, social, economic and legal spheres of water management, activities are carried out with the participation of all participants of the water complex, ie water consumers and water users, which lead to fair, efficient and environmentally friendly results.
Climate change can affect many areas where water resources managers play an active role. The key is to change the observed temperature and precipitation regimes, increasing the global sea level and its associated effects.
The increase in temperature is expected to vary depending on the amount of precipitation and low snowfall. Such a shift in precipitation affects the origin and timing of runoff, which results in less runoff from spring snowmelt and more runoff
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from winter rainfall, especially from high or mountainous areas. These shifts have already been noted in some parts of Uzbekistan.
Precipitation changes are expected to vary across Uzbekistan, with some areas receiving more and others less. There may also be changes in the seasonal pattern and extreme levels of precipitation. Depending on the location, these possible changes are a cause for concern as droughts and floods, which have been identified experimentally, will occur more frequently and will be more severe in future climatic conditions.
Sea levels change over time, mainly in response to global climate change. In the twentieth century, the world average sea level rose to an average of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm / year, a figure that was slightly higher between 1961 and 2003. Recent climate studies have noted global warming during the twenty-seventh century and predicted that global warming will continue or accelerate in the twenty-first century and possibly beyond. Changes in sea levels affect the coastal and estuarine regions, the erosion of sandy beaches increases, and saline water seeps into the coastal and estuarine layers. All or all of these changes can occur gradually or suddenly. The temporary onset of such changes is important for future action.
Many water supply sources are already isolated, water quality has deteriorated and is often insufficient to support endangered species. Climate change is exacerbating water problems, leading to water shortages for people and the environment, and making it increasingly difficult to meet the needs of both. Currently, implementing measures to improve water quality and supply, protect aquatic ecosystems, and improve flood management not only makes sense, but early action will help reduce the future impacts associated with climate change. Today, even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, there is already overheating in the "pipeline" that will cause additional effects. Adaptation is not a solution to climate change, but given the importance of our water resources, urgent action is needed to prevent social impacts.
References: 1. Guidelines for integrated water resources management in basins. GWP and INBO. Published by Elanders, Sweden, 2009. 2. Ahmed Tayiya and Kaveh Madani. Transboundary water conflict resolution mechanisms. Available at http://www.globalpolicy. 3. Babbitt, Eileen, Diana Chigas, and Robert Wilkinson 2013: A Briefing on Change Theories and Indicators: Primers for Concepts and Conflict Management and Mitigation.
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Mansurova M.Kh. student
department of magistracy direction of pedagogical theory and history
Fergana State University
EFFECTIVE USE OF PEDAGOGICAL VIEWS OF ABDULLA AVLONI IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
Annotation: the pedagogical views of Abdulla Avloni, a prominent scientist and literary critic, based on the link between education and the study of the personality of the child, the study of the collektiv and the personality, teaching and teaching; showed the connection of pedagogy with other disciplines, paving the way for the Coordination of school, family and extracurricular education. Abdulla Avloni devoted many years of pedagogical activity and many pages to the problem of creating a harmony of public and personal interests in education. In this harmony, he saw human happiness and the essence of education. He knew that training in a team was a method that was common to all and at the same time gave everyone the opportunity to develop.
In the course of this article, we will consider the effectiveness of the educational process on the basis of pedagogical views of Abdulla Avloni, as well as several pedagogical technologies and interactive techniques in the formation of skills to attract students to the lesson.
Keywords: pedagogical diagnostics , correction, method of conversation, patriotism, pedagogical technologies, pedagogical methods, "school flower", expressive reading.
One of the famous representatives of the Uzbek national culture at the end of the XIX beginning of the XX century is an enlightened poet, playwright, journalist, scientist, state and public figure Abdulla Avlani. He was born on July 12, 1878 in the family of the Weaver Miravlon brother in the sniper neighborhood of Tashkent. His childhood was spent on the crooked streets of the Mirabad district, among the children of railway workers, most of whom were Russian.He studied at the old school in the pupil, then in the madrasah (1885-1886). He was engaged in independent reading. He studied Arabic, Persian, Russian. Orenburg, Kazan, watched gazeta-magazines, which went out in Tbilisi. In a short period of time, he became known as an enlightener and became one of the active manifestations of ijgimoi-cultural mobility in the country. One of the most important changes in the cultural life of Turkestan in the early 20th century was a change in schoolwork.
As Abdulla Avloni predicted in his time: "If pedagogy wants to educate a person in every possible way, then it is necessary that a person learn in every possible way", in fact, since in the process of education, teachers are responsible for the formation of youth upbringing and their cognitive potential, first of all, the formation of communication skills between the reader. In attracting students to the
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lesson, of course, requires a great pedagogical skill from the teacher. . While we are studying the pedagogical actions of Abdulla Avloni in the field of education, we can also see that the girls in his school also sit side by side with the children and study .In one of the numbers of 1910 years of the" Newspaper of the Turkistan region", the same year, 23 May, at the Avlonian school, he touched on the exam held in the presence of several scribes, fathers of the shogird people and many spectators, and reported that one young shogird-girl was fascinated by everyone with her own mind and upbringing.
We recognize Abdulla Avloni not only as a pedagogue, but also as a literary scientist. His early poetic works were published in the books" literature or national poems "(I, II, III, Gujuzlar)," Maktab Gulistoni "(1916)," Mardikorlar ashulasi "(1917) and "Sabzavotlar" (1914), as well as works published in the pages of the time press. They were propagated knowledge, condemned ignorance and ignorance, the socio-moral foundations of the old system, thought about the free and happy times. In this respect, the poems of Avlani in this period are in harmony with Hamza, the train of the Anbar horse. Avlony widely used finger weight in literature. He wrote poems adapted to national tunes and enriched the possibilities.
"To bring the ability of man to perfection is in the means of upbringing. A child turns out to be a happy person, if he is well-educated, preserved from corrupt behavior and is big, accustomed to his beautiful people. If an ill-mannered, morally corrupt person grows up, turns out to be an ignorant, ignorant rasvoi man who does not take heed, does all sorts of corrupt deeds."Therefore, pedagogical diagnostics and correction are of great importance in researching and finding solutions to the problems of pedagogical theory and practice. In my opinion, the teacher only gives knowledge in the course of the lesson and at the same time gives training in his own actions, mimics and colloquial, polite.
To the teacher who has such qualities, the young people who are selfschooling, too, will be able to morning, besides listening to him, he will be able to explain his thoughts silently.
It is known to us that education is a process conducted under the guidance of specially trained people, which develops cognitive abilities that arm students with knowledge, skills and abilities, content their worldview. It would not be a mistake to say that pedagogical technologies and interactive techniques implemented by the teacher in the process of ser content increase the activity of students, teachers in relation to the educational process. In particular, in the process of the lesson, it is necessary to approach scientifically not only with the exposure or speech fictions, but also to conduct the educational process on the basis of interactive methods, which will lead to the intensification of the lesson.
In particular, Abdulla Avloni in the textbook" Ikkinchi muallim" created special poems for expressive and memorizing. The poet paid special attention to the structure, musicality of such poems, the regularity of rhymes, stands. As a rule, such poems are absorbed by the author, as well as the reader's feelings.Hence, poems aimed at expressive reading are sonorous, playful, put on the reader's feelings the task of teaching poetry-beauty, artistic speech to feel. Abdulla Avlani pays special
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attention to the method of expressive reading, as in the lower classes of the school, in aesthetic education of students, in the cultivation of their oral speech. Therefore, this method of textbooks "Birinchi muallim" and "Ikkinchi Muallim" of the author is much more widely used in jadid schools and has been repeatedly reprinted.It can not be overemphasized if we say that through this he not only has achieved the development of the circle of the culture of speech, but also through such a method, the emergence of thinking, observation, mimic movements in the reader, the descent of himself in a daring lesson, and the memorization of such prose in poetry, in turn, creates a basis for.I think that it is very effective to use the following techniques in educational conditions, in pedagogical direction, in carrying out the course process:
1. Method of pedagogical observation. 2. Method of conversation. 3. Survey method. 4. Interview method. It would not be a mistake to say that these methods coincide with Abdulla Avlani's views. Abdulla Avlani's textbooks are of great importance in the cultivation of children's oral speech by the method of conversation, teaching artistic vocabulary.A number of forms of expressive reading are given in the Avloni complexes "Literature or national poems" and "School Gulistan" such beautiful texts as Declaration (individual reading), reading as chorus, reading as roles. It should be noted that some poems in the literary complex ("Who is the Noma", "What is in us a lot") serve to teach readers the elementary forms of expressive reading. In these poems, a bitter irony, a tone of hatred stand in the center of attention of readers. Such collective reading, in turn, leads to the formation of such concepts as mutual closeness, harmony, communion among students, as well as the emergence of close interdependence. Having didactic and pedagogical views, Abdulla Avlani did not only limit himself to the elementary forms of reading in his textbooks, but also did serious work, at the same time, at that time, to spread knowledge, to call the people to master science.In 191-1911-ies, representatives of the "Grammofon" society in Riga came to the cities of Central Asia and recorded on plastic the classical status and songs of famous hafizs among the Uzbek, Kazakh, Tajik, Kyrgyz peoples. On this occasion, the Masterpiece performed by the famous artist Mulla Toychi Toshmuhamedov (1868-1943) is also written on plates.A great enlightener poet of his time, a pedagogue.Avlani also used technical means of teaching the people of that period in order to promote science and education. First of all, Abdulla Avlani uses technical means in order to attract Uzbek children to school, disseminate enlightenment among the people, create first examples of expressive reading. Abdulla attaches special importance to the unity of ducation and training in Avldani. Behind the intellectual upbringing, which is an expression of human intelligent activity, achieves great honor and perfection, in this place the breadth of the thinking circle of the teacher, the high level of knowledge in all respects are decisive in the education of students.The development of the ability to think leads to a work with the mind: it teaches students to distinguish between good deeds and
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bad deeds, to master the good deeds that are necessary for a perfect person, to stay away from bad deeds that lead a person to error.
Abdulla Avlani also wrote many poems and parables for children. In these works, the poet aims to expand the circle of thoughts of children of school age, instilling in them love for school and book, labor, nature, Motherland.In these poems, the poet describes the motherland in simple and sincere Egypt that not only in the middle of those tenth years, but also children of today's school age can get great aesthetic pleasure from them. In fact, starting from the definition of the poet Vatan, "from the mountains make deposits, from the Lands make grains... The air is very pleasant, there are deserts stone, sand.
n conclusion, I can say that such views of Abdulla Avloni and the methods that led to the process of the lesson lead not only to the growth of communicative abilities in the student, to the establishment of emotional communication between the pupils, to the solution of problematic situations, to work in a group, to listen to the opinion of others .The use of pedagogical innovations, the use of integrated processes, the use of interactive techniques are insufficient in the formation of students as spiritually competent, with a high intellectual potential, independent and free-thinking, creative. It will be necessary to take into account the inner world of the personality of the reader. That is, I think it is necessary to be able to count on his personal opinion, to notice the abilities in him, to positively influence the increase in his vocabulary.
References: 1. Mirziyayev Sh.M. We will continue our path of national development with determination and raise it to a new level.// Tashkent-2017, "Uzbekistan" , 593 b 2. A. Bobokhonov, M. Maxsomov, " A. Avlani pedagogical activity " 1999 year. 31-36-p 3. A.Suvonov, S.Astanova. "Pedagogical skill". - Gulistan, 2010. 4. RMevlonova, N.Rakhmonkulova, N.Voxidova, K.Matnazarova. "Pedagogy" Tashkent, 2013 5. Khodjayev B.H. General pedagogical theory and practice. Classroom-T.: SANOSTANDARD, 2017. 2. Roziyeva D.I., Tolipov O'.Q. Pedagogical technologies and pedagogical skills. T.: INNOVATION-ZIYO, 2019. 3. Khodjayev B.H., Choriyev A., Saliyeva Z.T. Methodology of pedagogical research. The textbook. - T.: WORLD OF ECONOMICS, 2018. 4. Mutalipova M.C., Khodjayev B.H. Comparative pedagogy. The textbook. - T.: TDPO, 2015. 5. Yuzlikaeva E., Madyarova S., Yanbarisova E., Morkhova I. Theory I practice obtshey pedagogy. Uchebnik. - T.: TGPU, 2014.
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537 Maxmudov N.A.
Academy of the Armed Forces Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Ochilov T.Yo. training center for junior specialists of the Armed Forces
Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand Kamolov O.Ya.
lecturer at the department of Military Training MIA Academy Ashurxodjaev B.X.
lecturer at the department of Military Training MIA Academy Abdug'aniev Sh.A.
Tashkent Institute of Information and Communication Technologies and Communications Xodjayev S.M.
Fergana Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan, Fergana
TIN/CR/AL2O3 AND TIN/AL2O3 HYBRID COATINGS STRUCTURE FEATURES AND PROPERTIES RESULTING FROM COMBINED
TREATMENT
Abstract: New experimental results on the structure and the element and phase composition of hybrid coatings, which were deposited on a substrate of AISI 321 stainless steel using a combination of plasma detonation, vacuum arc and subsequent high-current electron beam treatment (HCEB), are presented. We found that an increase in energy density intensified mass-transfer processes and resulted in changes in aluminum oxide phase composition ( and ). Also we observed formation of a nano-crystal structure in Al2O3 coating.
Keywords: hybrid protecting coatings, plasma jet, vacuum-arc deposition, electron beam treatment, adhesion, nano- and micro-hardness, wear and corrosion resistance.
1.Introduction Traditional methods of surface modification, which are applied now in practice (physical, chemical, electro-chemical and mechanical ones [1]) as well as more advanced methods such as ion implantation, ion-assisted deposition of thin films, plasma technologies and electron-beam treatment [1 - 4] in some cases cannot result directly in a desired effect. In this connection, solving the concrete industrial problems arising in sheep building and chemistry, for instance [1, 5, 6], one has to combine such methods of surface modification, which allow the production of hybrid coatings possessing the definite operation properties [1, 7]. An oxidealuminum ceramics and the coatings on titanium and tungsten carbides and nitrides [1, 8 - 10] base possess a number of unique properties, which are able to provide
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corrosion protection, high hardness and mechanical strength, low wear, and good electro-isolation properties. Additional treatment of these coatings by high current electron beams (HCEB) in the regime of partial melting results in ablation of surface impurities (e.g. carbon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-compounds) and activation of the coating surfaces. Melting of the surfaces and their high-rate cooling result in the formation of nano- dispersed and metastable phases, as well as amorphous layers. Deposition of a TiN-layer, also showing high-melting temperature, hardness and corrosion resistance, additionally allows the decrease of the surface porosity of the oxide coatings and the enhancement of the protective action.
2. Experimental 2.1. Preparation of samples The protecting hybrid coatings TiN/Cr/Al2O3 and TiN/Al2O3 were formed on the substrate of austenite stainless steel AISI 321 (18wt.% Cr; 9wt.%Ni; 1wt.%Ti; 0.3wt.% Cr; Fe the rest; 0.3mm and 2 mm thickness). The aluminum oxide coating (45 to 60µm thick) was formed using a high-velocity pulsed-plasma jet from the facility "Impulse-5". This technology applied for production of the protecting coatings is relatively new and based on electromagnetic acceleration of burning products from gas mixtures (propane, oxygen and air). Approaching such an electric conducting layer the aluminum oxide powder is quickly heated and accelerated in the flow of pulsed plasma. At the moment when the pulsed plasma jet is ejected from the plasmatron the electric circuit is shorted between an eroding electrode and the substrate surface. In this shorted system a pulsed magnetic field in which temperature of the plasmapowder flow was increased for the second time, was formed. Evaluation of the pulsed plasma flow technological characteristics (temperature, velocity and power density) for the opted operation plasmatron regimes was performed using the method described in [13] by solution of a two-dimensional non-stationary problem of detonation wave distribution in an electric field between two coaxial electrodes. 2.2. The characterization of the coatings The element composition of TiN/Al2O3 and TiN/Cr/Al2O3 coatings was studied by back-scattering (BS) using the accelerating facility UPK-2-1 (Nuclear Physics Institute, Almaty, Kazakstan) under 0.8 and 1.5MeV proton beam energy and by scanning electron microscopy with micro-analysis (REMMA-102 microscope with WDS-2 and EDS adapters (Selmi, Sumy, Ukraine). Detailed studies of the detonation-produced aluminum oxide coating microstructure were performed by the transmission electron microscope PEM-125 with 125kV accelerating voltage (Selmi, Sumy, Ukraine). Very thin foils of various coating thicknesses were manufactured from the samples. Then one their edge was polished electro-chemically. Using ion etching, we reached that thickness which allowed us to study micro-diffraction of various regions. X-ray analysis of the hybrid coatings was performed by the DRON-2.0 facility (S-Peterbourg, Russia) with Cu k emission. Additional studies of the hybrid coating surface phase composition were performed by a low-angle scattering using the X-ray diffraction meter D8 Advance (Bruker AXS, Germany) in Cu k emission.
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To decode and interpret the obtained diffraction patterns, we applied the licensed data base PCDFWIN containing information about more than 150 000 compounds, and a package of programs for data treatment Diffrac. Plus 80000 compounds. Microhardness measurements were performed by the PMT-3 (St-Peterbourg, Russia) facility by the Vickers's diamond pyramid under 0.1 to 0.15kg indentation loads to the transversal cross-sections.
2.3. Investigation of Corrosion Behavior Using Electrochemical Techniques The corrosion resistance of the prepared coatings was investigated using electrochemical techniques. An AUTOLAB Potentio-Galvanostat (ECO CHEMIE, Netherlands) and Princeton Applied Research corrosion testing cell were used for the electrochemical measurements. A saturated calomel electrode used as a reference electrode and a graphite one as an auxiliary electrode for all measurements. The tests in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were carried out in the potential region -- 1000 to +1500 mV at ambient temperature. Five rapid scans (scan rate = 25 mV/s) followed by one slow scan (scan rate = 0.25 mV/s) were performed on each specimen. The rapid scans allow investigations under constant conditions of the material surface and corroding medium, whereas slow scans lead to predictions of the general corrosion behavior of the material. In all cases the sample surface exposed to the corroding medium was 1cm2 [22 - 24]. The above-mentioned experimental conditions were also applied for the corrosion tests in HCl and NaCl solutions, whereas the scanning region was from -300 to +1700 and from -1000 to + 1000 mV, respectively [25]. 3. Results and Discussion Application of the combined technology for protecting coating deposition was accompanied by a number of features of the produced surface structure. Plasma-detonation deposition of the aluminum oxide powder included the coating formation by a successive placement of fully or partially melted powder particles of Al2O3 [1]. Studies of morphology features of the AISI 321/Al2O3 surface (Fig.1) demonstrated that the ceramic coating represented an alternation of non-uniformly distributed hills and valleys. It seems to be due to the fact that in the process of gasthermal coating deposition the heavier powder fractions (of 44 to 56µm diameter) of various melting states, mass, and motion rate in the plasma flow formed the coating matrix. The powder with 27 to 44µm particle size was melted most strongly and impacting the surface particles filled the valleys or was splashed depending on their velocity. As a result of high-rate solidification a surface with a highly developed relief was formed. 2000 times magnification failed to demonstrate the regions with in-melted powder particles. Plasma detonation deposition of an aluminum oxide powder layer provided formation of surfaces with higher wear resistance. As one can see in the Figure TiN/Cr/Al2O3/steel321 coating had essentially lower wear, but the lowest one was found in TiN/Al2O3/steel321 after electron beam treatment with double surface melting under 35J/cm2 current density. We assume that decreased roughness of the hybrid coating after electron beam treatment resulted in wear decreasing together with grain grinding occurring
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in the protecting coating. Taking into account the fact that destruction character and wear intensity were mainly determined by mechanical properties of a contact surface [10, 16], in the coatings we performed studies of nano-hardness. Figure 13 shows results of measurements by nano-indenter. As one can see in this Figure, the coating had essentially higher hardness about 9GPa. This hardness value is closer to Al2O3, which was mixed with TiN film.
4.Conclusions In such a way, the performed studies of surface phase composition in the process of plasma detonation deposition of metal ceramics ( Al2O3). We observed a number of phase transformations in aluminum oxide (like and ). Restoration of phase (corundum) was realized by thermal annealing of the surface by an electron beam. Element analysis of TiN/Cr/Al2O3 and TiN/Al2O3 coatings demonstrated that basic composing elements were titanium, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and aluminum. Surface melting by a concentrated energy flow stimulated mass transfer processes. We observed essential saturation of near surface region by aluminum and oxygen ions with simultaneous motion of titanium and nitrogen ions towards the coating bulk. We stated that electron beam annealing of a surface provided uniform distribution of titanium ions and partial sealing of inhomogeneities of the surface morphology. Acknowledgments This work was funded by the project M-0354/2003 from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and NATO Linkage Grant PST 978157. The authors acknowledge also V.S.Kshnyakin, S.M.Duvanov, P.A.Pavlenko(Sumy Institute for Surface Modification), Yu.N.Tyurin, O.V.Kolisnichenko, A.A.Bondarev,(Paton Institute for lectric Welding NAS ,Kiev, Ukraine). for support and help in performance of these studies. The authors also like to thank Dr .Stathis Kossonidis NCSR Demokritos ) ,Dr.Mike Kokkoris (National Technical University of Athens)for their during assistance this work.
References: 1. Hasui A., Morigako O. Hard Facing and Deposition. Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1985. 240P. 2. Pogrebnjak A.D., Tyurin Yu.N. Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov(Kiev,Ukraine). V.4. N.1(2003).. P.1 72. 3. Pogrebnjak A.D., Mikhaliov A.D., Pogrebnjak N.A., et al. Physics Letters A. V.241( 1999).. P.357- 363. 4. Valyaev A.N., Pogrebnjak A.D., Kishimoto N., Ladysev V.S. Modification of Material properties and Synthesis of thin Films Irradiated by Intense Electron and ion beams. (Ust-Kamenogorsk: VKTU,Kazakstan). 2000. 345P. 5. Pogrebnjak A.D., Tyurin A.N., Ivanov Yu.F.,\et al. Pisma z Journal Tech. Fiz. V.26. n.21 (2000.). P.58-64. 6. Pogrebnjak A.D., Ponaryadov V.V., Kravchenko Yu.A., Ruzimov Sh.M. Physical Engineering of Surface.( Kharkov. Ukraine.) V.1. N.3/4. (2003). P.210236. 7. Tyurin A.N., Pogrebnjak A.D. Friction and Wear(Rus). N2.( 2002). P.207-214.
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8. Veronova N.G., Kuznetsov L.K., Malyghin N.D., et al. Fiz. I Khimiya Obrabotki
materialov(M.,Russia). N.5.(1992). P.131-135.
9. Dudko D.Ya., Primak A.V., Morozov Yu.I., et al. Proc. All-Union Conf. Minsk,
May 24-26. 1983. Part 3. P.144-149.
10. Byakova A.V., Vasiliev A.I., Vlasov A.A. Friction and Wear.(Rus.) V.13. N.1(
1992..) P.674-682.
11. Vurzel' F.B., Khmel'nik V.A., Nazarov V.F., et al. Poverhnost'(M.,Rus)
N.3(1988.). P.86-91.
12. Vershinina A.K., Izotova S.D., Pitel'ko A.A. Fiz. I Khimiya Obrabotki
Materialov .(M.,Rus.) . N.3. (1991)P.65-68.
13. Pogrebnjak A.D., Il'yashenko M.V., Kul'Mnet'eva O.P., et al. Journa Tech.Fiz.
V.71. n..7(2001.). P.111-118.
14. Pogrebnjak A.D., Il'yashenko M.V., Olemskoy A.I., et al. Vestnik Sumy State
University,Ukraine. . n.13(46),(2002). P.27-39.
15. Borisova A.L., Adeeva L.I., Sladkova V.N. Automatic Welding. n..4(1997.).
P.26-32.
16. Pogrebnjak A.D., Tyurin Yu.N. Uspekhi-Physics. V.175. n.5(2005.). P.1133-
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17. Misaelides P., Hatzidimitriou A., Noli F., Pogrebnjak A.D. Surf. and Coat.
Tech. V.180-181( 2004.). P.290-296.
18. Bird J.R., Williams J.S (Eds.) Ion Beam Analysis of Materials, Academic
Press,Australia,Merrickville,1989,pp.719
19. Tesner J.R.Nastasi M.(Eds) Hanbook of Modern Ion Beam
Analysis,MRS.Pittsburgh,1995,pp.704
20. Misaelides P.(Ed) Application of Particle and Laser Beams in Materials
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21. Doolittle L.R. Nucl . Instr. and Methods 1986,B15,227
22. Mansfeld F.,Bertocci U.(Eds) Electrochemical Corrosion Testing,STP
727,ASTM,Philadelphia,1981
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ASTM,Philadelphia,1985
24. Wranglen G. An Introduction to Corrosion and Protection of Metals, Bulter &
Tanner Ltd. Rome and London,1972
25.Martin-Palma.R.J.Manso M., Martinez- Duart I.M.,Conde A.Damborenia
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T.E. Ion Beams and Ion Plasma Modification of Materials Moskow State University
Publishers ,2005 p.640
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Table.1
Sample series I IB II IIB III IIIB IV Uncoated steel
Deposited coatings
Al2O3+Cr(0.1-0.2 m)+TiN(0.5-1.2 m) Al2O3+Cr(0.1-0.2 m)+TiN(0.5-1.2 m) Al2O3+Cr(0.1-0.2 m)+TiN(2-3 m) Al2O3+Cr(0.1-0.2 m)+TiN(2-3 m) Al2O3+TiN(0.5-1.2 m) Al2O3+TiN(0.5-1.2 m) Al2O3+TiN(2-3 m
Additional treatment
HCEB
HCEB
HCEB
-
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UDC 914-919
Mirzahmedov I.K. assistant teacher of the department of geography
Namangan state university
SOILS OF THE KOKAND OASIS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL RECLAMATION
Annotation: This article describes the soil-ecological conditions of the Kokand oasis and the impact of erosion processes on the changes occurring in them, including soil fertility, and measures to combat them. Also, based on statistical data, the processes of soil erosion, development of planting system, proper accounting of soil potential, increase of productivity of irrigated lands, development of complex measures on wide use of organic fertilizers, creation of artificial forests, improvement of meliorative-ecological condition and salinization were analyzed.
Key words: oasis soils, erosion processes, soil fertility, chemical polymers, soil salinity, precipitation, deflation, environmental problems, anthropogenic factors.
Introduction. Reforms and measures in the agricultural sector in recent years have also focused on the efficient use of irrigated land and the development of agricultural productivity by increasing soil fertility. It also uses more than 20 million hectares of agricultural land, including 3.2 million hectares of irrigated land, to grow food and raw materials for the economy.
Despite the small area of irrigated land, the population growth rate is very low. The main reason for this is that in the 1980s and 1990s, an average of 90,000 hectares of new land was developed in the country per year, but in recent years, due to water shortages, this figure is 5-6 thousand hectares. As of 2020, there are 4.3 million hectares of irrigated land in the country, of which 44.7% of irrigated land is at various levels, including 31.0% weak, 11.9% average, 1 , 9 percent are declining due to high salinity and poor reclamation, and are being phased out of agriculture [1]. It should be noted that in the irrigated gray-oasis cultivated soils of the country, the level of groundwater is about 3-5 m, which is directly involved in the resalinization of soils with different levels of mineralization.
The diversity of landscape complexes in accordance with the natural conditions and geosystems of the Fergana Valley in accordance with the latitudinal and altitude zoning, well-developed agriculture from ancient times and the strong development of nature due to human activities, the most densely populated In all areas of the valley, which are clearly separated from the regions, there are favorable natural geographical conditions for the development of agro-economic and various industries and recreation systems of agriculture [2; 54-87 p.]. The topic of this article is the measures taken to prevent the impact of natural and anthropogenic processes on the soils of the Kokand oasis and their reclamation, ecological condition and fertility.
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Goals and objectives of the work. The purpose of the study was to study the soils of the Kokand oasis and their reclamation, the impact of anthropogenic processes on its fertility, as well as the study of effective practices in this area. The main purpose of the research is to determine the impact of anthropogenic processes on the decline and development of oasis soils due to salinization, erosion, reduced biodiversity, to study and analyze their ecological status, to reveal current problems such as oasis soils and their reclamation.
The main part. The history of irrigated agriculture in the Kokand oasis covers a long period of time, during which time there have been significant changes in soil cover, the process of soil formation has shifted from the automorphic regime to the formation of semi-hydromorphic soils. . According to him, the soils of the oasis have a unique morpholitogenetic structure and agrochemical, agrophysical and reclamation properties.
Many years of scientific research by local soil and erosion scientists have shown that the fertile soils cultivated over a large area in the Kokand oasis have been left under sandy loam due to wind erosion. According to their analytical calculations, there are about 10 thousand hectares of such lands in the oasis, which contain 2 - 3% humus and 40 - 50% water-resistant granules - at a depth of 50 - 70 - 100 cm from the structure and the earth's crust. buried in sand. However, if this soil layer is overturned in the plantation plow, it is recommended to take measures in autumn to make the oasis soils resistant to wind erosion and fertile [3; 48-94 p.].
A large area of the Kokand oasis consists of light-colored and gray-brown soils and sandy desert soils reinforced with bushes, the mechanical composition of such soil types is permeable and washed away without water accumulation on the surface. The flow is much slower. The reason it does not wash out is that the topography is flat. However, the wind can easily dust and blow away these soils, and the deflation of the Kokand wind is noticeable in the areas where the oasis soils are scattered. In particular, during our field research, we witnessed a 100-hectare cliff 80 meters long, 5 meters wide and 2 meters deep. In the formation of such a cliff, we witnessed the loss of about 300-400 cubic meters of soil cover, the removal of a 1-centimeter-thick layer of 90 hectares of land, resulting in the loss of 1,200 m3 of soil cover.
The sharp decline in the area of fences and trees planted to prevent wind erosion is paving the way for the development of erosion. In particular, the risk of erosion is further exacerbated by the fact that the area of the western and central parts of the oasis is shrinking every year due to the inadvertent felling of shrubs in the enclosures and woods established to strengthen the mobile sands [5; 89-108 b].
The reasons for this can be directly attributed to the rapid population growth in the Kokand oasis (Table 1). According to him, issues such as soil and environmental degradation in the oases have not yet been sufficiently studied in practice [4; 44-47 p.].
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Table - 2
Population growth in the Kokand oasis index (19892019)
Districts name
1989 year
Population, thousand people
1999
2009
year
year
2019 year
Besharik
140.9
181.2
208.1
224.6
Baghdad
108.0
174.8
193.3
210.4
Buvayda
111.2
178.9
206.4
222.2
Dangara
87.3
144.1
158.0
170.1
Three bridges
113.9
183.3
206.6
224.4
Furqat
-
97.1
107.6
115.8
Uzbekistan
142.6
194.5
217.3
234.3
The table was compiled by the author using data from the Fergana regional statistics office.
It is known that the Fergana Valley is one of the most densely populated regions in the country. As can be seen from the table, the Kokand oasis differs from other oases in the valley in that it has the fastest population growth. Lithologicalgeomorphological, mechanical composition of soil, water and air regime, physical, agrochemical and chemical-biological properties of arable lands due to the development of agriculture on irrigated lands, pastures and meadows, as well as the use of arable lands for various purposes. zgartaradi [6;85-86p.]. Also, in the middle and lower sloping micro-zones of the Kokand oasis, where mineralized groundwater lies close to the surface, moderately and strongly decomposed irrigated meadows, swamp-meadows and swampy soils and saline soils are well developed. [7;54-68p.]. The salinization and swamping process is very active in these soils, which can be seen in the following figures.
Figure 1. Saline and weakly saline soils
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Figure 2. Average salinity of soils
Figure 3. Strongly saline soils
Development of a set of measures to increase soil fertility by users of all agricultural lands of the Kokand oasis, especially the widespread use of organic fertilizers, as well as the detection, assessment, monitoring of soil degradation and all the negative effects on soils. it is expedient to carry out systematic work on elimination [6;32-36p.].
Conclusion. The results of field research in the Kokand oasis showed that the development of lands without taking into account the specific features of arid areas, the washing of soil layers over large areas, various manifestations of erosion, rising groundwater levels, sho caused processes such as rtob and salinization. Therefore, the development of arid lands, land and water use should be based on the latest achievements of science and technology, as well as the positive impact of human activities. To do this, it is important to implement the following recommendations:
As the properties, properties and composition of the soils of the Kokand oasis formed as a result of irrigation are the result of human activities, it is necessary to study and analyze them in detail;
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Adequate implementation of comprehensive measures for the widespread use of organic fertilizers by agricultural land users is needed;
The mechanical composition of the soils of the Kokand oasis is prone to wind erosion due to the presence of sand and dust particles, and in irrigated agriculture it is important to develop and implement measures to combat and protect against deflation;
During the irrigation process, the groundwater level in the soils of the Kokand oasis rises and this process makes the soils saline to varying degrees. This requires proper design of vertical and horizontal drainage systems, rehabilitation of existing irrigation and land reclamation systems.
References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 17, 2019 No PF-5742 "On measures for the efficient use of land and water resources in agriculture". 2. Abdulkasimov A, Kuziboeva O. Microzoning and reclamation assessment of Sokh distribution landscapes. - Samarkand, 2009. - 134 p. 4. Mirzahmedov I.K. Soil-ecological conditions of Kokand oasis and their influence on erosion processes//Information of the Geographical Society of Uzbekistan. Volume 58 Tashkent, 2020. P. 60-67. 5. Makhsudov X., Gafurova L. Erosion. - T., 2012. - 274 p. 6. .. // . 1. 2020. . 32-36. 7. Mirzahmedov I.K. Use And Protection Of Natural Resources Of Kokand Oasis // Nature and Science. 12 (18), 2020. P. 49-52.
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Murodov O.U. intern at the department of water resources and melioration Bukhara branch of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization Engineers Teshayev U.O.
student of Water Resources and melioration Bukhara branch of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization Engineers Amrulloev O.I.
lecturer at the department of Air Traffic Control and Air Navigation Higher Military School of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islomov S.U.
automation and management of technological processes Bukhara branch of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization Engineers
DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF UNDERGROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION OF TARIK
Annotation: According to the article, heavy sandy soils of Bukhara region were irrigated 3 times from groundwater in the experimental field planted with millet under conditions of groundwater level 2.03.0 m. Seasonal irrigation norms - 28502980 m3 / ha. formed. Irrigation was determined when the marginal field moisture capacity (ChDNS) in terms of soil moisture was 70-70-65%. The results of experiments conducted to study the effect of irrigation using groundwater on the growth, development and yield of millet are presented.
Keywords: millet; water shortage; irrigation rate; seasonal irrigation rate; groundwater; mineralization; vegetation period.
Rational use of water resources is one of the most important issues in the development of the world economy. In particular, during the years of water scarcity, special attention is paid to increasing the water supply of irrigated lands. In this regard, groundwater is widely used for irrigation in arid and semi-arid countries. About 1/3 of all land is irrigated by groundwater, including the total irrigated area in the United States
46%, in Iran 59%, and in Libya, groundwater irrigation is used entirely. In Russia, only 0.43 km3 / year is used for irrigation and pasture irrigation, which is only 4% of the total groundwater abstraction. In this regard, special attention is paid to research work on the protection of water resources around the world [1].
At the conferences on water problems in the world, it is important to improve the methods of increasing the water supply of irrigated lands, the implementation of comprehensive measures for the protection of water bodies, as well as the rational use of land and water resources. In this regard, it is important to develop new
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approaches to increase water supply in times of water scarcity in order to maintain productivity. One of the important tasks in the study is the development of groundwater irrigation technology to increase water supply in the years of water shortage in Vobkent district of Bukhara region.
At present, measures are being taken in the country to rationally use water resources and increase the water supply of irrigated lands. The Action Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021 states "Further improvement of reclamation of irrigated lands, development of reclamation and irrigation networks, introduction of intensive methods of agricultural production, first of all, introduction of modern water and resource-saving agro-technologies, use of high-efficiency agricultural machinery" [1] function is defined. In this regard, one of the important tasks is to increase water supply using groundwater.
In order to eliminate these problems, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PF-3932 of October 29, 2007 "On measures to radically improve the system of land reclamation", PF-5330 of February 12, 2018 "On measures to radically improve the system of public administration of agriculture and water management" "On measures to regulate the rational use and accounting of groundwater resources in 2017-2021", No. PQ-2954 of May 4, 2017, "On measures to regulate the rational use of groundwater resources in 2017-2021", PF-5418 of April 17, 2018 and on measures to radically improve the system of public administration of water resources "[2].
In Uzbekistan, millet is grown as a primary and secondary crop. Cultivation of millet as a secondary crop allows to grow grain twice a year. In particular, the low planting rate, rapid ripening, the presence of short-day plants further increase its value. In the dry, hot weather of Uzbekistan, replanted millet gives high yields. It is the most drought and heat tolerant of replanted cereals [5].
One of the most pressing problems in grain growing in the country is the creation of drought-resistant, fast-ripening millet varieties capable of yielding two crops a year and improving the technology of their cultivation as a secondary crop on irrigated lands.
The purpose of the study. It consists of determining the laws of formation of the quantity and quality of groundwater in Bukhara region during the years of water shortage and the development of comprehensive measures for its use in the national economy.
Figure 1. View of the experimental field " " 3(82) .1 2021
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The objectives of the study are as follows: generalization of long-term changes in the balance of water resources, to determine the efficiency of water resources in the current conditions on the basis of research; establishment of the existing water-salt balance in the areas of groundwater located at different depths;
assessment of the possibility of transferring vegetative irrigation to full supply of withdrawal water and conducting field experiments on the technology of their use;
development of reclamation measures to prevent negative consequences of the use of drainage water in irrigation;
determination of water consumption for filtration along the length of the field and their distribution.
Field experiments on the basis of the project DITDP 2.1.11.2 "Use of collector-ditch and groundwater for irrigation in the areas of their formation (20132015) in order to increase the water supply of irrigated lands" [3] Groundwater level in Vobkent district of Bukhara region 2.0 Science-based irrigation procedures for irrigation of millet from groundwater at a depth of 22 m as a secondary crop in alluvial, mechanically heavy sandy soils with a mineralization of 3.0 m, mineralization 1.03.0 g / l, its growth and development and the effect on productivity was studied [4,6].
The total irrigation rate for repeat crop - millet for the experimental plot was calculated according to the formula SN Ryjov:
m = (W - W) ·100 · · h + k, 3/ here: W minimum moisture capacity of soil,% by mass; W actual moisture of the soil before irrigation,% of mass 1. bulk density of soil, g / cm3; h calculated layer depth, m; k water consumption of evaporation during irrigation, relative to the moisture deficit in the calculated layer (10%) [3]. Irrigation and general irrigation norms given from the vertical ditch well and irrigated with ditch water are given in Table1.
Table 1
Irrigation and general irrigation norms in the experimental and control
field
Options
ChDNS 70 % 70 % 65 %
General irrigation standards
Arik water
900 1000 950
2850
Retractable water
950 1050 980
2980
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In the experimental field planted with millet, at the beginning of the vegetation, the bulk density of the soil was 1.331.35 g / cm3 in the 030 cm layer, 1.411.43 g / cm3 in the 3050 cm layer below the plowed layer, and 0100. cm layer was 1.391.40 g / cm3. Towards the end of the growing season, in the irrigated variant, the bulk density of the soil is 1.341.35 g / cm3 in the 030 cm layer, 1.42 1.43 g / cm3 in the 3050 cm layer, and 0. - 1.401.41 g / cm3 in the 100 cm layer. An increase in the bulk density of the soil by 0.01 g / cm3 was found to be the lowest compared to other options.
Based on the study of the order of irrigation of watermelon crops in heavy sandy soils by groundwater according to the ancient mechanical composition of Bukhara region, the following conclusions were drawn:
Replanting crops are common in southern regions with high air temperatures, through which it is possible not only to strengthen the fodder base, but also to further accelerate grain production;
It was based on the introduction of water-saving methods and technologies to overcome water shortages and the use of technology for irrigation from vertical ditches. In Bukhara region, 967 vertical ditches are operated, the mineralization of extracted water does not exceed 1.5 g/l in 40%, and the rest is 2.0-2.5 g/l, which allows them to be irrigated both naturally and by mixing. allows you to use;
According to the mechanical composition of the farm "Muhammad Ahad" in Vobkent district, field experiments on the transfer of irrigation of agricultural crops at the expense of completely withdrawn water in heavy sandy soils showed that 30 hectares of land can be irrigated simultaneously with water from one well. The technological implementation of this method is very simple, as the water from the well is supplied directly to the irrigated fields through internal irrigation networks, thus allowing this technology to be used on other farms as well;
In the use of strongly mineralized waters, it is necessary to calculate additional irrigation norms to eliminate soil salinization, soil fertility and crop yields, especially in the autumn-winter period. Forecast calculations based on the improvement of the water balance model show that increasing the irrigation rate by 1.15-1.25 times compared to the use of fresh water from groundwater with a mineralization of 1.5-2.5 g / l will stabilize the reclamation situation. .
Millet is a highly promising crop that can yield 20-40 tons of green mass per hectare and can easily replace annual grasses;
The optimal sowing period of millet is much longer than that of other crops, but too early as well as late sowing leads to a decrease in field germination of seeds. Therefore, when planted as a secondary crop, it is necessary to determine the period during which it is possible to obtain an optimal high yield.
References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 07.02.2017 PF-4947 [On the strategy of further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan]. 2. Mirkhasilova Zulfiya Kochkarovna Dissertation "Improvement of water supply of irrigated lands using groundwater [on the example of Fergana region]" Tashkent, 2019. 120 pages
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3. Matniyazova Iqbol Egamberganov Master's dissertation ["Dependence of high yields of millet on mineral fertilizers"], Tashkent-2014. 84 pages 4. Xalilov N. and others. [Abundant harvest of grain crops cultivation technology]. Samarkand. 1997. 5. O.U.Murodov, B.S. Kattayev, M.K.Saylixanova, I.N.Ibodov Smart irrigation of agricultural crops, Middle European Scientific Bulletin Volume 3, August 2020, Pages 1-3 6. Sorta osnovnyx polevx kultur v Nizhnem Povolje / N.S. Orlova [idr.] Pod red. N.S. Orlovoy. - Saratov, 2004. - 245 p.
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UDC 37.66.30
Nabiyeva G.O. assistant of the department of physics and chemistry Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THEMATIC CONTROL OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE AS AN EFFECTIVE PROCESS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY
Abstract: The relevance of this work lies in increasing the effectiveness of the educational process and obtaining objective information by the teacher about the course of educational and cognitive activities of students. The teacher receives this information in the process of monitoring the educational and cognitive activity of students.
Key words: valence, chemical element, electrons, formulas, affects, hydrogen bond.
The properties of chemical elements and the simple and complex substances formed by them are periodically dependent on the charge of the nucleus of the atoms of these elements.
So the theory of the structure of atoms made it possible to clarify the formulation of the periodic law and reveal its essence more deeply.
Determination of the patterns of distribution of electrons by energy levels made it possible to clarify the essence of the phenomenon of periodicity: with an increase in the charge of the nucleus of atoms, similar properties of elements are periodically repeated, the atoms of which have the same number of valence electrons.
Valence refers to an important concept in chemistry. The word "Valencia" (from the Latin "Valentia") originated in the middle of the 19th century. During the completion of the chemical-analytical stage of the development of chemistry. At present, the number of covalent bonds by which a given atom is connected to other atoms usually determines the valence of chemical elements.
Valence is the ability of an atom of a chemical element to form a certain number of chemical bonds.
Valence is the ability of atoms of one element to attach a certain number of atoms of another element.
Valence and valence capabilities are important characteristics of a chemical element. They are determined by the structure of atoms and change periodically with an increase in the charges of the nuclei.
What do you think the concept of valence means? (students' opinion). Valence means opportunity - a means, a condition necessary for the implementation of something; possible - one that can happen, acceptable.
The valence capabilities of atoms are the permissible valences of an element, the entire range of their values in various compounds.
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Since the valence of an atom depends on the number of unpaired electrons, we will consider the structures of atoms in excited states, taking into account the valence capabilities. Let us write down the electron diffraction formulas for the distribution of electrons over orbitals in a carbon atom.
The periodic change in the valence of elements and, consequently, their properties is due to the fact that with an increase in the charges of atomic nuclei, elements with a similar electronic structure, for example, lithium Li, sodium Na and potassium K, are periodically repeated; beryllium Be, magnesium Mg, etc.
In a periodic sequence, the atomic radii of these elements increase. So, for example, in the 2nd period from the element of lithium Li to the element of fluorine F there is a gradual decrease in atomic radii, and from the element fluorine F to the element sodium Na - a sharp increase in atomic radii. This phenomenon is explained as follows.
When passing from lithium Li to fluorine F, the charges of the atomic nuclei of these elements gradually increase. In this regard, in the series, the force of attraction of the outer electrons to the nucleus gradually increases and the sizes of atoms decrease. And with the transition from the fluorine element F to the sodium element Na, the subsequent electron is placed on the third energy level farther from the nucleus. Therefore, the size of the atoms of the sodium element Na increases greatly.
The size of atoms, in turn, affects their properties. So, for example, the atoms of the elements lithium Li, sodium Na, potassium K have the largest dimensions in comparison with the atoms of other elements in the same periods. In this regard, the outer electrons in the atoms of alkali metals are farther from the nucleus, are less attracted to it and can be easily removed. This explains why alkali metals are electron donors, i.e. strong reducing agents. With the transition in periods from typical metallic elements to halogens, the sizes of atoms decrease, the force of attraction of outer electrons to the nucleus increases, which leads to a decrease in reducing and an increase in oxidizing properties.
In the periods of the periodic system, from left to right, the numerical values of electro negativities increase, and in groups from top to bottom, they decrease. Since the type of bond depends on the difference in the values of the electro negativities of the connecting atoms of the elements, it is impossible to draw a sharp boundary between the individual types of chemical bonds. Depending on which of the limiting cases, the chemical bond is closer in nature, it is referred to as ionic or covalent polar.
Ionic bond. An ionic bond is formed by the interaction of atoms, which differ greatly in electronegativity. For example, typical metals - lithium Li, sodium Na, potassium K, calcium Ca, barium Ba - form an ionic bond with typical non-metals, mainly halogens.
It should be borne in mind that when even alkali metals interact with such electronegative elements as oxygen and sulfur, an ionic bond in the full sense of this concept arises. So, for example, in compounds Li? O, Na? S, there is not an ionic, but a covalent strongly polar bond.
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In addition to the halides of the most active metals, the ionic bond is characteristic of alkalis and salts, which include oxygen atoms and active metals. For example, sodium hydroxide Na OH and sodium sulfate Na? SO? only bonds between sodium and oxygen atoms are ionic. The rest of the bonds are covalent polar. In a dilute aqueous solution, alkali and salts dissociate as follows:
Strong electrostatic attraction forces exist between the ions. Therefore, ionic compounds have relatively high melting points.
Covalent non-polar bond. When atoms with the same electro negativities combine, molecules with a covalent non-polar bond are formed. Recall that such a bond, for example, exists in molecules of gaseous substances consisting of the same atoms: H ?, F ?, Cl ?, O ?, N ?. In these cases, chemical bonds are formed due to common electron pairs, i.e. when the corresponding electron clouds overlap, due to the electron-nuclear interaction, which occurs when atoms approach each other.
Hydrogen bond. The bond between the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the strongly negative elements (O, N, F) of another molecule is called a hydrogen bond.
The question may arise: why exactly hydrogen is able to form such specific chemical bonds? This is due to the fact that the hydrogen atom has a very small radius and when a single electron is displaced or given up, hydrogen acquires a relatively strong positive charge, which acts on electronegative elements in the molecules of substances. Let's look at some examples. We are used to depicting the composition of water by the formula H? O, but it would be more correct to denote the composition of water by the formula (H? O) n, where n is 2, 3, 4, etc., since individual water molecules are connected by hydrogen bonds, which are schematically depicted by dots:
The hydrogen bond is much weaker than the ionic or covalent bond, but stronger than the intermolecular interaction.
The formation of hydrogen bonds explains why the volume of water, in contrast to the volume of other substances, increases with decreasing temperature.
When studying organic chemistry, the following question arose: why are the boiling points of alcohols much higher than those of the corresponding hydrocarbons? It turns out that a chemical interaction also occurs between the molecules of alcohols with the formation of hydrogen bonds:
You already know that D.I. Mendeleev studied the process of dissolving alcohol in water. He came to the conclusion that during dissolution, chemical processes also occur simultaneously, for example, the interaction of alcohol molecules with water molecules:
The hydrogen bond is characteristic of many organic compounds (phenols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, etc.). Due to the hydrogen bond, the secondary structure of proteins, the double helix of DNA, is formed.
While studying inorganic chemistry, you acquired the first understanding of solutions and the process of dissolving substances in ode. It was also mentioned there that when substances are mixed with water, both homogeneous systems (a characteristic property of solutions) and heterogeneous ones are formed, i.e.
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suspensions and emulsions. Many disperse systems are known. They differ depending on what kind of particles (solid, liquid, gaseous) and in what medium (liquid, gaseous) they are distributed. The teacher must be able to make the learning process not only effective, but also interesting for children. Systematic control of students' knowledge and skills is one of the main conditions for improving the quality of education. Skillful mastery of various forms of control of knowledge and skills by the teacher helps to increase the interest of students in learning, prevents lagging, ensures the active work of each student. Control for students should be educational, and therefore, it will be both developing and educating.
References: 1. Baranov S.P. Learning principles. - M., 1981. p. 354 2. Smirnov S.A. Pedagogy: pedagogical theories, systems, technologies. Tutorial. M., 1998, p. 468 3. N.E. Kuznetsova. and other Methods of teaching chemistry. M. Enlightenment. 1984. 4. Volkov A.I. and others. Programmed control of current knowledge in general chemistry. Toolkit. Minsk. 1988.
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374
Naimov E.G. teacher of the department of biological physics, informatics, medical technology
Khudayberdieva Kh.U. teacher of the department of biological physics, informatics, medical technology
Andijan State Medical Institute
TOPICAL ISSUES OF THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING INFORMATICS
Abstract: The article discusses topical issues of teaching methods of informatics.
Key words: informatics, programming, methodology, Internet, programs.
The global processes of the formation of an automated information society create opportunities for human development and effective solutions to many economic and social problems. However, only those members of society who will possess the necessary knowledge and skills of orientation in such an information space will be able to fully use these opportunities. Therefore, one of the central tasks of secondary education is to provide the younger generation with an opportunity to comprehensively improve information culture and its worldview level. An important role in solving this problem belongs to the school course of computer science. Therefore, it is relevant to research and analyze the priority problems of the course of informatics and its future prospects.
Before talking about the problems and prospects of teaching computer science in secondary school, it is necessary to discuss the main problem - this is the awareness of schoolchildren of the importance of computer science as an academic subject, as well as a clear description of the industry and its goals. The Internet, social networks, blogs, electronic libraries, e-books and digital audio-video photos, mobile phones, instant messaging, IP - telephony, handheld computers and communicators create an idea for the modern schoolchild that about 20 years ago we were in an absolute information vacuum, in which, apart from barriers (social, geographic, political), nothing else existed.
Informatics is a general educational subject and it is necessary to approach it from the systemic positions, which are dictated by the specifics and tasks of secondary general education. The difficulty of its perception lies in the fact that the objectives of the course relate to other subject areas of knowledge - physics, mathematics, astronomy, etc., due to which the study of computer science has an interdisciplinary nature. In this regard, another problem arises, which manifests itself in the absence of a sequence of studying educational blocks that is optimized in terms of content on the basis of intra-subject connections. This leads to irrational use of limited time resources.
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In addition, the subject of study of computer science is a whole civilization informational. Nowadays, children not only need to know about the existence of a computer, not just have an idea about it, but be able to work on it, be able to use this technique . Informatics is not a science about objects or processes, but about methods, means and technologies of their automation, creation and functioning. An essential point that affects the fundamental nature of the science of informatics is that the object of its study is not goals, but patterns. This subject provides not only its in-depth study, but also the practical application of knowledge, skills and abilities to modernize their own learning, as well as optimize the study load.
One of the main problems of education for children is also a sharp change in the leading activity from play to educational (especially for younger students). The formation of educational activity very often does not coincide with the child's play needs, and is very painfully perceived by him. At this stage, it is necessary to organize a smooth transition from a predominantly playful activity to an educational one, using, if possible, playful didactic computer technologies.
The modern view of information activity as a type of creative activity, which requires, in addition to developed logical and systemic thinking, the ability to think resourcefully and productively, orients the computer science teacher to the development of fantasy and creative imagination of students.
In computer science lessons, a systemic perception of the world is formed, an understanding of the unified information connections of various natural and social phenomena, systems thinking develops, the level of which is largely determined by the ability to quickly process information and make informed decisions based on it, which requires additional opportunities from schoolchildren, and from teachers application of all new methods and teaching aids.
The content of the school course in computer science, to a certain extent, must meet the modern level of development of science and the requirements of society. The development of computer technology, primarily personal computers and their software, is happening so rapidly, and its expansion into all spheres of human activity is so all-encompassing that there is a need for the training and retraining of specialists who can qualitatively teach computer science to children using new information technologies. as well as introduce children to the complex world of modern computer science.
The emergence of new computer technologies also have a significant impact on the expansion of the number of educational topics within the framework of teaching computer science. Computer technologies are developing so rapidly that, no matter how hard education tries to keep up with these technologies, it will be at least one step behind them.
However, in this regard, the problem arises of the ambiguity of the boundaries of school and university computer science courses, which have common themes for example, teaching the technology of working with a package of office documents. The use of these technologies is often central to the curriculum of not only universities, but also educational schools.
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In the context of rapid technological and social changes, which are a sign of
the 21st century, the focus of the education system on the assimilation of the
knowledge system by schoolchildren, which was justified for several past decades,
no longer corresponds to the modern social order, which includes the presence of a
system of key competencies among specialists capable of successful self-
realization. learning throughout life and in the process of supporting the
development of society.
There are a number of other problems, such as insufficient quantitative and
qualitative characteristics of the software, which is intended to constantly support
the learning of students of the corresponding age group; insufficient number of
hours to organize a full-fledged study of the subject, compliance with sanitary and
hygienic standards, etc.
The solution of these problems and unsolved tasks is impossible without
improving the teaching methods of informatics based on the principles of continuity
and consistency in learning.
Informatics increasingly influences the processes of further development of
society. It becomes the dominant factor that determines the general potential of
society and the prospects for its development. Informatization of society is the most
important component of modern civilization, which is characterized by a high level
of information and communication technologies and developed information
structures. Informatics is being transformed from an essentially technical science
into a fundamental science about information and information processes in nature
and society.
The general educational and practical importance of the school computer
science course will continue to grow steadily and rapidly. The course is acquiring
great humanitarian potential. He already plays a significant role in preparing the
younger generation for fruitful activities in the information society.
References:
1. Goldin A. Education 0: the view of the teacher. [Electronic resource]:
Computerra-Online,
2009
-
Access
mode:
http://www.computerra.ru/readitorial/393364/
2. Ershov A.P. Informatization: from computer literacy of schoolchildren to
information culture of society // Communist, 1988. - 2. - S. 82-92.
3. Information literacy: international perspectives / Ed. H. Lau. Per. from English
M .: MCBS, 2010 .-- S. 240.
4. Colin K.K. On the structure and content of the educational area "Informatics" //
Informatics and education. - 2000. - No. 10. - P.3-10.
5. Korotkov N. Informatics at school: present and future / N. K
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Kalit so'zlar: qishloq xo'jaligi, meva-sabzavot, qishloq xo'jaligi sektori, dehqonchilik, tayyor mahsulotlar, jahon standarti.
Nazarova M.S. basic doctoral student Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Food Economics
SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SYSTEM IN
SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY OF FOOD PRODUCTS
Abstract: The article presents theoretical and practical analysis of the current state of development of the fruit and vegetable sector in our country, the advantages and opportunities of fruit and vegetable products in Uzbekistan are disclosed in the scientific aspect.
Keywords: agriculture, fruits and vegetables, agricultural sector, agriculture, finished products, world standard.
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336:33
Nematov A. Bukhara State University
Shadyeva N. Bukhara State University
ECOTOURISM OPPORTUNITIES IN THE BUKHARA REGION
Abstract: The fact that hundreds of thousands of scientists, poets and dignitaries grew up in Bukhara. This is a sign of the strong desire of people in this country to learn more about science, art, mentality, secrets of the people of this town.
Key words: Bukhara, Mohi-Khassa, Health tourism, Tudakul
From historical sources it is known that Bukhara has been a center of science and culture since ancient times. The desire of Bukhara people to acquire knowledge is one of their main qualities. The fact that hundreds of thousands of scientists, poets and dignitaries grew up in Bukhara. This is a sign of the strong desire of people in this country to learn more about science, art, mentality, secrets of the people of this town.
If we turn to history, we can establish that the first groups of tourists traveled to those countries where there was a favorable climate and healing springs. In this regard, for the comprehensive and rapid development of the state and society, the creation of new tourist routes, the development of modern types of tourism and increase its attractiveness should play a key role. We have all the conditions for this. Bukhara region has great ecotourism potential and opportunities. Excursion activity has so far exclusively cognitive orientation. At the same time, the majority of natural recreational facilities in protected areas are located in exclusively picturesque places of Bukhara and, as a rule, are far from the negative impact of anthropogenic activities. This allows you to expand the range of their functional purpose. In particular, in our opinion, the environmental potential, along with the cognitive goal, can and should be used to improve the health of people. This is facilitated by the natural healing resources of vegetation, the cleanliness of the air basin, the micro-climatic features of places like Mohi-Khassa, Tudakul, Hot water, Zamonbobo, etc.
But we must also take into account the negative impact of tourism on the ecology of tourist centers. The tourism development policy, taking into account environmental impacts, is becoming increasingly relevant, and the World Tourism Organization offers many environmental programs. Therefore, in many ways contributed to public awareness, advocacy for the environment. Obviously, environmental issues in the future will worry more people than today. The increasing sensitivity of the environment stimulates significant efforts to protect and protect natural resources. Currently, the problem of environmental protection and its improvement occupy an important place in many studies. The environmental
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impact of tourism can be positive and negative. Tourism cannot develop without interaction with the environment, however, with the help of tourism development management and clear planning, it is possible to reduce the negative impact and increase the positive. The negative impact of tourism, unfortunately, often prevails over the positive. In particular, it affects the quality of water in rivers, seas, lakes and air quality; Destruction of local and wild fauna by tourists. These are examples of only minor damage to the environment. The adoption in recent years in a number of countries of strict measures aimed at protecting nature, the creation of new national parks and reserves, attempts to scientifically determine the permissible loads on nature. All this is significant to preserve and improve the natural and geographical environment, to preserve and improve the natural and geographical environment. The greening of cities, the fight against noise and cleanliness are also to some extent the result of the requirements of tourism development.
For the development of tourism in the desert and rural areas, we offer an organized project for outdoor recreation, has great potential for the development of internal ecotourism. We can organize and develop the following types of tourism:
Hunting tourism. You can organize fishing. Anyone who wants to take a physical vacation can come here and go fishing or swimming in the water on boats. Among the types of fish: carp, smelt, grass carp, roach and many others. From animals: jackals, turtles, snakes, deer and other creatures. Of the birds: there are ducks, storks, hawks, eagles and several other species.
Another exciting sport is the organization of motorcycles and sand racing, which are not very popular in our country, and the organization of this sport can attract many riders and fans of this sport in our country.
Health tourism. The source of hot water located here has sufficient opportunities for organizing health tourism.
The aim of our project is to create opportunities for the development of internal ecotourism in the country and for the population striving to further expand the ecotourism potential of desert territories and the development of many types of ecotourism in the field of the main tourism business. Unleash the potential of hot water underground source, which has great benefits for public health. To turn this place, located in a desert area, into a thriving ecotourism destination. This should stimulate the local economy and increase revenues.
Project Advantages: 1. Thanks to the project, it will be possible to turn the region into an ecotourism destination. 2. Domestic tourism will develop in the region, the flow of tourists will increase and local budget revenues will increase, while most of the local population will be occupied. 3. Environmental consciousness is formed among the local population, and there is intuition for the conservation of nature, animals, birds and other creatures. 4. As a result of the project, the efficient use of the ecotourism potential of the region will be established, which will lead to the creation of new tourist attractions
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It is planned to further develop ecotourism in the Bukhara region, add and further develop new ecotourism routes. Performing the above tasks, we would make a significant contribution to the development of the ecotourism industry of our country in the world community. And there will be no harm from humanity to nature. Today we must clearly understand that nature needs protection from tourism. Many environmental imbalances are recognized too late. The occurrence of irreversible processes as a result of the destruction of the natural environment during its uncontrolled use for tourism purposes often leads to its death. She becomes lost for future generations. It would also allow increasing the level of internal ecotourism, creating a culture of ecotourism among our people, creating a number of amenities for foreign tourists and eliminating obstacles. By correcting some of the shortcomings and improving existing opportunities, we can reach the pinnacle of the development of the ecotourism industry in our ancient and eternal city.
References: 1. Shadiyeva N.Sh. Anvarova Z.M. Mirzayeva I.E The factors that influence begetting desertification process. South Asian journal of marketing and management research Vol.10, Issue 11, 2020 2. SHadiyeva N.Sh, Anvarova Z.M. HYDROGEOLOGICAL REGIME OF THE BUKHARA OASIS. ACADEMICIA (Double Blind Refereed& Peer Reviewed Journal) Vol. 10, Issue 11, November 2020 3. Nilufar K, Husan A, Umriniso E, Shahnoza M SHadiyeva N,Sh Some theoretical issues of social geographical research ASIA LIFE SCIENCES 1(1):1-10,2020
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616.125-008
Niyozaliev A.G. master's degree Usmanova U.I., candidate of medical sciences associate professor department of GP 1 Dzhumabayeva S.E., candidate of medical sciences associate professor department of GP 1 Andijan State Medical Institute
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS IN TREATMENT AND PREVENTION ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE BACKGROUND OF ISCHEMIC
HEART DISEASE
Summary: Fibrillation remains one of the most important problems in modern cardiology. Over the last 20 years, the incidence of hospitalization with fibrillation has increased by 66% as a result of population aging and an increase in the prevalence of chronic heart disease. Fibrillation has a negative impact on hemodynamics, quality of life, and long-term prognosis. The prevalence of compartmental fibrillation in the general population is 0.41%, with up to 8% observed in people over 80 years of age. Approximately 60% of patients over 75 years of age with compartmental fibrillation are women.Fibrillation of the compartments is associated with an increased risk of stroke, heart failure (HF), and all-cause mortality, especially in women.
Key words: Fibrillation of the compartments,ralanticoagulants, chronic heart failure.
The urgency of the problem. Treatment and prevention of thromboembolic complications remains a topical issue for modern medicine. Oral anticoagulants (OAC) are prescribed to reduce blood clots in the blood vessels and prevent them from forming. An important point in OA therapy is the assessment of the risk of thromboembolism and primarily ischemic stroke. The prevalence of fibrillation has been steadily increasing in the last decade as a common heart rhythm disorder.In 2010, fibrillation was recorded in 33.5 million people worldwide. fibrillation is the cause of the development of ischemic stroke in 25% of cases. In patients with fibrillation, the incidence of cardioembolic stroke and systemic thromboembolism is increased by 5 times. The use of anticoagulants in patients with fibrillation significantly improves the risk of thromboembolism. There are 3 levels of risk of fibrillation thromboembolic complications: low risk ischemic stroke less than 2% per year, moderate risk is 2-5% per year, high risk is 6% per year and more.
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The purpose of scientific work. To study the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants (OAC) in the prevention of thromboembolic complications (TE) in patients with fibrillationon the background of ischemic heart disease.
Materials and research methods. Selection of patients for the study was carried out on the basis of the clinic of Andijan State Medical Institute. Patient complaints, anamnesis and clinical and laboratory diagnostic methods were used for examination and treatment: general blood analysis, blood biochemical analysis, echocardiography, ECG examination, international normative relations (INR /MO) examination, abdominal ultrasound, coagulogram, PTI ( index), if necessary, analysis of fecal occult blood. Patients' quality of life was assessed. Bleeding risk factors were considered.
Research results. The longest-acting OAC in clinical practice have been studied by comparing the safety and efficacy of warfarin and rivoraxaban to prevent vascular and arterial thromboembolism in patients with fibrillation. During the study, 2.5 mg of warfarin and 20 mg of rivoraxaban (xarleto) were selected. During the study, 40 patients with BF were divided into 2 groups and received warfarin and rivoraksaban for 1 year, and on the basis of traditional treatment principles received beta-blockers, iAPF, nitrate, diuretics, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic drugs. The mean age of the patients was around 66.6 ± 3.9. During the study, patients receiving warfarin were monitored in the International Normative Relationship (INR/MNO) monitoring system. The dose of warfarin is 2.5 mg, which is standard in all cases. During titration of the warfarin dose, patients underwent INR examination once every 4 days and then at least twice a month. Determining the effectiveness of prophylaxis is the administration of indirect anticoagulants in the therapeutic range of INR 2 to 3.Lack of anticoagulant effect (less than INR 2) increases the risk of thrombotic. Being above INR 3 increases the risk of bleeding, including the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Thus, according to the literature, the annual frequency of major bleeding during treatment with indirect anticoagulants ranges from 0.2% to 5.2%; among them, the frequency of fatal bleeding ranged from 0.07% to 0.7%. Rivoraxaban was prescribed taking into account the frequency of recurrence of fibrillation and factors predisposing to embolism. Treatment was started with 20 mg, depending on the patient's condition.Patients over 60 years of age should be treated with low-dose rivoraxaban (15 mg / day), taking into account the effects of drugs that enhance the anticoagulant effect of rivoraxaban, chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic renal disease (ball filtration rate less than 50 ml / min).
Conclusion. 1. Patients with fibrillation are treated with long-term anticoagulants, often for decades. This analysis showed not only the high efficacy of rivoraxaban, but also the safety of this therapy. 2. The efficacy and safety of rivoraxaban from warfarin have now been proven in patients with ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. 3. The efficacy and safety of rivoraxaban have now been proven not only in randomized clinical trials but also in actual clinical practice.
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References:
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2005. - 6. - . 50-56
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.//, . 2000, 4(4),.
16-22.
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.. //, .2004, 4,.41-
44.
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. . ., 2003.
6. 3 ../
. : «», 2000, 364.
7. .., .. .
.//., . ..,2000.
8. ..
.//, . 2005, 3,
.60-61.
9. .., .., .., ..,
.., .., ..
( ). I.
10. Internet data
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Nuratdinov Z.Y. master's degree music education and art Tashkent State Pedagogical University
THE NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF TEACHER-PPUPIL SCHOOL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF KARAKALPAK JIROV ART
Annotation: In the folk art of folk music, the traditions of the teacher-student are very important. Jirovs play an important role in the development of Karakalpak music culture. The tradition of Jirov's master-disciple continues to this day, and their work is passed down from generation to generation.
Key words: Jirov, folklore, music culture, epic, tradition, national art, kobiz.
Formation processes of the school of Jirovs and Jirov art execution: The most basic orientation of art is the music culture. The fact that the art of zhirovism in the culture of Karakalpak music has its own history of centuries-old captivity is reported in historical sources and is known from the historical scientific works of our scientists. When we say the development of the culture of Karakalpak music, first of all we bring to our eyes the National Music of our people, that is, the art of zhirovism. We know from the history of our people that customs, national culture, history, oral creativity of the people, our zhirovs, stories and songs and music performed by them, the epics performed by them have been preserved and reached to this day, which is the reason of our national values coming from father to child, teacher to pupil as an inheritance for centuries. Of course, this means that within the reason of our art, the art of zhirov has been developing since the early period. Jirov, which is a great achievement of the Karakalpak people, and the ways of their performance have been performed since an early period, in its pure form, it has been performed by our ancestors and further developed, new music has been created and reached to us by the traditions of teacher-pupil. In the hands of Jirov, the owner of a great talent, a great voice carp, a proverbial narrator who transports oral narratives, narrates the dreams of his people by adding to the shell the harmonies of Dreams, a listener telling the people gathered by showing historical sources to the epics of the people with a magnificent cultural heritage, national values. In the people of Karakalpakstan, the art of zhirov was of great importance. They are with the people and teach the brave young girls of the people to protect the love of their native land by describing their services and courage through words the work of guarding the motharland. In order for the zhirovs to continue after him, it was customary to prepare pupil.Through this process, their teacher founded the creation of pupil schools. The tale of the art of zhirovism in Karakalpakstan appeared earlier than in the qissaxonliq. The people have reached out to us through teacher pupil school that has pushed life expectancy for centuries together for years. The kubiz, an instrument played by Karakalpak zhyrovs, is described by the information received from Essemurat Jirov and Kiyas Jirov.
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From history, we consider the qobiz master and skilful performer Qorqit Baba and Dyvanayi buriq. In the jewelers of history, the zhirovs of the period before us lived, they used to say so. Qorqit baba dreamed of making a bark from wood and playing the song. Tried to make a shell from them, bleaching a lot of wood. But these wooden crusts were not what he liked. The evil ones saw that the Qorqit baba made a shell. They said to him to show his qobiz, but Qorqit baba . Then the frightened father showed himself as if he had left the taiga .and at this time quietly went to the second path and listened to them the word of the invisible Devils. That's what the Devils say about the Scarecrow father.As long as the Scarecrow father began to do a very wonderful job. But the drift did not take the lead. If the pig in the dam were to bark from the tree, which had been drained, if the tree was to take out a pot from this place of the earth, cover the pot with the skin of the camel's head, if the horse's tail was narrow, the sound of the harrak yasalsa from the pumpkin would be a As soon as the Scarecrow father heard this tune of the Devils and quickly returned back and made a rich instrument of bark, as the Devils said, from that moment onwards, musical instrument appeared, in which all sorts of music were played.
Aityms in the history of karakalpaks were shaped as a genre by performing and processing them in the continuation of the long years by zhirovs in their repertories. In the repertoires of all Karakalpak performers historical aityms are also can be seen .Historical aityms of every zhirov are different. Historical aityms were formed on the basis of the events that the people experienced, this is also the reason why aitym is called so.They are performed by folk artists from ancient times to this day as aitym. For this reason, the word "aitym" could be called "historical aityms". The genre of historical aitym of oral Karakalpak literature consists of the following: the historical aitym "Ormambet biidyin tolgauy" tells how the Karakalpaks were destroyed on the bank of the Edil Zhaiyk River and they had to abandon these lands and move to a new river in Turkestan. Aitym, which was created and performed by Jien zhyrau About the separation of the Karakalpaks from Turkestan and the resettlement to Khorezm, is called "Poskal el " tolgauy. Among the historical aityms that were performed about the experience of the Karakalpaks after their migration to the banks of the Amu Darya are the following aityms: "Bozatov" by Ajiniyaz, "Aidos baba" by Berdak the poet, "Ernazar biy"," Amangeldy " works. About the history of the spread of the Karakalpak people, about the origin of their ancestors, is widely discussed in the work of Berdakh the poet " Shezhire".
Folk memory of Qorqit Ata. When it comes to Karakalpak Zhyrauism, the name Qorqit Ata is first mentioned. Also, when it comes to the musical instrument kobyz, which occupies the main place in the origin of art, the name Qorqit Ata is mentioned.The legendary types of kubyz were named "aikubyz" and "narkubyz". In addition, there is information that the Karakalpaks had other instruments "balakubyz", "dzhelkubyz", "dzhezkubyz", "sazkubyz","shakkubyz", "changkubyz" and others. In addition, the tool "duncobyz"is mentioned.But among them it is generally known that the creator of kylkobyz is Korkyt ata. Among the Karakalpak people, legends and legends associated with the name Qorqit Ata were
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widely spread. Traces of what is associated with the name Korkyt ata can be found in folklore.In his monograph "Korkyt ata Kytaby", the scientist K. Palymbetov was engaged in this issue in a scientific way. He tells in detail about the mentoring of Karakalpak poems. In the Karakalpak people, according to shezhir Korkyt Ata, the legend of "Petya of the children of Besim"is told. The word "Bayatlan Korkyt, Bai Korkyt" turns out to belong to the father of zhyrau in question. We heard about this from the Bukhara Karakalpak zhyrau Kurban Navruz.
References: 1.A. Jabborov. Uzbek composers and musicologists. Toshkent.2004. 2. Y.Rajabiy. I. Akbarov. History of Uzbek folk music, (Teacher). 1981. 3. Muzikalno- ensiklopedicheskiy slovar. Moscow. 1990 4. F.Karomatov. Questions of music knowledge (symposium materials)
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Nurmatova I. lecturer at the department of social work
Fergana State University Tillaboeva S. student Vaxobova G. student
Mamatobilova A. student
Abdubannopova Sh. student
Fergana State University
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF INCREASING THE EXPORT POWER OF THE REGION
Annotation: Analysis of the basic concepts of the export potential of the region, the assessment of the export potential of the regions and the improvement of its rational use, and the role and analysis of the world economic situation
Key words: Export potential, active exports, passive exports, export base, real sector, investment
It is known that the concept of "export potential" is one of the most widely used terms in science and is considered important for the development of the national economy. In this regard, the development of a set of measures to assess the export potential of the regions and improve their rational use is especially important for the national economy. Overcoming the negative effects of the global financial and economic crisis, sustainable growth of the real sector of the economy and ensuring macroeconomic balance, increasing employment, targeted support of leading exporting industries and small businesses O It remains a topical issue in Uzbekistan today. Successful implementation of these tasks involves a scientific analysis of export activities in the country and its regions.
Many scholars have expressed different views on the concept of "region". The concept of "region" is a relatively new term, associated with a new direction of the economy - "regional economy". It was first described by the Russian scientist NNNekrasov in 1975: "The region is a country with more or less the same natural conditions and natural resources in accordance with the material and technical base, production and social infrastructure. "On the basis of its development, a large area of development of production capacity is understood." [ 15] According to A.G. Granberg, "a region is a specific area characterized by the integrity and interdependence of its constituent elements." "The region - a common natural geographical, historical, national-cultural unity and religious-ethnic proximity, the
15 .. . .: , 1975.
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level of socio-economic development, imperfect management system at different stages and the joint activities of administrative-territorial bodies in solving socioeconomic and environmental problems O.Akhmedov described it as a single territorial unit. [16]
Most economists have proposed to divide the territory of Uzbekistan into 6 economic zones. In recent years, some economists have proposed reducing the number of economic zones to four. In general, most economists divide the republic into the following six economic regions:
1. Tashkent (Tashkent city and Tashkent region); 2. Fergana (Fergana, Andijan and Namangan regions); 3. Zarafshan (Bukhara, Navoi and Samarkand regions); 4. Mirzachul (Syrdarya and Jizzakh regions); 5. South (Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions); 6. Lower Amudarya (Aral Sea, the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm region). Foreign trade activity is a business activity in the field of international trade in goods, works (services). Foreign trade activities are carried out through the export and import of goods, works (services). Execution of works (rendering of services) by a legal or natural person of the Republic of Uzbekistan for a legal or natural person of a foreign state, regardless of the place of their performance (rendering), is export of works (services). Execution of works (rendering of services) by a legal or natural person of a foreign state for a legal or natural person of the Republic of Uzbekistan, import of works (services) regardless of the place of their performance (rendering) Competitiveness is the ability of an economic entity or commodity to maintain and improve its position in front of another economic entity or commodity. The conditions and conditions that determine competitiveness are factors of competitiveness. Beneficial factors that distinguish a competing entity (product) from others are called competitive advantages. It is important to distinguish between external and internal competition. External competitiveness is the ability to sell goods and services on the world market and the availability of sufficient quantities of goods and services in the structure of exports to ensure the stability of the country's balance of payments. Domestic competitiveness is the ability to sell imported goods in the domestic market in a competitive environment with other domestic producers, which, along with exports, provides a high level of income and employment. World experience shows that external competitiveness requires the existence of internal competitiveness, but not vice versa. Sales in the domestic market create the basis for external competitiveness, but do not guarantee it. This is the lowest level of competitiveness. Competitiveness forms the basis of an evolving industrial society. Initially, it is the free use of the price mechanism in the implementation of free competition of producers in open markets and competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. At the same time, the concept of competitiveness in an industrialized society has evolved over the years. Another
16 .. . .: , 1975.
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term widely used in science today is "export potential." It encourages us to study it in more depth because of a number of new concepts for our national economy.
References: 1. .. . .: , 1975. 22-23 . 2. : , / . ..; .: , 2004. .479. 3. .. 1994-95 . . : - , 2004. - 260 4. .. . . . . . : 08.00.05 , 1997. 8. 5. .. " " // . 6 (62), 2007 . 83 6. , ., & , . (2020). . : , , []: , 37. 7. , ., & , . (2020). . : , , []: , 61. 8. , 2020 9. . , - , 2019. 10. Nurmatova, I. (2019). A Student-Centered Approach is a Key Area of Teacher Training in the Context of Globalization and Integration of Education. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 15(1), 09-13. 11. Nurmatova, I., Shodmonova, M., Maxmuda, O., Gulsevar, K., & Durdona, S. (2021). Functional Study Of The Impact Of Tourism On The Economy. The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research, 3(01), 137-141.
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UDC: 911.3
Oblakulov Kh.A. researcher
deportable of economic and social geography Navoiy State Pedagogical Institute Kalonov B.H.
associate professor of geography teaching methods Navoi State Pedagogical Institute
THE IMPACT OF NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES OF NAVOI REGION ON THE LIFESTYLE OF THE POPULATION
Annotation: This article describes the impact of natural conditions and resources of Navoi region on the lifestyle of the population. It also looks at the state of resources that affect lifestyle and its impact on human life and health.
Key words: lifestyle, relief, water, ecology, living conditions, mineral resources, climate, soil.
Navoi region is one of the youngest regions of the republic, it was first established on April 20, 1982 for the development of the Kyzylkum desert and the use of its natural resources. Later, in 1988, Navoi region was abolished and included in Bukhara region. In the first months of independence, in 1992, Navoi region was restored within its 1982 state borders. The area of Navoi region is 110.9 thousand km2, its share in the country in terms of area is 19.8%, and its share in the population is 2.9%. The population density in the region is approaching 9.1 people per 1 sq. Km. This is the lowest rate not only in Uzbekistan but also in the CIS.
The territory of Navoi region is a region of our country with its own natural geographical features. In its territory there are deserts, small remnant mountains, low plains, swamps. The lowest point of the republic above the ocean level, the Mingbulak basin, is also located here.
The region is located in the central and northern part of the country and borders with the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Karakalpakstan in the north and northwest, Bukhara and Kashkadarya in the west, and Samarkand and Jizzakh in the south and southeast.
The territory of Navoi region slopes from south-east to north-west, and the height above the ocean level decreases in this direction from 350-400 m to 90-100 m [2]. This leads to a change in the lifestyle of the population in the region, ie the upper (south-eastern) part of the region differs from the lower (north-western) part in its climate, soil, water composition and other aspects. This is because as the altitude of a place decreases relative to sea level, the circulation of air in it, the properties of groundwater and surface water, also change in a peculiar way.
Although the region consists mainly of plains, it has its own complex geological history. Prior to the Paleozoic era, the region also belonged to the bustling geosynclinal marine basin of Central Asia. As thick sea deposits
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accumulate, tectonic movements are revived. The powerful Hercynian deformation that occurred in the second half of the Paleozoic era radically changed the relatively calm tectonic situation. Adjacent to the territory of the province are the high mountains of the Tianshan system. Through tectonic faults, magma enters as well as rises and falls. The accumulation of marine and terrestrial sediments continues. By the end of the Paleozoic era and the beginning of the Mesozoic era, the mountains are collapsing. All the lands of the region become a single plain and a platform is formed [1].
Navoi region is one of the regions in the country with large industrial enterprises rich in natural resources. More than 200 mineral deposits have been identified in the region. Of these, 16 are uranium deposits, 37 are deposits of rare metals and 12 are mineral springs. Mineral resources have been mined from 78 of these identified deposits.
The largest mining enterprises in the region are located mainly in the cities of Zarafshan, Uchkuduk, as well as in Tomdi, Nurata, and Konimex districts.
The territory of Navoi region is not only the main center of pastoralism, but also a place rich in mineral resources that serve the development of the mining industry. The Uchkuduk uranium deposit, the Muruntau gold deposit, and others are clear examples of this. The location of these large deposits will have an impact on improving the living standards of the population.
The first formation and development of natural resources and catchments in the Kyzylkum Desert is inextricably linked with the formation of Paleozoic residual mountains and Mesozoic foothills and Quaternary thin deposits of the Quaternary [3].
Currently, Navoi region ranks first in the country in terms of proven reserves of gold, uranium and phosphate deposits. Gold mining begins in the 60s and 70s in connection with the development of gold deposits in the region, such as Muruntau, Auminzo-Amantoy, Sharqiy, Dovgiztov, Aristantov.
The opening of the mines directly led to the emergence of cities. Along with water, climatic resources, transport, geographical factors, the influence of mineral resources on the formation of cities is also great. In particular, the cities of Zafarabad and Zarafshan were formed on the basis of mining industry. These areas do not have fertile soil and favorable climatic conditions for horticulture and agriculture, which are the farms of the population. Nevertheless, this is based on the presence of deposits in the formation of cities and the well-established mining industry. For example, the soil in and around the city of Zafarabad is suitable for agriculture, but there are no water resources to establish irrigated agriculture, the use of which is limited [4].
The marble deposit in Gozgan is one of the largest in the country. The industrial mining and processing of marble marble was founded in the 1930s. Unused 31.0 million cubic meters of marble and 104.1 million cubic meters of granite deposits have reserves of at least 150 years [7]. This plays an important role in the employment of the population.
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At present, more than 80,000 employees work at the enterprises and departments of the Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combine. [5]. This indicates the development of the mining industry in the region. Also, the high potential of mineral resources in the region plays an important role in improving the living standards and employment of the population.
Natural climatic conditions also affect the lifestyle of the population of the region. In particular, it should be noted that it is located in the desert region.
It is known that the influence of climatic conditions of places on lifestyle is also great. The climate of the region is affected by tropical air masses in summer and cold air masses coming from the northern temperate latitudes in winter. However, there are climatic differences between the northern and southern parts of the region. Because the northern part of the province is desert, the winters are a bit colder than the southern parts, and the summers are warmer.
One of the peculiarities of the regional climate is the change of seasons. One season differs from another in temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and other aspects. Winter is cold in the region and differs from other regions with frequent changes in weather. As a result of the inflow of cold air masses from the north and northeast to the territory of the region, the air temperature sometimes drops to -340C in winter. The arrival of each season (hot-cold) does not go unnoticed by the lifestyle of the population. For example, due to the sharp cooling of the air temperature in winter, Tomdi, Uchkuduk, Konimex and Nurata districts have a significant impact on the livestock of the population living in rural settlements. Livestock do not go out to pasture and have to hand out fodder. Also, the decrease in air temperature makes it difficult for livestock to survive and some winter work to be done in agriculture, and has a serious impact on the health of the population.
In summer, the temperature rises to 48-500 C in the deserts in the northern regions and 46-470 C in the southern regions. On such hot days, a lot of water evaporates, causing the crops grown in agriculture to shed their crops unbearably and affect the survival of living organisms. High temperatures also cause a number of inconveniences for the population working in agriculture [6].
In general, the territory of Navoi region is desert, so the temperature is cold in winter and hot in summer, which affects the lifestyle of the population. Also, the large number of large industrial enterprises in the region leads to the deterioration of the ecological situation in the region, which has a direct impact on the living conditions of the population.
References: 1. Baratov P. Natural geography of Uzbekistan 1996. 164 p 2. Hasanov I.A., Gulomov P.N. T., Natural Geography of Uzbekistan 2006.- 49 p 3. Tukhtaeva H.T. Combating desertification on the basis of rational use of local water resources (on the example of the central Kyzylkum) Dissertation of the candidate of philosophical sciences. 2018. 21 b. 4. Joniev O.T. Ecological problems of Navoi region and natural geographical processes. mag. dis. 2014].
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5. .., .., .., .. : . , 2015. 125 6. Data of Navoi Hydrometeorology Department 7. People's Word 2020. 247.3 p
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UDC: 911.3
Oblakulov Kh.A. researcher
deportable of economic and social geography Navoiy State Pedagogical Institute Buranov Y.R. researcher
deportable of economic and social geography Navoiy State Pedagogical Institute
DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION OF NAVOI REGION
Annotation: this article analyzes the features of the formation of the population in the Navoi region, the factors affecting it. Economic-social and demographic development of cities and rural districts is shown. The article also covers the issues of natural growth of the population of the region, the ratio of urban and rural areas in the number of permanent population.
Keywords: demographic situation, urban, rural, population composition, labor resources, demographic policy, natural population growth, urbanization rate.
Introduction. Today, Navoi region is one of the most complex regions of the Republic in terms of its demographic situation. As a result of this, there are many economic and social problems in the region. True, a lot of work is being done in order to eliminate these problems. In particular, new jobs are created in industry, agriculture and other sectors, while the demand for labor resources is partially met. However, as a result of insufficient attention to this pressing problem in some districts, the socio-economic situation is becoming more complicated.
It is known that socio-economic problems in the region in many ways are one of the pressing issues of the present day in the natural growth, composition, territorial location and rational and effective use of labor resources.
Methodology and level of study. In the course of the research, a systematic approach, comparative and comparative analysis, statistics and other methods were used on the features of demographic situation formation in Navoi region. It should be said that a lot of research has been carried out on demographic processes abroad and in our republic. In Particular, Ata-Mirzaev A.B., Abdurahmanav Q.H., Burieva M.R, Tojieva Z.N.Y. and others investigated the formation of demography as a science, the sources of the study of demographic processes, the demographic nature of birth, death, marriage and divorce, the number and quality characteristics of the population, the legislation of reproduction, sex, age, marriage and family composition, socio-economic status, Population migration, demographic forecasting. Also, the subjects of geography and demographic Sciences of the population, their functions, history of formation as a science, number and reproduction of the population, composition, basic demographic processes, urban
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and rural population and global problems related to the demographic situation of the world are highlighted [4].
Analysis and results. An increase or decrease in the population at a very high rate leads to a sharp change in the demographic situation. The formation of the demographic situation is an important factor in the social, age, sexual and family composition of the population [1].
In the process of modernization of the economy of Navoiy region, demographic factors are given special importance in the implementation of socioeconomic policy.
The size of the area of the land area and at the same time the inconvenience of its natural conditions affect the population and its density. Therefore, the population in the region is very sparse. In particular, if the population density was 6.6 people in 1995, this figure was 7.3 people in 2005, in 2015 it was 8.2 people in 2021, this figure was 9.1 people (compared to 1995 it increased to 2.5 people). Currently, 4 out of 11 administrative territorial divisions of Navoi region, including the city of Navoi, are among the densely populated areas, although they occupy only 6 percent of the territory of the region, while the non-densely populated 5 districts occupy 94 percent of the territory of the region. According to the state of January 1, 2021, 1 as the most densely populated areas in the region kv.km the number of population corresponding to Khatirchi (142,1 people), Karmana (134,9 people), districts and Navoi city (2940 people) [5].
Today, the population of the region is more than 2.9 percent of the population of the Republic. Chunanchi, in 1995-2020 years, the number of the population of the region increased significantly. However, in the following years, it is noticeable that the natural growth rates of the population of the region are decreasing. In the Navoi region, the period when the population reached the lowest level of natural increase was recorded in 2000, which amounted to 14.2 people per thousand inhabitants. This figure reached 18,4 people by 2019 year (Picture -1).
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Picture 1. Natural population growth in Navoi region (every 1000 people)
In the region at the moment, the number of births increases significantly. Bunda youth health is high and there are problems with their employment. Such an
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increase in the population will be useful in solving such problems as creating new jobs in the region, attracting young people to the actual socio-economic spheres of the region.
At present, a specific demographic situation has arisen in the region, which is manifested by an increase in the population, an increase in the age structure of the population, an increase in the proportion of people under the age of Labor and the elderly, a decrease in the number of people under the age of Labor.
During 2000-2019, the number of permanent population in the region increased by 201,2 thousand people or by 16,8 percent. When analyzing the picture of the growth of the existing urban and rural population of the region, it is observed that in most cases it is higher than the urban population. Analysisillarni implementation in the cross-section of urban and rural population showed that it is not a norm. In particular, now the share of the population of the city in the total population decreased from 40,4 to 48.8 percent, while the rural population from 59.6 to 51.2 percent (Picture -2).
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Picture 2. The proportion of urban and rural areas in the Navoi region in the number of permanent population (per cent)
It should be noted that the number of rural residents in the region indicates a regular decrease in their share over the years compared to the total population.
Today, among other regions of Uzbekistan, the urbanization rate of the population is constantly growing in the region. The decrease in the number of rural residents is explained by the fact that 39 rural punkts were given the status of a town in the region according to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 13 March 2009 68 "on measures to improve the administrative-territorial structure of population punkts of the Republic of Uzbekistan". Therefore, in all districts except Uchkuduk, rural areas are given the status of a settlement.
In particular, the rural population punk, which has become the most urban in the rural districts of the region, accounts for the contribution of Kiziltepa (12 units) and Xatirçi (10 units) districts. At the same time, there were 5 settlements in
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Navahor, 4 in each of the Nurota and Karmana districts. Also in the development of the economy in the region, the city's role in relation to the increase in the level of urbanization is important. The development of industry in cities, their political and cultural functions, the deepening of the territorial division of Labor are the characteristics of this process.
Today, 51,2 percent of the population of the region lives in cities. The urbanistic status of the region stands higher than the average of the Republic. But the population in all regions of the region is not evenly located.
If we pay attention to the distribution of the population of the region by Regions, the maximum number of the population corresponds to the District of Khatirchi 20 percent, to the cities of Navoi and Zarafshan 22.5 percent. To the steppe (Uchkuduk, Tomdi, Konimex) districts-8.4 percent, to the Kyzyltepa district 15.3 percent, and to the districts of Karmana, Navahor, Nurota-33.8 percent of the population's contribution [3].
Changes in the population of the region are directly related to its age composition. That is, the share of youth under the age of 30 in the population in the state of January 1, 2019 - 34.9 per cent, the share of children under the age of 16 22.7 per cent, the share of children under the age of 16-29 - 19.5 per cent. Also, the analysis of statistical data shows that the absolute number of the population aged 015 has increased in recent years. For 2010-2016, the population of the region was 8.9 per cent in 2010 and 11.1 per cent in 2016 (Picture 3).
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Picture 3. Distribution of population by age composition in the region (in percent)
This situation is explained by a slight increase in the birth rate in the region. Of particular importance is the health of the population group of the working age (16-60) in the structure of the population. Because this group constitutes the main production Force and serves as a factor of economic development. The formation
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of the working-age population group is mainly due to the features of repeated reproduction of the population [1].
The average age of the population of the region at the present time is 29,3 years, including women 29,7 years, men 28,9 years. According to the international demographic classification, it allows to include young regions in Uzbekistan (Picture 4).
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Picture 4. The average age of the population in the region (thousand people)
If we assess the level of aging of the population of the region, then 60 years of age and older in the region account for 7,2% of the population, and the population of the region is considered Young from a demographic point of view. According to the classification of foreign demographics, the age of 65 and above is 3.5 percent of the population of the region, which corresponds to the demographic classification of the aging population [5].
The analysis of demographic processes taking place in the region shows that the incidence of children in the age group of the population decreases, and the incidence of Labor and old age increases slightly. According to data, in 2000-2016, in relatively sluggish aging regions of the population of the region, the aging status of the population is also increasing. This, in turn, indicates the development of the aging rate of the population, even in all regions of the region, in the near future.
At present, the decline in the birth rate has also been clarified by many factors, which are based on the fact that in many regions its rate remains relatively high. First of all, the degree of birth, especially its stratification, is explained by the interdependence of economic, social, religious, spiritual and other factors. In the years of independence, the birth rate of the region has decreased. The reduction in the birth rate in the region is influenced by the increase in the age of marriage of young men and girls, divorce, migration and other socio-economic processes. For these reasons, the province decreased from 27,1 promille in 1995 to 22,3 promille in 2018.
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Indeed, the life expectancy of the population in the region has been increasing in recent years. This is an effective result of the socio-demographic work carried out in the region. Life expectancy at the beginning of independence was 68,3 years, while in 2018 year this indicator was 75,8 years, this indicator has a regular growth trend over the years. (Picture 5). And this is the top of the trust for the elderly in the region.
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Picture 5. Expected life expectancy at birth in the region
The growth of the expected life expectancy in the region is the main criterion for determining the level of development of social systems. In particular, as a result of the attention paid to the sphere of social policy in the region, the life expectancy of the population is increasing.
In general, based on the analysis of the demographic situation in the Navoi region, one can conclude that the population in the region is growing mainly on the account of natural increase. Especially in rural districts, the growth of the population remains high. This means that the socio-demographic development of rural districts necessitates the further development of the state of social infrastructure in the localities, especially in the areas of education, health care, household services.
References: 1. Abdurakhmonov K., Abduramanov K.H. - Demographics. (training manual) - T.: "NOSHIR", 2011. 2. Abdurahmonov Q.H. and others. Demography. The textbook. - T.: "Economy", 2014. 3. Burieva M.R, Tojieva Z.T. Geography of population (training manual) Tashkent.-2000 y. 4. Information statistics of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 5. Information Chief Directorate of statistics of Navoi region.
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UDC: 796:799 Orinboyev K.N.
teacher of the department of interfaculty physical culture and sports faculty of physical culture Orziyev A.A.
teacher of the department of interfaculty physical culture and sports faculty of physical culture Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan
MAIN CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF WORK, COMPETENCE AND PROFESSIONALISM OF THE TRAINER
Abstract: The peculiarities of the coach's activity are connected, first of all, with the goal facing him - the achievement of high sportsmanship by his students as a result of many years of training. To understand the psychological characteristics of successful sports activity, it is necessary to understand the nature of one of its most important factors - the personality of the coach. He was represented as a dogmatic and rude person, striving to bring up the same qualities in athletes under his command, as a loser with a whistle around his neck. In some cases, it was a portrait of a courageous knight with a strong will and high moral principles, ready to protect his pupils from delusions, to prepare them for life.
Key words: sports activity, coach, criteria, assessing, pedagogical problems.
It is important for a teacher (trainer) today to convince the society (educational authorities, family) of the importance of the results of their work, to be able to enter into business relations in the educational services market, showing the advantages of their methods and forms of work.
The criteria for professional commitment show: is the coach able to respect the honor and dignity of the profession, to highlight its specific unique contribution to the progress of society.
It is important for the teacher to have professional patriotism and dedication. Unfortunately, sometimes there is isolation, corporatism, opposition of the teaching profession to others, as well as an external professional locus of control, when the shortcomings of the education system are associated only with negative social phenomena.
Qualitative and quantitative criteria characterizing the professionalism of a teacher (trainer) are both in quality parameters.
In accordance with the above criteria for assessing work, a professional can be considered a trainer who:
· successfully solves the problems of education and upbringing, prepares the necessary specialists for society, graduates of educational institutions with a set of socially significant personal qualities (objective criteria);
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· personally disposed to the profession, motivated to work in it (subjective criteria);
· achieves the desired results trained and educated students (performance criteria);
· uses democratic methods of influencing students (procedural criteria); · open for continuous improvement of the level of professional qualifications, accumulation of experience (criteria for professional learning); · at the same time enriches the experience of the profession through personal, creative contribution (criteria of creativity); · is socially active in society, raises in the course of public discussions questions about the needs of the profession, its achievements, at the same time looks for solutions to problems within the profession, is not afraid to get into conditions of competition (criteria of social activity); · devoted to the teaching profession, strives to support, even in difficult conditions, its honor and dignity (criteria of professional commitment). The teacher's professionalism in practical activities is largely determined by the ability to set and solve pedagogical problems. The structural components of a coach's abilities to sports activity can be attributed to: guess (quick enumeration of possible options for strategies and tactics for solving sports and pedagogical problems, a curtailed system of reasoning and actions); differential sensitivity; probabilistic forecasting; the ability to generalize, to identify pedagogical patterns in the educational process, the creative and varied nature of training, efficiency in solving various problems during training and outside of it; short-term memory; breadth and flexibility of constructive solutions in the course of the educational process; the use of a variety of teaching methods and methods of pedagogical influence. The analysis of the characteristics of special pedagogical and sports abilities of coaches of different skill levels showed the following. Coaches of a high level of skill are characterized by the highest level of development of all types of studied abilities, and the leading components are those reflecting more special abilities. The trainers have a clearly expressed pedagogical orientation, responsibility for work and love for, they strive to master the psychological and pedagogical knowledge and experience of their colleagues. They are distinguished by proper self-criticism and adherence to principles in relations with workmates. As a rule, these are thoughtful hard workers and good social activists. Coaches of a low skill level are characterized by the heterogeneity of the development of special abilities. Thus, the level of projective abilities is significantly lower than the level of the other two groups, the level of reflexive and sports abilities is significantly lower than the level of these abilities in master trainers does not differ from the level of these abilities in trainers of the middle group. Coaches of a low skill level find it difficult to rethink the advanced experience of colleagues and the achievements of psychological and pedagogical science. At
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the same time, they may have a pronounced love for business, for children, but they have a special inclination only for sports activities. They constantly conflict with young athletes, parents and school leaders, are not self-critical, are constantly dissatisfied with something, grumble, refer to difficulties in their work.
Developing models, fulfilling the same role of assessment, are aimed at assisting the teacher in unleashing his creative potential.
The choice of one of these models depends, first of all, on the interest of the leaders in the assignment of advanced qualifications to the teaching staff of the educational institutions subordinate to them. In this regard, at present, there are many complex, multifactorial techniques, the use of which makes it difficult to assess the objectivity of teaching work, introduces additional difficulties in the formation of interest in professional development.
It is well known that the objective criteria for assessing the level of qualifications of any work is its effectiveness, the ability to solve various professional tasks.
In the work of a teacher, an objective criterion may be his ability to successfully solve the problems of teaching and upbringing in accordance with the requirements of the education system, the needs of society, the family and the student himself.
Evaluation of the results of the teacher's work is related to the extent to which the profession meets his requirements, motives, abilities, how satisfied he is with the work in the profession.
The criterion for assessing the professionalism of a teacher can be a stable professional and pedagogical orientation, an understanding of the importance of the profession, its value orientations, a set of necessary professional and psychological qualities of a person, a positive attitude towards oneself as a professional, and the absence of personal deformations.
A professional teacher is characterized by a combination of a fairly high work success and an internal desire to improve in the profession.
Until now, there are different opinions about the correctness of the choice of criteria for assessing the work of a teacher. Some researchers believe that the result of a teacher's work can be only the knowledge of students, their compliance with the requirements of educational standards, others note the need to first of all take into account the development of students' creative abilities, others see the main result of teaching activities in the adaptation of a graduate to subsequent social life, etc.
At the same time, the main priority criterion for assessing the result of work remains positive qualitative changes that determine the increments in the personal development of students that arise in the process of their interaction with the teacher. Tracking and evaluating these changes, the teacher needs to know the development indicators, be able to diagnose their initial level, potential level, zone of proximal development, as well as the student's self-development zone.
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Currently, in pedagogy, there are methods for assessing the work of a teacher, associated with the use of procedural, effective, individual-variable, prognostic criteria and criteria of the impersonal level.
For a teacher, as for any other specialist, it is important to master the norms of the profession, developed in science and tested in practice. In pedagogical work there are certain norms of communication, behavior, social relations, the observance of which at a high level represents the professional skill of a teacher of any educational institution.
Individual-variable criteria show: does the teacher strive to individualize his work, realize his own personal needs in it, show originality in work, etc.
Today, in a teacher (coach), as never before, they value originality, individuality, uniqueness, the presence of their own style, the originality of their view of the surrounding reality.
References: 1. Basova N.V. Pedagogy and Practical Psychology. - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2004.-416s. 2. Introduction to the theory of physical culture / Ed. L.P. Matveeva. -M., 2004.106s. 3. Ivanov V.D. Fundamentals of pedagogy in lectures, situations, primary sources: Textbook. - M .: Publishing house of URAO, 2006.-288s.
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Ortikov D.O. master`s student Tashkent State University of Law
BASES OF ENSURING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW
Abstract: This article discusses the participants in criminal procedural law, focusing on the role and importance of public participation. Recommendations and suggestions were made to increase the role of public participation in the pre-trial phase, preliminary investigation and inquiry, as well as in the judicial investigation. There are also recommendations for the formation of new mechanisms for public participation in criminal proceedings, based on the universally recognized rules of international law.
Key words: public participation, democratic essence, fair punishment, prosecutor, defence, democracy, protection function, indictment, defensive speech.
An effective fight against crime is impossible in modern conditions without the broad participation of members of the public, since only with their help it is possible to ensure full disclosure of all crimes, exposure and fair punishment of all perpetrators, and eliminate the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of crimes.
The current criminal procedure legislation provides for various forms of public participation in criminal proceedings. This principle is enshrined in Article 21 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, according to which, during the investigation and trial of criminal cases, an inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor and court have the right, within their competence, to use public assistance to establish the circumstances of the crime, search for and expose the perpetrators, and deliver a fair sentence, as well as to identify the causes of the crime and the conditions that contributed to its commission.
According to the article of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the only source of power is its multinational people. The Law enshrines the right of all citizens to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives.These constitutional provisions suggest that in a democratic rule-of-law state, which is being built in our country, the regime of democracy should operate fully in the entire law enforcement system, including in criminal proceedings. Also, the activity of citizens in this area is one of the most important indicators of the level of development of democracy in the country.
These provisions imply the need to eliminate the tendency to limit public participation in the fight against crime, which developed at the end of the last century and significantly weakened the country's law enforcement potential. Moreover, as indicated in the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe of September 5, 1996 "On the policy of combating crime in a changing Europe" (paragraph 11), neither the policy of combating crime nor the
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criminal justice system can be effective without the active participation of the population ...
The problem of solving crimes is extremely acute. For many years, the percentage of crimes solved has been kept at an extremely low level. Solving this problem requires ensuring effective public participation in pre-trial criminal proceedings.
Judicial proceedings in criminal cases also need to be more effective. In the target program "Development of the judicial system, it was directly stated that the legal framework that would fully ensure the administration of justice by the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and generally recognized norms of international law has not yet been created. It seems that this is why, in his Address, the head of state, substantiating the importance for the modern Republic of Uzbekistan of the values of freedom, democracy, justice, legality and other riches of human civilization, stressed that these principles should be reflected in everyday practice, and in this vein, he called one of the directions of the country's development improving the efficiency of justice.
The fact that there are still problems associated with insufficient efficiency of justice is also confirmed by the target program "Development of the judicial system. "On the state of the judicial system of the Republic and the priority directions of its development and improvement" These documents state the low level of public confidence in justice and the effectiveness of the consideration of cases,including a significant narrowing of the opportunities for the participation of the masses in criminal proceedings.
Thus, despite the growing great need for public participation in criminal proceedings, it remains unsecured by law, except for the participation of assessors in criminal proceedings.
V.V. Stepanov "Involving the population to participate in the fight against crime", which mainly considers the historical, sociological, criminalistic and ethical issues of attracting the population to participate in the fight against crime, and only one small paragraph is devoted to the criminal procedural issues of this problem, consisting of ten incomplete pages. In 2009, AA Pavlov defended his PhD thesis "Public participation in the activities of the penitentiary system at the present stage", which, although it testifies to the importance of using public resources in the enforcement system, practically does not touch on the issues of criminal proceedings.
This goal is realized through the following tasks: - to identify the social conditioning and democratic essence of public participation in criminal proceedings, to determine its legal basis; - to analyze the historical experience and determinants of the development of the popular principle in criminal proceedings; - to consider issues of public participation in the implementation of the functions of criminal prosecution,defence in criminal cases and assistance of criminal justice;
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- to formulate proposals for improving the criminal procedure legislation in terms of normative regulation of the participation of citizens and public formations in criminal proceedings.
Provisions for Defense: 1. The social conditionality of public participation in criminal proceedings lies in the strengthening and development of the democratic foundations of the criminal procedure; the need to improve the quality, efficiency of justice, increase citizens' trust and respect for the court, eliminate conditions conducive to the commission of corruption crimes in the judicial environment; in improving the quality and efficiency of criminal prosecution of crimes and fulfilling the tasks of the criminal justice authorities to prevent crime; in the implementation of international legal standards for the fairness of criminal proceedings. 2. A representative of the public is an uninterested person who is involved (alone or with the participation of other persons) to participate in a criminal case by officials, participants in criminal proceedings or who participates in it on his own initiative, providing assistance to criminal procedural activities or directly carrying out it, expressing the public interest. 3. The types of public participation in criminal proceedings are determined by the range of subjects of public representation in modern criminal proceedings, which are: a) individual citizens involved in a criminal case by officials, participants in criminal proceedings or participating in it on their initiative; b) unorganized, random groups of citizens who are not united either organizationally or jointly; c) labour and educational collectives and other associations of citizens not created specifically for the protection of human rights (trade unions, parental committees, commissions for juvenile affairs, sports societies, etc.) and their representatives; d) non-governmental human rights organizations and their representatives. 4. The forms of participation of the public in criminal proceedings - a specific, regulated by law for their involvement in activities aimed at the prevention, suppression, disclosure, promotion of investigation and consideration of criminal cases. 5. To ensure public participation in the performance of the prosecution function, we propose to reinstate such a participant as a public prosecutor. Public Prosecutor - a representative of the labour collective, a public, including a human rights organization, who appears in court and supports the prosecution. By participating in the trial, the public prosecutor has the right to: get acquainted with the case materials; present evidence and participate in their research; make motions and speak in the debate of the parties with the presentation to the court of an opinion on the proof of the accusation. The public prosecutor is obliged to: take part in the trial; state the opinion of a public association or collective and assist in clarifying the circumstances of the case. Besides, as representatives of the victim, civil
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plaintiff and private prosecutor, at their request, admit, in addition to lawyers, other persons.
6. To ensure public participation in the implementation of the protection function, we propose to reinstate such a participant as a public defender. Public defenders are allocated by a plenipotentiary meeting of a public association or collective. The decision of the meeting must be submitted to the court. Persons authorized by the assembly to act in court as public defenders cannot refuse to defend themselves on behalf of a public association or collective without a relevant decision of the assembly. Public defenders have the right to submit documents and objects for admission as evidence, take part in their research, file motions and challenges before the court, express their opinion on the petitions of other participants in the trial, participate in judicial debates, present to the court an opinion on the circumstances mitigating liability the defendant or acquitting him.
The suspect, the accused should have the right to invite as a defence lawyer at his choice: a lawyer, another person with higher legal education, a relative.
References: 1. A Epati, Traditional Authority in Contemporary Pacific, (1990) Commonwealth Law Conference Papers 582. 2. For a discussion of the use of assessors in a reduced jury model for Fiji, see; Duff P., The Evaluation of Trial by Judge and Assessors in Fiji, in JOURNAL OF PACIFIC STUDIES (1999) 21 :189-214. Duff challenges the representative and participatory nature of this form of "jury." 3. // Review of law sciences. 2020. .
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Otaniyozova M.O. English teacher
department of english language teaching methods and practice Karshi State University
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING
Abstract: This article outlines and describes eight essentials of second language education that fit with the Communicative language teaching paradigm shift. The subsequent of the article focuses on one of the eight essentials and concludes the discussion. These eight essentials are: encourage Learner Autonomy, emphasize the Social Nature of Learning, develop Curricular Integration, Focus on Meaning, celebrate Diversity, expand Thinking Skills, utilize Alternative Assessment methods, and promote English language Teachers as Co-learners.
Key phrases: Learner Autonomy, Social Nature of Learning, Curricular Integration, Meaning, Diversity, Thinking Skills, Alternative Assessment methods, English language Teachers as Co-learners
Since the 1970s communicative language teaching has been one of the most popular teaching methodologies around the world in second language education. Before that, the more traditional teaching methods (e.g., Audio-Lingual Method; Grammar-Translation Method) that were employed focused more on producing accurate, grammatically correct target language. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) however began to change the emphasis to where learners produce the language with a focus on fluency and where errors are seen as being a part of development. In usual classes, teachers were seen as the knowledge providers and sole controllers of the class. In the approach English language teachers share this control and "facilitate" learning rather than dispense knowledge. So CLT represents a major change and is considered one of the main approaches to second language education today. [1] Jacobs and Farrell label this major change in teaching and learning a second language a paradigm shift because in order to successfully implement the CLT approach we must shift our thinking about teachers, students, learning, and teaching a second language. The idea of the shift in focus is illustrated by the story of the "Cricket and the Coin." [2]
One pleasant summer day at lunch time two colleagues, A and B, were walking along a busy street in Atlanta when A turned to B and said, "Do you hear that cricket across the street?" to which B replied, "How could I possibly hear a cricket with all this traffic." Her colleague confidently said, "Let's cross the street and I'll show you." They carefully made their way through the traffic to a flower box on the other side where, sure enough, there was a cricket. B was astounded. "How could you hear a little cricket amid all this noise? You must have superhuman hearing!" "The key," A explained, "is not how well we hear but what we listen for." To illustrate, she took a coin from her purse, threw it in the air, and let it drop on the sidewalk. Soon, the sound of braking vehicles filled the air, as cars came
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to a halt. Drivers and pedestrians turned to look for the rattling coin. As A reached to retrieve her coin, B smiled and said, "Now, I see what you mean; it's all a matter of focus."
CLT can be seen as a set of "principles about the goals of language teaching, how learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of teachers and learners in the classroom".[3]
CLT has been the "in" approach to second language education since its beginning in the early 1970s, and has now become the driving force that affects the planning, implementation, and evaluation of English Language Teaching (ELT) throughout the world. That said, not many English language teachers or second language educators are in agreement or even clear in their own minds as to what exactly CLT is, and there exist as many diverse interpretations as there are language teachers and second language educators. This wide variation in implementation of CLT is not, as we discuss in the article on celebrating Diversity, necessarily a bad thing. Rather, it is a natural product of the range of contexts in which second language learning takes place and the range of experiences that students, teachers, and other stakeholders bring with them.
In its early inception CLT was seen as an approach to teaching English as a second or foreign language for the purposes of enabling second language learners to be able to use language functionally, meaningfully and appropriately, instead of the previous emphasis on correctness. However, over the years ESL and EFL teachers have interpreted a CLT approach to language teaching in many different ways with many thinking that the teacher just forms groups in their classes and let the students practice speaking the second language. The end result that teachers using this approach were seeking was that their students become competent in speaking that second language. Richards calls this phase 1 of the CLT movement and he says it continued until the late 1960s. In phase 1 the previous traditional approaches that gave priority to grammatical competence as a foundation for language proficiency gave way to functional and skill-based teaching that had a "fluency over accuracy" pedagogical purpose. The next phase of CLT according to Richards was the classic CLT period from the 1970s to the 1990s.
In this phase, the place of grammar in instruction was questioned because it seemed to result only in grammatical competence that produced grammatically correct sentences under controlled conditions but did not, according to many, improve oral production or aid the communicative use of language. So what was really called for at that time was communicative competence where students could actually be in touch orally in the second language; for example, Hymes suggested that Chomsky's ideal native speaker with linguistic competence include the sociolinguistic component of communicative competence of knowledge of and ability for language use with respect to four factors: "possibility, feasibility, appropriateness and accepted usage". [4]
More recently, Richards suggests that communicative competence includes the following aspects of language knowledge:
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knowing how to use language for a range of different purposes and functions
knowing how to vary our use of language according to the setting and the participants
knowing how to produce and understand different types of texts knowing how to maintain communication despite having limitations in one's language knowledge. Since the 1990s CLT has continued to evolve by drawing from different educational paradigms and diverse sources with the result that as Richards maintains, there is still "no single or agreed upon set of practices that characterize current communicative language teaching." Rather, he suggests that CLT these days refers to "a set of generally agreed upon principles that can be applied in different ways, depending on the teaching context, the age of the learners, their level, their learning goals." In addition, Brown has maintained that CLT should include the following: Classroom goals are focused on all the components of communicative competence and not restricted to grammatical or linguistic competence. Language techniques are designed to engage learners in the pragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for meaningful purposes. Fluency and accuracy are seen as complementary principles underlying communicative techniques. In the communicative classroom, students ultimately have to use the language, productively and receptively, in unrehearsed contexts. [5]
Richards maintains that if we ask ESL/EFL teachers today who say they follow the CLT approach what exactly they do, or what they mean by "communicative," their explanations will vary widely, from an absence of grammar in a conversation course, to a focus on open-ended discussion activities. In our view, the key problem lies in the fact that not enough teachers are implementing CLT and some of those who do implement it have done so too infrequently, too often returning to the traditional paradigm.
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Figure 1.1 provides an illustration of the interdependence of these eight essentials of the paradigm shift in second language education. The circular nature of the figure emphasizes that all the changes are parts of a whole and that the successful implementation of one is dependent on the successful implementation of others.
This article focuses on these eight essentials in second language education, the links between the eight, and, most importantly, how these essentials are being used and can be implemented. The eight essentials are briefly explained as follows.
Learner autonomy Within a CLT approach to second language education we focus more on the role of learners rather than the external stimuli learners receive from their environment, such as from teachers and materials. In other words, then center of attention in learning English as a second/foreign language has shifted from the teacher and materials (the external) to the student (the internal). This shift is generally known as the move from teacher-centered instruction to learner (or student)-centered instruction. Learner Autonomy is a key concept here: learners have an important share of the responsibility for and control over their own learning.
The social nature of learning As the name suggests, to be social in learning we mean some form of interaction and cooperation is necessary within a CLT approach to second language education. We focus greater attention on the Social Nature of Learning English as a second/foreign language rather than on students as separate, decontextualized individuals. To understand and promote learning, we look not only at individuals but also at the people who make up their world and the connections between them. These people include not only teachers but also peers and others such as administrators and people in the outside community. Cooperation is valued over competition without excluding the latter completely. When students collaborate they all play leadership roles.
Curricular integration Curricular Integration refers to a second language pedagogical approach which fuses knowledge from different disciplines to create more meaningful contexts for overall learning. The traditional fragmentation of content by disciplines assumes that students will recognize the links between the disciplines on their own, but this can be difficult for second language students whose main focus may be the language rather than the content. However, with a CLT approach to teaching and learning English as a second/foreign language the integrated approach purposefully and systematically guides second language students toward discovering these connections and processes; connections and processes that help ESL/EFL students better understand themselves and the world around them. In the highest form, this student-centered approach uses real-life issues and varied resources to bring students as close to the "real thing" as possible. Furthermore, integration can also include integrating the various language skills, as well as integrating the academic with the social and emotional. [6]
Focus on meaning For this essential we focus on learning English as a second/foreign language for purposes other than just passing an exam. Education is not just preparation for life; it is also participation in life. Students understand the purposes of learning and develop their own purposes for learning regardless of the
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subject. Within learning English as a second/foreign language we suggest that understanding also involves our students' comprehension of what they are learning rather than learning by rote learning methods such as drills so that they can be educated as complete human beings.
Diversity First of all, we celebrate Diversity among our second language learners and we see this diversity as a plus in our English as a second/foreign language classes. We focus on discerning, taking into account, and appreciating differences among our second language learners within a CLT approach to language education; thus we consider all second language (indeed all students) to be unique. This uniqueness includes differences not only in first language backgrounds, but also in intelligence profile, personality, and such other background factors as race, ethnicity, social class, religion, sex, and sexual preference. We suggest in this CLT concept that no standard, one-size-fits-all way of teaching a second language exists, and that differences of opinion and perspective offer opportunities for learning rather than being cause for winner-take-all conflict.
Thinking skills For this CLT essential we focus on how students learn by a process of expanding their Thinking Skills rather than looking only at what they produce. This emphasis on process rather than just on end-product encourages second language students and teachers to promote reflection on one's thinking, to encourage deeper critical thinking, and more varied ways of solving problems, and to gain sense of greater questioning of how things are done. With an appreciation of the complexity, uncertainty, nonlinearity, and instability of knowledge in learning a second language, students not only come to see change as a constant but also that learning a second language (and learning in general) is a life-long process; indeed, we suggest that disruption and surprise are to be welcomed while learning.
Alternative assessment We should point out immediately that when we say alternative we are not "throwing out the baby with the bathwater" because we still see the place of more traditional testing; it is just that now we want to suggest that English as a second/foreign language teachers and administrators take into account that not all our second language learners may respond to such testing in a manner that compliments their different cultural backgrounds and that we have alternative means of assessment that may be more suitable. So within a CLT approach to second language education we recognize that while standardized, objective-item tests do provide relevant information, sole reliance on such measures blinds us to a great deal of what is important in education. We suggest that more Alternative Assessments connect closely with real world purposes. Furthermore, this type of assessment is done not mainly by outsiders but more importantly by those actually in the classroom (peers) who grasp the particular context in all its complexity. Thus Alternative Assessment includes students assessing themselves, peers, and the "how" and "what" of their English as a second/foreign language learning. Additionally, Alternative Assessment focuses on what second language students can do rather than on what they cannot do.
Teachers as co-learners The final concept within the eight essentials for successful implementation of CLT focuses on language teachers not principally as
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possessors of knowledge that is to be passed on to students; instead, teachers learn along with second language students because knowledge is dynamic and learning is a life-long process. Teachers learn with their students, and they learn along with their fellow teachers. Based on this learning, teachers join students in playing a greater role in such matters as materials design and institutional governance.
References: 1. Richards, J. C. (2005). Communicative language teaching. Singapore: SEAMEO, RELC (pp. 67-78) 2. Jacobs, G. M. & Farrell, T. S. C. (2003). Understanding and Implementing the CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) Paradigm. RELC Journal, 34(1), (pp. 530) 3. Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching (2nd edition.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 113-221) 4. Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269293). Harmondsworth: Penguin. 5. Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. White Plains, NY: Addison Wesley Longman. (pp. 177185) 6. Finocchiaro, M. & Brumfit, C. (1983). The functional-notional approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp. 2736)
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Qodirov R.Sh. senior lecturer department of biological chemistry Andijan State Medical Institute
SOME COMPLEX PROTEINS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Annotation: The article provides information about some complex proteins and their biological properties and importance.
Keywords: Glycoproteins, carbohydrate-protein complexes, immunoglobulins, interferons. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, Lipoproteins, Chylomicrons.
A complex protein contains two components - a simple protein and a nonprotein substance. A non-protein substance is called a prosthetic group. Typically, ptorsthetic groups are strongly bound to a protein molecule.
Glycoproteins and their biological significance. Complex proteins are divided into several groups depending on the nature of the non-protein components.
Carbohydrate-protein complexes. These macromolecules are divided into two types: glycoproteins and proteoglycans or polysaccharide-protein complexes. The carbohydrate part of glycoproteins is composed of smaller, irregular heteropolysaccharides. 80-90% of the macromolecule is protein.
Depending on the location of carbohydrate-peptide bonds in the structure of glycoproteins, the following types have been identified: glycosylamide - a monosaccharide bound to the amide group of asparagine, such as immunoglobulin, glycoprotein enzymes and hormones; O-glycoside - a monosaccharide bound to the OH-group of serine or threonine, for example, mucin in saliva, blood group substances. It sometimes binds to the OH group of hydroxylysine or hydroxyproline in collagen proteins.
Although the carbohydrate component makes up a small portion of the glycoprotein, it gives the protein molecule qualitatively new properties. In particular, glycoproteins differ from proteins in their high temperature resistance (thermostability). High or low temperatures do not change their physical and chemical properties. This means that if a protein is resistant to temperature denaturation, it can be considered a glycoprotein. Unlike other proteins, glycoproteins are extremely difficult to digest in the presence of proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and pepsin.
The carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins gives the protein a high degree of specificity. Macromolecules on the cell surface are an example of this. Most proteins consist of hormones, complex proteins in the membrane, all antibodies (immunoglobulins), blood plasma, milk proteins, ovalbumin, interferons, blood group factors, receptor proteins and other glycoproteins. They perform various functions in animal and plant organisms, microorganisms: receptors for high molecules in intercellular communication, transport of hydrophobic substances and
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metal ions (transcortin, serruloplasmin, haptoglobin, transferrin), coagulation (prothrombin, fibrinogen) and immunity (immunoglobulins). Enzymes such as cholinesterase, ribonuclease B and gonadotropin, corticotropin hormones are among the glycoproteins.
The cell membrane of microorganisms living in hot springs contains glycoproteins. Capsules of chemically and thermally resistant spore bacteria contain glycopeptides and glycolipoproteins. Glycoproteins act as antifreeze in Antarctic fish and prevent the formation of ice crystals in the body's internal environment.
Also, heparin, which is synthesized in the liver and is contraindicated in blood clotting, is a glycoprotein antigen of many bacteria.
A separate group of glycoproteins consists of glucosaminoglycans or acidic mucopolysaccharides. They differ from true glycoproteins mainly in that they contain repetitive, often specific disaccharide units. The main part of the proteoglycan molecule formed by the binding of glucosamine glycans to a protein molecule belongs to polysaccharides. They are also called sour mucopolysaccharides because they were first derived from the sticky proteoglycan in saliva - mutsin. Most proteoglycans are the main gel-like substance between tissue cells. In addition, they are involved in the composition of the fluid that moisturizes the skin, joints, cornea.
\ Proteoglycans include hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfuric acid, and others. Mutsin, found in saliva and in the secretions of various glands, gives them a high degree of viscosity, facilitates the sliding of food into the stomach, protects the mucous membrane of the mouth from harmful mechanical, thermal and chemical effects.
Interferons. Many types of viruses are inhibitors of reproduction. There are currently several types of interferons (a, b, g). Some of them are genetically engineered. Interferons are formed in response to the introduction of viral nucleic acid into the cell, limiting the spread of the virus, which is the main protective protein in patients with cancer.
Immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are synthesized in plasma cells in lymphocytes. Antibodies (antibodies) enter the class of glycoproteins and perform a protective function, neutralizing foreign substances entering the body - antigens of a chemical nature. There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. Different classes of immunoglobulins differ in molecular weight, blood concentration and biological properties.
Protein and fat complexes. Lipoproteins and proteolipids are complexes of proteins with fatty substances. Fat protein complexes are divided into free lipoproteins (milk, blood lipoproteins) and structural proteolipids contained in the membrane. Lipoproteins are water soluble. Their structure is unique, the oily component is inside the molecule, and the surface is covered with a protein layer. In proteolipids, on the other hand, the protein component is inside and the surface is covered with fat. Therefore, they are soluble in fat solvents. Lipoproteins contain neutral fats, free fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol.
Protein complexes of lipids differ in particle size, solubility and other
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physicochemical properties. They are called alpha- and beta-lipoproteins because they move along with plasma proteins, alpha- and beta-fractions in electrophoresis. Fats are digested, absorbed from the small intestine into the lymph, and then appear in the blood chylomicrons (drops or particles with a diameter of about 1 micron) also contain a lipoprotein complex.
In the structure of lipoproteins retains a complex of non-polar triacylglycerol and cholesterol esters. The water-soluble hydrophilic parts of the polypeptide fragment are composed of phospholipids. They are trapped inside the particle. Therefore, this structure, rich in lipids, has the ability to dissolve in water and is convenient for the transport of fats from the small intestine to the fat depots and other tissues through the blood.
In addition to chylomicrons, blood lipoproteins are divided into three main groups: very low-density lipoproteins (ZJPLP) - pre-beta-lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (ZPLP) - beta-lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins (ZYLP) alpha-lipoproteins.
Chylomicrons, pre-beta-lipoproteins, and beta-lipoproteins contain less than 30% protein, while alpha-lipoproteins contain 50% protein. Proteins are assumed to be wrapped in alpha-lipoproteins, and in beta-lipoproteins in a layered configuration. The classification of lipoproteins is based on the density of the lipoprotein complex. The unit of density, in turn, depends on the ratio of protein and various lipids. The higher the amount of lipids, the lower the density of lipoproteins, and they float to the top during the centrifugation of blood plasma.
In medicine, it is important to determine the amount of lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma. It is confirmed that the development of a serious and widespread cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis is associated with an increase in the amount of ZPLP in the blood. This is due to the deposition of cholesterol and its esters in plasma lipids on the inner surface of blood vessels.
Structural lipoproteins are part of biological membranes. According to their physicochemical properties, they are called proteolipids because they are soluble in non-polar solvents (chloroform-methanol 1: 1 mixture). This property of proteolipids is due to the fact that the inner part of their molecule consists of 6585% protein, and the shell is a lipid component. Proteolipids are found in the heart, kidneys, lungs, skeletal muscle, plant cells, mostly in the myelin sheaths of nerves. The composition of proteolipids in different organs varies. They are involved in the physiological functions of nerve fibers and the transfer of substances through the membrane.
References: 1. O.O.Obidov, A.A.Jurayeva, G.Yu.Malikova.- "Biological chemistry" Textbook, Tashkent 2014. 2. R.A. Sobirova, O.A. Abrorov F.X. Inoyatova, AN Aripov.- Textbook "Biological Chemistry", Tashkent 2006. 3. E.C.Ceverina.- "Biochemistry" Moscow 2004 4. www.ziyonet.uz 5. www.google.com
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Qosimov A. assistant
department of biological chemistry Andijan State Medical Institute
SOLUTION OF PROTEINS AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT
Annotation: The article provides information on the solubility of proteins and the factors that affect it, as well as the importance of their content.
Keywords: protein, hydrophilic, collagen, gelatin, neutral salts, temperature effects, globulin, pepsin, muscle phosphorylase, polyanion, salinity.
Proteins are hydrophilic, aquatic colloids. Dry protein dissolved in water swells like all high-molecular hydrophilic compounds, and then the protein molecules slowly begin to dissolve. During swelling, water molecules pass into the protein and bind to its polar groups. The solid layer of the polypeptide chain swells. The digested protein can be considered as a recyclable solution. Further absorption of water causes the protein molecule to separate and dissolve from the total mass. But bloating does not always lead to melting; Some proteins, such as collagen, remain suffocated even if they absorb a lot of water.
The process of melting occurs on the basis of the hydration of proteins, that is, the binding of water molecules to proteins. The hydrated protein is strongly bound to the water molecule, which is very difficult to break. This is not simply adsorption, but shows the electrostatic bonding of water molecules with the polar groups of negatively charged acidic and positively charged basic amino acids.
A portion of the hydrated protein is bound to peptide groups by water molecules using hydrogen bonds. For example, proteins with a non-polar side chain also bind to water. An example of this is the non-polar amino acids stored in collagen that bind large amounts of water. Under the action of water bound to peptide groups, the polypeptide chain is elongated. However, the bonds (chains) between the chains prevent the protein molecule from breaking apart and dissolving. When the collagen-containing product is heated, the inter-chain bonds in the collagen fibers are broken and the separated polypeptide chain is dissolved. Partially hydrolyzed soluble collagen is called gelatin. Gelatin is chemically close to collagen, it absorbs easily and forms a sticky solution in water. Gel formation is a key feature of gelatin. Aqueous solutions of gelatin are used in practical medicine as a plasma substitute and hemostatic agent, and the gel is used in the manufacture of capsules in pharmaceutical practice.
Factors affecting protein solubility. The solubility of proteins depends on their amino acid composition (polar amino acids are better soluble than non-polar amino acids), structural properties (globular proteins are better soluble than fibrillar proteins) and solvent quality. For example, plant proteins - prolamins are soluble in 60-80% alcohol, albumins - in water and weak solutions of salts; collagen and keratin are insoluble in most solvents.
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The stability of protein solutions depends on the charge of the protein molecule and the hydrated shell. There is an organic link between the charge of a protein or the number of polar amino acids in it and hydration: the more polar amino acids in a protein, the more water is bound (per 1 g of protein). In some cases, the hydrated shell of the protein is enlarged, and the hydrated water can dissolve 1/5 of its weight.
Some proteins are strongly hydrated but poorly soluble. For example, collagen binds more water than well-soluble globular proteins, but is insoluble. Its solution is hindered by structural features - transverse bonds between polypeptide chains.
The solubility of a protein depends on the number of hydrophilic groups in the molecule, the size, shape and total charge of the molecules. The solubility of proteins decreases at the isoelectric point. Because there is no electrostatic force between the molecules that pushes them apart.
The effect of neutral salts. Neutral salts (Na2SO4, MgSO4, (NH4) 2SO4) increase the solubility of even insoluble proteins in pure water, such as euglobulins. Salt ions interact with the oppositely charged molecules of the protein, breaking the salt bridges between the protein molecules. Excess salt (increased ionic strength of the solution) has the opposite effect.
The effect of environmental pH. The pH of the medium affects the charge of the protein, as well as its solubility. A protein is unstable at its isoelectric point, ie when the sum of its charges is zero. The loss of charge facilitates the approach, adhesion and precipitation of protein molecules. Therefore, the solubility and stability of a protein is minimal at the pH of the medium at its isoelectric point.
The effect of temperature. There is no strong correlation between protein solubility and temperature. But proteins such as globulin, pepsin, and muscle phosphorylase are good with increasing temperature in water and saline solutions; proteins such as muscle aldolase and hemoglobin are poorly soluble.
Effects of various charged proteins. Aggregates are formed if polyanionbased proteins are added to polyanionic-acidic proteins. In such cases, as a result of neutralization of charges, stagnation disappears and proteins precipitate. This property is sometimes used to separate the desired protein in a protein mixture.
Water-soluble substances, organic solvents - ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, acetone, alkali metals - thick solutions of neutral salts break down the water membrane of the protein and reduce its solubility. When organic liquids ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate and other solutions are added to the protein solution, the protein usually precipitates.
Salting. When various salts are added to a protein solution, its precipitation is called salinization. Under these conditions, the protein molecules are free of the hydrate shell that gives it stability, combine easily with each other and form large aggregates. Salinization often does not change the native state of the protein (initial, natural), when the salt ions are separated from the precipitate by dialysis, the protein is re-dissolved. Therefore, the method of salting with ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfate is widely used in the separation of proteins without disturbing the structure.
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Different protein solutions precipitate when they are saturated with salt to varying degrees. Therefore, it is possible to precipitate some proteins separately by saturating a solution consisting of a mixture of proteins with a concentrated solution of ammonium sulfate. For example, when serum is semi-saturated with ammonium sulfate, globulins are released, filtering the globulin precipitate and adding salt powder until the solution is completely saturated, precipitating albumins.
References: 1. O.O.Obidov, A.A.Jurayeva, G.Yu.Malikova.- "Biological chemistry" Textbook, Tashkent 2014. 2. R.A. Sobirova, O.A. Abrorov F.X. Inoyatova, AN Aripov.- Textbook "Biological Chemistry", Tashkent 2006. 3. E.C.Ceverina.- "Biochemistry" Moscow 2004 4. www.ziyonet.uz 5. www.google.com
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Rakhmatullayev A. Ravshanov A.Kh. Ravshanov Sh.A.
faculty of geography and ecology Samarkand state university
GEO-ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF OASIS LANDSCAPES OF ZARAFSHAN VALLEY
Abstract: the article discusses ecological problems in oasis landscapes of ZarafshanValley, resulting from human economic activity. It was found that contamination of surface and subterranean waters, soil greasiness in the oasis grows downstream the Zarafshan River.
Keywords: oasis, landscapes, pesticides, mineralization of water, subterranean waters, optimization of nature, environment monitoring.
Introduction.Valley of Zarafshan River is located in the heart of Central Asia and is drawn into the sub-latitudinal direction beginning from the east of the high mountains of Pamir-Alai, and to the west, on the plain it penetrates deep into the desert of Kyzylkum. The total length of Zarayshan riveris 770 km.
In geomorphological structure the Zarafshan Valley is divided into three parts: the Upper, the Middle and the Lower. To the Upper Zarafshan belong mountainous part,that extends from the source of the river to Rabothodzhin (Pervomayskiy) dam. It is called Quhistan (a country of mountains) and lies entirely in the territory of Tajikistan.From Rabothodzhin dam to Hazarinskoy gorge is called the Middle Zarafshan, where the valley rapidly expands and it surrounded from the north with off spurs of Turkestan and from the south with Zarfshan ridge. After leaving the Hazarin gorge,the river flows on the plain, surrounded by the desert Kyzylkum. This part up to the river Amu Darya is called the Lower Zarafshan.The Middle and the Lower Zarafshan administratively belongs to the Republic of Uzbekistan.
On the Upper Zarafshan Valley the river is narrow, the speed of flow of the river is big. Only slightly higher on Rabothodzhin platinum near a city Penzhikentthe valley widens to 2.0-2.5 km. In the Middle Zarafshanthe width of the valley river reaches 15-20 km. Due to the abundance of water, fertile soil people settled in the valley in the Stone Age, as evidenced by the remains of people's settlements found in several places of the valley.Irrigated agriculture in the Middle and the Lower Zarafshanoccured 4.0-4.5 million years ago. Yet far from BC in the Zarafshan Valley were built channels,water dividing structures, accustomedlarge areas of land for irrigation.
On the Middle and the Lower Zarafshan clearly stand out five large oases, which we call landscapes. They are: Samarkand, Kattakurgan, Karmana on the Middle Zarafshan, Bukhara and Karakul on the Lower Zarafshan. All the landscapesspatially related to each other and the specialization of agriculture have
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much in common. In all landscapes mostly important economic crops are cotton and 35-45% of them are engaged in cotton crops.
Results and Discussions. Sowingdecades only of cotton, without complying with the rules crop rotation, as well as the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers has led to degradation of soil, a decrease of productivity of cotton and other crops. According to T.L.Ortykov (2002), R.K.Kuziev humus content in the irrigated soil over the past 50 years decreased by 45-50%, which led to a deteriorationof the soil structure, which in turn has reduced the soil's resistance to water and wind erosion.
One of dynamic natural processes in the oases is strengthening of mineralization of water. Currently, 60% of the Zarafshan Valley irrigated land is saline to varying degrees, and they are increasing downstream. In Samarkand landscape saline land is less than 30%, inKattakurgan-about 60%, Karmana- 70.4%, in Bukhara89.5%,,in Karakul more than 90%.
Currently, all irrigated land distributed to farms and farmers to obtain high yields make fertilizers at two to three times more than the norm. For the soil condition no state organization controls. Soil scientists note that by a ruthless exploitation of the irrigated land run down, degraded.
Mineralization of Zarafshan river waterchanges dramatically downstream. In the Upper Zarafshan the mineralization make up 250-300 mg/l, in the entrance to Samarkand oasis 400-450 mg/l, in a meridian of the city Samarkand 500-600 mg/l, in Kattakurgan oasis near the city Xatirchi 900-1000 mg/l, after the city Navoi 1300-1400 mg/l, in Bukhara oasis near the city Bukhara - 1600-1800 mg/l, In Karakul landscape it reaches up to 2500-2600 mg/l.
Mineralization of groundwater as surface waters changes downstream of the river Zarafshan. The clearest,fresh water is available at the Samarkand oasis - 350500 mg/l, the most mineralized water in Bukhara (1500-400 mg/l) and in Karakul oasis (2500-10000mg/l).
In order to accurately lighting the mineralization of groundwater in the oases of the Zarafshan Valley were sampled drinking water of more than 80 points, the chemical analysis was carried out in laboratory "Microelements" of Samarkand state university. In samples of water founded the number of ions, that is chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates, carbonates, sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium, as well as the degree of mineralization rate of hydrogen and water hardness.Changes in water salinity increases markedly from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the Zarafshan. In the upper part of the Middle Zarafshan, the salt content in the groundwater is 100-1100 mg/l, in the middle part 1850 mg/l, In the city Aktash 2000 mg/l, in the Lower Zarafshan changes up to 3128 mg/l.
Water hardness changes in the spring waters from2,6 and 4,5 and mg-ekv/l, in groundwater increases from the upper reaches of the river to the lower pool. In the upper part of the Middle Zarafshan it changes from 10,55 to 17,49 mg-ekv/l, downstream reaches up to 34,00 mg-ekv/l, in the Lower Zarafshanin Romitan district of Bukhara region it made up - 41,6 mg-ekv/l. In general, hardness in groundwater exceeds the MCL from 1,5 up to 6,0 times.
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Distribution of anions and cations in the water given based on 20 water samples. Depending on mineralization of water in groundwater chlorine ion content increases from the upper part of the valley Zaravshan in its lower part. For example, it ranges from 161 mg/l -252 mg/l, up to 546 mg/l, and in the Lower Zarafshan 609 mg/l. Sulphate ions high degree of migration, but low compared to chloride ions [7]. The main sources of sulphate ions are sedimentary rocks containing gypsum andanhydrides. These rocks are widely distributed in the foothill plain of Zirabulok, Ziyavutdin, Karatag Mountains and massifs Malikchul and Urtachul. A large number of sulfate ions in the artesian wells and groundwater of Narpay area are connected with these deposits. In all four wells from which samples were taken in water Narpay area a content of sulfate ions exceeds to 3.5 times of the MPC. The amount of sulfate ions in groundwater in the Middle Zarafshan in rare cases exceeds MPC level, but in the Lower Zarafshan it's content is quite large. For example, in the Zhandarov district of Bukhara region it's number is 789 mg/l, in Karakul district 464 mg/l, in Romitan 1076 mg/l. The number of ions of hydrocarbons in spring waters changes from 171 mg/l up to 432 mg/l.
With change of mineralization of water, also changes the number of cations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Of these cations, content of calcium fairly mineralized in many waters. By extent of the sodium ions have high solubility and migration. Magnesium ions can be found less than calcium. Usually, in weakly mineralized water found a large amount of sodium. The amount of sodium and potassium ions in an ordinary well water is increased from 1.5 to 6 times the SEM.
In the last years ground waters of Bukhara and Karakul oasis become not suitable for drinking. To provide the population with quality drinking water from the Samarkand oasis it was built pipeline Damhodzha - Navoi - Bukhara. It provides part of the population of Navoi and Bukhara region with drinking water. In perspectives Samarkand oasis will provide with clean drinking water not only the population living in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River, but also the population of the Khorezm region and the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Therefore Samarkand Oasis as a reservoir of clean groundwater must be protected from possible contamination and preserve as a precious national wealth.
In the Upper Zarfshan in the territory of Tadjikistan there are two large mining and industrial enterprises, wastes of which permanently pollutes the river Zarafshan. These are - AnzobMining and Processing Plant and Magian gold mining complex. They do not have water treatment plants and septic tanks are available for the temporary storage of contaminated water. After their filling excess water continually falls into the river Zarafshan. According to G.G.Deushev, S.Sh.Arutyunyan, M.M.Sultonov (2003) of these enterprises in Samarkand oasisannually receives 90-1200 tons of antimony. Together with antimony come mercury,arsenic, lead, zinc, copper and other heavy metals. All settlements in the Upper Zarafshan located on the banks of rivers in a narrow valley. Household and industrial waste and wastes of cattle farms dropped into the river. Therefore, on the border between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan at the entrance of the river Zarafshan Samarkand oasis phenol content of oil products, nitrates, certain types of heavy
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metals, as well as bacteriological contamination is often higher than the MPC.Due to the lack of control and no intergovernmental agreement nobody is responsible for the pollution and its consequences. The Zarafshan River Basin home to more than 4 million people, their health, fortune, wealth directly associated with the river Zarafshan. Therefore, between neighboring countries should be set intergovernmental agreements that meet international standards and regulations.
Groundwater pollution from sources in addition depends on filtration sediment properties. In unconsolidated coarse clastic sediments of pollutants along with the water quickly percolates down and they can reach tens of meters of power from the land surface. According to N.I. Sabitova (2001) in the Samarkand oasis on the banks of Akdarya water mineralization at a depth of 100 meters is higher than the MPC. She noted that this is not due to natural factors, but is due to human activities.
At the current rate of the population growth in the mid-21 th centuryit will double to 50 million mark. This leads to the fact that in the oases density of population will double and every inhabitant of the Republic will have to 7.0-7.5 hundredth of irrigated land, against the current, which is 14-15 hundredth. Currently, land occupied by settlements, various state andprivate buildings, irrigation and road networks and other make up an average of 10-12% of the total area of irrigated land. This figure is also in the middle of the 21st century will reach 20-25% of fertile land. Due to a decrease of area of irrigated lands will be intensified anthropogenic load per unit area and of course, naturallywill worsen ecological condition. In order to improve environmental situation and support the environmentally sustainable development of oasis landscape it is necessary:
1) Separately for large oases of Uzbekistan to develop a special program for optimization and sustainable environmental development;
2) Greater involvement of innovation and advanced technology to clean up water pollution havens;
3) Improve and strengthen the service monitoring of the condition of the natural environment, constantly monitor the quality of agricultural products grown in the oases of;
4)To study the spatial movement of chemical elements and determining the functioning of the landscape it should be systematically maintained landscapegeochemical survey, making the landscape map oases.
References: 1. .Deushova G.G.,ArutyunyanS.Sh., Sultonov M.M, "Anthropogenic pollution and man-made impacts on coastal soil of Zarafshan River." Proceedings of the International Seminar on NATO on Advanced Research. Saarkand. SamSU, 2003. P 26-38. 2. KuziyevR.K."The current state of the irrigated land in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Improving soil fertility of irrigated gray soils and their ecological problems. Materials of Conference. Part 1. Samarkand, 2002.P-7.
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3. Ortikov T.K. "The current state of the irrigated land in the Republic of Uzbekistan and ways of enhancement.Improving soil fertility of irrigated gray soils and their ecological problems. Materials of Conference. Part 1. Samarkand, 2002.P-78-82. 4. Rahkmatullayev A. "Estimation of Anthropogenic Pressure on Landscapes of oasis (on Example of Mid and Lower Part of Zarafshan River). Journal of environmental science and Engineering. Volume 5, Number 9, 2001 (serial Number 46) Libertyville, Illinois, USA, 1126-1130 p. 5. Sobitova N.I. "Features of spatial differentiation of landscapes of Zarafshan river valley. Proceedings of the Geographical Society of Uzbekistan.(to uzblang).Tashkent, 2004. Book 24- p 97-99. 6. Chembarisov E.I. Xodjimuratova R.T. "Practical hydroecology" Nukus. "Bilim" 2012 p 83.
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Raxmatova D. mutaxassisligi 1-bosqich magistranti
TDPU
O'ZBEK XALQ POETIK IJODIDA MILLIY QADRIYATLARIMIZ VA XALQ QO'SHIQLARIMIZNING TUTGAN O'RNI
Annotatsiya: "O'zbek folklori" talabalarga xalq og'zaki ijodi haqida bilim berish, ularda folklor asarlarini tahlil va talqin qilish ko'nikmalarini shakllantirish, milliy an'analarga nisbatan hurmat va vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalash. Yosh avlodni tarbiyalash g'oyasini ifodalashda folklor asarlari va an'analarining ahamiyatini belgilash, adabiyotshunoslik va xalq og'zaki ijodining chambarchas bog'liq ekanligini anglash hamda folklor asarlarini ilmiy jihatdan o'rganish ko'nikmalarini shakllantirish. Ist'dodli ijodkorlar folklor namunalarini saqlab qolishi va kng ommalashtirish bilan birga ogzaki an'analari doirasida uni yanada mukammallashtirgan holda, yangilarini yaratilishi.
Kalit so'z: "O'zbek poetik ijodi", folklorshunoslik, folklor, xalq poeziyazi. Ozbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyevning "Sharq taronalari" o'n ikkinchi xalqaro musiqa festivali ochilishiga bag'ishlangan tantanali marosimidagi nurqida
Rakhmatova D. master's degree
TDPU
THE PLACE OF OUR NATIONAL VALUES AND FOLK SONGS IN UZBEK PEOPLE'S POETIC WORK
Annotation: "Uzbek folklore" to teach students about folklore, to develop skills in the analysis and interpretation of folklore, to educate them in the spirit of respect and patriotism for national traditions. To emphasize the importance of folklore works and traditions in expressing the idea of educating the younger generation, to understand the close connection between literature and folklore, and to develop skills in the scientific study of folklore. Talented artists should preserve and popularize folklore samples and create new ones by perfecting them within the framework of their oral traditions.
Keywords: "Uzbek poetic creativity", folklore, folklore, folk poetry.
"Barchangiz guvohsiz, shu kunlarda generativ musiqa, suniy intellekt haqidagi bahslar qizgin tus olmoqda. Kelajak musiqasini endi faqat texnika yaratadi, degan bashoratlar ilgari surilmoqda. Lekin hammamiz yaxshi bilamizki, har qanday mukammal texnika vositasi ham tirik inson nafasini, uning yurak nolalarini, jonli ovoz jozibasini, chinakam sanat o'rnini hech qachon bosolmaydi.
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Haqiqiy sanatni, sof va boqiy musiqani faqat Parvardigori olamning marhamati bilan hazrati Inson yaratadi.
Sayyoramizda turli kelishmovchilik va qarama-qarshiliklar, urush va nizolar avj olgan tahlikali zamonda, odamzot tobora oz dunyosiga oralib borayotgan bir sharoitda musiqa insonga insonligini eslatib, uning qalbida kelajakka umid va ishonch uygotadi.
Musiqa sanati madaniy fenomen sifatida yangi avlodni tarbiyalash va kamolga yetkazish borasida cheksiz imkoniyatlarga egadir. Sanat bilan oshno bo'lgan yoshlarning hayotga munosabati, milliy urf-odat va umumbashariy qadriyatlarga hurmati baland boladi.
Va men ishonaman, ular dunyoni manaviy tanazzuldan qutqarishga qodir bolgan, ozaro ahillik va birdamlikni ulug'lovchi avlod bolib maydonga chiqadi. Shu manoda, musiqa hech narsa bilan olchab, solishtirib bolmaydigan beqiyos ilohiy tasir kuchiga ega desak, ayni haqiqatni aytgan bolamiz".
Shavkat Mirziyoyev.
Dunyo xalqlari qatori mamlakatimiz mustaqillikka erishgandan so'ng, ajdodlarimiz tomonidan yaratilgan milliy qadriyatlarni tiklash, unutilgan an'analarni keng ommalashtirish va ularni chuqur o'rganish uchun zarur sharoitlar yaratildi. Zero, O'zbekiston xalqining qadimgi urf-odat, an'ana va marosimlarga alohida e'tibor berishi ma'naviy tiklanish jarayoni jadal kechayotgan hozirgi kunda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Chunki, kishilarni yangicha ruhda tarbiyalash, ularning ongiga milliy mustaqillik g'oyalarini chuqurroq singdirish, ajdodlarimiz yaratgan qadriyatlar mohiyatini keng targ'ib qilishda, an'ana va marosimlar mohiyatini anglash, ularni ayniqsa, yoshlarga chuqurroq tushuntirish, milliy istiqlol mafkurasini keng omma orasiga yoyishning ta'sirchan vositalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Jamiyat rivoji davomida kishilarning o'zaro munosabatlari va ijtimoiy iqtisodiy taraqqiyot qonuniyatlari asosida muayyan urf-odat va marosimlar tizimi shakllanadi. Asrlar davomidagi rivojlanish jarayonida xalqona, milliy xususiyatlarni aks ettirgan marosim va an'analargina saqlanib, takomillashib kelaveradi. Xalqning milliy ruhiyati va mentaliteti ham uning marosimlari hamda og'zaki badiiy ijodiyotida o'z ifodasini topadi.
Ma'kumki, an'ana va marosimlar xalqning ulug'vorligini, uning milliy qadrqimmatini va mehnatsevarlik, erksevarlik, do'stlikka sadoqatni, boshqa xalqlarga hurmat, Vatanga muhabbati-yu, dushmanga nafrat kabi xususiyatlarini o'zida aks ettiradi. Xalqning eng yaxshi an'analari insonparvarlikni, jamoa bo'lib ishlash va kamtarlikni, mehmondo'stlikni va kattalarga hurmatni, asrlar davomida mehnatkash xalq orasida rasm-rusumga aylangan boshqa ijobiy xislatlarni o'zida gavdalantiradi.
Folklor haqida imumiiy tushuncha. «Folklor» atamasi aslida «folk» -- xalq va «lore» -- donolik so'zlaridan yasalgan bo`lib, «xalq donoligi, xalq donishmandligi» ma'nolarini anglatadi. Uni birinchi marta 1846- yilda Vilyam Toms ilmiy istiloh sifatida qo'lladi. Shundan boshlab bu istiloh xalqaro miqiyosda ilmiy taomilda o'zlashib ketdi. Shunga qaramay, Angliya, AQSh va boshqa ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi mamlakatlarda bu mavhum keng ma'noda xalq ijodining barcha
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sohalarini -- xalq poeziyasi, xalq nasri, musiqasi, raqsi, rassomlik, o'ymakorlik, diniy e'tiqodi va odatlarini ifodalasa, boshqa tillarda so'zlashuvchi xalqlarda, asosan, so'z san'atini -- xalq og`zaki poetik ijodi tushunchasini ifoda etadi.
Xalq musiqasi tushunchasini ifodalashda «musiqa folklori», xalq san'atining boshqa turlarini, chunonchi, o'ymakorlik, zargarlik, zardo'zlik, kashtachilik (patdo`zlik) singarilar «xalq amaliy san'ati» termini ostida tushuniladi. O'zbek folklorshunosligi tarixida «folklor» istilohi nisbatan keyinroq ilmiy iste'molga kirdi. U dastlab «el adabiyoti», «og`zaki adabiyot», «og'zaki ijod» tarzida qo'llanildi. O'zbek folklori xilma-xil janrlardan tarkib topgan og'zaki so'z san'ati bo'lib, xalqimizning dunyoqarashi, badiiy zavqi, ijodiy salohiyati, simpatiya va antipatiyasini, orzu va intilishlarini aks ettiradi.
Folklor -- so'z san'atiming boshlang'ich namunasi bo'lib, u behad qadimiy so'z san'ati sanaladi, unda uzoq o'tmishda yashagan ibtidoiy ajdodlarimizning hali yozuvni bilmagan zamonlardagi turish-turmushi, dunyoqarashi va e'tiqodi, kurash va mag`lubiyatlari ifodalangan. Folklorda tasvirlangan voqelik vaqt (zamon) e'tiboriga ko'ra o'tmishga daxldor, undagi u yoki bu janr tabiatida, til xususiyatlarida buning izlarini ko`rish mumkin. «Xalq poeziyasining qaysi bir yodgorligi xususida o `ylab ko`rmang, uning zamirida diniy-hayotiy yoki diniy marosim, uy-xo`jaIik yoki «xalqaro siyosiy g`oya» yarqirab turishini ta'kidlar ekan, E.V.Anichkov folklorda ifodalangan poetik obrazlar genetik asosi o'sha qadimiy e'tiqodlardan suv ichishini nazarda tutgan. V.M.Miller esa xalq ijodiyotiga «xalqshunoslikning tarkibiy qismi» sifatida qarab, uning xalq rasm - rusumlarini ifodalagan etnografik mohiyatini ta'kidlaydi. Folklor asarlari jonli ijro jarayonidagina yashaydi. Uning ayrim janrlarida so`z va kuy omuxtaligi yetakchi bo'lsa, ayrimlarida sahna san'ati unsurlari ustun turadi. Bu hol folklor asarlariga sinkretiklik xususiyatini baxsh etgan. Uning talay namunalari so'z va kuy uyg'unligida ijro etiladi. Chunonchi, doston va termalarni do`mbira jo'rligida kuylash an'anaviy bo'lsa, qo'shiq dutor, childirma jo'rligida kuylanadi. Aksariyat folklor asarlarida so'z yetakchi o`rinni egallaydi. Ertak, afsona, naql, rivoyat, latifa, maqol va topishmoq janrlari shunday xarakterga ega. Xalq ertaklarida, xalq dramasida harakat va mimika muhim qimmat kasb etadi. Biroq ko`pgina asarlar ijrosida kuy g`oyaviy-badiiy mazmunni ifodalashda bir qadar qiymat kasb etsa-da, baribir so'z mazmunini ochuvchi asosiy vosita bo`lib qolaveradi. Bu folkloming so`z san'ati sifatidagi mohiyatini to `la-to'kis tasdiqlaydi.
Xalq --folkloming ijodkori. Folklor qabila, urug', elat, xalq yoki millatning mafkurasi va psixologiyasini aks ettiradi. Uning paydo bo'lishida hal qiluvchi rol o'ynaydi. Boshda ijod g'ayrishuuriy holda bo'Igan. Ijodkor g'ayriixtiyoriy tarzda mohiyatni tushunmagan holda ijod etar edi.
Folklorshunoslik sotsiologiya, etnologiya, til, tarix, arxeologiya, san'atshunoslik, musiqashunoslik va boshqa fanlar bilan aloqadorlikda ish ko`radi. Chunki folklor sinkretik so`z san'ati sifatida san'atning barcha turiari bilan chambarchas bog`langan .
O'zbek xalq og'zaki ijodining eng qadimiy va barqaror janrlaridan biri marosim folkloridir. Bu janr o'zining hayotiy yo'nalishi va maqsadi jihatidan ikki
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katta turkumga - mavsumiy hamda oilaviy-maishiy marosimlar folkloriga bo'linadi. O'z navbatida bu ikki turkum vazifasi, tuzilishi va poetik tabiati bilan har xil janrlarni qamrab oladi.
Oilaviy maishiy marosim folklori etnografik jihatdan muhim ahamiyatga ega. Bunga kiradigan marosimlar vazifasi va mazmuni boyicha bir necha xilga bo'linadi: a) so'zning sehrgarlik qudratiga asoslangan kinna, badik( gulafsho), burey-burey, avrosh, olqish va qarg'ish kabi qadimiy urf-odatlar; b) bolalarning beshikdagi davri bilan bog'liq- beshikka solish, chilar qochirish kabi udumlar folklori; v) toy marosimlari faolliklari ifodalovchi yor-yor, olan, lapar, kelin salom, toy olqishlari, oyna ko'rsatar qo'shiqlari kabilar; e) motam marosimi folkloriga mansub yig'i-yo'qlovlar.
Mustaqillik sharofati tufayli ajoyib milliy ananalar urf-odatlar va marosimlarni tiklash boyitish va hayotga keng joriy etish uchun barcha imkoniyatlar yaratildi. Ayni vaqtda bir tizimdan boshqa tizimga o'tish davrida xalq ananalari, urf-odat hamda marosimlarini tiklash, rivojlantirish va ommalashtirish nihoyatda murakkab va mas'uliyatlidir. Buni chuqur anglagan holda xalqimizning azaldan ma'lum bo'lgan ahillik, mehr-oqibat, xayr-saxovat, hamdardlik, kamtarlik, shirinsuxanlik kabi fazilatlarni yoshlar ongiga singdirish rivojlantirish muhim vazifa hisoblanadi.
Yoshlarning kelajakda vatanimizning barkamol farzandlari bo'lib yetishlari uchun hamma shart-sharoitlar yaratilgan zero buyuk ajdodlarimiz tomonidan yaratilgan betakror manaviy merosini yosh avlodga o'qib-o'rganishi hayotiy zarurat bulmogi kerak shu bilan birga go'zal fazilatlarga ega bolgan asrlar osha saqlanib kelayotgan marosimlardan qurib foydalanishga katta kelajak vorislari bo'lgan yoshlar qonunlarni o'rganish ularni hurmat qilishi asosiy burchlaridan biri hisoblanadi zero urf-odatlarimiz qadriyatlarimiz marosimlarimizning mohiyatini yoshlar ongiga yetkazish milliy va umuminsoniy qadriyatlarimizning bu borligini saqlagan holda yoshlar shuuriga singdirish ular manaviyatini shakllantirishning muhim omilidir.
Adabiyotlar: 1. I. Jabborov. O'zbek xalqi etnografiyasi. T. "O'qituvchi", 1994 2. S. Yo'ldosheva. Xalq urf odatlari va an'analari. T. "Ijod Dunyosi", 2003 3. www.literature.uz. 4. www.ziyonet.uz.
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Raxmonkulova N.B. student
Andijan State University
SOLAR POWERED LASERS
Abstract: this article reveals the information about solar-powered lasers that is possible to create laser light with sunlight and the difference between sunlight and laser light. It is clear that laser light can have a continuous constant amplitude or pulse, as well as extremely high power. Many devices use a laser as an amplifier to emit radiation from another source. The amplified signal corresponds to the initial signal in terms of wavelength, phase, and polarization.
Key words: solar energy, lasers, laser radiation, polarity, radiation, directions, solid, crystal, chromium, lenses
The invention of the laser is one of the great achievements of human scientific and technological progress. Shortly after the invention of laser physics and technology, various lasers based on solid, gaseous, and semiconductor materials based on optical, electronic, injection, and other types of injections were developed and used in many fields of engineering and manufacturing. The main features of lasers in practice are their coherence of radiation, the ability to control the direction and high power.
Laser radiation is monochromatic and coherent, with a constant wavelength and a clear phase, as well as a certain polarity. On the other hand, some types of lasers, such as colored composite lasers or semi-chromatic solid-state lasers, can control several sets of frequencies over a wide spectral range. Sunlight, on the other hand, is produced by an expanded source, resulting in a variety of rays. Sunlight has different frequencies from ultraviolet to infrared. This can cause problems in optical systems, as light at different frequencies tends to refract and refract. Natural sources of light scatter light in a wide range in different directions. In addition, radiation from non-laser sources usually does not have a fixed polarity.
So how do you use solar energy to create laser light? The essence of laser operation is related to the movement of electrons because of the excitation of the working part. The working part is mounted on an optical resonator, and its energy increases exponentially as a result of the rotation of the waves by means of a forced irradiation mechanism. The laser usually consists of three main parts:
energy source; working part; glass system (optical resonator) The power source is the energy supplied to the system, which can be an electric discharge, a pulsed lamp, a submerged lamp, another laser, a chemical reaction, or even an explosive, and natural solar energy. If we think about solar energy from the above energy sources. A solar-powered laser is a laser that has the same optical properties as conventional lasers, such as emitting light consisting of
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consistent electromagnetic radiation that can have high power, but uses sunlight to create an active environment. This type of laser is unique from other types because it does not require any artificial energy source. This is because energy is absorbed by the wide assimilation ranges of the Cr3 + dopant and then converted to Nd3 + in a dipole-dipole interaction. This material has been proposed for use in solarpowered lasers, which form part of a solar-powered satellite system. Landis et al have also proposed solar furnace semiconductor lasers.
A solar-powered laser was used to create a magnesium combustion engine. The two Fresnel lenses direct sunlight onto the ceramic crystal to produce laser light. There is hope to use such powerful lasers to produce heat and hydrogen from magnesium and water
Magnesium has great potential as an energy source because it has an energy storage density about 10 times higher than that of hydrogen. It is also highly abundant, with about 1.3 grams found in every liter of seawater, or about 1,800 trillion metric tons in our oceans. Moreover, the magnesium oxide resulting from the reaction can be converted back into magnesium. The catch? Recycling the magnesium oxide back into magnesium requires temperatures of 4,000 kelvins 3,726 ºChence the need for a laser to generate such temperatures on a small spot. But for a magnesium combustion engine to function as a practical source of energy, the lasers need to be powered by a renewable energy source, such as solar power. Solar- powered lasers already exist: they work by concentrating sunlight onto crystalline materials such as neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, causing them to emit laser light. Until now, however, most solar-pumped lasers have relied on extremely large mirrors to focus the sunlight on the crystal. A compact laser offers a threefold improvement in efficiency over previous designs, in terms of how much power it can deliver compared with the available sunlight.
The use of Nd:YAG crystals that are additionally doped with chromium, enabling them to absorb a broader range of light. Adding the chromium makes a greater proportion of the spectrum available, thus the efficiency from sunlight to laser is greatly enhanced. The other innovation of laser is the use of a small Fresnel lens instead of large mirror lenses. Fresnel lenses reduce the size and amount of material needed to build a lens by breaking it into concentric rings of lenses. Typically, 10 percent of incident light is focused on the crystal, whereas with the Fresnel, it is around 80 percent. In our case, we used only 1.3 meter squared and achieved 25 watts. Although this is only a threefold increase, the laser output exponentially increases with the increasing area.
The addition of chromium makes up a large part of the available spectrum. Thus, the efficiency of laser light from sunlight is significantly increased. Another novelty of this laser is the use of a small Fresnel lens instead of a large mirror lens. This divides the lenses into concentric rings, reducing the size and amount of materials needed to create the lenses. Typically, 10% of the incident light falls on the crystal, while with a Fresnel lens it falls on 80%.
Solar-based lasers are not used commercially, as the low cost of electricity in most places means that other more efficient types of electric lasers are used more
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efficiently. Solar pumped lasers can be useful in off-grid locations. Interestingly, such a solar furnace in Uzbekistan was built in 1981 and is located 45 kilometers from Tashkent. The oven is the largest oven in Asia. It uses quartz glass or a series of glasses that act as a parabolic reflector, which can reach temperatures up to 30,000 C. It is currently operated by the largest solar-powered laser research center. This is a solar-powered NdYAG-type laser with a capacity of 1 MW, cooled by distilled water.
It is proposed to use a solar oven in Uzbekistan to power the Nd: YAG laser. Because this furnace is the largest system in the world, it has the capacity to input solar energy up to 1 MW. However, current research is focused on combining the production of several small concentrators.
References: 1. De Young et al. Preliminary Design and Cost of a 1-Megawatt Solar-Pumped Iodide Laser Space-to-Space Transmission Station, NASA Technical Memorandum, 1987, Retrieved 2011-06-23 2. G.A. Landis, "New Approaches for a Solar-Pumped GaAs Laser," Optics Communications, 92, pp 261-265 (1992). 3. Payziyev, Sh. D .; Baxramov, S. A .; Qosimov, A. K. (2011). "Conversion of concentrated sunlight into laser radiation in small parabolic concentrators." A renewable and sustainable journal.
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Rejapov A.A. English language assistant Almalyk branch of Tashkent State Technical University
LEARNING METHODS OF ENGLISH IN UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: The article analyzes the global position, the dominant business and socio-economic lingua-franca of the English language in the contemporary world and the factors that contribute to this phenomenon. The article also analyzes the current policy and practice of teaching English in Uzbekistan, educational reforms in the country in the light of modern requirements.
Key words: the role of English, educational reforms, presidential decree, enforcement of the decree.
With the emergence of new technologies, the value of education has risen so that the teaching process can be efficiently consolidated. In addition, new methods of teaching English have changed over the last 20 years. Nowadays something is evolving, obviously in the teaching of the English language. In fact, there is a huge variety in the methods of teaching foreign languages to language learners. It is widely understood that each of these teaching approaches is mainly focused on a particular understanding of the language or learning process, often using various materials and techniques used in a given sequence.
In today's modern world, as well as in Uzbekistan, the position and influence of English is increasing at a faster pace. After gaining independence and increasing the pace and reach of knowledge exchange in the global village, the key reasons for this phenomenon include widening contact with the globe. The dominant role of the language of published content in the internet space is firmly held by English, which is a clear incentive for those who wish to promote their global skills to learn English. As has been mentioned since the declaration of independence, the importance of the English language in all aspects of the life of the Uzbek people has increased. Currently, great attention is being paid to the radical reorganization of the education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which will provide an opportunity to lift it to the level of international standards. In order to achieve the goals and tasks set out in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" and the "National Program of Personal Training" the dynamic method of reorganizing the structure and content of the training of workers, proceeding from the point of view of social progress, the economic development of society, the modern achievements of science, culture, technology.
Over the long history of mankind, a great many different educational methods have been developed. Initially, all methods of teaching foreign languages were borrowed from programs designed to teach the so-called "dead languages" - Latin and Greek, in which almost the entire educational process came down to reading and translating. It was such a method, the foundations of which were laid by the
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enlighteners at the end of the 18th century, that took shape by the middle of the 20th century under the name "grammar translation method".
According to this method, language proficiency is proficiency in grammar and vocabulary. The process of improvement is understood as a movement from one grammatical scheme to another. Thus, the teacher planning the course using this method first thinks about what grammatical schemes he wants to highlight. Then, texts are selected for these topics, from which individual sentences are singled out, and everything ends with a translation.
As a result of the preservation of research by the central board of secondary education, new directions in English language education such as interactive approach or teaching English strategy are enhanced. The Indian Council of School Education also supports this process. It is understood that "to connect" implies to communicate during contact with each other. It means providing the information, thoughts unknown to the recipient. In this scenario, we can concentrate on the following statement:" Engaging technique relating to the actual use of expression." We can also look at the instructions below:
Interactive methods: Brainstorming, chain drills, Think pair and share, Discussion, Debates, Role playing, Project work, Group work, Aquarium, Microphone.
The following (interactive) teaching methods are widely accepted: "Brainstorming," "Think pair and share," and so on. Some points of view are pursued in the interactive process, such as the chief, Test Tournaments, YouTube, Videos Quizzes, One word, Opposing Claims, Complete Physical Answer (TPR), Electronic Role Playing, and Puzzle Pieces. It is undeniably true that such types of approaches are extremely useful for efficiently organizing teaching and learning processes. For example, both language learners and teachers benefit greatly from "brainstorming" and "Think pair or share." As a consequence, such approaches may persuade both of them to think objectively, evaluate their thoughts correctly, articulate their ideas clearly, assist them in independently criticizing or evaluating different points of view, or adjust to a new environment in any situation, or otherwise improve language learners' capacity.
Taking all into account, it is concluded that integrating interactive forms or methods into the teaching and learning of foreign languages is one of the most important solutions to the problem. Aside from that, it is undeniably true that teachers should be qualified and experienced not only in teaching foreign languages, but also in nearly professionally organizing the link between lessons and creative technologies. The explanation for this is that new techniques and strategies are successful in comprehensively teaching English.
References: 1. Galskova N.D. Modern methodology of teaching foreign languages . : , 2004. 2. New pedagogical and information technologies in the education system / / E.S. Polat. .: Publishing Center "Academy". 2000.
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3. Rogova G.V. `'Methods of teaching English `'. Leningrad, `''', 1975 , page-195-198.\ 4. Larsen-Freeman D. "Techniques and Principles in language teaching ". 2nd edition -Oxford : PUP, 2003. 5. Makhamova G.T., Alimov Sh.S., Ziyayev A.I. `'Innovative pedagogical technologies in the English language teaching''. Tashkent 2017, `'Fan va texnologiya''publishing house, page -230-232. 6. ., . " . ". ., 2004.
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UDC 63.001.76
Rustamova D.D., PhD senior lecturer
department of agribusiness and marketing Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology
SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL BASES OF FORMATION OF INNOVATIVE PROCESSES IN THE SYSTEM OF INFRASTRUCTURE
OF THE AGRARIAN SPHERE
Abstract: The article substantiates the features and the objective need for innovative development of rural infrastructure in the context of modernization and diversification of agricultural production and the implementation of structural changes. They also discussed issues of further improving the system of integrated management of innovative development processes in infrastructure industries.
Keywords: Innovation, investment, infrastructure, innovation process.
Introduction. Ensuring the country's food security in the context of global integration requires that the sector be flexible, adapt to the changing external environment, and influence various innovations and scientific and technological developments on the basis of sustainable agricultural development.
The modern stage of agricultural development in many developed countries of the world is the transition to an innovative model that provides a systematic integration of the agricultural sector and science and technology to increase its efficiency.
In particular, it is necessary to create a "smart agriculture" to optimize production and distribution systems and introduce new business models that allow more efficient use of land, energy and other natural resources and focus more on needs [1].
By 2050, world population will reach 9.7 billion The global human population represents a global problem. These problems pose a serious threat to the right to adequate nutrition and the basic right of everyone to be free from hunger. Feeding the growing population and achieving the goals of sustainable development requires agricultural producers to produce more food. In this regard, innovation is about reforming the food system, saving family farmers from poverty, food security, sustainable agriculture, and the "Changing the World: September 25, 2015," adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Sustainable Development Goals 2030". Decree "On Approval of the Innovation Development Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019-2021", dated May 7, 2018, PK-3698 No. 2460 "On Measures for Further Reform and Development of Agriculture in 2016-2020", as of May 29, 2018, No. PK-3751 "Mechanization and Service Providers for Agricultural Products" This research will serve to some extent in fulfilling the objectives set out in the Decree "On Additional Measures for Improving Dental Efficiency" as well as other regulations related to this activity.
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As the first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan IA Karimov said: "... The main task for us is continuous technical and technological renewal of production, constant search for domestic opportunities and resources, deep structural changes in the economy, modernization and diversification of industry. should consist of a consistent continuation of the work "[2]
This important task is reflected in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M.Mirziyoev "On the Strategy for further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan": strengthening macroeconomic stability and maintaining high economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, modernization of agriculture. and rapid development .... [3]
Indeed, in the context of modernization of the country, through the improvement of organizational and economic mechanisms for the innovative development of rural infrastructure, it is necessary to provide services to agricultural and agricultural producers at the level of demand and fully meet their needs.
Literature review. Some scientific and theoretical and organizational and economic aspects of innovative development of various sectors of the economy, including agriculture, are provided by foreign economists: D.Aschauer, R. Wethersfield, I.R. Bright, A. Stow, L.I.Abalkin, I.Ansoff, P.Baranchev, I.K.Belyaevsky, J.Bright, W.P. Krasovsky, K.R. Mackonel, L. Bru, M.Porter, Research of scientific works of IS Sandu, B. Santo, A. Smith, R. Taker, B. Twiss, R.A. Fatkhudinov, V.F. Fedorenko, M. Huchek, FK Shakirov, I. Schumpeter was made.
Some of these issues are from the economists of the Republic of Uzbekistan B.B. Berkinov, K.D.Mirzaev, Ch. Partially studied in scientific works of Choriev, R.H. Ergashev, SS Gulomov, A.M. Kodirov[4] and others.
Research Methodology. In Uzbekistan, too, much attention is paid to the provision of all the conditions for activating innovation processes in all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Innovative development will allow solving existing problems in agriculture, as well as radically changing its appearance, and moving to a new stage in the development of agriculture and its infrastructure. In the context of modernization of the country, it is necessary to "restore the lost old varieties, rational and effective selection, wide introduction of scientific achievements and innovations in the field"[5] and "farmers who are well versed in modern technologies of production and innovation in agricultural technologies." water and air needed" [6]. At the same time, the methods and mechanisms of innovative infrastructure development must meet not only the modern market principles of the national economy, but also take into account the specifics of each region. In general, a comprehensive review of innovation activities and processes in the agricultural infrastructure sector, critical review of the practice and innovative development of the agricultural infrastructure are becoming an objective necessity.
Investment and innovative development of agriculture is a wide-ranging process, using financial resources, attracting additional sources of financing, investing in new knowledge and ideas, applying new technologies, introducing services, and introducing new forms of infrastructure management. are closely
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related. This problem can be solved only when investment is compatible with innovation, and balanced development of investment and innovation processes.
This approach entails studying investment and innovation as a system, and its successful development and functioning is closely linked to the infrastructure and services provided by agriculture and the level of economic growth and sustainable development.
The concepts of innovation, innovative activity, innovative process and so on are firmly entrenched in our daily lives, business activities and various aspects of the economy. Innovation is one of the important factors in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises in developed countries, strengthening its position in the market and the production of consumer goods.
In the implementation and implementation of innovative activities, first of all, it is necessary to clarify the basic terms and concepts.
In our opinion, innovation is an investment based on the use of scientific achievements and best practices, the process of improving and developing social production, the formation of new consumer products (goods, products, equipment, technology, other organizational forms and tools), implementation and is the materialized end result of creative activity, contributes to the satisfaction of market and social needs, saves costs, and ensures that people are productive in different areas of life and activity.
Innovative development of rural infrastructure is a system of measures aimed at increasing the level of competitiveness of the industry, improving the quality of services, increasing profitability, conducting a set of research and development, creation and implementation of innovations.
Innovation policy in infrastructure development is part of the state's innovation policy in the agricultural sector and is a form of implementing the country's innovation strategy to modernize the country, achieve the sector's stability and competitiveness.
Innovative infrastructure is a set of organizational and economic institutions that provide the conditions for the implementation of direct innovation processes based on the principles of economic efficiency. Management of the process of formation and development of innovative infrastructure is one of the main tasks of the problem of effective management of the agricultural sector.
Innovation is described in the economic literature as follows. Innovation is the end result of innovative activity, a product that emerges and is introduced to the market in a new or improved form, a new or improved technological process used in practice, interpreted as a new approach to social services based on the results of the latest research or inventions.
Innovative activity is the introduction of a new or improved type of product in production, the introduction of a new or improved technological process, the production of products with a higher quality content for consumers or to increase the competitiveness of the product.
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Innovative infrastructure - consists of organizations that provide services for the organization of the introduction of new or improved products in production, the introduction of new or improved technological processes.
Innovative development of rural infrastructure and increasing its economic efficiency requires a thorough and comprehensive study of innovations.
Material and technical factors
Economic factors
All factors affecting the cost-effectiveness of innovation processes
Organizational and economic
factors
Organizational and historical
factors
Social factors
Figure 1: All factors affecting the cost-effectiveness of innovation processes
All the factors affecting the cost-effectiveness of innovation processes, taking into account the specifics of the industry, can be divided into the following groups: (Figure 1)
- natural-historical factors: improvement of soil-climatic conditions by means of chemical, ameliorative, irrigation and other means, selection, genetics and other means and factors in the field of animal husbandry and agriculture;
- social factors: factors related to the identification and development of human abilities - physical, psychological, intellectual, factors related to the development of positive attitudes to work and its results, and the exclusion of negative ones;
- organizational and economic factors: organization of production, its specialization, concentration, application of best practices, the nature and level of management systems and methods, etc .
In the current conditions of our country, the reform of the agricultural sector is one of the most important strategic goals and priorities of economic change. As mentioned above, the growth of production efficiency is influenced by such factors as soil - climatic, organizational - productive (production), technical, technological and socio-economic. Economic research focuses on the first group of factors, and the impact of socio-economic factors on production results is poorly understood.
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One of the reasons for this is the difficulty of quantifying them, as well as the sudden inability to determine the impact of certain socio-economic factors.
In accordance with a number of resolutions of the President and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan, relevant ministries, companies, commercial banks and local authorities have created a number of infrastructure facilities in rural areas, taking into account factors such as natural and economic conditions. Various benefits (tax benefits, soft loans, etc.) were also provided to infrastructure facilities, provided that they were provided with the necessary machinery and equipment, as well as qualified personnel. As a result of these benefits, practical assistance was provided to the effective implementation of the initial activities of rural businesses. In the context of modernization of the economy and the introduction of innovations, it is necessary to focus on the acceleration of innovation processes and production activities in the development of sectors of the economy, including rural infrastructure.
It is estimated that three different types of technologies will be used to intensify agricultural production:
The first is simple, traditional technologies used in farms with low economic efficiency and capacity.
Older generation machines are mainly used when operating using simple technologies.
The second is intensive technologies, which are mainly designed for highyielding farms.
The third is high-intensity technology, which is the future of competitive agricultural production in the country.
In general, in the introduction of innovations and scientific and technological advances in agriculture, on the one hand, given the conditions for the introduction of these innovations, on the other hand, it is necessary to determine what measures should be developed for the introduction of innovations in agriculture.
The reason is that GDP growth today can be achieved, first of all, through the development of small and large innovative businesses. Given the great role and importance of agriculture in the country, the innovative development of production will bring the industry to a new level of quality. At present, there are many directions in the development of agriculture, including rural infrastructure, due to various conditions and factors, the main of which are inertial and innovative development. Inertial development is a process that takes into account the stagnation in the economy, the slowdown in economic growth, the rise in prices, the crisis associated with inflation and unemployment.
Innovative development is associated with accelerated economic growth, increased sector efficiency, expanded reproduction and improved quality of life.
Analysis and results. The specificity of innovative processes in agriculture stems from the specific nature of the industry. At the heart of the distinctive features of the industry are, first of all, the natural-biological characteristics of agricultural production (land is the main tool, the use of living organisms as a means of labor plants and livestock, dependence on natural-climatic conditions, etc.). Due to
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natural and biological factors, the technical and technological characteristics of the industry (seasonality of production, length of work, etc.). Due to these differences, in the process of long-term development, specific socio-economic features and characteristics of the industry have been formed. From the point of view of the innovation process, they are:
Due to limited land resources, instead of extensive development in agriculture, it is necessary to pay attention to intensive factors, ie to get more per unit of land;
The level of specialization of agricultural enterprises is lower than in other sectors, which is due to the need for efficient use of land, the seasonal nature of agricultural production, resulting in the organization of full use of labor, machinery and other means of production throughout the year; > Peasants, farms and private farms are not able to independently develop measures to develop production, which, as is well known, requires significant investment;
At present, a number of works in the production process are carried out by special services, ie infrastructure facilities (tractor fleets, agrochemical service, fuel and lubricants sales outlets, processing plants, veterinary services, etc.); Special forms of state support and influence are required in different ownership conditions (scientific and technical policy, information base, tax and credit policy, etc.);
The specificity of agricultural production and the introduction of innovations increases the need for highly qualified personnel or professional advice;
A part of agricultural products is directed to agriculture itself for reproduction, and the fund for reproduction is formed on the basis of this product and the state. However, the volume of production varies over the years, so it is necessary to establish large insurance funds in order to ensure the continuity of the production process;
the length of the technological process and its dependence on natural and climatic conditions make it difficult to predict the outcome of production;
The probabilistic nature of production leads to the probabilistic nature of the results of the introduction of innovations. Changes in factors of production or the economic situation in general can lead to unintended negative consequences, so a thorough in-depth analysis is required before introducing innovation achievements into agricultural production.
In agriculture, in addition to the sectoral characteristics of innovation processes, it is necessary to take into account the essence of the innovation process itself. An innovative process is a single and integral stream of transformation of separate technical or technological ideas based on scientific developments into new technologies and their delivery directly to the use in the production process in order to obtain a new quality product. Through the implementation and implementation of innovation policy, society manages innovation processes in whole or in part in each area. The main purpose of this is to put scientific and technical developments into practice.
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The innovation process is cyclical. The economic and technological impact of innovation processes is only partially reflected in new products and technologies. The main part is manifested in the increase of economic and scientific-technical capabilities (purchase of new equipment), ie the technological level of the innovation system increases, which leads to an increase in demand for innovation.
Fundamental research in the agroindustrial complex
Practical research in the agro-industrial
complex
Technological and experimental design developments in the agricultural sector
Sales of products and formation of orders for science
Continuous production
Experimental production
Figure 2. Stages of formation of the innovation process in AIC[17]
A simple view of innovation processes in AIC (Agro-industrial complex) can be illustrated by the following figure (Figure 2).
The starting point of the innovation process is fundamental research, the purpose of which is to identify and study the basic laws of the compatibility of nature and technology. Fundamental research results in fundamental scientific knowledge in the form of basic principles, laws, and theories.
The purpose of applied research is the purposeful use of fundamental and derived knowledge obtained as a result of scientific and applied research. They will focus on improving new or existing hardware, technologies and products. The targeted focus of applied research and the high probability of obtaining the final result allow planning innovative activities in advance.
Technological and experimental design developments are a set of activities aimed at rigorous scientific research, design, construction, creation and testing of an experimental model. Production materializes a scientific product and then forms an order for the field of science. The common task for all stages is to process technological and managerial data in order to sell the product of scientific and
17 Developed by the author.
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technical developments in the form of a new product, a new device, a new method, a new technological process and a new system of agro-industrial complex management. In a well-designed and well-managed innovation process, all attention is focused on the sale of finished products from the field of scientific and technical research. At the same time, the elements of innovation are constantly interconnected throughout the innovation process through the exchange of information and the implementation of their processing.
As a result of the innovation process and the implementation of appropriate innovation policies in the AIC, the process of modernization of production based on scientific results is underway. This process is objective and continuous. Its foundations go back to a time when agriculture was simple and relied solely on natural factors.
Organizational forms of the innovation process in agriculture include: > research and production associations; > research and production systems; > small innovative firms; > engineering firms; > innovative development centers; > information and consultation centers and outlets; > agro-firms, agro-techno parks and other similar forms. Conclusions. Positive (contributing to the development of innovative processes) and negative (impeding the development of innovative processes) factors affecting the innovative development of agriculture were identified. Obstacles: -limited funds allocated by the state to finance science and technology, research institutes and universities; - high interest rates on loans for innovations; - high risk of innovative processes in agriculture; - Lack of interaction between agricultural producers and science; - Insufficient development of the mechanism of financial incentives for those engaged in innovative activities; - Research is not sufficiently developed in agriculture. The factors that stimulate innovation processes are: -availability of natural resources; - development of business entities based on market relations; -scientific potential;
- capacity of the domestic food market; - Opportunity to produce environmentally friendly, natural food products. Investment and innovation development of agriculture is a comprehensive and active process, involving the use of financial resources, attracting additional sources of funding, the process of finding investors with new knowledge and ideas, the application of new technologies, the organization of services and new forms of governance in infrastructure. closely related. This problem can be solved only in the context of the compatibility of investments with innovations, the balanced development of investment and innovation processes.
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Such an approach imposes the obligation to study investment and innovation as a system, the successful development and operation of which is closely linked to the infrastructure serving agriculture and the economic growth and sustainable development of agriculture.
According to the analysis, the volume of innovations in the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan is 0.00004% of total agricultural output, while in the field of agricultural infrastructure this figure is even lower, while in other developed countries this figure is 20-25 times higher. During 2009-2018, expenditures on technological, marketing and organizational innovations in the agricultural sector increased by 354 times, but the share of innovation expenditures in gross agricultural output decreased by 8.5 times. These funds are certainly not enough for the innovative development of the network.
Investment and innovation development of agriculture is a comprehensive and active process, closely related to the use of financial resources, attracting additional sources of funding, searching for investors, application of new technologies, organization of services and application of new forms of governance in infrastructure.
References: 1. Global Innovation Index 2017: Switzerland, Sweden, Netherlands, USA and United Kingdom are leading //https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/ru/articles/2017/ article_0006 .html 2. Karimov I.A. Our main goal is to continue the ongoing reforms, despite the current difficulties, to move forward at the expense of the gradual continuation of structural changes in our economy, opening the way for private ownership, small business and entrepreneurship // Halk suzi, 2016. 16.01. 3. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-4947 "On the strategy of further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan", February 7, 2017. 4. Umrzoqov O'.P., Sultonov B.F., Umarov S.R. Organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of water management on an innovative basis. -T.: Navruz, 2015.-148 p.; Mukhtorov A.X., Sultonov B.F., Saidjonov S.J. The main directions of innovative development of the agrarian sector (monograph) Tashkent, QIITI, 2014. - 98 p.; Berkinov B.B., Tashmatov R.X. Directions for the development of infrastructure serving farms in Uzbekistan. - T.: TDIU, 2007. - 23 p.; Mirzaev Q.D. Methodological bases of increasing the efficiency of agroservice services. diss. ... Ict. fan. doctr. - Sam., 2011. - 200 p.; Pardaev M.Q., Pardaev O.M. Improving organizational and economic mechanisms for the use of innovations in the development of the economy of Kashkadarya region / Modernization of the national economy on the basis of innovative development: problems, solutions and prospects. - 2015, 22 p.; Murodov Ch. Forming the basis of market infrastructure in rural areas // Economic Bulletin of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, 1999.- 3. - B. 2-4.; 5. Address by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoev to the Oliy Majlis // Public Speech, December 23, 2017 6. Statement by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoev to Parliament, December 29, 2018
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7.https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=12370807636747912630& btnI=1&hl=ru 8. javascript: void(0)
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Saydivaliyeva B.S. lecturer
department of foreign languages Tashkent State Transport University
ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL SIGNIFICANT QUALITIES
Annotation: The article is devoted to the formation of professionally important qualities of specialists in the field of information security. The concept of professional qualities that can contribute to the manifestation of the independence and thinking activity of future professionals in the field of information security, as well as the formation of professional qualities, opens up organizational and pedagogical conditions. are studied.
Keywords: Qualities of professional significance, organizational and pedagogical conditions, the theory of solving inventive tasks, algorithm for solving inventive tasks.
In the process of searching for pedagogical conditions for the formation of professionally significant qualities in a higher educational institution, we considered it necessary to pay attention to the age of students. According to V.A. Romenza, senior adolescence and early adolescence is a period in a person's life when the structure of an act is fully developed for the first time, when it can be done for its own sake, and the act does not contribute to the achievement of another goal.
Human creativity - from adolescence to the masterpieces of a mature genius - is a manifestation of the spiritual capabilities of a person and a demonstration of boundless human qualities5.
Creativity and action are precisely the principles on which it is most expedient to investigate the nature of human creativity, as well as its advancement on the path to personal maturity. If a person perceives his own life as creativity, then it fills his every moment with behavioral content. In carrying out an act, a person builds a creative situation of self-development, in which the essential elements of the individual world of his "I" are constructed 6.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the effectiveness of the educational process depends on such pedagogical conditions that could maximally contribute to the manifestation of independence and activity of students' thinking, as well as advancement in their mental development. In other words, the question arises: what should be the educational process so that success can be achieved both in the development of students' mental activity and in the development of their actions?
Analysis of the literature on the problem of the formation of professionally significant qualities and our own experience made it possible to identify, first of all, pedagogical conditions that would contribute to the successful formation of professionally significant qualities of future information security specialists
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studying in higher technical educational institutions in the process of studying scientific and natural disciplines.
The first of them we identified the creation of a motivational attitude towards the creative activity of students due to persuasion, the development of interest, establishing a connection with life and future professional activities. We will justify our opinion in this way. It is known that motivation as a psychological phenomenon is interpreted in different ways. In one case, it is interpreted as a set of factors that support and direct, that is, determine behavior (J. Godefroy, K.B. Madsen); in the other - as a set of motives (KK Platonov); in the third - as an impulse that causes the activity of the organism, and the direction that determines it. In addition, motivation is viewed as a process of psychological regulation of a specific activity (M. Sh. Magomed-Evminov); as a process of action of a motive, as a mechanism that determines the emergence, direction and methods of implementation of specific forms of activity (I. A. Dzhidaryan); as an aggregate system of processes that are responsible for motivation and activity (V. K. Vilyunas). Researcher E. P. Ilyin considers motivation as a dynamic process of the formation of motive (as the basis of an action); according to A. B. Orlov, motivation is the process of forming an incentive to action or activity.
In addition, the studies of A.N. Pechnikov and G.A.Mukhina7 carried out among students of the VTU on the issue of motivation, gave the following results. The leading motives were chosen "professional" and "personal prestige", less significant "pragmatic" (to get a diploma) and "cognitive". True, at different courses of study, the role of dominant motives changes. So, in the first year the leading is the "professional" motive, in the second - "personal prestige", in the third and fourth years - both of these motives, in the fourth - also "pragmatic". In most cases, academic performance is influenced by "professional" and "cognitive" motives. "Pragmatic" motives are mainly inherent in underperforming students8.
The importance of knowing the structure of motivation for educational activity is especially clearly manifested in the process of professional study. Thus, in the study of A.O. Reana did not find a difference in the chosen profession among excellent students and poorly performing students. Other dependencies were obtained when the emphasis was on performance in specialized subjects and industrial practice. Here, the difference in attitude to the profession became significant in the interests of the students of the first group, that is, those who are doing well9. Similar data were obtained as a result of a study of the motivational sphere of study of university students (A.O. Rean, V.O. Yakunin, N.I. Meshkov) 10. The reason for such results lies in the confidence of a significant part of students that general scientific and general education disciplines do not bring them closer, but distance them from mastering professionally important knowledge and skills (it is no coincidence that many students are expelled in the first years when these disciplines are taught).
Characteristically, the factor of motivation for academic performance turns out to be stronger than the factor of intelligence. Academic performance does not reveal a close and reliable relationship with the intelligence of students, while
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"strong" and "weak" students differed in the level of motivation for educational activity. The first ones have a weakness for mastering a profession at a high level, they are focused on obtaining strong professional knowledge and practical skills. The second - in the structure of the motive, they have, for the most part, external motivators: to avoid condemnation, punishment for poor studies, not to lose a scholarship, and the like.
Awareness of the high value of the motive for learning for academic performance in educational activities led to the formation of the principle of motivational support of the educational process (O.S. Grebenyuk) 11.
We emphasize that a high level of intellectual activity, at which a creative solution to tasks is possible, is achieved by individuals with a certain motivation and moral attitudes. Self-affirmation orientation, rivalry, avoidance of failures become a barrier on the way to creativity even with significant intellectual potential12. Another such obstacle is intellectual passivity - as an underestimated level of intellectual activity, predetermined mainly by the peculiarities of upbringing, which manifests itself in an insufficient focus of intellectual skills, a negative attitude towards mental stress, the use of detours in the performance of intellectual tasks. An indicator of intellectual passivity is a negative attitude towards any activity associated with mental work; lack of initiative in intellectual activity (from open protest to submissive thoroughness); cessation of mental activity (work) in the absence of significant reinforcement, avoidance of intellectual stress, lack of "mental surprise" and low efficiency in this activity.
In addition, the studies of A.N. Pechnikov and G.A.Mukhina7 carried out among students of the VTU on the issue of motivation, gave the following results. The leading motives were chosen "professional" and "personal prestige", less significant "pragmatic" (to get a diploma) and "cognitive". True, at different courses of study, the role of dominant motives changes. So, in the first year the leading is the "professional" motive, in the second - "personal prestige", in the third and fourth years - both of these motives, in the fourth - also "pragmatic". In most cases, academic performance is influenced by "professional" and "cognitive" motives. "Pragmatic" motives are mainly inherent in underperforming students8.
The importance of knowing the structure of motivation for educational activity is especially clearly manifested in the process of professional study. Thus, in the study of A.O. Reana did not find a difference in the chosen profession among excellent students and poorly performing students. Other dependencies were obtained when the emphasis was on performance in specialized subjects and industrial practice. Here, the difference in attitude to the profession became significant in the interests of the students of the first group, that is, those who are doing well9. Similar data were obtained as a result of a study of the motivational sphere of study of university students (A.O. Rean, V.O. Yakunin, N.I. Meshkov) 10. The reason for such results lies in the confidence of a significant part of students that general scientific and general education disciplines do not bring them closer, but distance them from mastering professionally important knowledge and skills (it
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is no coincidence that many students are expelled in the first years when these disciplines are taught).
Characteristically, the factor of motivation for academic performance turns out to be stronger than the factor of intelligence. Academic performance does not reveal a close and reliable relationship with the intelligence of students, while "strong" and "weak" students differed in the level of motivation for educational activity. The first ones have a weakness for mastering a profession at a high level, they are focused on obtaining strong professional knowledge and practical skills. The second - in the structure of the motive, they have, for the most part, external motivators: to avoid condemnation, punishment for poor studies, not to lose a scholarship, and the like.
Awareness of the high value of the motive for learning for academic performance in educational activities led to the formation of the principle of motivational support of the educational process (O.S. Grebenyuk) 11.
We emphasize that a high level of intellectual activity, at which a creative solution to tasks is possible, is achieved by individuals with a certain motivation and moral attitudes. Self-affirmation orientation, rivalry, avoidance of failures become a barrier on the way to creativity even with significant intellectual potential12. Another such obstacle is intellectual passivity - as an underestimated level of intellectual activity, predetermined mainly by the peculiarities of upbringing, which manifests itself in an insufficient focus of intellectual skills, a negative attitude towards mental stress, the use of detours in the performance of intellectual tasks. An indicator of intellectual passivity is a negative attitude towards any activity associated with mental work; lack of initiative in intellectual activity (from open protest to submissive thoroughness); cessation of mental activity (work) in the absence of significant reinforcement, avoidance of intellectual stress, lack of "mental surprise" and low efficiency in this activity.
Note that the help and support from the teacher is important for the student not only while searching for a solution in a difficult "emotional" situation, but also during the formation of methods of response in order to prevent and the emergence of negative situations. The solution of the noted tasks is facilitated by the emotional environment, being in which the person realizes himself, showing certain emotions and influencing the other (other) participants in these relations. Within a positive emotional environment, it becomes possible to solve the following tasks:
- disclosure of their own reserves of internal activity, the possibility of selfexpression and self-knowledge;
- improvement of mood, awakening interest in learning activities, in the knowledge of the subject;
- removal or reduction of anxiety, physical and intellectual stress, renewal of internal forces and reserves;
- correction of relationships, overcoming difficulties in behavior, learning that have arisen or arise among students when communicating with peers, teachers.
Thus, referring to the impact of specific emotions on students' activities, we can conclude that positive emotions with skillful management of the teacher during
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the lesson have a constructive effect, respectively, negative emotions have a destructive effect on students during the lesson, which as a result affects their academic performance. Researcher I.M. Gapiychuk also emphasizes the leading role of the teacher in the achievement of success by students in various activities, since he, acting on the emotional sphere of students, causes the emotional activity of the latter, manages and corrects students' activities, creates conditions that provide the student with the status of the subject of interaction.
This is due to the fact that in the structure of independent activity, along with elements of reproduction, elements of creativity are constantly manifested, which are significant not only due to the novelty of the results, but also due to the nonstandard nature of the process itself. Creative independent work is valuable in that, performing them, the student can find original ways of solving cognitive tasks that were not provided for by the teacher.
References: 1. Aismontas, B.B. (2003), General psychology: Patterns [Obshchaya psikhologiya: Skhemy], Vlados-Press, Moscow, 288 p. 2. Batyshev, S.Ya. (1999), Professional pedagogy: textbook for students of pedagogical specialties [Professional'naya pedagogika: uchebnik dlya studentov, obuchayush-chikhsya po pedagogicheskim spetsial'nostyam i napravleniyam], Professional'noe obrazovanie, Moscow, 904 p. 3. Golant, E.Ya. (1969), "On the development of independence and creativity of students in the learning process", Education of cognitive activity and independence of students. Issue 67. Symp. 2, Part 1 ["O razvitii samostoyatel'nosti i tvorcheskoi aktivnosti uchashchikhsya v protsesse obucheniya", Vospitanie poznavatel'noi aktivnosti i samostoyatel'nosti uchashchikhsya. Vyp. 67. Sb. 2, ch. 1], Kazan, pp. 32-44. 4. Grebenyuk, O.S. (1985), "The development of learning motivation and labor at vo-cational training schools" ["Formirovanie motivatsii ucheniya i truda uchashchikh-sya srednikh proftekhuchilishch"], Sovetskaya pedagogika, No. 1, pp. 93-96. 5. Hadamard, J. (1977), The Psychology of Invention [Issledovanie psikhologii protses-sa izobreteniya], Sovetskoe radio, Moscow, 284 p.
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378
Shermatov G.G., candidate of economic sciences Namangan Engineering and Construction Institute
SITUATIONAL APPROACHES TO EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
Abstract: This article discusses the importance of situational approaches in effective leadership.
Key words: efficiency, management, leadership, analysis, observation
Leadership, the need to develop leadership qualities must be considered as one of the main tasks of working management specialties. For workers, first of all, leadership means social activity, or an active life position. It is a kind of guarantor of fresh ideas, extraordinary approaches, and bold decisions. These qualities are the foundation for management skills. The employer is interested in getting the most qualified manager - an effective leader.
Thus, the relevance of the problem under study is determined both by the trends in the development of scientific knowledge and by the existing needs of social practice. The study of emotional intelligence and its relationship with leadership qualities is an important theoretical and practical task that requires actual research and further development.
It is customary to say that the company has leaders and managers. The fact is that the key tasks, events, the very actions of managers and leaders differ from each other. A person can be a great leader and a disgusting manager, and vice versa. The problem arises when organizations mix these two roles. Of course, there are rare exceptions when people brilliantly combine both qualities.
There are three factors that influence the behavior of the leader. These factors are:
The relationship between the leader and team members. This implies the loyalty shown by subordinates, their trust in their leader and the attractiveness of the leader's personality for performers.
Task structure. It implies the familiarity of the task, the clarity of its formulation and its structuring, and not vagueness and lack of structure.
Official powers. It is the amount of legal power associated with the manager's position that allows him to use the remuneration, as well as the level of support that the formal organization provides to the manager.
The potential benefits of a task-oriented leadership style are speed of action and decision-making, unity of purpose, and tight control over the work of subordinates. Thus, for the success of production, the autocratic style is initially an effective tool for achieving the goals of the organization, provided that the performers willingly cooperate with the manager.
In this situation, a task-oriented leadership style is most appropriate, because the relationship between the leader and the subordinates is already good. Therefore,
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the leader does not need to spend a lot of time maintaining this relationship. In addition, because the leader has significant power and the task is routine, subordinates obey the leader's instructions and need little help. Therefore, the role of the leader in this situation is to say what needs to be done.
People-centered leadership styles are most effective in moderately leaderfriendly situations. In such situations, the leader does not have sufficient authority to ensure the full cooperation of subordinates. But, in contrast to the unfavorable situation, the subordinates here are not actively looking for any reason for resentment.
In most cases, performers as a whole tend to do what the manager wants from them, if they are explained why this is being done and given the opportunity to fulfill his desire.
If the leader is too focused on the task, he runs the risk of antagonizing the performers and thereby contributing to the manifestation of potential shortcomings of this style. This focus on the task reduces the influence of the leader.
A people-centered leadership style is likely to empower a leader to exert influence. The manifestation of concern for the well-being of subordinates in practice would improve the relationship between the leader and subordinates.
Provided that subordinates are motivated by the needs of a higher level, the use of this leadership style can enable the leader to stimulate the personal interest of performers in a particular job.
This would be ideal because a self-directed workforce reduces the need for tight, tight oversight and also minimizes the risk of losing control.
Succession planning refers to preparing promising employees to take the place of current leaders when it is time for the latter to leave their positions. This kind of training requires the active movement of the employee between departments. Moreover, in many multinational corporations, future leaders tend to travel overseas to gain experience in overseas affiliates.
Succession planning should be based on a clear vision of the future that the company aspires to: this will align the leadership development program with the long-term goals of the organization. Thus, preparing a new generation of leaders should take into account not only the existing knowledge and history of the company, but also plans for the future. For these plans to come true, the selection of potential leaders must be based not only on "what we know and have," but also on "what we want to become." Succession planning should be handled by the people who are currently in leadership positions who are the bearers of this "vision of the future", as well as senior personnel in the HR department who can translate this concept into a specific training program. Accordingly, attention should be paid to three main characteristics of candidates:
Skills and knowledge; Perception of the role of the leader and the degree of its acceptance. Self-confidence (self-efficacy). These three aspects should be the backbone of any leadership training program.
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References: 1. Krasnikova E.A. Ethics and psychology of professional activity. - M .: Infra-M., 2004. 2. Mokshantseva O.S. Social Psychology. Uch. pos. for universities - M .: Infra-M, 2001. 3. Bialiatskiy NP, Roysch P., Susha NV. Manager's technique. - Minsk: Book House, 1998. - 255 p. 4. Yokubovna, Y. H. (2019). Evaluation of the economic impact of local population in the development of regional economy: n example of Chadak village. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 2(3), 83-93. 5. , . . (2019). : . : , 17(8), 1593-1606. 6. HY Yoqubjonova. ECOTOURISM IN THE ECONOMY OF THE REGIONS. , (3) 2019. 57-61. 7. , . ., , . ., , . ., & , . . (2016). . In WORLD SCIENCE: PROBLEMS AND INNOVATIONS (pp. 421-423). 8. .. . . 2002 390-392 . 9. .. . " " . 2002 4 55-56 . 10. Shermatov G'.G'. THE CONCEPT AND FUNCTIONS OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT. EPRA International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies (EBMS)|ISSN: 2347-4378|Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra1013|SJIF Impact Factor (2020): 7.035 EPRA JOURNALS DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra1013 2020 year September, 64-69 pag. 11. Shermatov G'.G'. Khaidarov A. K. Babaev N.O. Features of Basalt Fibre Materials. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 7, Issue 11 , November 2020.IJARSET Editor-in-Chief Date: 10th December 2020 www.ijarset.com November 2020. 15868-15871 pag 12. .. .. .. . " - " . 2020 24, .. 2, 28-33 .
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Shodmonkulova N.F. master's degree
Tashkent State Pedagogical University Scientific adviser: Rejametova N.I.
HOW IS AN UNUSUAL THINKING SKILL OR CREATIVITY FORMED?
Annotation: The main goal of today's education system is to educate and train creative thinking professionals and high-level thinkers. Unfortunately, compared to other areas, many approaches and methods in the education system are still not creative thinking, but interpretation and analysis, that is, understanding and conveying the information correctly, and, moreover, summarizing a few pieces of information. aimed at extracting.
Keywords: creative, unusual, innovation, music education, creativity, creativity, child psychology.
If we look around us, we can see unique and amazing examples of human creativity in the world around us. All this is the product of human imagination, thinking. The books, music, buildings, airplanes, and even lamps that we use in our daily lives, which seem simple to us today, were once created by the imagination and later by the fruit of reason.
Creativity, which began with the invention of the simple wheel, is now circulating throughout the universe. Such innovative innovations create many conveniences in our daily lives, and in this way, creativity becomes an integral part of development. Today, the demand for creative thinking professionals in all fields is growing day by day. As the demand for creative and innovative professionals in the labor market grows, it is important for us to form and develop the unusual thinking skills of students in the educational process.
So how do you teach students to think creatively? How do you think you need to change your thinking to innovate?
In order to develop the qualities of creativity in a person, it is first necessary to know the content of this concept. The word creativity is derived from the English word "create", which means "create". Creativity is a person's creative ability to innovate and solve problems. Its content lies in originality, practicality, unusualness and freedom. Also, creative thinking means comprehensive thinking on a particular issue, approaching a point from different angles. Creative-minded people are able to create something new by imagining images that are different from the usual scenes, that no one understands.
The most amazing thing is that the educational process also teaches children to think the same way. Prepared by Ken Robinson and viewed 5 million times on YouTube, "Is School Destroying Creativity?" The video also mentions this. As children learn to write along the lines, work through examples in assignments, learn how to understand a work in literature lessons, and have teachers evaluate good performers, children begin to think within patterns. As a result, many young people
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are asking if there is a model for assignments. It's the result of learning to work with existing models. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of creative qualities in the educational process. It can be seen that the famous inventors and inventors were not accustomed to the uniformity of the educational process at school. For example, Albert Einstein was expelled from school or Dmitry Mendeleev received a "three" in chemistry.
Walt Disney is one of the world's most famous animated cartoons, creating his own entertainment industry as a result of his creative thinking. He has always used three phases of creativity - imaginative, realistic, critical - in the creation of world-famous characters. That is, in the role of a dreamer, he fantasizes without limits, creates different fantasies. In the process, he noted that he heard Bach's "Tokkata, fuga re minor"
It is important to cultivate a creative personality - not only to master the knowledge known to science, but also to discover new knowledge on the basis of the acquired knowledge. The main task of modern education should be to inspire students to acquire new knowledge and create by improving their intellectual level, creativity, ingenuity and curiosity. According to youth psychology, children under the age of six have a 40% potential. From an early age, children are very creative. If the educational process with him during this period is approached only on the basis of traditional education, the tendency to creativity in him will disappear.
To creatively direct the learning process: 1. The educational process is to provide educational material, to offer other interesting additional materials and to guide the student to innovation on the basis of material that directs him to research and creativity. 2. The learning process should also be changed so that the student becomes the creator of the learning material and the given learning material serves that creativity. 3. It is necessary to increase the student's interest in creative thinking by proposing heuristic strategies, tactics, methods and techniques by making new additions to the learning materials. A specially organized pedagogical process aimed at cultivating a child's musical culture and developing his musical skills in order to form his creative abilities. The tasks of music education are: to teach a child to love and understand music, to develop his ability to hear music and his mood for music, to instill in him the simplest performance skills, that is, to sing, to sing18
References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. On the Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan // Collection of Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. - T., 2017.
18 Rejametova.N.I.4.2 Modul O`quv-uslubiy majmua. Toshkent 2018.
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2. To increase the effectiveness of the work on preparing children of preschool age for school in the framework of the "National Training Program" and the "National Program for the Development of School Education." - T .: 2005 y. 3. Baxriyev A. Development of socio-psychological features of formation of national musical ideas in students: Author's abstract. - T., 2004. 4. "1-Bolajon" is a basic program developed in accordance with the state requirements for the development of preschool children. - T .: 2010 y. 5. Rejametova N.4.2 Module Educational-methodical complex. Toshkent 2018. 6. Internet sites: www.Ziyonet.uz; www.pedagog.uz
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Solidjonov D.Z. student
faculty foreign language and literature Kokand University
Uzbekistan, Kokand Scientific adviser: Mulaydinov F.M.
head of business department Kokand University
Uzbekistan, Kokand
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON EDUCATION: ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
Abstract: There are given information about social media networking sites that`s effecting on education system and its advantage and disadvantage to teaching student in this article. Also, you can know how to use them on your classroom and on students.
Keywords: Social media, education, Facebook, sites, massagers, students, telegram, advantage and disadvantage, WhatsApp, YouTube.
In today's world of connected learning, the impact of social media on education is becoming a driving factor. The technology referred to here really transpires just social media technologies such as Facebook, Whatsapp, YouTube, Telegram, Twitter, and Snapchat. There are a lot of workshops, conferences, online courses, webniars, meeting and trainings in this social media networking sites. The technologies that allow these platforms to function are also one of the driving forces behind the impact of this technology on education. There are positive and adverse effects of social networking to students to students, and the jury is still out concerning the long-term effects of social media exposure may have. Social media and education are not historically allies and many educators see social media as a determent to real learning. This is changing as the cloud-based nature of social media for collaborating on projects is growing into a pertinent and useful technology. Facebook has the ability to create rooms and video chat with invitees. This is great for student projects which rely upon successful collaboration as the global pandemic shut down many face to face interactions.
For example, video presentation platforms, such as Zoom, Google meet, Skype, Google Hangouts, or Web video conferencing such as Cisco Webex, have allowed instruction to be delivered across great distances. No longer is it necessary for a faculty member to be in the same room as the students. These technologies have given rise to the flipped classroom model and changed the way knowledge is conveyed to students. Faculty today must be more technologically savvy than any generation previously as the students not only prefer communication through these mediums, they expect it. The adoption of social media in everyday life is one of the driving forces behind these changing expectations and how social media is changing
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education. Today's students want to connect with other people in higher numbers than us old educators may think. There is a complete industry of applications that are designed to help people increase their social media following.
The impact of these technologies on education can be considered positive but also has some negative consequences. It's not clear what the positive effects of social media on students or negative effects will have on long term development, but there are some downsides.
It's no secret that most students and teachers have smartphones and have used social media in education. In fact, there are apps and web tools that offer social media in an educational context.
With faculty using a variety of software tools and free web applications to enhance learning, communication, and engagement, the use of social media is on the rise in higher education classrooms. Compared to traditional learning methodthat provide few opportunities for learners to develop and maintain their own learning activities, learning platforms based on social media place the control of learning into the hands of learners themselves. A growing number of research efforts have been made to support teaching and learning using a variety of social media tools.Social networking site for college students are been developed aiming at enhancing both collaborative study and social interaction. The research tells that making social media tools a part of traditional learning is attractive to students and can motivate their participation in the learning process. E-Learning, the social network sites handled the big problem by providing information to the educators in the recent period. However, Social networks have helped to resolve some of these problems, by adding interactive side with a student, and make the participation of the students in the educational process which leads to an increase to attract them toward e-learning and to clarify the reason behind the attraction educated about social network sites.
Ways To Use Social Media in Education to Impact Student Learning. 1. Use social media as an online "classroom" Social media doesn't have to take students attention away from their school work. It can actually provide the forum you need to reach your students in a more meaningful way. By creating a private Facebook group, you can post assignments, lecture via Facebook Live, and answer student questions via comments and private messages. While face-to-face teaching has definite advantages, this is a great way to connect with students who would otherwise be unable to attend a traditional classroom (for health reasons or because they live in a remote area, for instance). Such a class could also be used to augment the standard curriculum for students who fall above or below the norm. 2. Keep students involved during snow days and school breaks One of the key challenges for educators is to keep the momentum going when students are on spring or winter break, or when they have to stay away from school due to harsh winter weather. Posting assignments, projects, and discussions on social media can help students keep up the momentum in their school work and help you, as an educator, avoid having to go back and review quite so much material at
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the end of the break. This would be a good occasion to use a learning management system (LMS) that keeps track of student assignments and records delivery of student work.
3. Encourage collaboration and teamwork. Encouraging teamwork and collaboration can be difficult in classrooms with limited time, especially if your institution covers a broad geographic area that makes it hard for students to get together after class. Social media can provide the forum a student group needs to share work, critique projects, and to collaborate on an assignment. One educator, a professor of art at Penn State University, created an iTunes U class where students could view and evaluate each other's projects. She amassed more than 58,000 students.
4. Interact with parents and advisors While parents and advisors are a vital link between educators and students, it can sometimes be tricky to forge a relationship and start a dialogue with them. It's not always realistic to send messages home with students and busy schedules often mean that the parents and advisors who would benefit most from a one-on-one conference are unable to attend such a session. 5. Continue the discussion With most classes, you only have an hour or two, at the most, to get students excited about the topic and encourage them to share their thoughts and opinions. If the discussion is slow getting started, you might have to shut it down just when it was getting beneficial. With social media, you can transfer the classroom discussion to a Facebook group or similar forum and keep the discussion going long after class has adjourned. 6. Hone students' Internet writing and online research skills Writing has evolved in the Internet age from writing in a vacuum to participating in the worldwide conversation. Writing on the web is much different from writing for an academic journal. Such writing requires shorter sentences, shorter blocks of texts, links to sources, and graphics to break up the "sometimes considered boring" text. However, these are skills most students will need as they begin their careers. Having students create and write a blog has many advantages. It not only introduces them to the quirks and special format of web writing, but it gets them researching a particular subject or topic by reading articles online and in the habit of writing regularly. A good blog also requires students to respond to comments and questions, be able to source copyright-free images (and upload their own images), and cite sources. It also provides a good start to a digital footprint for potential employers to see when it comes time for them to start their job search. 7. Learn from your colleagues around the world It's now easier than ever to share ideas and successes with other educators from around the United States and beyond. By "friending" and following educators you admire, you can see what is working for them in a similar setting to yours and adopt their techniques to help your students succeed. In this global age, no educator
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has to recreate the wheel. They just have to put together a strong professional learning network.
The prime bad effect of social media is addiction. Constantly checking Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn other social media updates. This addiction could negatively affect other valued activities like concentrating on studies, taking active part in sports, real life communication and ignoring ground realities. Following are the Negative impact of Social Media on Education:
1. The popularity of social media, and the speed at which information is published, has created a lax attitude
towards proper spelling and grammar. The reduces a student's ability to effectively write without relying on a computer's spell check feature.
2. Many students rely on the accessibility of information on social media and the web to provide answers. That means a reduced focus on learning and retaining information.
3. Our ability to retain information has decreased, and the willingness to spend more time researching and looking up good information has reduced, due the fact that we got used to the ease of accessibility to information on social media.
4. Students, who attempt to multi-task, checking social media sites while studying, show reduced academic performance. Their ability to concentrate on the task at hand is significantly reduced by the distractions that are brought about by YouTube, Facebook or Twitter.
5. The more time students spend on social sites, the less time they spend socializing in person. Because of the lack of body signals and other nonverbal cues, like tone and inflection, social networking sites are not an adequate replacement for face-to-face communication. Students who spend a great deal of time on social networking are less able to effectively communicate in person.
6. The degree to which private information is available online and the anonymity the internet seems to provide has made students forget the need to filter the information they post. Many colleges and potential employers investigate an applicant's social networking profiles before granting acceptance or interviews. Most students don't constantly evaluate the content they're publishing online, which can bring about negative consequences months or years down the road.
7. Students are having a harder time getting to communicate face to face with people, and are losing their people skills, due to that they are spending more and more time talking from behind a screen.
According to the above study I came to know the various positive and negative impacts of social media on education or students. It is very important to overcome this problem. How can parents alleviate the negative aspects of social media while improving upon the positive results? Moderating their access to social media is one excellent method. Most of the negative aspects can be overcome by reducing the amount of time spent on social network sites. Paying attention to their academic progress and addressing any issues will go a long way towards keeping the negative aspects of social media from influencing their studies. Provide ample time for face-to-face social interaction, like having some family leisure time in
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which you discuss their studies in a relaxed atmosphere or inviting friends and family over for get-together, providing fun, face-to-face social interaction with loved ones. All this we help us to reduce the Negative impact of social media on the students which will in turn benefit our young generation.
References: [1] "Impact of Social Media on Education" https://www.academiaapps.com/impactsocial-media-education/ [2] https://www.schoology.com/blog/impact-social-media-education-studentengagement-tactics [3] Nicole A. Buzzetto-More University Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
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Sultanova D.T. assistant
department of metrology standardization and product quality management Andizhan institute of machine-building
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This paper investigates major points of tourism sector in Uzbekistan while making emphasize on outlook development perspectives. Moreover, the way of tourism advancement with major outcomes and shortcomings are also underlined with the systematic analyses. In addition, socioeconomic development of the study with the positive modernization and diversification possibilities were stated in order to conduct probable future investigations in the future. Last but not least, ecotourism perspective of country has been analyzed and accentuated as one of the most developing direction of tourism as whole.
Keywords: Tourism, Uzbekistan tourism, ecotourism, tourism infrastructure, tourism potential
In the area of globalization, Tourism's impact on the economic and social development of a country can be enormous while opening it up for business, trade and capital investment, creating jobs and entrepreneurialism for the workforce and protecting heritage and cultural values (Abdukarimov B.A, 2013).
To fully understand its impact, however, governments, policy makers and businesses around the world require accurate and reliable data on the impact of the sector. On this way , data is needed to help assess policies that govern future industry development and to provide knowledge to help guide successful and sustainable Travel & Tourism investment decisions (Akhoondnejad, 2016; Alegre & Garau, 2010). For 25 years of independence, Uzbekistan has been quantifying the economic impact of Travel & Tourism. Travel & Tourism generated US$7.6 trillion (10% of global GDP) and 277 million jobs (1 in 11 jobs) for the global economy in 2014. Recent years have seen Travel & Tourism growing at a faster rate than both the wider economy and other significant sectors such as automotive, financial services and health care.
Last year was no exception. International tourist arrivals also surged, reaching nearly 1.14 billion and visitor spending more than matched that growth. Visitors from emerging economies now represent a 46% share of these international arrivals (up from 38% in 2000), proving the growth and increased opportunities for travel from those in these new markets. The sector faces challenges while facing internal and external political modifications at all (Akhoondnejad, 2016; Alegre & Garau, 2010).
The present stage of human development and socio- economic development level of the highest rates of growth of the life and well-being of the population growth could be the major point of development as whole. Urbanization increases
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the level of increase in the share of leisure time, social values and personal life that may lead to a radical change of the property. These, in turn, adjust to changes in the life of the population, and to increase significantly the supply and demand in the tourism inaugurated the foundation. Accordingly, time, travel, and nature ceased to be an active part of the life of the people of the rest of modern health and shape of the importance of strengthening the effective use of time and space. At a time before tourism without thinking about it, just enjoy having a superior goal, at present, these goals have radically changed: weak position occupied seek to promote active recreation; most of the rest of the active role of the individual, or at least two people to try out for a rest. Tourism trip for other purposes also changed: in the past, the only individuals now enjoy recreation; accurate planning in the past, and now we want to meet the demand; past civilization (civilization) favors the consumer, now the pleasures of nature in the first place (A. V. Akimov & Dollery, 2006; Buhalis & Law, 2008).
During the years of independence our country has created new legal and economic foundations based on market relations that are fundamentally different from the past. There have been fundamental economic reforms based on a single state policy aimed at accelerated development of the industry, modern tourism infrastructure has been established, many new tourism routes have been introduced at the world standards, historical and cultural monuments have been renovated and widely disseminated, training and retraining System has been formed.
Nevertheless, Uzbekistan's rich and varied tourism and recreational potential remains low, the existing tourism infrastructure, the volume, types and quality of tourism services provided, and the distribution of available tourism capacities by region, the network management system globally. Nevertheless, Uzbekistan's rich and varied tourism and recreational potential remains low, the existing tourism infrastructure, the volume, types and quality of tourism services provided, and the distribution of available tourism capacities by region, the network management system globally It does not meet modern requirements in critical innovation and sharp competition. The role of tourism in the national economy, the role and scale of exports of services and services, and the employment of the population remain considerably behind the average global average (A. Akimov & Dollery, 2009; Berger, Hanweck, & Humphrey, 1987).
According to the State Statistics Committee, the share of tourism in the country's gross domestic product in 2010-2014 has the following indicators (percent): in 2010 it was 1.2 million but during years has risen significantly. The number of firms and organizations operating in 2015 is 398, serving 560.4 thousand visitors. The net profit of all enterprises operating in the tourism industry in 2015 amounted to 61819.5 million soums. It should be noted that Tashkent city has the dominant position in all major tourism industry indicators: 73.4% (292%) of firms and organizations account for 58.8% (329.5 thousand) visitors. The same indicator for Samarkand (13.1 and 4.1%), Bukhara (4.5 and 9.2%) and Khorezm (1 and 21%) regions. These four regions share 92% of firms and organizations in Uzbekistan, and 93.1% of the service visitors.
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In this regard, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoev's December 2, 2016 Decree "On Measures to Ensure Rapid Development of the Tourism Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan" serves as an important basis for the development of this sector to a new level. The decree provides for the creation of favorable economic, organizational and legal conditions for the dynamic development of tourism as a strategic area of the country's economy, more fully and efficiently utilizing the vast tourism potential of the regions, the radical improvement of tourism network management, promotion of national tourism products and their promotion in the world markets, The directions of formation of a positive image of Uzbekistan are defined (Buckley, Gretzel, Scott, Weaver, & Becken, 2015; Nargiza & others, 2015). For this purpose, the medium term perspective The State Committee for Tourism Development has been established on the basis of the abolished national company "Uzbektourism", whose goals and priorities are determined by the state policy in the field of tourism, and its functions have been described, as well as the concept of tourism development in the medium term and the implementation of this Concept It is planned to elaborate and implement the Program of specific measures for 2017-2021, the system of activity licensing and certification s is the simplification of the visa regime, to further stimulate business activity, tourism, infrastructure development, tourism organizations and additional privileges and preferences, and a number of other areas have been identified. Implementation of this decree will give an impetus to the development of tourism in Uzbekistan as a strategic national economy and to make the country one of the most important centers of world tourism
The Decree envisages the development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the medium term, as well as the Concept of the development of tourism in the medium term, it is planned to elaborate and implement a program of concrete measures for the implementation of the Concept in 2017-2021. In our opinion, in the development and implementation of this concept and program, it is necessary to take into account the following areas in the development of tourism as a strategic area of the economy: 1. Development of conceptual foundations of tourism development (goals and objectives, methodological approach, principles and criteria, international practice, development of state policy in tourism and directions).
2. The current state of tourism development and its main problems (role in the country's economy, resource potential, management environment, processes and efficiency, current situation analysis, key issues).
3. Priority approaches, strategy and concept development approaches and mechanisms for their implementation (sustainability of the sector, funding sources and funding sources, sources of investment, approaches to the formulation of strategies and concepts and their implementation mechanisms).
To conlclude with, on measures on ensuring rapid development of tourism industry in Uzbekistan and for the purpose of providing the effective organization of activities of the State committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on tourism development need to determine the main objectives and activities of the State committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on tourism development. On this way,
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governement ensures forming and implementation of the complete concept of tourism development directed to radical increase in tourist capacity of the country, giving to tourism of the status of the strategic sector of economy, carrying out single state policy in the sphere of tourism.
References: [1] Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy, Theory, Culture & Society, 7, pp. 295-310. [2] Bakhtin, M. (1965). La cultura popular en la Edad Media y el Renacimiento: El contexto de Franc¸oise Rabelais (Madrid: Alianza Editorial). [3] Boissevain, J. (1996). Introduction, in: J. Boissevain (Ed.) Coping with Tourists: European Reactions to Mass Tourism (Oxford: Berghahn).
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Tog'ayeva D.M magistranti
Xalqaro munosabatlar fakulteti Jahon iqtisodiyoti va siyosati kafedrasi
TDSHU Ilmiy rahbar: Sayfullayev D.B., Tarix va falsafa fanlari doktori
dosent
ISLOM TARAQQIYOT BANKI VA O'ZBEKISTON: IQTISODIY DIPLOMATIYA TARAQQIYOTI YOLIDA
Annotatsiya: Maqolada "Islom Hamkorlik Tashkiloti" ning tashkil topishi va uning musulmon davlatlari o'rtasidagi iqtisodiy, siyosiy hamkorliklari, hamda musulmon davlatlarida yoshlarning ta'lim tarbiyasi ilm ma'rifatga ega bo'lishi, musulmon davlatlarida qashshoqlikni oldini olish va buyuk allomalarimizning bizga qoldirib ketgan merosini asrab avaylash munosabati yoritilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: Islom Hamkorlik Tashkiloti, musulmon davlatlari, Ta'lim, marifat, sessiyasida, moliya, Islom taraqqiyot banki, iqtisodiy birdamlik kabi siyosiy tushunchalarni o'rganamiz.
Tagayeva.D.M master's degree faculty of international relations world economy and policy
TSUOS Scientific leader: Sayfullayev D.B., doctor of historical and philosophical
sciences associate professor
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK AND UZBEKISTAN: THE PATH OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY DEVELOPME
Annotation: The article covers the organization of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and its economic, political and educational cooperation among Muslim countries, as well as the education of young people in Muslim countries, the development of knowledge, the Prevention of poverty in Muslim countries and the preservation of the legacy left to us by great scholars.
Keywords: Islamic Cooperation Organization, Muslim countries, education, education, session, Finance, Islamic Development Bank, Economic birdamlik, we will study such political concepts
XX- XXI asrning asosiy mezonlari bu albatta bugungi kunda siyosiy jarayonlarning rivojlanish bosqichida islom davlatlarining dunyoda bolayotgan globall jarayonida qay tariqa muhim ahamiyat kasb etayotganligi va xalqaro
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munosabatda ahamiyatiga etibor qaratadigan bolsak musulmon olamida Islom Hamkorlik Tashkilotining orni tobora ortib bormoqda. Jumladan, iqtisodiy, siyosiy, madaniy, gumanitar, diplomatik munosabatlarning rivojlanish bosqichida muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Islom Hamkorlik Tashkilotining tarkibiy qismiga kiradigan Islom Taraqqiyot Bankining siyosiy jarayonlarga tasiri haqida qisqacha toxtalib otadigan bolsak, Islom taraqqiyot banki (ITB) xalqaro moliya tashkiloti bo'lib, 1973 yilning 18 - dekabr kuni Islom Hamkorlik Tashkilotining (IHT) mamlakatlari ichida moliya vazirlari yig'ilishlarining qaroriga ko'ra ta'sis etilgan va 1975 yil oktyabr oyida o'z faoliyatini boshlagan moliyaviy tashkilotdir. 2014 yilning iyunida ITBning yillik yig'ilishida bank faoliyati boshlanganing 40 yilligi nishonlandi. Islom Hamkorlik Tashkilotiga a'zosi bo'lgan har bir mamlakat Islom Taraqqiyot Banki a'zosi bo'lish huquqiga ega. Bank tashkil etilayotgan vaqtda ITB ga ishtirokchi a'zo davlatlar soni 57 taga yetgan edi. O'zbekiston 2003- yildan boshlab ITBning a'zo mamlakatidir. 19 Bankning asosiy hissadori: Saudiya Arabistoni, Liviya, Eron, Nigeriya, BAA, Qatar, Misr, Quvayt va Turkiya davlatlari shular jumlasiga kiradi. Islom taraqqiyot banki bosh qarorgohi Saudiya Arabistoning Jidda shahrida joylashgan bo'lib, musulmon davlatlarining moliyaviy markazidir. Islom taraqqiyot bankining hududiy vakolatxonalari 1994 - yil Marokash hududidagi Rabbot shahrida joylashgan bo'lib, xuddi shu yili Kuala Lampur (Malayziya)shahrida vakolatxonasi ham ochilgan. 1997- yili Olmata shahrida (Qozog'iston), hamda 2008 yili Dakar (Senegal) shaharlarida ochilgan.20 Shuningdek, ITBning Misr, Turkiya, Indoneziya, Bangladesh va Nigeriya shaharlarida ham vakolatonalari o'z faoliyatini davom ettirmoqda. ITBning asosiy vazifasi a'zo-mamlakatlarda islom dini talablariga muvofiq bo'lgan ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy taraqqiyotni qo'llab-quvvatlashdir. Islom taraqqiyot banki guruhining tarkibiga quyidagi tashkilotlar kiradi: IsDB xususiy tarmoqni rivojlantirish buyicha islom korporasiyasi - ICD; Investisiyalar va eksport kreditlarini sug'urtalash islom korporasiyasi - ICIES; Xalqaro islom savdo-moliya korporasiyasi - ITFC; Tadqiqotlar va treninglar islom instituti - IRTI. Ushbu tashkilotlar butun musulmon mamlakatlari va islom davlatlarining manfaatlariga xizmat qiladi, hamda a'zo mamlakatlar miqyosdagi talablar quyidagi tartibda amalga oshiriladi: A'zomamlakatlarda qashshoqlik darajasini pasaytirishga ko'maklashish; a'zomamlakatlar savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorligini rivojlantirish; a'zo-mamlakatlar mehnatga yaroqli aholisi uchun ta'lim dasturlari va tadqiqotlarni tashkil etish; a'zomamlakatlarga favqulodda holatlarda yordam ko'rsatish; a'zo-mamlakatlarni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirish bo'yicha boshqa turli dasturlarni amalga oshirish, a'zo-mamlakatlarda davlat va ususiy tarmoqqa qarashli yo'llar, kanallar, to'g'onlar, maktablar, kasalonalar, uy-joylar, qishloq tumanlarini rivojlantirish va boshqa shu kabi qishloq o'jaligi loyihalarini moliyalashtiradi.21
19 International Financial And Banking Forum2019 20 Uzreport Tv 21 . . . . .. (Phd)..- .: 2019.-.17
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Shuningdek 12 ta a'zo mamlakat mahalliy vakolatxonalariga egadir. Jumladan: Afg'oniston, Ozarbayjon, Bangladesh, Gvineya, Indoneziya, Eron, Nigeriya, Pokiston, Serra-Leona, Sudan, O'zbekiston va Yaman davlatlaridir. ITBning asosiy vazifasi a'zo-mamlakatlarda shariatga muvofiq ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy taraqqiyotni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan iborat bo'lib, ITBning qarashlar: 2020 - yilda a'zo mamlakatlar inson kapitalini barqaror rivojlantirishga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatuvchi shariat tamoyillariga muvofiq faoliyat ko'rsatadigan jahon miqyosidagi taraqqiyot banki bo'lishga erishdi va bank tashkil etilayotgan vaqtda uning nizomiy jamg'armasi 6 mlrd. islomiy dinorni, a'zolari soni esa 22 ta davlatni tashkil etgan edi. Islomiy dinor ITB foydalanadigan hisob birligidir2013 yilda ITB boshqaruvchilar kengashi umumiy hissadorlik kapitalini 30 mlrd.islomiy dinordan 100 mlrd.islomiy dinor(150 mlrd.AQSH dollar)ga ko'tarish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Bankning obuna kapitali ham 18 mlrd.islomiy dinordan 50 mlrd.islomiy dinorga oshirildi. 22 Ushbu qaror a'zo-mamlakatlarning moliyalashtirish mablag'lariga bo'lgan katta ehtiyoji bilan bog'liqdir. So'nggi 12 yil davomida yetakchi reyting agentliklari (Moody"s, Standard Poor"s, Fitch) tomonidan ITBga uzoq muddatli kredit reytingi- "AAA" va qisqa muddatli oliy barqaror kredit reytingi "A+" kodi berib kelinmoqda. 2013 - yilning dekabrida ushbu reytinglar yana qaytadan tasdiqlandi. Shu jumladan ITB BMTning Bosh Assembleyasida kuzatuvchi maqomini oldi. ITBning muassasalari IHT Bosh kotibiyati va muassasalari, Xalqaro taraqqiyot banki, BMT taraqqiyot tashkiloti, Hududiy rivojlantirish tashkiloti, Milliy rivojlanish jamg'armalari va nodavlat tashkilotlari kabi bir qator tashkilotlar bilan taraqqiyot sohasida yaqindan aloqa qilib kelmoqda.23 2011- yilda Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki, Osiyo taraqqiyot banki, Moliyaviy nazorat yuqori organlari xalqaro tashkiloti, Butunjahon banki bilan hamkorlik to'g'risidagi kelishuvlar imzolandi. Sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim sohasidagi ITB loyihalarini moliyalashtirish ITBga a'zo-mamlakatlarning har biri erishishga intilayotgan ming yillik rivojlanish maqsadlariga(Millennium Development Goals) muvofiq amalga oshirilmoqda.24
Bugungi kunda respublikamizda bank ishi va moliyaviy islom prinsiplarini tatbiq etish loyihasini amalga oshirish bo`yicha Moliya vazirligi tomonidan tashkil etiluvchi «tashabbus guruhi»ga aylandi. Shuningdek, Islom taraqqiyot banki grantini jalb etgan holda «O`zbekiston Respublikasida islom bank ishi va moliyasi infratuzilmasini tatbiq etish uchun qonunchilik asoslarini yaratish» bo'yicha ishchi loyihasini amalga oshirish belgilangan. Bundan tashqari, O`zbekiston hukumatiga Islom taraqqiyot banki bilan muvofiqlashtirilgan Ishchi loyihasini amalga oshirish bo`yicha yo`l xaritasi loyihasini ishlab chiqish hamda tasdiqlash uchun kiritish aytilgan. Qaror loyihasi muhokamasi Ozbekiston Respublikasi Prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyev tomonidan 2018-yil 31-may kunida amalga oshirildi. Shu jumladan Islom taraqqiyot banki rahbarini Bandar Hajarni qabul qildi. Islom taraqqiyot banki O`zbekistondagi islohotlarga har tomonlama ko`makni kengaytirishga tayyor
22 w.w.w.http//google.uz.international financial and banking foru 23 w.w.w.http//google w.w.w.http//google.uz. islom moliyasi 24 w.w.w.http//google.uz.international financial and banking forum 2019.uz
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ekanligini takidladi. Bandar Hajar prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyev bilan 2018- yil 20- sentyabrda uchrashuvi bo'lib o'tdi. Uchrashuvda O`zbekistonning ITB bilan o`zaro manfaatli hamkorligi doirasida yurtimizga 1,9 milliard dollarlik imtiyozli kredit mablag`lari jalb etilgan bo`lib, ular iqtisodiyotning turli tarmoqlariga oid loyihalarni o`z ichiga oladi. 25 Ushbu loyihalar yo`l-transport, energetika va kommunal infratuzilmani modernizatsiya qilish, qishloq joylarda uy-joy qurilishi, ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlash tizimini, sog`liqni saqlash va ta'limni rivojlantirish, tadbirkorlik sub'ektlarini qo`llab-quvvatlash kabi sohalarga sarflandi. Hamkorlik uchun ulkan salohiyat, eng muhimi, uni yanada mustahkamlashga o`zaro intilish mavjudligi ta'kidlandi. Toshkent shahrida bo`lib o`tgan «ITB guruhi kuni» doirasida O`zbekiston va Islom taraqqiyot banki o`rtasida 2018-2021 yillarga mo`ljallangan 1,3 mlrd dollarlik sheriklik strategiyasi imzolandi. Prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyev Islom taraqqiyot banki rahbariga jahon sivilizatsiyasi rivojiga ulkan hissa qo`shgan buyuk ajdodlarimizning boy ma'naviy merosini o`rganish maqsadida Samarqandda tashkil etilgan Imom Buxoriy nomidagi xalqaro ilmiytadqiqot markazi faoliyatiga ko`rsatilayotgan ko`mak uchun samimiy minnatdorchilik bildirdi. Bandar Hajar esa Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari ichida O`zbekiston Islom taraqqiyot banki uchun mintaqadagi asosiy hamkorlardan biri ekanini ta'kidladi. Bandar Hajar O`zbekistonda amalga oshirilayotgan keng ko`lamli yangilanishlarga yuksak baho berib, ITB mamlakatimizdagi islohotlarga har tomonlama ko`makni kengaytirish va o`zaro manfaatli hamkorlikni mustahkamlashga tayyor ekanini qayd etdi.26
2020- yilning 2-dekabr kuni Saudiya Arabistonining Jidda shahrida joylashgan Islom Taraqqiyot Banki (ITB) ning XSRIK bosh direktori janob Ayman Amin Sejiniy va O'zbekiston Respublikasi xalq Bankining Boshqaruvi raisi janob Farhod Islomovich Salomov xalq bankida Islomiy darcha ochilishi munosabati bilan masalhat izmatlari to'g'risidagi Bitimni imzoladi.27 Ko'zda tutilgan Islomiy darcha xalq banki uchun yashi foyda keltiradigan Islomiy banklardan biri bo'lish va O'zbekistonda islomiy mahsulot va izmatlarni taklif qilish imkonini beradi. Natijada, Bank o'z mahsulotlarini, moliyalashtirish manbalarini diversifikasiya qilish va daromadini oshirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ladi. Islomiy bank orqali taklif qilinadigan izmatlar mamlakatda kichik va o'rta biznes sub'ektlarini va jismoniy shaslarni moliyalashtirish, yangi ish o'rinlarini yaratish va aholi turmush darajasini oshirishda muhim rol o'ynashi ko'zda tutilgan. Ushbu munosabat bilan janob Sejiniy quyidagicha izoh berdi: Ushbu amkorlik xalq banki bilan strategik sheriklik bo'lib, O'zbekistondagi bank va Islomiy moliya sanoatini qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan deb ta'kidlab o'tadi. Ushbu strategik tashabbus orqali xalq bankiga Shariat tamoyillari, bugalteriya hisobi, Islomiy bankchilikka mo'ljallangan informasion tenologiyalari, kadrlar va huquqiy jihatlarni qamrab olgan umumiy echimlarni taqdim etish va Islomiy banklarda keng nazariy bilmlar berish orqali xalq bankining
25 http://prezident.uz/Islom hamkorlik tashkilotining ushbu nufuzli sammiti "Fan, texnologiyalar, innovatsiyalar va islom olamini modernizatsiya qilish": 10 sentyabr 2017 26 Htt://uzreport news/UzReportTV@Instagram 27 Uz-Report 36
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birinchi Islomiy darchasini ochishga yordam beradi. Tashkilotlarimiz o'rtasidagi ushbu muvaffaqiyatli hamkorlik uzoq muddatli strategik sherikchiligimizni kuchaytiradi. "O'z navbatida, janob Farod Salomov quyidagilarni qo'shimcha qildi: "Bugungi kunda moliya bozorida Islom banki mahsulotlariga bo'lgan talab ulkan salohiyatga ega va kelgusida ushbu izmat turiga talab yanada ortishiga ishonamiz. Bundan tashqari, ushbu yangi hamkorlik, bizning mijozlarimizning bugungi kundagi talabini qondirish va ikki tomon uchun samarali bo'lgan vositalarni taqdim etadi."Xalq banki 2013- yildan buyon hamkorlaridan biri bo'lib, O'zbekistondagi o'nta kichik va o'rta biznes sub'ektlarini moliyalashtirish uchun ajratilgan 13 million AQSh dollari miqdoridagi moliyalashtirish dasturidan foydalandi. Xususiy sektorni rivojlantirish bo'yicha Islom koporasiyasi (XSRIK) Xususiy Sektorni Rivojlantirish bo'yicha Islom Korporasiyasi (XSRIK) - Islom Taraqqiyot Bankining a'zosi bo'lib, Bankning ususiy sektorni rivojlantirish vazifasi tashkil etilgan. Korporasiyaning ustav kapitali 4 millard AQSh dollarini tashkil etib, hissadorlari 55ta mamlakat hamda 5 ta moliyaviy institutlaridan iborat alqaro tashkilot hisoblanadi.
Xulosa o'rnida shuni ta'kidlab o'tish joizki Islom Hamkorlik Tashkiloti bugungi kunda mususlmon davlatlarining revojlanish bosqichida muhim ahamiyat kasb etib kelmoqda. Nafaqat siyosiy aksincha iqtisodiy, madaniy, diniy, ijtimoiy, diniy, gumanitar sohalarda xalqaro siyosiy olamda tayanch vazifasini o'tamoqda. Jumladan Yaqin SHarq arab davlatlarining siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy, madaniy integratsiyasiga ta'sir ko`rsatgan va xalqaro munosabatlar tizimida etakchi o`rin egallagan tashkilot hisoblanishiga alohida e'tibor beriladi. SHundan kelib chiqib,«Islom Hamkorlik tashkiloti Yaqin SHarq arab va musulmon davlatlari siyosiy integratsiyalashuvining omili sifatida qaralmoqda. Xalqaro munosabatlarning shakllanishi va rivojlanishi o`ziga xos bo`lib, mintaqaning integratsiyaviy salohiyati, moliyaviy istiqbollari, iqtisodiy ittifoqchilik, diniy, mafkuraviy, til birligi, milliy va etnik yaqinlik, madaniy o`xshashlik munosabatlarni muvaffaqiyatli rivojlantirish uchun asos yaratdi. Xalqaro nizolar va geosiyosiy kurashlarning avj olishi, dunyoning qudratli davlatlarini hududga nisbatan manfaatdorligining yuqoriligi hamda o`z pozitsiyalarini mustahkamlash maqsadida olib borgan siyosiy o`yinlari tufayli mintaqada xalqaro munosabatlarning o`ziga xos tizimi shakllanishida Islom taraqqiyot bankining ahamiyati juda ham salmoqlidir. O'zbekiston misolida fikr mulohaza qiladigan bo'lsak, ta'lim va ishsizlikni mukammal darajada tartibga solish va uning tashqi siyosatda qay darajada ta'sir doiraga ekanligi alohida ahamiyatga egadir. Barcha musulmon dunyosi siyosiy, iqtisodiy va eng muhimi, ma'naviy salohiyati to`liq shakllanganligi, o`zaro birlashish istagi, milliy, diniy o`zlikni anglash va Islom dini omili Islom Hamkorlik Tashkilotini dunyoning yirik xalqaro tashkilotlaridan biriga aylantirdi. XX asrning ikkinchi yarmida musulmon davlatlari siyosiy integratsiyasining eng muhim institutsional omili sifatida xalqaro maydonga chiqdi. Tashkilotga a'zo davlatlar, xususan, birdamligining etakchi elementi diniy omilga tayanib, Islom umumiy mezonlar bo`yicha revojlanishining asosiy manbasi hisoblandi hamda davlatlar o`rtasida mamlakatlar manfaatidan umumiy manfaatlar ustun kelib, tashkilot
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faoliyatida musulmon ummasining manfaatlari milliy manfaatlardan yuqori
qo`yildi. Islom Hamkorlik tashkiloti Islom taraqqiyot banki siyosiy jihatdan
musulmon hamjihatligini vujudga keltirgan, islom ummasini birlashtirgan, xalqaro
maydonda ularning manfatlarini himoya qila olgan, butun musulmon olamining
revojlanishini ta'minlash maqsadida faoliyat yuritayotgan xalqaro tashkilot
hisoblanadi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro'yxati:
1. http://prezident.uz/Islom hamkorlik tashkilotining ushbu nufuzli sammiti "Fan,
texnologiyalar, innovatsiyalar va islom olamini modernizatsiya qilish": 10 sentyabr
2017
2. https://oz.prezident.uz.com/Shavkat
Mirziyoyevning Islom Hamkorlik
Tashkiloti Tashqi ishlar... 2017.
3. www.uz/ru: O`Zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyevning Islom
Hamkorlik Tashkiloti Tashqi ishlar vazirlari kengashi 43-sessiyasining ochilish
marosimidagi nutqi. Iyul 25, 2018
4. . .
. . .. (PhD)..-
.: 2019.-.17
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: 10.02.04
Toliboboeva Sh.J. master
faculty of humanitarian subjects Tashkent region Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute
THE CATEGORY OF EMOTIVENESS IN LITERARY WORKS
Annotation: This article is considered as one-stop guide for you to get information about usage of emotive language in literary works. This article will give you the information about few emotive words that are beneficial, as well as analysis of a story "Cup of tea" by Katherine Mansfield from emotive point of view.
Key words: emotiveness, emotion, feeling, sense, stylistic devices, repetition, anaphora, epiphora, metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, simile.
Emotiveness and literature may seem two different terms being related to different spheres: psychology and linguistics. But if it is paid attention deeply it would be obvious that emotiveness and literature are linked to each other. Actor and actresses can easily show emotions of hero and heroines with one of their speech, mimics and even body language. But it needs to be more skillful from authors when writing any literary work in order to give readers the sense of emotions that the characters feel.
Emotiveness as one of the categories of literary text, is usually common to nearly all literary works. Let us see the examples in detail. The first example is as follows:
"I want those and those and those. Give me four bunches of those. And that jar of roses. Yes, I'll have all the roses in the jar. No, no lilac. I hate lilac. It's got no shape."
In this extract, the category of emotiveness is represented by means of repetition and short sentences. Here short sentences are: And that jar of roses. No, no lilac. I hate lilac. It's got no shape. The repetition of those, those and those also creates emotive atmosphere. It can also be referred that in the given extract, all usage of linguistic devices might be named as the convergence of stylistic devices.
Let's pay attention to another example: "And she was followed to the car by a thin shop-girl staggering under an immense white paper armful that looked like a baby in long clothes."
In the above sentence given from the same story usage of simile like a baby in long clothes instead of wearing long clothes increases power of sense in the reader and also it helps to imagine appearance of the shop-girl better.
Additionally, even though being too brief repetitions were used several times in this story, for instance:"Twenty-eight guineas." Rosemary gave no sign. She laid the little box down; she buttoned her gloves again. Twenty-eight guineas. Even if one rich... She looked vague. She stared at a plump tea-kettle like a plump hen above the shopman's head, and her voice was dreamy as she answered: "Well, keep
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it for me-will you? I'll..." In this given situation repetition of Twenty-eight guineas describes sense of misunderstanding or astonishment of Rosemary Fell. And also, giving description of tea-kettle comparing with a hen by having the same peculiarity in the shape enhances degree of emotiveness in the sentence.
The author also uses personification, simile and hyperbole in order to raise emotive sense in the story: "The discreet door shut with a click. She was outside on the step, gazing at the winter afternoon. Rain was falling, and with the rain it seemed the dark came too, spinning down like ashes. There was a cold bitter taste in the air, and the new-lighted lamps looked sad. Sad were the lights in the houses opposite. Dimly they burned as if regretting something. And people hurried by, hidden under their hateful umbrellas. Rosemary felt a strange pang. She pressed her muff against her breast; she wished she had the little box, too, to cling to. Of course the car was there. She'd only to cross the pavement. But still she waited. There are moments, horrible moments in life, when one emerges from shelter and looks out, and it's awful. One oughtn't to give way to them. One ought to go home and have an extraspecial tea. But at the very instant of thinking that, a young girl, thin dark, shadowywhere had she come from?-was standing at Rosemary's elbow and a voice like a sigh, almost like a sob, breathed: "Madam, may I speak to you a moment?" Here, personifications are: dark came and sad were the lights that used also to create emotiveness in the story.
Moreover, we can see an example of repetition of first letter that explains fear of the speaker in the dialogue: "M-madam, stammered the voice. Would you let me have the price of a cup of tea?" and again personification was used: "None, madam," came the answer. We saw repetition of letter in above example. Repetition of the word was also used to define the same meaning an the following sentence (fear, hesitation): "You-you don't mean it madam," said the girl, and there was pain in her voice." Continuing the dialogue answer of the partner Rosemary Fell was represented with short sentences in order to show the speaker's strong desire: "But I do," cried Rosemary. "I want you to. To please me. Come along."
During analysis of this story it has been known that most of the repetition (letter, word, word-combination) were used to express fear of hero (heroine) as the following sentence: "You're-you're not taking me to the police station?" she stammered.
Futhermore, usage of metonymy and metaphor can be seen in the story: "She was going to prove to this girl that-wonderful things did happen in life, that-fairy godmothers were real, that-rich people had hearts, and that women were sisters. She turned impulsively, saying."
As it is mentioned above most of the repetitions in the story showed fear and hesitation, but differing from those extracts the following one describes happiness of speaker: "Come, come upstairs," "Come up to my room", "Come and sit down" "Come and get warm." In these example, quite identical syntactical structures such as you are walking, "Come, come upstairs," "Come up to my room", "Come and sit down" "Come and get warm." help to create emotiveness with the help of parallel construction.
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"And gently she half pushed the thin figure into its deep cradle." "Don't cry, poor little thing," she said. "Don't cry." And she gave the other her lace handkerchief. She really was touched beyond words. She put her arm round those thin, bird-like shoulders." In the above examples obvious description of encouragement through repetition Don't cry, Don't cry and empathy through metonymy thing, figure were skillfully expressed. Several examples of repetition in diversity of meanings have been seen in the story. But, the following example of repetition shows its usage in the meaning of complaint: "I can't go on no longer like this. I can't bear it. I can't bear it. I shall do away with myself. I can't bear no more." Each repetition shows raising gradation of speaker's emotions. It should be mentioned that the author used metonymy masterfully. She used different types of it to mean the word "girl" (thing, figure, little creature). It also helps readers to feel the sense of relax and not to get bored coming across with the same word in each paragraph: "She plied the poor little creature with everything, all the sandwiches, all the bread and butter, and every time her cup was empty she filled it with tea, cream and sugar." "Oh yes," said Philip."Quite" and his eye caught sight of the coat and hat on the floor. He came over to the fire and turned his back to it. "It's a beastly afternoon," he said curiously, still looking at that listless figure, looking at its hands and boots, and then Rosemary again." Usage of personification through "eye caught sight of the coat" was used to describe short physical movement of hero effectively instead of using "looked to the coat". Masterful usage of repetition plays a great role in the growth of emotiveness and efficiency of the story, being faced in nearly each paragraph: "Be nice to her," said Rosemary quickly. "Be frightfully nice to her. Look after her. I don't know how. We haven't talked yet. But show her-treat her-make her feel-" Different types of repetition (parallel construction, anaphora, epiphora) serves to demonstrate speaker's commanding and irate mood here, while meaning fear, hesitation, happiness in above extracts that were analyzed before. It is also should be said there is something noticeable that there is no coma in the last sentence that means speaker's opinion is not ended. Additionally, in the following two extracts metonymy is used to describe sense of indignity (my child) and anger (absurd creature): "Philip struck a match. "She's absolutely lovely. Look again, my child. I was bowled over when I came into your room just now. "You are absurd creature!" said Rosemary, and she went out of the library, but not back to her bedroom. Another example of repetition lets readers to find out angry mood of Rosemary Fell who is displeased hearing compliment from her husband towards another poor girl: "She went to her writing-room and sat down at her desk. Pretty! Absolutely lovely! Bowled over! Her heart beat like a heavy bell. Pretty! Lovely! She drew her check-book towards her. But no, checks would be no use, of course. She opened a drawer and took out five pound notes, looked at them, put two back, and holding the three squeezed in her hand, she went back to her bedroom."
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References: 1. K.Mansfield. A Cup of Tea.-Story-Teller,1992 2. M.S.Abduraxmonova. Peculiar features of the category of emotiveness in the literary texts// ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND TRAINING. 2019-II ISSN 2181-9750 3. I.R.Galperin. Stylistics.- , 1981
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To'rayev S.S. master's degree Termez State University Mahmudov Y.G., doctor of pedagogical sciences
professor
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING PHYSICS "MECHANICS" AT SCHOOL IN INTERDISCIPLINARY
SYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
Annotation: This article provides some information about effective methods of teaching physics to school-age students, as well as the mechanics of physics.
Keywords: Classical mechanics, molecular kinetic theory, material point, soil mechanics, law of inertia, trajectory, magnetic hydrodynamics, aeroelasticty theory
The school physics course is structured around four basic physical theories: classical mechanics, molecular kinetic theory, electrodynamics, and quantum theory. The theoretical core of the school physics course incorporates four basic theories tailored specifically for the school course. "This will allow us to highlight the general directions of the teaching and methodological direction of the physics course, as well as the formation of all the materials. Such generalization of educational material allows to provide students with the formation of sufficient ideas about the structure of modern physics and the implementation of the theoretical method of teaching ...
Mechanics is a branch of physics that, with its rigid and logical structure, contributes greatly to the development of students' thinking. Successful study and understanding of other sections of a physics course depends on the degree to which mechanics has been mastered. Because they widely use the concepts of mechanics (speed, acceleration, mass, force, work, energy, etc.). The content of the physics course in the education system and the reason why its study begins with mechanics: mechanical motion is more visual among all forms of motion of matter, and modeling of physical phenomena in classical physics often reflects the structure of physical systems and the mechanical image of the processes occurring in them. is related to the creation.
Improving the teaching of theoretical mechanics against the background of modern problems of education is a task that will be relevant for many years and has various approaches and solutions. Weak school preparation of applicants in mathematics and physics, reduction of hours for class work with students, inability of many of them to work independently often poses additional tasks for first-second year teachers to develop interest in educational activities, to a specific academic discipline, to form guidelines for independent work over the course
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Theoretical mechanics is a fundamental natural science discipline that underlies modern science and technology. The study of theoretical mechanics greatly contributes to the formation of a system of fundamental knowledge that allows a future specialist to scientifically analyze the problems of his professional field, to put into practice the basic knowledge he has acquired, independently, using modern educational and information technologies, to master the new information that he will encounter in production and scientific activity.
In applied mechanics, methods of controlling the motion of a mechanical system are considered on the basis of the general laws and principles of theoretical mechanics, and ways to obtain the appropriate properties of a mechanical system are determined. Applied mechanics play an important role in the control of control systems. The object of control is mechanical objects, such as self-propelled and flying machines (ships, planes, rockets and helicopters), various machines (machines, turbines, electric and electronic machines, combustion and rolling machines) and test mechanical devices, adjusters, jet engines and another is seen. The motion of deformable solids and gaseous liquids is studied in the mechanics of contiguous media. The theory of elasticity and plasticity, hydrodynamics and aeromechanics, gas and wave dynamics are the most advanced fields of the mechanics of contiguous media. In the mechanics of contiguous media, the structure of solids, liquids, and gases is considered to be a continuous structure, and each element of the volume of the contiguous medium interacts with neighboring elements. Magnetic hydrodynamics, aeroelasticty theory, and cracking theory are areas of mechanics of contiguous media.
Mechanics is a key factor in solving many problems. Some of them are: reduction of resistance to objects moving in water at high speeds (100 m / s and above); creation and storage of plasmas with a temperature of one million degrees; to determine the properties of materials under the influence of high pressures and temperatures, the effect of explosive power on structures; explanation of air circulation; weather forecasting; study of mechanical processes in plants and living organisms; Mechanics of variable bodies, space flight dynamics, plasma magnetic field motion, and many other issues related to stellar evolution and solar phenomena are considered in classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, statistical physics, electrodynamics, and others.
The phenomena of a system moving at high speed cannot be explained by the laws of classical mechanics. These phenomena are considered in the relativistic mechanics of A. Einstein. The phenomena of the atom and the nucleus are presented in quantum mechanics, which deals with methods for converting mechanical problems into mathematical problems. However, any problem in mechanics cannot be solved mathematically. In such cases, the problems are roughly solved on the basis of various mechanical hypotheses and intuitions. Under the influence of mechanics, a number of branches of mathematics developed. In the field of mechanics in Uzbekistan, economic research is conducted in the fields of machines and mechanisms, strength of structures, seismodynamics of buildings, multi-phase and multi-component environments, fabric strength, parachute theory, mechanisms
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of the cotton complex, shell theory, economic cybernetics, environmental mechanics and others.
The study of mechanics begins with the kinematics of a material point. To classify mechanical motion, it is necessary to introduce the concepts of material point motion trajectory. The notion that a line formed by any point on an object during motion is called a trajectory is not complicated. This concept is illustrated by specific examples: the trace of chalk on the board, and so on. The concept of material point is very abstract. Therefore, the introduction of this concept should be explained to students in sufficient detail. It is important to understand the need for and use of this concept in the study of certain types of motion of objects. We solve many kinematic problems using the modeling method in the study of the mechanics of physics. For example, to learn to write the forward motion of an object, it is enough to know the laws of motion of a point. Therefore, in the study of the motion of an object, it can be modeled and explained as a material point.
Synchronous distance learning occurs when teachers and students interact in different places at the same time. Students admitted to synchronous courses usually need access to a computer at least once a week. Synchronous distance learning can include multimedia components such as group conversations, webinars, video conferencing, and phone calls. Synchronous learning is usually good for students who plan scheduled days and times for study. works. People who like students 'noisy structured courses usually prefer synchronous learning.
In order for students to master the ability to determine the position of an object by its coordinates, they should be asked to record several different positions of a moving object and to determine the coordinates of the position relative to the chosen number system.
To do this, a number of areas of the school mechanics course are deliberately complicated. For example, the law of inertia is expressed in the general physics textbook and school textbook for universities by D.V .Sivukhin:
In many school physics classes, the first law was expressed as simple, close to Newton's tariff. In particular: "Anybody maintains its initial state in a temporary or linear straight motion until it is affected by other objects and removed from it."
Mechanics is an integral part of both classical physics and modern physics. Almost all important branches of modern physics are based on the laws of classical mechanics. The study of mechanics in general secondary education solves part of the main problem of many general education. In this section, students will be introduced to the concepts needed to master the entire physics course. These concepts include material point, coordinate system, number system, displacement, velocity, average and instantaneous velocity, acceleration, velocity and its projections. Also, in this death, students are introduced to the concept of the theory of relativity of motion, which is necessary to master the whole course of physics. The concepts formed on this topic are widely used in other sections of the physics course. Therefore, it is important to master these concepts.
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References: 1. Ma'ruza matnida fizika kursining mxanika bo`limiga tgishli matriallar xalqaro birliklar sistmasi (SI) da bayon qilingan. M.T.Xalilov. 2014. 2. Butenin N.V., Lunts Ya.L., Merkin D.R. The course of theoretical mechanics. SPb.: Doe, 2002, 729s 3. T.f.n. dotsnt M.T.Xalilov, «FIZIKA» kursi Mexanika qismidan ma'ruzalar kursi. 2014 4. Kucha G.V. Teaching theoretical mechanics for bachelors in the level system of higher professional education [Text] / Kucha G.V., Mosaleva I.I. // Oriented fundamental and applied research - the basis of modernization and innovative development of architectural and construction and road - transport complexes of Russia: materials of the Intern. 66th scientific conf. FSBEI HPE SibADI. - Omsk, 2012. - S. 232235. 5. www.fayllar.org 6. http://www.jcreview.com
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Turakulova M.B. Gulistan state University Theory of teaching and education
Abdusattarova U. Gulistan state University Theory of teaching and education
THE IMPORTANCE OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
Annotation: This article encourages the younger generation to love the country,to feel the sorrow and compassion of country.It is written to raise awareness of preschool children about our ancestors and their work for our country and the younger generation.
Key words: Young generation, patriotism,the sense of homeland,the spirit of the ancestors, education.
One of the inherited traditions of our ancestors is a sense of boundless respect for the homeland,the family,the country where he was born and raised. The saying," Be a beggar of your own country rather than a sultan of another country"has also survived from the sages.
Our ancestors were the true devotees of their country,the benefactors of their compatriots.They did not exchange a handful of umbilical cord blood for the worldly riches of another country and for the innumerable dice.
This custom is ingrained in the blood of the Uzbek people.He never wants to exchange his corner for someone else's castle.
"Your homeland is your golden cradle","My home is my bed of death",he said ,sharing his love for his country,his homeland and his family.
This quality is called patriotism.In Uzbek folklore,in large and small genres of folklore,from small articles to major epics:heroic,romantic epics,the main theme has been patriotic tones.
Indeed,the virtue of self-sacrifice in the world of the motherland and the character of the people,in the actions of the heroes he brought up,he leads through the deserts,saving from the onslaught of enemies.
At the end of the play,the heroes reach their goal and return home safe and sound.The fact that Uzbek folk epics creat an invaluable image of the motherland further beautifies their idealogical content. There is no more sacred place for the heroes of the saga than the homeland.The main goal of our developing independent state is to bring up educated,highly spiritual youth.
And also,the main goal of the education system,as in all areas,is to educate young people in the spirit of patriotism.
As our children grow up,they adoapt to social life,try to express their views and understanding of life.Therefor,it is no secret that children see patriotism first of all in family, friends and people and learn from it.The feeling of love for the homeland is deeply ingrained in the blood of our children with the mother
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goddess.And we can also understand this from the sense of excitement and pride of face of children that arises every time we tell them a myth or fairy tail.
The following processes must be used to form a sense of patriotism: - introduce children to history; - to preserve national values, traditions,customs and teach them to pass on to young people; - teaching humanities; - contribute to the future of our country by studying well; - teach honestly and kindness; - teach patience, endurance and diligence. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Effective ways to cultivate a patriotic spirits in children: a) conversation; b) minutes of answers and questions; c)organising trips; d) spend different nights; e) meeting nights. In preschool, children need to be strengthened by talking about the living of various historical figures,the heroes who sacrificed their lives for our country and through questions and answers,and conversations. I found it appropriate to mention once again the feeling of homeland: the feeling of homeland is to remember dozens of thinkers like Musa Al Khwarizmi,Al- Fergani,Abu Nasr Ferabi,Abu Mansur Samarkandi,Abu Abdullah Khwarizmi,Abu Reyhan Beruni,Abu Ali Ibn Sina,Abu Fazil Nasafi,Nasr Samarkandi,Makhmud az- Zamkhshari,Abul Kadir Jurjoniy,Fakhriddin arRozi,Mirza Ulugbek who with their intellect made a great contribution to world civilization. The feeling of homeland is to remember the owners of classical pens,such as the writer Akhmad Yugnaki,Nasir Xusrav,Yusuf Khos Khojib, Makhmud Koshgari,Akhmad Yassavi,Sulayman Bakirgani,Nosiriddin Rabguzi,Abdurakhmon Jomi,Alisher Navai,who created immortal works with high artistic potential.The feeling of homeland is to remember the name of Imam Bukhari,Abu Iso Mukhammad Termizi,Imam Akhmad Nasoi,Imom ad-Dorimi one of the six great muhaddiths recognized by the whole Muslim world,and to be a worthy follower of them.
The sense of homeland is also a remembrance of dozens of great people,such as Kaffoli Shoshi,Suhra Vardi,Burkhaniddin Marginoni,Bakhauddin Nakshband,who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Islamic teaching.
Effective tools that can be used to educate preschool children in the spirit of patriotism are the teachings of our ancestors,wise words,exemplary lives.
We can promote the love of the homeland through the effective use of their writings,deeply ingrained in their minds.
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We can teach them out national culture,our identity,our traditions.Young people need to be provided about protection from public culture.
Also: - respect for mother, respect for women; - explain the sanctity of the family; - teaching that common values are a means of interethnic harmony, tolerance,the pursuit of secular sciences and the formation of an advanced culture.We must begin to educate true patriotic youth through the use of these tools.
References: 1.B.Karimov,G' Ziyayev 2."Ma'naviyat asoslari, Toshkent-2002 3.R.Mavlonova "Pedagogika" T,o'qituvchi 4.I.Karimov" Yuksak ma'naviy yengilmas kuch 5.R.A.Mavlonova "Umumiy pedogogika"T." Fan va texnologiya"2019 6.Abduqaxxor Ikromov "Vatan tuyg'usi"- "O'zbekiston"1996-y.
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UDK: 10.02.02
Turakulova B.N. English teacher International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF STYLISTIC DEVICES IN ENGLISH
Annotation: Sometimes a word diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase has a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it. Examples are metaphor, simile, or personification. Stylistic devices often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. This article will delve into some of these stylistic devices and explains specific features of them
Key words: stylistic devices, emotional emphasis, emotional elements, linguistic points of view, expressiveness, verbal actualization, positive emotiveness
The idea of taking various type of selection as criteria for distinguished styles seems to be a sound one. It places the whole problem on a solid foundation of objective criteria, the interdependence of optional and obligatory features.
There is no point in quoting other definitions of style. They are too many and too heterogeneous to fall under one more and less satisfactory unified notion. Undoubtedly all these diversities in the understanding of the word "style" stem from its ambiguity. But still all these various definitions leave an impression that by and large they all have something in common. All of them point to some integral significance, namely, that style is a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from another or members of one subclass from members of other subclasses, all of which are members of the same general class. What are these sets of characteristics typical of a writer or of a subclass of the literary language will be seen in the analysis of the language means of a given writer and of the subclasses of the general literary standard.
Another point the above quotations have in common is that all of them concentrate on the form of the expression almost to the detriment of the content. In other words, style is regarded as something that belongs exclusively to the plane of expression and not to the plane of content. This opinion predominantly deals with correspondence between the intention of the writer whoever he may be - a man of letters, the writer of a diplomatic document, an article in a newspaper, or a scientific treatise - and the effect achieved. The evaluation is also based on whether the choice of language means conforms with the most general pattern of the given type of text-a novel, a poem, a letter, a document, an article, an essay and so on.
It must be noted that to draw a hard and fast distinction between logical and emotional emphasis may color the utterance with emotional elements, thus causing a kind of expressiveness which is both logical and emotive.
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However, the extremes are clearly set one against the other. The idea of individual style brings up the problem of the correspondence between thought and expression. Many great minds have made valuable observations on the interrelation between these concepts. There is a long list of books in which the problem is discussed from logical, psychological, philosophical, aesthetic, pragmatic and purely linguistic points of view. Here we shall only point out the most essential sides of problem, with, a)thought and language are inseparable; b)language is a means of materializing thought. It fellows then that the stylistics cannot neglect this interrelation when analyzing the individual style of an author. But it is one thing to take into account a certain phenomenon as a part of general notion and another thing substitute one notion for another. To define style as the result of thinking out into language would be on the same level as to state that all say is style. The absurdity of this statement needs no comment.
What then is a stylistic device? Why is it important to distinguish it from the expressive and neutral means of the language? To answer these questions it is first of all necessary to elucidate the notion "expressiveness."
The category of expressiveness has long been the subject to heated discussions among linguists. In its etymological sense expressiveness may be understood as a kind of intensification of an utterance or of a part of it depending on the position in the utterance of the means that manifest this category and what these means are.
But somehow lately the notion of expressiveness has been confused with another notion, with emotiveness. Emotiveness and correspondingly the emotive elements of language, are what reveal the emotions of writer or speaker. But these elements are not direct manifestations of the emotions they are just the echoes of real emotions, echoes which have undergone some intellectual recasting. They are designed to awaken co-experience in the mind of the reader.
Expressiveness is a broader notion than emotiveness and is by no means to be reduced to the latter. Emotiveness is an integral part of expressiveness and as a matter of fact, occupies a predominant position in the category of expressiveness.
But there are media in language which aim simply at logical emphasis of certain parts of the utterance. They do not evoke any intellectual representation of feeling but merely serve the purpose of verbal actualization of the utterance. Thus, for example, when we say:
"It was in July 1975 that the cosmos experiment of a joint AmericanSoviet flight took place" we make the utterance logically emphatic by a syntactical device which will be described in due course. The same thing is to be observed in these sentences:
(1) Mr. Smith was an extremely unpleasant person. (2) Never will he go to that place again. (3) In rushed the soldiers! (4) It took us a very, very long time to get there.
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In sentence (1) expressiveness is achieved by lexical means - the word "extremely". In (2) and (3) syntactical means different types of inversion. In (4) the emphasis is materialized by the repetition of the word "very" which is in itself a word used to intensify the utterance.
But in the sentences: (1) Isn't she cute? (2) Fool that he was! (3) This goddam window won't open! (4) We buddy- buddied together. (5) This quickie tour didn't satisfy our curiosity. We can register positive emotiveness, in as much as there are elements that evoke certain representations of the feeling of the speaker. In sentence (1) and (2) there are syntactical means which evoke this effect. In (3) and (4) there are lexical means -"goddam", "buddy-buddied"(=were on very friendly relations ); in (5) a morphological device (the suffix i.e. ). Now it should be possible to define the notion of expressive means. The expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, wordbuilding, lexical, phrase logical and syntactical forms which exist in language as -a-system for the purpose of logical and or emotional in densification of the utterance. These intensifying forms, wrought by social usage and recognized by their semantic function, have been singled out in grammars, courses in phonetics and dictionaries (including phraseological ones ) as having special functions in making the utterance emphatic. Some of them are normalized and good dictionaries label them as "intensifiers". In most cases they have corresponding neutral synonymous forms. Compare, for example, the following pairs: (1) He shall do it! = I shall make him do it. (2) Isn't she cute! = She is very nice, isn't she ? Expressiveness may also be achieved by compositional devices in utterances comprising a number of sentences in syntactical wholes and in paragraphs. This will be shown in the chapter on syntactical stylistic devices. Stylistics studies the expressive means of language, but from a special angle. It takes into account the modifications of meanings which various expressive means undergo when they are used in different functional styles. Expressive means have a kind of radiating effect. They noticeably color the whole of the utterance no matter whether they are logical or emotional. What then is stylistic device? It is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive ) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model. It follows then that an Stylistic Device is an abstract pattern, a mould into which any content can be poured. As is known, the typical is not only that which is in frequent use, but that also which reveals the science of a phenomenon with the greatest and most evident force. Stylistic -Devices
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function in texts as marked units. They always carry some kind of additional information, either emotive and logical. That is why the method of free variation employed in descriptive linguistics cannot be used in stylistics because any substitution may cause damage to the semantic and aesthetic aspect of the utterance. A.W . De Groot points out the significance of Stylistic Devices in the following passage: "Each of the aesthetically relevant features of the text serves to create a feature of the gestalt of the poem. In this sense the relevant linguistic features may be said to function or operate as gestalt factors."
The idea of the function of Stylistic - Devices is expressed most fully by V. M. Zirmunsky in the following passage: "The justification and the sense of each device lies in the wholeness of the artistic impression which the work of art as a self -contained thing produces on us. Each separate aesthetic fact, each poetical device (emphasis added ) finds its place in the system, the sounds and the sense of words, the syntactical structures, the scheme of the plot, the compositional purport all in equal degree express this wholeness and find justification." The motivated use of Stylistic Device in a genuine work of emotive literature is not easily discernible, though they are used in some kind of relation to the facts, events, or ideas dealt with in the artistic message. Most Stylistic-Devices display an application of two meanings: the ordinary one, in other words, the meaning (lexical or structural ) which has already been established in the language - as - a-system and a special meaning which is superimposed on the unit by the text, i.e. a meaning which appears in the language in-action. Sometimes however, the twofold application of a lexical unit is accomplished not by the interplay of two meanings but by two words (generally synonyms ) one of which is perceived against the background of other. This will be shown in subsequent chapters. The conscious transformation of a language fact into a stylistic device has been observed by certain linguists whose interests in linguistic theory have gone beyond the boundaries of grammar. Thus A.A. Potebnya writes:
"As far back as in ancient Greece and I and with few exceptions up to the present time, the definition of a figurative use of a word has been based on the contrast between ordinary speech used in its own natural, primary meaning and transferred speech." The contrast which the author of the passage quoted points to, can not always be clearly observed. In some Stylistic Devices it can be grasped immediately; in others it requires a keen eye and sufficient training to detect it. It must be emphasized that the contrast reveals itself most clearly when our mind perceives twofold caption meanings simultaneously. The meanings run parallel: one of them taking precedence over the other. Thus in " The night has swallowed him up " the word " swallow " has two meanings:
a) a referential and b) contextual ( to make disappear , to make vanish ) The meaning (b) takes precedence over the referential (a).
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The same can be observed in the sentence: "Is there not blood enough upon your penal code that more must be poured forth to ascend to Heaven and testify against you?" (Byron )
The interrogative form, i.e. the structural meaning of a question, runs parallel with the imposed affirmative thought, i.e. the structural meaning of a statement and it is difficult to decide which of the two structural meanings- established or the superimposed - takes the upper hand.
In the following chapters were detailed analysis of the different StylisticDevices will be carried out, we shall try; where possible, to consider which of the two meanings realized simultaneously outweighs the other. The birth of Stylistic - Devices is a natural process in the development of language media. Language units which are used with more or less definite aims of communication in a various passages of writing and in various functional styles begin gradually to develop new features, a wider range of functions, thus causing polyfunctionality. Hence they can be presented as invariants with concrete variables.
The interaction or interplay between the primary dictionary meaning (the meaning which is registered in the language code as an easily recognized sign for an abstract notion designating a certain phenomenon or object )and a meaning which is imposed on the word by a micro-context may be maintained along different lines. One line is when the author identifies two objects which have nothing in common, but in which he subjectively sees a function or a property or a feature or a quality that may make the reader perceive these two objects as identical. An other line is when the author finds it possible to substitute one object for another on the grounds that there is some kind of interdependence or interrelation between the two corresponding objects. A third line is when a certain property or quality of an object is used in an opposite or contradictory sense.
References: 1. George Saintsbury " What is Stylistic Device " Washington 1994 2. Arnold I.V. "The English Word". Moscow. 1986. 3. Galperin R "Stylistics " Moscow 1977 4. .. " ". . 1978. 5. . " ". .1986. 6. .. " ". . 1980. 7. .."- ". . 1980. 8. .. " ". . 1971. 9. .. " ". . 1983. 10. Amosova N.N. "English contextology". Leningrad. 1963. 11. Arnold I.V." The English Word". Moscow. 1986. 12. Asher R.E. "The encyclopedia of language and Lnguistics". Pergamon Press. 1994.
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Tursinov A.J. doctoral student Nukus branch of the Tashkent State Agrarian University
POSSIBILITIES OF ENSURING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BASED ON INNOVATION
Abstract: The article substantiates the possibilities of ensuring economic efficiency in agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of innovations. The main attention is paid to substantiating the possibility of using advanced foreign experience in the country's agriculture.
Key words: agriculture, innovation, investment project, economic efficiency, financing, technopark, government order, material incentives.
Introduction Deepening structural changes and consistent development of agricultural production in the Action Strategy for five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021, further strengthening the country's food security, expanding the production of environmentally friendly products, significantly increasing the export potential of the agro-industrial complex The priority area of development and reform of the agro-industrial complex is the implementation of investment projects for the construction of new processing enterprises equipped with the most modern high-tech equipment for the production of deep processing, semi-finished products and finished food and packaging products, reconstruction and modernization of existing ones are recognized [1]. In addition, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-4700 of May 1, 2020 "On additional measures to ensure food security, rational use of available resources, state support for agriculture during the coronavirus pandemic" use the available resources and opportunities in agriculture in the event of food shortages, double the harvest of food crops, obtain high yields, create new jobs in agriculture and increase interest. [2] Analysis of the relevant literature. The above circumstances dictate the need to ensure the economic efficiency of the country's agriculture based on innovation. According to Schumpeter's business theory, product innovation manifests itself in: - the use of new techniques and technologies; - introduction of products with new functions; - the use of new raw materials [3]. According to F. Knight's theory of uncertainty, innovations are triggered by a number of factors, as a result of which they act in conjunction with exogenous factors, such as new laws, the global external environment [4].
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According to H. Neubauer, all innovations that were first introduced into the activities of enterprises and brought them real economic and social benefits can be considered as innovations [5].
The experience of economically developed countries shows that the effectiveness of innovation in agriculture and the degree of involvement of producers in innovation processes determine the success of entering the world agricultural market and the competitiveness of agricultural producers [6].
According to E. Idzhmulkina, the world's leading agricultural economies have the sixth level of technological development in terms of agriculture and technology, and its development is associated with the successful transfer of innovations to nanotechnology, biotechnology, alternative energy, new information technologies [7].
Table 1 Specific economic indicators of agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan [8]
Change in 2020
Indicators
2018 y.
2019 y.
2020 y.
compared to
2018
Agricultural production, billion soums
187 425
216 283
249 754
133,3 %
Growth rate of agricultural production,%
100,2
103,3
102,8
2,6
Share of agricultural exports in total exports,%
Share of agricultural exports in total imports,%
9,4
10,4
10,5
1,1
8,1
7,8
10,2
2,1
The data in Table 1 show that in 2018-2020, the volume of agricultural production in the Republic of Uzbekistan tended to grow. In addition, agricultural production in 2020 grew at a faster pace than in 2018. This is the result of ongoing reforms in agriculture.
From the data in Table 1, it can be seen that the growth rate of agricultural production in 2019 increased significantly compared to 2018, but in 2020 this indicator decreased compared to 2019. This is because the coronavirus pandemic has negatively impacted agricultural production. However, the growth rate of agricultural production in 2020 compared to 2018 was 2.6 percentage points.
The data in Table 1 show that in 2018-2020 there is a trend towards an increase in the share of agricultural exports in the total export volume of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This is a positive development in terms of increasing the export potential of agriculture.
From the data in Table 1, it can be seen that in 2019, although the share of agricultural imports in the country's total imports decreased compared to 2018, this indicator increased in 2020 compared to 2019.
Conclusion.
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In our opinion, in order to increase the economic efficiency of agriculture based on innovations, it is necessary to take the following measures:
1. It is necessary to form a technology cluster through the development of agriculture and related industries through the creation of technology parks in rural areas with relatively low incomes.
Foreign experience in the formation of technological clusters in the agricultural sector shows:
firstly, high productivity of firms based on narrow specialization included in the cluster is ensured (in today's conditions, when many operations are specialized and technologically complex, specialization in individual technological operations prevails in competition);
secondly, the opportunities for the production of innovative products in clusters will be expanded, since the scientific potential will be accumulated within the cluster, combined with the production base and provided with adequate sources of funding;
thirdly, it reduces the time of implementation of the created innovative developments in agriculture and related industries, and allows to reduce costs.
To develop the activities of companies producing innovative technologies and equipment for agriculture, it is necessary to take the following measures:
- it is necessary to introduce the practice of supporting these companies through companies financed from public funds;
- it is necessary to increase the volume of government orders for these companies;
- it is necessary to strengthen cooperation between universities and research institutes in the field of agriculture with innovative companies in the development and commercialization of innovative products.
3. To expand the scale of the introduction of modern information, communication and digital technologies in the activities of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to introduce technologies of crowdfunding, crowdsourcing, big data and geolocation.
For information, crowdfunding is a collective collaboration of people in which people voluntarily pool their money or other resources. These funds will be used to finance various forms of activity, including start-ups and small businesses, with the aim of investing for profit.
Huge data technology is a technology that can process very large amounts of data with high speed and accuracy.
Geolocation technology creates new opportunities for the provision of information services, taking into account the user's location. For example, satellite tracking services (GPS, GLONASS). This tracking service allows you to detect deviations from the route, misuse of transport, and control fuel costs.
Thanks to modern information and communication technologies, new types of goods and services will appear in the agricultural sector, and the speed of service provision will increase significantly.
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Digital technologies make it cheaper, faster and easier to complete large-scale operations tasks without intermediaries.
References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 7, 2017 No. PF-4947. About the Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. www.lex.uz. 2. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 1, 2020 No. PP4700 "On additional measures to ensure food security, rational use of available resources, state support for agriculture during the coronavirus pandemic." www.lex.uz. 3. Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. - M .: Directmedia Publishing, 2008 .-- 400 p. 4. Knight F. Risk, uncertainty and profit. - M .: Delo, 2003 .-- 358 p. 5. Neubauer X. Innovative activity of small and medium-sized enterprises // Problems of theory and practice of management. - Moscow, 2002. - No. 3. - S. 6263. 6. Reznichenko S. S., Andreev S. Yu. Development of the agricultural sector of the economy on an innovative basis // Young scientist. - Moscow, 2016. - No. 8. - p. 27-28. 7. Iimulkina E. A. Tool for managing innovative agricultural activities in the region. Abstract of the thesis. to apply for an account. degree of Cand. econom. Sci. Knyaginino, 2013. - 20 p. 8. Agriculture. www, stat.uz (State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics).
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Umarov X. metodikasi kafedrasi Katta o'qituvchisi Guliston Davlat Universiteti Boshlang'ich ta'lim
Xolyigitova B. magistranti
Guliston Davlat Universiteti Ta'lim tarbiya nazaryasi Ergasheva O. magistranti
Guliston Davlat Universiteti Ta'lim tarbiya nazaryasi
BOLALAR DUNYOQARASHINING SHAKLLANISHIDA BADIIY ADABIYOTLARNING RO'LI
Annotatsiya: Maqolada "Badiiy adabiyotni o'qish" ning mazmuni ochib berilgan. Adabiyot o'qishning maqsad va vazifalari bolalarning yoshiga qarab intellektini rivojlantirishning asosiy vositasi sifatida belgilanadi. O'qishning bolaga ta'sirining xarakteristikasi berilgan, ta'lim dasturida "Badiiy adabiyotni o'qish" ni amalga oshirishning amaliy asoslari tahlil qilingan.
Kalit so'zlar: ta'lim, tarbiya, tarix, barkamol avlod, adib, adbiyotshunos, badiiy adabiyot.
Umarov X. senior teacher of the department of methodology primary education
Gulistan State University Khalyigitova B. master's degree
Gulistan State University Ergasheva O.
master's degree Gulistan State University
THE ROLE OF FICTION IN THE FORMATION OF THE CHILDREN'S WORLDVIEW
Annotation: the content of "reading fiction" is revealed in the article. The aims and objectives of the literature review are defined as the main tool for the development of Oi depending on the age of the children. The characteristic of the impact of reading on the child is given, the practical basis for the implementation of "reading fiction" in the educational program is analyzed.
Keywords: education, upbringing, history, harmonious generation, writer, adbiologist, artistic literature.
O'zbekiston Respublikasi birinchi prizidenti I. A. Karimov o`zining ,,Yuksak ma'naviyat -- yengilmas kuch" kitobida ma'naviyat masalasiga alohida e'tibor
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berib: ,,Biz xalqimizning dunyoda hech kimdan kam bo`lmasligi, farzandlarimizning bizdan ko`ra kuchli, bilimli, dono va albatta, baxtli bo`lib yashashi uchun bor kuch va imkoniyatlarimizni safarbar etayotgan ekanmiz, bu borada ma'naviy tarbiya masalasi, hech shubhasiz, beqiyos ahamiyat kasb etadi. Agar biz bu masalada hushyorlik va sezgirligimizni, qat'iyat va mas'uliyatimizni yo`qotsak, bu o`ta muhim ishni o`z holiga, o`zibo`larchilikka tashlab qo`yadigan bo`lsak, muqaddas qadriyatlarimizga yo`g`rilgan va ulardan oziqlangan ma'naviyatimizdan, tarixiy xotiramizdan ayrilib, oxir-oqibatda o`zimiz intilgan umumbashariy taraqqiyot yo`lidan chetga chiqib qolishimiz mumkin", -- deb yozadi. Ma'naviyat insonga havodek, suvdek zarur. Sahrodagi sayyoh har doim buloqdan chanqog`ini bosadi. Xuddi shuningdek, inson ham necha-necha azoblar va qiyinchiliklar bilan ma'naviy chashmasini izlaydi. Yer, oila, ota-ona, bolalar, qavm-qarindoshlar, qo`niqo`shnilar, xalq, mustaqil davlatimizga sadoqat, insonlarga hurmat, ishonch, xotira, vijdon, erkinlik -- ma'naviyatning ma'nosi ana shunday juda keng. Inson o`zini xalqining bir zarrasi deb sezgandagina, u haqda o`ylab, o`qib, mehnat qilib yashagandagina ma'naviyat bilan tutashadi. Bunday mas'uliyatli vazifani amalga oshirishda kattalar adabiyotining ajralmas bir bo`lagi bo`lgan bolalar adabiyotining ham alohida o`rni bor. Xalqda ,,Adabiyotga e'tibor -- ma'naviyatga e'tibor" degan gap bor.
"Yozuvchi bo'lishdan avval o'quvchi bo'lish kerak". Bu -aksioma. Zero Abdulla Qodiriy takidlaganidek, "Yozuvchi birovni takrorlab qo'ymasligi uchun ham o'qishi kerak". Agar tarixga nazar tashlansa, ko'plab buyuk adiblar mutola orqali maxoratini oshirganini ko'rish mumkin. Yer yuzida yashovchi turli millatlar o'rtasidagi madaniy va adabiy aloqalar kecha yoki bugun boshlangan hodisa emas. Mamlakatimizning buguni, kelajak taraqqiyoti ko'p jihatdan yoshlarning intellektual salohiyatiga, vatanparvarligiga bog'liq. Agar ularni sog'lom, bilimdon, xalqparvar qilib tarbiyalasak, shubhasiz, ular Vatan ravnaqi uchun hissa qo'sha oladigan, uning yuksalishiga dahldor bo'lgan barkamol va ijtimoiy faol shaxslar bo'lib shakllanishi muqarrar. Albatta, bu borada biz ta'limning ichiga singib ketgan tarbiyaning beqiyos kuchi va mas'uliyatini his qilishimiz, undan oqilona foydalanishimiz joiz. Yoshlar ongiga va turmushiga odob va axloq haqidagi qarashlarni singdirib borish, bo'sh vaqt tushunchasini hayot tarzlaridan chiqarib tashlashga ko'maklashish, ilm-u ziyoning inson hayotidagi ahamiyati nechog'lik ulkan ekanligini uqtira bilish nihoyatda zarur. Prezidentimiz Shavkat Mirziyoyevning "Gap yoshlar tarbiyasi haqida borar ekan, bu borada shoshmaslik, yoshlar va ota-onalarning talab-istaklaridan kelib chiqib, har tomonlama puxta o'ylab ish tutish kerak", - degan fikrlari har bir pedagogning dasturil amali bo'lishi zarur. Chunki, ta'lim va tarbiya doimo bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liqdir.
Mustaqil O'zbekistonimiz bugungi dunyodagi yetakchi davlatlar safiga kirish yo'lida asosiy kuch yeytishib kelayotgan yosh avlod deb hisoblaydi va bunga ishonadi. Shuning uchun yoshlarning ta'lim olishlari uchun barcha sharoitlar yaratilib berilmoqda. Kelajagi porloq, intiluvchan, izlanuvchan, o'ziga ishongan, mustaqil fikrlovchi yoshlarni tarbiyalashda badiiy adabiyotlarning o'rni beqiyos.
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Yuqori natijalarga erishish, o'zini namoyon etishdan oldin avvalo kim ekanliklarini, kimlarning davomchilari ekanliklarini, boy ta'riximizni o'rganish uchun kitoblarga murojaat qiladi. Bu borada yoshlarga tavfsiyalarni o'qituvchilar to'g'ri berishi kerak. Faqatgina milliy adabiyotlarimiz emas, jahon adabiyotining durdona asarlaridan ham o'qib, bilim saviyasini oshirib borish lozim. Kitoblarning tanlanishi odamning fikr dunyosini, uning hayotiy qadriyatlarini ochib beradi (Jim Rohm). Biz pedagoglarning kelajagimiz bo`lmish yosh avlodni ta`lim-tarbiya olishlari uchun shart-sharoit yaratish, sog`-salomat ulg`aytirish, ularga ota-ona kabi mehr berish oliy maqsadimiz. Bolaning barkamol shaxs bo'lib ulg'ayishida ularning hayotida kitobning hayoti beqiyosdir. Ular qachon kitobga mehr beradi degan savolga yagona javob bor. Qachonki bolalarga o'zlarining dunyo qarashi va yoshiga mos kitob tanlay olsak, bolada kitobga muhabbat uyg'otadi.Aslida, tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, yosh o'quvchilar o'z adabiyotlarini to'g'ri tanlaganlarida, ular yaxshi o'qiydiganlar bo'ladi.
O'qiyotgan kitobida yashashga, qahramonlar hayotini muhokama qilishga, qahramonlarning yutuqlaridan andoza olishga, xatolaridan to'g'ri xulosa chiqarishga o'rgatadi. Kichkintoylarning dunyoqarashini shakllantirish, ularni to`g`ri yo`lga solishda kitobdan muhimroq vosita yo`q. Shuning uchun ham otaonalar, o`qituvchilar va kutubxonachilarning birinchi vazifasi yosh avlodda mutolaaga qiziqish va mehr uyg`ota olishdir.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Buyuk kelajagimizni mard va olijanob xalqimiz bilan birga quramiz. - .: "O'zbekiston", 2017, 103-105 bet 2. Mirziyoyev Sh.M Erkin va faravon demokratik O'zbekiston davlatini birgalikda barpo etamiz. - .: "O'zbekiston", 2017,14-15 bet 3. A. Karimov Yuksak ma'naviyat -- yengilmas kuch. 2013, 5- son, 38-42 bet 4. Boshlang'ich ta'limning takomillashtirilgan o'quv dasturi. Boshlang'ich ta'lim. 2019, 6- son, 24- 27 bet 5. Abduqodirov A., Ishmuhammedov R. Ta'limda innovatsiya. - .: "Iste'dod", 2010
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2021_1_82_322 Urazaliev M.K.
associate professor department for criminal law and criminology
Tashkent State University of Law (TSUL)
PECULIARITY OF CORRUPTION
Annotation: The article highlights the work done in our country in recent years in the fight against corruption, as well as the negative consequences of corruption, types of corruption and the essence of proposals for improving legislation.
Keywords: corruption, corruption crime, corpus delicti of corruption offenses, abuses related to the official activities of civil servants, types of corruption, criminal liability
In recent years, Uzbekistan has been taking comprehensive measures in the field of the judicial and legal system, including combating crime, early crime prevention and crime prevention, strengthening the rule of law and the rule of law, and reliable protection of human rights and interests.
There is no single universal approach to combating corruption in the world it is individual for each historical period and each state, each country has its own national characteristics, methods and mechanisms of combating corruption [1].
Corruption is illegal actions of an official, which are aimed at obtaining material and non-material benefits for committing or refraining from committing certain actions using their powers [2].
Corruption is a social phenomenon that consists in the decomposition of society and the state, when civil servants, persons authorized to perform state and other administrative functions, including in the private sector, use their official position, status and authority of the position they hold against the interests of the service and the established norms of law and morality for the purpose of personal enrichment or in group interests.
The norm of Article 3 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 3, 2017, No. 419 "On Combating Corruption" defines corruption as "illegal use by a person of his official or official position in order to obtain material or non-material benefits in personal interests or in the interests of other persons, and equal to the illegal provision of such benefits "[3].
Today, corruption crime is one of the topical issues of our time not only for Uzbekistan, but also for all countries of the world.
As the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev rightly pointed out: "Intolerance to any manifestations of corruption should become an integral part of our daily life. All state bodies, political parties, public organizations, mass media, every citizen must mobilize to fight this evil. We need to instill in children from an early age the understanding that corruption is a very serious crime,
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foster intransigence towards it, teach honest work and conscientious entrepreneurship. It is extremely important to prevent corruption and ensure transparency of decision-making processes in all state bodies "[4].
Since gaining independence, Uzbekistan has attached great importance to the issues of combating corruption. This problem has been given special attention in recent years. Practically in all his speeches, approved by the normative legal documents by the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, demands are made to eradicate this social evil from the life of the country [5].
Main characteristics of this offence are 1. A social phenomenon that entails the decomposition of the entire civil society and the state, when acts of corruption become a daily norm in the life of society; 2. The range of subjects of this offense - civil servants, persons authorized to perform public functions, as well as persons authorized to perform management functions in the private sector; 3. The use by these entities (through action or inaction) of their official position, their legal status and authority of the position held, contrary to the interests of the service (ie civil service and service in private sector organizations) and the established norms of law and morality; 4. The activities of the above entities both for the purpose of personal enrichment and in the interests of other persons or corporate interests. It seems to us that corruption can be conditionally classified into several main types: 1) by the status of subjects: a) corruption in government; b) corruption in the private sector; c) corruption in politics or political corruption; 2) by levels: a) grassroots; b) apical; c) vertical [6]; 3) according to the degree of public danger: a) corruption-misconduct; b) corruption is a crime. In our opinion, considering corruption, the corpus delicti of corruption crimes can be conditionally divided into: direct (main) corruption; indirect, i.e. optional. In order to exclude various abuses related to the official activities of civil servants, it became necessary to introduce norms aimed, first of all, at preventing the merging of senior officials with commercial and other organizations, as well as prohibiting to engage in entrepreneurial activities through their family members in cases where the organization, where a family member of a civil servant works is in some way dependent on a government authority. In the system of government bodies of the republic, the authors propose to create subdivisions of a kind of "internal audits", as it is done in Germany, to
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identify and suppress the facts of corruption in government bodies. In other structures, it is proposed to create a kind of "subdivisions (departments) of their own security", as is done, for example, in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
According to the objects of encroachment, corruption crimes should be classified into the following types:
- corruption crimes related to the theft of someone else's property (clause "d", part 2 of article 167 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes against the foundations of the economy (Article 175, item "g", Part 2, Article 182, Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes in the economic sphere (item "g", part 2 of article 1861, item "g", part 2 of article 1862, item "g", part 2 of article 1863 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes related to obstruction, illegal interference in entrepreneurial activity, and other crimes that infringe on the rights and legitimate interests of economic entities - (Articles 1921-19211 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes in the field of ecology (Art. 194, item "b", Part 3, Art. 202 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes against the order of functioning of authorities, administration and public associations - (Articles 205-206, 209-211, 213, 214, Articles 230, 231, Part 2 of Article 232, Articles 234, 235, Part 2.Article 236, 2411 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes against public safety and public order (clause "c", part 2 of article 247, cl. "g", part 2 of article 2501, cl. "c", part 2 of article 251, cl. "c »Part 2 of article 252 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- crimes constituting illegal circulation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances (clause "d", part 2 of article 271 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- corruption crimes in the field of information technology (clause "c" part 2 of article 2782, clause "c" part 2 of article 2783 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan);
- Corrupt military official crimes (Article 301 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan).
It seems that in order for Article 190 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Engaging in activities without a license) to work properly, as well as to significantly reduce the level of corruption among civil servants, it is necessary to strengthen responsibility for crimes committed under this article.
The prevalence of bribes has led to the fact that in many institutions a multistage system of bribery has developed, in which tariffs for the provision of services are rather rigidly prescribed, depending on their complexity and the position of the person. The technology of bribery, worked out over the years, has made the fight against this phenomenon quite difficult.
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In this regard, it seems necessary to supplement Chapter XV of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the following articles: Art. 2141 "Office forgery in commercial and other organizations", Art. 2142 "Negligence in commercial and other organizations."
Most ordinary citizens communicate directly with ordinary civil servants (chief, leading specialists, etc.) who do not belong to the category of officials. Often, the solution of a particular issue for a citizen depends on this communication, and based on the results of this communication, an assessment of all power as a whole is given. In the case of extortion of illegal remuneration from civil servants, citizens develop an appropriate opinion that all power is for sale, which affects, first of all, the authority of state power and the interests of civil service and service in local self-government bodies.
In this regard, it seems advisable to supplement Chapter XV of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Article 2143, which provides for criminal liability for illegal receipt of remuneration by extortion from civil servants who do not belong to the category of officials, in the following wording:
"Article 2143. Receiving illegal remuneration Illegal receipt by an employee of a state organization who is not an official, as well as an employee of a non-governmental organization who does not perform managerial functions, material remuneration, benefits or services of a property nature for the performance of work or the provision of services that are within the scope of his duties, if this act is associated with extortion, shall be punishable by a fine up to one hundred minimum monthly wages, or by deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to two years, or to engage in community service for a term of up to one hundred and fifty hours, or to correctional labor for a term of up to one year. The same act, committed repeatedly or connected with the receipt of remuneration in a large amount, is punishable by deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of five years, or restraint of freedom from three to five years, or imprisonment for up to two years with the deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years." It seems advisable to introduce additional norms providing for liability for cashing out funds and violating the rules of accounting and reporting, placing them in Chapter XII of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Crimes against the fundamentals of the economy): Article 1842 "Illegal cashing of funds". As some scholars rightly point out, the problems that give rise to corruption can be roughly divided into general and specific. The common ones include those that are characteristic not only of Uzbekistan, but also of most countries undergoing a transition period from a centralized to a market economy. Some of these problems are: 1) unrooted democratic political traditions; 2) weakness of civil society, separation of society from power;
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3) inefficiency of government institutions; 4) underdevelopment and imperfection of legislation; 5) difficulties in overcoming the inheritance of the totalitarian period; 6) economic decline and political instability. Specific modern problems are a continuation of those that, in manifestation or origin, are rooted in the Soviet period. Some of them are exacerbated by the conditions of the transition period: - low efficiency of the ships; - underdevelopment of the legal consciousness of the population; The habitual focus of law enforcement agencies and their representatives on the protection of exclusively "interests of the state" and "public property". The tradition of subordinating officials not to the law, but to instructions and to the boss. Many domestic experts consider inadequate legal regulation of certain areas of activity and shortcomings in the current legislation to be the legal factors that determine corruption. Among these, the most often stand out: - improper regulation of the official powers of officials of state power and management bodies; - insufficient effectiveness of the current criminal legislation on responsibility for specific forms of manifestation of corruption; - inadequate legal regulation of the financing of pre-election campaigns to state and local authorities; - lack of a comprehensive legal framework aimed at combating corruption, including a political one; - the presence of legislative consolidation of immunity from criminal prosecution of certain subjects of politics, both representatives of state power and applicants for these positions (candidates for the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Uzbekistan, etc.); - the mechanism of electoral legislation requiring perfection, ensuring the real independence of the elected persons from their voters. The group of organizational and managerial factors that determine corruption includes: a) an insignificant number of competitions for the replacement of rolling top government posts, the presence of a system of professional employees and political appointees; b) lack of effective financial and other control over the activities of policy subjects; c) instability of the civil service; d) the absence of special independent services that exercise financial control during elections or competitions for taking up an appropriate position in government bodies; e) ineffectiveness of the activities of state bodies in the fight against corruption;
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f) the lack of appropriate forms of social control over the sphere of political relations and the activities of representatives of public authorities and candidates for these positions both from the state and society;
g) the lack of political will of the highest officials of the state, both in relation to the fight against corruption throughout the country, and to individual cases of its manifestation.
The ideological and educational factors that determine corruption include: - carrying out so-called campaigns to combat corruption in all its forms and manifestations, which are more likely to be harmful than positive, since they most often pursue political goals and are one of the ways to achieve them, because often the persons who have achieved the goals set before themselves political goals (taking or retaining the relevant position), after that they forget about their promises about increasing the effectiveness of the fight against this social phenomenon; - the lack of formation of the political culture of civil society, which is reflected primarily in the election process, when some voters cast their votes for small sums of money or material values, receiving insignificant property benefits, and secondly, in praise or, on the contrary, in indiscriminate criticism subjects of politics without any serious preliminary study and analysis of their election programs; - absence or insufficiently well-established work in the educational system for anti-corruption education of the younger generation; - insufficient work of the mass media on anti-corruption education of the population. Socio-economic conditions of corruption: - privatization of state property; - distribution of budgetary funds; - provision of exclusive rights (privileges, including for export and import, taxes, licensing, etc.). Banking sector: - illegal lobbying in the legislature; - law enforcement and economic crime; Conditions for grassroots corruption: - housing and communal services; - law enforcement agencies; - taxes and customs duties; - conscription for military service; Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn: Firstly, it is possible to reduce and limit corruption only by simultaneously solving the problems and conditions that give rise to it: secondly, countering corruption with all decisiveness and in all directions will contribute to solving these problems. The problems that give rise to corruption include those that are characteristic not only of Uzbekistan, but also of most countries that are in the stage of modernization, primarily those undergoing a transition period from a centralized to
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a market economy. First, various interpretations of the causes of corruption contradict each other, and secondly, none of them can be considered perfect. In our opinion, the truth should be somewhere in between.
Any society has its negative sides. The most dangerous of them for the state and the people is corruption. This phenomenon occurs in all states, regardless of their level of development and volume of territory. Struggle and opposition must first of all begin with family education and climate [7].
Only after properly studying the causes and conditions that give rise to corruption, it is possible to determine and develop specific measures to limit and reduce it.
References: 1. Pustovalova I.N. Ideological determinants of corruption // Administrative and municipal law, 2010, N 9. - P. 23. 2. Salaev.N.S. Anti-corruption in the Republic of Uzbekistan: a comparative legal review of legislation / Collection of materials of the international scientific and practical conference / - Tashkent: TSUL, 2020 .-- P. 4. 3. Collection of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, 2017, No. 1, art. 2. 4.https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/4057 5. See, for example: Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan: dated February 7, 2017, UP-4047 "On the strategy of actions for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" / Collection of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, 2017, No. 6, art. 70; dated May 27, 2019, PD-5729 "On measures to further improve the anti-corruption system in the Republic of Uzbekistan" / National database of legislation, 05/29/2019, No. 06/19/5729/3199, 07/20/2019 , No. 06/19/5769/3450, dated June 29, 2020, PD-6013 "On additional measures to improve the anti-corruption system in the Republic of Uzbekistan" / National database of legislation, 06/30/2020, No. 06/20/6013 / 1002); and etc. 6. Alaukhanov E.O., Tursynbaev D.E. Fighting Corruption in State Bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Textbook / Ed. E.O. Alauhanova. - Almaty: KazATK, 2008 .-- P. 27. 7. G.A. Sadullaev Organizational measures to combat corruption in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Collection of materials of the international online scientific-practical conference / - Tashkent: TSUL, 2020 .-- P. 430.
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Usmanova N.M. Tabiiy fanlar fakulteti
PEDAGOGIKA OLIY O'QUV YURTLARIDA GENETIKA VA SELEKSIYA ASOSLARIGA OID MAVZULARNI O'QITISHDA AMALIY
MASHG'ULOTLAR TAHLILI VA AHAMIYATI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada uzluksiz ta'lim tizimida genetika va seleksiya asoslari bo'limlariga oid mavzularni o'qitishda amaliy mashg'ulotlar mazmuni va tahlili bayon etilgan. Amaliy mashg'ulotlarning ta'lim tizimidagi o'ziga xos jihatlari talqin etilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: umumiy o'rta ta'lim, professional ta'lim, oliy ta'lim, barkamol avlod, raqobatbardosh kadr, biologiya, genetika va seleksiya asoslari, dars, amaliy, laboratoriya mashg'uloti, ekskursiya, allel, noallael, chatishtirish.
Usmanova N.M. faculty of natural sciences
ANALYSIS AND IMPORTANCE OF PRACTICAL TRAININGS IN TEACHING SUBJECTS ON THE BASIS OF GENETICS AND SELECTION IN PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITIES
Abstract: The articles of the section describe the contect and analysis of practical training on topics related to the basics of genetics and selection in the system of continuing education. Peculiarities of practical training in the education system are interpreted.
Keywords: general education, vocational education, higher education, harmoniously developed generation, competitive personnel, basics of biology, genetics and selection, lessons, practical, laboratory classes, excursion, allele, noallael, crossbreedingarticles.
Mamlakatimizda ham uzluksiz ta'lim tizimini tubdan isloh qilish borasida keng qamrovli ishlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Bu borada O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 7 fevraldagi "O'zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo'yicha Harakatlar strategiyasi to'g'risida"gi PF-4947-son Farmoni, O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2020 yil 12 avgustdagi "Kimyo va biologiya yo'nalishlarida uzluksiz ta'lim sifatini va ilm-fan natijadorligini oshirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida" qarorlarida zamonaviy talablar asosida bo'lajak o'qituvchilar, pedagoglarni malakasini oshirish jarayonlarining mazmunini takomillashtirish hamda ularning kasbiy kompetentliligini uzluksiz oshirib borish asosiy maqsad etib belgilangan[1].
O'quvchilar tomonidan biologiya o'quv fani dasturlari va DTS (oliy ta'lim muassasalarida esa malaka talablari) bilan me'yorlangan muayyan bilim, ko'nikma va malakalarni o'zlashtirish, ularni tarbiyalash va rivojlantirish jarayoni
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o'qitishning turli shakllaridan foydalanishni taqoza etadi. Biologiya o'qitish metodikasida o'qitish jarayonini tashkil etishning turli shakllari belgilangan. Ularga dastur talablarini amalga oshiradigan o'qitishning asosiy shakli bo'lgan dars, laboratoriya va amaliy mashg'ulotlar, ularga bog'liq holda ekskursiyalar, uy ishlari, darsdan va ixtiyoriy shaklda tashkil etiladigan sinfdan tashqari mashg'ulotlar kiradi. Biologiyaning barcha sohalari kabi "Genetika va seleksiya asoslari" bo'limlaridan o'rin olgan mavzularni o'qitish jarayonida ham yuqorida nomlari sanab o'tilgan o'qitish shakllari muhim sanaladi. Genetika va seleksiya asoslaridan o'rin olgan mavzularni o'qitish jarayonida o'qitishning asosiy shakli dars markaziy o'rinni egallashi bilan bir qatorda amaliy mashg'ulotlardan ham samarali foydalanish muhim ustuvor ahamiyat kasb etadi[3].
Bu borada O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2020 yil 12 avgustdagi "Kimyo va biologiya yo'nalishlarida uzluksiz ta'lim sifatini va ilm-fan natijadorligini oshirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida" qarorida 2020-2021 o'quv yilida umumiy o'rta ta'lim muassasalarida kimyo va biologiya fanlariga qiziqishi bo'lgan o'quvchilar uchun tajriba-sinov sifatida joriy etilayotgan tabiiy fanlar yo'nalishidagi variativ (o'zgaruvchan) o'quv rejalarini bosqichma-bosqich o'quv jarayonida foydalanishni yo'lga qo'yish, shuningdek, o'quvchilarning amaliy ko'nikmalarini shakllantirish maqsadida tabiiy fanlar o'quv dasturlarida amaliy mashg'ulotlarning ulushini ko'paytirish chora tadbirlari bo'yicha alohida vazifalar belgilab berilgan[1].
Mazkur vazifalarni amaliyotga tadbiq etish jarayonida bevosita xalq ta'limi xodimlarini qayta tayyorlash va ularning malakasini oshirish hududiy markazi tinglovchilari va oliy ta'lim muassasalari professor-o'qituvchilari bilan bir qatorda oliy o'quv yurti bitiruvchilarining zimmasiga katta ma'suliyatni yuklaydi. Chunki, mamlakatimizda raqobatbardosh kadrlar va barkamol avlodni yoyaga yetkazish jarayonida uzluksiz ta'lim tizimida faoliyat ko'rsatayotgan pedagoglar va bo'lajak o'qituvhilarning kasb darajasi va malakasi, kasbiy pedagogik kompetentliligini zamon talablariga mos ravishda takomillashgan bo'lishlari shart.Amaliy mashg'ulotlar nazariy bilimlarni mustahkamlaydi. Biologiyani o'qitishda amaliy mashg'ulotlarni tashkil etish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Amaliy mashg`ulot darslariga o`qituvchi puxta tayyorgarlik ko`rishi talab etiladi. U amaliy mashg'ulotlar davomida paydo bo`ladigan har qanday muammolarni atroflicha o`quvchilarga tushuntirib berish qobiliyatiga ega bo`lishi lozim. O`qituvchi har bir amaliy mashg`ulot darsini o`tkazish rejasini izchil ravishda tuzib chiqishi kerak. Zarur ko`rsatma va tarqatma materiallarini oldindan tayyorlab qo`yish maqsadga muvofiq sanaladi. Shunga ko'ra o'quv dasturlaridan o'rin olgan amaliy mashg'ulorlar haqida o'qituvchida to'liq tassavvur shakllangan bo'lishi lozim.
Quyida uzluksiz ta'lim tizimi bo'yicha va "Genetika va seleksiya asoslari" bo'limlarga oid amaliy mashg'ulotlar tahlil qilindi hamda ular quyida berilmoqda.
I. Umumiy o'rta ta'lim tizimida: ma'lumki, umumiy o'rta ta'lim tizimida biologiya o'quv fani sifatida 5-11-sinflarda o'qitiladi. Biologiya 9-sinf o'quvchilariga ham jami 68 soat ajratilgan bo'lib, shundan 3 soati amaliy mashg'ulotlar uchun ajratilgan. Jami o'quv soatlarining 4,4 foizini tashkil etadi.
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Biologiya 10-sinf o'quvchilariga ham jami 102 soat ajratilgan bo'lib, shundan 9 soati amaliy mashg'ulotlar uchun ajratilgan. Jami o'quv soatlarining 8,8 foizini tashkil etadi. Biologiya 11-sinf o'quvchilari uchun jami 68 soat ajratilgan bo'lib, shundan 17 soati amaliy mashg'ulotlar uchun ajratilgan. Jami o'quv soatlarining 25 foizini tashkil etadi[3].
Rivojlangan davlatlarni ish rejalari tahlil qilinganda umumiy yuklamaning 40-50 foizi amaliy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan darslar tizimini tashkil etishi ma'lum bo'ldi.
Amaliy xarakterga ega bo'lgan "Genetika va seleksiya asoslari" bo'limlarga oid mavzular uchun amaliy mashg'ulotlar jami 10 soat vaqt ajratilgan vaholanki bu mavzular bo'yicha 18-20 soat vaqt ajratilishi maqsadga muvofiq hisoblanadi. Buning natijasida oliy ta'lim muassasalari uchun asosiy poydevor yaratilgan bo'lardi.
III. Oliy ta'lim tizimida: Oliy ta'lim muassasalari bakalavr bosqichi "Biologiya o'qitish metodikasi" ta'lim yo'nalishi talabalar uchun jami umumiy o'quv yuklamasi 7344 soatni tashkil etadi shundan 4352 jami audiotoriya mashg'ulotiga ajratilgan. Mazkur 4352 soatni 1728 soatini laboratoriya, 944 soatini amaliy mashg'ulotlar (jami: 2672 soat) uchun ajratilgan.
Biologiya o'qitish metodikasi ta'lim yo'nalishi talabalari uchun yaratilgan o'quv rejasining 2.07. bandida "Genetika. Evolyutsiyon ta'limot" fani joylashgan. O'quv rejaga binoan umumiy yuklamaga 348 soat vaqt ajratilgan bo'lib, 208 soati jami audiotoriya mashg'ulotlariga, shundan 88 soat ma'ruza, 40 soat amaliy, 80 soat laboratoriya mashg'ulotlariga ajratilgan. Genetika va seleksiya asoslari bo'limidan o'rin olgan mavzularga jami 26 soat vaqt ajratilgan. Bu esa mazkur fanga ajratilgan soatning 12.5 foizini tashkil etadi. Amaliy mashg'ulotlar bilan birga laboratoriya mashg'ulotlarini hamda seminar mashg'ulotlari ham bo'ishi lozim. Ta'limning barcha bosqichlarida shu jumladan oliy ta'lim tizimida ham amaliy mashgulotlar mavzularida takrorlanishlar uchraydi. Takrorlangan mavzular o'rniga yangi amaliy xarakterdagi mashg'ulotlarni kiritish bugungi kunning dolzarb masalasi sanaladi[4].
Uzluksiz ta'lim tizimida laboratoriya va amaliy mashg'ulotlar mavzu mazmunidan kelib chiqqan holda tanlanishi lozim. Yuqorida nomlari tilga olingan ta'lim tizimining har bir bosqichlarni taqvim-rejalari mazmunan tahlil qilinganda laboratoriya va amaliy mashg'ulotlari mavzulari aralashib ketganligi ko'zga tashlanadi. Ba'zi amaliy mashg'ulot mavzularini laboratoriya mashg'uloti, laboratoriya mazmunidagi mashg'ulotlarni esa amaliy mashg'ulot sifatida keltirilgan. Bu esa o'quvchilarni bilim olish jarayonidagi asosiy kamchiliklardan biri sanaladi. Biologik ta'lim mazmunidan o'rin olgan mavzularni qaysi amaliy mashg'ulot, laboratoriya yoki seminar mavzulari sifatida yakdil fikr asosida ajratilib olinishi ta'lim tizimini tubdan isloh qilishdagi muhim tashlangan qadam hisoblanadi.
Biologiya o'quv dasturidan o'quvchilarning o'quv va amaliy mehnat ko'nikma-larini rivojlantirish maqsadida amaliy mashg'ulotlar muhim ahamiyat ksb etadi. O'qituvchi mazkur amaliy mashg'ulotlarning samaradorligini oshirish maqsadida quyidagilarga e'tiborini qaratishi lozim:
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o'quv dasturidan o'rin olgan amaliy mashg'ulotlarni istiqbol va taqvimmavzuli rejadagi va ta'lim-tarbiya jarayonida tutgan o'rnini aniqlashi;
amaliy mashg'ulotlarining didaktik maqsadini aniqlashi; amaliy mashg'ulotini o'tkazish uchun zarur bo'ladigan jihozlarni tayyorlashi; amaliy mashg'ulotda o'quvchilarning bilish faoliyatini tashkil etish yo'llarini belgilashi va shu asosda mashg'ulotning borishini loyihalashi; o'quvchilarning tajriba va kuzatish o'tkazish jarayonida zarur bo'ladigan topshiriqlar uchun ko'rsatmalar tayyorlashi; amaliy mashg'ulotning borishi va olingan natijalarni tahlil qilishi, zarur hollarda tegishli o'zgartirishlar kiritishi lozim[3]. Xulosa qilib aytganda, biologiya o'qituvchisi o'quv yili boshida o'quv fanini o'qitishni rejali va tizimli amalga oshirish maqsadida istiqbol reja tuzishi, unda fanlararo bog'lanishlar, ekskursiya va sinfdan tashqari ishlarni belgilashi, shu asosda mavzuli-taqvim reja tuzishi zarur. Mazkur mavzuli-taqvim rejada dars, darsdan tashqari ishlar, laboratoriya va amaliy mashg'ulotlarni belgilashi, dars va mashg'ulotlarni talab darajasida tashkil etilishi va o'tkazishiga erishishi lozim.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro'yxati: 1.O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2020 yil 12 avgustdagi "Kimyo va biologiya yo'nalishlarida uzluksiz ta'lim sifatini va ilm-fan natijadorligini oshirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida" 4805-son qarori. 2. .. .. -., 2012 . -128 . 3.Biologiya: Umumiy o'rta ta'lim maktablarining 9-10-11-sinflari o'quvchilari uchun chop etilgan darsliklar. 4.Pedagogika oliy o'quv o'quv muasassalarining 5110400-Biologiya o'qitish metodikasi ta'lim yo'nalishi talabalari uchun 2020-2021 o'quv yili uchun mo'ljallangan "Genetika va evolyutsion ta'limot" ishchi dastur.
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UDK 10.02.01
Usmonova G.A. teacher
Tashkent Regional Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute Jumaboyeva U.H. student
Tashkent Regional Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute
CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANGUAGE
Annotation: This article analyzes the prediction of words from other languages and discusses historical cases of words from Latin, Scandinavian dialects, Norman and French, and many other languages. This article also assays to estimate borrowing words from other languages and historical circumstances.
Key words: Cultural communication, borrowed words, loan words, characteristics of borrowings, ancient borrowings, classification of borrowings, source language.
Borrowed words are words borrowed from other languages. Many linguists believe that foreign influence plays the most important role in the history of any language. But grammar and phonetic systems are very stable and often not influenced by other languages. For example, in the 15th-century history of written manuscripts, English was in long and close contact with other Latin, French, and Old Norse languages. The large influx of borrowing from these sources can be attributed to a number of historical reasons. Due to the great influence of Roman civilization, Latin has long been used as the language of education and religion in England. The ancient Scandinavian was the language of social and cultural development at the same level and the language of the invaders who pushed much easier with the 9th, 10th, indigenous peoples and the first half of the 11th century. French (Norman dialect) was the language of other invaders. Who developed a high social system with them brought a lot of new peoples to feudalism. It was the language of the upper classes, official documents, and schooling from the middle of the eleventh century to the end of the fourteenth century.
Uzbek also developed under the influence of Persian, Arabic, and later Russian. Persian spread in our region in 500-300 years, and since then the peoples of Central Asia have been in close contact with Iran, the homeland of Persian. Until the fifteenth century, writing poems and prose works in Persian was `fashionable' and expedient, but the Old Turkic language was also used among the people mainly by ordinary people. In the 7th century, the Arabs conquered Central Asia by spreading their religions and languages to the peoples. Thus, until the XI-XII centuries, the Arabic language was predominant. Books were written in the Arabic language too. e.g. outstanding scientists and scholars Ibn Sina, Farabi, Beruni created their works in the Arabic language. It was only in the 15th century that the
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great writer and statesman Alisher Navoi, proving the beauty and importance of the Turkic language, began to write his best masterpieces in this language, although he knew Persian and Arabic very well. From the 18th century, the Uzbek language was influenced by the Russian language. In the study of the borrowed element in English, the main emphasis is as a rule placed on the middle English period, and in Uzbek, it is the middle Turkic language. Borrowings in later periods have only been the subject of investigation in recent years. These investigations have shown that the flow of borrowings has been steady and uninterrupted. They see different areas of socio-political, scientific, and cultural life. A large portion of them (41%) is scientific and technical terms. When it comes to the role of local and mastered words in the language, it is not their number but their spiritual, methodological properties, word formation ability, frequency value, coherence (valence), and productivity that should be taken into account. If we approach the study of the role of local and assimilated words from this perspective, we find that local words play an important role in English and Uzbek, even though they are not so numerous. Almost all words of native origin belong to very important semantic groups. The number and nature of the words borrowed give us information about the relations between nations, their level of culture, and so on. That is why debts are often referred to as important milestones in history. It is for this reason that borrowings have often been called the milestones of history.
The well-known linguist Shuchard said «No language is entirely pure», that all the languages are mixed. It should be noted that although the general historical reasons for borrowing from different languages have been studied, the purely linguistic reasons for borrowing are still open to investigation. The number and characteristics of borrowings depend not only on the nature and length of the relationship, historical conditions but also on the degree of genetic and structural similarity in the respective languages. The closer the languages are, the deeper and more multifaceted the impact. Borrowed words enter the language as a result of the influence of two main causes or factors: linguistic and non-linguistic. The economic, cultural, industrial, and political relations of the speakers of the language with other countries represent extralinguistic factors. For example, due to the great influence of Roman civilization, Latin has long been used as the language of education and religion in England. Ancient Norway of the Scandinavian tribes was the language of the conquerors. French (the Norman dialect) was the language of other conquerors who developed feudalism, which brought with them many new concepts of higher social order. It was the language of upper classes, official documents, and school. The same thing is available in Uzbek. Due to the expansion of Islam, Arabic was used as the language of science and religion in Central Asia for centuries. For about two centuries, the Russian language dominated the peoples of the former Soviet Union. Knowledge of Russian was a priority and it was a language of communication and friendship. These factors are extra-linguistic ones. The lack of equivalent words to express new topics or events in a language forces people to borrow words. E.g. the words football, volleyball, pitchman in Uzbek; saving linguistic means, i.e. using a foreign word instead of distant local
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expressions, etc. are called linguistic reasons. The closer the two interacting languages are to the structure, the easier it will be for words from one language to penetrate the other. We distinguish translation loans, borrowing proper and semantic loans. Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the language but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of literal morpheme for morpheme translation, e.g. wall-newspaper devoriy gazeta.
The term «semantic loan» is used to denote the development in a word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language. The English word pioneer meant «explorer» and «one who is among the first in new fields of activity.» now under the influence of the Russian word «» it has come to mean «a member of the Young Pioneers' Organization'' Borrowings proper are words which are taken from another language with their sound graphic forms and their meaning. The "guests from another language," or borrowed words, permeate the English language. Through linguistic osmosis, these many thousands of words were taken over from one language by another during the course of English history mainly due to the constant uninvited arrival of invaders to the island. If borrowings are testimonials to our "physical mobility and mental laziness" then the British would probably win the gold medal. As the invaders settled in, they transformed both the written and spoken words of the English residents, who were able to adapt through the assimilation of borrowed words.
In general, this article deals with English language borrowing. Borrowing is the result of cultural communication between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case, the source language community has some advantages of power, prestige, and/or wealth, which makes it necessary and useful for the language community to borrow objects and ideas. The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. the use of a new word). In general, some speakers of borrowed language also know the source language, or at least use a sufficiently relevant word from it. They adopt a new word when they speak the language of borrowing (often consciously) because it is almost entirely consistent with the idea they are trying to convey. If they are bilingual in a common source language, they may pronounce words similarly or similarly to the pronunciation in the source language. In this article, we have analyzed the classification of borrowings. And the influence of borrowings to enrich the vocabulary is also discussed.
References: 1. .., .., .. . English Lexicology. M., 2001. (44-78) 2. . . ., « », 1977 3. . .:, 1985.
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4. Usmonova, G. (2020). The etymological peculiarities of the modern English vocabulary. , 70(3), 93-95. 5. Usmonova, G. (2020). Borrowings of English vocabulary and their distinctive features. , 72(5), 98-100.
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UDK 10.02.22
Usmonova G.A. teacher
Tashkent Regional Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute Isroilova Sh.B. student
Tashkent Regional Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute O'rinboyeva D.I. student
Tashkent Regional Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute
ASSIMILATION OF BORROWED WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE
Annotation: This article discusses the assimilation of borrowed words and its types such as: completely assimilated borrowed words, partially assimilated borrowed words, unassimilated borrowed words or barbarism.
Key words: grammatical features, unassimilated borrowed, historical analysis, grammatical categories, paradigms.
Now our task is to see how our borrowings in English change and are subject to their specific characteristics. All types of borrowed items can be divided into two major groups. On the one hand, there are only changes specific to the word borrowed.
These changes are aimed at adapting foreign words to the norms of the language of borrowing, e.g. the constant compounds [pn], [ps], [tpt] in the Greek words "pneumatics", "psychology", "ptolemy" are simplified to [n], [s], [t] because consonant compounds [ps], [pt], [pn] are very often used at the end of English words in the initial state. It is important to distinguish between the two processes: adapting the borrowed material to language norms and developing these words according to language laws. In many cases, we need to turn to historical analysis before we can draw clear conclusions.There is nothing in the form of the words "walk" and "progress," indicating that the former was used in England in the eleventh century, and the latter before the fifteenth century. The history of these words shows that the word cortege, along with other words in the English language, underwent a number of changes, including decline, accentuation, structure, change of sounds, and the word `progress'. In the course of its historical development, borrowing has acquired new meanings that are sometimes not found in the previous semantic structure. As a rule, the development of new meanings takes place 50100 years after the word is borrowed.
The role of loan words in the formation and development of English vocabulary is dealt with in the history of the language. It is there that the historical circumstances are discussed under which words borrowed from Latin, from Scandinavian dialects, from Norman and Parisian, French and many other languages, including Russian, were introduced into English. Lexicology, on the
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other hand, has in this connection tasks of its own, being chiefly concerned with the material and the results of assimilation. The main problems of etymology and borrowed words as they concern the English language are comprehensively and consistently treated in Professor A.I. Smirnitskiy deals with these issues mainly in terms of word. Unassimilated words differ from assimilated words in their pronunciation, spelling, frequency, semantic structure and sphere of application. However, there is no distinct borderline between the two groups. So far no linguist has been able to suggest more or less comprehensive criteria for determining the degree of assimilation depends in the first place upon the time of borrowing. A classification of loan words according to the degree of assimilation can be only very general as no rigorous procedure for measuring it has so far been developed. The following three groups may be suggested:
1. Completely assimilated borrowed words 2. Partially assimilated borrowed words 3. Unassimilated borrowed words or barbarism. The group of partially assimilated words may be subdivided depending on the aspect that remains unaltered, i. e. according to whether the word retains features of spelling, pronunciation, morphology or denotation that are not English. The third group is not universally accepted, as it may be argued that words not changed at all cannot form part of the vocabulary of language, because they occur in speech only, but do not enter the language. Completely assimilated borrowed words are found in all the layers of older borrowings. They may belong to the first layer of Latin borrowings, e, g: cheese, street, wall, or wine. Among Scandinavian borrowed words we find such frequent nouns as husband, fellow, gate, root, wing; such verbs as call, die, take, want and adjectives like happy, ill, low, odd and wrong. Completely assimilated French words are extremely numerous and frequent. Suffice it to mention such everyday words as table, chair, face, figure, finish, matter. A considerable number of Latin words borrowed during the revival of learning are at present almost indistinguishable from the rest of the vocabulary. Neither animal nor article differ noticeable from native words. Uzbek language like English is vulnerable to new nations. It mainly enriches its word stock by loaning words from Persian, Arabic Russian and via Russian from European languages. A large number of words in Uzbek language are the words from Persian. The second group containing partially assimilated borrowed words can be subdivided into subgroups. The oppositions are equipollent. a) Loan words not assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they come. They may denote foreign clothing: mantilla, sombrero; foreign titles and professions: shah, rajah, sheik, bei, toreador; foreign vehicles: caique (Turkish), rickshaw (Chinese), food and drinks: pillow(Persian) sherbet(Arabian); foreign currency: krone (Denmark), rupee(India), zloty(Poland), peseta(Spain). b) Borrowed words not assimilated grammatically, for example, nouns borrowed from Latin Greek which keep their original plural forms: bacillus; bacilli,
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crisis; crises, formula; formulae, index; indices. Some of these are also used in English plural forms, but in that case there may be a difference in lexical meaning as in: indices: indexes.
c) Loan words are not completely assimilated phonetically. The French words borrowed after 1650 afford good examples. Some of them emphasize the last syllable: car, cartoon, police.
d) Borrowed words are not grammatically fully mastered. This group, as V.I. Balinskaya shows are fairly large and varied. For example, there are words derived from French that do not say the last consonant, for example, battet, buffet, corpus. Some may retain a diacritical mark: cafe, cliché. In particular, French digraphs (ch, qu, ou) can be preserved in the spelling: bouquet, brioche. It is self-evident that these sets intersect, i.e., the word single and single credit often indicates incomplete assimilation in several respects at the same time. The third group of borrowings comprises the so-called barbarism, i. e. words from other languages used by English people in conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way, and for which there are corresponding English equivalents.
In conclusion, English has gone through many periods of learning a large number of words from a particular language. These periods coincide with a period of great cultural exchanges between English speakers and speakers of other languages. Especially in times of strong cultural ties, debt waves are not sharply limited and can overlap. For example, the influence of the Norwegians on English began in the 8th century AD and continued very well after the Norman conquest brought a large amount of French into this French language. It is part of the cultural history of English speakers that they have always adopted loanwords from the languages of whatever cultures they have come in contact with. There have been few periods when borrowing became unfashionable, and there has never been a national academy in Britain, the U.S., or other English Speaking countries to attempt to restrict new loanwords, as there has been in many continental European countries. In this paragraph, attention should be paid to the assimilation of debt words as a method of interaction with the language system in general. The term assimilation of the borrowed words is used to denote partial or complete conformity to the phonetic, graphic, and morphological norms of the host language and its semantic system. The degree of assimilation depends on the duration of the period of its use in the language receiving the word, its frequency. Oral borrowings due to personal contacts are assimilated more completely and more rapidly than literary borrowings, i. e. borrowings through written speech.
References: 1. I.G. Koshevaya. "The theory of English Grammar" "", 1982..40 2. .. « ». 1977. 3. Usmonova, G. (2020). Borrowings of English vocabulary and their distinctive features. , 72(5), 98-100.
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4. Usmonova, G. (2020). ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY, NATIVE AND BORROWED WORDS. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 1 (3), 858-861.
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. 37.37.0.5
Usmonova M.A. Department of Social Sciences and History of Uzbekistan
FarPi
ABOUT SOME ASPECTS OF FAMILY EDUCATION
Annotation: This article provides a scientific analysis of the views and methods of upbringing of families that make up society, the worldview of parents and their level of education, the specific characteristics and values of each family and the direct impact of upbringing on the human psyche.
Keywords: Family, upbringing, education, pedagogical, psychological and religious knowledge, society, father, mother, child.
The family has come a long and difficult way during its historical development. One of the distinctive features of this path was the radical change in the interrelationships and social functions of society. When it comes to family, many imagine it as if they know a lot about it. In fact, frivolous ideas about the family are far from the essence of the family. To fully understand the family, it is necessary to study it comprehensively. This includes the following issues:
* historical roots of the family; * views of Eastern and European thinkers on the family; * family and community relations; * family functions; * gender relations in the family; * study of the family in modern pedagogy and psychology. Changes in the material, technical and spiritual direction of society are causing changes in family activities. Such changes are reflected in marriage, love, mutual friendship, and planning for childbearing. The most important function of the family is the reproductive function, which is to reproduce the human race. Hence, having children is the first and most important function of a family. It follows that family planning remains one of the most important attributes of the modern family. Family planning is about keeping the distance (interval) between children born. Our holy religion, Islam, has also paid special attention to this. The need to prevent unwanted pregnancies is also considered positively in Islamic law. The basis of family planning is to give birth to a healthy generation and bring it up fully. The concept of "educational functions of modern families" is broader than the concept of raising children. Sociological research suggests that there are many problems in these tasks. This is especially reflected in the emergence of new aspects of family upbringing and the enrichment of the content of traditional traditions. The content, form, and methods of moral education are undergoing significant changes. The study of the problems of family upbringing is carried out mainly in two directions. First; family upbringing is being studied as a traditional part of pedagogy
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and this is a very correct way in our view. On the other hand, the family is also studied in various disciplines, including sociology, psychology and philology.
Pedagogical, socio-psychological research shows that nothing but the family can suppress the role of family upbringing in the moral development of emotional children, the formation of personality. Raising children separately from their parents is a huge blow to the formation of the maturity of the younger generation, as well as weakens the feelings of parenthood, undermines the moral foundations of marriage. Prolonged stay of children in kindergarten has a negative impact on their maturity, needs, interests and behavior. The period from one to seven years is a very important period in the formation of a child's personality. The great Russian writer and educator Leo Tolstoy, in one of his last works, stated that "the distance from me to a seven-year-old child is one step, and the period from one to seven years is a great distance." So, the period before the child goes to school can be called the foundation of the formation of the child's personality.
Another aspect of family upbringing is that it is inextricably linked with social upbringing. For us, the moral and spiritual ties that ensure the stability of the family are very important. The same connection satisfies the needs of family relationships, full-fledged emotional fatherhood or motherhood, family happiness. It is expedient to provide parents with pedagogical knowledge, to exchange education on family upbringing, to invite parents to school, neighborhood committees in order to attract their interest in educational work. The most important task of parents in this regard is to be able to anticipate the maturity of children, to determine the purpose of education. It is known that no style is used separately in the family, but all styles are used in combination. So the choice of methods and techniques of upbringing, their improvement and implementation is an important form of family life. The success of the upbringing of the younger generation depends not on any isolated methods, but on a well-organized system of methods. In the upbringing of a harmoniously developed person, the family forms an integral part of society, which is one of the characteristics of our time.
Involvement of women in production is leading to a reduction in the length of time they spend with their children. Therefore, there is a growing need for educational support for kindergartens, extended school day groups, groups of children of different ages in residential areas and out-of-school institutions. This is why mothers need to work harder to raise their children. In addition, women spend more time on household chores than men in the family. Sociological research shows that even on weekends, women spend 9 to 11 hours on housework. Before going to work in the morning, she feeds her children, dresses them, takes them to kindergarten, and sends them to school. When she returns from work in the afternoon, the woman begins to work for the house, i.e. supervising her children's homework, preparing dinner, making room, and so on.
The father's involvement in household chores is mainly manifested in command. If "rigidity" dominates the internal relations of the totalitarian family, then "soft" disciplines have a relationship of democracy and equality. For such disciplined families, methods of intimidation and intimidation of children are alien,
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and the main thing is to know the value of the child, to cultivate the qualities of variable self-esteem. It is a consequence of the inadmissibility of contradictions in the organization of the educational influence of parents on their children. The knowledge and experience of parents is very important in the formation of the younger generation.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the observations: - One of the factors in increasing the effectiveness of family education is a comprehensive study of the child's personality, as well as a creative approach to methods and forms of family education, its improvement. - Promoting parenting knowledge among parents, especially strengthening public support for parents with difficulties in parenting. - It is necessary for them to establish "Parents' University" in the mahallas.
References: 1. The teachings of Amir Temur. T. "Navruz" -1992. Page 58 2. U.A.Ergashev. "Relationship with religion in Uzbekistan". Economics of society. 5 (72). Russia. 2020 y. Pages 37-40. 3. A.M.Hakimov. "Modern approaches to civilization and sociological trends in the development of civil society". Economics and society. 5 (72). Russia. 2020 y.7680 pages. 4. .. - . . 13 (35), 2018. . 48-51
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Xadjimatov R.S. department of social hygiene and SSB
Andijan State Medical Institute Xojimatova G.M.
department of infectious diseases Andijan State Medical Institute
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR AND THEIR HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS
Annotation: The article provides information on the physical properties of air and their hygienic characteristics.
Keywords: Temperature, Humidity, Absolute humidity, Maximum humidity, Relative humidity, Sanitary practice, Atmospheric pressure, Caisson, Air ionization.
Factors that constantly affect the human environment include temperature, humidity, movement, atmospheric pressure, and air ionization. It should be noted that these factors are dynamic (variable) in contrast to the stability of the chemical composition of atmospheric air, and many of them have a complex effect on the body. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, it practically does not heat it. Air heating occurs due to the return of heat from the soil, which absorbs solar radiation and transforms it from one form to another. The suspended air rises, freeing up space for colder air layers. This causes the air masses to mix (convection) and allow a uniform heating of the atmospheric layer on the surface. Atmospheric conditions vary depending on the climatic zone, the season, the time of day, the intensity of solar radiation, and so on. The hygienic value of air temperature is determined by its effect on heat exchange in the body. heat transfer by radiation to colder objects; convection due to direct heating of the air layers approaching the skin. A small amount of heat is transferred during respiration (when exhaled, the air is heated almost to body temperature) and through the excretory organs. At room temperature, the body loses 45% of heat at rest due to radiation, 30% due to convection and 25% due to evaporation of sweat. As the temperature of the air, walls, and surrounding objects rises, heat transfer through convection and radiation decreases, and heat transfer through evaporation increases. The amount of sweat released during strenuous physical activity at high temperatures can reach 6-10 liters per day. When exposed to very low temperatures, heat transfer through radiation and convection increases significantly, and heat loss through evaporation decreases.
If the temperature fluctuates sharply and over a long period of time, it can cause overheating (at high temperatures) or cooling (at low temperatures).
Humidity. Water vapor is released into the atmosphere by the evaporation of water from the sea, oceans, lakes and rivers. In dwellings, the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the lungs and skin during cooking, washing, drying, etc., serves as an additional source of moisture. Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. Humidity, like temperature, varies with climate. The
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amount of water vapor in the air is measured in terms of their elasticity (in millimeters of mercury) or in grams of water vapor in 1 m3 of air. Humidity is defined by the concepts of absolute, maximum and relative humidity.
The product is the elasticity of water vapor in the air measured in millimeters of mercury during the test, or the amount of water vapor in grams per liter of air.
Maximum humidity is the elasticity of water vapor measured in millimeters of mercury at saturation of the air at a certain temperature or required for complete saturation of 1 liter of air with water vapor at a certain temperature. means the amount of water vapor in grams.
Relative humidity is the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum humidity, expressed as a percentage, ie the percentage of saturation of air with water vapor.
Humidity, like its temperature, has a significant effect on the exchange of heat between the body and the environment. Excessive humidity reduces the release of heat due to the reduction of sweat evaporation from the skin surface at high temperatures, which leads to overheating of the body. At low temperatures, high humidity increases heat production (increases the thermal conductivity of clothing and ambient air and the absorption of heat by external objects) and accelerates the cooling of the body. Under normal meteorological conditions, a relative humidity of 40-60% is most favorable.
In sanitary practice, the speed of air movement and the direction of the wind are determined. The speed of air movement is expressed in meters per second (m / s). The movement of air increases the release of heat due to convection, as the heated air layer under the clothes is carried away by the moving air, which is replaced by colder layers. When the temperature is high, the wind releases excess heat, which has a beneficial effect. At low temperatures, wind has a negative effect on the body, as it causes a large release of heat and increases the risk of cooling. Strong winds can worsen a person's mood and lead to a number of chronic illnesses and difficulty breathing.
Air velocity norms are determined by the type of air. The speed is 0.1-0.3 m / s in residential rooms, up to 0.5 m / s in gyms, and 1-1.5 m / s in production and hot shops. The hygienic importance of air movement is that it improves the ventilation of residential areas and buildings and the self-cleaning of the atmosphere from pollution.
Atmospheric pressure. Due to the force of gravity, the atmosphere exerts pressure on objects and the earth's surface. At sea level, each centimeter occupies a vertical surface of 1,033 kg per square meter of surface area or 760 mm of mercury (normal pressure). is rare and imperceptible to a healthy person. However, in sick people, the pain increases before the weather vane, neuralgia develops, and old wounds ache. Atmospheric pressure in cities is lower than in open areas. The drop in pressure is accompanied by a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, which leads to a condition called altitude sickness. This condition can cause shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness, nausea, and nosebleeds. Elevation can occur when climbing mountains and flying. Climbers, pilots, and mountaineers adapt to low oxygen levels by increasing the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin,
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accelerating respiration, and so on (this is called the body's condenser response). At an altitude of 8-10 km, there may be pain in the muscles and joints. To prevent this, flights are carried out in spacesuits or aircraft with airtight cabins.
Caisson and the miners and divers are exposed to high atmospheric pressure. When submerged, the pressure increases by about 1 atm every 10.3 m depth.
It is known that at normal atmospheric pressure, about 1.8 cm3 of nitrogen dissolves in 100 cm3 of blood. As atmospheric pressure increases, the amount of dissolved nitrogen in the blood increases, which in turn increases the saturation of tissues with nitrogen. During the transition from high pressure to normal pressure, nitrogen enters the bloodstream from the tissues due to the difference in partial pressure and is excreted through the lungs. In rapid decompression (when the pressure drops), due to the large difference between the partial pressure of nitrogen in the environment and the partial pressure of dissolved nitrogen in body tissues, nitrogen in the tissues rapidly forms bubbles and is released into the blood. gas embolism (caesarean section) can occur in various organs. The essence of disease prevention is to normalize the duration of working hours and maintain a decompression regime.
The transition from high pressure to normal pressure should be gradual. The duration of decompression is determined by the amount of pressure.
Air ionization. There is a constant exchange of ions in the atmosphere, which are formed under the influence of radioactive elements, electric charges, ultraviolet and cosmic rays.
Fresh air contains a large number of light negative ions, while polluted air contains a large number of positive light and heavy ions. The polluted air of the city is less ionized than the air of rural areas and resort areas. The ionization of indoor air depends on its physical properties. The more dust and carbon dioxide in the air, the higher the temperature and humidity, the more heavy ions there are. Therefore, the level of ionization of air in residential and public buildings is an indicator of air quality.
At present, it is known that negative ionizing air, dominated by light ions, has a healing effect on the body and increases physical and mental performance. Highly ionized air is used in the treatment of some diseases (hypertension, bronchial asthma, etc.). According to some researchers, positive light ions can worsen the functional state of the body, reduce the ability to work and cause high blood pressure.
References: 1. M.A.Azizov, S.S.Solixo'jayev. SH.Q.Qambarova.- "Hygiene" Textbook, Tashkent 2003. 2. MA Azizov.- "General hygiene and ecology" Textbook, Tashkent 2016. 3. B. A. Duschanov, SH.T. Iskandarova .- "General hygiene" Textbook, Tashkent 2008. 4. www.ziyonet.uz 5. www.google.com
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Xasanova M. KSPI Teacher of English department
USING MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY
Annotation: In this article you can easily find out the basic problems in methodological sphere. The opportunities for the formation of systematic representations, system skills and other relevant thinking ways. The role of institutions and academic centers is significant. The findings in Linguistics, Pedagogy, Psychology and other branches of science.
Key words: System-forming factors, potential qualities, professional socialization, comprehensive development, professional community, polysemantic, knowledge acquisition, ESP learners
The problem of creating modern system methods that serve the formation of the student's professional competencies seems to be very relevant. Issues of a professional competence systematic representation, its system structure and organization, as well as a systematic approach to its formation remain insufficiently. At the same time, the opportunities for the formation of systematic representations, system skills and other relevant thinking ways in subjects are significantly increased. This is also aimed at various activities' types and activities used in the study, the mastering of which is an indispensable condition for the successful tasks set solving for vocational training, professional socialization and the all-round personality development of the future specialist. According to A.I.Subetto, competence is a competences set, updated in certain activities types. At the same time, competence is considered by the last as a potential properties set or as a subquality in the university graduate potential qualities system. System-forming factors for the professional competence formation are the goals and final results of vocational training, professional socialization and the professionally significant personal qualities comprehensive development (realized by students). In this case, the professional individual socialization provides for the individual's entry into the social environment process, his integration into the professional community and, through this, to society as a whole. Hundreds of thousands of words belong to special scientific, professional or trade terminological systems and are not used or even understood by people outside the particular speciality. Every field of modern activity has its specialized vocabulary, and similarly special terminologies for psychology, music, management, finance, economics, jurisprudence, linguistics and many others.
Term, as traditionally understood, is a word or a word-group which is specifically employed by a particular branch of science, technology, trade or the arts to convey a concept peculiar to his particular activity. So, share, bank, balance sheet are finance terms; court, lawyer, civil law are legal terms; and top manager,
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creative team, motivation are used in management. There are several controversial problems in the field of terminology.
Indeed, the use of terminology is not limited to specialists and the terminology knowledge is not only needed by terminologists, translators and linguists. However, the type of knowledge we need depends on our professional activities and the motivations for learning. In this process, the role of institutions and academic centers is significant. Their competency in offering diverse materials aiming at distinct groups of learners with different backgrounds is one of the most important characteristics that we should take into account.
Researchers in methods of teaching ESP relate their studies to the findings in Linguistics, Pedagogy, Psychology and other branches of science to understand the nature of foreign words, learn psychological prerequisites of teaching/ learning process and thus apply the most progressive results of such studies in practice. Being preoccupied with the task of finding an effective method of teaching students sport terms, an idea and interactive teaching can be a proper mechanism for students' vocabulary development has been put forward. Using modern multimedia also helps to provide interactive cooperation, constant communication of students and allows the teachers to lead students' work aimed at mastering a foreign language.
Besides, interacting with foreign speaking partners through multimedia, students acquire the experience in cross-cultural competence, which is essential in the modern globalized economy. Nobody can object that vocabulary is of major importance for ESP learners, because knowledge of it and the ability to process certain vocabulary storage allow them to retrieve and properly comprehend information from professional texts after reading and/or listening, to express their thoughts both in oral and written forms when interacting and communicating with specialists.
Pedagogical implications for teaching students sportive terminology through utilizing interactive forms of work have been presented. The findings suggest that interactive performance in class will enhance the process of presenting, understanding meaning, memorizing and proper using sportive terms in oral in written communication.
Consequently, the research contributes to the study of forming linguistic competence with the students of sport specialties and elicits further research of scholars in the field of teaching terminology. Teaching English as a second language (ESL) in a broad context and teaching students professional terminology in the course of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in particular has always been a subject of interest for researchers.
References: 1. Bezrukov A. flexible learning model for computer aided for translation. ICL 2013. Kazan 25-27 september 2. Bezrukov A. Ziyatdinova J. internationalizing engineering education. International conference on interactive collaborative learning. ICL2014 3. Sanger P.A. Ziyatdinova J. Ivanov.V. G. An Experiment in project based learning terms. Russia and America // ASEE 10-13 JUNE
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4. Ziyatdinova J. Ivanova V G. Bezrukov A. Osipov P. Sanger P.A Going globally. ASEE 122 ND Annul conference and exposition: making value for society 5. https://doi.org/10.30853/pedagogy.2019.4.25
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. 1:159.9.3
Xosilov M.Sh. teacher
department of history of uzbekistan and social sciences Fergana Polytechnic Institute
PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING THE VIRTUE OF RELATIONSHIP IN TEENAGERS' THINKING
Annotation: The article discusses the feelings of adolescents in the minds and thinking about the fate of the Motherland and the impact of reforms, as well as the peculiarities of their psychology.
Keywords: Adolescence, consciousness, thinking, involvement, virtue, mood, psyche, indifference, selfishness.
One of the urgent problems of our time is the expansion of the mind and way of thinking of adolescents and the timely prevention of negative vices that occur in their psychology. Despite the fact that a number of scientific studies are being conducted in our country and around the world, there are still many unresolved issues in the field. One such problem is fostering a sense of belonging in the minds of adolescents. In this regard, the spiritual and educational work carried out in secondary special and vocational education institutions is of great importance. According to the latest observations made by us, the measures taken will avoid formalities and high-flying cases; involving members of the general public; reaching the hearts and minds of adolescents, lifting their spirits; inspiring to new heights; in a popular and influential spirit; gives good results when special attention is paid to the transfer of new creative forces, attracting talented young people. This period of adolescence is very much in line with psychology and causes them to awaken in their minds a sense of belonging for the fate of the Motherland and the fruit of reforms.
It should be noted that in conducting spiritual and educational activities to develop a sense of involvement in adolescents, we must clearly define the goals and objectives of the event, include the goal of forming a sense of involvement in students and identify all opportunities to achieve this goal. In addition to traditional methods of developing a sense of involvement in the learning process, adolescent psychology, the use of express surveys, test questions, software training, training, presentations, roundtables, problem-based learning, the use of technical means, excursions, training, film lectures and other methods gives high efficiency. This has a special place in ensuring that students 'involvement is reflected not only in thought, word, but also in practical action.
Today, a number of problems in the development of a sense of belonging in adolescent psychology remain unresolved, due to the lack of involvement and spiritual maturity in people for various reasons, as well as the inability of sociopedagogy and psychology to address the issue of involvement. appears. Indifference
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and indifference, egocentrism, and growing nihilism also weaken the sense of
belonging. We need to protect our children from the formation of such defects.
While commenting on this, we found it necessary to make a number of
recommendations. In particular, it is important to make this area of education a
priority in secondary special and vocational education institutions, so that the
quality of involvement is firmly nurtured in the present and future generations and
gives its reliable results. At the same time, the scientific principle plays a special
role in the formation of the quality of involvement in students. The principle of
scientific and technological approach, firstly, the scientific achievements, ie the
acquisition of knowledge acquired by the social sciences and humanities today, and
secondly, the development of the quality of involvement in all spheres of social and
ideological life. It should not be forgotten that social cooperation of educational
institutions, families, neighborhoods, residences, out-of-school institutions is one of
the conditions for the effectiveness of participatory education. Criteria and levels of
upbringing, taking into account the age, national, local, mental, sexual, personal
characteristics of adolescents and their implementation in practice, also determine
the level of effectiveness of the quality of direct involvement.
In conclusion, the achievement of these goals has to be carried out, especially
at a time when the harmony of current material and spiritual values is required, in a
situation where material wealth is becoming a priority over spiritual wealth in most
countries. In this regard, in order to further strengthen the civil society being built
in our country, it is necessary to develop examples of technology for the
development of a harmoniously developed personality, the development of
involvement, which is a leading quality of members of civil society. At the same
time, we can achieve the desired result if we emphasize the deep understanding of
civic duties, patriotism, teaching students to consider themselves involved in the
present and future of their homeland, people, neighborhood.
References:
1. ,
.
https://elib.belstu.by/bitstream/123456789/34422/1/Madaminov_Izbiratel%27naya
_sistema.
2. Holmirzaev, NN. National experience in the formation of working culture.
, 2019 - elibrary.ru
-4, .41-42
https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38594995
3. Holmirzaev, NN. Eastern and western experience of labor culture.
, 2019 - elibrary.ru -4, .51-52 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38564222
4. Kholmirzaev, Nodirjon Nizomjonovich. Labor creative ability of integration of
interests of personality and society. Scientific Bulletin of Namangan State
University. 2019 -8, 217-224 https://uzjournals.edu.uz/namdu/vol1/iss8/41/
5. Kholmirzaev, Nodirjon Nizomjonovich. Socio-philosophical factors of
increasing social activity of student-youth. Scientific Bulletin of Namangan State
University. 2019 -6, 250-254 https://uzjournals.edu.uz/namdu/vol1/iss6/41/
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2021_1_82_351
Yuldasheva S.L. assistant
department faculty therapy Andijan State Medical Institute
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Summary: The article is devoted to the most pressing and important problems of clinical diagnosis and covers the genetic role in the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the position of evidence-based cardiology. The article includes tactics for diagnosing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis
of the disease is based on the data of echocardiography, revealing structural changes in the heart muscle according to the type of hypertrophy, while the genesis of these changes remains unclear
Key words: Cardiomyopathy, diagnosis, genetics, heart.
Cardiomyopathy remains one of the least studied cardiologic diseases, being the object of an actively developing field of modern cardiology. Increased interest in the problem of studying myocardial diseases is due to the need for further study of the etiology and pathogenesis, the diversity and nonspecific city oftheir clinical manifestations, significant diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Theconstant increase in the frequency of occurrence of various forms ofcardiomyopathies is apparently connected both with a true increase in the numberof such patients and with the progress of modern diagnostic technologies. In addition, over the past decade, a fundamentally new concept is being formed on the definition of the concept of "cardiomyopathy" and their place in the structureof heart diseases, which is associated with the achievements of medical genetics, morphology, immunology and molecular endocrinology. Reflection of the modernevolution of knowledge is the constant revision, updating and refinement o f the corresponding concept and classification.
Cardiomyopathy is defined as a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases associated with mechanical and / or electrical dysfunction, usually accompanied by myocardial hypertrophy or dilated cardiac chambers and developing due tovarious causes, but more often of a genetic nature. The pathological process can belimited to heart damage - primary cardiomyopathies (genetic, mixed and acquired)- or part of a generalized, systemic disease (secondary cardiomyopathies), often lead to the development of heart failure, its complications and deaths Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMC) is one of the main and most common forms of primary cardiomyopathies. The half-century history of studying the problem of HCMC reflects a significant evolution of knowledge in the issues of etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, clinical course variants and treatment of the disease. In-depth study of various aspects of pathology was closely linked
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and ensured the emergence of progressive instrumental, morphological and, finally, molecular genetic methods of diagnosis. The introduction of modern imaging techniques: echocardiography (ECHO-KG), dopplerography, singlephoton emission computer (OECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ECG monitoring, etc., has determined progress in understanding mechanisms pathogenesis, diagnosis of the disease and the rationale Clinical definition of HCM
The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and American Heart Association (AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines provide a widely cited clinicopathologic definition of HCM. The guidelines define HCM as a cardiac disorder marked by unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (thickening) associated with non-dilated ventricular chambers in the absence of other cardiac or systemic disorders in sufficient amounts capable of producing LV hypertrophy.
The definition also recognizes that genotype-positive patients could be phenotypically negative without overt hypertrophy [5]. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases also provides another widely cited definition of HCM. The ESC defines HCM as "the presence of increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness that is not solely explained by flow-limiting coronary artery disease (CAD) or abnormal loading conditions" [6]. The definitions by ACCF/AHA and ESC establish the hallmark of HCM is LV hypertrophy (wall thickness) in the interventricular septum. Other characteristic pathological features are myocardial fiber hypertrophy, disorganized myocardial cells, interstitial fibrosis and thickened intra-myocardial coronary vessels [3].
The main method of diagnosis remains echocardiographic study (ECHOKG). Currently, a special place is occupied by modern imaging techniques, in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has a higher resolving power and allows obtaining more accurate information about structural disorders in the heart.
HCM is a disease in which, in addition to shortness of breath, a frequent symptom is a variety of pains in the heart that are characterized by cardialgia and /or typical angina. The efforts of many scientists are aimed at the origin of this clinical phenomenon, on the detection of ischemia as a potential cause, as well as on the recognition of the genesis of myocardial blood supply deficiency in patients with HCM.
Among the possible causes of myocardial ischemia in patients with HCMC, the following can be identified: relative coronary insufficiency, caused by a decrease in the density of the capillary bed in hypertrophied myocardium; microvascular disease; disturbance of the left ventricular dysfunction, leading to a decrease in the effective pressure of coronary perfusion in the diastole and pathological changes in the microcirculation of the myocardium; a decrease in the coronary reserve; the presence of "muscle bridges" over the epicardial coronary arteries; compression of the septal branches of the coronary arteries; obstruction of LV LV; spasm of large coronary arteries; primary metabolic disorders of glucose,
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oxygen and fatty acids in cardiomyocytes; and also joined atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, especially in older age groups.
In patients with HCMC, severe ischemia can occur until the development of myocardial infarction. Pathoanatomical studies confirmed the presence in patients with HCMC with intact coronary arteries of focal or diffuse changes of the myocardium from initial small-focal fibrosis to large areas of large-scleral transmural cardiosclerosis, which are the result of a long -term ischemic process.
As the disease progresses, a number of patients are registered with a decrease in the pump function of the LV and / or PJ, associated with the de velopment of myocardial fibrosis. Fibrosis in this case can be the result of transformation of myocardial cells that have lost intercellular contacts, which is often observed in places of chaotic arrangement of muscle fibers, or consequence of ischemia and myocardial infarction against the background of microvascular pathology, and also joined coronary atherosclerosis. Large-focal fibrosis of the myocardium can lead to thinning of ventricular walls, reduction of ventricular ventricular obstruction, disruption of systolic function, increase in volume of heart cavities, with dilatation less pronounced than with DCM.
The growth of the collagen network from the compensation factor at the initial stages of the disease is becoming an important factor in pathogenes is and gradually increasing chronic HF. In the process of remodeling, myocardial ischemia leads to damage and death of a part of cardiomyocytes, sclerosis of dead cells occurs, the location of the remaining cardiomyocytes changes, the geometry and sizes of the heart cavities change and, as a consequence, its function is disrupted. These structural and functional changes are the basis for the progression of the disease.
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries may be associated with HCM, especially in older age groups. Among patients with HCMC older than 45 years, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries occurs in about 25% of cases, and in some cases is the cause of the manifestation of a disease that previously occurred latent.
It should be noted that coronary atherosclerosis can be one of the causes of syncope and sudden death of patients with HCM of middle and old age. Given the impossibility of completely eliminating atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries when assessing complaints and conducting noninvasive studies, coronaroangiography is mandatory in patients with HCM with pain in the chest.
In HCM, the presence of significant LVEF obstruction, severity of myocardial hypertrophy, DD, and myocardial ischemia are the most important and losely related determinants of the severity of clinical manifestations, functional disorders and the "quality of life" of patients.
References: 1. McKenna WJ, Sen Chowdhry S (2008) From Teare to the present day: a fiftyyear odyssey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a paradigm for the logic of the discovery process. Revista Espanola De Cardiologia 61: 1239-1244. 2. Kofflard M (1998) New perspectives in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
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3. Arad M Seidman JG, Seidman CE (2002) Phenotypic diversity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Human Molecular Genetics 11: 2499-2506. 4. Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, et al. (2011) ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 5. Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, et al. (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Kardiologia Polska 72: 1054-1126. 6. Falicov RE, Resnekov LE (1977) Mid ventricular obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. New diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. British Heart Journal 39: 701-705
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: 10.02.02
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Abdisharipova T.J. Academic Lyceum TashPMI
LIFE AND WORK OF BERDACH
Annotation: This article examines the life of the famous democratic poet of the Karakalpak people of Berdakh and his work
Key words: Poet, creativity, verse, morality, manners, elegance, beauty
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Chaqqon odim tashlab, mehnat qilmasang, Kun kormoqlik qiyin boldi bu zamon. Maqsadingga oylab-oylab yetmasang, Qiyin boldi kun kormoqdik bu zamon.
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Zolimlar tinglamas faqirning zorin, Ular oylar oz foydasin, oz qornin, Hech qachon zolimlar qoldagi borin, Ep qormaslar, bor bolsada, xalq uchun. - , , , . . «», « », «», «», « », «» , . , , . ; « » , , , . , , . , , . ,
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Abdisharipova T.J. Academic Lyceum TashPMI
SYNTAX AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
Annotation: In this state, the section of linguistics is considered - syntax and ego-classification.
Key words: Linguistics, word, division, grammar, science, language, word formation, function
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Abdirassulieva G.M. assistant of the department of pharmacology and normal physiology
Akhmedova B.Y. assistant of the department of pharmacology and normal physiology
Karakalpak Medical Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
INNOVATION IN PHARMACOLOGY
Annotation: The article discusses the need to create innovative modern highly effective drugs. The introduction of innovative drugs into medical practice increases the efficiency of treatment of diseases and leads to a positive change in medical technologies.
Key words: innovation, drug, tissue, synthesis, system, organism, mineral.
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Abdukadirova N. senior lecturer GulGU
FUNCTIONS OF MEDIA EDUCATION AND MEDIA RESOURCES IN THE TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS RESEARCH OF THE NEEDS AND LEVEL OF MEDIA LITERACY PROFICIENCY OF TEACHERS AND
STUDENTS
Annotation: The article is devoted to the description of the needs and requirements in the formation of media literacy in the classroom on foreign language. Problems in the aspect of teaching media literacy, objects and methods of teaching media literacy in foreign language classes, the needs of students and teachers, problems and possible solutions.
Key words: media literacy, meta-subject matter, media text, communicative competence, teaching principles
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Abdullayev M.Sh teacher of the department "TZH va ICHAB"
TIKHMMI Bukhara branch Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara
Yildoshev S. student
Ryziboev Sh. student
TIKHMMI Bukhara branch Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara
AUTOMATION OF THE AMARANTH IRRIGATION PROCESS IN SMALL FARMS
Annotation: The article describes one of the alternative methods of irrigating amaranth plants at home, which allows you to automate the process of sprinkling
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irrigation. Ensuring optimal irrigation of amaranth plants at home is an urgent problem. The advantage of this method is that it not only reduces the human factor, but also ensures the delivery of mineral fertilizers through the water. The project uses a 328 series microcontroller installed on the board. He used the LCD as an interface between the sensitivity regulator and the microcontroller.
Key words: Controller, wet sensor, control box, valve.
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Abdurakhmonov F.S. Ketmonov A.G.
Mirzakarimov B.H. department of pediatric surgery Andijan State Medical Institute
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF POST BURN CONTRACTORS IN THE LIMBS IN CHILDREN
Abstract: Optimization of the timing and methods of treatment of post-burn scar contractures of the extremities reduces the time of inpatient treatment, improves functional and cosmetic results, reduces patient discomfort and contributes to the wider introduction of reconstructive surgeries with severe consequences of burns into practical healthcare. The results of the work will be used by surgeons and traumatologists in the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan, near and far abroad in the treatment of a large category of patients with post-burn contractures.
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Full rehabilitation of children is determined by the restoration of function and the elimination of aesthetic defects, it should provide such patients with the opportunity to be full-fledged people in society and has great social and economic importance.
Key words: post-burn contracture, surgical treatment, limb, childhood.
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Abdurakhmonov G.Z. senior lecturer
department of social sciences Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana
THE NEED FOR IDEOLOGICAL UNIFICATION AT A NEW STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
Annotation: The article analyzes the factors of a free civil society and the construction of a secular state in Uzbekistan.
Key words: dea, ideology, civil society, ideological association
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Abdurakhmonova D.B. master
Mukhitdinova T.K. professor
Nabieva D.Y. Samatova S.K. department of obstetrics and gynecology No. 2 Andijan State Medical Institute
RISK FACTORS OF CHORIOAMNIONITIS IN LABOR
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Abstract: Chorioamnionitis is an infectious inflammation of the membranes and amniotic fluid caused by polymicrobial associations. It is manifested by hyperthermia, pain in the uterus, purulent or bloody discharge from the vagina. Possibly subclinical course of the disease with minimal symptoms. Diagnosed by gynecological examination, CTG of the fetus, laboratory tests, ultrasound of the small pelvis.
The tactics of managing a pregnant woman involves urgent delivery through the vaginal birth canal or by caesarean section with the simultaneous appointment of intensive antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, infusion therapy.
The risk of chorioamnionitis also increases with the onset of natural childbirth, especially if during their course digital vaginal examinations are performed repeatedly after opening the membranes or internal cardiotocography of the fetus is performed to obtain objective data on its condition and characteristics of the contractile activity of the uterus.
Key words: pregnancy, amniotic membrane, prenatal rupture of membranes, induction of labor, vaginal microflora, chorionamnionitis.
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Abdukhamidov S.K Omonov Z.Zh.
Tashkent State Technical University named after I. A. Karimov
IMPROVEMENT OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF DIESELS TRANSFERRED TO COMPRESSED NATURAL
Abstract: This article discusses the improvement of the lubrication system of diesel engines converted to compressed natural gas. Natural gas is the most powerful alternative to liquid motor fuels. In the world, including Uzbekistan, the fleet of vehicles running on natural gas (LNG, LPG) makes up a significant part of them. In the near future, the number of cars and tractors running on natural gas should increase significantly. It is on this type of vehicle that the use of gas fuel will be most efficient.
Key words: temperature, natural gas, fuel gas, lubrication system, turbo boost, gas engine, turbulent.
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: 1. Gordon Exel Compelling Case For Natural Gas. Cummins Westport Inc. 2011. 21p. www.cumminswestport.com 2. Witze, P. O., Martin, J. K., and Borgnakke, C., "Measurements and Predictions of the Precombustion Fluid Motion and Combustion Rates in a Spark Ignition Engine," Trans. SAE, 1983, 93, 786. 3. Evans, R. L., "Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines for High Efficiency and Low Emissions," Paper No. 99-ICE-177 ASME 1999 Spring Technical Conference,1999. 4. . «, », . 1907. 5. Saxena S et al. .Maximizing Power Output in an Automotive Scale MultiCylinder Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine // SAE Technical Paper, 2011, 10.4271/2011-01-0907. 6. .., .., .., .., .., .. « », , 4, 1979. 7. .., .., .., ../ , / . - . - 2010. - 3 (15).
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Agranovskiy M.L. Sobirov O.O.
Muminov R.K. Azimova G.A. department of psychiatry and narcology Andijan State Medical Institute
TYPOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND METHODS OF MODERN THERAPY OF ASTENIC TYPE OF REMISSIONS IN ACCESSIBLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
Abstract: The term asthenia has appeared in the lexicon of psychiatrists since the middle of the 18th century, but the most significant and detailed descriptions of asthenic symptoms in the structure of schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders were published only in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
According to a number of authors, the frequency of asthenic disorders among patients in psychiatric clinics and outpatient clinics varies from 1.2% to 18% [13,25,38,79,81]. As for the problem under discussion, in the literature available
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today, there is little systematic information on the epidemiological assessment of asthenic symptoms in schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders.
Key words: paroxysmal schizophrenia, asthenic thyremission, typology and structure.
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3. .. : . 2011; 6. 4., .. . . .: ; .: , 2011. 40 . 5.Bucci L. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Psychopharmacology. 2017;91(1):104-8. 6.Johnson D.A. Significance of depression in the prediction of relapse in chronic schizophrenia. Brit J Psychiat 2018;152:320-3. 7.Lindenmayer J., Kay S.R. et al. Schizophrenic patients with depression: psychopathological profiles and the relationship with negative symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;32:528-33. 8.Tollefson G.D., Sanger T.M., Lu Y., Thieme M.E. Depressive signs and symptoms in schizophrenia. A prospective blinded trial of olanzapine and haloperidol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2018;55:250-8. 9.Van Putten T., May P.R.A.: "Akinetic depression" in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2018;35:1101-7.
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Agranovskiy M.L. Sobirov O.O.
Muminov R.K. department of psychiatry and narcology
Andijan State Medical Institute
CLINICAL TYPOLOGY OF ASTENIC DISORDERS IN REMISSION OF PERFORMED-PROGREDIENT SCHIZOPHRENIA
Resume: Clinical and psychopathological heterogeneity of asthenic disorders in remission of paroxysmal progressive schizophrenia is due to differences in their pathogenesis, which, in particular, is manifested by the difference in immunological parameters that have prognostic value and can be considered as markers of the mental state of patients ..
The clinical and immunological characteristics of asthenic disorders in the framework of remission of the endogenous process were studied, the initial functional insufficiency of the effector link of the inflammatory reaction in patients with a negative asthenic variant of the asthenic symptom complex was proved.
Key words: asthenia, typology, schizophrenia, remission, disorders.
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) / // . . . . 2019. . 119, 5. . 7-14. 6., .. / .. // . 2017. . 19, 4. . 66-73. 7., .. - / .. , .. // . 2012. . 10, 5. . 14-16. 8.Bergink, V. Autoimmunity, inflammation, and psychosis: a search for peripheral markers / V. Bergink, S. M. Gibney, H. A. Drexhage // Biological psychiatry. 2014. Vol. 75, 4. P. 324-331. 9.Maes, M. Inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress cascades as new drug targets in myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome / M. Maes // Modern trends in pharmacopsychiatry. 2013. Vol. 28. P. 162-174. 10.Raison, C.L. Association of peripheral inflammatory markers with chronic fatigue in a population-based sample / C. L. Raison, J. M. Lin, W.C. Reeves // Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2009. Vol. 23, 3. P. 327-337. 11.Watkins, C.C. Clinical studies of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in schizophrenia / C. C. Watkins, S. R. Andrews // Schizophrenia research. 2016. Vol. 176, 1. P. 14-22.
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Aligasanov R.A. student
Kaliningrad branch of the MFUA Kondratenko D.I. student
Kaliningrad branch of the MFUA
CORRELATION OF SCIENTIFIC CATEGORIES "GLOBALIZATION" AND " ECONOMIC INTEGRATION»
Annotation: In this article, the authors analyze the correlation of the scientific categories "globalization" and "economic integration". The content of these scientific categories has a significant impact on the processes of geopolitical significance, and, accordingly, on the future of the population of the planet Earth.
Key words: World Trade Organization, globalization, global law, integration, OOH Conference on Trade and Development, international law, international economic organizations, world economy, supranational law, supranational law.
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Alieva M.B. master
Khankeldieva H.K. department of hospital and emergency pediatrics
Andijan State Medical Institute
PSYCHOSOMATIC STATE OF ADOLESCENTS IN PATIENTS WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Abstract: Knowledge of the characteristics of child psychology is extremely important in understanding the formation of the somatic and mental health of a child-adolescent-adult.
In the formation of respiratory diseases with a psychosomatic component, as a stage in the development of the disease (for example, bronchial asthma (BA)), it is very important to clearly represent the contribution to the realization of the disease of the autonomic nervous system and the psychological characteristics of the child.
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From the period of intrauterine development, the characteristics of the child's nervous system are formed. An unfavorable course of pregnancy, inadequate attitude of the mother and others close to the baby's health are significant factors in the formation and early manifestation of a genetically inherited disease.
Key words: adolescence, psychosomatic conditions, bronchial asthma.
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Almenova G. P. student
Muradova S. Z. student
Bisheeva M. B. student
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Azhiniyaz Uzbekistan, Nukus
BOTANICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF WILD RELATIVES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS FROM THE FAMILY FABACEAE LINDL. REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract: The article provides a botanical and geographical analysis of crop wild relatives of cultivated plants from the Fabaceae Lindl. Family, flora of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The analysis of the distribution of WRCP by types of areas is carried out. The analysis of the species composition of the WRCP showed
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that they are a very diverse type of habitat, that the largest number of species, 5, belong to the Turanian type of area, and to the Paleoarctic - 3 species. The IranianTuranian and Asia Minor-Iranian-Turanian include 2 types. The rest, PonticMediterranean, Mediterranean-Iranian-Turanian and Turano-Mongolian types of habitats, include 1 species.
Key words: Crop wild relatives of cultivated plants, flora, family Fabaceae Lindl., Types of areas, botanical and geographical analysis.
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Arzibekov A.G. Turakulova H.E. department of pediatrics Andijan State Medical Institute
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BRONCHOOSTRUCTIVE SYNDROME IN CHILDREN
Abstract: Broncho-obstructive syndrome is one of the most common respiratory disorders in children and adolescents. In order to be able to diagnose, treat, and prevent this condition, knowledge of many fundamental and clinical
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disciplines is required, acquired by students during the entire period of study at the university.
Experience has been accumulated in the diagnosis and treatment of clinical forms that were not included in the domestic classification of respiratory diseases in children 8 years ago: chronic bronchitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Significant advances have been made in understanding severe obstructive pulmonary disease caused by muscle bronchial damage. The character of agerelated evolution of obstructive pulmonary diseases has been established.
Errors in diagnosis, late hospitalization, uncontrolled or, on the contrary, insufficient use of certain groups of drugs are affecting. Patients who have reached adolescence deserve special attention.
It is known that the dramatic outcomes of asthma in children occur mainly during puberty.
Key words: clinical and immunological aspect, broncho-obstructive syndrome, childhood, respiratory tract, infection.
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Arzikulov A.Sh. Arzibekov A.G. Arzikulova D.A. Andijan State Medical Institute
THE CONDITION OF HEALTH BY PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN FROM THE FAMILY WITH MEDICAL-DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL RISK
Abstract: The aim research: is to study the influence of medical-biological social risk factors of the family on the health of primary school pupils.
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Material and methods: The research object were the pupils of primary school (n=300) from the family with medical-biological and social risk factors. The comparison group were the children (n=50), in whose families risk weren't registered . Sanitary-hygienic, functional, psychological-pedagogical, clinic, lab and instrumental research methods were used in the work .
The results and discussion: the relationship between the structure of disease, frequency of their development, sex of child and type of the family was noticed. The amount of children, who had infectional diseases, is significantly higher in half families. The children from full families have higher immunity, rarely have virus diseases, better adapt to the situation, rarely have chronic diseases.
Conclusion. Children from complete families have a higher resistance, are less likely to suffer from viral diseases, better adapt to existing situations, less often chronic diseases are formed.
Key words: health conditions, family, medical - demographic and social risk factors.
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10. Childhood and adulthood risk factors for socio-economic differentials in psychological distress: evidence from the 1958 British birth cohort/ Power, S.A. Stansfeld, et al.// Soc. Sci. Med. - 2002. - 55. - R 1989 - 2004.
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618.2:616.61-002-084. .. ..
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Arzikulova D.A. Arzikulov A.Sh. Andijan State Medical Institute
INDICATORS OF MICROELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD OF A PREGNANT WOMAN IN NORMAL AND COMPLICATED PYELONEPHRITIS OF PREGNANCY
Abstract: The article presents the results of the study of the clinical and pathogenetic significance of a number of trace elements in physiologically proceeding and complicated by pyelonephritis pregnancy. The results of the study indicate that pregnant mothers with PN, significantly more often had an imbalance of trace elements - zinc deficiency, accumulation of Cu and Mg, which contribute to a decrease in the intensity of redox processes, increase the effect of hypoxia on fetal brain tissue, chronic extragenital diseases (78%) and pathological course of pregnancy and childbirth (84%), and in newborns - a complicated course of the neonatal period (86%).
Key words: pregnancy, pyelonephritis, trace elements, newborns.
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Askarova K.I. Agranovskiy M.L.
Djurayev N.N. Muminov R.K. department of psychiatry and narcology Andijan State Medical Institute
ASSESSMENT OF SUICIDAL RISK AND PREVENTION OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AND THEIR PSYCHO CORRECTION
Abstract: The solution to the problem of preventing suicidal behavior of minors is complex, systemic and interdisciplinary in nature, requires a continuous increase in the level of competence of teachers in the early detection of signs of suicidal behavior and the provision of psychological and pedagogical assistance to children in crisis situations, prompt response.
Suicidal behavior is a manifestation of suicidal activity - thoughts, intentions, statements, threats, attempts, attempts. Suicidal behavior occurs both normally (without psychopathology) and with psychopathies and with character
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accentuations - in the latter case, it is one of the forms of deviant behavior in acute affective or pathocharacterological reactions.
Key words: suicide, prevention, suicide, behavior, psychotherapy and psychocorrection.
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Atakhozhaev V., candidate of pedagogical sciences associate professor
department of uzbek language, pedagogy and physical culture Andijan Agricultural and Agrotechnological Institute Alibekov Sh.A. assistant
department of uzbek language, pedagogy and physical culture Andijan Agricultural and Agrotechnological Institute
THE ADVANTAGE OF THE PEDAGOGICAL METHOD "INSERT" AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN INCREASING THE DEGREE OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE
Abstract: This article discusses the advantages of the "Insert " method, as well as the improvement of the degree of academic performance in classes, and notes its features. In particular, the sources of the "Insert", its methods of application, methods, and criteria for the design of classes are disclosed.
Keywords " " Insert", academic performance, pedagogy, methodology, technology, criteria, skill, specialty, profession, design, plan.
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Aulov O.A. FGBOU VO «PSU»
Russia, Pyatigorsk Itlyashev Kh.V.
FGBOU VO «PSU» Russia, Pyatigorsk
Scientific supervisor: Gazgireeva L.Kh., doctor of philos. professor of sciences
FORMATION OF MORAL AND VOLITIONAL QUALITIES OF CADETS OF MILITARY UNIVERSITIES OF RUSSIA IN THE NEW PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS
Abstract: The article analyzes the current problem associated with the formation of moral and volitional qualities in cadets of military universities in Russia. The author's view on the need for the formation of moral and volitional qualities in cadets is justified. The article presents the development of a structural and content model for the formation of moral and volitional qualities in cadets.
Key words: moral and volitional qualities, military universities, modeling, structural and content model, education system.
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911.2:528.91
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Akhmadjonov A.I. internship-researcher Institute of Seismology Academy of Scienses
DESCRIPTION AND MAPING OF THE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF KASHKADARYA REGION
Annotation: The article details the concept of the brief development of landscape science, its role and significance in illuminating landscape education and eliminating environmental problems. The issues of description and mapping of landscapes of Kashkadarya region were also discussed.
Keywords: Landscape doctrine, landscape types, geological processes, environmental problems, Kashkadarya region, mapping.
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4. Murodova D.S. Qashqadaryo viloyati iqtisodiy geografiyasi Qarshi: 2007 . 418 b. 5. Qashqadaryo viloyati o'lkashunoslik atlasi. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Yer resurslari, geodeziya, kartografiya va davlat kadastri davlat qo'mitasi. Toshkent, 2016 y.
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Badalova B.T. teacher
interfacult department of russian language and literature Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute
METHODS OF SPEECH DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LESSONS
Abstract: The article examines the main directions of speech work with students, provides individual examples and some methodological techniques for working on various aspects of students' speech development.
Keywords: Speech skills, speech abilities and skills, culture of speech communication, reading and writing, language concepts, communicative competence.
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Baratov J.R. assistants of the department automation of production processes and
management Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh
USING THE GENETIC ALGORITHM WHEN PERFORMING DIAGNOSTICS
Abstract: To teach a given structure, first of all, the initial preparation of the taught data is carried out: they should be divided into sections that form representative classes.
Keywords: QXT (FIS), function genfis2 Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, FIS-Editor, Matlab.
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Bedash Yu.A. student
Supervisor of studies: Adintsova N.P., Ph.D. of Economic Sciences North Caucasus Federal University Russia, Stavropol
ERRORS IN ACCOUNTING REPORTING: CONCEPT, REASONS, STAGES OF TESTING, FEATURES OF CORRECTION
Annotation: the article is devoted to the study of errors made in financial statements, their identification and correction. The article identifies the causes of errors, examines the stages of testing the financial statements for possible errors, as well as the periods of making, identifying and correcting errors in the financial statements.
Keywords: financial statements, error, testing of financial statements.
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Boyko O.A. student
Baikal State University Scientific supervisor: Nosyreva I.G., candidate of economics
associate professor
PROBLEMS OF YOUNG PROFESSIONALS IN AN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION
bstract: The problem of adaptation of young professionals began to receive attention only a few years ago. This problem has not been sufficiently studied, so in our work we will look at the essence of adaptation of young professionals and offer several recommendations for adaptation for employers.
Keywords: young specialist, adaptation of a young specialist, social and psychological adaptation, professional adaptation.
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Valikhanov U.S. senior lecturer
interfaculty department of physical culture and sports Andijan State University
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS OF GYMNASTS AND ACROBATS
Abstarct: The article conducts research on the comparative characteristics of the morphological status of athletes specializing in artistic gymnastics and acrobatics.
Keywords: Gymnastics, acrobatics, physical activity, athlete, shoulder length, forearms, hands, shins, head circumference, proportional, analysis, body length, characteristic, morphology
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Wang Mao student
Scientific supervisor: Platonova E.D. institute of social and humanitarian education
Moscow State Pedagogical University
FORMATION OF A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MODEL IN A BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Abstract: The article substantiates the relevance of knowledge management in modern conditions, characterized by radical changes in information and communication technologies, globalization, increased competition. The main elements of a knowledge management model in a business organization and activities that are necessary to implement an effective knowledge management process are proposed.
Keywords: information and communication technologies, globalization, competitive advantages, innovation
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Wang Mao student
Scientific supervisor: Platonova E.D. institute of social and humanitarian education
Moscow State Pedagogical University
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: CONTENT, FUNCTIONS, PRINCIPLES
Abstract. The article reveals the content of the knowledge management process, identifies three of its aspects: functional, operational and economic. The functions and principles of knowledge management in modern conditions are highlighted.
Keywords: skills, employees, competence, intangible assets, information
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: (Error Proofing, Mistake Profing, Poka-Yoke) , .
: , Error Proofing, Mistake Profing, Poka-Yoke, BIQS, , , , , .
Vasiev X.U senior lecturer at the Andijan Institute of machine-building
Maxmudov D.S. Master of Andijan Institute of machine-building
SOME METHODS OF PROTECTION AGAINST ERRORS IN LIGHT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES
Abstract: This article discusses the importance of product protection in error detection process (Error Proofing, Mistake Profing, Poka-Yoke) in light industry enterprises, detection and prevention of employee error, and ways to reduce the number of errors.
Keywords: Color Marking Method, Error Proofing, Mistake Profing, PokaYoke, BIQS, Error Protection, Incompatibility, Tape Sticker, Dynamometer, Error Detection Method.
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Grankina E.Y. student
Ural Institute of Management - branch of RANEPA Russia, Yekaterinburg
ACTIVITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF MEDICAL SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF A PANDEMIC
Abstract: This article describes the measures taken during the pandemic by the Ministry of Health of the Sverdlovsk Region to improve the quality of medical services. The paper shows the tools and mechanisms for improving the quality of medical services, describes the results of the activities carried out in the region.
Keywords: healthcare, healthcare management, medical service, quality of medical services, pandemic
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Dadakhaev M.A. FGBOU VO "PSU"
Russia, Pyatigorsk Mutushev A.A.-M. FGBOU VO "PSU" Russia, Pyatigorsk Scientific supervisor: Burnyasheva L.A., Doctor of Philos. professor of sciences
Saaduev Z.Z. FGBOU VO "PSU"
Russia, Pyatigorsk Scientific supervisor: Gazgireeva L.Kh., Doctor of Philos.
professor of sciences
" " 3(82) .1 2021
www.iupr.ru 499
THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATIZATION ON THE CONSCIOUSNESS AND SELF-AFFIRMATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL: A SOCIOPHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Abstract: The article provides a philosophical analysis of the current problem related to the information influence on the consciousness and self-affirmation of the modern personality. In the article, the authors highlight the constructive and destructive aspects of the information impact on the consciousness of the individual. They indicate that a person does not tend to be critical in selectivity when working with media information.
Key words: innovation, consciousness, self-affirmation, information impact, society, worldview, manipulation.
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: 1. Bauman Z. The Individualized Society. Cambridge, 2001. 297 . 2. . / . . .: «», 2015. 334 . 3. .., .., .. : . , 2010. 294 . 4. .., .. : . , 2014. 227 . 5. .. // - . 2009. 4. . 95-99. 6. - .. . .: , 2003. . 187-192. 7. Castells M. The Information Age: economy, society and culture. N.Y., 1998. 278 . 8. . // XXI : . .: , 1998. . 97-102. 9. .. : . .: , 2007. 437 . 10. . . .: -, 2001. 378 .
" " 3(82) .1 2021
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336.02
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Danilov A.V. master's student department of economics and economic security Central Russian Institute of Management - branch of RANGHiGS
Russia, Oryol
ESSENCE OF TAX POLICY AND ITS QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Resume: The article examines the basic concepts of tax policy: goals and objectives, functions and principles of implementation. The definition of tax policy of individual scientists is presented, as well as the author's definition of this concept is formulated.
Keywords: tax policy, tax incentives, tax system
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2021_1_82_507 ..
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Delkasheva Sh.D. assistant
Department of Hospital Therapy and Endocrinology Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan
RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY IN FERTILIZED WOMEN
Resume: The article presents a review of recent literature on an urgent global problem in obstetric and perinatal practice - iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. This pathology, despite the introduction of modern methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment, remains significant at the present time. It was found that among blood diseases in pregnant women, various forms of anemia account for 90%, of which 7590% is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Other forms of anemia are no more common than in the population of non-pregnant women.
Key words: iron deficiency state, prevention, pregnant woman, clinical and epidemiological peculiarity.
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3., .. . / .. , .. // : IV .. 1.-., 2002.-. 265-267. 4., .. . / .. , .. , JI.M. // : VII . . -., 2005.-.282-283. 5.Akinsooto, P.J. Soluble transferrin receptors in anaemia of pregnancy . / P.J. Akinsooto, T. Ojwang, J. Govender, et al. // J. Obstet. Gynaecol. -2001. -Vol. 21. 3. -P. 250-252. 6.Haram, K. Iron supplementation in pregnancy evidence and controversies . / . Haram, S. Nilsen, R. Ulvik // Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. -2001. -Vol. 80. P. 683-688 7.Nishiyama, S. Zinc and IGF-I concentrations in pregnant women with anemia before and after supplementation with iron and/or zinc . / S. Nishiyama, K. Kiwaki, Y. Miyazaki, et al. // Am. Coll. Nutr. -1999. -Vol. 18. - 3. -P. 261-267. 8.Ziaei, S. Iron status markers in nonanemic pregnant women with and without iron supplementation . / S. Ziaei, M. Mehrnia, S. Faghihzadeh // Int J Gynaecol Obstet.- 2008.- Vol. 100.- 2. -P.:130-2.
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: 616.233-002:616.248 .. ..
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Dzhumabaeva S.E. associate professor Dzhumabaev E.S.
professor head of department
Usmanova U.I. associate professor
Nasirdinov M.A. graduate student Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan
PHENOTYPES OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Annotation: The article examines the phenotypes of bronchial asthma (BA) taking into account gender differences. Allergic phenotype of BA was found in 69.4% and significantly more often among women - 74.1%. The non-allergic phenotype was found in 30.6%, as well as the BA + COPD phenotype was more
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common in men. The BA phenotype with obesity was observed in 34.8%, significantly more often in women - 43.7%, compared with men - 14.3%. Among atopic comorbidity, allergic rhinitis was found in 55.5%, conjunctivitis in 38.9%, and dermatitis in 27.8%.
Key words: bronchial asthma, asthma phenotypes, atopic comorbidity.
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Dzhumabaeva S.E., PhD associate professor
Dzhumabaev E.S., PhD professor
head of department Valieva M.U. assistant
Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijon
PHENOTYPES OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND THEIR MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION
Annotation: The phenotypes of COPD were studied, its severity, an integrated assessment of COPD was carried out. Markers of inflammation in exacerbation of COPD were determined taking into account its phenotype and gender differences.
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The results of the study showed the predominance of the bronchitis phenotype and severe COPD in hospital patients. Analyzing the markers of inflammation, it was found that the most sensitive indicator is C-reactive protein, which was increased in 100% of patients, regardless of phenotype and gender differences. In the second position, both in men and women, hyperfibrinogenemia, especially with bronchitis phenotype. And in third place increased ESR, especially in men.
Key words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, phenotypes, markers of inflammation, exacerbation, prognosis.
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2. , ( 2017 .): . . / . .. . .: , 2017. 92. 3. : / .. , .. , .. . // . 2015. - 3. . 18 23. 4. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/M.Bafadhel, S.McKenna, S. Terry et al. // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011. Vol. 184. Vol. 6. P. 662 671. 5. Blood eosinophils: a biomarker of response to extrafinebeclomethasone/formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / S.H. Siddiqui,A.Guasconi, J. Vestbo et al. // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2015. Vol. 192. P.523 525. 6. COPD related bronchiectasis; independent impact on disease course and outcomes. / T. Gatheral, N. Kumar, B. Sansom et al.//COPD.2014.Vol.11. Iss.6. P. 605614. 7. Differences in systemic adaptive immunity contribute to the `frequent exacerbator' COPD phenotype [lectronicresourse] / J. X. Geerdink, S. O. Simons, R. Pike et al. // Respiratory Research. 2016. Vol. 17. Access mode:https://respiratory research. biomedcentral. com/articles/ 10,1186/s12931 016 0456 y 8. Holguin F. Oxidative Stress in Airway Diseases / F. Holguin // Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2013. Vol. 10. P. 150 157. 9. Lessons from ECLIPSE: a review of COPD biomarkers [lectronicresourse] / R. Faner, R. Tal Singer, J. H. Riley et al. // Thorax Published Online. 2013. Access mode: http://thorax.bmj.com /content/early/ 2013/ 12/05/thoraxjnl2013204778. full.pdf+html
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Dierova N.O. senior lecturer department of "Uzbek and Russian languages" Tashkent Financial Institute
CURRENT ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF PEDAGOGY
Abstract: Pedagogical science has entered a more important period of development than ever before. Because the future of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan depends on the education of the younger generation. The article deals with topical issues of pedagogy in modern society.
Keywords: pedagogical research, scientific activity, actual problems.
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Dvydenkova T.S. student
Scientific adviser: Andreev A.V., candidate of economics Volga Region Institute of Management named after P. A. Stolypin - branch of
RANEPA Russia, Saratov
LEAN PRODUCTION AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC SECURITY
Annotation: The article considers the concept of lean production as a factor in ensuring the economic security of an enterprise. The main purpose of the article is to show how the introduction of lean manufacturing directly affects the provision of economic security. What are the main types of losses in the enterprise and how to minimize them.
Keywords: Economic security, lean production, losses, values.
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Dolgatov R. D. student
Akhmedov A. R. student
Magomedov R. F. lecturer of the Department "Accounting" Dagestan State University of National Economy
Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala
ABOUT THE PECULIARITIES OF ACCOUNTING IN TOURIST ORGANIZATIONS
Annotation: The article describes the features and differences of accounting in travel organizations
Key words: accounting, travel agent, tour operator, tourism
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Drozdov I.A. master's student, Russia, Yekaterinburg
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SYSTEM OF STRATEGIC PLANNING OF STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF HEALTHCARE AT THE LEVEL
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE PROBLEMS OF OPTIMIZING THE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION OF THE DOCUMENTS (NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS) THAT MEDIATE ITS
IMPLEMENTATION)
Annotation: the article is devoted to the analysis identified the author of the unique phenomenon of regulation to the strategic planning of the state policy in the sphere of health of the Russian Federation, expressed in hitherto not known domestic practice of public management number of regulatory legal acts of the
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Federal level, which contains the goals, objectives and key priorities of strategic development of the industry under consideration of public administration. The article presents well-reasoned arguments about the suboptimality of such an approach to regulation, as well as recommendations to the authorized management entities on considering the possibility of revising approaches to the systemstructural construction of strategic planning documents, their greater internal optimization and reduction.
Keywords: public administration, public policy, strategic planning, health care, programs, plans, goal setting, consistency.
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Zhokhongirova O.N. Rasulov U.Sh.
Andijan Institute of Rural farms and agricultural technologies
MYCOBIOTA OF THE FAMILY SOLANACEAE (TOMATOES, EGGPLANTS, BULGARIAN PEPPER, POTATO) IN THE FERGANA
VALLEY
Abstract: Nowadays, in the diet of people there are a lot of different food products, although, of course, many of them are artificial, industrially created and it is impossible to call them a full-fledged food. Sooner or later, many people come to this conclusion, who have at least a drop of common sense left. But not everyone knows and thinks about the benefits of vegetables that they eat every day.
People are used to thinking that apart from the presence of nitrates and pesticides in vegetables (a side effect of modern agriculture), vegetables are healthy by default, because these are food products created by nature itself for our food.
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The tomato and cucumber salad has become a classic for us. However, just three hundred years ago, these vegetables were not familiar to our ancestors. How much our diet has changed and whether it is so beneficial to have international food on the table can be seen in the example of nightshades.
Key words: mycobiota, agriculture, vegetables, nutrition, diet.
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5. Meir S., Rosenberger I. Improvements of the postharvest keeping guality and colour development of bell peppers //Post harvest Biol. Teshnol, 1995. 5. -S. 303-309. 6. Weichmann G. Gagerung von Gemüse. 1. Dt. Garten bau. 1978, 32, 23: 958-959/ 7. Yarbauchey yvan, Mitreva nedelya. Effect of fertilizers on hungan ohvironment in Bulgaria "Q nal. Plant et mater veg". 1972, 22. - 1. - p. 54-64.
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Zhumaev A.A. assistant of the department "Power supply of water and agriculture"
TIQXMMI BF Ruziboev M.M.
student TIQXMMI BF Kholbutaev A.V.
student TIQXMMI BF Khamroyev I.F.
student TIQXMMI BF
METHODS FOR CREATING A SOLAR CHARGER BATTERY CHARGING CONTROL UNIT WHEN CREATING AN ALTERNATIVE
AND RENEWABLE UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY
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Abstract: The task of the battery charging unit controller for charging a solar battery is to create a mobile and renewable energy source. View of a battery charging unit using a solar panel Ideal block diagram for supplying electricity to solar consumers.
Key words: Alternative and renewable energy, battery, solar battery, controller.
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9. FU Zhurayev, GF Khamrayev, AN Zhurayev. Technology of reclamation machines application in the conditions of irrigated agriculture // The Way of Science, 2014. 3. c. 32. 10. KN Sabirov, NS Hamroev, GF Khamroyev Prospects for the development of tourism animation activities // , 2020. 11. . 335-338.
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372.854
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Juraeva N.M. senior lecturer Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Akhmadjonova U.T.
assistant Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute
Uzbekistan, Jizzakh
USING CREATIVE WORK IN CIRCLES
Annotation: Physics, which is a fundamental science that is at the forefront of science and technology, is an experimental science at its core. In this science, theoretical concepts, patterns have their own experimental foundations and practical evidence. That is why it is important to organize and conduct demonstration experiments and practical work as an integral and complementary part of lectures on teaching physics.
Keywords: Demonstration, circle sessions, electrodes, vegetables
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Zairov Sh.Sh., doctor of science professor of the department of "Mining"
Normatova M.J., doctor of philosophy associate professor of the department of "Mining"
Xudoynazarov Sh.Z. student
Navoi state mining institute Rep. Uzbekistan, Navoi
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF DUST SUPPRESSION IN CASE OF MASS EXPLOSIONS IN QUARRIES
Abstract: The article considers a method for reducing dust and gas emissions, which provides an increase in the efficiency of dust suppression and an increase in the efficiency of explosive energy in mass explosions at quarries.
Keywords: quarry, blasting, drilling, tamping, dust and gas, dust control, mass explosion, environmental conditions and the parameters of dust-gas contamination, explosive gases, heat losses, pressure of gases of explosion, the density of loading of explosives.
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Ibragimov D.N. department of propedeutics of internal diseases
Andijan State Medical Institute
A NEW APPROACH TO CORRECTIONAL INSUFFICIENCY CORRECTION IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION
Abstract: It is known that heart failure in the acute period of myocardial infarction increases the risk of hospital mortality 3-4 times and by 55% in the first 30 days after acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Prevention and correction of clinical manifestations of heart failure in this group of patients is mandatory, life-saving, the use of drugs for this purpose can significantly reduce the early and long-term mortality from myocardial infarction. The selection of drug therapy in patients of a vulnerable group - elderly and senile age - is especially relevant.
The clinical case presented in the article is an example of real clinical practice, when available drug therapy that improves the prognosis of elderly patients with ACS is not always used by practitioners.
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Key words: coronary insufficiency, myocardial infarction, old age, correction.
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: 1. : . . ... . . / . -- 2010. -- 24 . 2. . . / . . // - . -- 2008. -- 6. -- . 4146. 3. . . / . . , . . , . . [ .] // . . . . -- 2009. -- . 10, 9. -- . 22. 4. . . : -- / . . // . . . . -- 2009. -- . 10, 4. -- . 2232. 5. . . / . . , . . , . . [ .] // . -- 2009. -- 2. -- . 1012. 6. . . / . . , . . , . . [ .] // . . . . -- 2009. -- . 10, 9. -- . 25. 7. . . ( ) 70- . / . . , . . , . . [ .] // . . . . -- 2009. -- . 10, 9. -- . 185. 8.Hwang M. H. Preoperative identification of patients likely to have left ventricular dysfunction after aortic valve replacement. Participants in the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease / M. N. Hwang, K. E. Hamermeister, C. Oprian [et al.] // Circulation. -- 2009. -- Vol. 80. -- P. 16576. 9.Lung . Prognosis of valve replacement for aortic stenosis with or without coexisting coronary heart disease : a comparative study / . Lung [et al.] // J. Heart Valve Dis. -- 2010. -- Vol. 2. -- P. 430439.
" " 3(82) .1 2021
www.iupr.ru 563
: 66,667/543.57
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: . . .
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Islamova S.T., doctor of philosophy in technical sciences assistant of the department of medical chemistry Andijan State Medical Institute
ISSUES OF IDENTIFICATION OF PAINT AND VARNISH MATERIALS BY THERMAL ANALYSIS
Abstract: The article reveals the features of the identification of paint and varnish materials by the method of thermal analysis. The thermal behavior of the samples depends on the chemical composition and the amount of added components. Methods of thermogravimetric analysis were developed in the mode of control of metrological characteristics using standard samples of paint and varnish materials.
Keywords: Paint material, thermal analysis, Paulik-Paulik-Erdei system derivatograph, FAT-000 BPR BASE COAT SOLID, BPR BASE COAT (GAZ).
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" " 3(82) .1 2021
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.: 667/339.543 .., PhD
: , .
: , , , -, Royalpox, Neolite, Royaltex, Traffic, Royal mel.
Islomova S.T., PhD assistant
Andijan State Medical Institute
MODERN METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF PAINT AND VARNISH MATERIALS IN CUSTOMS EXPERTISE
Annotation: The results of the study allow us to develop an algorithm for assessing the authenticity of paint and varnish materials in order to classify them unambiguously in accordance with the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as to identify the facts of falsification during customs clearance of this category of goods.
Keywords: Identification, paintwork, classification, IR spectroscopy, Royalpox, Neolite, Royaltex, Traffic, Royal mel.
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, .
: 1. .., ., . - // . - 2015. - 3. . 200-205. 2. Islomova S.T., Xamraqulov G., Baxtiyorova L., Xamraqulov . Identification and classification of goods 32 groups of the commodity nomenclature of foreign
economic activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan // «Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences». -7-8. Vienna. -2015. - P. 46-52. 3. .., ., . // « », -, -2015. -3. - . 51-55.
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Ismanova M.S. master
department of otorhinolaryngology Narbaev Z.K., candidate of medical sciences
assistant professor department of otorhinolaryngology
Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SURGICAL METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF EXTERNAL NOSE DEFORMATION IN SCHOOL AGE
CHILDREN
Resume: Nasal breathing is a normal physiological act. Reflexes arising from the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity regulate and maintain the normal functioning of the whole organism as a whole. Long-term disturbance of nasal breathing leads to a number of problems, including the development of various forms of chronic rhinitis, pathology of the paranasal sinuses, auditory tube and
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middle ear, inflammatory diseases of the pharynx, larynx, and lower respiratory tract, adversely affects the functional state of the cardiovascular system, leads to a whole range of neurological disorders.
Key words: allergic rhinitis, meningoencephalocele, polypous rhinosinusitis, spontaneous nasoliquorrhea.
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: 1. .. JlOP- // .2006.- 3 (22).- .33-37. 2. .., .. / - (, 20-21 1990).- .- 1990,- .62-63. 3. ., .. // ..- 2005.-2.- .43-44. 4. .., .. // .- 2008.- 5 (36).- .3-7. 5. .. .- .: , 1956.- 429. 6. .. // .-1934,-1..504-510. 7. .. / .: . 35- . ...- .- 1936.- . 164-180. 8. .. // .- 1928. 4-5. .504-510. 9. H.A. : .....- ,1970.- 36. 10. .., .. // .- 1951.- 2,- . 1825. 11. . .. // ..-1993.- 1..40-46. 12. .. - // .- 1964.- 2.- .68-72.
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378
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Israilov M. Botirova S.Ya. Academy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan
STRENGTHENING THE KNOWLEDGE OF MASS AND ENERGY IN THE MIND OF YOUTH
Abstract: The given article is dedicated to the arguments about mass and energy also there are opinions about mass and energy. There has been pionted out mathematical calculations of energy and mass equivalency and the dependence of mass on speed. This article, first of all, evokes our gifted students and other readers to think and analyse the question once more.
Key words: inertial mass, gravitation mass, rest mass, equivalence, pressure of light, power of light, the density of energy, light pulse, relativistic mass, hidden energy, rest energy, photon mass.
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: 1. O'lmasova M.H. Fizika. Optika, atom va yadro fizikasi. 3-kitob. T.: "Cho'lpon nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi", 2010 2. .. . .: « », 1990. 3. .. . .: « », 2001. 4. .. . III. .:»». 1956. 5. http: // www.phys.msu.ru 6. http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru
" " 3(82) .1 2021
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7. http://cdfe.sinp.msu.ru/index.ru.html 8. WWW.Inp.nsk.su ( )
" " 3(82) .1 2021
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: 08.00.05 ..
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Isroilov Sh.Sh. lecturer at the department of theory and methods of tennis, badminton
Uzbek State University of Physical Culture and Sports
BASICS OF TENNIS TACTICS
Annotation: This article discusses the goal of playing tennis and its game tactics for success
Key words: Tennis, game, tactics, situation, training, strategy
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: 1. Yakubjanova, H. Y. (2018). ENVIRONMENTAL ECOTOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN INNOVATIVE WAY. , (3), 108-110. 2. , . Foreign experience in the development of ecotourism in Uzbekistan. ,(5) 2016. 858-861 3. Tuyboevna, K. S. (2020). Interactive method one of the most popular types of today's pedagogical technologies. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 8 (11), Part II, 83-92. 4. Karimova Sanobar Tuyboevna. (2020). Using the educational electronic resource phet in the teaching of physics. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 10 (6). 1424-1426. 5. Karimova Sanobar Tuyboevna. (2021). About the use of interactive method and phet electronic resource in educational process. Middle European Scientific Bulletin, 8. https://doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2021.2.164
" " 3(82) .1 2021
www.iupr.ru 582
: 13.00.04 ..
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Isroilov Sh.Sh. lecturer at the department of theory and methods of tennis, badminton
Uzbek State University of Physical Culture and Sports
THE ROLE OF THE TEAM IN THE FORMATION OF THE PLAYER'S PERSONALITY
Annotation: This article discusses the main task of the coach - the formation of a cohesive team of athletes and the player's personality
Key words: Game, coach, team, personality, role, competition, sport
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: 1. Abdullaeva Nasiba Burronovna. (2020). Integration Of Scientific And Rational And Artistic And Aesthetic Aspects In Design And Art. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(8s), 1334 - 1336. 2. NafosatZikirova,Nasiba Abdullayeva, Ozoda Nishanova, Baktior Djalilov, Enajon Nishanbayeva. (2020). Issues On Using Interactive Strategies In Teaching Process. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12 (02), 2753-2756. 3. Nafosat, Z., Nasiba, A., Ozoda, N., Baktior, D., & Enajon, N. (2019). Interactive strategies and methods of education. 4. Abdullaeva, N. B. (2015). THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE AESTHETIC COMPONENT IN DESIGN. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 9(29), 169-171. 5. , . (2014). . Credo new, (3), 14-14. 6. , . . , 2/4/2017, 70-72. 7. KAMALOVNA, N. T., KHABIBOVNA, G. M., AKHMEDOVNA, N. M., MUKHTORJANOVNA, L. N., & KIZI, Z. H. O. (2020). MECHANISMS OF IMPROVING SOCIAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN: RISK INDICATORS AND STATISTICS (IN THE CONTEXT OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE). Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(4), 38-41.
" " 3(82) .1 2021
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8. Nurmatova, M. A. (2014). Nekotoryie osobennosty dukhovno-nravstvennogo vospitaniia studentov meditsynskikh vuzov [Some peculiarities of spiritual and moral education of medical university students]. Molodoi uchenyi [Young scientist], 6, 868-870. 9. Nurmatova, M. A. (2014). Zhabborova Yu. D., Umarova N. Kh., Khudaiberdiev AK Some features of the spiritual and moral education of students of medical universities. Young scientist, (6), 868-870. 10. Nurmatova, M. (2009). Shaxs kamolatida axlqoiy va estetik qadriyatlar uyg`unligi. Toshkent:"Universitet, 53. 11. , . . (2009). . , (1), 84-86. 12. , , - . - , (1) 2016. 67-71. 13. , . . (2014). . Credo new, (3), 17-17. 14. Yuldasheva, M., Nurmatova, M., & Tolipova, O. ADVANTAGES OF USING GAME TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION. 15. NURMATOVA, M. The theory of the harmonization of moral and aesthetic values in the history of the development of Eastern thinking: comparative analysis. AVICENNA, 54.
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338.515 ..
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Ishchenko E.V. master's degree FSBEI HE "Togliatti State University» Russian Federation, Tolyatti
DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF STATE BUDGETARY
HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS
Annotation: The article provides directions for improving the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity of state budgetary healthcare organizations. The article considers the definitions: «entrepreneurial activity of medical organizations» and «percentage of profit earned from service».
Key words: entrepreneurial activity, state budgetary healthcare organizations, percentage of profit earned from service, directions for improving the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity of state budgetary healthcare organizations.
, .
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...................................................................................... 3
Abdirakhimova M.N., ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS .......................................................................................................... 3
Abdullaev S.X., Mamadaliev A.Z., ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS OF PEDAGOGICAL MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT CULTURE ............8
Abdullaev Kh.A., THE ROLE AND CURRENT SITUATION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE REGION'S ECONOMY............................................... 12
Abduvasikova D.D., THE ROLE OF MODERN TEACHING METHODS INTERACTIVE METHODS, INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS............................................................................... 16
Akhmadzhonova Yo.T., Akhmadzhonova U.T., "PRESS CONFERENCE" IN THE DELIVERING OF CHEMISTRY ............................................................... 20
Almenova G.P., ECONOMIC VALUE GLICIRRHIZA GLABRA L.BUNGE. FROM THE FAMILY FABACEAE LINDL. CROP WILD RELATIVES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN ...... 23
Almenova G.P., THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF CROP WILD RELATIVES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS FROM THE FABACEAE LINDL. FAMILY REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN .............................................................. 27
Avazov N.R., REFLECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE IN MUKIMI'S WORKS .............................................................................................................. 31
Azamova D., MUSIQA --FOYDALI SANAT ................................................. 35
Bazarov F.O., TAX FACTORS FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: STATUS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS............... 37
Berdiqulova M.E., O'SMIRLIK DAVRIDA ALTRUISTIK XUSUSIYATLARNING PSIXOLOGIK AHAMIYATI ..................................... 46
Bokiyev M.M., FERROSEN REMOVAL REACTIONS..................................... 49
Dexkanboyev I.S., THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT IN ACHIEVING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ................................................................................ 53
Dexkanov S.S., THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPITAL MARKET .................................................................................. 57
Egamberganova F.Sh., MARKETING AUTOMATION-BENEFITS AND COSTS ................................................................................................................ 60
Ergasheva N.K., INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING GRAMMAR ........................................................................................................ 64
Ermukhametov S., THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN CHOLPON'S WORK................................................................................................................. 68
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Erniyazova Sh.S., STATE ACTIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF ANTI-CRISIS POLICY .............................................................................................................. 71
Fayzullayev J.S., THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TARIFF SYSTEM IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT............................................... 75
Holbekova M., Mamajonova M., Holbekov Sh., COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES .................................. 83
Iminov I.Kh., Melikuziyev Sh.M., Urinov I.Sh., THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................ 86
Inomjonova D., THE STUDY OF THE GEOECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF A BIG CITY............................................................................................................ 90
Islamova S.T., FEATURES OF IDENTIFICATION OF PAINT MATERIALS BY THERMAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 94
Ismailov T.Kh., CHARACTERISTICS OF KHOREZM DOSTON ART............ 96
Ismoyilov M.I., TURK SIVILIZATSIYASI: XUNNLAR IMPERIYASINING DUNYO DAVLATCHILIK TARAQQIYOTIGA TA`SIRI ................................ 99
Isroilova N.Kh., Mamatova N.K., Mamatov R.R., METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING GERMAN AS A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE .................. 103
Kadirov D., FUNCTION OF ACCUSATION IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UZBEKISTAN............. 107
.., ., ................................. 111
Kazakov O., Ahmedov A., THE ROLE OF THE LEADER IN INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTERPRISE ..................................................... 116
Khakimova Sh.R., Juraeva I., PROBLEMS OF REFLECTION OF TRADITIONS IN LINGUISTIC COUNTRY-STUDY TEXTS ................................................ 120
Khalilova O.A., FUNDAMENTALS OF LEXICOLOGY ................................. 125
Khalmirzaeva S.S., HUMAN ECOLOGY ......................................................... 129
Kharatova Sh.Kh., INNOVATIVE METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH .... 132
Khasanova B.J., MARKETING RESEARCH ON THE USE OF VACCINE MEDICINES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN..................................... 135
Khayitov B., Abdullaev M., Tavakkalova D., Khakimova Kh., INFLUENCE OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATER-BASED FOOD PRODUCTS ON THE QUALITY OF WAX WORMS .......................................................... 139
Kilicheva F.B., THE METHOD OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A SCIENCE .......................................................................................................... 143
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Koysinaliev N., Erkinov S., Ahmadjonov M., IMPROVING THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF HIGHWAYS USING PLASTIC MATERIALS IN RESPONSE TO TODAY'S DEMAND ........................................................................................ 146
Mahammadjonov T.A., REGISTRATION AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT LEARNING....................................................................................................... 150
Majidov F.A., EFFICIENT USE OF HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES IS ONE OF THE MEANS OF INCREASING THE LIVING STANDARDS OF THE POPULATION .................................................................................................. 154
Mamajonov M., Kholmirzaev M., GEODESIC WORK IN THE PROCESS OF DESIGN TO ENSURE TRAFFIC SAFETY ON ROADS................................. 157
Mamarizayeva S.Y., XALQ OG`ZAKI IJODI ELEMENTLARINING INGLIZ TILI DARSLARIDA QO`LLANILISHI............................................................ 161
Mamatova N.A., ON SOME ISSUES OF TEACHING ONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH.......................................................................................................... 164
Mamazulunov N., INORGANIC PHOSPHATE AND PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE ............................................................................................ 167
Mansurov O.F., IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN ................................................................ 170
Mansurova M.Kh., EFFECTIVE USE OF PEDAGOGICAL VIEWS OF ABDULLA AVLONI IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS .................................... 172
Maxmudov N.A., Ochilov T.Yo., Kamolov O.Ya., Ashurxodjaev B.X., Abdug'aniev Sh.A., Xodjayev S.M., TiN/Cr/Al2O3 AND TiN/Al2O3 HYBRID COATINGS STRUCTURE FEATURES AND PROPERTIES RESULTING FROM COMBINED TREATMENT ................................................................. 176
Mirzahmedov I.K., SOILS OF THE KOKAND OASIS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL RECLAMATION .................................................................... 182
Murodov O.U., Teshayev U.O., Amrulloev O.I., Islomov S.U., DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF UNDERGROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION OF TARIK ................................................................................. 187
Nabiyeva G.O., THEMATIC CONTROL OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE AS AN EFFECTIVE PROCESS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY ........................... 192
Naimov E.G., Khudayberdieva Kh.U., TOPICAL ISSUES OF THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING INFORMATICS ...................................... 196
.., - - - .................. 199
Nematov A., Shadyeva N., ECOTOURISM OPPORTUNITIES IN THE BUKHARA REGION........................................................................................ 206
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Nuratdinov Z.Y., THE NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF TEACHER-PPUPIL SCHOOL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF KARAKALPAK JIROV ART ......... 212
Nurmatova I., Tillaboeva S., Vaxobova G., Mamatobilova A., Abdubannopova Sh., THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF INCREASING THE EXPORT POWER OF THE REGION.............................. 215
Oblakulov Kh.A., Kalonov B.H., THE IMPACT OF NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES OF NAVOI REGION ON THE LIFESTYLE OF THE POPULATION .................................................................................................. 218
Oblakulov Kh.A., Buranov Y.R., DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION OF NAVOI REGION............................................................................................................ 222
Orinboyev K.N., Orziyev A.A., MAIN CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF WORK, COMPETENCE AND PROFESSIONALISM OF THE TRAINER..... 228
Ortikov D.O., BASES OF ENSURING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW .................................................................. 232
Otaniyozova M.O., COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING............... 236
Qodirov R.Sh., SOME COMPLEX PROTEINS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................................... 242
Qosimov A., SOLUTION OF PROTEINS AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT.. 245
Rakhmatullayev A., Ravshanov A.Kh., Ravshanov Sh.A., GEO-ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF OASIS LANDSCAPES OF ZARAFSHAN VALLEY ........... 248
Raxmatova D., O'ZBEK XALQ POETIK IJODIDA MILLIY QADRIYATLARIMIZ VA XALQ QO'SHIQLARIMIZNING TUTGAN O'RNI................................................................................................................ 253
Raxmonkulova N.B., SOLAR POWERED LASERS ........................................ 257
Rejapov A.A., LEARNING METHODS OF ENGLISH IN UZBEKISTAN ..... 260
Rustamova D.D., SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL BASES OF FORMATION OF INNOVATIVE PROCESSES IN THE SYSTEM OF INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE AGRARIAN SPHERE..................................... 263
Saydivaliyeva B.S., ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL SIGNIFICANT QUALITIES ...................................................................................................... 273
Shermatov G.G., SITUATIONAL APPROACHES TO EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP................................................................................................... 278
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Shodmonkulova N.F., HOW IS AN UNUSUAL THINKING SKILL OR CREATIVITY FORMED? ................................................................................ 281
Solidjonov D.Z., THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON EDUCATION: ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ......................................................... 284
Sultanova D.T., PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN .................................................................................................. 289
Tog'ayeva D.M., ISLOM TARAQQIYOT BANKI VA O'ZBEKISTON: IQTISODIY DIPLOMATIYA TARAQQIYOTI YOLIDA .............................. 293
Toliboboeva Sh.J., THE CATEGORY OF EMOTIVENESS IN LITERARY WORKS ............................................................................................................ 299
To'rayev S.S., Mahmudov Y.G., IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING PHYSICS "MECHANICS" AT SCHOOL IN INTERDISCIPLINARY SYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................ 303
Turakulova M.B., Abdusattarova U., THE IMPORTANCE OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION ..................... 307
Turakulova B.N., SPECIFIC FEATURES OF STYLISTIC DEVICES IN ENGLISH.......................................................................................................... 310
Tursinov A.J., POSSIBILITIES OF ENSURING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BASED ON INNOVATION .................................................................................................. 315
Umarov X., Xolyigitova B., Ergasheva O., BOLALAR DUNYOQARASHINING SHAKLLANISHIDA BADIIY ADABIYOTLARNING RO'LI........................ 319
Urazaliev M.K., PECULIARITY OF CORRUPTION ....................................... 322
Usmanova N.M., PEDAGOGIKA OLIY O'QUV YURTLARIDA GENETIKA VA SELEKSIYA ASOSLARIGA OID MAVZULARNI O'QITISHDA AMALIY MASHG'ULOTLAR TAHLILI VA AHAMIYATI ........................................... 329
Usmonova G.A., Jumaboyeva U.H., CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANGUAGE .............. 333
Usmonova G.A., Isroilova Sh.B., O'rinboyeva D.I., ASSIMILATION OF BORROWED WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE ................................................. 337
Usmonova M.A., ABOUT SOME ASPECTS OF FAMILY EDUCATION ...... 341
Xadjimatov R.S., Xojimatova G.M., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR AND THEIR HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................... 344
Xasanova M., USING MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY............................................ 347
Xosilov M.Sh., PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING THE VIRTUE OF RELATIONSHIP IN TEENAGERS' THINKING............................................. 350
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