FOR ENG INEER S AND ENG INEER ING MA NAGERS APRIL 26, 1974 Large single-computer systems are increasingly being replaced by decentralized installations, consisting of multiple minis, data networks, microprocessors and intelligent terminals. The results? More flexible operation, simplified software and reduced computer downtime. For the latest trends in computer design, turn to P. 61. Bntosan time and moner on .1&8"eonneeton. Dale's EBT 156 Edgeboard gets you back to money-saving basics. It's a simple design. Single read out. Tuning fork contacts. Handles 1/16" boards and doesn't complain about thickness variations. Best of all , this simplicity gives the EBT 156 the kind of basic reliability that iets you safely cut your cost per contact. In many applications it's an excellent replacement for the bifurcated models you 're now using. EBT 156 models are available with 6, 10, 12, 15, 18, or 22 contacts in a choice of wire wrap, eyelet and dip solder terminations. Polarizing can be done at the factory or in the field . Add to this the fact that we can deliver in from 2 to 4 weeks and you have all the makings of a really good deal. To find out 2·4week deliv&l'J. just how good call the factory-605-665-9301 or dial 800-645-9200 for the name of your nearest Dale Representative. DALE ELECTRONICS, INC. East Highway 50, Yankton , S.D. 57078 A subsidiary of The Lionel Corporation In Germany: Dale Electronics GMBH, 8 Munchen 60, Falkweg 51 In Canada : Dale Electronics Canada , Ltd. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 246 ' · HP's new 5082-7750 series -HPdisplays are bigger thanever! Now you can get a big, readable 0-43 inch LED display without sacrificing the simplicity and economy of single chip per segment design. Bright enough to clearly see 20 feet away. HP's 5082-7750 series display features the same wide viewing angle, excellent readability and the same pin configuration as our 0.3 inch 5082-7730 series displays. Just $ 3.50 each in 100 quantities* Contact Schweber, Hall-Mark or the Wyle Distribution Group for immediate delivery. Or, write us for more details. This is one display you won't want to miss. 01·0JA *Domestic USA price only. EL ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 INFORMATION RETRIEVA L NUMBER 2 HEWLETT. PACKARD Sales and service from 172 offices In 65 countries. 1so1 Page M111 Road Palo Alto. Cahtom 1a 9430' We shaped up DC Solid state relay with controlled rise and fall time Take a good solid state DC relay Teledyne 's 603, for example - add some shaping circuitry so its response waveshape is carefully altered (rise time, turn-off slope, etc.) , and something good happens for designers. In-rush currents for capacitive and lamp loads are limited , and so are turn-off transients for inductive loads. Also, controlled rise and fall time minimize EMI and switching transients. An excellent choice for applications like process control systems, and machine tool controls, the 603 is optically isolated, with sensitive control input (directly compatible with TTL). It's available for loads up to5 amps, 50 VDC. The 603 also features Teledyne's exclusive " adaptive" packaging ... screw or quick-disconnect terminals for chassis mounting, pins for PC boards. If your application is less critical about in-rush currents and transients, you can order the 603 without controlled rise and fall time ; it's identical, with a fast clean conventional waveshape. If you want to switch even higher level loads, shape up and call Teledyne. .._~ TELEDYNE RELAYS 3155 West El Segundo Boulevard Hawthorne, California 90250 Telephone (213) 973-4545 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 3 2 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 NEWS 29 News Scope 61 Computer '74 special issue, featuring current trends in computer technology. Topics covered include: Trends in distributed computing; applications of microprocessors; software in minicomputers; all about intelligent terminals and floppy discs; the computer in industrial process control; optics and computers; an intervi,ew with a pioneer in the computer industry and shortages in the computer industry. 41 Washington Report TECHNOLOGY 142 Basic microcomputer software: Algorithm for a traffic-light controller illustrates principles that can be used with any MOS/LSI microprocessor. 150 Microprocessor ICs improve instruments. With the newer designs, an increasing variety of test functions can be provided by software and additional memory. 158 Hitch your telemetry system to a mini. For modest cost, you get high data rates, real-time conversion to engineering units and tape output in standard formats. 168 Minimize computer 'lcrashes." Analysis of asynchronous conditions within a machine points to unavoidable errors, but there are eight ways to ease the problem. 176 Approximate logs easily with a simple combinatorial circuit. A few ICs let you multiply, divide, and calculate any root of any power of two. 186 Program cuts logic-design costs by letting you select with a computer the set of prime implicants that best meets your requirements. 192 Program gives filter time response based on Laplace transform techniques. Exact solutions are provided for a variety of pulsed waveforms. 198 New rules for faster design. Shortages of components, market changes, diminishing lead times-all call for a shrewder, more informed engineer. 202 Ideas for Design: 10-MHz differential video line receiver built with monolithic IC transistor array ... Transistor reduces output variation in three-terminal regulator circuit ... A few extra components adapt 741 op amps for high- voltage-swing applications. 208 Design Decisions: DPM forms the basis for inexpensive faboratory temperature measurernents. , 210 International Technology PRODUCTS 214 Computer Conference products 225 Data Processing: Time-share graphics plotted automatically on a scope. 226 Data Processing: Fiber-optic link transmits data at 80 Mbit/s for 100 ft. 230 Data Processing: Optical tape reader speeds at 450 characters a second. 236 Instrumentation: Spectrum analyzer takes dynamic-input-range title. 244 Modules & Subassemblies: 16-channel acquisition system includes controls. 254 Integrated Circuits 266 Discrete Semiconductors 258 Components 271 Power Sources 264 Microwaves & Lasers 278 Packaging & Materials ' Departments 51 Editorial: We lie a lot 290 Bulletin Board 7 Across the Desk 291 Vendor's Report 284 Design Aids 296 Advertisers' Index 285 Application Notes 298 Product Index 286 New Literature 300 Information Retrieval Card Cover: Photo by Frank Chow, courtesy of General Automation , Inc. ELECTRONIC DESIGN is published biweekly by Hayden Publishing Company , Inc.. 50 Essex St.. Rochelle Park, N . J. 07662. James S. Mulholland Jr., President. Printed at Brown Printing Co .. Inc.. Waseca, Minn . Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minn .. and New York, N. Y., postage pending Rochelle Park, N . J . Copy- right © 1974, Hayden Publishing Company, Inc. 84,392 copies this Issue. ELECTRO IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 3 LEAD -------..\ - - - - - - E N D SLUGS GLASS SLEEVE _ _ _ _____, ~----CHIP CAPACITOR U.S. Capacitor Corp. has done something elegant for high volume capacitor users . . . MONO-GLASS. This glass encapsulated monolithic ceramic capacitor offers something special: for the Design Engineer looking for cost reduction and dependability; for the purchasing agent looking for low price with fast delivery; for the incoming Q.C. inspector who is looking for reliability. DURABILITY: Our hermetically sealed, glass-tometal construction offers these advantages: solderless internal contacts that won't reflow in your wavesoldering process; no glass fracturing during lead forming-stress is transferred to the end slugs rather than the glass sleeve. HIGH VOLUME; LOW PRICE USCC's production capability for chip capacitors is second to none. MONO-GLASS is produced by a simple assembly technique. Combine these two and you get the best possible delivery for high quantity requirements, at a budget price. RELIABILITY: USCC is the proven leader in stateof-the-art, demonstrated on N.A.S.A. life support and guidance systems. Commercial as well as military aerospace applications benefit from the high reliability features of our products-the best available. MONO-GLASS is our lowest priced ceramic axial lead capacitor, offering a new quality capability for communications, navigation and guidance, computer business machines or anywhere that high volume, low price is required. Write or call for an evaluation sample, more technical data or applications help for your special requirements. Remember, USCC-Centralab. AUTOMATIC INSERTION: If you use it, you know the substantial savings in time and cost. MONO-GLASS is designed for automatic insertion with the same equipment used for diodes and resistors. Reel packed and ready for your machines. WIDE SELECTION: Four case sizes are available ... .200 x 100; .250 x .100; .300 x .150 and .400 x .150. The 50 and 100 WVDC units offer up to .01 mfd in COG dielectric, to .18 in X7R and up to 1.0 mfd in the Y5V dielectric. - USCC/Centralab Electronics Div1s10n · Globe-Union. Inc. 2151 North Lincoln Street · Burbank, California 91504 £2131 843-4222 · TWX: 910-498-2222 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 4 ASmart Way to Beat Your Power Supply Size Problem lJ.1" t~in, 214" narrow, 2%" s~ort yet this converter produces 1000 volts DC, regulated , from a battery input of 28 VDC! It weights less than 15 ounces. This is only one of our wide variety of many small light weight converters, inverters and power supplies - th ere arc over 3000 models listed in our newest catalog, including size, weight and prices. If you have a size problem, why not send for an Abbott catalog? MIL SPEC ENVIRONMENT - All of the power modu les listed in our new ca talog have been designed to meet the severe environmental conditions required by modern ae rosp ace sys t e ms , inc:ludin g '.\I !L-E5272C and i\IIL-E-5400K. They an· herm etica lly sealed and encapsulated in heavy steel containers. 'ew all silicon units will operate at lOOOC. RELIABLE - Highest quality components are used in Abbott power modules to yield the hi gh i\ ITBF (mean time b etween failure) as calculated in th e MI L-HDBK-2 17 handbook. Typical power modules have over 100,000 hours MTBF - proving that th e quality was built in from th e beginning. WIDE RANGE OF OUTPUTS - Any voltage from 5 volts DC to 3,650 VDC is available by selecting the correct model you need from our catalog with any of a variety of inputs including: 60"'oto DC, Regulated 400~to DC, Regulated 28 VDC to DC, Regulated 28 voe to 400c,,, 1¢ or 3¢ 24 voe to 60...,, 1¢ Please see pages 581 -593 cf your 1973-74 EEM (ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS MASTER Catalog) far complete i nfor mation on Abbott Modul es. Send for our new 68 page FREE catalog. abbott transistor . LABORATORIES, NCORPORATED 5200 W . Jeffe rson Blvd ./ Los Angeles 90016 1224 Anderson Ave./Fort Lee, N.J. 07024 (213) 936-8185 Cable ABTLABS (201 ) 224-6900 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 5 6 Vice President, Publisher Peter Coley Editors Editorial Offices 50 Essex St. Rochelle Park, N.J. 07662 (201) 843-0550 TWX: 710-990 5071 Cable: Haydenpubs Rochellepark Editor-in-Chief George Rostky Managing Editors: Ralph Dobriner Michael Elphick Associate Editors: Dave Bursky Jules H. Gilder Morris Grossman Seymour T. Levine John F. Mason Stanley Runyon Edward A. Torrero Richard L. Turmail Contributing Editors: Peter N. Budzilovich Robert Wollins Editorial Field Offices East Jim McDermott, Eastern Editor P.O. Box 272 Easthampton. Mass. 01027 (413) 527-3632 West David N. Kave, Senior Western Editor 2930 West lm'perial Highway Inglewood, Calif. 90303 (213) 757-0183 Northe K. Osbrink, Western Editor 112 Coloma St. Santa Cruz, Calif. 95060 (408) 426-3211 Washington Heather M. David, Bureau Chief 2506 Eye St. , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 Editorial Production Marjorie A. Duffy Art Art Director, William Kelly Richard Luce Anthony J. Fischetto Production Manager, Dollie S. Viebig Helen De Polo Anne Molfetas Christopher G. Hill Circulation Manager, Nancy L. Merritt Information Retrieval Peggy Long Promotion Manager, Jeffrey A. Weiner Karen Kerrigan ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 (across the desk) Author defends design of v/f converter This is in reply to Joel Cohen's letter "Promises, Promises-Watch Those Specs" (ED No. 6, March 15, 1974, p. 7), in which he contended the article promised too much. I don't think the .article "Linearize Your V/ F Converter" (ED No. 23, Nov. 8, 1973, p. 112) is misleading. The question is whether the figure of accuracy is related to the fsd or the measured value. A glance at the table gives an immediate answer. The deviation from a straight line is calculated as if the whole error is in the converter. There is, however, an error in the reference source used, as in every other, and the reference level can't be determined exactly. The nonlinearity of the converter is easily covered by the error of V1°' seen in the table, even if the frequency is measure\l with an error of only one digit. One can't really say what has been checked, the v/f converter or the voltage reference. Look at the number of decades. There are two trimming points in the v/f converter. One is for zerofrequency output adjustment, with the input short-circuited. The other is used to set the conversion factor (Hz/ V) . Of course, you can't set the v/f so that the transfer curve passes exactly through origin. But it's not unreasonable to set the v/ f to oscillate at 0.01 Hz max, with the input short-circuited. The table and title state that the transfer curve does not diverge more than 0.2 Hz from a straight line. If a volt.age-tofrequency curve is plotted-one that exhibits an ideal transfer function-the measured transfer and allowable deviation show that the number of decades would be more than five, rather than less. You can easily increase the upperfrequency limit by a factor of 2 simply by doubling the clock frequency. Look at the figures of a 0.005 % , five-decade v/f converter. Even if the lower voltage limit is as high as 1 mV, it has to be measured with an accuracy of ±5Q nV and kept within this small band for a long period. There is a large noise problem involved in such measurements-as well as othe·r problems. I have shown a way to build, with only two trimming points, a v/f converter that can be compared with a voltage reference where the absolute error is only 10 µV . This was the main purpose of the article. The four hints on how to minimize the absolute error at low levels therefore refer to a further development. B engt Alvsten Fysiska Institutionen Lunds Universitet Lund, Sweden Temporal-priority circuit rais:es design questions The circuit in the Idea for Design, "Temporal-Priority Circuit Latches After Receipt of First Input Signal ( ED No. 23, Nov. 8, 1973, p. 132), has at least two problems that will bag the unsuspecting designer. First, it is possible for none of (continued on page 12) Electronic Design welcomes the opinions of its readers on the issues raised in the magazine's editorial columns. Address letters to Managing Editor, Electronic Design, 50 Essex St. Rochelle Park, N.J. 07662. Try to keep letters under 200 words. Letters must be signed. Names will be withheld on request. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 OPTRON OPTOELECTRONIC COMPONENTS STANDARD DISCRETE PACKAGES IMMEDIATE DELIVERY COMPETITIVE PRICING OPTRON'S competitively priced broad line of standard optoelectronic components range from solid state gallium arsenide emitters to silicon p_hotodiodes, phototransistors, and photodarlingtons. They are immediately available in microminiature "pill," T0-18, welded or brazed coax, and glass cylinder packages. OPTRON silicon photodetectors are compatible with either tungsten light sources or infrared LED's. The solutiongrown epitaxial gallium arsenide LED's offer high efficiency and compatibility with the silicon photodetectors. All OPTRON discrete components are available in other packages in moderate scale line quantities using standard chips. In addition, these units may be purchased as either standard or custom chips, monolithic arrays, printed circuit board assemblies, or molded assemblies. Detailed technical information on discrete components and other OPTRON opto.electronic products ... chips, assemblies and PC board arrays . . . is available from your nearest OPTRON sales representative or the factory direct. NEW CONDENSED CATALOG contains technical data on these and other OPTRON products. Request your copy today! OPTRON, INC. 1201 Tappan Circle Carrollton. Texas 75006 ® 214 / 242-6571 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 6 7 Tell you what we're not going to do. Sure, we know how to make cheaper capacitors. But not with " TRW" stamped on them . No way. Because we figure you can 't make quality capacitors and me-too capacitors under the same roof. Not without one operation eventually goofing the other one up. So if it's marked " TRW," you know you 're getting the top technology in wound-both metallized and film foil-and solid tantalum capacitors. You 're also getting a pipeline to some of the best minds in capacitor R&D, design , QC, and application engineering-ready to help you with any capacitance problem . From TV to aerospace. All this will cost you a little more per capacitor. In return , it can help your product earn a reputation for " no headaches, no surprises." What better edge in today 's marketplace? TRW Capacitors, an Electronic Components Division of TRW, Inc., Box 1000, Ogallala, Nebraska 69153. TRW.CAPACITORS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 8 10 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 Due to a 11111Jor lnclustry breakthftHllh it is now possible to get IClssed automatlcally. The breakthrough: $990 for a full-blown OEM computer in quantities of 200-the NAKED MINI®/ LSI. The possibilities? Virtually endless. With our new mini, for example, you can build the gas station of the future. Right now. Because the NAKED MINI/ LSI makes it economically feasible to handle even the most mundane jobs by computer. For instance: complete self-service gas pumping by inserting credit cards or cash. Automatic card verification. Taking "bad" cards out of circulation. Volume profiling by hour, day, month or year. Round-the-clock monitoring of activities. Alerting security centrals to vandalism, excessive gas fumes or fires. But there's a lot more. Our coplputer can also run station vending machines. Help plan gas delivery schedules. Talk to motel/hotel computers so the traveler can make advance reservations by credit card. Still, with all these added tasks, you're only using a small percentage of our available computer power. The power of our full-scale LSI processor with 168 instructions, 4K x 16 memory and fully implemented input/ output for low-cost interfacing. At $990 per mini, you can afford to take new design routes. Develop new functions that result in better mileage and more convenience for you and your customers. It could be an innovative drive for gas stations or any other business that would profit from computer automation. Write or call: Computer Automation, Inc. , 18651 Von Karman, Irvine, California 92664. Tel. (714) 833-8830. TWX 910-595-1767. THE NAKED MINr COMPANY Computer Automation, Inc. · NAKED M I N I is a registered trademark of Computer Automation. Inc. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 9 ACROSS THE DESK (continued from page 7) the 174 outputs to be true and to have the G1-G2 latch set. Using Texas Instruments' specifications for the devices, one finds the following: S04 Tphl (min) = 2 ns, H30 Tphl (min) = 3.4 ns, = 174 Tsetup (min) 20 ns. Therefore the 174 can be clocked before the data setup spec has been met, resulting in all ZERO outputs. Second, a timing condition exists where the output of the 174 (or any other flop that I am aware of) will glitc;:h for a period of several times the specified maximum propagation delay of the device. The final result of this glitch may be either ONE or ZERO from the flop. There seems to be a narrow window prior to the clocking edge, during which a change in the steering term drives the flop mad. This glitch can adversely affect downstream logic. The logic in the illustration will provide unambiguous outputs, at the expense of degraded time resolution and additional components. The delay line tapi T, is selected such that the minimum FROM Oo FROM 0 1 FROM On ENABLE OUTPUTS delay of G1 +· T 1 is greater than the minimum setup time for the flip-flop used. This ensures that at least one of the QN will be set after the strobe. T 2 is selected such that (T2-T 1 ) + Tphl (Fl) min. is greater than the -glitch width of the input flops + the priority encode delay + the decode delay. This combination ensures a valid output at = T2 after the initiating event. J.M. Brown Senior Member of the Technical Sta.ff Modular Computer Systems 1650 W. McNab Rd. Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33309 ASYNCHRONOUS L{INPUTS FLIP-FLOP RESET CLOCK ON ARRAY RESET A PRIORITY ENCODER N TO I DECODER 1 - - - - -- oA t-----OX Your closest SIGNETICS distributor is... ARIZONA Phoenix : Hamilton/Avnet Electronlcs (602) 275-7851 Phoenix : Klerutff Electronics (602) 273-7331 CALIFORNIA Culver City : Hamilton Electro Sales (213) 870-7171 El Segundo: liberty Electronics (213) 322-8100 Los Angeles : Kierulff Electronics (213) 685-9525 Mountain View : Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (415) 961-7000 Palo Alto: Klerulff Electronics (415) 968-6292 San Diego: Cramer Electronics (714) 565-1881 San Diego: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (714) 279-2421 San Diego: Kierulff Electronics (714) 278-2112 Sunnyvale: Cramer Electronics (408) 739-3011 CA NAO A Downsview: Cesco Electronics (416) 661-0220 Downsview: Cramer Electronics (416) 661-9222 Montreal: Cesco Electronics (514) 735-5511 Montreal: Hamilton/Avnet Electronlcs (514) 735-6393 Ottawa : Cesco Electronlcs (613) 729-5118 Ottawa : Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (613) 725-3071 Quebec : Cesco Electronlcs (418) 524-3518 Vancouver: Bowtek Electric Co. Ltd. (604) 736-7677 COLORAOO Denver: Cramer Electronics (303) 758-2100 Denver: Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (303) 534-1212 CONNECTICUT Hamden: Arrow Electronlcs (203) 248-3801 Georgetown : Hamillon/Avnet Electronics (203) 762-0361 North Haven: Cramer Electronics (203) 239-5641 FLORIOA Holtywooa: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (305) 925-5401 Hollywood: Schweber Electronics (305) 927-0511 Orlando: Hammond Electronics (305) 241-6601 GEO RUA Atlanta : Schweber Electronics (404) 449-9170 Norcross: Hamilton/ Avnet Etectronlcs (404) 448-0800 ILLINOIS Elk Grove: Schweber Electronics (312) 593-2740 Elmhurst: Semiconductor Speclalists (312) 279-1000 Schiller Park : Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (312) 678-6310 INOIANA Indianapolis: Semiconductor Specialists (317) 243-8271 KANSAS Lenexa : Hamilton/Avnet Electronlcs (913) 888-8900 MARYLANO Hanover: Hamrrton/Avnet Electronics (301) 796-5000 Rockville: Pioneer Washington Electronics (301) 424-3300 Rockville: Sch weber Eletlronlcs (301) 881-2970 MASSACHUSITTS Burlington: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronlcs (617) 273-2120 ~~W~;~~~c~::e~~~c~~~g:;:n\~~ ~~f;rs~1~g484 MICHIGAN Detroit: Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. (313) 255-0300 Livonia: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (313) 522-4700 Troy : Schweber Electronics (313) 583-9242 MINNESOTA Edina: Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (612) 941-3801 Minneapolis: Semiconductor Specialists (612) 854-8844 Ml~SOURI Hazelwood: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (314) 731-1144 NEW MEXICO Albuquerque: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (505) 765-1500 NEW YORK Buflato: Summit Distributors (716) 884-3450 Farmingdale, LI. : Arrow Electronics (516) 694-6800 Rochester: Schweber Electronics (716) 328-4180 Syracuse: Hamllton/Avnet Electronics (315) 437-2642 Westbury: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronlcs (516) 333-5800 Westbury : Schweber Electronics (516) 334-7474 NORTHERN NEW JERJEY Cedar Grove: Hamilton/ Avnet Electron!cs (201) 239-0800 Saddlebrook: Arrow Electronics (201) 797-5800 SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY ANO PENNSYLVANIA Cherry Hill, N.J.: Milgray·Oelaware Valley (609) 424·1300 Moorestown: Arrow/ Angus Electronics (609) 235-1900 Mt. Laurel, N.J.: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (609) 234-2133 CENTRAi NEW . IER~ Y ANO PENN3YLVANIA Somerset, N.J.: Schwebcr Electronics (201) 469-6008 NORTH CAROLINA Greensboro: Hammond Electron/cs (919) 275-6391 OHIO Beechwood: Schweber Electronics (216) 464-2970 Dayton: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (513) 433-0610 Cleveland: Arrow Electronics (216) 464-2000 Cleveland : Pioneer Standard Electronics (216) 587-3600 Kettering : Arrow Electronics (513) 253-9176 TEXAS Dallas: Cramer Electronics (214) 350-1355 Dallas : Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (214) 661-8661 Houston: Component Specialties (713) 771-7237 Houston: Hamllton/ Avnet Electronics (713) 526-4661 UTAH ~:~ t:~: g:~~ ~~~mg~~X~~c:. ~~~~lr:~~;1(~~;> 262-8451 WASHINGTON Bellevue: Hamilton/ Avnet Electronics (206) 746-8750 Seattle: Cramer Electronics (206) 762-5722 'Inaccuracies' reported in log-amp article There are inaccuracies in the article "The Hows and Whys of Log Amps" (see ED No. 3, Feb. 1, 1974, p. 52). Logarithmic diodes with seven ranges are available-off the shelf. The contention "...diodes have a (continued on page 16) 12 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 Now, a576-bit RAM for men of few words. Target~designed 64x9for45ns buffers ~d scratch pads. Making small talk just got easier. With still another world's first from Signetics. Our82S09 RAM of 576 bits: the largest bit count ever put into a bipolar RAM with more than one bit per word. This 64 x 9 is available now in volume, and multiple-sourced. What's in it for you? Say you've got a scratch pad or buffer that only calls for 16to128 words. Till now your choices were all bad news. Either you wasted ~ -= memory capacity with oversized organization and gadgety multiplexing schemes, or you strung together a lot of little RAMs. Either way, you lost. In terms of high tabs for extra circuitry, bigger boards, and the power to keep them going. Not to mention penalties 8l80ll 114x8 82808 114X9 in memory speed. BEFORE For small, dense memory applications, the unique82S09 RAM-with new cell design and enhanced 64 x 9 organization-shrinks board space requirements, lowers component count and power cost, but slams out all the speed you can handle. (Schottky technology delivers 45ns, worst case.) With all the traditiqnal bipolar RAM features in the bargain. Full decoding. Chip enable. Open collector. And a vital bonus, the ninth bit for parity. If the picture still needs a little focussing, take a minute to scan our Comparison Chart, based on production of 200 systems. AFTER r:i,:·::i':, ·::·. Parts Cost* Decoder 8225/7489 . ...... $ 2.80 96.00 $98.80 "Aller" $ 0.00 85.20 $85.20 Board Space 1.5 1.0 Access Time (1) Decoder 8225/7489 20ns sons 70ns 0 45ns 45ns Power Dissipation Decoder 8225/7489 0.1 Watt 6.4 Watts 6.5 Watts 0 1.7 Watts 1.7Watts Solder Decoder 16 0 Connections 8225/7489 256 56 272 56 ('I~ 310tA (3&1B), the total 84x 18 array acceas time la 55na. *8lgnellal flli>.up publllhelt price, Okay, talk may be cheap. So make us lay it on the line. Today, from your local distributor. CLIP THIS COUPON AHD ATTACH TO LETTERHEAD FOR FAST ACTION. Slgnetlcs-RAMa P.O. Box 3004-12 Menlo Park, California 94025 Spec ~ fll'llt, please, on the 82809, the new bipolar 45na Schottky RAM you've raved about and said la available now. Name Title ~ MallStoD 111gno11ooCorporat1on, · ~o1 Camino a1_ w_ !i!JDDliC!i INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 10 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 13 Here are two of the world's best oscilloscopes. Hewlett-Packard 1707B Tektronix 465 · Here's why you shouldn't own either one. You can lease one for as little as Call your closest Instant Inven- $45 per month. tory Center and ask us about short We can give you immediate term rentals, delivery, and other delivery on either the Hewlett- lease terms for scopes or any other Packard 1707B or the Tektronix 465, electronic equipment you need, up in quantity. to and including minicomputers. The Hewlett-Packard scope lease is $45 per month for 36 months. The Tektronix 465 is $50 per month for 36 months. Anyway you choose, leasing is the best thing that ever happened to a * Anaheim, California (714) 879-0?61 Dallas, Texas (214) 661-8082 Fort Lauderdale, Florida (305 ) 771-3500 Gaithersburg, Maryland (301 ) 948-0620 Burlington, Massachusetts (617) 273-2770 Mountain View, California (415 ) 968-8845 Oakland, New Jersey (201 ) 337-3757 Rexdale (Toronto) Ont. , Canada (416 ) 677-7513 tight capital equipment budget. Des Plaines, Illinois (312) 827-6670 You pay for your scope as you use it . . .and you pay for it out of the Rental Electronics,Inc. profits it generates. A E;;!EP.SICQ leasing company. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 11 14 E LECTRON IC D ESI GN 9, April 26 , 1974 AT NCR'S ACCOUNTING COMPUTER DIVISION ... Elco Back Panels Cul Packaging Costs By Over SO% The NCR 399 high-speed accounting system is an excellent example of expertise in design and manufacturing skills. The combination of powerful hardware and sophisticated software gives the 399 capabilities previously offered only with computers of much higher price. One reason is due to a new concept in electronic packagingElco's Economist'" press fit card-edge connector system. The press fit technique combines the economy and reliability of printed wiring (without soldering) with the versatility of solderless wrapping. Elco supplied NCR with a custom p.c. back panel, loaded with Economistn· connectors and hardware. Assembled. Ready for wiring and installation. This cut NCR's interconnecting costs by over 50% . High quality, good turnaround time, and excellent engineering assistance and back-up are extras that accompany every Elco system. As with NCR, Elco works with you to provide your manufacturing facilities with every packaging advantage they know. One source. To make production easier, less costly and more reliable. Find out how much you can save and improve on interconnections through Elco's Economist'" systems. Contact your local Elco representative for full details or specifications, or : Elco Corporation Willow Grove, Pa. 19090 (215) 659-7000 Elco Corporation 2200 Park Place El Segundo, Calif. 90245 (213) 675-3311 Connecting Today with Tomorrow '" Operations in USA, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Israel and Japan. Sales offices throughout the world. In Europe, Elco Beige, 77 Blancefloerlaan, Antwerp, Belgium, Tel. 03-190064. In the Far East, Elco International, TBR Building, 2-10-2 Nagata- cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan, Tel . 580-2711 / 5. Copyright © 1973 Elco Corp. All rights reserved . !~FORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 12 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26. 1974 15 Higher component density e e e Lower insertion costs e e e with ACROSS THE DESK (continued from page 12) \l limited logarithmic range" did not MONOLYTHIC® consider that the dual, matched transistor design has a smaller CERAMIC range. Codi abrupt-junotion devices can be specified with maximum deviations of ±2, 5 . or 10 CAPACITORS mV from the theoretical diode equaition. Sy Glasser Assistant to General Manager Codi Semiconductor Pollitt Drive Fair Lawn, N.J. 07410 STANDARDIZED DESIGN* FOR BETTER AVAILABILITY, BETTER PRICES TYPE 939C (4 capacitor sections) TYPE 934C (7 capacitor sections) TYPE 936C (8 capacitor sections) Compatible with ICs and other standard DIP devices. especially useful for noise bypassing and signal coupling in high-frequency signal or data processing systems. Molded package provides mechanical protection and reliability under seyere environmental conditions. Monolythic® construction ... alternate layers of ceramic dielectric material and metallic electrodes are fired into an almost indestructible homogeneous block. Standard ratings, 18pF to 0.1 µF@ lOOWVDC. Temperature range, -SSC to +1oc. *Other circuit configurations !including internally-paralleled capacitor sections, commoned capacitor leads, and various ratings within single package) are available on special order. Sprague puts more passive component families into dual in-line packages than any other manufacturer: e TANTALUM CAPACITORS e CERAMIC CAPACITORS e TANTALUM-CERAMIC NETWORKS e RESISTOR-CAPACITOR NETWORKS e PULSE TRANSFORMERS e TOROIDAL INDUCTORS e HYBRID CIRCUITS e TAP PED DELAY LINES e SPECIAL COMPONENT COMBINATIONS e THICK-FILM RESISTOR NETWORKS e THIN-FILM RESISTOR NETWORKS e ION-IMPLANTED RESISTOR NETWORKS For more information on Sprague O/P components, write or ca// Ed Geissler, Manager, Spe~ia/ty Components Marketing, Sprague Electric Co., 347 Marsha// St., North Adams, Mass. 01247. Te/. 413/664-4411. THE BROAD-UNE PRODUCER OF ELECTRONIC PARTS SPRAGUE . THE MARK OF RELIABILITY INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 13 16 The author replies Mr. Glasser's point is well taken. Special-purpose diodes, such as abrupt-junction types, can be fabricated or selected for wide logarithmic range. Then the diodes can be computei;-matched in pairs for I, temperature compensation. In the paragraph following the one quoted, I did say that diodcconnected, dual-maitched transistors were better than general-purpose diodes, which are usually optimized for characteristics other than log behavior. However, that doesn't tell the whole story. High-.$ duals, with geometry like ithat of the AD811, typically cost less than $1 a transistor. And they are inherently capable of as many as six decades of accurate logarithmic behavior when connected as two-terminal diodes-and even more as transdiodes. Such diodes are inherently matched, and because they are essentially isothermal, they retain the match with either transie:1t or steady-state temperature changes. A 1-C difference is equivalent b a 2-mV mismatch, which corresp'.lnds to an input ratio of log· 1 (2/70 ) = . 1.07, or an error of 7%, assum- ing mkT/ q 70 mV per/decade. Your readers may find it inter- esting to reinterpret the 2, 5 and 10-mV initial log-conformity errors in terms of percentage of the input in a log-ratio circuit, by use of the formula % = lOO(log-1 e:,,.V/70 - 1). For exampl, a 10mV error corresponds to a ratio- error of 39 %. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 150 ..... ' ' No matter where you go, you won't find a more versatile line of circular plastic connectors. AMP has a variety of design options. From mating plugs to panel-mount or free-hanging receptacles. From square flange to feed-thru pressure bulkhead receptacles. They're available with many types of contacts and arrangements. And in popular shell sizes: 11, 17, 23. What's more, there are sealing boots, strain relief/shield components, posted or solder contacts, plus standard or splashproof models. Why plastic connectors arelietter than metal ones. Besides offering greater versatility, AMP gives you high-strength, glass-filled nylon connectors that are as reliable as metal ones-but cost much less. In some ways, they're even more rugged. Because AMP Circular Plastic Connectors are resilient. Yet, up to 50% lighter. And nonconducting. Contacts to fit every need. AMP supplies a great variety of contacts fo r #8AWG to #28AWG wires. The pins a nd sockets are stamped and formed from top-quality copper alloys, and are available with either a gold or tin finish. And with AMP, you pay only for the contacts you use. AMP automatic machines. For high-speed termination. The contacts are supplied in continuous strip form. So termination is possible at volume production rates. And at the lowest possible cost to you. To be certain that you'll be able to take full advantage of these savings, AMP worldwide has over 1,000 field service and sales engineers to assist you with design and production applications. No matter where in the world you're using AMP commercial connectors. Features that lead to more savings. Built-in pin and socket protection. Quick connect/disconnect capability. Thread-assist coupling ring with positive detent locking. 5-key polarization is built in to assure proper connector mating. AMP is at the core ofreliable circular plastic connectors. No matter what industry you're in. Aircraft Office Equipment and Business Machines Computers and Peripheral Equipment Automotive Space Vehicles Appliances and Home Entertainment Products Industrial Equipment Instruments AMP has some 100 manufacturing plants, warehousing facilities and sales offices worldwide. So we can handle virtually all your circular plastic connector needs no matter where you're doing business. Call (717) 564-0100. Or write AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, Pa. 17105. ~NIP INCORPORATED AMP is a trademark of AMP Incorporated. Problem solving··· with Yictoreen High Voltage1echnology I UNORTHODOX CRT DRIVE How did we meet ever-expanding requirements for increased bandwidth and lower power consumption, coupled with the availability of highvoltage zener-type diodes (Victoreen Corotrons)? With an unorthodox drive scheme for CRT's. Basically, this scheme is a mirror-image of the conventional method. Instead of supplying the CRT anode with very high voltage, we ground the anode and supply a drive signal, riding at approximately- 1800 volts, to the grid. The advantages? Being direct-coupled there are no reactive components to limit high-end frequency response or cause roll-off -55° to 125°C. MAXI-MOX resistors have full-load drift less than 1% in 2000 hours of operation, and are available in tolerances of 1, 2, and 5% in values from lOK to 2,500M ohms. A silicone varnish conformal coating provides environmental protection while allowing a maximum hot-spot temperature of 220°C. In addition, it is compatible with commonly-used potting compounds. 4 SPARK GAPS SPARK INTEREST Victoreen MINI-MOX resistors are used widely to modify op-amp characteristics to: 1. Stabilize output and eliminate oscillation. 2. Define gain so measurements can be quantified. 3. Restrict bandwidth to the region of specific interest. Smaller than a conventional resistor and Victoreen SGSP spark gaps normally protect electrical circuits from damage from transient voltage spikes; however, Optical Radiation Corporation, Azusa, Ca. uses them to ignite a Xenon lamp in a theatrical lamphouse to project motion pictures. Xenon lamps provide two compatible with a T0-3 can, MINI-MOX resis- tors are ideal for highly-stable, low-level, min- iature electronic circuitry. They typically have a voltage coefficient of -5 ppm/volt, full-load drift of less than 2% in 1000 hours, temperature coefficient of 100 ppm, and a Quantech noise of less than 1.5 µ,V/volt at 20M ohms. They are available in values from lOOK to 10,000M ohms in 1, 2, 5 and 10% tolerances. ~ ~ - ·..· · . · at the low end. Second, the face plate of the CRT does not build up static charges which can distort the display. Even though the Corotron operates in the corona mode of discharge, it has no voltage jumps or jitters. Corotrons are not tied to "natural" operating voltages and are adjustable in manufacture from 350 to 30,000 volts. Corotrons also have a positive regulation curve eliminating possible relaxation oscillation. 2 FROG MUSCLES TO BRAIN WAVES Colleges and universities, medical research laboratories and a number of R&D firms are faced daily with the need for controlled highamplification of a wide variety of extremely low level signals. Such signals are derived from frog-muscle experiments, brain -wave measurements, cardiac research, avalanche-breakdown, currents in ionization chambers as well as from a range of constant-current sources. The operational amplifier provides the amplification required because of theoretical infinite-gain characteristics. However, at full gain an op-amp tends to be unstable and go into oscillation; further, amplified signals are difficult to fully analyze if the gain is unknown. 3 A PROBE FOR HIGH POTENTIAL Two Victoreen MAXI-MOX resistors used in series can serve as a probe in radar circuitry capable of measuring voltages up to 60,000 volts. The probe, compatible with a number of voltmeters of different manufacture, has both short- and long-term stability. Short-term stability assures negligible drift and fluctuation during measurement, while long-term stability maintains the original calibration accuracy of the probe. Each MOX-5 resistor used in the probe has a maximum operating voltage of 37,500 volts with a power rating of 12~ watts. The voltage coefficient is 1 ppm /volt over the complete voltage range of the MOX-5, while the temperature coefficient is better than 300 ppm from advantages; one, being very small and brilliant, light radiation is easier controlled; second, efficiency is higher, so smaller lamphouses with greater output result. The design won the company an Academy Award in technical achievement. In operation, the capacitor is charged until the SGSP-5000 breaks down. The stored energy is released through the transformer primary, producing a very high voltage pulse in the secondary which ignites the Xenon lamp. This provides an extremely reliable method of starting the lamp. Once ignited, operation is sustained by a lower-voltage line operated power supply. Victoreen Instrument Division ofVLN Corp. 10101 Woodland Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44104 VICTDREEN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 14 ~INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 1 SO 21 TREAT THIS 300 NSEC, NMOSMEMORY LIKE A COMPONENT JUST PLUG ITIN You 're looking at the new MICRORAM 3000N, a complete NMOS semiconductor memory on a single printed circuit card assembly. Just plug in a power supply (± 15VDC, +5VDC) and you have a fully functional memory system that cycles at 300 nsec, and accesses at 180. (A high speed version that cycles at 180 nsec. is available, too.) The MICRORAM 3000N is available for delivery to meet your production schedules. It mounts on a printed circuit card 11.74" by 15.4", and is basically compatible with our MICROMEMORY 3000 core memories. The standard 16K by 20 configuration is alterable to 32K by 10. Numerous other capacities and word lengths are also available. Like all members of the MICROMEMORY 3000 Family, the MICRORAM 3000N is available either as a single card memory or as a multi-card system in a chassis containing up to 16 memory cards, power supply, self-test and interface cards and various other options. Get the full story on the MICRORAM 3000N from your local EMM office or call Commercial Memory Products Marketing Department at (213) 644-9881. Emm ELECTRONIC MEMORIES COMMERCIAL MEMORY PRODUCTS A Division of Electronic Memories & Magnetics Corporation 12621 Chadron Ave., Hawthorne, Calif. 90250 Belgium 03 /76.69.75; United Kingdom 01/751-1213 ; W. Germany 0811 / 74.30.40 " See us at the NCC Show in Chicago. Booth 671 " INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 15 22 1'1.1 C'TRON IC DES IGN 9, April 26. 1974 now... RESISTOR NETWORKS from J30URNS The Leader in resistive component technology now brings you a line of thoroughly tested and qualified DIP and SIP Resistor Networks ... that live-up to their specifications, stand-up to your applications. BOURNS® Resistor Networks are available off-theshelf in a selection of standard configurations to replace the most popular Allen-Bradley, Beckman, Dale, Sprague, CTS, Centralab, and Mepco part numbers. QUALITY SERVICE VALUE CONSIDER WHY BOURNS IS BETTER: · Proven thick-film production expertise · Proprietary resistor ink system provides ±100ppm/° C tempco through all resistances ... from 33n to 220Kn · Better power handling characteristics · Design qualified and life tested to meet or exceed tough Mil-Standards. Inquiries for special values, schematics and specifications invited. Your local Bourns representative has complete specs, cross-reference data and order forms at the ready. Call him today .. . or the factory direct. BOURNS, INC., TRIMPOT PRODUCTS DIVISION 1200 COLUMBIA AVENUE RIVERSIDE, CALIF. 92507 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 16 '· \ The world's biggest little black box is coming your way It's a unique display of TRW Electronic Components ' newest, most excit ing products, circuit applications and ideas. A walk-through exhibit of TRW state - of-the-art technology, coming right to you. And its form is every bit as unique as its content! Picture a typical electronics chassis , grown to mammoth proportions. In fact , to the size of a 40-foot tractor-trailer; far and away the world 's biggest " little black box." Inside are scale models of all the most familiar components , but looking like nothing you 've ever seen before-because the scale is giant. Five feet high for some. Our technical experts will be on hand to answer specific questions. And you 'll get a close-in view of more than 1000 life-sized products. They represent the 14 separate divisions that, together, form TRW Electronic Components-a single entity that can be the source for all your electronic component needs. That's why it takes the world 's biggest little black box to show-and-tell our story of electronic components from A (actuators) to Z (Zener diodes) . And the show is on the road right now-right into your plant's parking lot, or somewhere nearby. We 're zig-zagging our way across country, stopping at 155 plants in 27 states. Watch for announcements of when we ' ll be in your area. TRW 's little black box is where electronics is, and we 're bringing it to where you are. Because we are TRW. TRW.ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 10880 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles , CA 90024 Connectors· Resistors· Semiconductors· Capacitors· Motors· PC Boards· Potentiometers· Transformers· Coils and Inductors· Wire and Cable WhenV talks us fli ars it'll us cores by Magnetics. Best reason on earth to rely on us for your own communications components. Magnetics' miniature tape cores were used in the computers that sent our astronauts to the moon and bett. And now we're exclusive supplier of tape cores, powder cores, nickel-iron C cores and bobbin cores for the Viking Mars Lander. In addition to reliability, we offer you a choice when it comes to your magnetic components-whether they're off-theshelf or something specially developed for your needs. Low core loss, temperature stability, frequency stability, Hi Q, low cross talk, low de shift, time stability-these are just a few of the demanding properties we can fill. For applications like filters, inverters, oscillators, load coils, bridge lifters and many others. From telephone circuits and mobile communications to space communications. To learn more about us and our broad range of components, including ferrite cores, send for our application and product literature, Bulletin APB-1. ····-- __.mR/JDETICS A DIVISION OF SPANG INOUSTRIES INC. Butler PA 16001. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER l 8 For years, people thought Teletype machines only talked to themselves. Fact is, Teletype machines have been carrying on intelligent conversations for years with some of the fastest information movers in the world. Computers. We've earned a good, solid name for ourselves in computer communications because our equipment is compatible with practically any computer-based system. Our product line proves the point. The number one standardduty data terminal in the industry is our model 33 series. And our new wide-platen model 38 offers big system features at economy system prices. Heavy-duty operation with minimum maintenance? Check out our model 35. And our model 37 series delivers the utmost in flexibility and vocabulary for complex data systems. We also build equipment for paper tape systems, as well as a magnetic tape terminal for greater on-line savings. As you can see, our reputation in point-to-point communications has served us well in computer terminals. No one comes close to us in reliability, flexibility and economy. It takes more than manufacturing facilities to build the machines Teletype Corporation offers. It also takEs commitment. From people who think service is as important as sales. In terminals for computers and point-to-point communications. That's why we invented a new name for who we are and what we make. The computercations people. TELETYPE f lrol :' For more information about any Te le type product, write or c all : TERMINAL CENTRAL; Teletype Corporation, Dept. 89F, 5555 Touhy Avenue , Skokie, Illinois 60076. Phone 312/ 982-2500 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 19 you can see why... a ·SCAN8 SELF PANEL is the best choice SELF-SCAN panels are best because SELF-SCAN panels are best because they can provide alphanumeric display they can be packaged in less than 1/2" of data - 16 to 256 characters per depth and are less costly than CRT's message - for data entry, automatic with comparable message capability. checkout systems, wherever man- The cost per light-emitting dot will machine interface takes place. amaze you. SELF-SCAN panels are best because Want to see SELF-SCAN panels they are brighter. Burroughs tech- in operation? Write the Electronic .:ELF-.:tHt~ FHNEL nology makes possible sharp characters Components Division, P. 0. Box 1226, with no fuzz iness, no loss of focus, no Plainfield, New Jersey 07061, or call distortion, a 120-degree viewing angle, (201) 757-3400 or (714) 835-7335 for and readability up to 25 feet with mini - a demonstration . mum glare and reading fatigue. SELF-SCAN panels are best because they are the most versatile selfcontained display panels commercially available. A wide variety of character generators offers 45 different displays, You can s-ee the difference including Cyrillic, Hebrew and Karakana alphabets as well as standard ASCII code. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 20 m Burroughs (news scope) APRIL 26, 1974 Hand-held computer terminal gives a full ASCII display A hand-held computer terminal that looks more like a pocket calculator than a computer input device will be introduced next month at the National Computer Conference in Chicago. Called Termiflex, the pocket-sized terminal features a 20-switch keyboard that, along with three special shift keys, can generate all 128 ASCII characters. William Turner, vice president of Termiflex Corp., manufacturer of the terminal in Nashua, N.H., notes that as data are received, whenever they want to input an instruction. Other applications for the terminal include use as an auxiliary in debugging systems, as a control device for automated drafting systems, in field service and in demonstration of computer equipment. The Termiflex also features several selectable parameters. These include communication speed, which can be 10, 15, 30 or 120 characters per sec. Parity can be chosen as e~ther odd, even, mark or space. And the transmission mode can be selected as either half or full duplex. Other selectable features include upper or lower-case letters and line j"ustifica:tion. The basic terminal, with a oneline display and a 500-character memory, costs $1190. For a twoline display with a 1000-character memory, the price is $1570. For $480 more, an acoustic coupler, power supply and carrying case are available. Four band electrodes are connected to a patient-two around the neck and two around the chest, Hagen explains. The lower neck electrode and the upper chest electrode are both used to set up a reference impedance, which eliminates the need for external calibration. The other two electrodes provide information that enables the instrument to generate a continuous flow trace. The flow trace is an electronic analog of the information normally obtained by the surgical implantation of an electromagnetic flowmeter on the ascending aorta. Any standard recorder or cardioscope can be interfaced with the impedance cardiograph to display the trace. While the use of impedance monitoring is not new, notes Hagen, its successful application to cardiac monitoring is. Previous applications of the impedance technique have been largely in the area of respiration monitoring. The basic idea for the system, says Hagen, came from the instrumentation developed to monitor the Mercury astronauts. However, circuit improvements, particularly in oscillator stability, were neecssary. A major advantage of the imperlance cardiograph, Hagen points out, is that it can monitor a patient continuously. This is not possible with skin-puncturing, which inject dyes or radioactive tracers into the blood. they appear as one or two-line displays. A display line consists of 10 5 x 7 LED dot-maitrix char- acters. When a line is filled, the display scrolls automatically. A 1000-character scrolling memory is built into the unit. And by operating one switch, the user can move forward or backward in this memory, to recover any part of a message that has been sent or received. The hand-held feature lets engineers perform diagnostics anywhere in the computer room. And production engineers can start up, direct or monitor a system, without need to walk back to a teletypewriter or command console ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, J974 Heart monitor replaces skin-piercing methods With the development of an instrument called an impedance cardiograph, the mechanical pumping activity of the heart can now be monitored without puncturing of the skin. Heretofore implanted sensors or the injection of tracer elements into the blood were required. According to Winston Hagen, vice president of Instruments for Medicine, Greenwich, Conn., which manufactures the new machine, the impedance cardiograph can measure cardiac output, stroke, volume and contractility, as well as peripheral circulation and chest fluid changes-all with an accuracy equal or superior to commonly used skin-puncturing methods. Large-scale display to use 3-color LEDs A large-scale, three-color LED display is under development for the Army by the Data Systems Div. of Litton Indus·tries in Van Nuys, Calif. According to David M. Piatt, manager of advanced display technology, the contract calls for a 36in.2 feasibility model for the Electronics Command in Ft. Monmouth, N. J. It is, says Piatt, the first step toward development of a 4-ft.square, 3-in.-thick, three-color flat panel that will be overlayed by a standard, printed military map for tactical display. The display is to contain an ar- ray of 1024 x 1024 LEDs on 45- mil centers, of a type produced by 29 Texas Instruments in Dallas and Bowmar Ltd. in Ottawa, Canada. The display will present alphanumeric symbols, vectors and graphics in red, green and yellow at a resolution of 22.5 lines per in. The 36-in.2 feasibility model will be constructed with 32 LED mod- ules, e_ach 3/4 x 1-1/2 x 4 in. deep. Each module will contain 512 LEDs, arranged 16 x 32, plus column and low-driver electronics, and a dual, 512-bit MOS refresh memory. One-half of the memory will control the red-diode mode, and the other half will control the green mode. When both red and green are called for, the diode will glow yellow. The diodes will be of GaP material and will emit a color determined by drive level. The large display will be built of rows of these modules-32 across and 64 down, for a total of 2048. Using a proprietary multiplexing scheme, all 2048 modules, including over a million LEDs, will be addressable with approximately 127 lines from the display generator. The updating of a character, symbol or vector on the display is to be accomplished in 64 µ,s, and display surface is to consume only about 350 mW/in.2 of power. Acoustic microscope nearing production The first acoustic mieroscope-a device that uses microwave sound instead of light to see details inside materials heretofore impossible to see--is ready for production, according to Lawrence W. Kessler, president of Sonoscope, Inc., Bensonville, Ill. Kessler, who was one of the original researchers at Zenith Radio, where the system was developed, reports that a demonstration model is under construction at Sonoscope. The company is build the microscopes under an exclusive license from Zenith, Kessler says. The acoustic system is a true microscope, the Sonoscope president points out, having a field of view that is limited to about 3 mm, which is typical of standard optical instruments. "We can get resolutions down to about 3 µ,m at sonic frequencies of 500i MHz," Kessler says. The resolution of present equipment is on the order of 15 to 20 µ,m with frequency in the range of 100 to 200 MHz, he points out. Real-time images are obtained with 100 and 200-MHz sound, Kessler says, while the pseudo realtime images are produced at 500 MHz. In operation, the acoustic microscope illuminates the specimen with vhf or uhf sound. The sound is transmitted through the specimen to impinge on an optical mirror. This mirror becomes distorted by the sound pattern, which carries details of the specimen's internal structure. The mirror distortions are read out with a scanning laser beam. The beam is synchronized with the raster of a TV monitor, and the laser image is picked off the mirror and produced on the TV screen. Because the sonic picture contains details of the internal structure of the material under examination, it is substantially different in appearance from a surface view with an optical microscope. For orientation, Kessler points out, the sonic microscope also gives the user an optical, surface image of the area being scanned at the same time he gets the sonic picture. If there are many useful details in both pictures, Kessler says, the operator can superimpose both visual and sonic pictures on a color TV monitor. The visual picture is presented in one color and the sonic picture in another. 2 new ways reported to detect trespassers Changes in the capacitance of buried, sensitive wire and a coaxial cable rigged to function as an electret microphone are two of the newer techniques being tested by the electronics industry to detect trespassers. The work was described last week at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, at the Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures. In the wire technique, standard Teflon-covered hookup wire is used because it has electret qualities. The wire is threaded into a metallic tube and buried a few inches beneath the ground. The device detects personnel or a vehicle passing abo·ve it, according to Fred S. Geil, manager of audio and ultrasonic technology at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh, where the setup is being investigated. In tests to date, the tube has been an ordinary refrigerator tube. The wire acts as a capacitance sensor, detecting capacitance changes between it and the tube. Such changes occur through pressure and vibration. If a person crosses the buried wire slowly, the tube bends very slightly, causing a small displacement of the wire and thus a low-frequency response. The impact of the intruder's step also causes vibration-a rattling of the wire in the tube. This causes a high-frequency response. The redundancy provided by these two responses insures a high immunity to false alarms. The second device to foil the bad guy is a standard Teflon coaxial cable that functions as an electret microphone. The device detects intruders climbing or cutting a wire fence, or passing over a road, if it's buried, according to Kirby Miller of GT&E Sylvania's Western Div. in Mountain View, Calif., which is developing the alarm. The cable is processed under elevated temperature and high voltage, which transforms it into an electret transducer. When the cable is attached to a fence with ties, vibrations in the fence can be detected. With a special processor, it's possible to detect signatures that reveal whether someone is climbing the fence or cutting it, Miller says, and the device discriminates against unwanted alarms. The readout is either a flashing light or an audio tone. DOD standard designs Defense officials say the current shortage of components for military programs is leading to standardized designs and the coordination of requirements among programs. The Pentagon is looking towards a program instituted by the Air Force's space and missile systems organization which 1·equires designers to check approved parts lists during design and to justify any deviations from them. 30 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 21 .... The first modular instrumentation calculator. Just $5905 as shown. It's our 31 /53 Calculator Instrumentation System A powerful , yet inexpensive calculator combined with our TM 500 power supply and system software . You add the instrumentation modules you need . It 's all there and it's portable. Now that 's versatility' With our 31 Calculator , you can read input from our DMM 's and counters. You can log data selectively , calculate results and output data or trigger signals . Programming? Little more than natural math. Go ahead , write your own . Also , our standard software gives you data logging (on the optional printer) and data capture on the 31 at operator selected intervals. For numerical monitor" analysis, there 's our 21 / 53 for $2895 less plug-ins . And in case you wondered , our TM 500 plug-ins are less expensive, too . Energy monitoring. Quality control testing . Laboratory and production instrumentation. The applications go on , and so does our system 's potential. Just add the main- frames and modules you need. We have a graphic calculator system , too. Let our sales engineer fill you in. Pick up your phone and call our nearest center. Or write Tektroni x, P.O. Box 500 , Beaverton , Oregon 97005 Our programmable calculators. Natural. Powerful. --· Significantly less expensive. T E K T R O N I X® -3rt ...,1 ._!. -· · -· 1 ··-, -." 1 ' 1 . -~} 32 ELECTRqNIC DESIGN 9, April 26, I 974 LikeA Puppe On A §irj,.,g diverse roles required of analog-to-digital converter subsystems. Instrumentation, data acquisition, industrial controls, or remote sending. Wherever you call for an analog signal to be displayed or controlled digitally, the MC1505L A/D Converter Subsystem can be your marionette. Behind The Scenes The tried and true "dual ramp" technique. Your assurance of system immunity from all but the most rapid changes in external component values, temperature drifts, etc. In The Spotlight Accuracy. Outstanding accuracy. With the digital system of your choosing; counters, a clock, and some gates, you can show off an AID converter of either 31h or 41h BCD bits or up to 13 bits in the binary code. Simplicity. Since the MC1505L provides its own voltage reference, two calibration potentiometers (full scale and zero adjust) and one integrating capacitor are all you need for normal operation in the AID subsystem itself. Compatibility. The digital logic system is yours for the choosing. Digital inputs and outputs are equally at home with either TTL or CMOS. Conservation. Keep Watts under your thumb with the MC1505L's low power consumption of 42 mW @ +5.0 V. Tailor-made for battery operated instrumentation systems. Like those using CMOS. And, single power supply operation (+5.0 to +15.0 V) lets you eliminate extra circuitry. FULL· SCALE CALIBRATION ZERO CALIBRATION DIGITAL LOGIC~-~-~ SECTION DIGITAL OUTPUT Budget Production An AID converter doesn't need to cost the typical hundred dollar plus figure associated with many twelve bit modular units. Comparable accuracies can be yours simply by building onto the MC1505L with a few dollars worth of counters and gates. For a thrifty $5.95 (100-up) you can get started with our limited temperature range version MC1405L subsystem. Put It All Together, It Spells Success Try it in a 31h or 4 1h digit AID converter - com- bined with either CMOS or bipolar logic for the complete AID converter function. Particulars can be found in the detailed 14-page data sheet. The data sheet can be found at P. 0 . Box 20912, Phoenix, Arizona 85036, or circle the reader service number below. Try the MC1505L wherever you want to digitally display, process, measure, control or store an analog function. Try it in quantity, off-the-shelf today. The MC1505L analog-to-digital converter subsystem. Your wish is its command. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 22 .ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 33 Handle Troublesome Signals Easily With HP Variable-Persistence Scopes. · I ·· iii Because the unique capabilities of variable persistence in HP's 180 systems tackle these difficult measurement problems with much more ease than the conventional scope you're probably now using. Dim traces - low rep-rate signals are brightened by the integrating characteristics of variable persistence so you can observe them clearly in normal ambient light ... even at rep-rates below I Hz. Transients-digital noise pulses or other single-shot events are made visible by the high writing speed of H P's mesh-type storage and variable persistence. Slow-moving waveforms- electromechanical events or transducer outputs that appear as a "bouncing ball" on conventional scopes will be displayed as a continuous trace with variable persistence, allowing more accurate voltage and timing measurements. Two storage mainframes give you a choice of writing speeds. And a broad selection of plug-ins lets you tailor your scope to meet specific needs. To get the maximum performance for your storage-scope dollar, look to HP. For more information about the 180 system, contact your local HP field engineer. Or, write Hewlett-Packard, 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94306. tilt HEWLETT PACKARD Sales and service from 172 offices in 65 countries. 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto. Cahlorma 94306 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 23 34 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 24 ... New Tool New Board New Method it's part of the TY-RAP® System Now tie quicker than ever before··· Our new high speed tool does it all ... feeds a TY-RAP tie around bundle, cinches to a preset tension, locks securely and trims evenly ... all in o/io cif a second. There is no tool adjustment needed regardless of bundle diameter from llJ2" to %". The off-the-board harnessing method allows the tool optimum use. This technique utilizes our new harness board and harnessing aids. The board is reusable and reversible. It's modular too ... snaps together for larger work areas. It's constructed of polyethene foam sandwiched between two metal screens - nails are pushed in by hand. It's all part of the TY-RAP System to lower your costs of harness fabrication. Write for new catalog, The Thomas & Betts Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey 07207 (201 ) 345-4321. In Canada, Thomas & Betts Ltd., P. Q. Sold Only Through Authorized T&B Distributors 1m oduc~na i:he proarammable memory wff:h Wsual readout. We're talking about our unique Stripswitch;· the miniswitch for direct printed circuit board mounting or panel installation. This little marvel is molded of impervious Valox*, and is guaranteed for two years. Other facts: it comes in one, two, three, four, five, and six station models ($1.95 per station, standard); in a variety of codes, including decimal, BCD, Complimentary, Special Binary, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 pole. On a custom basis we can do lots of other things to your Stripswitch. Like interconnections, markings and legends, color coding, stops, number of switch positions, additional stations, et cetera. A 10¢ stamp will get you an immediate reply, or your finger on the dial of your telephone will get you instant answers. Call us collect. Or one of our distributors: G.S. Marshall, Hall·Mark, or Schweber. Your sample awaits. 'Registered General Electric trademark EECO 1441 East Chestnut Avenue Santo Ano, California 92701 Phone 714/ 835-6CXXl INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 25 36 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 The fjrsc DPll chM cransfor111s jftC:o your own produce by sjn1ply plu99jn9 jn a P.C.card. ANALOG INPUT Contiguratio.n: Bipolar balanced symmetrical differential inputs Dynamic Input Impedance: 1000 megohms nom Common Mode Refection Ratio : 80 dB standard , up to 160 dB ootional ACCURACY / STABILITY Accuracy : Range Tempco: CONVERSION TECHNIQUE 0.05% of reading ±1 count 35 ppm of read ing Dual -slope inlegral ion DISPLAY .55" 7 seg. Sperry or .5" L.E .D. DIGITAL SIGNALS logic Levels (all inputs and outputs): External Siar.king, Hold, Overload, Clock,Latch , Carry, EOG. Polarily UNIVERSAL POWER INPUTS: 100, 117, 220, and 240 VAC RMS ±10% 49 lo 63Hz@2W Operating Temperature: -1 o·c to +60 °C Dimensions: DIN -STANDARD 96mm bezel w1dth .x 48mm bezel height: 95.4mm max depth NOTE : Model AN2553 offers ad~itional capabilities $89.00 Base Price AN2533 quantity 100 D Universally powered D True differential inputs D Low power consumption D DIN lnt'I Std. case size D Surprisingly low cost D Bright self- illuminating display D High reliability Build any required circuit on the uncommitted analog interface card we furnish . Then just plug it into the special powered signal interface connector in our AN2553 3Y2digit DPM . It's that easy to incorporate the value-added options that make your product more profitable... or specify application requirements, and we'll build them in before shipment. Either way, you can get interface and signal conditioning flexibility never available before-including lineariz ed thermocouple cold- add isolated and buffered parallel BCD output, linearization, and set point control ... go all the way and expand the bas ic DPM up to the subsystem level-at the lowest cost. Don 't need all the flexibility? Order the even more economical , general- purpose, basic AN2533 . Fil l a// your 3Y2 digit DPM needs with the exceptionally high quality and reliability ensured by premium - components, worst-case design techn iques, low parts count, and the cool-running generously derated operation that has made Analogic the number one supplier of OEM digital panel instrumentation in the whole world. Write for more information: Analogic , Audubon Rd., Wakefield , Mass . 01880 ; phone (617) 246-0300. junction compensation , load Northeast, 617-235-2330, 203-966-2580, cell transducer excitation , 315-46&0220, 201 -652-7055 , auto ranging, current shunts, active multiple filtering-virtua11Y any funct 1. onaI add-on , ·in fact, that you need. And , because the circuit card fits right in the internationally accepted DIN standard package your system or instrument .1s s1' mp l'1f1' ed an d much more economical and there 's less to debug. We've put in power and ~i~-~~T;~ri~~ 215_272_1444, 215-687-3535, 103-790-5666, 301-252-8494 Midwest, 314-895-4100, 913-362-0919, 216-267-0445, 513-434-7500, 313-892-2500, 412-892-2953, 312-283-0713, 414-476-1500, 317 -8 44-0114 south, 713-785-0581 , 214-620-1551, 305-894-4401, 919-227-3639, 205-534-9771, 305-773-3411, 813-867-7820 west, 303-744-3301, 505-523-0601, 602-946-4215, 505-292-1212, 114-540-1160, 415-398-2211, 206-762-7664' 503-643-5754. Canada, 613-836-441 1, 604-688-2619, spac~ for an optional dig ital ~6t!~t5~ri~· 514-636-0525, c1rcu1t card , too . So you can ANALDGIC®· ... The Digitizers INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 26 The Bolm 1802 bu the power to get roar program off the ground For $18,750 the 1602 Ruggednova is the most powerful, yet lowest priced mil spec, 16-bit processor with SK of memory on the market The 1602 is loaded with power features. 450 nanosec- even be placed right inside the 1602 with no time lost ond semiconductor memory read cycle time. Memory in designing an extra chassis or power supply. expansion to 256K words. Dual Port memories. Float- ing point hardware. Stack processing. Double precision arithmetic. 32-bit instructions and powerful interrupt processing. We could go into detail on how each of these features improves your system ... but better yet here are five ways the 1602's power improves your overall program. 4. Reduce hardware costs. A lot of the extra hardware normally needed can be eliminated since the 1602 has the power and capacity to do a wide range of tasks. You can reduce your costs by reducing the number of computers needed, not to mention the fact the 1602 is the least expensive full mil-spec machine available. 5. Avoid qualification tests. The powerful 1602 1. Reduce programming costs. The 1602 allows you to program in less time because you have more power per instruction. In addition to-in~truction power ROLM also provides a wide selection of documented software proven in over 8000 commercial and military installations. 2. Reduce risks. You don't have to worry about underestimating size of computer with the 1602. With its execution speed and expandability, there's plenty of computer to do the job. You can get out of speed binds with our semiconductor memory or custom microcode. And don't worry about memory binds with our external memory which is expandable up to 256K words. 3. Reduce 1/0 processing problems. With the 1602 Ruggednova has already met Mil-E-5400 airborne environments, Class II; Mil-E-16400 shipboard environ- ments, Class I; and Mil-S-901 for high impact shock. Its military name is AN/UYK-19(V). The 1602's performance is qualified and guaranteed after delivery with a 90-day warranty. This saves a lot of your time. These are just a few of the ways the 1602 takes the risk out of selecting the right computer. If you would like those specific technical details we mentioned about the 1602, drop us a line ... or, if your program needs to get off the ground faster, call: Robm 18922ForgeDrive Cupertino, Ca. 95014 (408) 257-6440 TWX 910-338-0247 power, the expanded interrupt structure, the DMA, and Dual Port memories you can handle more data oI/noyopuorwcero,mRpOutLeMr syhsatsemaV. aTl"loabalied you over i3n0 ugteilnizeirna1g this pur- pose interfaces for the 1602. Your special interfaces can CORPORATION Regional Sales Offices: Boston 617-237-5752; Cincinnati/Dayton 513-874-5406; Dallas 214-661-8905; Los Angeles 213-784-8500; New York 914-297-9533; Palo Alto 415-965-2224; Washington, D.C. 703-893-2696. Domestic Representatives: Colorado 303-355-3521; Kansas 913-362-0919; Missouri 314-895-4100; Washington 206-624-9020. An Equal Opportunity Employer INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 27 FROM COAST TO COAST We've got the greatest numbers game in the country. California : 800-854-2799. Florida : 800-327-3243. Dial either one of these toll-free exchanges anytime for information on 60 ,000 semi-conductor part numbers. CMOS. FET's. PMOS. Power Transistors. All Hybrids . Diodes . Rectifiers . Virtually any Semi-conductor, Custom or Standard . We'll provide on-the-spot price information along with in-depth technical assistance. Just call us first for any of your semi-conductor requirements . After all , we've got your number. And now you've got ours! CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-2799 8808 Balboa Avenu e San Diego, Cal ifornia 92100 CALL TOLL-FREE 800-327-3243 1177 Blue Heron Blvd. Riviera Beach , Florida 33404 RJolitron DEVICES, INC. PLANTS IN : CALIFORNIA · FLOR IDA · NEW YORK · ENGLAND · HONG KONG · MEXICO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 28 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 39 washington report Heather M. David Washington Bureau U.S. acts to screen exporting of technology Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent has asked Congress to extend and amend the Export Administrative Act and add a requirement that U.S. companies and their affiliates abroad report within 15 days "any written understanding that would be likely to result in the export to a Communist territory, other than Yugoslavia, of any technical data of U.S. origin that is not generally available." According to Dent, the Dept. of Commerce, "and indeed the Government as a whole," are fr~quently not aware of the nature of these agreements until the American company applies for an export license. The reason for the new clause, the Comll).erce Secretary says, is "to deal with the U.S. party to the transaction, as appropriate, to minimize the risk that significant strategic technology will inadvertently seep to the Communist country in question." The Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee will hold hearings on the extension of the export"legislation, which expires June 30. Global technology data net proposed Rep. Richard T. Hanna (D-Calif.) proposes a U.S. International Science and Technology Transfer Institute to permit instantaneous exchange of information between experts in this country and other nations. The institute would use Intelsat and NASA global telecommunication systems, as well as prototype satellite models and microwave communications, so .data could be transferred by voice, video, teletypewriter, facsimile, computer retrieval and interactive television and cathode-ray devices. The institute, an idea developed in a staff study prepared for the House Science and Astronautics Subcommittee on International Cooperation in Science and Space, would be linked to the National Science Foundation. Existing governmental mechanisms for technology transfer are not adequate, Hanna says, and "the transfer of technical information to other countries.will undoubtedly hasten the creation of new outlets for American industry and commerce." Defense Dept. refocuses its electronics research The Defense Dept. has reorganized some of its basic electronics research programs to focus on efforts that promise practical military weapons according to Dr. Malcolm Currie, Defense R~search and Engineering Director. Display research programs, which until now- have concentrated on advanced technology, are being brought down to earth. Research is being directed toward making displays part of a military system that can be easily operated by people. E LECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 41 In other developments, infrared research is emphasizing the 8-to-14 µ spectral region. And integrated-circuit research is stressing designed-in reliability rather than what Currie indicates has been the usual practice of testing ICs after design, then going back to correct reliability problems. In the development of radiation-hardened ICs, the Pentagon has asked researchers to concentrate on metal-insulator semiconductor (MIS) circuits instead of hardened bipolars. MIS devices, Currie says, offer higher packing density, lower power and potentially lower cost. New jet landing procedure would need more electronics A new two-segment landing procedure designed to cut jet noise levels would require some $130-million in new electronic equipment. The procedure is being considered by the Federal Aviation Administration for 58 airports in this country. The agency is proposing that the airports require a shorter, steeper glide slope during the first part of the landing approach and a leveling off to the usual angle for the actual landing. The technique, developed jointly by the FAA and NASA, would require the installation of distance-measuring equipment (DME) on the 100 runways serving jets, to give pilots precise navigational information, and corresponding receiver equipment in the aircraft. The FAA would foot the $5-million bill for ground equipment, but it estimates that it would cost some $66.6-million to outfit airliners with the new avionics, and a similar ~mount to outfit general-aviation jets. Coast Guard studies coastal navigation aids Coast Guard officials have concluded that the increased shipping that will result from the construction of the trans-Alaskan pipeline will make critical the need for a precision surface radio navigation system in the Pacific coastal region. But after studying the various alternative systems, they are also reluctantly concluding that no single system appears capable of providing positional fixes both on the high seas and in the narrow confines of a harbor. At present, Loran-C is the leading candidate for precise navigation, in coastal waters and harbor areas, but the longerrange, easy-to-use Omega seems superior for navigation on the high seas. Capital Capsules: The Naval Air Systems Command, which is pushing the design of a minicomputer for tactical applications, is asking industry to provide information on the interface characteristics of off-the-shelf mini peripherals so the computer design will be compatible with commercial devices. . . . The Rome (N.Y.) Air Development Center is planning to contract a study to determine whether fiber optics can be used instead of a microwave link for communications between the ground and a high-altitude balloon. A fiber-optic cable would be incorporated into the balloon tether. . . . Gordon Rule, controversial civilian Navy procurement specialist, has warned Congress that a $3.5-billion patrol-ship program is heading for disaster unless production schedules are slowed to make sure an Italian gun and Dutch-designed fire-control system will work. Rule says foreign guns and control systems have never been successfully "Americanized." ... The Army will put a new infrared sensor and side-looking airborne radar on the OV-1 Mohawk Observation plane. The infrared equipment, the Army says, can detect a man from an altitude of approximately one mile, even though his temperature may differ only slightly from that of his surroundings. 42 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 another handful ... with more measurement solutions THIS 5 MHz PORTABLE ADDS I Many operator conveniences save 62 Hz AC, or 80 to 250 V DC EXPANDED BANDWIDTH TO THE set-up time and make the dis- witho.ut switching. Double insula- TEKTRONIX LINE OF MINIATURE play easy to interpret. The in- tion protects the operator while OSCILLOSCOPES tegral 1 Mn probe is always making elevated voltage measure- You've got to keep your computer installation running; downtime is too costly to treat lightly. When it happens, you must get there with the proper troubleshooting equipment, find the problem and quickly correct it. The 221 from Tektronix will help get the job done. there when you need it. Deflectlon factors are easy to read. Trigger level and slope are simplified in one rotary control. AUTO trigger mode automatically triggers the scope trace from its input signal. And in AUTO mode, a bright reference trace eliminates confusion. Rotate the switch out of AUTO mode and At 5 MHz bandwidth, 5 mV/div you can select any combination sensitivity, and 1 µsf div sweep, of trigger slope and trigger this battery-operated miniscope level. With all this, you carry displays the waveforms encount- just 3Y2 pounds. ered in today's computer environ- In its 3" x 5Y4" x 9" package, the ment. 221 has rechargeable batteries. . It can be operated and charged from practically any power source from 90 to 250 V. 48 to ments. Its impact-resistant case absorbs the rough treatment you expect in field maintenance. 221 Portable Oscilloscope, including batteries and probe . . . $775 Other 200-Series miniscopes offer 500 kHz bandwidth in single- or dual-trace, or dual-trace storage models. Call your nearest field office for a look at the 221. Or write Tektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 500, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. In Europe, ' write Tektronix Ltd., P. 0. Box 36, St. Peter Port, Guernsey, -C.I., U. K. TEKTRONIX® commltt9d to technical excellence -INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 30 FOR DEMONSTRATION, CIRCLE 210 Some of the best things about our new Digivac®1000 are what you can·t see. When you look at our vacuum fluorescent readout, you won't see the low voltage requirements making it directly compatible with available MOS IC logic packages. You won't see the exclusive mica substrate which supplies mechanical strength and helps emphasize lighted segments through a desirable halo effect. You won't see the low cost, lower than competing readouts with fewer customer advantages. Of course, there are things about our Tung-Sol®Digivac 1000 you can see. Like the Digivac lOOO's _ brightness. 50 %more bright- nes~ and greater uniformity than ever before. You can see the flexible language with alpha, numerical and symbolic figures. You can see the wide range of colors, including white, available with common types of filters. And because of the unique construction, you can see the accurate viewing assured from virtually any angle. With the Digivac 1000 readout, whether you see it or you don't .. . it's still nice to know it's all there. For additional information on the Digivac 1000, write to: Wagner Electric Corporation, 1 Summer Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07104. Wagner makes other quality products in volume for the electronics industry, including bridges, power supplies and subsystems, silicon rectifiers, resistors, miniature lamps and status indicators. And Wagner offers contract manufacturing. WAlilER® ®Trademarks Wagner, Tung.Sol and Digivoc, Reg. U.S. Pot. Off. and Marcos Registrodos We've got a lot more riding for you. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER J 1 44 EL ECTRONI C D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 FUTABA NOW AVAILABLE IN THE U.S.A.- FLUORESCENT READOUTS I K KEYBOARDS With over 35 years of electronics experience, FUTABA is well known for high quality, reliable fluorescent readouts and compact, attractive keyboards. Widely used by most major electronic calculator manufacturers in Japan and other countries, these items are now available for the first time in the U.S.A. in quantity. FUTABA guarantees prompt delivery! FLUORESCENT READOUTS *CT, CR Series for Hand Calculators ...... Available in 6, 8 and 9 digits with or without symbol. FEATURES: ·Compact. ·Bright blue / green. ·Easy to read . · Low voltage, low power. ·Direct LSI drive. *MT, MR Series for Desk-top Calculators ...... Available in 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 digits. FEATURES: · Plug-in type flat package. ·Easy to read blue / green readouts (0.3" high). · Low voltage, low power. KEYBOARDS ' M-2B: Individual mechanical switch, plug-in mounting. M-3: Same as M-2B, but smaller. FX, SD Series: Thin keyboards for hand calculators. Standard keyboard switches and key tops available from FUTABA stock for instant keyboard layout on your mounting plate. OTHER FUTABA PRODUCTS: ·Press die sets. · Mold bases for plastics. · Material feeders for press work. ·Automatic stopping devices for automatic machinery. ·Radio control for. hobby aircraft, race cars, etc. ·For additional information. please contact: FuTABA INDUSTRIES U.S.A. 630 West Carob Street. Compton, California 90220, U.S.A. Phone: (213) 537 -9610 Telex: 69-1227 "FUTABA-THE BRIGHT PRODUCER" FuTABA ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES LIMITED Super Bldg ., 1-11 -5, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Phone: 255 -5881 Telex: J:i6532 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 32 E L ECTRON IC D ES IGN 9. A pril 26, 1974 45 this is one of the two best S~ digit multimeters ever made · · · I EXT PWR AUTO [JP DN DC Pfr AC K"> /. --~ Q RNIA !NSTR\JM~f1T5 -..:::'l_,...,;;;;,, :·.. · L__ _ HAt~,,~ ...JL.____fUN(.T!ON ~ ~- __J ,, J DMM-51 s795 Compare the price/ performance features of the DMM-51 with units offered by the other big three DMM manufacturers. No other 51/2 -digit multimeter that's anywhere near the price of the DMM-51, provides the wide choice of functions available on this, the lowest cost, autoranging, 51/2 -digit meter on the market. The basic unit measures DC volts and DC/ DC 3-wire ratios with lµ. volt sensitivity. To this you can add your choice of: resistance to 1 millohm and AC volts-choice of averaging or true RMS; 4-wire bipolar ratio; AC and DC curreFJt; high voltage DC to 30 KV; and fully isolated data outputs. And, you can buy them with the DMM-51 or add them later. I and C:IMRCIN makes the other one, too. / Ill\ c . . DMM-50 s1195 . The world's finest 51/2 -digit systems multimeter combines all the features and functional capability of the DMM-51 . .. plus the unique Saint Logic A/ D conversion technique affording high speed, high accuracy measurements even when measuring extremely noisy inputs. When equipped with the Data Output/ Remote Control ·option, data is available in both parallel and serial-character format. The DMM -50 is the ideal systems DMM whether you're interfacing to a computer or a printer. It's also available with directly compatible interfaces which- eliminate the cost of changing software and cabling, and provide you with a second source if you're already committed to a competitive DMM. For complete details, call or write: FOR DMM- 51 , CIRCLE 178 a division of AIKJ-~N INDUSTRIES. INC. 5150 CONVOY ST. · SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 · (714) 279-8620 FOR DMM - 50, CIRCLE 179 Remember the time you wanted something special in 3~ digits? Your time has come. When we at Analog Devices introduced the 5-volt digital panel meter, we said there'd be morea lot more. Look what we can offer you in 31/2 digits alone. Why so many? To give you a choice. So you won't have to order or build specials anymore. Because now we've made what you need a standard. Let's say you need 31/2 digit resolution. You can get it displayed in Numitron, LED, or even Sperry. In Numitron, we can even give you a choice of green or red . Now you have to power it. Most of our meters are 5volts DC because so much of what you're working on is in TIL logic. But if you need one that can run on 115 volts AC, you 've got it. The AD2006 with Sperrys- in AC or DC. It's our latest DPM . But not our last. You may even be designing something that wi 11 end up in another country. We can help you there too. With meters that wi 11 operate on voltages in Europe, the U.K.,Japan, and just about anywhere else. If you look closely, you'll see that one meter isn't a meter at all. It's a remote display. Sometimes you need that kind of thing . But then giving you what you need is what it is all about. Like reliability And extra features like card edge connectors. Ratiometric inputs. .05% accuracy And low prices.Ours start at $49 in hundreds for the remote display. Now, would you like to see what we can do for you in 41/2 digits-or 21/2 digits? Give us a call. We'll see that you get a copy of the " Designer's Guide to Digital Panel Meters." And any other help you may need. Analog Devices , Inc., Norwood , Mass. 02062. On the East Coast, call (617) 329-4700. In the Midwest, (312) 297-8710. And on the West Coast, (213) 595-1783. ra..A.NDEAVLICOEGS Then it was special. Now its a standard. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 34 ELECTRON IC DESIGN 9, April 26 , 1974 47 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 35 48 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9,.. April 26, 1974 Dearborn .... foremost in film capacitors ... gives you 45 designs to choose from. There's one to meet y_our exacting requirements. HERMETICALLY.SWED METAL WE TUBULAR CAPAQTORS _ _ _ _J..t_\l ...., ..,_ ~ BARE METAL CASE Style LPS, metalized polycarbonate film Style LMS, metalized PETP-polyester film Style LSS, metalized polystyrene film Style APS, polycarbonate film Style AMS, PETP-polyester film Style ASS, polystyrene film Style AFS, PTFE-nuorocarbon film METALCASEWITH INSULATINGSLIEVE Style LP9, metalized polycarbonate film Style LM9, metalized PETP-polyester film Style LS9, metalized polystyrene film Style AP9, polycarbonate film Style AM9, PETP-polyester film Style AS9, polystyrene film Style AF9, PTFE-nuorocarbon film WRAP-ANIMlll ROUND TUBULAR CAPAGIOIS EPOXY-WE naANGULAR CAPAGTORS RADIAL-LIAO Style LP7S, metalized poijcer· bolllte film Style lM7S, metalized PETP.· polyester film Sty,le LS7S, metalized ~- rent film Style AP7S, pofycerbollate film Style AM7S, P£Tpi.polyester film Style AS7S, polJstyrene fihll SUM-> Style LP66, metalized polycarbonate fihll Style LP88, met. polycarb. film (FUJ-ian Style LM66, metalized PETP-polYtattt ilm Style LS66, metalized polystyrene film Style AP66, polycarbonate film Style AM66, PETP-polyester film Style AS66, polystyrene film $tyle lP77, matallietl ..W.rtlolllte filta StYle LM77, metariled 'PCl'P-polJester llhll Style LS77. me~liitcl po!rstJrene film Style AP77, polycarbonate film Style AM77, PETP-polyeattr film Style AS77, pofplJre111 film HERllE'llCAllY·SEAlED METALWE RKTANGULARCAPAOTORS Style CML, hi&h voltaae paper/ PETP-polyesterfilm, inserted tab construction. · HmmCAl.LY·SWED CIUMIC CASE TUBULAR CAPAQTORS Style SML, hi&h voltaae paper/PETP-polyester film, inserted tab construction. Style SMLE, hip voltaae paper/PETP-poly· ester film, extended foil construction. IBMETIClllY-SOLED ~s CASI TUBULAR CAPACnORS c Sty& GML; '""' voltaae paper/PETP-poly· ester fihn, 85 Style ctl, blah voltap paper/PETP-polyester film, 125C EPOXY CASE IKTA·LAR CAPAQTORS Style EFX, hip voltap paper/PETP-polyester film. 4So-.u os SPRRGUE ELECTRIC comPRnY SPAAGUEF THE MARK OF llfllABtllTY electronics division x w P. 0. B 0 l 0 7 6 I L0 N G 0 0 D I FL0 RI DA 3 2 7 5 0 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 49 150 Microwatt Triple Op Amp The L 144 monolithic triple op amp draws only 50 µ.A of current per amplifier, from a ± l.5 V supply. What's more, it is AVAILABLE NOW FROM YOUR LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR! L144 features include: · Monolithic triple op amp in DIP or Flatpac packages · Wide power supply range-±1.5 V to ±15 V · Internal compensation · Programmable power dissipation · Programmable input bias current · Single programming resistor · 80 dB gain with 20 Kn load · Cost effective: $1.63 per single op amp<0 (l)Ll44CJ 100-piece price Applications examples: V· = 1.5V V,·~1.SV ~ 1R00~v, - & ...1sv- · 10 10 1000 1_ , (,.A} R, IN v- = - 10V Y- · LOW. WHEN v.. ) v.., )v... Dlf!ECT CMOI OVTPUT 75 Kn 75 Kn (GND or V01 NULL) v- · -1.SV R, A, 1 mo 10 Kn 1. · ICIOHI ':' 0 · » ...111, . 11, . .... . R, c, ·C. ~ O · i ti. ~~ BAND '·"'··<C 30 PASS o ..... . ~ -= v- = - 10 V DOUBLE-ENDED LIMIT COMPARATOR INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER ACTIVE FILTEA The L 144 is a practical industry-standard operational amplifier for use when low current drain, low voltage, low power, or very small physical size are controlling criteria. Ifyour circuit requirements are unique-and whose aren't-our applications people are eager to help. For complete information write for data IC Applications: (408) 246 8000, Ext. 120 Si Iicanix incorporated 2201 Laurelwood Road , Santa Clara, California 95054 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 37 50 ELECTRONIC D ES IGN 9, April 26, 1974 (editorial) We lie a lot I don't think I've ever met an honest man. All of us lie. These days many of us justify it because there's obviously one hell of a lot of lying in the highest government circles and, after all, "If it's OK for them, it can't be too bad for me." But our lying goes further back. Most of us learned to lie as babes; we lied to avoid pain or the displeasure of our parents. We would do something pleasurable, but forbidden, then deny it to avoid unpleasant consequences. Later we learned to deliver halftruths. We wailed that "Johnnie belted me in the eye," while conveniently forgetting, "I socked him in the teeth, first." Later, as adults, we lied because it's socially acceptable and proper. When our neighbor's youngster scratches away at his violin, it's unlikely that we'll say to our neighbor, "Gad, that's awful. Can't you burn that thing?" And we're not likely to tell our own children they were dreadful in the school play. In business life we lie to protect our jobs or advance our competitive positions-just as politicians do. When we write specifications to describe the products we sell, we tend to omit those specs that cast our products in a less than lovely light. We suggest more than we can deliver and conceal our product's weaknesses. We use qualifiers like "up to" and "as low as" to describe s.pecs our customers may never encounter. We highlight multiple specifications that may not be concurrent. And we give the best specs of different products leaving the reader to assume that these specs cover a single product. We "forget" to indicate conditions that may limit the achievement of headlined performance levels. And it's the rare engineer who will confess, "Wow! I really loused up that design." So we lie by omission, by commission and by expression of partial truth. Yet, lying, per se, isn't necessarily bad. Only a hard-hearted purist would argue that we should crush our children by telling them they were rotten in the school play. Only a misogynist would argue that we should stop telling ugly old ladies how young and lovely they look. And only a hermit would demand that we destroy our relationships with our neighbors by telling them their children are untalented brats. It's not likely we'll quit lying. But we all might be more comfortable if we could make ourselves more conscious of why others lie and more aware of why we do. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 GEORGE ROSTKY Editor-in-Chief 51 SERIES 600-121 Available Sizes: 20,30,52, 60,6.6,72,80, 86 and 100 Contacts .100'' Contact Centers Single & Dual Readout For 1/16" PC Board WRITE OR PHONE FOR COMPLETE PRINTED CIRCUIT CATALbGS: (212) 899-4422 "BELLOWFORM" CONTACT HOOKED INTO POCKET OF MOLDING AND FULLY SUPPORTED AGAINST MOLDING WALL FOR COIL SPRING ACTION ILLUSTRATI ONS ACTU AL SIZE For the Sales R epresentative Nearest Y ou, S ee Our L istings in EEM and VSMF Directories . CONTINENTAL~ CONNECTORS CONTINENTAL CONNECTOR CORPORATION · WOODSIDE, NEW YORK 11377 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 38 52 EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26. 1974 Why is Corning running an l·page ad on its com onents, now,durin he worst componen shortage since19'12? Hwerney's: To our customers - We know your production and design plans depend on a clear and accurate picture of component availability. And since Corning's components represent such a large percentage of total supply, we'd like to show you where we stand today ... and tell you what you can expect from us in the future. To our QroSQects - We believe we're the first component supplier to emerge from a backlog situation. We'd like to update you on our new capacity, expanded lines, and developments. That's why we're running this 8-page report. The melal film resislor shorlage and whal we're doing lo end ii· Demand for our metal film resistors soared during the past 18 months. There were two reasons ... First, designers continued their move away from carbon comps and wirewounds to metal films as they recognized the superior price/ performance value that metal film resistors offer. The effect of lower metal film prices combined with the tighter tolerance needs of upgraded circuits suddenly created demands far beyond the industry's most optimistic forecasts. And second, we were deluged with larger metal film resistor orders because other suppliers couldn't deliver as fast as we could. Demand was heaviest for the ~ and Yz -watt styles. The growth in metal film came faster than anyone predicted: 4 rn 3 "<J' a":' Ci 2 rcn .Q ..····· ~\ ....... ... ......./..... carbon comp actual carbon comp forecast ····· metal film actual · ·· ~ I .................· \··········· - iii 1 ~-······· metal film forecast ' 71 '73 ' 75 '77 '79 '81 '83 lnduslry demand vs. Corning produclion. At its worst, order lead times ranged from 24 to 60 weeks and longer- compared to 6-week deliveries that were normal for us the year before. But fortunately we had already begun a major metal film resistor expansion program. As such, we were able to meet an exceptionally high percentage of all promised shipments, and then gradually reduce lead times to a current Our engineering staff developed many new techniques in all phases of resistor production. average of 12 weeks-with 6-week delivery on several styles. Our expansion program came in three phases, which let us move faster than the "brick and mortar" route to expansion. Immediately, we moved to a full 3-shiftper-day 7-day-per-week production schedule. Our production and quality control staff was expanded quickly by transferring many experienced people back to our plants. And many more were hired and trained. Secondly, we designed, tested and installed new high speed automated equipment and improved techniques in practically every stage of manufacturing. More than 18 state-of-the-art devices were developed by our engineering staff in this program. Thirdly, we significantly expanded our basic resistor manufacturing operations at both Wilmington, N.C. and Bradford, Pa. This included a doubling of our resistor substrate capacity to keep us free from shortages in basic raw materials. Just these last two stages required a multimillion dollar investment in capital equipment and facilities -all geared to increase output. Throughout, our chief concern was keeping absolute control on product quality. More resistors-but bad resistors-is no progress at all! So we moved quickly- but at a pace and on a plan that would not risk quality problems that could cancel out production gains. 54 EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, A p ril 26 , 1974 Corning is a major supplier of metal film resistors. As a result of this expansion, we're now shipping more than twice as many metal film resistors as we did in 1970. We supply more metal film resistors than anyone else in the U.S. today. 250 200 ~ 150 "C .E 100 50 Corning metal film resistor production has more than doubled since 1970: 1974 1970 1972 New additions you can expect to see this year. Our current resistor line includes precision, semiprecision and general purpose parts -in a wide range of sizes and styles including ER and our flame-proof resistor line. We are adding substantially increased capacity for precision parts with temperature coefficients of 50ppm/ 0 C. And 25ppm/°C. parts are in the final stages of development. This will extend the range of our metal film performance capabilities significantly. As soon as samples of our 25 ppm resistors are available for evaluation, we'll let you know. What to expect in the next 3 to 5 years. We believe the metal film resistor supply situation will greatly improve in the second half of this year. But we also expect metal films to continue E L ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 to be the fastest growing segment of the discrete resistor market. As the lower power requirements of new designs make wirewounds less popular, and the, needs for greater precision (particularly in automotive and instrumentation applications) make carbon comps less suitable-we expect to see an annual demand growth of at least 10 to 12 percent. And we've geared our production to meet this demand. Keeping tabs on our progress. Throughout the shortage, we've regularly surveyed our customers to measure how we're doing versus other suppliers. The result of the latest reading is shown below ... How users rate Corning's metal film resistors Bu~ers' ranking of -best quality Corning Firm A Firm B FirmC #1 #3* #3* #2 -best value for cost #1 #4 #3 #2 -best distributor availability #1 #4 #3 #2 Engineers' ranking of -best quality #1 #4 #2 #3 -best value for cost #1 #4 #2 #3 *tie We're pleased-but not totally. Obviously, we're still having to say "no" too often to new orders from new customers. We hope we can change that soon. We're working at it. And we'll keep you posted as our metal film resistor supply backlogs further ease. 55 :rhe C ·1 apac1 or And what we're Shorlage: doing to end that too- Corning has begun a major expansion into the ceramic capacitor market. And we're gearing our initial operations to very large volume production of a relatively tight line of low cost parts. For the past three years we've been supplying a major portion of the computer industry's axial monolithic ceramic capacitor needs. And have initially concentrated on miniature size, epoxy-cased ceramic capacitors for automatic insertion applications. Now, with a number of new product developments nearing completion, we are planning the introduction of a high volume low cost commercial axial ceramic line and an expansion into commercial radials in a major way. Corning's expansion into ceramic capacitors. During the past year, we've more than doubled our capacitor production. And because capacitor production is far more labor·intensive than resistor production, this has required a significantly enlarged technical and manufacturing staff, plus facilities expansion at our Raleigh, N.C. plant. Corning's capacitor production has been increased significantly: 900 1974 800 700 600 >< 500 Q) --=0 400 300 1973 200 100o..._~11_91_1J...___.__.___.__ __._~ 56 But 1973 increases will be eclipsed by the size of our expansion schedule this year and beyond. 1975 production will triple 1973 levels. 1978 production will have tripled again. And 1980 production will be 70 percent over 1978 levels. But our expansion program is just beginning. And the impact on longer term ceramic capacitor supply will go far in precluding another ceramic capacitor shortage. Ceramic chip inventories are being built at this very minute. Glass and Glass-KTM Capacitors. Our glass-dielectric capacitors have been in strong demand for applications where high stability FLECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 over a wide temperature range is required. In the fall of ' 73, delivery lead times rose to 30 weeks, but 8- to IO-week schedules are now more typical and distributor stocks are being rapidly replenished. Soon availability will be back to normal. The same holds true for our Glass-K glassceramic capacitors-which combine the volumetric efficiency of a monolithic ceramic with the stability of a glass-dielectric. New developments nearing completion. Our new "spin-seal" conformal-coated axial could be the industry's long-term answer to a truly low cost automatically insertable ceramic capacitor. Using techniques we originally developed for-and currently use in producing-our resistor line, this epoxy-jacketed series has the uniformity and handling characteristics necessary for automatic insertion. But at lower cost in larger volume production. The "spin-seal" technology permits us to manufacture axials at much higher speeds than are possible with molded case styles. Throughout, coating thickness is automatically gauged and controlled to keep uniformity and performance exact. As soon as evaluation samples are available in quantity, we' ll announce their availability. Industry demand forecasts: Currently, molded axials represent 25 percent of the leaded ceramic capacitor market. Through 1980 they'll continue to move in on radials based on current trends to automatic insertion. As such, axials will remain a prime area of concentration for us. When our "spin-seal" axials are ready, we expect to be able to supply axials at prices that 1 ,200 1,100 1 ,0 0 0 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 U.S. Ceramic Capacitor Demand Forecast millions of pieces 412MM Radial-leaded 764MM '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 encourage a switch away from radials. This should push axial growth even faster. But we'll also be ready with our radial line, to provide whichever types of ceramic capacitors your production requires. In short, Corning plans to become a major factor in all types of ceramic capacitors in the years ahead. ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 57 The Tantalum Caf>C!Clor Shortage: And what's available now- During 1973, we concentrated on keeping our distributors supplied as fully as possible with tantalum capacitors from our Components Incorporated subsidiary. By year end, this meant that a major percentage of the tantalum capacitors being sold through distribution were ours. Distributor Sales of Corning Tantalum Capacitors 1973 1972 Recently, we introduced two more tantalum lines into distribution and availability on both should be excellent soon in most areas of the country. 1. Our TK line: These low cost, radial leaded, epoxy dipped solid tantalum capacitors have capacitance values in the 0.1to330MFD range-with working voltages of 6 to SOVDC and tolerances of + 103 and ± 203. Their low-profile configurations 58 and availability with a choice of lead bends make them well suited for convenient insertion and assembly. Incidentally, our companion line of DIPAtAN®TD series epoxy-coated radials are now in fairly good availability in most areas, too. 2. Our MINITANTM line: These microminiature solid tantalum capacitors are epoxy-sealed in a polyester sleeve. They're available in both cylindrical cordwood and rectangular modular form, with a choice of axial or radial leads. Capacitance values are 0.001 to 220MFD, working voltages are 2 to SOVDC, and tolerances are ± 103 and + zo3. They're in excellent supply. We can meet your needs now. Supply problems exist elsewhere. Industry wide, supply problems are still enormous for axial-leaded, metal-can-enclosed solid tantalum capacitors. These parts have soared in demand because of their wide use in high volume machine-insertion applications. Corning, like other suppliers, has been unable to gear up quickly to new demand levels for these metal-cased parts, because their fabrication is labor intensive and the very skilled workmanship required cannot be expanded rapidly without risk of quality. We are in the process of training additional personnel and have supplemented existing facilities, but frankly it will take months to catch up with current demand levels for both our MILITAN®hermetically sealed ER line and our ECONOTAN®epoxy-sealed consumer and industrial line. In the meantime··· In the meantime, we suggest you take a closer look at our MINITAN and TK series as good alternatives to your immediate needs. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9. April 26, 1974 Ow distributors have GSSUmecl Q pivolal role: Corning componenl availabilily · In spite of shortages, we've made significant gains in distributor availability across all three Corning component lines. Progress here can be seen in the chart below. Corning components in distribution have been increased dramatically. Tantalum 400 capacitors ...---1974 Metal film resistors Glass and ceramic capacitors 300 x Q) -0 -= 200 ...---1974 ..---- 1974 100 ..--- 1972 ..--- 1972 .....--1972 We believe that a strong, well supplied authorized distributor network is the only ~ a component supplier can responsively meet the large and growing needs of the thousands of firms across the electronics marketplace. That's why our distributors are now our largest "customer:' and why they'll be assuming an even more pivotal role in Corning's future marketing and supply plans. An expanded dislribulor supply cenler. To make this work, we've added a major new distributor supply center at a location separate from our plants. This supply center literally buys Corning components from all locations in anticipation of future distributor needs. In the fullest sense, it's become a "Distributor's distributor. " And it operates under a strict policy that prevents our OEM sales group from tapping into distribution supplies. ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 Frankly, it will take a few months before our new distributor supply center builds inventory to levels where we can once again meet our goals of shipping distributor orders directly from off-the-shelf stocks. But each week we're making progress. For example, our lead time on RNSSD metal film resistors has dropped from 22 to 11 weeks. CK12, 13, 14 BX ceramic capacitors are now available for off-the-shelf delivery from your local distributor. Strong emphasis on distribution means more firms will be introduced to Corning components than ever before. Engineers and buyers who've never used our resistors and capacitors will be buying them in future months. We'll keep you posled· By being first to ease component supply, Corning hopes to make new friends and win new long-term users. This in turn will let us keep expanding in increments large enough to achieve low cost pricing for our parts. We'll keep you posted. 59 Whal Coming males: Metal film resistors-precision, semi-precision and general purpose-including ER and flameproof types. Precision resistors with TC's down to 50ppm/0C.-with 25ppm/°C. parts coming on later in the year. Ceramic capacitors-min.iature, precision multilayer axials with molded epoxy cases have been our main area of emphasis. Lower cost commercial axials and commercial radials will be our major area of expansion in future months. Solid tantalum capacitors-axials in metal cans (in both hermetically sealed and epoxy-sealed types). Low cost, low profile epoxy-dipped radials in a range of types and sizes. Microminiature axials and radials-epoxy-sealed in both cylindrical and rectangular cases. Glass capacitors-a complete line of precision, fused monolithic glass-dielectric capacitors. Introduced 30 years ago and still the ultimate in stability. Glass-KTM capacitors-miniature, multilayer, molded-case axials that combine the volumetric efficiency of ceramics with the stability that only a glass dielectric can provide. Our Dislribulor Nelwork: ALABAMA: Huntsville; Cramer/EW (205)539-5722. ARIZONA: Phoenix; Liberty Electronics (602)257-1272. CALIFORNIA: Culver City; Avnet· (714)522-8220/(213)836-7200. Gardena; Bell Industries Electronics Corp. (213)321-5802. Los Angeles; Liberty Electronics (213)322-8100. Mountainview; Elmar Electronics (415)961-3611. San Diego; Liberty Electronics (714)565-9171. Sunnyvale; Acacia Sales* (408)735-0100. COLORADO: Commerce City; Elmar Electronics (303)287-9611 . Denver; Cramer Electronics (303)758-2100. CONNECTICUT: North Haven; Cramer Electronics (203)239-5641. FLORIDA: Hollywood; Cramer/EW (305)923-8181. Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (305)925-5401. Orlando; Cramer/ EW (305)894-1511 . ILLINOIS: Chicago; Bell Industries (312)282-5400. Schweber Electronics (312)593-2740. INDIANA: Indianapolis; Graham Electronics Supply (317)634-8202. MARYLAND: Baltimore; Radio Elec- tronics Service Company (301 )823-0070. MASSACHUSETTS: Watertown; Sterling Electronics (617)926-9720. Newton Centre; Cramer Electronics (617)969-7700. MINNESOTA: St. Paul; Ragon Electronics (612)488-0201. NEW JERSEY: Cherry Hill; Cramer Electronics (609)424-5993. NEW MEXICO: Albuquerque; Cramer Electronics (505)265-5767. NEW YORK: Freeport; Milgray Electronics (516)546-6000. Hauppauge; Cramer/Long Island (516)231-5600. Rochester; Cramer/Rochester (716)275-0300. Syracuse; Cramer/ Eastern (315)437-6671. Westbury; Schweber Electronics (516)334-7474. Woodbury; Harvey Electronics (516)921-8700. NORTH CAROLINA: Winston-Salem; Cramer/EW (919)725-8711. OHIO: Cincinnati; Sheridan Associates (513)761-5432. Cleveland; Schweber Electronics (216)464-2970. Columbus; Hughes-Peters (614)294-5351. PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia; Almo Electronics (215)676-6000. TEXAS: Dallas; Solid State Electronics (214)352-2601. Houston; Hamilton/Avnet Electronics (713)526-4661 . UTAH: Salt Lake City; Cramer Electronics (801 )487-4131. WASHINGTON, D.C.: Cramer/EW (301 )948-0110. Milgray/Washington (301 )864-1111. WASHING- TON: Seattle; Liberty Electronics/NW (206)763-8200. Almac/Stroum· (206)763-2300. CANADA: Montreal; Cesco Electronics, Ltd. (514)735-5511. Toronto; Cesco Electronics, Ltd. (416)661 ;.0220. *Tantalum Capacitors only. ;; - ":9'~-- -.- ......-.- ..... . . - v ~ " - .. t ' ,._' ·- f .., - ~ . Fresh off the shelf. Ribbon cable from Hughes. It could be as good an idea as penny candy: getting your ribbon cable from the same people who crack your tough flat conductor-cable problems. We offer it by the foot, or as you like it. We not only make it, but we cheerfully cut it, strip it and terminate it for you. Our new ribbon cable comes in widths from two to 100 conductors. The conductors are round (solid or stranded), and have color-coded PVC insulation. You can get 22to28AWG. Of course, all our cable comes with Hughes quality built-in. And we handle your order with the helpful attitude of one of the most competitive companies in the cable business. So write us soon. Hughes Connecting Devices, 500 Superior Ave., Newport Beach, Ca. 92663. Or call <714) 548-0671. r------------------, I I : HUGHES: L------------------J I I HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY CONNECTING Dll:VICl:S We crack the tough ones. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 39 Computer '74 A Special Issue Decentralized networks are allowing the computer to be moved to the job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Take-your-pick software is making the minico_mputer mighty, but watch out-it costs ... .. ................. 78 Microprocessors are showing promise in test equipment, but they haven 't made it big yet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 How to be a top designer and remain a success-an interview with James E. Thornton ...... . ....... ... ..... 100 Smarter terminals are joining with floppy-disc drives to stretch data capability . . ........ . ....... ... ....... 108 Minis, minis everywhere, when it comes to control of a variety of industrial processes .. . . . .. : . .. . . . ... . .. . 118 Optical data systems are finding a niche in the world of fast, fast computing . ...... . . ... . ............ . .... 126 Shortages of components are forcing engineers to alter their thinking and design . . ........... . .......... 136 Cover photo by Barry O' Rourke, courtesy of Prime Computer Inc. ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26. 1974 63 L[]l':'IPlJTEA '?t.. Big, small and ·tiny, Is the era of the general-purpose supercomputer at an end? Will it be replaced by new generations of midis, minis and microprocessors now on the market or on the drawing boards? The answer depends on whom you talk to. There is general agreement that in many applications it's a lot more efficient and economical to decentralize the coll).puting workload-distributed computing-particularly in industrial process control and communications networks. On the other hanc1, a supercomputer designer, James Thornton (see p. 100) , sees a growing role for the big machines. For many applications in the aerospace, scientific and Government fields, 64 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 computers advance he says, the small computer just won't hack it. "How else, for example, can aerodynamicists simulate a giant swept-back aircraft wing, except by a gigantic computer," Thornton notes. Nevertheless most of the talk in the computer industry these days is about the small-to-mediumsized machines. The still new, but promising, "computer-on-a-chip (or chips)" microprocessor still has a way to go to live up to its potent'ial as a major circuit element. Although microprocessors are now found in data-entry and point-ofsale terminals, electronic scales, specialized medical instruments and a number of other applications, they still have not been designed into industrial process-control and test and measuring instruments to any appreciable degree. And despite their lower cost and size, microprocessors are not expected to make significant inroads into traditional minicomputer territory· for some time. The microprocessor is no match yet for the mini in speed, word length, memory capacity, number of instructions and computing power. But the explosive growth of the minicomputer in recent years has not been without its problems. A major area of concern has been the high cost of preparing, debugging and executing the application programs-an expense that may cost 10 times the original investment in hardware. The minicomputer industry is attempting to cut these costs by providing system software that requires less programming time. Peripherals also are being affected by a significant developmentr-the combining of the intelligent terminal, and its built-in memory and processing capability, with floppy discs. The discs can provide up to 5 million bits of randomaccess at relatively low cost. And yet another area that is beginning to attract attention is the storing, processing and retrieval of data with optical techniques. For a fast look at what's available in computers and what's to come turn the pages of this special section. ELECTRO NIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Today's computers handle many jobs concurrently, from batch input to graphics, as this IBM setup shows. 65 L[]r:1PUTEA '?L. Decentralized networks allowing the computer to be moved to the job Seymour T. Levine, Associate Editor The 1970s may mark the end of a dinosaur: the super-sized central computer. Low-cost, highperformance minicomputers-and their LSI counte~art, the microprocessor-make it economical to decentralize the computing workload. Moreover present experiments with mediumsized computers point to the possibility that their work may be subdivided, too. With few exceptions, the more ambitious computer designs of the 60s attempted to construct one remote general-purpose machine for use with all problems. Today computation is more per.sonalized. The topology of the network is geared to individual jobs. Minicomputers and microcomputers are placed where the work is. Job helps define. architecture With the subdivide-and-conquer approach, each processor performs a clearly defined job, communicates with its neighbor processors, as needed, and perhap.s also responds to commands from a higher-ranking, or host, machine. In this way the software breaks down to a manageable level, programming time and costs are slashed, and data are available where needed. The relatively low cost of today's minicomputers-typically $2000 to $4000-makes it economical to operate them at less than 90 % of their capacity while still achieving a targeted operational economy. The leader in this trend is not the hardware systems designer but the sophisticated end user. He either sets up and programs the particular network or frequently hires a software consulting firm to set, configure and program his system. The computer manufacturer supplies the ancilliary electronics that bind the system into a manageable unit. Rows of car buret or -f low test sta nd s are 1nd1v1dual ly controlled by SPC-16 minicomputers from Gen· eral Automation. Grou ps of 31 sta nds report to an IBM System /7 supervisory computer, which, in turn, acts as a data concentrator fo r a 370 / 145. This hierarchical computer organization operates at the Rochest er Products Div. of General Motors. For example, data-communications systems often use ring or network configurations. The minis ·at each node route the messages through the links according to the appropriate algorithm, which maximizes throughput. The communication shares resources from several sites-like time-sharing. And the organization becomes leveled-that is, each element is equally important. Factory control systems inevitably use a . hierarchial configuraition, where each mini is as- signed specific tasks but reports key results to a central, or control, computer one level above. The resulting configuration closely resembles a line organization chart. Networks with one host computer and a gT11tq1 66 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 of terminals often take on a star structure, in which data radiate outward or inward toward the host. If communication becomes necessary between terminals, the host acts as a central message switch to pass the data between them. This configuration makes the network simple to control, because all data flow in and out of a single node. However, failure of the one node stops the entire system. As a low~cost alternative, the ring, or loop, system is often used when buffered iterminals and more than one host are in close proximity. Data are passed between any pair of interfaces on a multiplexed basis. Control passes in succession to each interface, which, if it has a message, addresses a given destination. The need for proximity occurs because the loop (actually a data bus) must handle the peak data rate for the en- The finished product tests other System/7's at IBM before shipment. The System/7 under test (left) is linked to the computer that monitors memory operation, control functions and data flow. Test data are printed out on a console (right, background) and relayed to a central System/360. A single System/ 7 can test up to four processors. tire system without degradation. Computer communication networks are ex- panding in two major directions-network control and distribution of information-according to Jack Branch, president of Incotel, Ltd., New York City, a software consulting house. The first use involves message switching, line switching and circuit (data) concentration. The second shows more imagination, since the network is used in conj unction with host computers to perform inquiry/ response, data entry, information retrieval and related functions. One example of a geographically distributed system designed by Incotel uses a network of three PDP-11 minis to support nationwide terminal-to-terminal communications, inquiry-re- EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 sponse and bulk-daita transmission. Message tables in the minis route the incoming data to the intended destination. If a data link fails, the operator can inform the mini to rourte the request to an alternate computer. The latter reacts as if the message arrived from a terminal attached directly to it. The over-all traffic load determines the number of computers and the links between them. As more message centers are needed, more minis are placed, and links are established to balance or prevent blockage at the nodes. Arpanet, a more elaborate switching system, was placed in operation in 1969, and has grown from four cities to 34. The minis form the nodes of this topological network. They break up data into 1000-bit packets at the sending site, route each packet over a separate link, then reassemble all at the receiving site. Hosts of all sizes inter- face via the minis, which are called IMPs (for interface message processors). - In the GE Mark III Information Services Net- work, remote concentrators feed central concen- trators, which in turn connect to' large com- puter systems. The network, composed of more than 100 interconnected communication and data- processing computers, serves over 360 cities in the world. The Tymshare, Inc., network, called TYMNET, uses 120 communications minis, which access at least 35 host computers. The topology resembles a multiple ring. A user calling into a particular node is assigned a route through the network to an appropriate CPU. The Collins C-System is both a computer com- munications system and part of a dispersed com- puting facility. The inner loop forms a data-ring topology that operates at 32 Mbit/ s and provides 16 channels, each with a capacity of 2 Mbit/ s. Front ends to the hosts mimic standard terminal controllers and little modification to host soft- ware is made. The facility interconnects high- speed peripherals, such as tapes and discs, to multiple hosts. Slower outer loops join unit- record devices, character-oriented terminals and so on to the main data path. Real-time control achieved in factories The automation of a factory with a single large computer invites disaster. If the computer fails, the entire factory halts-as with any single-node system. The more ·logical approach is to automate the job a piece at a time, then interconnect the pieces to complete the job. In the resulting system, individual minicomputers perform such dedicated tasks as control of 240 aluminum reduction cells, or control of a single paper machine that converts pulp to finished rolls. Analysis functions 67 HIERARCHY Configurations often seen in practical computer networks include the topological network, ring, hierarchy and star. The topological network handles distributed data communications, and the hierarchy is used for factory control. The star predominates when satellites are controlled by a single host, the ring when more than one host and buffered devices are in close proximity. are split off from data collection and summary operations. The user must provide some form of data-transmission path between the "worker" computers and the hosts. The operation of the lower-level computers is oriented towards real-time oontrol. As noted by Terry McMullen, manager of manufacturing automation systems marketing at Texas Instruments, programs at this level consist of brief re-entrant tasks or modules that are scheduled on a pr.iority basis by a software monitor. A real-time clock periodically (about every 100 ms) initiates the scheduler, which, in turn, passes control (allocates the CPU) to active tasks on priority basis. Command and control with the host has relatively low priority and is the function of a brief telecommunications package. The host interrupts the worker machine to activate the module, but the worker machine schedules the communication at its own convenience. Of equally low priority are summary transmissions from worker to host. These low priorities ensure that the worker computer remains alert to the real-time process under its jurisdiction. Excessive machine-to-machine communications could cause serious lags in reaction to time-critical events. The data rates between host and workers is fairly low-200 to 68 1000 baud-when compared with the tens of kilobauds for data-communication work. As a result, asynchronous telephone-line communication techniques are the most common medium. Yet the over-all system handles thousands of bits a second from an aggregate of hundreds of input lines. Managing large hosts The simplest network relieves a large host of such functions as combining characters into blocks, acknowledging transmission of each character .and checking for error. A minicomputer, often referred. to as a front end, takes over these functions while delivering complete blocks of data to the host. The host, in turn, sees the mini as a standard peripheral. The user applies the manufacturer's software without need for costly investment in terminal support programs. This interface between small and large machines is a:lmost universal in the world of distributed computation. For example, the ARPA network appears to the large hosts as a data file. Computerized graphic systems also make us~ of the front-end interface. Applicon of Burlington, Mass., provides a system for PC network layouts. A mini performs software editing and dis- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 play from digitizer to CRT terminal. The host performs the large-scale computation ·algorithm that provides routing and interconnects. The mini appears to the host as a standard remote jobentry terminal, and the applications programs can be written in Fortran. The hierarchy can be extended a step further, · explains Richard Diephius, a senior designer at Applicon. Microcomputers can relieve the mini by picking up coordinates and tracking the input pen with the CRT beam. Extensive hardware support provided An ample abundance of practical hardware and software exists for those who want to take advantage of distributed computing. Users of maxis and midis can exploit the architecture of computers like Control Data's Cyber 70 series or the Xerox 550 and 560 computers. These have an internal hierarchial system that allows the addition of processing capability in semiautonomous modular groups. Tne major subdivision of tasks in these machines is between peripheral processors and a central processor or processors. The peripheral processors (PPUs) control, direct and disseminate I/O data between central memory or extended storage on an as-needed basis with the 70-series. These small processors operate independently of the central processor. Both types . share central storage on separate data paths. With the Cyber series, the CPU with its 60-bit word length, executes programs, does high speed computations and performs time-critical operations. But the operating system is controlled by a monitor program in a peripheral processor. System software coordinates the units. T.he subdivision of labor is more straightforward with the Xerox 550 and 560-both 32-bit midicomputers. And the tasks performed by each component are more specialized. The Xerox CPU is subdivided into a system control processor and basic processor. The system processor is a centralized interface that controls the operation of the basic processor and all I/O pr-0cessors; the basic processor contains the arithmetic and logic unit. The I/O processors are connected in groups to individual memory blocks, but they can share memory with other processor groups. Also, the system processor can control a direct interface to the basic proces1sor. The direct interface equips the 550 and 560 for data-acquisition and control operations. Multiplexed 1/ 0 processors handle unit-record equipment and magnetic tapes. Rotating memory processors handle disc data and perform such procedures as error correction, angular position sensing and automatic seeks for alternate tracks. The Collins C-System uses a localized high-speed ring to join hosts and storage devices. Low-speed loops drive terminals and input devices. The system shown provides a statewide Iowa police network, with access to more than seven million traffic records and 250,000 criminal records on file in a System/370 complex at Des Moines. Data-communication hardware for mm1s includes plug-in PC boards that handle up to eight asynchronous channels, each with rates to 19,200 baud-the Digital Computer Controls Model 116431. Digital Equipment's DH 11 interface handles 16 asynchronous channels at rates to 9600 baud each. A single PDP-11 computer accommodates up to 16 DH ll's (256 lines). Synchronous adapters include Data General's 4073, which handles four synchronous lines at up to 2400 baud each. A single Nova mini accommodates 16 units. The software for data communications performs the following functions : · Performs error checks. · Acknowledges the message. · Formats the message for use by the requesting program. · Routes the message to the requesting program. A hierarchy for factory automation and le:::>ling that ·operates via telecommunications is IBM's System/ 7 which' can test other System/ 7's before shipment to customers. The latest System/ 7's, available since last December, handle up to 384 analog sensors and can communicate with the System/ 370 at speeds to 50-k bit/ s in binary · synchronous format. As the proce ssing tempo increases-for ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, J974 69 . Four interactive graphics terminals, each linked to its own minicomputer, help design electronic circuits with Applicon 's system. The host, also a mini, provides additional support for this star ,configuration and can act as a front-end to an IBM 360, which calculates the PC art-work routings . example, with nuclear power-plant control or aircraft flight-simulator control-character-bycharacter communication gives way to memoryto-memory transfers. For example, Data General's 4038 multiprocessor communications adapter (MCA) allows up to 15 Nova minis to communicate with one another at rates to 140-k words/ s. Elystec's MCl-10 offers the same capability with a 1-MHz rate. Also, the allowable computer-to-computer distance is increased from 50 feet to 250 feet. Interdata of Oceanport, N.J., plans to introduce a 1shared memory system similar to that used in Xerox's 550 and 560 computers. Each machine addresses a portion of shared core assigned to it a.s if it were an extension of its own address. Other machines can read from the assigned portion but cannot write into it. A message area allows the machines to check if others have left data from them to pick up. For more rapid response, the machines nudge each other through external interrupts. The ability of the 32-bit Model 7/ 32 to address a million words of memory directly allows the compiler to insert the shared references in a straightforward way -through the definition of a multiprocessor or global COMMON statement. Digital Equipment's bus window, the DA-HF, performs a .similar function, but between two processors. Computer 1 requests access to a block of memory data from Computer 2. When Computer 2 acknowledges the request, the first computer can treat an 8-k-bit module as an extension of its own memory. Computer 2 can also access 70 a block in Computer 1 in a similar fashion. With low memory costs, today's minis do not suffer from a lack of high-level languages and operating systems. And a number of features in these systems lend considerable support to dispersed computing. Communications capability often accompanied by time-sharing and multi-tasking (CPU time multiplexed among small jobs that run independently) are harbingers of distributed intelligence. For example, the MAX III operating system performs real-time and time-sharing operations on Modular Computer Systems MODCOMP II and MODCOMP IV computers. The MAX III system shares time between as many as 256 program segments (called tasks) . Through an extension of the time-sharing capability, a satelhte computer attached to the host can perform a job normally assigned to the host. In fact, the satellite has access to all the main peripheral equipment attached to the host. In a related development, this time in the intelligent-terminal market, Linolex of North Billerica, Mass., has introduced a terminal that can broadcast a program from one terminal to another for execution. The system lets the user generate the program in an interactive mode, then transmit the result by telephone to any remote site. Experiments unlock new potential Maxis are still best for processing the large volumes of data found in astronomical, seismic and weather-forecasting calculations. Also, software support for high-level languages tends to be better with large-scale machines than with minicomputers. Yet, less than a year ago, use of large centralized data bases was also cited as a reason for use of the maxis. Since then, minis have been mated to IBM 3330 disc drives that store 1.6 bHlion bytes. A controller called the Computroller, manufactured by Diva of Eatontown, N.J., performs the feat. Experiments conducted by Dav.id J. Farber, associate professor of the University of California, Irvine, could ease the general-purpose maxi out of small-to-medium data-processing jobs. At Irvine, a network of four minis (three Lockheed Sue's and a Varian 620i), joined in a ring configuration, divide program tasks in accordance with the capacity available at each machine. The goals of the experiment are twofold: · To create a network in which one machine can request services of another machine, such as a file, printer or card reader. · To create a larger distributed machine that can link microprocessors-say, in a typewriter- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 BASIC PROCES- SOR MI OP MIOP MIOP MIOP RMP RMP A very modern midi, the Xerox 560, makes use of an hierarchical architecture. Input-output and arithmetic processors have distinct functions but NOTE : MIOP : MULTIPLEXER 1/0 PROCESSOR RMP : ROTATING MEMORY 1/0 PROCESSOR are controlled by a single system control proc essor. Each processor can share memory with other clusters when needed. with the file-handling and processing capability of minis. An interface between each machine and the ring stores the names of programs and files for the machine. The programs send messages around the 2.3-Mbit/ s ring and receive answers from machines that can perform the task. The sender need not know which mini has the program. The data are processed between the programs themselves. No one machine is the exclusive controller. Programs can move from one computer to another to balance the load_ As ·a program runs, a periodk request for a bid to do the job is sent around the ring. Each machine in the ring has an algorithm that it uses to price the bid. The lowest available bidder "wins" the job. The system has been in operation at Irvine for seven months. Future research will center on improvement of the present simple cost algorithm, to gain a good general sharing of resources. While minis seem to dominate the distributed computer scene, the midis and general-purpose maxis are striving for their debut. Control Data Corp. is impressed enough with its Cyber 70 series to supersede them with the Cyber-170, announced this month. The new series continues the distributed architecture present in the Cyber70 series, with an upgrade to bipolar and MOS LSI circuitry. The machines, which feature increased speed and reduced size, are designed to operate in a computer network. One of the projects at Bolt Beranek & New- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 man Inc., the consulting and R&D firm in Cambridge, Mass. is on distributed computing. Dr. William R. Sutherland explains that the project group is looking into how the 10 computers on the ARPA network-which support the Tenex operating system, developed by BEN-can operate as a single, unified system. One difference between this work and the Irvine experiments is that Tenex runs on a midi, the PDP-10. Another concept in the beginning stages, but in operation, is - a distributed data base. This extension to the time-sharing ability to append files works as follows: Say, file FOO is at Stanford Research Institute in California and file TEXT i's at BEN. The command APPEND FOO TO TEXT causes one file to move across the country to join the other on its disc. And the new file can be made to reside at a third location. In an unusual demonstration of load leveling, a different program runs for a while, stops, then picks itself up and migrates over tlie network to another machine, then executes there for a time. For the demonstration, a user prods the program to move on, but in the future, the programs could migrate automatically when they sense that the machine they are ·running on is heavily loaded. The migration, of course, would be to a more lightly loaded machine. Dr. Sutherland cautions that these exotic capabilities are now still in the research stage, but he expects that their enormous commercial potential will make them tomorrow's reality. ··· 71 D~S e~MI?UTOOLLE~, l?DI?ll, 1\ND 3330 TYI?ti: DISe DRl\ffi: UNIT£. 1\N INeREDIBIE M1\RRl1\G6:. An Episode in the True Chronicle of the DIVAJ; Proudest Peripheral Family in the Computerworld The computerworld stares in awe at the incredible wedding scene which has unfolded before them. The bride is minicomputer fDP I I.offspring of the illustrious maxi-computer clan , begat of Abacus. The bridegroom is DIVA COMPUTROLLER. scion of this proud, most respected peripheral family . Officiating at the ceremony is Duke DIVA Disc Duke DIVA Drive, direct descendant of IBM compatible 3330 type disc drives. Mini PDP 11 Realizing the great impact this interfacing will have on " Viue , DiVA ! Viue , DIVA ! Viue , DIVA !" Everyone the computerworld, our happy guests monitor the unwinds . wedding with joyous solemnity. But even as we listen to the clink of ceremonial glasses " Mated," Interdata 70 whirrs, " PDP 11 will have and the exuberant laughter, we sense an underlying access to 100 million bytes of data on a single spindle sadness. Those unchosen minis - do they count for or 200 million bytes on a dual spindle disc drive unit nothing now ? Will they not be able to enter the world within an average access time of 3 2 msecs. " of high speed data storage/access and low cost/bit " And with COMPUTROLLER providing a buffering sector, data will be transferable at the rate of 645 ,000 bytes/ sec," marvels Nova II. performance ? And why- throughout this entire festivity - has COMPUTROLLER remained hidden /'c_ under his purple robe ? Is there more to L:rr COMPUTROLLER than meets the eye? Be " And keep in mind," interrupts a breathless .f-;r. sure to join us for the next episode in the True TI 980A, " that with ~ Chronicle of the DIVAS COMPUTROLLER ~ when we will hear the controlling eight drives, a.t·wm· horrendous accusation : mini will have access to 1.6 " Bigamy! BIGAMIST! " billion 8-bit bytes of data! !" But, hush! Listen to Duke DIVA repeating those always-inspiring words : " With the data stored in me, and with provided interconnecting cables and distribution panel, I now pronounce you linked in holy matrimony." In the meantime, learn COMPUTROLLER'S inside story. Find out about the free implementation and training courses, the software packages, and warranties that go with each disc system. All you PDP 11 users call George Roessler at 201544-9000 for cost and delivery information. Resounding cheers befitting the occasion arise from the crowd. " A toast! A toast! A toast !' ' they roar. As is Or write : DIVA, Inc. 607 Industrial Way West Eatontown, N.J. 07724 TWX 710-722-6645. the custom , the proud parents, mini processor and DIVA controller, propose the toast to the dazzling couple : " To the.most splendid and significant union in all our memories. " REGIONAL SALES OFFICES : CT : 203 -526-3222 CA : 415 -349 -3482 Wash. DC: 703-370-5211. GSA CONTRACT NO. GSS-OOC.00159. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 40 72 E L ECTRO NIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 THE CRO- PROCESSORS ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 73 IPS Microprocessors for do-it-yourselfers. From National Semiconductor. On distributors' shelves now. Our chips are two P-MOS/LSI circuits that can be slapped together like building blocks to yield computer systems ranging from simple 4-bit processors for control functions to a powerful 32-bit system that handles complex calculations. National's building blocks are the Register and Arithmetic Logic Unit (RALU) and Control and Read-Only Memory (CROM). Together they contain all the gates and flops you used to have to wire together to build your own processor. The thing that does the work. RALU. A 4-bit slice of the Register and Arithmetic portion of a general purpose computer. In one 24-pin package using standard +5V and -12V supplies ' we've crammed all of the following: seven general-purpose registers, a status flag register, an arithmetic 74 logic unit, an I/O multiplexer, and a 16-word LIFO stack that improves speed and performance while conserving main memory. The RALU number is IMP-OOH/520D. The thing that tells the other things what work to do. . The only trouble with RALUs is that they don't understand English. Or even the zeros and ones that you feed into the microprocessor. CROMs do understand zeros and ones. They're souped-up ROMs that translate your binary instructions into operational commands. A single instruction to the CROM triggers a series of commands to the RALUs. CROMs are currently available in three varieties: A standard-instruction 16-bit CROM,IMP-16A/521D, with 43 instructions. An extended-instruction 16-bit CROM, IMP-16A/522D, that speeds up processing with 17 additional powerful instructions including divide, multiply, double precision add/ subtract, etc. And an 8-bit CROM, IMP-8A/ 520D with 38 instructions. You can buy the RALUs and CROMs in these set numbers: IMP16A/500D: 16-bit standard set; IMP16A/502D: 16-bit extended set; IMP8A/500D: 8-bit standard set. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, Ap ril 26, 1974 For people who want to save time, National offers its "ready-mades~' Complete, fully-debugged 8 and 16-bit microprocessors on 812 by 11 inch p.c. cards ready for your application program. Our big ones. The IMP-16C is a 16-bit microprocessor built around four RALUs and one or two CROMs. The one-CROM version has a standard-instruction-set CROM and an empty socket for another (IMP16C/200). Add the extended instruction-set CROM and you've got the IMP-16C/300. The IMP-16L/300 card is similar to the 16C/300, but we optimized it for high performance applications with a Direct Memory Access bus controller and multi-level interrupts. Our little one. IMP-8C, 8-bit microprocessor. Small, but oh my! A flexible, low-cost, self-contained processor and controller containing two RALUs, an IMP-8A/520 CROM, and provisions for the addition of a second CROM to expand the instruction set. If 8-bits is your thing, you'll find some things here to -~--- turn you on: 8 ad- dressable control flags- control jump multiplexer provides 16 programmable branch conditions. Eight-bit buffereddata-out bus. Memory addresses 16 bits wide to provide a memory address range of 65,536 bytes. On-card memory expandable to 2304 bytes, consisting of 256 bytes of read/ write memory and up to 2048 bytes of read-only memory (ROM/pROM). But whether you go for 8-bit or 16-bit, cards or chips, the question is, what are you going to do with them once you've got 'em? Please turn the page. ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 75 The advantages of the whole microprocessor thing lies in th~ fact that it is standard hardware designed and built for you to program to your specific application. Our boxes help you do that. They're program debugging and prototyping systems, providing everything you need to develop and test both the interfaces and application programs. Each box includes a microprocessor card, programmers control panel, peripheral interfaces, memory, power supply and chassis. BOX#I The IMP-16P. A microcomputer for use with the IMP-16C microprocessor cards. With a Teletype~ the IMP-16P provides all equipment necessary for the immediate evaluation and use of the IMP-16C (both 200 and 300) cards and chips. BOX#2 The IMP-16L. A prototyping system for the IMP-16L/300 card. (And if you're starting to get confused by all the different numbers, the chart on this page should help unconfuse you.) The basic IMP-16L and options provide an unusually versatile tool for developing a variety of OEM equipment, software, and full-scale processing systems. BOX#3 The IMP-SP. For S-bit fans this is the prototyping tool for the IMP-SC card. Like the others, IMP-SP puts all you need for hardware and software development all in one box. What goes with what. CROM Types: #of RALUs Card s: Boxes: standard 16-bit IMP-16A/521D 4 IMP-16C/200 IMP- 16P/ 204 extended IMP-16A/521D 16-bit IMP-16A/522D 4 IMP-16C/ 300 IMP-16P/ 304 extended 16-bit IMP-16A/521D with OMA IMP-16A/522D 4 IMP-16L/300 IMP-16L/304 8-bit IMP-8A/ 520D 2 IMP-8C/ 200 IMP-8P/ 208 So that's our basic hardware. Our boxes, our cards, and our chips. But we're not quite through yet. .. 76 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 National wouldn't leave you out ·on a limb. We support our hardware with software, firmware, and accessories that help make the whole thing easier to apply. The assemblers. What we have here is a communications problem. RALUs don't understand what binary instructions are talking about (so we have CROMs to act as interpreter). And CROMs don't understand what human beings are talking about. What's needed in the latter case is an assembler, which is a computer program that automatically converts English to binary language (something CROMs can understand). You just feed the program language and the assembler program into the computer and out pops the computer language. We offer three kinds of assemblers, in both 8and16-bit versions. A self-assembler that needs no "outside" computer if you have one of our prototyping systems...a cross-assernbler for use on your in-house IBM 360/ 370 computer ... and a cross-assembler for use on a timesharing utility. Other goodies. We offer a strong software support package. Things that help you write the program you need, and check it out. Application, interfacing and programming manuals...exten:. sive diagnostic programs for hardware testing...loader programs...soft- ware debug routines...utility routines, etc. And there's also a passel of support hardware such as card cages, memqry cat:ds, extender cards, prototyping cards, peripherals, plus training courses to make you an expert in a hurry. In other words...the works. For further information use the coupon or call us at (408) 732-5000. ,-----------------------~-----, NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR 2900 Semiconductor Drive, Santa Clara, California 95051 Please send me the following literature : D 16-bit Microprocessor Product Descriptions D 8-bit Microprocessor Product Descriptions D GPC/ P Microprocessor Chip Product Data Sheets D National Training Courses D Have a salesman call. Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Titl· -----~----Company _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address- - - - - - - - - - - CilY ----------,,,.-,----~- Stale Zip Phone_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ L------------~----------------~ NATIONAL See us at Booth #753 National Computer Conference in Chicago. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26 , 1974 77 Take-your-pick software I·S making the mini mighty, but watch out-it costs Jim McDermott, Eastern Editor A "smorgasbord" of operating software and application systems developed by both manufacturers and users is giving today's minicomputers power usually associated with the larger computers. But with the advances have come problems. The operating software-a collection of interrelated programs that tell the individual computer elements how to interact-provides the intelligence for the machines so they can perform tasks. These tasks, defined by software applica- tion systems, range from the monitoring of a simple industrial process to real-time, multipleuser, foreground-background operation. But one problem is the high cost of preparing, debugging and executing the application pro,.. grams. This cost has widely outstripped that of the minicomputer mainframe. The software for a typical system may cost 10 times the original investment in hardware, according to Philip Stein, minicomputer consultant at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. Michael A. Ford, vice president of General Automation, Inc., Anaheim, Calif., agrees. Software-the programs and routines that run a computer-are stored on media like paper and magnetic tape. Magnetic discs, cartridges and cassettes plus punched cards are also used. 78 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 "A month of programming," Ford says, "can cost as much as a minicomputer. And you can buy a whole computer system for the price of one programmer's services for a year. Moreover salaries are rising, while the cost of computer hardware is falling." Efforts under way to cut costs There is a genuine effort in the minicomputer industry to cut costs by providing system software that requires less programming time. Evidence of this is the growing quantity of both off-line and real-time software with higher-level languages like Fortran and Basic, which are easier to use than the machine-oriented assemblylanguage programs. While hardware costs are higher for real-time, higher-level languages, because more memory is required, that expense can be offset by reduced programming costs. For example, Van Diehl, product manager for the Hewlett-Packard Automatic Measurements Div., Sunnyvale, Calif., points to many years of controversy between the proponents of assembly languages and those of higher-level languages. "It's still going on in some quarters," he notes, "because with assembly language you can develop shorter and faster programs with a minimum of memory. But with the price of 4-k of core down to a few thousand dollars, it's hardly worth saving a coup,le thousand words of core when, to do that, you have to spend three to six man months more programming in assembly language. For the cost of a highly sophisticated programmer for this period, you can buy not only the 4 k of core but another computer." Picking the best software for the job can be very difficult. Software specs can mean different things to the hardware-oriented designer and the software salesman. Robert Oakley, product manager of computer systems for Varian Data Machines, Irvine, Calif., says: "There is a type of specmanship and there are interpretations of terminology in the software area that exceeds the exceptions and differences in the terminology used for computer hardware. For example, because one manufacturer says he has a Fortran software compiler doesn't mean he has the same one as a competitor. There are a number of different specifications for Fortran compilers. And not investigating this can be costly. "A user may have a system which runs Fortran, and he wants to upgrade to a newer system. If he isn't knowledgeable about the differences in the various Fortrans offered, he could buy a computer which he thinks meets his needs. But he'd be in for a shock." For other high-level languages, like Basic, RPG or Cobol, a number. of nonstandard modifications can be a trap, Oakley points out. How can the'designer protect himself? Andrew Breslin, applications analyst for Computer Automation in Irvine, takes a pessimistic view. "There is no way that someone who is not familiar with software can protect himself from Software code generation and translation Programs for computers can be written as a binary code that the machine can directly accept and use. But generating programs in this fashion is impractical because it is a very difficult and time-consuming task. Instead, coded terminology of differing levels of complexity have been devised for easier understanding and manipulation. The first improvement on binary coding is in the form of machine instructions that are small groups of letters and numbers, called assembly language. These groups are decoded in the computer by a software package called an assembler. The output of the assembler-binary-coded machine instructions and addresses-is directly usable by the machine. To get the computer to do much of the routine work inv-0lved with programming, higher-level languages were devised. Instructions in these languages are written in the form of statements. Depending upon their complexity and the machine task which they are to perform, they are translated into machine code" by compilers or interpreters. SOURCE CODES MACHINE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE i COMPILER LANGUAGE !FORTRAN) '.3 ;;:I ~ ...J I ~ INTERPRETIVE " LANGUAGE i !BASIC) SOFTWARE TRANSLATION METHOD OBJECT CODE ASSEMBLER 1--..--- COMPILER BINARY COOED ,,.,MACHINE "5TRUCTIONS AOORESSES INTERPRETER - - - ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 79 an unscrupulous salesman," Breslin says. "If you decide he's giving you a snow job,·get rid of him. If not, listen to him." R. Stockton Gaines, technical staff member with the Institute of Defense Analysis, Princeton, N.J., insists that the hardware designer, to protect himself, should learn something about programmi'ng. "It's an effort to learn," he points out, "but once you have, you're better off in many situations than calling on someone else. And at least you can communicate with vendors." Gabe d'Annunzio, marketing services manager for Prime Computer, Natick, Mass., says that the application of software to hardware can be simplified by a new approach. "Instead of looking at each element of software as an individual item, with individual specifications and qualifications, put the software into the total system concept," he suggests. "Evaluate it on the basis of total system performance." Software and hardware incompatibilities will show up more easily under the system-analysis concept, d'Annunzio insists. "We suggest you look at software from two viewpoints," he says. "First, much system software now offered is three or four years old in its bas'ic design. But it's attempting to support new minicomputers that, from a hardware standpoint, are probably less than six months old. A principal problem here is, 'Does the system software even know that many advanced features exist in the new machines they're trying to run?'" Surprisingly in many cases, the software doesn't, d'Annunzio notes. A second major aspect for the mini system designer to consider, d'Annunzio says, is whether the computer manufacturer has built features into the hardware to make it more responsive to the software. In many cases, he says, the answer is no. "Neglecting the system aspect of softwar&the fact that it has to work with the hardwar&and looking at isolated software specifications doesn't tell a thing," d'An.nunzio warns. "For example, if you look at the specs on a particular Fortran compiler, you only determine whether it produces a Fortran code or not. What you don't know is how it' works with the rest of your system." Some 99 % of all minicomputer manufacturers offer a Fortran compiler, d'Annunzio points out. But significant differences exist between the compilers, he says-not within the compiler but in how the compiler makes use of computer features. For instance, some computers offer floatingpoint arithmetic hardware. While Fortran compilers are available for those systems, several don't generate code that will automatically use that hardware. 80 Low-cost software development systems, like this 980A system by Texas Instruments, support users who do not need large, disc-based computers. I REAL-TIME EXECUTIVE I I ASSEMBLERS, INTERPRETERS, ETC.l For industrial real-time minicomputer applications the buyer not sophisticated in software should be sure, says Van Diehl of Hewlett-Packard, that the software elements of the outer circles are also provided by the minicomputer vendor. On the .other hand, d'Annunzio says, if the Fortran compiler can use floating-point hardware, there is this basic question : How easily can it do it? For example, different mini vendors put the floating-point hardware in different places in the computer. Some treat the floating-point processor as a peripheral device and hang it on the input-output bus of the computer. The vendor will tell you what the floating-point add time is -the time .it takes to add inside that unit-not the overhead time necessary to address the floating-point processor as a peripheral device, bring EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 the information in, put it in the memory and then produce the results. Some vendors, including Prime Computer, treat the floating-point processor as a central processor. It's directly linked to the CPU, and memory-reference instructions are used to access the floating-point unit. Which means that you can use direct addressing and call the instructions automatically from the Fortran compiler. Another point that may be concealed by software specsmanship is lack of file-structure compatibility. With various vendors offering large memories and disc-operating systems, it's now possible to have the minicomputer process large data files. And the larger machines can create programs for smaller ones in their line. · But with some computers the file structure used by the disc-operating system when it develops a program is incompatible with the file structure used when that program is run by a real-time operating system. This means that the files must be reformatted by a programmer, and this takes time and money and adds the risk of mistakes. Some minicomputer manufacturers, following IBM's lead, provide a file structure that is compatible with all the software systems for the company's line of machines. File compatibility reaps benefits An advantage of such comp,lete file compatibility, according to Richard Farwell, marketing manager of software systems for Data General, Southboro, Mass., is that programs can be developed by real-time, disc-operating systems for later use in stand-alone operating systems or in stand-alone, core-only, real-time operating systems. "Our paper-tape formats, magnetic-tape formats, cassette formats and disc formats are fully compatible," Farwell says, "As a result, a Data General user ·can start with a small-perhaps a stand-alone--system and do program development. By extending the system with core or disc, it can be expanded to a larger system without reprogramming what's previously been done." With some disc software operating systems, the space on the disc is not allocated to individual files. The customer must identify the file locations himself; at considerable programming time and expense. In other systems the disc-base allocation is provided automatically and ·referenced by name as well. The problems of compatibility have been of considerable concern to Digital Equipment Corp. "While it's been difficult, if you've written a user program to move from one system to another in the PDP-11 line, we've taken positive steps to rem~ve those difficulties," says Peter van ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 EXTERNAL lf'ITERRUPTS OPERAIUR COMMUN I· CATION DEVICE SYSTEM INPUT DEVICE COMPUTER MAINFRAME OTHER 110 BUS - - · ~~I~~ ROTATING MEMORY UTILITY PROGRAMS CHECKPOINT FILE A powerful real-time multitasking operating sys- tem, Vortex 11 by Varian Data, provides foreground I background processing capability, program overlays and simplified I/ 0 operations. Rotating-memory file management is incorporated in the software. Roekens, manager of PDP-11 medium and large development. "The problem has been software. But in the operating systems coming out now there are compatible paths, so the users can move p·rograms from one system to another. We have several systems that are now compatible. They require only a relinking of programs to go from one to another, van Roekens points out. "Part of a new series of systems that are coming out--some have been already released-have both compatible user interfaces and compatible file interfaces." 81 ~ --I"--·10 PROGRAM+ RUN-TIME OPERATING UNDER DOS IN MAIN MEMORY Inputs to this Lockheed System Ill language-processing subsystem are provided from source files containing symbolic code of programs in RPG II or in assembly language. The subsystem operating sequence for compilation or program execution begins with disc, card or keyboard inputs. Traditionally paper tape has been used with minicomputer systems software; But loading the tape into the computer has always been a timeconsuming job, frequently requiring days. And if there is a mistake in the program, it's necessary to return to the beginning of the program reel and do the program all over again. As a result, many companies now offer disc systems, which can be loaded in minutes. But discs aren't as safe as paper tape. There's always the possibility that the disc will "crash" either through mechanical failure or sloppy programming. For example, the program may access a file when it's not supposed to be accessed. Some vendors take the attitude that if the user makes such a mistake, lottsa luck. Others provide system software that makes checks. Some of this software can help identify a file that has crashed and also help reconstruct a destroyed file. Questions to ask here are: What has the vendor done to ensure the integrity of the file? What will he do to bail you out once you've made a mistake? Is it going to take a couple of days to reconstruct the file from cards-or can you go in 82 .in-line and do the job? There are several levels of minicomputer soft- ware, and the level selected depends upon the size of the machine and its task, notes Andrew Breslin. Usually, says Breslin, you can execute programs on most any machine-although that isn't always true-but it frequently takes a large-scale minicomputer to compile the programs. For example, a basic mini will have a small memory of 1 or 2 k-which is nowhere near enough to run a Fortran compiler. However, the compiler's output-the compiler code-can be run on the small -· computer. Not all systems will let you mix Fortran and assembly languages, and that can be criticalfor example, in process control. It's necessary to distinguish between the ability to run and the ability to run usefully. An assembler that can just barely run in a 4-k memory may not be able to assemble a large enough program to be useful. And you want to make sure that the language will be able to support the required peripheral devices. "For example," says Breslin, "we have a Fortran compiler that we sell which will run on as little as 4 k. But it doesn't support a line p·rinter or a card reader." The minimum of software needed for any job, Breslin says, must include a language translator that accepts a program statement wr.itten in mnemonic code. For example, statements like "HALT" or "LOAD A" might be used to instruct a machine to load one of the registers. The language translator oohverts these statements into "object text." Also required are software loaders-programs that take object text and put it into the machine in a form suitable for running the machine. Translators, Breslin says, come in a variety of forms, particularly assemblers, compilers and interpreters. Assemblers and compilers produce code, or machine-language programs that are executed on the cpmputer in binary form. Interpreters-a Basic-language interpreter is a prime example-produce an intermediate language that is closer to machine language. And this intermediate language is, in turn, interpreted by yet another program called the "run-time" program. Breslin points out that the compilers and assemblers-which produce ready-to-run code in machine language-execute the program considerably and with less memory than the interpreters do. On the other hand, the interpreters provide a much easier alteration of the p·rogram once it's done. For industrial~control applications, interpreters are not generally used, Breslin notes. More common, he says, is the assembly language, which is a one-to-one representation of the machine language. The assembly languag~, he adds, ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 calls for a higher level of programmer's skill than Fortran-a one-to-many conversion-does. One Fortran statement produces many machinelanguage statements and instruction. Fortran and assembly language account for the vast majority of all minicomputer programming, Breslin says. Most people approach the development of minicomputer software by first trying to determine the language that the program w.ill be written in, says David Waks, vice president, Applied Data Research, Princeton, N.J. But he continues, there are at least two questions that must be answered before the language step : How are you going to get the system debugged and running? And what kind of a computer are you going to use to get the program working? YES ENTER NEW SOURCE Choosing a computer language The choice of language and the choice of systems approach is ultimately going to be governed by how you get the system working. From there, the choice of language follows. It's a question of what language or mixture of languages you're going to fit into that operating environment. Minicomputers today are all essentially the , same, Waks says. The prices, the features and what you can do with them are comparable. "But when I choose a machine for an application," he stresses, "I choose it on the basis of the degree of software support I get from the manufacturer, because it costs a fortune to develop the software. Take a typical operating system. No manufactur.er has an operating system out that has cost him less than $200,000-probably closer to a million-to build. No one has a working, fieldtested Fortran compiler that cost less than $50,000 to $100,000." Many minicomputer manufacturers recommend · that a purchaser use the machine on which he's going to perform his system tasks to develop the program as well. But in a real-time environment, Waks feels, this is "the worst possible choice. "The computer configuration typically chosen to run .in a real-time environment," he says, "is not optimized for program development. It's optimized for the application problem. To be optimized for program development, it has to have a disc; it almost necessarily has to have a line printer, and it probably has a high-speed paper tape. "And it's got to have a fair amount of core in order to run the various computer utilities. Also, it has to be big enough to support an operating system that's going to run the program generation systems-the macroassemblers, the Fortran compilers, or whatever. For example, if you're talking about a Nova computer, you're committed to a 24-k machine with a fairly large disc ~ MINCOMPUTER HAADWME Minicomputer programs can be efficiently develop· ed on large, time·shared systems. System flow for Mimic, a software development system by Applied Data Research, is shown above. The Mimic console language enables simulation of a host of minicomputers. Mimic runs on a DECsystem-10. and line printer. "You can ·size your mini to the application if you're going to use some other machine for program development. But if not, the machine must be large enough for the latter task." To reduce the programming time required by the higher-level languages, some larger minicomputer systems incorporate software that performs what is termed "global optimization." The key to this system is a multipass compiler that makes the code more efficient by recirculating the program elements several times through the compiler. Many of the program revisions routinely done by the programmer to optimize a program are performed rapidly by the machine. . Data General uses global optimization in its Nova systems. "With global optimization," says Farwell, "a multipass compiler looks at the total pro.gram as it is compiling it and resolves any common references to variables and to pieces of code that are common to multiple parts of the program. If the same calculations are made in multiple places in the program, the global compaler pulls them out and only calculates them once." ·· EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 83 Pick& Choose OEM Printer Mechanisms and Complete Teleprinter Terminals from SINGER You pick from our basic 30 cps impact printer mechanisms in 80 or 132 column OEM configurations and choose from many completely packaged ASR, KSR and RO terminals with interface. Or, if you need something in-between we can supply that too; the power supply, printer and communication interfaces and/or logic sub-assemblies to meet your exact requirements. So whatever you need in OEM printer mechanisms and terminals, it's available at Singer ... Call, write or circle the reader service number for our r;iew printer brochure today and see how Singer can satisfy your printer requirements. International Teleprinter Corporation, The Singer Co., 493 Washington Avenue, Carlstadt, New Jersey 07072 - (201} 438-1770 - TWX 710-989-0111. SINGER INTERNATIONAL TELEPRINTER CORP. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 41 34 . The digital vvorld is a COS7MOS vvorld. RCA COS/MOS widens your istics of COS/MOS typically change world of digital applications. It offers a combination of features that can 't less than 3.0% over the full military temperature range. So you can place be matched by other digital COS/MOS circuits just about any- technologies . Features like ultra-low power consumption .. .10 microwatts per gates! This permits high chip-packing density, use of small power supplies, where without worrying about them being overheated . And you get more system cost effectiveness in the broad selection of COS/MOS circuits : from simple and a money-saving reduction in gates like the CD4011 Quad NANO cooling requirements. to highly complex functions like the So COS/MOS is ideal for CD4057 Arithmetic Logic Unit. battery-operated equipment. No longer do you need to be tied down Let RCA, originator and the world 's largest producer of the industry by the power cord . standard CD4000 Series, introduce you COS/MOS circuits work great to the world of digital COS/MOS. We from 3 to 15 volts. That means you believe you 'll soon be convinced that can use inexpensive power supplies RCA COS/MOS is the best answer for without fancy regulators .You can use your digital system designs. long wires and simple low cost P. C. boards without worrying . about signal attenuation. ~ 1, COS/MOS noise immu- l:·. · ~ ~ aca ~ ~~ nity is among the highest of any · · 1:2 technology (typically 45% of ~~ supply voltage) , making it suitable Send for complete data packet, for use in high noise environments including the latest COS/MOS such as the automotive and industrial Product Guide. Write: RCA Solid State, control industries. Section 57026 Box 3200, Somerville, The stable transfer character- N.J . 08876 . Or phone: (201) 722-3200 . . Solid Ren State lnternallonal RC A Sunbury -o n·Tham es. UK or Fu11Bu1ld 1ng , 7 ~ 4 Kasum1gasak1. 3-Chome . Ch1yoda-Ku . Tokyo . Japan In Canada RCA L1m11ed Ste Anne de Bellevue 810 _Canada INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 42 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 85 EVEM THE BIGGIES HAVE TO BEAT THEIR OWN DRUM SOMETIMES. ----- , , It's about , time we made some noise about , the fact that we're one of the top three manufacturers of modular regulated DC power , supplies. What does that mean to you? Plenty! ACDC , Electronics provides one of the most extensive lines of standard , power supplies in the industry...over 500 models ranging from I approximately 6 watts to over 500 watts. There are five series in our series-pass power supply line. Of these, the most popular is the OEM. Although they are known for their economy, these OEM power / supplies offer the same reliability you have come to expect from all ACDC I products. Our new high efficiency switching power supplies offer the latest in technology. They're smaller; cooler; and more efficient than series-pass supplies I and operate quieter and more reliably than most other competitive models. And, there's even more for us to "boom" about. ACDC's ability to tailor I a power supply to specific applications is virtually unlimited. Some typical units range from miniature 400 Hz airborne power supplies to 3000 amp power systems for state-of-the-art computer complexes, incorporating such features I as auto-progression, margining, sequencing, transistor switching, phase control and series regulation as well as special packaging configurations. Com- plete information is contained in our new 1974 catalog.To get your personal copy, just write to us on your letter- head, or; if our short form catalog is enough, just circle the reader service number. Like the broken drum, you just can't beat ACDC power supplies. ' ' ., .1,- 1 I I I Name Company Name Address State Zip code ,,'I ,... ___ _, _.; acdc electronics inc Oceanside Industrial Center Oceanside, CA 92054 (714) 757-1880 . ~~ _. ~' INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 43 86 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26. 1974 COS/MOS is Power Conscious P.lagued by expensive power supplies and cooling systems? Having a rough time trying to cram too many system functions into a mini-package? Heat causing a reliability problem? "Yes" to any of these problems means you have a need for RCA COS/MOS IC's. COS/MOS power dissipation is negligible at de and increases linearly with frequency. Since many logic elements in a digital system are idle much of the time, or switch at lower rates than the maximum clock frequency, a substantial net power saving can be achieved with COS/MOS in comparison with other logic families whose dissipation remains constant with frequency. For example, a Digital Clock with 21 COS/MOS IC's takes only 6.3 milliwatts for the countdown from a 262 KHz crystal and the logic to drive an hours, minutes and seconds display. A comparable TTL system will consume 600 milliwatts-a difference of al most 100 to 1 in power cost savings with COS/MOS. Power conscious? You bet it is. But ultra-low power consumption is not the only great feature you get. D COS/MOS circuits work from 3 to 15 volts, eliminating expensive regulators. D COS/MOS noise immunity is among the highest of any technology (typically 45% of supply voltage). D COS/MOS features stable transfer characteristics - less than 3 .0% change over the full temperature range of -55°C. to +125°C. It all adds up to ease of use and cost-effective designs. Try it. You 'll be convinced that the digital world is a COS/MOS world . Sendforyourguide to the ever-growing COS/MOS Product Family. Write: RCA Solid State, Section 570-26, Box 3200, Somerville, N.J. 08876 . Or phone: (201) 722-3200, Ext. 2565 . R e n Solid State products that make products pay off Internationa l : RCA. Sunbury-on-Thames, U.K./ RCA . Fuji Building, 7-4 Kasumigaseki, 3-Chome , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan/RCA , 103 Nanking E. Road, Sect. 2, 2nd Fl oor , Taipei , Ta iwan . In Canada: RCA Lim ited, Ste. An.ne de Bellevue 810 , Canada . INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 44 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26 , 1914 87 Minicomputers, we've got you surrounded. So take a closer look. head-per-track disk drive. The MDS family of OEM They add even greater muscle peripherals is growing. to Mohawk's existing line-up of OEM Newest are the 2021/2022 car- peripherals. tridge tape drives, first in the industry to ' Products such as a 300 or use 3M's versatile data cartridge. 600 lpm chain printer. A dean-picking Almost as new are our auto- 225 to 600 cpm card reader. A multi- loading, 125 ips vacuum-buffered rack tude of proven digital lister printers. mount tape drives. And slow speed, low-cost Plus the 2 to 8 million bit paper tape readers and punches. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 45 Phone us at (215) 337-1910 for more details, OEM pricing, or a demonstration. Or write OEM Marketing, Mohawk Data Sciences Corp., 781 Third Ave., King of Prussia, Pa. 19406. ~-e Mohawk Data Sciences Quality OEM Procluds The COS/MOS world 1· sgrow· 1· ng. Announcing 21new4000types from RCA. Gates/Inverters MSI LSI CD4066 CD4069 CD4071 CD4072 CD4075 CD4081 CD4082 CD4073 CD4068 CD4078 Quad Bilateral Switch Simple Hex Inverter Quad 2-lnput OR Gate Dual 4-lnput OR Gate Triple 3-lnput OR Gate Quad 2-lnput AND Gate Dual 4-lnput AND Gate Triple 3-lnput AND Gate 8-lnput NANO Gate 8-lnput NOR Gate CD4060 CD4518 CD4520 CD4063 CD4514 CD4515 CD4085 14-Stage Counter/Oscillator (Multiple Output) Dual BCD Up Counter Dual Binary Up Counter 4-Bit Magnitude Comparator 4-to-16 Line Decoder (Outputs High) 4-to-16 Line Decoder (Outputs Low) Dual 2-Wide 2-lnput And-Or-Invert Gate CD4059 CD4061 CD4062 4-Decade Divide-By-N Counter 256-Bit Static RAM 200-Bit Shift Register CD4086 Expandable 4-Wide 2-lnput And-Or-Invert . Gate ' n Solid State E L ECTRON IC " lnternol ionol : RCA, Sunbury-on-Thome s, U.K., or Fuji Building, 7 4 Kosumigo seki, 3-Chome, Chiyodo Ku , Tokyo, Japan. In Canada : RCA limifed, Ste. Anne de Bellevue 8 10, Canada . INFORMATION .RETRIEVAL NUMBER 46 D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 89 L[]r:ltlJTER '7'-t Microprocessors showing promise in test equipment, but haven't made it big yet Stanley Runyon, Ass ociate Editor Though powerful, the microprocessor hasn't quite made it yet in test and measuring instru- ments. Most microprocessors are currently find- ing homes in commercial, OEM and computer- oriented products-such as traffic-control systems, blood analyzers, data-entry terminals, point-of- sale terminals, check processors and automatic typesetters. . Exactly what is it that has kept the micro- processor-a glamour product if there ever was one--from being more prolifically used in test in- struments ? Several reasons. For one, it's relatively expensive. While the CPU by itself may cost under $100, the hard- ware cost can zoom when all the needed memory, I/ 0 devices, clocks and other ICs are added. For another, the microprocessor's relatively sluggish data cycle limits its use in all but low and medium-speed applications. Add to these limitations the minimal software support now on hand, then top it off with a lack of familiarization among designers used to hard- wired logic. (And don't forget that, up to now, only two vendors offered them.) Ret hinking design habits All of this points to a time delay, probably two to three years, before the microprocessor surfaces as a major circuit element-a time delay during which prices must tumble, performance must rise and engineers must learn to design with software rather than hardware. It's true, however, that practically every major instrument manufacturer has bought one. But they've been purchased only for evaluation and not for a specific instrument. Thus, at least for most instrument vendors, the microprocessor is a 90 Process Cont rol Systems' general -purpose interface, the Series 2000 (background), uses t he Intel 8080 as the heart of a micro-CPU mod ul e. solution looking for a problem. Right now, probably the only measuring in- strument with an internal commercial microprocessor is Boonton's Model 76A Capacitance Bridge. In this automatic, programmable unit, an Intel MCS-4 microprocessor controls the various frontpanel, display and I/ 0 functions, as well as digitally controlling the bridge balance and computing the unknown capacitance, conductance, Q factor and dissipation (D) . On top of this, the 76A automatically corrects all predictable bridge errors, autoranges over 0 to 2000 pF and digitally displays the results. Boonton's solitude isn't to suggest that the microprocessor-that is, a general-purpose MOS or bipolar LSI CPU on a chip, surrounded by ROMs, RAMs, I/O devices or other !Cs-isn't being applied. It is. But the viable products merge into a trickle rather than a torrent. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 And even though it's a sure bet that the next few years will bring microcontrolled DVMs, synthesizers, sweepers and other instruments, it's not so sure that the microcontroller or microcomputer role will be played by a commercial microprocessor. One reason for this is that some potential customers, big companies like Hewlett-Packard, have opted to design their own hardware or firmware to implement the concept of a microprogrammable processor. Or they are building what can be termed a specialized microprocessor. And, of cours·e, the role of a built-in digital controller, calculator, processor or data shuffler can be, and is being, filled by ROMs, RAMs, PLAs and random logic-all rivals to the commercial microprocesso·r. Examples are HP's 3330 frequency synthesizer, which has an internal digital processor, and the Tektronix' 7704A Digital Processing Oscilloscope, a unit that can perform calculations on its input signals. And Computer Automation, a well-known minicomputer vendor, offers a one-card mini with a rather complex MOS / LSI PLA (which some people mistakenly label a microprocessor) . Because of this functional rivalry, the definition of a microprocessor is often confused. There's little doubt that, more and more, ·the word microprocessor will come to mean the MOS/ LSI-or bipolar-component and not the microprogrammable processors currently being implemented in MSI, SSI, and with .minicomputers or even large-scale computers. It should be noted that some commercial microprocessors-such as National Semiconductor's GPC/ P and the AMI 7300 (from American Microsystems, Inc. )-are microprogrammable. Illustrative of the microprocessor concept is the Model 400 graphic-display system built by Adage Inc. of Boston. Because microprocessors of the commercial variety couldn't handle the fast I/ 0 required by the refreshed CRT graphics, Adage built its own microprogrammable display processor. To get the speed, Adage couples fast Schottky TTL MSI with either a high-speed bipolar RAM or a fusible-link pROM, depending on the configuration. The result: a processor with a multiplication time of 240 ns. In contrast, Iomec, Inc.-a Santa Clara-based firm-was able to use the Intel MCS-4 in its Porta-verter line of remote data-entry terminals. The big difference, of course, is that data entry is a relatively slow job. Terminals: A natural home for microprocessors For lomec, the commercial microprocessor appears to have been a godsend. When it became apparent that the Porta-verter's Qriginal LSI hard-wired logic chips weren't going to be delivered on time for lomec to meet its delivery commitments, the company was able to replace the chips with off-the-shelf microprocessors at about the same cost. And not only did the microprocessor fulfill the terminal's original design goal; it allowed Iomec to offer such extras as s·pec.ial character keys, operator prompts, error correction and unattended operation. Even with all options, Iomec says its price is two to eight times less than that of intelligent terminals. One intelligent terminal that was conceived A microprocessor not only controls various front· panel display and I /0 functions of Boonton's 76A Automatic Capacitance Bridge, it also computes C, Q and D, and corrects for bridge errors. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 91 from scratch with a microprocessor as the central control unit is the Microterm series from DigiLog Systems, Horsham, Pa. Because of the microprocessor and the Microterm's modular design, Dig.i-Log reports, designer:s with unique terminal requirements can just about write their own specs. Such features as display formats, code structure, baud rate, keyboard format and editing can be personalized if custom-written software is combined with selected hardware modules. To get the identical capabilities with a hardware design, Digi-Log estimates that 600 to 700 ICs would have been needed. Applications such as Iomec's and Digi-Log'sin which the microprocessor replaces hard-wired logic or minicomputers-now dominate the product scene and are likely to do so for the next few years. In a blood analyzer built by Helen.a Labor~to ries of Beaumont, Tex., for examp,le, a microprocessor bumped hardware to provide more complex, faster and more accurate data handlingin a smaller package yet at less cost. The analyzer, through the microprocessor, performs mathematical and operation.al routines on raw data received from a sensor and gives a printout, in medical units, of blood protein content. In still another application, four PC cards were knocked out by Intel's 8008 microprocessor in a computing integrator built by the Autolab Div. of Spectra-Physics. This remote data-entry terminal-the Porta-verter from lomec, lnc.-offers intelligent operation. Credit goes to a four-bit microprocessor. Designed expressly for chromatographic data processing, Autolab's System 1 can replace a general-purpose mini or a programmable calculator. Autolab notes these benefits with the microprocessor : The design was simplified, the instrument shrank, reliability went up and costs were reduced. How did Autolab and Helena save money by A 'micro' what? What's a microprocessor? Confusion seems to result when the prefix "micro" is plugged into the front end of a word. And no wonder. Gen- eric names are few, and vendors like to coin words to describe their "unique" products. Here is an attempt to clear the confusion: Microprocessor: An LSI central processing unit (CPU) on one-or a few-MOS or bipolar chips. Along with arithmetic functions, the CPU may perform input/ output (I/ 0 ) jobs and may contain a scratch pad or other memory. To form a working system, at least one external ROM, RAM or other memory device is usually used with the CPU. Microcomputer: Microprocessors are sometimes called :r;nicrocomputers. But so are "small" computers.---such as bare-bones minicomputers, built on one or a few PC cards. Minicomputers built around a commercial microprocessor are often called microcomputers. To make things worse, computers that use· microprogramming are sometimes referred to as microcomputers, regardless of the size and packaging of the CPU. Microprogrammed processor or computer: The term "microprogrammed" refers to any computer whose instruction set is not fixed but can be tailored to individual needs by the programming of ROMs or other memory devices. Consequently whether the computer is a mini, midi, maxi-or a microprocessor-theoretically it can be microprogrammed. Microcontroller: Another all-purpose wo·rd, this can mean a microprogrammed machine, a microprocessor or a microcomputer used in a control operation-that is, to direct or make changes in a process or operation. But there's a narrower definition, more in keeping with the prefix, in which microcontroller refers to any device or instrument that controls a process with high resolution, usually over a narrow region. 92 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 substituting microprocessors, while others point to their high cost? The answer, of course, depends on what the microprocessor replaces. For simple jobs with few components, random logic is less expensive. But at the other extreme, if the microprocessor shoves a minicomputer aside, the cost savingsas well as the volume reduction-can be substantial. Micros vs minis and other hardware Dr. Robert E. Jackson of Applied Computing Technology, Irvine, Calif., offers this rule of thumb to determine the cost tradeoff between random logic and microprocessors: A 50-IC system costs about the same as a microprocessor plus 20 interface ICs. Included in the rule are parts cost and the oost of handling, testing and interconnections. Does the microprocessor's inroads into minicomputer territory worry minicomputer vendors? Not yet. Punch for punch, the microprocessorat least at present-is nO' match for the mini in speed, word length, memory capacity, number of instructions, computing power and software availability. But where the mini is being used as a 50-mm cannon when a BB gun will do, watch out. In dedicated control applications that don't need complicated calculations, the microprocessor can fill the need for a programmable device; a mini here would be overkill. Where a mini is used Microprocessors bring sophistication to video games, such as Atari's Quadrapong-a hockey·like diversion for four peopl~. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 The Microterm series, built by Digi-Log Systems, are microprocessor-based, intelligent terminals that can be customized to a user's specs. primarily to compute but a built-in tomputer with low power consumption is preferred, a microprocessor may slip in. Road traffic controllers, such as the Model 901 from Multisonics of San Ramon, Calif., are applications in which microprocessors may also replace minis. The job is so easy for a mini that it loafs half of the time. Buried in the 901 is Intel's 8008 microprocessor. This 8-bit unitcoupled with 14 pROM pages and other memory -forms the heart of a computer that, though invisible to the user, optimizes traffic flow in many separate intersections. The a:dvantages of the microprocessor approach here? Foremost, the manufacturer can tailor the system to individual applications by first changing the software and then just plugging in new ROMs. Other benefits include a significant size reduotion and easier troubleshooting and maintenance. Micros turn up in minis Apparently the minicomputer makers aren't too concerned about a potentially serious microprocessor threat. In fact, one mini vendor-General Automation-has just unwrapped a 12-bit microcomputer that uses .a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) , microprocessor made by Rockwell International. General Automation defines a microcomputer as a full system computer on a board, with the processor on a single chip. Digital Equipment Corp.-the largest mini manufacturer-also appears to view the micro- 93 By replacing a minicomputer with a four-bit microprocessor, Data Type Corp. was able to cut costs and slim down the size of its newspaper-oriented optical page reader-the DFR 300. processor as a friend and not a foe. DEC has unveiled a dedicated control system built around a microprocessor-the MPS Series. Consisting of five modules, the MPS can be built into terminals, process-control systems and other insrumentation. Thus we can anticipate a three-way rivalry for equipment space--with microcomputers getting squeezed from below by microprocessors and from above by bare-bones minicomputers. However, some engineers feel that just as the introduction of the mini spawned entirely new applications, rather than cut into the applications of medium and large-scale machines, so will microprocessors and microcomputers. But what will happen as microprocessors grow in complexity, speed and power, and the line between micro and at least the low-end mini begins to blur? Perhaps we'll see a vertical shift, with minis creeping into applications now dominated by the medium and big computers. In the meantime newly conceived productslike the Staid Corp·.'s Datacash, a point-of-sale terminal-will use microprocessors instead of hard-wired logic. And many existing products will no doubt convert to microprocessor-based designs to compete. In Staid's case, an MCS-4-coupled with pROMs-allowed the company to build a terminal that is easily tailored to a customer's needs. Datacash-primarily intended for restaurants and cafeterias-has 110 keys, each of whose legends can be changed on site with a peg matrix, plus six function keys for special applications. And the unit keeps a running inventory of each key strike. With hard-wired circuitry, Staid says, 30 TTL cards would have been required. One company that has already converted an existing product-at the expense of a mini-is Data Type of Miami. The company's DFR 300 94 optical page reader started out with either PDP-16s or NOVA 1200s as the code-translator controller. But, says Data Type, the PDP-16 costs substantially more than the MCS-4 that replaced it, and the NOVA 1200 was three-quarters asleep on its job as a start-stop controller, error detector and buffer. At present the MCS-4 controller portion of the page reader, which reads font for the newspaper trade and functions as a terminal in the graphicarts, has been designed as a separate, retrofit package to replace the mini directly. Future models, however, will have the microprocessor built in. Distributed intelligence-a new trend Some applications enable the microprocessor and the mini to work together symbiotically. This appears to be the case with the Telecontrollera programmable, front-end data-communications processor built by Action Communications of Dallas, Tex. Instead of replacing a mini, an Intel microprocessor in the Telecontroller freed the computer to take on more work. The microprocessor, which serves as a message switcher in a highspeed binary interface, efficiently handles the high-speed data and then passes it on to the mini. With an intelligent function distributed in this way, more computer core becomes available, and many more terminals can come on line to be served by the mini. Thus look for distributed intelligence--via microprocessors-to appear in more and more new terminal systems and to be retrofitted to existing systems. One terminal supplier that will probably be doing both is the Digital Systems Div. of Texas ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Instruments. TI sees the microprocessor as an opportunity to give its customers a "rubber" terminal system-one that can grow as dataprocessing functions change. Intelligence was redistributed in still another interface-the Series 2000, by Process Control Systems. In this general-purpose process-control interface, a micro CPU and memory were designed to slip in and, in some applications, replace a mini. Built around the 8-bit Intel 808Q-the first n-channel MOS microprocessor-the interface can be used as a down-line satellite of another computer or as a stand-alone data-acquisition system. In the latter case the interface bumps the computer. By building in the microprocessor, Process Control Systems not only saved hardware dollars, but cabling costs in remote processes were also considerably reduced. For example, Ford Motor Co. uses a number of the interfaces at carburetorflow tests stands. Here the micro CPU serves as a satellite to a down-line Interdata 70, and it multiplexes the interface data to the com.iputer. In a similar application, the Buick Div. of General Motors puts the interface at its assembly line in a torque-monitoring system. In the torque monitor, the micro CPU converts parallel data to serial and funnels the information stream into a dual-eonductor cable. The cable then carries the data downstream, where it is finally dumped into an HP 2100 mini. Another interface, between the computer and the cable, reconverts the serial stream to parallel data. Other microprocessors surface The 8080 microprocessor used by Process Control Systems in its interface is Intel's newest and most powerful unit and is sure to boost the semiconductor company's competitive lead time even more. Because of the lead, Intel now dominates the market in terms of available microprocessorbased products. But National's IMP-16C microprocessor and GPC / P MOS/ LSI system kit are being built into prototypes and may soon pop up in such applications as aircraft control systems, flightstatus indicators, analog computers, (strangely enough), nuclear instrumentation and symbol generators. And, of course, the other semi houses aren't sleeping-AMI, General Instrument, Electronic Arrays, Motorola, Signetics and Western Digital will all have general-purpose units available soon. RCA has already announced the first CMOS microprocessor, which it expects to offer initially on a sampling basis. With all this activity in microprocessors, it's only natural for a designer to ask : Is there one ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26. 1974 General Automation's LSl-12/16-an 8-bit automation microcomputer-is built around the first silicon-on-sapphire microprocessor. Staid Corporation's Datacash-a microprocessorbased point-of·sale terminal for restaurantskeeps an inventory of every key strike. in my future? The answer: Inevitably, yes. In the meantime, though, designers are more likely to run into one at their opthomologist's, at the butcher's or at their favorite watering hole. At the eye doctor, look for Coherent Radiation's Dioptron-an optical instrument that measures and analyzes the eye's focal characteristics and prints out the results. At the meat market, check for the butcher's thumb on a Toledo digital-computer scale-a unit that converts weights to prices, prints labels and displays unit price, weight and total price. And at the bar, try to beat the gal standing next to you at a new video game, from Atari, in which a cat chases a mouse through a constantly changing maze. If you lose, the game-but win the lass-thank the microprocessor. ·· 95 00~\IJ SCR CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS AND POWER SWITCHES The VCB series Qf 25A and 50A controlled bridges and power switches are available in a % " press-fit package, with three mounting options and in epoxy packages. All units are hermetically sealed. The epoxy packages are explosion proof and electrically isolated with double isolation available. SCR's are glass passivated. All ch ips are soldered to an integral copper mounting pad for improved thermal characteristics, typically < 1°C / W(R9,c). Epoxy barriers have been placed between standard .250" Faston and / or # 10-32 terminals. Spacing ex- ceeds NEMA standards. Typical applications include DC motor speed controls, temperature controllers, battery chargers, inverters, frequency changers, D.C. power supplies, and servo systems. All units are available in 60V, 115V or 230V, (V.,,.s). Typical economical pricing: VCB252-7 (200V, 25AJ $9.00 ea., 100 qnty. · Design us in .·· we'll stay there VARO VARO SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. PRESS-FIT ELEC. ISO. EPOXY BARRIER PACKAGES 25AMP ICFllW!RSMTCH 0 ., ......'" GI DOT DC~ l'C82S21 200'/Mu. YCB254 I 400\IMn. l'C82S6·1 600'<Mu. 2SAMP HALFWAVf.l'OWERSWITOI 6 DC"""'na Vollaet YCB252·2 200YMu YCB2542 4W/Mu. 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SHILOH , GARLAND, TEX. 75040 (214) 272-4551 TWX 910-860-5178 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 48 98 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26. 1974 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 49 How to be a top designer and remain a designer, despite corporate lures John F. Mason, Associate Editor How many creative engineers build something great, get trapped in a maze of marketing strategy and never get back to creating anything else? Far too many, James E. _Thornton decided early in his career of designing super-computers. And, taking matters firmly in his own hands, he has, with a few minor delays, shrewdly steered a course through such corporate·snares ever since. So far, so good. But what happens now? Thornton's future course isn't 100 per cent clear. But whose is? Thornton had little soul-searching to bother him when he reached that fork in the road that eventually every engineer must face: Should he go .into administrative work or try to make it as a creative designer? Thornton chose design without batting an eye, and he's never questioned the choice. Today at 48, he has five big machines to his design credit, and feels he has time for two or three more. Whether the forces .in the world of giant computers will allow him that many, he doesn't know. But so far his formula has worked, and it may see him through whatever lies ahead. "Some people--good, creative designersmanage to be part of only two, or maybe just one, project in an entire lifetime," Thornton says, looking slightly distressed at the thought of such a waste. Designing a big data-processing machine can take from four to five years, he explains, and if you get pulled into market strategy meetings, sales briefings and modifications to the product for its 10-year life, you've shot 14 or 15 years. "How many 14-year periods does a man have"? 100 he asks rhetorically. "Two"? Even if you escape the corporate marketing trap, he notes, you can still become obsolescent. While you've been working on one project for five years, the state of the art has moved on. You need a good year just to catch up before tackling another big job. What are the sirens along the way to lure a creative engineer to beach his future as a designer and become a sales-briefing artist? "Job security," Thornton says, "and opportunity." He speculates: "Let's say you finish a big fiveyear job. Everybody's happy. But your company isn't ready to launch another big project right away. . . . You can spend your year getting caught up with new technology, hoping that meanwhile a new program will emerge. You can try to change companies, or you can become a consultant." Thornton thinks a moment. "Or maybe you just sit tight and sweat it out a little more." His own record is enviable, and he attributes it to two things: He decided early in the game what he wanted, and he stuck to his goal. And, second, he had some degree of luck: He happened to work for companies that launched big .projects in relatively quick succession. And his projects didn't all take five years. Thornton's first design job was Engineering Research Associates' 1103, the first commercial scientific computer. It took three years to design. His next project took only two years. It was Univac's Naval Tactical Data System computer. (Thornton hadn't changed jobs. Univac had acquired Engineering Research Associates and Thornton along with it. He didn't even change desks.) The naval computer was designed quickly, Thornton explains, because transistors had suddenly become available. EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 "Switching to transistors was no problem," he recalls. "The transistor was so powerful that we were able to build a very competitive, uncomplex machine, and we built it quickly." Subsequent machines haven't been that easy to design, nor has the time between two generations been so brief. Going from vacuum tubes to transistors was a jump that automatiQally clobbered its predecessor, competitively speaking. Since then succeeding improvements in technology haven't been that dramatic. They don't categorically outmode everything else. Right after the tactical-data computer was delivered to the Navy in 1958, Thornton moved from Univac in St. Paul, Minn., to Control Data Corp. across the river in Minneapolis. There he had plenty of exciting work to do for the next 15 years. It was always innovative because the James E. Thornton, now a consultant, has five big data processing machines to his design credit and believes he's good for at least two or three more. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 company's approach to beating the competition was to build machines that would outperform their predecessors. Other companies took the opposite tack, following a big machine with a smaller version that was cheaper. IBM often takes the middle course, building a middle-aged machine and then moving out in both directions, a bigger one and a smaller one. Thorrlton's first machine for Control Data, and the third of his career, was the 1604, a system that introduced a number of new features. Seymore Cray, a senior design engineer with whom Thornton would collaborate closely and successfully for almost 12 years, was already six months into the design of the machine when Thornton arrived. But Thornton developed an important feature for the 1604-the floating point, which has survived steadfastly and is now almost standard on all kinds of data processors, including pocket calcul·ators. Thornton is proud of another important innovation that emerged in the 1604 program-the interleaved magnetic core memory. Although Thornton gives Cray credit for originating the idea and "having the strength to carry it through," he did help with the design and feels it's been a milestone in data-processing machines. Luck heiped in the design of the 6600, Thornton says. "We had expected to use the germanium transistor, but at precisely the right moment Fairchild announced the silicon planar transistor, so we used it." This permitted much higher packaging density, substantially higher basic speed of the subsystems and an allowable heat that would not have been possible with germanium. The high density unexpectedly spawned yet another innovation. "We were afraid the density wouldn't tolerate an air-cooled system," Thornton says, "so we went to Freon, which turned out to be a major factor in the machine's design." Freon became more than just a way to cool the machine. It allowed such precise, selective temperature control throughout the system that the machine could be operated at greater speeds than had been planned. Another advantage to Freon is that it's quiet. But the most important innovation in the 6600, Thornton says, was the addition of 10 small processors, called peripheral processing units, for the 1/ 0 processors. "For these processors," he recalls, "we built a software system that allowed them to really manage all the 1/0, all the channels and, in a way, the central processor. So for the iirst time, we had the beginnings of what we think of today as a real system structure of the large central machines." In mid-1960 Thornton restated his determination to be an innovator rather than an admini- 101 The case for the super machines Why big computers? Won't several smaller machines do the same thing? The answer is no if you're talking to people in the scientific community or the Defense Dept. The intelligence is too fragmented in a group of minis, they will tell you. You need only one big central processor. And you only get that in a very big machine. Other advocates of the super processors are in the aerospace industry. How else can aerodynamicists simulate a giant swept back aircraft wing they want to design except with a gigantic computer? Many government agencies need big machines for the vast amounts of data they must handle: the census bureau, meteorologists, and the groups that collect earth resources data from satellites. But the biggest users of the big processors are still to come, and are still unidentified, according to James E. Thornton, designer of five large, elaborate ,machines with a sixth in the works. "Every time we've built a new machine it's created new markets-markets we hadn't expected," he says. This really big influx of users, he predicts, will probably join the crowd in a fairly simple, inexpensive way-via a time-sharing arrangement. They will plug into a vast network that ties their small terminals to a giant central machine. The network concept is absolutely essential in thinking about large machines of the future, Thornton believes-"not only about how they will be used, but how they should be designed ." Jn the past, he explains, large specialized machines were built as stand-alones. Future large, specialized machines will be built as part of networks operating in unison with intelligent terminals, with minicomputers somewhere along the line and with other large specialized machines. To support these networks a number of new products must be developed, ThO"rnton says, adding: "We're not even coming close to providing for such systems yet." The terminals and modems that go onto telephone lines, ·for instance, are all "relatively low-grade things, and in no sense do they appear to be what's ultimately needed," Thornton says. "We're already beginning to see on-line storage as the way to operate," he continues. "People are using more discs now than ever before-at least three to four times greater than expected ." Why? People want to put information on a strator. He and Cray asked to be separated from the corporation, administ:r.atively and physically. Such a request could have caused waves, because the company was new and probably not ready for the departmental specialization they wanted. They asked that a laboratory be set up strictly for design; it would have nothing to do with marketing. Control Data complied. A year later-and this move was mainly Cray's idea-the two designers really asked to get away. They wanted a place in the woods. Trees, birds, lakes-the works. They'd take along a small group of talented, free-thinking engineers who would come up with a computer that would outperform the 1604. Again, Control Data came through. The result was a laboratory, about as rural as 102 you can get, in Chippewa Falls, Wis. Most of the design work for Control Data's ·(j600 was done there. Cray liked living in the woods, and he's. still there. But Thornton and his wife and their seven children began to miss St. Paul. This, plus a decision by both Cray and Thornton to build two variations of the 6600, caused Thornton eventually to go back to town. There he developed a cheaper version of the 6600, with less performance: it was called the 6400. Cray, staying on in Chippewa Falls, developed a unit with more performance, first called the 6800 and later the 7600. Thornton added a feature to his 6400 that he found satisfying. "To give it redundancy and more power," he says, "I built one 6400 with two ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 · disc and leave it there. They don't want to put it in and out through tape or punched· cards. And they're storing more data. "We have people now in large sites that have not just 10 spindles of discs but hundreds of spindles," Thorton says. "This represents a trillion-bit storage. And the only processor that can manage capacity like that is the large scientific processor. The large machine is here to stay. What's needed is specialized peripherals to back it up." Already designed for a network system is Control Data's Star 100. "This machine will depend on a network," Thornton says. "It doesn't have any I / 0 functions in it, and its peripheral system is fairly rudimentary." One feature used in Star, and also in other powerful machines that might set trends for the future, is pipelining. Separate functional operations are broken down into steps that are taken sequentially, in the manner of an assembly line. Because the steps are independent, one may be started while another is still in progress. Illiac, NASA's huge computer by Burroughs, takes the opposite tack. It uses multiple processors in a structured way. "They all do the same functions in parallel," Thornton says, adding, "but at this stage both Illiac and Star are relatively unknown. They are two different structures. And we don't know yet whether either is going to be a really powerful machine, useful for a general class of activities or not." Thornton sees a big future for virtual memory. He says: "This is a very fundamental concept that's been very slow in getting to operational status, and will take even more time to really arrive. Star uses a large-scale, brute-force virtual memory-a technique that is highly appropriate for networks." central processors instead of one. They werei both coupled to the same memory. I had designed some latent oontrol logic in the memory to allow for the additional processor, and it worked very · well." Thornton then asked management if they'd like such a design. Yes, they said, but how long would it take? It was very gratifying, he recalls, that he could tell the company it was already done. This version of the 6400 was called the 6500. But Thornton paid for leaving the woods. Within months he was so involved with the manufacturing, engineering and marketing of the 6600 that he hardly had time to work on the 6400. Finally he got another designer to work with him, "and inside of 18 months we had the new machine ready to operate." But Thornton's administrative demands con- tinued to grow. At one point he found himself directing five Control Data groups throughout the U.S. One, in Arden Hills, Minn., is still developing the Star 100 computer. Thornton is no longer involved with the Star project, but he and three other engineers originated the machine, and he was very much a part of it for a long time. Of Star, Thornton says: "The machine is about two years late, because it's had design problems. It contains more than 100,000 ICs. The system is unusual, and it's going to be many years before it's really understood. But when it is, it's going to have a very significant impact on the largemachine business." But Thornton was losing sight of his original goal. "I felt my strengths weren't there, in all that administrative work," he says. "I needed a narrower and more creative environment. While running labs was interesting in some ways, running a lot of labs wasn't. So about a year and a half ago I began to fill my key spots with people who could take over. And by early 1973, I was out of a job." Thornton requested a leave of absence from Control Data, became a consultant and took on Control Data as his only client. He is working on a project that he started for the company while he was still an employee. How is this working out? "Well, it's the other extreme," he explains. "I'm working completely alone. My current project is big and it's interesting-as well as proprietary-and I can't talk about it. But who knows when Control Data will initiate another job of this scale" ? Thornton pauses as he considers his future. "I could stay on as a consultant and troubleshoot projects for other people who are in a jam. I solve other people's problems very well, but that's not creative." Thornton studies the clear, bare white wall of his office in St. Paul as if he will find the answer there. "What I really should do," he says, "is maneuver toward a smaller, structured technical activity. I have managerial aptitude in a structured climate. "Yes," he says, now satisfied with his decision. "I think that is my solution." His reason for this compromise makes great sense as Thornton's decisions apparently always have. "It's impossible for one man to keep up on all the new semiconductor technologies as they emerge," he says. "These kids coming out of school have got more real understanding now by direct training than we ever had. Alone you get obsolescent." · · ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 103 The Prime Computer ... User Plan brings common sense to buying a computer. It recog- "\ nir.es the simple fact that your '\\ needs might change someday. ~,; \ The Plan mtroduces · the first two-year guaran- teed trade-in policy. It details the upward and downward . compatibility features only Prime offers. In short, it gives every assurance you can always put a Prime system to use. We consider The Plan a new way to buy, use and upgrade computer systems. We also give you the systems to consider: The Prime100,200or300. The chart below is a preview of what to expect in each. Standard Processor F eatu res Prime 300 r · Virtual Memory- automatic paging, mapped Central _____, address translation to 256K words, restricted Processor execution mode, and memory protect (1 board) · Stack Procedure Instructions · Micro Verification Routines·· · Hardware Multiply/Divide and Double Precision Arit h.· · DMC/DMT Capability* · Automatic Program Load From Input Devices Prime200 (PI'R, TTY, CR, MT, Disk)* Central _-.., · Memory Byte Parity Processor · Processor Byte Parity (1 board) · Full Addressing Modes -direct, indirect, and indexed in both sectored and relative modes Prime 100 Central __, Processor (1 board) · Virtual Instruction Package (VIP)- automatic trapping of unimplemented instructions a nd substitution of functionally equivalent software subroutines. · S-Channel Programmable DMA · 4 Channel Full Duplex Asynchronous ,Serial Interface '--· Multi-level Vectored Priority Interrupt System · Optionally available on Prime 100 and 200 ··Optionally available on Prime 200 The chart suggests there's a little 300 in every Prime computer. Naturally, we planned it that way. Our 300 is just the reverse of the big box with a little computer inside. Other 300 features will tell you just how big it iS. For instance, there's high-speed MOS memory with 32K words per boaril. Up to 256K words per system There's floating point arithmetic and writable control store, too. In short, there's everything you'll need in the computer you can plan with. Work out a multifunction system or plan a multi-user arrangement The diagram that follows is just one way to go. The Prime 300 supports a multi-user, virtual memory Disk Operating System (DOS VM) and a foreground/background Real Time Operating System (RTOS VM). A Prime 300 with virtual memory easily accommodates over a dozen users. What's more, each is guaranteed 64K words of virtual memory available to program in FORTRAN, BASIC, Macro Assembler and Micro Assembler. The system files and paging space are all provided by cartridge disk Our new diskettes offer low cost storage for personal user files. A Prime 300 is good How good can best be seen in The Plan. It shows how to upgrade from the 100 right on to the 300. In the process, you don't chai1.ge software. The time and expense of reprogranuning are gone.You can alsO use the 300 as a software development system The software will run on lOO's or200's without modification The Plan guarantees this kind of system compatibility. The Plan also goes mto system integrity features. Memory Byte Parity and Processor Byte Parity are standard in the Prime 300. Micro-verification routines (also standard) and controller loop-back allow you to isolate faults to a single board 32kWord M emory Central l'l'Ocessor Prime 300 Multi-User Disk Operating System The Plan then spells out our total service options. They run from comprehensive on-call service contracts to Prime's unique Air Spare System With Air Spare, we'll air express, for a minimal charge, any backup boards J'_OU may need from our nearest service center. We'll make repairs on faulty boards and have them back in no time. Meanwhile, you'll be operating full-time thanks to Prime. Tliere's more to The Plan. The best way to discover how much is to have your own. Send for it The coupon below, like the Prime 300, will make it all possible. ' ~~~--., 2.3 Strathmore Rd I Natick,Ma01760 D Send The Plan I D Send the Planner I (He'll call for an appointment.) ~ I Name I Title I Company I I Address City ' State Zip I PRIME I ~- - --..11 Learn more about The Plan at the National Computer Conference, Booth 109. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 50 Singer can supply any stepper motor you need, even if it's a real oddball. - The motor shown above to 2000 steps/sec. ; and was specially designed with frame sizes from 8 a head positioning lead through 40. screw for a "fl.oppy- All these motors d isc" computerliiiii-~ feature high memory. detent torque ; You 're not designing stable, contin- floppy-disc memory systems Size 18 uous/ i.nstantaneous right now? Singer-Kearfott response ; and precision still can come up with the accuracy. So they're ideal right stepper motor for for applications where anything you magnetic or punch - have that needs tape drives are used the right for print-out- stepper motor. business machines, Our single- source capability is based on the most complete line available today. You can choose from either perma- nent magnet or variable reluctance motors; stepping angles from 1.8° to 90 °; maxi- mum stepping rates from 100 data processing equipment, communication inputoutput terminals, etc. We also supply a universal , solid-state logic driver that's compatible with all Kearfott stepper motors. The motors and logic driver are in production right now, making them readily availa- U. ble . Only the oddballs take a little longer. So write for our new, comprehensive stepper motor catalog , or phone us about your special requirements . The Singer Company, Kearfott Division , 1150 McBride Avenue, Little Fal Is, New Jersey 07424. Phone: (201) 256-4000. S·INGER AEROSPACE & MARINE SYSTEMS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 51 106 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 52 .... NEW Automatically feeds cable tie around the bundle, tenslOf\8 ttte and cuts it off flush - all in less than 1 secondI Lightest, Most Compact. The PAT1M tool weighs just 1~ lbs. - a fraction of competitive tools - and is sized to fit the operator's hand. Separate dispenser unit can be conveniently placed out of the way. Fast Operation. Simply place jaws around the bundle and touch the start button. The tool automatically installs a one-piece PAN-TY® cable tie around the bundle, tensions the tie and cuts it off flush - all in less than 1 second. The all-nylon tie meets MIL. STD. MS3367-4. The dispenser magazine holds 100 ties, twice the capacity of competitive units, reducing reload time by 50% Versatile. The unique design of the PAT1M allows cable tie installation closer to harness board accessories. The tool and dispenser operate in any angle or position. This tool can be used on bu die diameters from 1/16" to 3/4". The PAT1M automatic tool is part of a complete line of cable tie installation tools including PPTS pneumatic, GS2B and GS4H hand operated. The PAT1 M tool is available for lease from Pandult Corp. Panduit's full line of wiring components, including PAN-TVS and STA-STRAP9 cable ties, PANDUCT® plastic wiring duct and PAN-TERM® terminals, Is sold through authorized Pandult Stocking Distributors. Ask for descriptive bulletins and a complete demonstration [[)QOOLF CORP. Tinley Park, Illinois 60477 Phone: (312) 532-1800 In Canada: Panduit (Canada) Ltd. Visit PANDUIT at NEPCON Southeast (Booth 122) Smarter terminals join with floppy-disc drives to stretch data capability David N. Kaye, Senior Western Editor A new-product explosion is occurring in computer peripherals. It centers on intelligent terminals and flexible, or floppy, di·sc drives. Intelligent terminals are usually CRTs with keyboards and built-in processing capability, including memory. Floppy discs, which look like 45-rpm records, use a coated Mylar medium and provide from 0.5 to 5 million bits of randomaccess data storage. By combining the two products, users are getting a powerful distributed computer system. Intelligent terminals are getting smarter all the time. Faster and more powerful processors are being incorporated. More memory is being added. And software approaching that developed for minicomputer systems is being offered. So many other peripheral'S are now available for intelligent terminals that the capabilities of the terminals are nearing those of stand-alone minicomputers. The floppy-disc drive gives the terminal random access to a large amount of data stored locally-data that previously had to be stored by a large host computer remote from the terminal. As a result, the host computer might not have to be so large any more. None of this would be practical if the disc drive were not relatively inexpensive. It can be obtained, including a controller, for less than $1000. And it's getting cheaper all the time. Introducing the smart guys Is it a computer terminal, a minicomputer with display and keyboard built in, or a sophisticated desk-top programmable calculator? The boundary between these categories is getting hazier. The intelligent terminal can be any or all. The only requirement that makes it a terminal is that 108 This IBM-c·ompatible drive, the Orbis 74, has a unique option· that uses a slotted shaft to set electronically any type of disc sectoring that is desired if the IBM mode of operation is not required. it must be able to communicate with a computer. Wang Laboratories, Tewksbury, Mass., builds the System 2200, originally introduced as a sophisticated programmable calculator. Since it is programmed in Basic, many users think of it as a minicomputer. But it has a 300-bps asynchronous data line which qualifies it as an intelligent terminal. Intelligent terminals fall into two basic categories. The first type can emulate or replace the IBM 3270 intelligent terminal. It must be able to work in clusters of many terminals around a large central computer. The software for these ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 terminals is usually predetermined by the manufacturer. The operator at the terminal rarely does more than enter and edit data, seeking a reply to a relatively simple question from the host computer. The terminal formats and condenses the data before it's sent to the host computer. This makes processing by the host more efficient. Also the display gives the operator a choice of p1redetermined data-entry fornis to guide his data input. In addition the terminal checks the input data for errors and allows for several forms of data editing at the terminal prior to transmission. The second type of terminal is user-programmable. It can always be programmed at the keyboard, sometimes in a fairly high-level language. It can do most any problem that the operator can feed it. Sometimes the terminal can do some of IBM's 3270 terminal is the most widely used intelligent terminal in the field. It is intended for data-entry systems with up to 32 terminals rn a cluster to an IBM host computer.. the necessary processing by itself. The terminal initiates a ci:ill for assistance from the host computer when necessary. Thus, this type of terminal can be used often as a stand-alone minicomputer. IBM terminals predominate There are more IBM 3270 intelligent terminals in use than any other type. The terminal, made by the IBM Data Processing Div., White Plains, N. Y., is designed to operate either by itself or in a cluster of up to 32 terminals. It provides ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 local data-transfer rates of up to 650,000 characters per second and remote line speeds of up to 7200 bps. The terminal operates with either a System/ 360 or System/ 370 host computer. Terminal programming can only be done at the host computer. Emulators for the 3270 are offered by several companies. They include Delta Data, Cornwells Heights, Pa.; GTE Information Systems, Stamford, Conn.; Olivetti, New York, N. Y.; Raytheon Data Systems, Norwood, Mass. ; Sanders Associates, Nashua, N. H., and Sycor, Ann Arbor, Mich. In most cases, these terminals can replace a 3270 directly, and they offer more capability at a lower price. A good example of an IBM 3270 replacement system is the Raytheon PTS 100. The remote p1rocessing and memory are in a single console that feeds up to 96 display stations. The display station is a CRT with deflection electronics and a keyboard. Everything else is at the central processor. It is a TTL processor with multiple port MOS random-access memory (RAM). The displays are refreshed from a section of the RAM. The RAM has an 800-ns memory cycle time. The processor is ·expandable up to 64-k bytes of storage. According to Alan Geller, manager of minicomputer engineering at Raytheon: "An interesting feature of our system is that any peripheral controllers that we use can cycle-steal from the main processor and do not need any additional processing in them." An alternative approach to 3270 replacement is represented by the Sanders 8170 interactive terminal system. Here the user can program the terminal at the keyboard. Included are such things as user-definable special function keys and a built-in microprocessor with memory. Up to 600,000 bytes of information can be stored on a digital cassette recorder. Screen sizes of up to 1920 characters are offered. Since each terminal in a duster has its own processing, a central processor is not needed away from the host computer. Most terminal comp·anies strongly favor programming the terminal directly. As Ephraim Gitelman, vice president of engineering at Computek, Cambridge, Mass., points out: "You have to give control of the problem to the guy sitting at the terminal. If not, his effectiveness is greatly decreased." Computek produces an extremely versatile intelligent terminal, the Model 200. It features a TTL processor with up to 8 k of semiconductor RAM. The processor has a fast 1.3-µ,s instruction time that is accomplished with an overlapping instruction fetch and execution. The basic architecture of the terminal is dual-bus, with one bus for instructions and the other for 109 Dasyn's 101 univ,ersal terminal uses single-bus architecture and an Intel 8008 CPU to provide considerable flexibility. A variety of memory boards and 1/0 interface boards and peripheral controller boards can be plugged into the bus. data and input/ output (I/ 0). The display shows 200 characters in an 80- character-by-25-line format, in which each char- acter is formed by a 14 x 20-dot matrix. Typical is 5 x 7 or 7 x 9. This large matrix allows for better character formation than that of any other terminal on the market. Random-access display refresh uses 2 k of 10-bit characters. Two of the bits are used for such things as blinking, blanking and intensity control. The terminal sells for $7500, including 8 k of RAM. Most intelligent terminals not of the 3270 type are much smarter and more flexible. Lowest in cost of the intelligent terminals is the 8025 from Omron Systems of Sunnyvale, Calif. It sells for $2350 with 2 k of semiconductor memory. Its architecture is a single-bus type in which the CPU, memory and I/ 0 interface boards all plug into a common data bus. This setup is found in many of the terminal's on the market. It can be readily expanded with more memory and additional I/O interfaces·. Billy W. Goodner, manager of systems engineering at Omron, notes that it is even easy to add additional CPUs. In this way the terminal can become a multiprocessing system. Omron does not yet do this, and several other companies are talking about adding this capability, particularly in situations where there is no host computer. 110 Omron's terminal uses the Intel 8008 microprocessor as the basis for its CPU. This terminal is expandable to 16 k bytes of memory. As with most terminals, an RS-232 standard interface is available along with other schemes. The data rates available go up to 2400 bps in an asynchronous mode and 9600 bps in a synchro- nous mode. Another low-priced terminal is the SB2 from Beehive Terminals, Salt Lake City, Utah. It sells for $3295, with 2 k of semiconductor RAM. It also uses a CPU based on the Intel 8008 and displays 2048 characters on a 12-in. CRT. Lines of text in memory can be displayed on the CRT in pages, and flipped from one page to the next and back, or the text can be shifted one line at a time up or down in scroll fashion. A repeating control key on the keyboard allows scrolling of as many lines as desired in either direction. Harvey Girard, head of engineering at Beehive, is not sure that most applications of intelligent terminals require a full-blown CPU. "We are looking at developing an LSI sequencer or programmed logic array for future terminals," he says, "that, while not as powerful as a generalpurpose microprocessor, will be cheaper and more efficient at performing many of the jobs that an intelligent terminal must do." Two more companies that base intelligent terminals on the Intel 8008 microprocessor are DigiLog Systems of Horsham, Pa., and Dasyn of Santa Ana, Calif. Tom Emory, vice president of engineering at Digi-Log, points to the company's Microterm as a flexible terminal that can be configured to any custom need. Microterm uses a 7 x 11-dot matrix to form characters and has an expandable single-bus Rtructure. Programming is in Intel assembly language. Almost any terminal feature that is desired can be incorporated. Prices start at $1800 for a very simple terminal, Emory says. Dasyn makes the Model 101 universal terminal. It is also single-bus, and it rivals the DigiLog .in versatility. However, it is sold as a standard unit with many options, while Digi-Log sells on a custom basis. More powerful intelligent terminals that rival larger minicomputers in capability come from companies like Datapoint, San Antonio, Tex. ; Sycor, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Four-Phase Systems, Cupertino, Calif. ; Incoterm, Natick, Mass., and Sanders. Datapoint makes a series of terminals-the 1100, 2200 and 5500-that the company calls computers. They range in price from $8000 to over $50,000. Each is based on a TTL central ptrocessor, with MOS memory and external bulk cassette storage. Both assembly and higher-level languages are available, and the units can work either by themselves or in clusters. William L. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 The smallest, lightest and cheapest IBM-compatible drive is from Pertee. The 00330 is also the only totally de driven drive. All others use an ac motor to spin the disc. Borgerding, director of engineering at Datapoint, notes that the company has already shipped systems with multiprocessing capabilities, while others are just talking about doing this. Many different types of peripherals work with the Datapoint terminals. Sycor's Model 340 has a fast 1.25-µ.s TTL processor and a dual-bus architecture. One bus is for input to the terminal and the other for output. This terminal also has a direct memoryaccess feature. It contains 8 k of control memory ROM and 8 k of MOS RAM. Screen refresh and system buffers use 1 k of the RAM. A user application language called TAL allows easy data editing and data validati0n at the terminal as well as simple programmability for other functions. This terminal sells for about $6600. Floppy disc: Low cost, bulk storage Intelligent terminals and minicomputers need a low-cost, random-access, bulk-storage medium. Hard discs have been the best means to date-that is, if you don't mind spending a few thousand dollars. If a few hundred dollars sounds more attractive and access time is not extremely important, floppy discs are the way to go. While still an immature technology, with a variety of approaches to choose from, floppies have proved themselves and are being used by the standardmaker, IBM. Since any computer peripheral that IBM makes becomes a de facto standard, floppydisc drives are divided into two camps: IBM- EL ECTRONI C D ESIGN 9, April 26 , 1974 The most widely used non-IBM floppy-disc drive is the Memorex 651. More than 3000 of these are in the field. The drive uses a disc with a thicker coating, for longer life. compatible and others. When used as a peripheral for an intelligent terminal, the choice will usually be IBM-compatible. In this way the terminal can be used as a key-to-disc data entry system and the discs can be run on any IBM-compatible drive regardless of location. The drive also serves the terminal as part of a disc operating system, providing about 1.95 Mb of random-access storage. Most IBM-compatible drives have a track-to-track access time of 10 ms. All IBM-compatible drives have an average latency (time for ctisc to rotate 1/ 2 revolution) of 83.3 ms, a data-transfer rate of 250,000 bps and a recording mode of double frequency, and they use the same medium for storage. The medium is a 7.88-in.-diameter, 3-mil-thick Mylar disc with a large hole in the center. This ctisc contains 77 recording tracks of which one is an index track containing all of the format coding and library information for the disc. Seventythree are data tracks that come preformatted with sector address marks, data marks, cyclic redundancy coding and a track address mark. Two tracks are spares, and one is being reserved for some future use by IBM. Each track is divided into 26 sectors, and each sector .can contain 128 bytes of data. The disc also contains a physkal hole that can be sensed optically to indicate the beginning of each track or the location of the track address. Most manu- 11 J Kennedy Data Systems' KDS-28 contains a pair of Century Data Systems floppy-disc drives and a controller. Interface electronics are included to mate the disc drives to Datapoint terminals. Sanders 810 intelligent terminal has a 12-in. cathode-ray tube with 1920 characters. It can support up to eight "dumb" terminals with its processor, and it sells for $6900. facturers feel that the disc is good for at least one million head passes over any given track. Donald Taylor, product manager on the D0330 flexible-disc drive for Pertee in Chatsworth, Calif., says : "Our tests indicate that the IBM disc is good for at least five million passes per track." The discs cost $8 from IBM and less than $5 in large quantities from some of the other suppliers, the largest being Memorex of Santa Clara, Calif. Many companies have introduced IBM-compatible drives, including Century Data Systems, Anaheim, Calif.; Control Data, Hawthorne, Calif.; General Systems International, Anaheim, Calif.; Innovex, Bedford, Mass.; Memorex, Orbis Systems, Costa Mesa, Calif. ; Pertee; Potter Instruments, Melville, N. Y.; Shugart Associates, Sunnyvale, Calif., and Sycor. Their drives are compatible with that in the IBM 3740 data-entry terminal. The most compact and least expensive of these drives is the D0330 from Pertee. It measures 3-1/ 2 x 8-3/ 4 x 14 in. and weighs 10 pounds. It sells for $475 in 200 quantities. Most of the other drives are at least 20 % larger, 20 % more expensive and weigh 50 % more. The Pertee drive is also completely driven from + 24 V and ± 5 V. All other drives use an ac motor to rotate the disc, and practically every drive has different de requirements. Next smallest of the drives is the Model 210 :firom Innovex. It measures 4.3 x 9 x 14-in. but weighs 15 pounds. As with most other drives, 112 it can be mounted in any orientation for incorporation into a system. This drive is unique in that it is a sealed one, with filtered air passing over the disc to increase media life by preventing dust from jamming between the head and the disc. All IBM-compatible drives have the read/ write head in contact with the disc. The head is moved across the disc by a de stepper motor, which, in all cases execpt Pertec's, steps at one track per step. Pertee uses three steps per track for higher accuracy. Shugart Associates has more IBM-compatible floppy disc drives in the field now than any other manufacturer. Called the Model 900, their drive has very few adjustments, and head penetration is referenced to the body casting for ready interchangeability of heads in the field. The Shugart head is a proprietary design that uses no epoxy in the recording gap area. Even under extreme temperature variation, nothing can expand beyond the head surface to scratch the disc. Most other manufacturers claim that this is not a problem, as long as the drive is used within the specified temperature limits-typically + 10 to +40 c. Since the recording hea:d is in contact with the disc during operation, all drives provide a means of unloading the head from the disc, either when the disc is being put into or taken out of the drive and during an idle condition. This is accomplished with a controller command to the drive. This command is usually given if the disc has revolved about five times without a read, write or seek command. In most drives the pres- EL ECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 sure pad that holds the head to the disc is retracted by a solenoid. In the Pertee drive, the head is also physically retracted about 30 mils from the disc. The non-IBM world Most popular of the non-IBM-compatible drives is the 651 from Memorex. More of these drives are in the field, says Keith Plant, director of OEM marketing at Memorex, than all other manufacturers' drives with the exception of IBM. The 651 uses a different type of disc than the others. It appears to look the same, but it has an 80 % thicker coating than the IBM disc and will wear longer. Also, it .is permanently subdivided into 32 sectors, with holes spaced along the disc. The maximum capacity of this disc is 2.1 Mb of formatted data. All other characteristics of the drive are similar to the IBM-compatible drives. Three drives are very different from all the rest. They are made by Innovex; Dynastor, Denver, and Intelligent Memory Systems, Newport Beach, Calif. All three use heads that are not in contact with the disc for long life. The Model 110 from Innovex uses a recording medium that is a square plastic frame with coated Mylar stretched across the frame. A circular section of the medium is used as the recording surface. The frame does not move; rather the head rotates in a circular path over the surface. It also moves in and out for random-access operation. The head is mov·ed by a rack-and-pinion mechanism and rotates at 390 rpm for an average latency of 77 ms. The average access time of this drive is 208 ms, with a track-to-track access time of 6 ms. With eight sectors, the capacity of the drive is 1.22 Mb. This drive sells for $620 in quantities of 200. Plastic cartridge is used Dynastor uses a plastic cartridge containing a free-floating, thin Mylar disc. When the cartridge .is inserted in the drive, the disc is removed and spun up· against an aluminum base plate. The flying head is controlled by a servodriven, cable-pulley assembly to the proper disc track. The disc is rotated at 3600 rpm for an average latency of 8.33 ms. But the track-to-track access time is 100 ms. However, the head can move across the entire disc in 320 ms. The data-transfer rate .is ~540 bps. With 32 preformatted sectors, the usable capacity of the disc is about 2.2 Mb. In a single-drive configuration, called the Model 30, the drive sells in 200 quantities for $650. In a dual-drive configuration, called the 40, the price is $1115 for 200 units. Similar in concept to the Dynastor drive is ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Two fly-head disc drives are contained in the Dynastor Model 40. Each disc has 32 sectors and can store about 2.2 Mb of data. The transfer rate on this drive is 2540-k bits per second. the Model 300 from Intelligent Memory Systems. The difference is that while the Dynastor drive uses a moving head, this drive is a fixed head- per-track type. With 16 tracks and 32 sectors, the capaieity is 0.5 Mb. The average access time is only 16.7 ms. · This drive, according to Kjell Hovik, vice president of Intelligent Memory Systems, is aim- ed at minicomputer real-time operating systems. The entire drive consumes only 5 W of de power and 10 W of ac. The cost of the drive in 200 quantities is only $375. A version of the dr.ive is also available with up to three fixed discs. All of the other non-IBM compatible drives are similar to the Memorex 651 with a variety of small improvements. One of the more novel fea- tures .is an electronic sectoring scheme from Orbis. According to J. V. Howell, vice president of engineering : "We use the IBM reference hole to give us a track start referen~e pulse, and we have a slotted disc mounted on the drive shaft. The slotted disc has 256 holes that can be sensed by an optical coupler. Once the track starts, we count 128 pulses between every hole on the slotted disc. This div.ides the disc into 32,768 pulses per revo- lution. These pulses can be used to set any num- ber or size of sector that is desired." This feature is an option on the Model 74 drive. The floppy and the terminal joined With the addition of a controller/ formatter, the floppy-disc drive can be married to an intelligent terminal. The first terminal manufacturer to do it is Sycor. Di:eter Heidrich, director of product development, reports: "We have developed our own floppy-disc drive and married it to our 340 terminal. It is an IBM-compatible drive that can accommodate two discs at once with a fast 2.5-ms, track-to-track access time." · · 113 II II II peachy keen peripherals at plain vanilla prices Peripherals unlimited, with unmatched price performance. Remex delivers on this promise with a complete lineup of advanced, reliable peripherals to meet any minicomputer requirement. Punched tape? Remex is the leading producer of P/T peripherals, with more units of all kinds in service than any other manufacturer. Considering digital cassette? Remex puts you ahead of the game with a complete line of equipment and systems. Including the world 's first Punched Tape Emulator, that can turn any punched tape system into a highspeed, high-capacity digital cassette tiger. Floppy disk drives and systems? Remex has 'em , ready to deliver. If you know what you need , let' s talk del ivery. If you 're not sure what you need , talk to us about the most efficient peripherals approach. We have no axe to grind , because - we have them all. Write or call Remex, 1733 Alton St. , Santa Ana, Californ ia 92705. (714) 557-6860. In Europe and the U.K. , contact S.p.A. , Microtecnica, Torino , Italy. e work with you! '/(EMEX High speed punched tape read er/s poo lers Versatile punched tape readout un its .High performance digital cassette drives Complete magnetic tape digital cassette 1ystern1 High speed punched tape perforator/reader combos Complete floppy disk systems World's first Punched Tape Emulator A UNIT OF XLO ® EX·CELL·O CORPORATION INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 53 OUR CASSE 11 ERECORDER WASJUSTTOO GOOD TO KEEP TO OURSELVES. We designed the Sycor Model 135 cassette recorder to stand up to the toughest standards in the world. Our own. For use in our own Sycor terminals. But when we finished, we knew we had a cassette recorder capable of meeting a world of OEM and other users' needs. The 135, for instance, has a unique capacity for record overwrite. You can edit a complete data block without disturbing the data on either side of the new record. The 135 reads/writes at a fast 12.5 ips with quick starts and stops for high throughput. A dual-gap head gives it the capacity for Read-After-Write verification. And when you need quick access to specific data, it'll search through a cassette at a rapid 60 ips. Every day, in 34 countries around the globe, over 20,000 Sycor cassette recorders prove their reliability. Look into our Sycor 135 yourself. You'll find why we found it too good to keep to ourselves. SYCOR SI SYCOR INC For complete product information-or for assistance with any design or application problem you may have-contact OEM Department, Sycor, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Telephone (313) 971-0900. lntematio11ally represe11ted by M1111 zig Int ernational in Lo ndo n, Paris, M1111ich , and G e11eva, and by STG lntematio11a/ in Tel A viv. lNFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 54 116 E L ECTRO NIC D ESIGN 9, April 26. 1974 "~ Persuader" For complete 5190 data and/or sample switches, visit the N.C.C. Show C.P. Clare Booth No. 934-936 or call your closest Clare-Pendar sales office: ALABAMA Huntsville: C. P. Clare & Co. (205) 534-5438 ARIZONA Phoenix: Spectrum Assoc. (602) 997-6324 ARKANSAS Fort Smith: J . R. Masterson (501) 646-7756 CALIFORNIA Mountain View : C. P. Clare & Co . (415) 968-2831 Santa Ana: Spectrum Assoc. (714) 835-4114 FLORIDA Ft. Lauderdale: R. I. Smith Assoc . (305) 772-5100 Largo: R. I. Smith Assoc. (813) 585-2980 GEORGIA Atlanta: Austin Brown & Assoc. (404) 457-6381 ILLINOIS Chicago: C. P. Clare & Co. (312) 262-7700 INDIANA Ft. Wayne: Baehr Greenleaf & Assoc . (219) 447-1608 KANSAS Shawnee Mission: Lowell-Kangas Assoc. (913) 631-3515 MARYLAND Ellicott City: Doss Electronics, Inc. (301) 465-1336 MASSACHUSETTS Needham : C. P. Clare & Co. (617) 449-4780 MICHIGAN Southfield: C. P. Clare & Co. (313) 356-3988 MINNESOTA St. Paul : Reper, Inc. (612) 645-8618 MISSOURI St. Louis: Lowell- Kangas & Assoc. (314) 821-4050 NEW YORK: Great Neck: C. P. Clare & Co. (516) 466-2100 Fayetteville: C. P. Clare & Co. (315) 637-3939 NORTH CAROLINA Charlotte: R. W. Chapman & Co. (704) 525-2421 Raleigh : R. W. Chapman & Co. (919) 782-2624 OHIO Cleveland: Baehr Greenleaf & Assoc. (216) 221-9030 Cincinnati: Baehr Greenleaf & Assoc. (513) 891-3826 Columbus: Baehr Greenleaf & Assoc. (614) 486-4046 PENNSYLVANIA Ft. Washington : C. P. Clare & Co . (215) 643-5321 Pittsburgh: Foster-McClinton, Inc. (412) 561-4803 Erie: Foster-McClinton, Inc. (814) 455-9111 SOUTH CAROLINA Greenville: R. W. Chapman & Co. (803) 232-5391 TEXAS Dallas: Robert E. Nesbitt Co. (214) 357-4601 Houston: Gettys-Eads-Adair, Inc. (713) 781-3005 VIRGINIA Richmond: Advance Control Equipment (804) 264-2588 WEST VIRGINIA Huntington: Foster-McClinton, Inc. (304) 736-5161 WISCONSIN Wauwatosa: Larson Assoc. (414) 258-0529 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 55 Minis, minis everywhere, when it comes to control of industrial processes Northe K. Osbrink, Western Editor Without the minicomputer, computerized industrial process control might easily have remained a novelty for rich corporations. The large computers of the 1960s were expensive, and they also had to be modified for process control. Most companies were reluctant to use them unless the machines could also be programmed to perform a variety of other plant functions. But what a difference a mini makes. Today there are minis on the production line ... minis in the quality-control test area ... minis in the warehouse . . . hierarchies of minis. Not-so-expensive minicomputer systems are working efficiently in applications ranging from the control of machine tools and oil and gas pipelines to concrete and asphalt production and weaving looms. Two major classes of computers There are two major classes of industrial process control. The first is the traditional, continuous-flow process found in a chemical plant, refinery, pipeline or power-distribution system. The second, the intermittent (or step) process, encompasses everything else-batch processing of materials and production lines or, with a little stretching, machine-tool control. A computer finds very little difference between the various processes; much that applies to one process applies to another. The differences are in the hardware required outside the central processor-the input/ output interfaces, operator interface and communications links. The speed of a process computer is not as important as reliability, hardware and software flexibility, the availability of software and pro- 118 For harsh environments, Rolm min icomputers, produ ced to MI L specs, offer up to four ti mes the MTBF of commercial counterpa rts. gramming languages, and 1/0 interfaces. In addition the process-control computer should have power-failure protection and a priority-interrupt structure. The former assures that the data and programming are not lost if power is lost. The latter structure-either hardware or software---.assures the safe shutdown of machines or processes in case of failure. For testing and control jobs One application of computers to industry today is the automatic gauging and inspection station. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 In a high-capacity industrial plant, such a test system can operate with little or no human supervision. An example is the new Digital Tire Uniformity Optimizer Computer System, designed jointly by Electronic Associates Inc., West Long Branch, N.J., and the Akron Standard Corp. The system force-tests tires, and it controls the grinding of rubber from them to achieve uniformity in the tires. The delivery of tires from a waiting station, their testing, grinding, grading, marking and delivery to a pick-up station-all are guided by the computer. The computer control is based on the Electronic Associates Datapacer 16-bit mini, with 32 k of core memory. All required test parameters and machine-control instructions are stored in software production changes. With a computer in the system either controlling the machines directly or providing the program -for the control, productivity rises. The program for any number of controllers can be stored and recalled whenever needed. Lawrence W. Delong, product manager for computer control systems at the Allen-Bradley Systems Div., Highland Heights, Ohio, says: "Our Model 1795 computer system can maintain a parts program in its bulk memory and feed up to 16 programmable controllers. The computer can simultaneously monitor the machines for parts counts, cycle times, machine failures and jam-ups, and relay statistical data to a higherlevel computer. Perhaps most importantly, it can also be used to perform parts-program editing A Western Electric plant in Massachusetts uses a DEC PDP-8 minicomputer to monitor and control several coil-winding stations. The stations are supervised by PDP-14 programmable controllers. This is an example of the industry trend toward the creation of computer hierarchies. tables, so tires can be custom-fashioned to the requirements of a specific automobile suspension. In addition to testing tires, the system' collects and displays statistics on the results, enabling changes to be made in the tire-production process. Computer control of industrial machines is a direct outgrowth of digital numeric control, which relied on hard-wired controllers or paper tape readers. The computer-controlled system eliminates the time and expense of paper-tape generation and handling, as well as the need to modify a hard-wired controller program to make and modification.' ~ A hierarchy of computers is formed when an on-floor computer is used to deliver data to a higher-level supervisory machine. The availability of computers of varying sizes-inexpensive , and capable of collecting data from other computers and sending data to them-has led to increasing use of the computer hierarchy in industry. Ron Roberts, manager of special systems marketing and development for General Automation, North Hollywood, Calif., explains: "The technology of a computer hierarchy is to have a direct link from a process [satellite] ELECTRONI C D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 119 was achieved on the pipeline during the first year of operation. Designed specifically for industrial automation is the Texas Instruments Model 960A minicomputer. A wide selection of interface modules and a special machine architecture are available. computer to higher-level [hostJ computerwhich in many cases can be another mini. The important thing is to reserve control of the machine or process locally, without. depending on the host computer to control the process directly. That way failures are localized. If the host computer goes down, the satellite will keep the process going. And, in some cases, if ·the process computer goes down, the host can tell it where to begin when service is resumed." One way to establish a computer hierarchy in a plant that is automating gradually is to use similar minis for both the satellite and host functions. The satellite computers are installed first, and when the amount of information handled becomes enough to warrant it, one computer is upgraded to a host function. F. G. Seeberger, manager of manufacturing automation for Texas Instruments, Houston Tex., notes: "Some of our customers have had good success using our Model 960 computers to automate an industrial plant. First they use a single 960 to control a simple task-but buy it with a disc, so they have in-house software development capability. Then they add other 960s doing other tasks, and finally upgrade the disc-equipped 960 to host-and replace its original position with a new, smaller unit. The host computer has many uses as a data collector, a real-time source of factory information for management and also for software development." In the Canadian Interprovincial Pipeline Network, a Digital Equipment Corp. System-10 computer acts as host to 44 PDP-8 minis. The latter are at pumping stations along the 1900-mile oil pipeline. Each mini controls several large pumps and monitors flow, viscosity, station environment and electricity consumption of the pump motors. DEC says that a 30 % savings in electricity use 120 Minis go with the environment Once the decision is made to use a computer in industry, most engineers tend to worry about the reliability and suitability of the minicomputer in the traditionally severe factory environment. The usual concerns are interface between computers and operators, interface between the computer and machines and the effect of electrical interference, harsh temperatures and vibrations on the computer. The interface between process computers and operators is almost universally CRTs or typewriter terminals. As one engineer at Leeds & Northrup, North Wales, Pa., explains it: "We are using c~mputer consoles with graphic recorders, CRTs and printers. Most factory personnel are readily able to pick up the operation of a console-and we can provide a training program if the customer wants." The discrete lamp-and-switch-control panelso long connected with industrial control-is not very common in computer installations. Computer and systems suppliers generally agree that it is expensive to desigI). custom panels for each plant installation, and they are concerned about possible excessive maintenance. In addition a lamp panel does not provide for easy modification if the system needs changing, and it disp.la.ys only a relatively limited amount of data. Computers, on the other hand, can generate a great deal of data and be modified simply. Some industries still require the old panel concept, though. Peter L. Andersen, director for the Electronics Div. of Phoenix Engineers, Orange, Calif., explains: "Our field is automating concrete and asphalt batching plants. We initially tried to use a CRT terminal but had to drop it. We discovered that many of the operators, with many years' experience, were unable to adapt to using a terminal. Also, many of our customers wanted to minimize any retraining of operators. Now most of our systems have operator-control panels, and the computer remains practically invisible." Andersen does point out, however, that sometimes the display capability of such a panel is too limited and he is forced to go to a computer terminal. Conversational English preferred Another way to avoid confusing the operator is to have the computer "talk" to him in conversational English. It's easy to program a computer to talk an operator through his process, step by step, designers say. It takes a lot of ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Automated batch ing systems by Phoenix Engi neers are built around Ci nci nnati Mil acron 8000-series minicomputers. Phoen ix adds its own interfaces and softwa re, using 8 -to-24 -k bits of memory. memory space, but memory is cheap--certainly cheaper than having to bring in an engineer to run things. The interface between computer and machine has been greatly simplified by the large variety of modules and corresponding software available from mini manufacturers. Most computer systems will accept analog, TTL, HTL and various switch-closure signals-both ac and de. Most manufacturers are well aware that noise may get into the computer via signal inputs, and many use optical isolation in their modules. According to Roberts of General Automation: "Optical iso1ation is the modern solution to receiving signals from electrically noisy environments. In the past we had to use complex filter techniques. Through the use of signal conditioning and programming techniques, input signals can be pulled through some very nasty noise." Environment no problem Most minis-particularly that breed of ruggedized machine designed for industrial us~ can easily stand up to industrial plant temperatures and vibrations. And the elimination of wired connections in the machines, as well as better knowledge of materials and manufacturing, has made them relatively dust and fumeproof. As long as they are supplied with a flow of air-even approaching their upper ambient temperature limits-most will perform well. In severe cases of power-line voltage fluctuation or transients, it may be necessary to condition the power line being fed to the computer. Minicomputer power supplies are very tolerant of line noises a:nd voltage fluctuations, and ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 modern ·digital circuit design makes computers much less likely to "see" noise anyway. The problems are usually associated with the power fed to rotating peripherals, such as drum or disc memories or tape drives. For that reason, most industrial installations do without them and rely on core memory when possible. Energy conservation a new field A new industrial market is emerging because of the current interest in energy consumption : energy demand and monitoring. In a typical case.. a large steel mill using arc melting furnaces buys electricity at reduced rates, so long as its con- sumption remains below a contracted level. As soon as energy use in the plant approaches the penalty level, a minicomputer produces an alarm or shuts off loads. If the mini is fully supplied with process information-what furnaces are in what stage of their process and which are due to be started and which stopped-the mini can adjust voltages and timing to prevent the load from exceeding the contract. Terence K. McMahan, who has just completed a survey of the process-control field for Frost & Sullivan, market researchers of New York, says: "The biggest buyers of process-control com- puters will remain the petroleum and chemical industries for some tim&-with the biggest growth in the next 10 years being in nonferrous metals and the paper industry. "The mini has already taken over. With a few exceptions, there will be no significant number of computers as large as the IBM 1800 going in -although the petroleum industry will make some installations using IBM System/ 370s as central computers." 1 · · 121 Do you face a make or buy ~~~~~~u~~lies?BUY LAMBDdS LZ SERIES MOUNTABLE POWER SUPPLY. LZS-34 5V, 1400mA $95 LZD-12 ± 15V, 50 mA $35 LZD-35 ± 15V,300mA $95 LZ-10 SERIES SINGLE OUTPUT MODEL LZS-10 LZS-10 LZS-10 LZS-11 LZS-11 LZS-11 2Y2" x3112" x ¥a" VOLvTAoGe E<'> CURRENT mA 3 317 4 384 5 450 10 225 12 195 15 150 PRICE<2> $35 35 35 35 35 35 LZ-10 SERIES DUAL TRACKING OUTPUT MODEL 2112" x 3112" x ¥a" VOLvTAoGeE<'> CURRENT mA LZD-12 ±15V 50 PRICE<'l $35 LZ-20 SERIES SINGLE OUTPUT MODEL 2112" x3112" x 1Y4" VOLvTAoGeE<'> CURRENT mA LZS-20 10 247 LZS-20 12 268 LZS-20 15 300 *LZD-22 24 73 *LZD-23 24 129 *LZD-22 28 84 *LZD-23 28 143 ·single output ratings for dual output models connected in series PRICE<2> $55 55 55 40 55 40 55 LZ-20 SERIES DUAL TRACKING OUTPUT MODEL 2112" x3112" x 1Y4 " VOLvTAoGe E<'> CURRENT mA LZD-21 ± 3 217 LZD-21 ± 4 258 LZD-21 ± 5 300 LZD-22 ±10 61 LZD-23 ±10 114 LZD-22 ±12 73 LZD-23 ±12 129 LZD-22 ±15 90 LZD-23 ±15 150 PRICE<'> $55 55 55 40 55 40 55 40 55 LZ-30 SERIES SINGLE OUTPUT MODEL 2112 " x 3112 " x 1¥1" VOLvTAoGeE<'> CURRENT mA LZS-30 3 633 LZS-30 4 767 LZS-30 5 900 LZS-33 10 293 LZS-33 12 336 --CzS-33 15 400 LZS-34 3 950 LZS-34 4 1180 LZS-34 5 1400 *LZD-32 24 186 *LZD-32 28 208 *LZD-35 24 240 *LZD-35 28 280 ·single output ratings for dual output models connected in series PRICE<2l $65 65 65 65 65 65 95 95 95 65 65 95 95 LZ-30 SERIES DUALTRACKING OUTPUT MODEL 21/z" x 3 1/z" x 1'¥a" VOLTAGE< '> voe CURRENT mA LZD-31 ± 3 333 LZD -31 ±4 417 LZD-31 ± 5 500 LZD-32 ±10 163 LZD-32 ±12 186 LZD-32 · ±15 220 LZD-35 ±10 200 LZD-35 ±12 240 LZD-35 ±15 300 PRICEC'l $65 65 65 65 65 65 95 95 95 LZ-30 SERIES TRIPLE OUTPUT MODEL LZT-36 21/z" x 31/z " x 1'¥a " VOLTAGE< '> voe CURRENT mA 5 500 ±15 50 PRICE <» $70 NOTES : (1) LZ models are adjustable between the following limits: LZS-10 2.5 to 6V LZS-11 B to 15V LZS-20 B to 15V LZS-30 2.5 to 6V LZS-33 B to 15V LZS-34 2.5 to 6V LZD-12 ± 14.5 to± 15.5V LZD-21 ± 2.5 to± 6V LZD-22 ± B to± 15V LZOJ-23 ± B to± 15V LZD-31 ± 2.5 to± 6V LZD-32 ± Bto± 15V LZD-35 ± B to± 15V LZT-36 2.5V-6V for+ 5V output only,± 14.5 to± 15.5 for± 15V output only. Contact factory for current ratings at voltage settings not indicated in the tables. (2) All prices and specification s are subject to change without notice. SPECIFICATIONS FOR LZ SERIES Regulation 0 .15%-line or load; models LZS-10, LZS-30, LZS-34, LZD-21 and LZ D-31 have load regu lat ion of 0 .1 5% + 5mV; m odel LZ D-12 has line or load regu lation of 0 .2 5%; LZT-36 line regulation 0.15% ( + 5V) 0 .2 5% (±1 5V); load regu lati on 0 .15% + lOmV (+ 5V), 0.25% (±15V). Ripple and noise 1.5mV RMS, 5mV, pk-pk 0.03%/ °C Temperature coefficient Overshoot no overshoot on turn-on, turn-off, or power failure Tracking accuracy 2% absolute voltage difference for dual output mode ls only and only for the ±15V output in LZT-36; 0.2% change for all conditions of line, load and tem perature Ambient operating temperature range continuous duty from 0 °C to + 50 °C Wide AC input voltage range 105 to 132 Vac, 57-63 Hz Storage temperature range -25 °C to + 85 °C Overload protection fixed aut omatic electronic current limiting circuit Input & output connections pri nted circ u it solder pins on lower surface of unit. For model LZT-3 6 the ± 15V outpu ts are independent from the 5V output. Con t rols screwdriver voltage adjustment over entire voltage range . Mounting tapped holes on lower surface Size see ta bl es Physical data Weight LZ-10 series 10 oz. net 18 oz. ship. LZ-20 series 17 oz . net 25 oz. ship. LZ-30 series 24 oz. net 32 oz. ship. 60-day guarantee 60-d ay guarantee includes labor as well as parts LZ SERIES NOW AVAILABLE IN NEW TRIPLE OUTPUT MODEL MODEL VOLTAGE<'> voe CURRENT mA PRICE<» 5V 500 LZT-36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $70 ± 15V 50 1 DAY DELIVERY 60 DAY GUARANTEE &~~~~I?o~ Aecomponv MELVILLE, NEW YORK 11746 515 Broad Hollow Road Tel. 516694-4200 ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, ILL. 60005 2420 East Oakton St., Unit Q Tel. 312-593-2550 NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CALIF. 91605 7316 Varna Ave . Tel. 213-875-2744 MONTREAL, QUEBEC lOOC Hymus Blvd., Pointe Claire, Quebec 730 Tel. 514-697-6520 HIGH WYCOMBE, BUCKS, ENG. Abbey Barn Road, Wycombe Marsh Tel. High Wycombe 36386/7 /8 ORSAY, FRANCE 91 Gometz le Chatel. ACHERN-FAUTENBACH, W. GERMANY Im. Holzbosch 14 Tel. 078-41 -5527 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 56 The case for Liquid Crystal Displays Liquid crystal displays; light em itting diodes ; incandescent and flourescent displays and " Nixie" tubes are popping up frequently in circuit designs as the trend to digital readout continues. Each has a purpose and the design engineer should become familiar with all types. We make liquid crystal displays. The display of the future? Our display is a sandwich of two plates, joined and hermetically sealed at the perimeters. A space of about .005 " separates the plates, and this is filled with a nematic liquid crystal solution. CONTACT TO SEGME NT LEAD-IN Simplicity means low cost, too - lower than that of most comparable displays. Packaging costs are low because LCD 's can be driven directly by MOS and C/MOS circuits. In our dynamic scattering displays very narrow character widths are possible and still provide a good viewing angle - 60 degrees in many cases. Low power consumption makes the LCD a logical choice where power limitations rule out other display types. Watch type LCD 's use only 30 µ W, for example, with all segments energized at 15 volts . LCD 's offer the greatest flexibility of any display type. Several standard displays are immediately available from Hamlin's stock. Special displays with virtually any type of image can be produced with surprisingly low preparation or "tooling" cost. Because of the LCD's simplicity, lead time on specials is only a matter of weeks. A few limitations. LCD 's have limitations, too. Operating temperature range is one. Liquid crystals slow down and may even cease to function at temperatures below 0°C. Above 50-60°C, crystals go into solution and will not function normally. When the liquid is not electrically excited, its long , cigar-shaped molecules are parallel to one another in a position perpendicular to the plates. Thus, the liquid appears transparent. Applying an electric current creates ion activity which leads to turbulence and causes the liquid to scatter incident light. The visual effect is that of a frosted glass. LCD 's can be made completely transmissive for back-lighting, reflective for ambient light or semi- reflective for dual mode operation. DYNAMIC SCATTERING Electrical charge rearranges the molecules, which scatter the light. Regularly reflected light Normally Aligned Molecules Extremes do not damage LCD 's. Once the temperature returns to normal , operation is automatically resumed. LCD 's do not generate light, and they are somewhat /2:43:5b difficult to read under low ambient light conditions. (Side or back lighting can remedy this.) Visibility under medium I I .L,_ to high ambient light conditions is excellent. ...n. Jr .. Producing an image - digital or other - simply requires a conductive surface the shape of the desired image on the glass plate toward the viewer. Current flowing from the conductive image on the front plate through the crystal liquid to the common-ground back plate causes the liquid to change from clear to a frosted appearance in the current-carrying area. These images are almost always in the form of seven segments that make up the numerals 1 through 0. Energizing the proper segments produces the desired numerals. Lead-ins connect the segments to external contacts on the sandwich (display). In the majority of display applications, MOS and C/MOS compatibility, reliability, flexibility and low power requirement are important considerations. No other display Consider the advantages. type can match the liquid crystal display on these jobs. Liquid crystal displays have a number of distinct They could become the display of the future. And that's the advantages. Simplicity is the reason for several of these. case for the LCD. For specification and application data, The elements are few and passive -very little write Hamlin, Inc., Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551. Or call, can go wrong with an LCD and this means 414/648-2361 . (Evaluation samples are available at reliability end long life. moderate cost.) M.A-·I· INCORPORATED 9701 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 57 124 ELECTRO IC D ESIGN 9, A pril 26, 1974 When the questions are about enclosures, Optima has beautiful answers. Whether packaging small, digital multimeters or a huge, communications center, you need I enclosures with structural in- tegrity, access, and versatility. Doing their job and doing it well. How do you get them? Consider the alternatives ... job shop? ... in-house construction? ... a manufacturer? To decide, it is important to ask the right questions and get the right answers. Sales Appeal The first ten seconds of display foran electronics unit focus simply on its style, color and finish. They won't break a sale - the equipment inside does that. But they can sure help make one. · Is an industrial designer with packaging skills involved? · Can you get the superior vinyl finishes so much in demand today? Or woodgrains? Or special textures? · Is a total range of designer colors on hand? Versatility An important sale·s tool is the ability to adapt to the changing needs of a client. · Does a source offer hundreds of configurations to choose from? If, for instance, your client is thinking vertical rack, but wants the operator seated, can you offer a console-desk? · Does a client need a ventilating grille? a blower? stabilizers? Wouldn't drawer slides help his operations? What about writing surfaces, storage areas, drawers, casters? Are they in production, on line and ready to go? Customer Service A re your own needs being served? · Can you get personal service from engineers, designers, and production people? · Can you get special applications assistance? · Does your source have a knowledgeable customer-service representative? The Optima Line Our line of enclosures for electronics is the product of finding good answers to tough questions. Whether your question is component access, cooling, special applications or new product development and even safe shipping-we're ready! Ready with Small Cases in 24 sizes from 133.6 to 1445.4 cubic inches; Instrument Cases and Racks in 124 sizes for 19- and 24inch panels; Desk Consoles which are adaptable systems of instrument housing, counter and storage space; and the unique combination of chassis and caseOptima 17. Computer scheduled manufacturing assures you of top quality control. We finish each unit inside and out with rugged vinyl and assemble them for final inspection-including most options and accessories-right at the plant. Optima is the best answer. No question about that. "wr"'I·A Write Optima Enclosures, 2166 Mountain Industrial Blvd., Tucker, Ga. 30084 or call (404) 939-6340. I II" Other Scientific-Atlanta Inc. Divisions are · Cable Communications · Instru ment at io n · Electro-Sy stems · Southern Tool and Machine · Security INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 58 ELECTRONIC D ES IGN 9, April 26 , 1974 125 Optical data systems find a niche in the world of fast, fast computing Jules H. Gilder, Associate Editor Optical techniques for storing, processing and retrieving data are turning up in computer systems, spurred by demands for larger memories with faster access times and more rapid processing of data. Noise immunity and data security have also prompted interest in optics. Although some optical data systems are commercially available today, work on optical computing is still confined to the laboratory, for the most part. Development is proceeding in three major areas: memories, processors and peripherals. Optical storage of digital information promises significant improvements in capacity and access times over magnetic discs and tapes, which are currently used for mass storage. According to Di Chen, a scientist at Honeywell's Corporate Research Center, Bloomington, Minn., magnetic discs and tapes will continue to dominate the mass memory area into the late 1970s. But by then, he goes on, they will reach the saturation point, and new storage technologies will be required to supplement or replace them. Optical memories promise to have capacities and costs equal to those of discs and tapes while achieving speeds that approximate those of random-access memories. Two major techniques used Two techniques are being used to store optical data: the bit-by-bit method, which reads out information serially, and the page method, which outputs information in parallel. The bit-by-bit method is easier to implement, and a commercial system of this type is already available. It is known as the System 190 Laser Mass Memory and is produced by Precision In- 126 Data beams in this holographic memory from RCA are produced by diffracting laser light off. a holo· gram on which data are stored. struments, Palo Alto, Calif. The System 190 is an improved modular ver- sion of the company's earlier Unicon 690, a trillion-bit memory developed for the Illiac IV computer. The 190 uses a laser to write on a nonerasable storage medium and offers a packing density of over 20 million bits per square inch. This high packing density gives a memory that has a lower cost per bit than any other today0.0001 ¢ per bit. Another advantage of the 190's high packing density is that it requires about a tenth the storage space of conventional magnetictape systems. The storage medium for the laser memory is a rhodium-coated Mylar data strip. Information ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Optical memories like this one from Sperry Univac are being designed to store up to iou bits of in- formation. When completed, it will have an access time of between 1 and 10 µ.s and no moving parts. is stored when a precisely focused laser beam vaporizes minute holes in the metallic surface of the data strip. The laser is modulated so that it is turned on to burn a hole for writing a ONE and turned off for a ZERO. The holes in the data strip change the strip's reflectivity and thus make it possible to read out the stored information. While the 190 memory offers many advantages, it suffers from the fact that it uses a nonerasable storage medium. Efforts to overcome this problem are under way at several companies. One approach being developed at IBM's Research Div. in San Jose, Calif., uses a rotating glass disc covered with a thin thermomagnetic film. According to Byron R. Brown, one of the developers of the IBM system, this approach yields a memory that is similar to the standard disc memory. The results of recent experiments, with the reversible thermomagnetic film, notes Brown, indicate that rotating optical memories with storage densities of 108 bits/ in2 and data rates from 10 to 25 Mbits/ sec appear feasible. By combining these new materials with an improved high-track-density servo system, IBM says it ~an build an optical file with 1 Gbyte of storage per surface on a 14-inch disc. In explaining how the thermomagnetic optical memory works, Brown notes that the material's magnetization is initially all in one direction- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 normal to the plane of the film. To write in information, the magnetization is reversed locally by application of a thermal pulse-produced by a focused laser beam-and a gross magnetic field that is opposite to the initial field in the film. To read out information, Brown continues, the same laser beam, operating at reduced power, is used to detect a rotation of the plane of polarization of the light. This rotation of light is known as the Faraday effect, and it results from the local reversals in the magnetic field. Unlike most other approaches to laser memories, the IBM uses semiconductor lasers that are batch-fabricated in linear arrays. Twenty lasers per array on 100-micron centers are being used. Brown notes that the IBM memory approach offers the potential of permanent, nonvolatile, semireversible, high-resolution digital data storage. But, on the negative side, the commercial magnetic recording densities are already over 8 x 10" and projected to go to 3 x 10' , he says. An optical storage system would be attractive only if it could achieve a density of about 6.25 x 108 bits/ in2· The reason, Brown explains, is it would then be possible to fit a memory with a capacity of 1012 bits on a recording surface of only 1 m2· Because the bit-by-bit system is less sophisticated than the holographic memory, it is gener- 127 LASER BEAM DATA BEAMS LIGHT VALVE ARRAY In holographic memories, serial electronic data are converted to parallel optical data and recorded on a holographic storage medium (a). When illumi- FOURIER TRANSFORM PLAYBACK LENS PARALLEL/SERIAL SHIFT REGISTER PHOTOOETECTOR ARRAY I RECONSTRUCTED DATA BEAMS ser, the hologram generates data ·ams are then sensed by a photo- ally believed that the bit-by-bit memory will be widely available first. However, the holographic memory appears to be the goal of most developers of optical memories, because it offers higher speed and redundancy of data. Holographic approach studied In the holographic memory a page composer converts a block of data consisting of thousands of bits into optical form. The page composer consists of an array of light valves that are opened and closed, depending on the value of each bit. Once the valves are set, a laser beam is applied to the light-valve array. The valves that are open form multiple data beams that strike the holographic storage medium, along with a reference beam, to create a hologram. Since the resulting holograms are small, a new block of data can be recorded simply by repetition of the process on an unexposed area of the storage medium. According to Honeywell's Chen, a holographic memory with a capacity of 10° to 1010 bits and page-access time of 10 µ,sec should be possible. To retrieve information that has been stored in a hologram, a laser beam is allowed to strike the hologram. This causes multiple data beams to be diffracted from the hologram. These beams pass through the readout optics and are focused to form an array of bright spots that coincide with a photodetector array and that represent the stored data. Each light spot activates one detector element, and the element converts the optical signal into an electrical one. To get the information in serial form-the way it was originally entered-the detector elements are sampled by a shift register. A big plus for holographic memories is this: Since each data bit is mapped into a plane grating pattern on the hologram, a slight misregistration of the hologram does not alter the alignment of the data spots relative to the photo- 128 dE -ray. This means that high positional ac, s not required for addressing. Another adv ~ of the holographic technique is that infor1 on loss due to dust, scratches or other imperl _tions in the storage media is eliminated. Since each data bit is recorded over the entire hologram area, small imperfections on the holo- gram will only result in a slightly lower signal- to-noise ratio for all the bits, instead of the com- plete loss of some of them. About a year ago two experimental read/ write holographic memories were introduced-one by RCA, the other by Harris-Intertype Corp. The RCA unit stores 1000 bits of information on 1000 pages, for a total storage capacity of about a million bjts, while the Harris device stores 16-k bits of information on 25 pages, for a capacity of 400,000 bits. Except for the size and number of pages, both systems appear to be similar. Both use a thermoplastic medium to store the holographic image instead of photographic film, and both are working models. One noticeable difference between the two is the page composer. In the RCA memory, liquid-crystal cells act as the light valves for the page composer; in the Harris unit a ferroelectric ceramic material is used. According to Wilber C. Stewart, a researcher at RCA's Sarnoff Laboratories, Princeton, N.J., much development work must still be done before a holographic. memory becomes practical for mass-storage applications. "It's easy to build a 1-million-bit, memory with a 3-to-4-second cycle time, but a lot tougher to build a memory of 1010 or 1011 bits with a cycle time of 10-· to 10-3 seconds," he says. Stewart notes that there are five critical areas that must be developed before holographic mem- ories become a reality. The first need is for a reliable laser in the 200-mW-to-1-W power out- put range. The only laser with that power today, and in the right frequency range, is the argon- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Holographic data retrieval un it f n t o read data stored on 35 mm ·, holograph ic reco rder is used t o sto Optical processors can fi lte r, convo lute ana cor· relate analog signals aft er the signa ls have been converted to t he optical domain . ion. But it has very poor reliability. Another need is for a large-capacity-105 bits -laser-deflection system. Stewart indicates that acousto-optical deflectors will probably do the job nicely. One of the most important needs-and probably one that will require the most work is the page composer. It must be fast and have many ~lements. Lowell D. Overvold, product marketing manager for Harris' Electro-Optics Operation, indicates that PLZT, a ferroelectric ceramic, looks promising but that there are still some bugs to be worked out. One of the problems, he explains, is that PLZT is not a uniform material and not readily available. Stresses caused by the nonuniformity of the material have caused breakage and made it difficult to construct large light- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9. April 26. 1974 dve arrays for the page composer. Two other important needs are the photo~tector array and a reversible holographic stor{e medium. It is generally conceded that present licon technology will be sufficient to fabricate ie photodetector arrays. In the area of storage iediums, the most promising material seems to e a thermoplastic-photoconductor sandwich. In use, such a sandwich is initially charged 'ith a corona discharge to a potential of several 1undred volts. The photoconductor alters the 'otential across the thermoplastic in proportion :o the light intensity, and the resulting differenjal electrostatic forces cause the thermoplastic to deform when it is heated. The deformations are a replica of the original light pattern, and, upon cooling, the pattern is stored as a phaserelief hologram. Erasure, when desired, is accomplished by heating the thermoplastic to a temperature somewhat higher than that used for writing. Once erased, the thermoplastic may be used over again. The principal disadvantages of this material are its slow record and erase times and its limited recycling capability. While RCA's Stewart maintains that it will take at least 10 years to complete all the developments needed for a good commercial optical memory, Harris' Overvold says that one will be commercially practical in only two years. This will be made possible. he says, by use of a special human-readable/ machine-readable ho1o graphic memory. Prototypes of the memory use standard 4-by-6-in. microfiche cards to store information. This digital-storage concept consists of 60 images arranged in five rows of 12 images that contain human-readable data plus a 6.4-mm-wide strip of one-dimensional holograms recorded along an unused portion of the title block of the microfiche. This hologram contains 2.5 Mbits of data, which is the encoded equivalent of 60 pages. The memory can also operate in a machineread-only mode, in which case the storage capacity is increased to 37 Mbits. An unusual aspect of this system, and one of the reasons for its early availability, is the fact that it doesn't require a page composer. Instead the system computes the Fourier transform of the block of data to be stored and uses a laser scanner to record these data as a one-dimensional synthetic hologram. The input data rate to the system is fairly low-250-k bits/ sec-and thus there is enough time to calculate the Fourier transform. Data are read out of the memory at 500 kbits / sec. When this holographic memory is interfaced with an automated storage and retrieval module capable of holding between 100,000 and 600,000 microfiche films, it is possible, says Overvold, to construct a mass memory capable of storing between 4 x 10' " and 2.4 x 1013 bits of data. Such 129 a system would be competitive with other mass memories, such as the one made by Precision Instruments. A different optical memory technique is used by Opto-Logic Corp. of Long Beach, Calif. Its approach involves the use of multiple incoherent light sources, a removable information storage medium for discrete bit patterns and an area photodetector array for the output device. The storage medium in the Opto-Logic memory is a photographic slide that has a high-resolution, silver halide emulsion, reports Albert S. Jackson, the company's president. Each slide, he says, contains up to 1024 pages of information. The information may either be in the form of bit patterns or actual characters. A separate LED is associated with each page, and when the LED is energized, it projects the entire contents of the page onto a photodetector array. For an information-retrieval device, such as a read-only memory, the stored pages are selected one at a time when a single LED is addressed. Each of the 1024 pages contains up to 288 bits of information, for a total storage capability of 294,912 bits. The access time for this memory is 80 ns. Optical systems speed processing Not all of the computer-oriented optical systems are memories. Optical data processors are being developed with a potential for exceeding substantially the data-handling rates of the fastest digital computers. The reason optical processors are so promising, notes IBM's Brown, is that they are parallel devices. With optical processors, he explains, it is possible to process simultaneously an entire frame of imagery-whether it contains a hundred bits or a million bits. This contrasts with electronic systems in which information is processed sequentially, bit by bit or in some cases a few bits at a time. To deblur a photograph of reasonable quality with a digital computer takes an hour. To do the same thing with an optical processor takes only a second. The high speed of optical processors does not mean, however, that they will replace digital computers completely, most designers believe. Optical computers, they saY., will be used only in special applications, particularly those involving some sort of imagery. Two of the major applications are in pattern-detection and recognition and image deblurring. These applications are based on the fact that a simple coherent optical system can produce the Fou:l'.ier transform of an arbitrary two-dimensional function and allow a wide class of spatial filtering operations. 130 In pattern recognition an optical matched spatial filtering system offers a number of advantages that apply both to two-dimensional and multichannel, one-dimensional signals. Such a system performs a cross-correlation across the entire input field simultaneously, without scanning. Pattern detection is performed independent of the location of the signals. The locations are preserved in the detection process, and thus correlation peaks in the output plane are geometrically related to the positions of the signals in the input. Pattern recognition with an optical processor, for example, can be used in aerial reconnaissance to automate several routine photo-interpretation jobs. These include the elimination of badly focused, improperly exposed or cloud-covered imagery. In addition the processors can be used to detect automatically signals of interest and to establish a list of frame and location priorities for the photo-interpreter to investigate in greater detail. Pattern recognition also has application in word and character recognition. A hologram of a word or character is made and used to search an entire page of print. Correlation peaks appear in the output whenever the word or character is present. In image deblurring, optical processing makes it possible to remove the characteristic contrast inversions that result from a blurred image. This technique can be applied to images that have been improperly focused or to images that have been blurred by movement or even lens imperfections. Other applications of optical processing include fingerprint recognition, cloud-movement analysis and photographic mapping. In fact, optical processing is useful in most operations that require correlation of two or more two-dimensional patterns. While the optical processor offers the possibility of ultra-high-speed processing, much work remains to be done on the interfacing of circuits for the optical computer. At present the optical processor's speed is limited by the ability of interfacing circuitry to input and output data. Fiber optics looks for a place In the realm of digital computers, fiber optics is being used in peripherals and data communication. One example of peripherals is the Memorex 1603 Microfilm Printer, which combines fiberoptic bundles with light-emitting diodes to P'roduce a device with a printout rate of 10,000 132character lines per minute. This is nearly 10 times the speed of the IBM 1403 or 1443 printers, with which the 1603 is designed to be used. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Image enhancement was used on photographs taken by the Mariner 9 spacecraft. The raw photo- graph (left) of Mars surface becomes clearer after only five minutes of computer enhancement. Digital signals in the 1603 are applied to combinations of diodes by an electronic translation matrix. Pulsed light from the LEDs is transmitted through the fiber-optic strands to produce a display of alphanumeric characters that is used to expose the microfilm. In data communications, fiber optics is providing isolation-and thus eliminating electrical noise and ensuring data security. James Mills, marketing manager for the Quadri Corp. of Phoenix, Ariz., says his company's Opticable can be used to transfer computer data over short distances. Opticable consists of a fiber-optic bundle with EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 a transmitter and a receiver attached to opposite ends of the bundle. Data in electrical form enter the transmitter at one end and drive a LED. At the other end of the cable, a photosensor detects the light pulses and converts them back to electrical pulses. The system is TTL-compatible and requires a 5-V power supply at both ends. The data-transmission rate of the cable varies with length from 0.9 MHz for 100 feet to 5 MHz or better for 10 feet. Since optical cables do not radiate energy and cannot be easily topped, they are used in applications where data must be transferred securely. ··· 131 The Place of Clad Metals in Electronics The Gold Saver- I Science is simply common sense at its best - that is, rigidly accurate in observation, and merciless to fal lacy in logic. - T. H. Huxley As the price for an ounce of gold climbs , it becomes increasingly important to utilize this precious metal in the most efficient and economical manner. One of the ways to save gold is to use clad metals. TMI special izes in stripe-in lay, overlay, and all types of solder cladding. Part I deals with the first method . Clad Metals (Stripe-inlay) Stripe-inlay cladding imbeds a stripe, or several stripes, of precious metals such as gold , silver. brazing alloy, or any ~ non-refractory metal in a base metal with top surface of the inlay flush with the base metal A permanent bond between the two materials is obtained by rolling under high pressure in a bonding mill . Cladding vs. Plating There is no single answer to which process (cladding or selec- tive plating) is superior. From a design point of view, cladding I~ has these advantages: 1. It is a wrought surface with a fully dense, non-porous Go4d layer, offering su - Base Metal perior wearability. 2. Alloys of various elements can be used. 3. It has superior formability permitting forms or dimpling without fracturing the clad surface. 4. Cladding is free of high surface stresses which can cause excessive spring -set. 5. A greater range of preciousmetal thickness is poss ible. 6. Cladding is almost always lower in cost than overall plating . What Karat Gold? Perhaps the most significant cost savings can be achieved by using a lower karat gold. Historically, the 24-karat gold has been used for contacts simply because it was available for plating. Clad metals, however, have opened up the opportunity of utilizing alloys having a lower percentage of gold without sacrific ing design requirements. The most frequently used gold combination is the 18-karat gold (75% gold and 25% silver). Re- cently, however, there has been a trend toward even lower karat gold such as 16, 14, and even 12. Savings are really two-fold : gold costs less if you use less, and since the alloy combinations weigh less they cover more area. As an example : 18-karat 100 gold offers about a 37% gold reduction GoloCost ""'Volume (compared to 24- 63 karat gold) when taking the lower weight of the alloy into con sideration in addition to the cost of gold. uI54 37 24K '8K t6K 14K t2K Just how low a karat gold is practical depends upon the par- ticular appl ication. There are several factors that play an im- portant part, such as corrosive conditions, amount of current, number of cycles , and type of wiping action . It seems probable that a large number of applications in the electronics industry would perform satisfactorily with a 14-karat gold . Dimensions In addition to the karat gold used, there is another area that permits considerable savings: the thickness and the width of a stripe. Thickness can range from .00002" up to one-third of the base metal thickness , with a standard tolerance of ± 10% . The present methods for testing th ic kness include metallography, betascope, weight loss, or etching away -base metal. It is important that there is an agreement on the method of testing . The width of a stripe needs to be no larger than the actual contact area. There is no fracture or peeling while forming or bending in the clad area . This helps to further save gold by avoid ing excessively wide stripes. Write for our " Handbook for Clad Metals " containing comprehensive information for design purposes . PRECIOUS METAL ALLOY GUIDE Designation Nominal Composition TMI Othe r Wt . % Essential Elements 101 24Kt. Gold 102 18Kt. Gold 103 16Kt. Gold 104 14Kt. Gold 105 12Kt. Gold 106 - 107 W.E. #1 99 .99 +Au 75 Au , 25 Ag 67 Au , 33 Ag 58 Au , 42 Ag 50 Au , 50 Ag 72 Au , 26.7 Ag , 1.8 Ni 69 Au , 25 Ag , 6 Pt Den sity T. oz./ cu . in. 10.18 8.41 7.96 7.52 7.16 8.20 8.39 TECHNICAL MATERIALS,/NC. 25 Holden Street Providence , Rhod e Islan d 02908 Tel : (401) 272-4343 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 59 132 ELECTRON IC D ES IGN 9, A pril 26. 1974 Now you can intermix low level,high level and simultaneous sample & hold inputs With a111plifier·per·channel System 620 r;;STEM~. l ll J A BETTER MOUSETRAP In less than 2 years, our amplifier-per-channel System 620 has become industry's most popular high speed data acquisition system. Today, thousands of channels are performing reliably in the field. In scores of applications from Turbine Engine Test to Earthquake Engineering. Now System 620 is even more flexible than before. With 3 input amplifier options, four analog-to-digital converters and several computer interfaces to choose from. So here's the latest chapter on System 620, the new approach in data acquisition. LOW LEVEL AMPLIFIERS Our field proven low-level differential amplifiers are perfect for strain gages &thermocouples since transducer signals are isolated right at the source. Our specs are impressive, too. With gain accuracy of 0.01 % , 2 microvolt stability and 120 dB common mode rejection. More protection, too. If one channel gets wiped out by an overload, the rest don't feel a thing. NEW HIGH LEVEL AMPLIFIERS Since high gain isn't always required, we've added an amplifier option which, tor just $80 a channel, provides system gain of 1 to 400. That's more than adequate for many applications. Yet, retains all the features of our low-level amplifiers. NEW SIMULTANEOUS SAMPLE & HOLD AMPLIFIERS Low level sample & hold amplifiers are absolutely necessary in applications such as transient and vibration analysis, where data must be grabbed in a few nanoseconds or time correlation of data is important. Low level, high level and sample & hold amplifiers can be freely intermixed in System 620. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 60 And each amplifier in the system includes an active low pass filter with selectable cutoff frequency. Another important point. Continuous analog output is available on all channels. System 620 now has tour analog-to-digital converters to choose from. If you need high accuracy, we can give you 14 bits at 20kHz. In most systems our economical 12 bit, 10 kHz analogto-digital converter will suffice. Or if higher speed is your need, specify 12 or 15 bits at 50 kHz. System 620 has been interfaced with a number of computers, both large & small. Interface hardware and software is available tor most popular computers. For the up-to-date story on System 620 - the new approach to data acquisition - phone or send for our brochure today. 1088 E. Hamilton Rd., Duarte, Calif. 91010 Tel. (213) 357-2281 TWX 910-585-1833 Now AVX offers the CKR08 with 2 mfd capacitance in just 40% more space than a 1 mfd capacitor. lt'.s a 2 mfd standard with all the advantages of ceramic dielectric. The advanced design of the AVX CKR08 helps make your conceptual circuitry a reality faster. AVX provides you with the ceramic capacitors needed for tomorrow's designs today. When you need ceramic capacitors, AVX delivers the quantities you need up to spec, on time and within budget. For complete information, write AVX Ceramics, P.O. Box 867, Myrtle Beach, S.C. 29577. Telephone: (803) 448-3191. TWX: (810) 661-2252. THE CERAMIC CAPACITOR MANUFACTURER I INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 61 134 ELECTRON IC D ES IGN 9. April 26. 1974 L[]f:ltlJTEA '?L. Shortages of components forcing engineers to alter their thinking and designs Dick Turmail, Associate Editor Component shortages have created additional responsibilities and longer working hours for computer engineers. A spot check by ELECTRONIC DESIGN shows that the computer designer must now: · Spend more time with his purchasing department or in the marketplace to know what components are available. · Use more substitutes-for example, TTL is continuing to replace DTL, and med.ium-s<eale integration is supplanting the older and simpler I Cs. · Design many of the same components into different products so that his shortages won't be as widespread. · Be more suspect when testing new components, because high demand often means faulty production. · Travel more to meet suppliers' engineers personally to discuss new and substitute components. Although computer makers have had to extend their lead times well beyond their usual limit, most are weathering the storm of component shortages by extra planning, the survey found. Dual and triple-sourcing now Some computer component users who formerly specified a vendor when ordering from distributors are now dual-sourcing and even triple-sourcing their components. They list metal-film resistors; ceramic, aluminum foil and electrolytic capacitors, and digital ICs as the hardest components to find. Single-sourcers feel they've built up a reservoir of good feeling with their suppliers, many reporting that their practice of never going back 136 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 for a second bid, ordering in quantity and well in advance, and paying on time is paying off. As for the component suppliers, they are no longer waiting to see what will happen to the economy as they did a year or so ago. Lead times on !Cs and resistors are beginning to soften now, mainly because suppliers have been investing heavily in production equipment to meet the demand. Some suppliers report shortages of raw materials, including copper, plastics, ceramics, resistor wire and gold-plated leads. But on the whole, the spot check shows, shortages have occurred mainly because suppliers failed to gear up for the demand, rather than because of any scarcity of raw materials. Forecasting of needs extended The poll of both computer component users and suppliers turned up responses like these: "We have no shortages that affect our deliveries," says Pat McGrath, materials manager of Interdata, Oceanport, N.J. "We're still delivering a system in 45 to 90 days-30 days for a CPU-which is pretty much off-the-shelf in the computer business." He says that about 17 months ago his company extended its ordering policies with a programmed system. It now forecasts component needs up to 14 months, and .it gives suppliers solid orders, not forecasts. "Also we have an advantage," McGrath says. "We use 250 components in six to eight major units-that's a lot of commonality of parts, and that spreads our shortage problems a little thinner." He says that about 18 months ago they had trouble getting printed circuit card assemblies until they tooled up and started making the cards themselves. "Now," he says, "the toughest thing to get is copper, and that's really tough!" The four components that Texas Instruments' Equipment Group in Austin finds in shortest supply, according to Gene Towry, purchasing manager, are aluminum-foil capacitors (delivery in 48 to 60 weeks), film resistors (25 to 30 weeks), MOS memories (25 to 30 weeks) and digital integrated circuits (30 to 35 weeks). "We've managed to stay ahead of the game so far," Towry says. "We're using alternate sourcing; we haven't had to delay any of our computer delivery schedules, but our lead times have gone up by about three weeks in the past three months, and we've had to forecast ·our needs about a year in advance." Components that have lengthened Digital Equipment Corp.'s lead time have been tantalum capacitors (36 weeks) and aluminum-electro.. lytic capacitors (30 weeks), MOS devices (32 to 36 weeks), resistors (8 to 14 weeks) and metal film resistors (14 weeks). ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 "Our shipments to customers haven't been held up at all," says Fred Wilhelm, manager of DEC's Large Computer Engineering Dept. in Maynard, Mass. "We're triple-sourcing and writing longer term contracts. Suppliers want twoyear contracts, but we're able to keep them to a year because we have some buying power.'' Wilhelm is optimistic, mainly because he hasn't seen any big shortage problems in his area. "But we've got to plan more in engineering," he says, "particularly in gearing up for new products." And, he adds, "we've really got to make sure that new components are well-tested before we get involved in a long-term contract.'' At Dale Electronics, Columbus, Ohio, George Burdine, materials manager, says: "Compared to six months ago, our lead times are getting better. Ceramics and good resistor wire are the materials that make resistors hard to get." Dale supplies resistors to the computer industry, and recently it has invested heavily in machinery to extend its capacity. "We've been working night and day, six and seven days a week, to improve our manufacturing ability," Burdine says. "Also, we're negotiating personally with our suppliers all over the country.'' Last year metal film resistors had lead times of from 24 to 60 weeks ; a year before the average was six weeks. Corning, a major supplier of resistors and capacitors to the computer industry, has already begun a major metal-film expansion program, which, according to a company source, has allowed it to reduce lead times to 32 weeks. Three years ago Corning expanded to ceramics and has been a major supplier for axial monolithic ceramic capacitors to the computer industry. It is concentrating on miniature epoxy-cased ceramic capacitors for automatic insertion, and reportedly has doubled production capacity in the last year. The company is making a high-volume, low~cost commercial axial line and a commercial radial line. A spokesman for Hewlett-Packard in Palo Alto, Calif., says that it had to plan well ahead to get semiconductors, high-quality capacitors and transformers. "Our lead times are growing," the spokesman says, "and although we expect them to get worse before they get better, we're not crying. Our suppliers are delivering -on schedule-25 years of not going back for a second bid and of paying on time have earned us a spot on the preferred customers' list." Bill Schwartz, distribution program manager for United Transformer Co., .a division of TRW in New York City, says that its purchasing department is planning bigger blanket orders to help get hard-to-find materials, such as plastic 137 Copper conservation is an objective of this printedcircuit process introduced a number of years ago by Western Electric Co. In the process, copper cir- cuitry is added where needed, reversing the traditional method of coating plastic-also in short supply-then etching away the unwanted metal. lead wire, copper and the gold-plated leads used on small transformers. The computer industry represents only one part of United Transformer's market. "We've had to extend our deliveries a bit," Schwartz says. "Our regular catalog pieces at six-to-eight week delivery are now up to eightto-10 weeks delivery. And custom pieces are up from 10-to-16 weeks delivery." Stancor, Fort Wayne, Ind., sees the shortage as a boom and realizes that it can't supply both its distributors and its OEM customers and keep everybody happy. "So we've been soft-pedaling the OEM special transformer business," says the company's gen- eral manager, Bob Reigel. "We're a 95 % standard stock item, and a lot of our transformers end up with computer manufacturers as the best way: to get delivery." Reigel says his company's inventory is good on standard .items and, on the average, he can deliver in six weeks. A special OEM transformer takes six to eight months to deliver. He adds that Stancor's OEM business is growing rapidly. "On the standard item, we may not always have the transformer model they want," Reigel says, "but electrically and phys.ically it will do the job, in many cases." 138 Shortages of computer components haven't been critical, IBM reports. According to a spokesman at the Systems Development Div., Kingston, N.Y., components that used to take 30 days to get now take 40 days, but IBM's delivery times haven't lengthened. Component suppliers are asking the company to order earlier, so it's ordering annually instead of quarterly. At Xerox Data Systems in El Segundo, Calif., Myles Connelly, group manager for electronic purchasing, lists ceramic capacitors (33 to 38 weeks), !Cs (23 to 43 weeks) and TTLs as in short supply. He says that some suppliers are referring his company to standard components or to distributor stock for small quantities. "That means," he says, "that we must then go through an engineering and quality review, and generally we won't accept that." What Xerox Data Systems does do is book national contracts 18 months in advance to buy in capacity, and make certain that its engineers meet the suppliers' engineers and design a product that follows the state of the art. "We're not as concerned about price as we are about delivery," Connelly adds. A spokesman for Motorola Semiconductor in Phoenix, Ariz., says that it is backlogged in every area. The company keeps careful tabs on mate- ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Vital to any computer system are components like these. This circuit board illustrates the Mepco/ Electra, Inc., line of resistors, capacitors, thermis- tors, varistors, DIP networks, and hybrid microcircuits. Some are in various degrees of short supply, as reported by users and suppliers nationwide. rials, and right now there's a silicon shortage. While there's hardly a scarcity of sand, it appears that the equi'Pment used for converting ailicon tetrachloride to purified polycrystalline silicon has not been expanded fast enough to keep pace with the demand. While Signetics of Sunnyvale, Calif., hasn't recommended any component substitutions, it has tried to recommend the use of MSI to replace numerous SSI parts. "We use less silicon to accomplish the same function," says Michael Harkworth, manager of corporate marketing, "and it's more economical. But it's a design change, so it's not practical for a short-term pick." The company makes ICs, logic and memory circuits for the computer industry. The difficulty in getting silicon wafers has stretched Signetics' lead time, but, according to Harkworth, the company has managed to keep its deliveries on schedule. He says that the purchasing group has maintained good relations with materials suppliers. "When times were tough, we were the last people to cancel or change orders with our vendors," Harkworth says. "We paid on time at the risk of having a little bit of inventory. Those relationships have paid off, and it helps, too, to ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 give our vendors a year or a year and a half notice of what our requirements are going to be." Pertee Corp. of Chatsworth, Calif., supplies computer makers with such peripherals as tape transports, disc drives and flexible discs. According to Darrell Lloyd, advertising manager, semiconductors, plastic materials, capacitors, resistors and some fabricated parts, like cabinets, have been in short supply. "But we think that the shortage is cresting," he says, "because we believe that the pipeline is filled up." Multiple-sourcing and negotiating with suppliers in person are two of the ways the company has tried to neutralize shortages. "In some cases we get a faster deliver," Lloyd says, "and in some others we've had to pay a premium in price. We had to pass a 3 % to 5 % price hike along back in February." Lloyd says that Pertee asked its customers to plan further ahead so it could, in turn, give its suppliers greater visibility of its needs. "In November we delivered in 120 days, when 60 was the norm," Lloyd says. "Now we're dropping down to 90 days, but it's hard to say when we'll get back to 60, because business is increasing by 25 % per year, and most peripheral houses are experiencing the same things we are." ·· 139 ~es, ~es, no, ~es, no. NORMAL---.. DUTY CYCLE DBL l"ULSE TR-It DBL l"ULSE GATE AMPn'I'~==---· Upper trace: Constant Duty Cycle pulses over a 10:1 frequency range. Lower trace: Normal pulses o ver same range. " Standard pulses with predetermined width are fine for most requirements, but when I'm changing repetition rates I have to fiddle with the width control to make sure that I don 't lose the pulse. Does your 'Constant Duty Cycle' mode let me set width as a percent of pulse period so I can change rep rates withouttweaking the other controls?" (YES) INPUT + A single control selects all 7 modes. "That Duty Cycle mode could come in handy, but I also want the regular pulses that I'm used to, and double pulses, and 50% squarewaves to 50 MHz. How about trigger, gate, triggered double pulse, and pulse shaping? (And all of these modes better be easy to set!)" (YES) All components are fully accessible. " Reliability and maintainability count, too. I want a generator that works! But in case it needs service I'd like to specify plug-in sockets for dual in-line IC's, and a parts list minus factory widgets. If I put my money on your model , will my QC man hate me?" (NO) Upper trace: distorted, noisy input. Lower trace: pulse generator output (Pulse Amplifier Mode). " My application calls for pure pulses with a bare minimum of overshoot and squiggles. And I need to clean up distorted signals you know, send in a crummy pulse train and get out a nice squared-up pulse with the offset, amplitude, and rise/ fall times I've set up on the generator. Can do?" (YES) Four SERIES 20 models are available from $575. "Your $1095 P25 Pulse Generator has it all, including simultaneous positive and negative outputs, each with adjustable d-c offset and variable rise/ fall times from 5 nanoseconds. But if I only need a single output or faster, fixed rise times. am I out of luck?" (NO) askaso-MHzputsegeneratortheseSquestions i fthe a n s w e r s are)'es,)'es, no,)'es,no, ifsINTERSTATE the Interstate man with all the answers is John Norburg-call collect (714) 772-2811 e CEC INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Subsidiary of A-T-0 Inc. U.S. HEADQUARTERS: Dept. 7000, Box 3117, Anaheim, CA. 92803 : OVERSEAS SALES OFFICES: AUSTRALIA, Parameters P1y., ltd .: BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG, Regulation-Mesure S.P.R.l. :FINLAND, Havulinno Oy: FRANCE, Tekelec Alrtronic, S.A.: ITALY, Tekelec Alrtronic, ISRAEL, Rada! International Company ltd., JAPAN, Asah i & Co., ltd. : NETHERLANDS, Teke l.-c Airtronic, N.V.: NEW ZEALAND, David Euro Electronic J. Reid, ltd.: Instruments, REPUBLIC Ltd ., WEST OF CHINA, GERMANY , Bons International Tekelec Airtroni c Co ., lt GMBH, d .: SPAIN CANADA , R, aTdeiloconi1csS..LL. ,imSiWteEdD.EN , M. Stenhardt AB., SWITZERLAND, Tra co Tradin g Co ., TWX U.S.A. 910-591-1197 TELEX Ltd.: UNITED U.S.A. 655443 KINGDOM, & 655419 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 63 140 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 THE MULTl'S ARE HERE ... on our sheJt; ready for deliverynow! and they' re from Powertec... the recognized leader in open-frame power supplies! The most economical power/cost ratios in the power supply industry ... now available in four high-quality multiple output models ... for immediate delivery! SPECIFICATIONS: INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: 105 to 125 VAC, THE MULTI'S 47 to 63 Hz (derate unit 15% for 50 Hz operation). For wider range or 400 Hz operation , consult factory. REGULATION: Line ± 0.1% , Load ± 0.1 % : load regulation based on 50% load change; line regulation II based on 10 V line change. RIPPLE: 1 mV RMS. TRANSIENT RESPONSE: 50 µsec for 50% $49 $79 $89 $149 load change. TEMPERATURE: 0° C to 40° C derated to 71° C. Percent of full rated load current at ambient temperature : 100% /+40° C; 75%/+50 °C; 50%1+60° C; 35%/+71°C. OVERLOAD PROTECTION: MODEL NO. OUTPUT # 1 OUTPUT # 2 OUTPUT # 3 DUAL OUTPUT DUAL OUTPUT 2K15D·1 .3 2L15D-2.8 + 12V, 1.5A or + 15V, 1.3A + 12V, 3.0A or + 15V, 2.BA -12 V, 1.SA or -15V, 1.3A -12V, 3.0A or - 15V, 2.BA TRIPLE OUTPUT 2R-70T + 12V, 1.5A or + 15V, 1.3A - 12V, 1.SA or -15V, 1.3A SV, 6.0A or 6V, 5.0A TRIPLE OUTPUT 25-140T + 12V, 3.0A or + 15V, 2.BA - 12V, 3.0A or -15V, 2.BA SV, 12A or 6V, 8.0A Unit is protected from overload and short circuit using All outputs are floating ; can be connected in any common config u ration . For other outputs and quantity prices, consult factory . foldback type current SIZE: MODEL DEPTH WIDTH HEIGHT limiting. 2K15D-1 .3 2.95 in. 7.87 in. 4.00 in. 2L15D-2.8 3.20 in. 9.38 in. 4.88 in. 2R-70T 3.32 in. 11.00 in. 4.88 in. 2S-140T 4.50 in. 15.00 in. 4.88 in. See us at NCC Booth Nos. 928, 930, 932 PDWERTEC INC. an Airtronics Subsidiary 9168 DeSoto Ave., Chatsworth, California 91311· (213) 882-0004 ·TWX (910) 494-2092 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 240 140C Introducing CONTROL DAT}.( Cartridge Disk Drive Model 9427H. New and improved, smaller and simpler, 3 to 12 megabyte capacities. ------------------ -------r-----------------------------------------, Features : · Self contained power supply. Universal power input; 100-250 VAC, 50/60 Hz. Autotransformer and quick change belt and pulley for fast power supply adjustment. · Independent blower motor assures continuous standby capability and clean disk area - thus improves reliability. · Interface versatility: Choose Elco, Amp, Winchester or 3M connectors. DIP resistor packs for terminators. Unit in daisy chain is removable without affecting other units. · Optional Fault Isolation and Retention Module diagnosis to board level and - even with power rem oved - sto res fault information. · Mounts in 10Y2 inches of standard 19-inch rack . · Board space in the logic sector. New models have interface board and an open slot for a custom board . · Modular design for easier maintenance. Individually replaceable subassemblies utilizing one size (8 / 32 screws) assembly hardware. · Industry standard 200 TPI record ing media. · Removable control panel module to remotely locate the control function. The new Control Data Model 9427H Cartridge Disk Drive has proven 200 TPI deliverability. We invite you to send coupon or contact your Control Data OEM Representative nearest you. CONTROL DATA CORPORATIO N Control Data Corporation Tom Farrell , OEM Marketing Manager, Hawthorne Operations, 2815 W. El Segundo Blvd., Dept. ED-44, Hawthorne, CA 90250 Name -------------------~ T ille·- - -- - -- -- - - -- - - - - -- CompanY------------------~ Address_ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _Phone_ _ _ __ City State ip._ _ __ O I want to see a demonstration of the Cont rol Data Model 9427H Cartridge Disk Drive. Have my Representative call. L--------------------------~------ - ---------------------------------...J INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 241 1400 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9. A pr il 26 , 1974 your equipment and EMCOR custom enclosures -cu .· - · · . J.... ._ _ 41 (:. - ...- _..;r,o.;>:...- o-- ~ -;') Z~-- ~~ . -..7:fi.! ~ What better way to house your electronic equipment than in EMCOR® custom enclosures! Whether your design ... or ours to meet your needs and specifications ..· EMCOR cabinetry provides not only the protection and function you require but also the visual impact of uniquely distinctive styling. Our infinite design and construction capabilities per- mit high styling combined with exceptional quality at attractive pricing. Cabinets, racks, consoles, instrument cases, data work stations ... whatever your custom enclosure need, EMCOR has the design, engineering and production capabilities to meet it. For full details and name of your nearest EMCOR representative, write or call INGERSOLL PRODUCTS, 1000 W. 120th St., Chicago, IL 60643. (312) 264-7800. everything looks better in DJVISJO N OF BO RG·WA RN ER CORPO RA TIO N Ingersoll Products 1006 WARNER INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 64 Basic microcomputer software: Algorithm for a traffic-light controller illustrates principles that can be used with any MOS/LSI microprocessor. Last of three ar ticles How does the basic software for a MOS/ LSI microcomputer differ from that for larger computers? Not fundamentally. The differences are in emphasis. With microcomputers, you must give more attention to such things as program size, execution times of critical routines and real-time interactions with peripheral devices. A traffic-light controller provides a gooa example of how a microcomputer is programmed for a specific application. Usually the basic algorithm must be selected first. Then working routines can be identified and common memory specified. A generalized program for coding can be easily adapted to any specific microcomputer. In the traffic-light controller in Fig. 1, the goal is to feed a maximum number of cars through the intersection in any time period. The maximum duration of a red light for each route represents the primary constraint. Fig. 2 shows the traffic lights that are visible to cars on each route. The lights are controlled by loading latches, which drive relays inside the traffic-light units. The through-traffic and leftturn parts of the display in Fig. 2a can be set independently to red, yellow or green. Vehicles that cross switch plates on the roadway actuate switches that can be sampled by the microcomputer. The input port contains six input lines, each of which carries a ONE or ZERO logic signal. Each time an axle passes over a switch plate, the switch toggles and the logic level changes. The logic level is maintained until the next axle toggles the switch. Assumptions clarify problem The following six points clarify the design problem: 1. The duration of GREEN signals for each ROUTE must be varied to optimize traffic flow, because traffic varies during the 24-hour day. C. Dennis Weiss, Ph.D., Member of the Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel, N.J. 07733. 14'.! I I F I ~: I ..~ . : WEST i I c=::::::J I RTF I NORTH EAST ~ 8 (}W@ c rrr --0-~-0-0--0 --- ROADWAY SWITCH SOUTH 1. Traffic-light intersection contains six routes: four through lanes and two turn lanes. The six roadway switches toggle each time an axle crosses a switch plate in the corresponding route. G ¢ "" 8 ONLY G 8 8 8 0 0 2. Traffic signals under microcomputer control consist of east-west lights (a) and north-south lights (b). The left-turn signal in east-west lights can be independently set to red, yellow or green. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Since the roadway switches cannot provide information on the length of a queue, the controller algorithm must contain a delay; the number of vehicles crossing a switch during the current GREEN cycle determines the duration of the next GREEN cycle. 2. Two toggles of a switch indicate one car has passed. Vehicles with more than two axles represent, therefore, more than a single car for critical task involves a count of toggles of the roadway switches. Assume that vehicles travel at less than 60 mph .and that minimum axle spacing is 48 inches. These figures yield a minimum of 45 ms for the time interval between toggles on each ROUTE. Hence a microcomputer is certainly fast enough. A stable STATE for the intersection is defined by specifying which ROUTES have STATES 2 3 4 5 ROUTES A B c 0 E F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. The five valid STATES for traffic signals. A numeral l entry signifies a ROUTE has GREEN in the corresponding STATE; a zero implies RED. traffic measurement. 3. Traffic on a ROUTE should not be measured for the full GREEN cycle. Otherwise an unstable situation would exist. Lengthening the GREEN cycle would let more traffic through. This in turn would require lengthening it still more on the next cycle. Instead use a fixed initial period, BASETIME, during the GREEN cycle of each ROUTE to measure the tr.affic. Each GREEN cycle must, of course, last a minimum of one BASE TIME. 4. The duration of a GREEN for any ROUTE consists of BASETIME plus DELTATIME, both in seconds. To satisfy a MAXREDTIME constraint on the duration of RED for each ROUTE, limit the sum of the DELTATIMES used by all those ROUTES that get GREEN while one ROUTE holds at RED. Also constrain the number of ROUTES that get GREEN while one ROUTE has RED. 5. The only states allowed for the traffic signals are those in which the ROUTES with GREEN cannot interfere with one another. Obviously east-west and north-south lanes cannot be GREEN at the same time. Also ROUTE B and ROUTE C will not be GREEN concurrently. This feature avoids wasted time while cars yield, start and stop. 6. There is enough real time to do the job with a microcomputer. The only possible time- EL ECTRONI C D ESIGN 9, Ai:>ril 26. 1974 CONTROL STATE SETS ROUTES A B c 0 E F 11,3,51 12,4, 51 12,3,4,51 11,2,3,51 2 2 2 2 ll,3 ,4,51 2 2 11,2,4,51 2 2 11,3,51,151 2 2 4. Row integers give number of GREEN intervals for a ROUTE. State sets labeling each row constitute the control sequence for the GREEN intervals. GREEN; the remainder are RED. Transitions from GREEN to RED occur between stable states. From point 5, the only stahle STATES are those five tabulated in F.ig. 3. Note that ·exactly two ROUTES have GREEN lights in each stable STATE. Define a valid sequence A valid sequence of STATES is one in which each ROUTE gets some GREEN time from a cycling of the sequence. Fig. 4, based on Fig. 3, lists sets of states from which valid sequences can be made. Sets {1,3,5} and {2,4,5} are equivalent, minimum "covers" of the· table in Fig. 3, or solutions to the classical set-covering problem.1 For simphcity, and to satisfy the constraints of point 4, let's establish in advance a repertory of valid SEQUENCES to be used. The ones chosen (Fig. 5) are all those that give a single BASETIME interval of GREEN to each ROUTE and a DELTATIME to exactly two ROUTES or to none. In Fig. 5 the nonequivalent sequences represent sequences that are ordered to eliminate unnecessary light changes. For example, if SEQUENCE3 were changed to STATEl, STATE3, STATE2, STATE5, then ROUTE B would see 1-i.' SEQl: SEQ2: SEQ3 : SEQ4: SEQ5: SEQ6: STATE2 . STATE2. STATEl. STATEl. STATE I . STATEl. STATE4. STATE3. STATE2. STATE3. STATE2. STATE3 . STATE5 STATE4. STATE3. STATE4. STATE4 . STATE5. STATE5 STATE5 STATE5 STATE5 STATES 5. The ordering of preferred sequences eliminates un· necessary light changes. STATES shown bold provide DELTATIMES to two ROUTES. START ----check CNT. RTX wher e X is ROIITE given hy MAXT RAFF JC . RT . YES IS COUNT l ess than LiG HITRA FFIC? LIGHT ----S.t NEXTSEQUENCE NO to I RETURN SE LECT - I-s th ere a valid STATE with GREEN for both MAXTRAFFIC. RT and NEXT . TO . MAX.RT? NO YES DO .MAX --seTect l owes t nuni>e re d SEQUENCE i n S. TABLE which gi ves MAXTRA FFIC.RT a DELTATHIE of GREEN. DO.PAIR --select as NEXTSEQUENCE th e one which gives a DE LTATIME of GREEN t o bot h. RETURN RETURN 6. Flow chart selects a SEQUENCE of traff1c-l1gt1t STATES. Traffic counts for the two ROUTES with most BASETIME traffic determine the selection. INITIALIZE YES Time Out DELTATntE Process Scan Info to find MAXTRAFFIC. RT and NEXT. TO.MAX.RT . Change Traffi c Ligh ts Select Next SEQUENCE (Fig . 6) 7. The complete controller algorithm contains the Select Next SEQUENCE algorithm of Fig. 6. 144 GREEN, RED, GREEN, RED, resulting in wasted start and stop times. The sequence, STATE2, STATE4, STATE5 is chosen over a sequence based on {1,3,5} so that both east-bound or west-bound lanes will move together. The algorithm that selects a new SEQUENCE from Fig. 5, based on traffic during BASETIMES of the previous SEQUENCE, appears in Fig. 6. The alogrithm allocates DELTATIMES of GREEN to the two busiest ROUTES, if possible. If this is not possible, it favors the busiest ROUTE in conjunction with a through ROUTE. Also, if traffic is light-the busiest ROUTE has less than a preset threshold-no DELTATIME is allocated, since this would not result in greater vehicle throughput but only in longer RED times. The value for BASETIME is normally given, while the choice of DELTATIME must satisfy the MAXREDTIME constraint. From the given BASETIME and an analysis of all possible pairs of SEQUENCES in Fig. 5, you can ea·sily solve for the maximum allowed DELTATIME. Exp!'ess the resulting RED time for each ROUTE in the form Ni DELTATIME + N2 BASETIME. Ni is the number of DELTATIMES that occur during the RED time, and N2 is the number of BASETIMES. The entire controller algorithm is given by the fl.ow chart in Fig. 7, which incorporates the basic Select Next SEQUENCE algorithm of Fig. 6. If the state of the intersection provides DELTATIME, then you simply create that delay with a program loop. Otherwise scan the toggle switches to count toggles and thus measure the traffic during the BASETIME. When the current STATE is completed, the STATE must be changed to the next one in the current SEQUENCE. This changes the traffic lights. If the SEQUENCE is completed, a new one must be selected before a return to tlie start of the major loop. The working routines It is now possible to identify the routines to make the controller algorithm work. There are si.x principal ones: 1. Initialize : · Select a starting SEQUENCE, SEQl. · Set all traffic counts to zero. · Set other pointers and counters to zero. 2. Time Out: ·· Do a loop of NOPS (do nothing but count) for a DELTATIME period. 3. Scan and Time Out (see Fig. 8) : · Scan toggle switches every 20 ms, and count the 20-ms intervals until the BASETIME has been spent. · Update toggle counts for each ROUTE ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 I n i t ia l ize SW . LAST . LOOK , TI'-fECOUNT INPUT - (SW. RTA, .. ., SW. RTF) EXC LUSIVE - OR INPUT wi th SW . LAST. LOOK an d o ut in t o CHANGE Is CHANGE YES !--------. (SW.LAST.LOOKJ - (INPUT) Ext ract 1 1 s f r om CHANGE a nd i n cr e me nt CNT.RTA, .. . as requi r ed . DELAY 20 ms I ncrement TI "tECOUNT NO TIMECOllNT > BASETIME ? YES RETURN 8. Scan and Time Out routine, one of the worki ng routines , is outlined in t his f low cha rt . $.TABLE.POINTER x /An address in the S.TABLE whose content is the current STATE in the current SEQUENCE/ CNT.RTA X CNT.RTB X CNT.RTC X CNT.RTD X CNT.RTE X CNT.RTF X /Counts of number of toggles (of switch in that ROUTE) since last initialization/ SW.LAST.LOOK X /Last toggle positions read for all toggle switches/ TIMECOUNT X /Location incremented once every 20 ms until BASETIME exceeded. More than 8 bits required/ LASTSTATE X THISSTATE X MAXTRAFFIC.RT X NEXT.TO.MAX.RT X /X = 1,2,4,8,16,32 for RTA , . . . , RTF/ NEXTSEQUENCE X /X = 1,2,3,4 or 5/ 9. Some common memory locations and content description. Data format for each memory location X must be specified th rough out. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 S.TABLEl 2 /2 means use STATE2/ 4 5 ENDl 0 S.TABLE2 2 203 /Use STATE3 as a DELTATIME state/ 4 5 END2 0 I I I /The SEQUENCE TABLE contains octal num- bers defining the sequences of STATES in each SEQUENCE. A "l" in the left-most bit flags that STATE as the DELTATIME STATE for that SEQUENCE/ STATES 12 3 5 14 60 I Five octal data words for STATES 1 through 5 defining pairs of ROUTES which can be GREEN together. FORMAT of 8-bit word : 0 0 RTF RTE RTD RTC RTB RTA/ 10. Two required constant-data ta bles. These can be stored conveniently in read-only memory. as required. 4. Process Scan Information: · Use toggle counts for the just completed SEQUENCE to determine the busiest ROUTES, MAX.TRAFFIC.RT and NEXT.TO.MAX.RT, as required in Fig. 6. · Initialize route counts CNT.RTA,...and CNT.RTF to zero. 5. Select Next SEQUENCE (Fig. 6). 6. Change Traffic Lights : · Use LASTSTATE and THISSTATE to determine the required traffic-light control signals. Create the required GREEN-to-YELLOW-to-RED and RED-to-GREEN transitions. Note that routines 2 and 3 create real time delays with instruction loops. The much shorter execution times outside these major delay loops -which vary from one pass to another-can be neglected in comparison. Plan memory and register use Some of the common storage locations are labeled and described in Fig. 9. These may be memory locations or registers, depending on the number of registers available in the microcomputer. Each of these locations is used by more than one working routine. Two fixed-data tables, shown with labels, and memory contents in Fig. 10, could appear in 145 DO-IT-YOURSELF grabber · Simplified Assembly · Versatile · Comfortable Finger Grip Action · Completely Field Serviceable · Molded of Tough Lexan* Model 3925 Mini Test Clip Shown Actual Size This test clip with gold plated hook is excellent for rapid testing of components and Wire Wraptpins. Clip is completely insulated to point of connection. Bu ild any comb ination of test leads with wire up to .090 dia. Easy and comfortable to operate. Molded of rugged Lexan to resist melting when soldering. Write for literature and prices. SIMPLIFIED ASSEMBLY Rapid assembly or replacement of damaged lead. MODEL 3925 hooks onto components or slips over square Wi re-Wrap p ins START · Get MAXTRAFFIC.RT and shift word until a 1 is found. Bitl=l -> RTA ,. .. , Bit6=1 -> RFT. Let RTX be found . · Compare (CNT.RTX) against the con· stant (LIGHTTRAFFIC). If (CNT.RTX) is less, go to LIGHT. Otherwise, go to SELECT. LIGHT · (NEXTSEQUENCE) +- 1 · RETURN SELECT · Compute (MAXTRAFFIC.RT)U(NEXT. TO.MAX .Rn and store in MAXPAIR. · Compare MAXPAIR against every data word in STATES table (Fig. 10). If match found , go to DO.PAIR. If no match , go to DO.MAX /NOTE : If a match occurs , let I be the line in STATES table at which it occurs. Then STATE! will give the DELTA· TIME to the two ROUTES. / DO.PAIR · Search S.TABLE2, . . . until a byte is found with bit8= 1 and low order 7 bits match line I of STATES table. Let this byte be found in S.TABLEJ. · (NEXTSEQUENCE) <-J · RETURN DO.MAX · Search S.TABLE2, . .. until a byte is found with bit8= 1 and a 1 in the same position as in MAXTRAFFIC.RT. Let this byte be found in S.TABLEK. · (NEXTSEQUENCE) <-K · RETURN 11. A "word" program for the Select Next SEQUENCE routine (Fig. 6) can be converted easily to the assembly language of any mi crocomputer . ROM. S.TABLE defines the SEQUENCES chosen in Fig. 5. STATES represents the information in Fig. 3 used by the Select Next SEQUENCE routine. If the S.TABLE. POINTER is an 8-bit storage location, the S.TABLE of Fig. 10 should be positioned to fall on a single 256word page. In this way only t he 8-bit pointer has to be incremented to sequence through t he STATES. This approach is usually efficient wit h 8-bit microcomputers. Instead of a detailed instruction sequence for a particular microcomputer, F ig. 11 sh ows a general "word" program for t he Select Next SEQUENCE routine. The flow chart for t he routine is in Fig. 6, which also contains the program labels. The word program can be converted easily to the assembly language of any microcomputer. ·1· "Lexan is a General Electric trade-mark . tRegistered trade-mark of Gardner-Denver Co . POMONA ELECTRONICS A Division of ITT 1500 East Ninth St., Pomona, Cal if . 91766 T elephone (71 4) 623-3463 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 65 146 R efer en ce: 1. McCluskey, E. J., "Introduction t o the Theory of Switching Circuits," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965. (see Prime Implicant Tables) The first ar ticle in the series dis cussed in stnwtion sets and appear ed in the April 1 issue. Th e second ar ticle, in the April 12, issue, dealt with microcomputer coding. EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 More quality. More reliabi lity. More choice. More service. When it comes to switches, you 'll find that our models cover almost any conceivable snap-acting switch requirement. BASIC PRECISION switches that are the first choice of the volume OEM users. The most complete GENERAL PURPOSE line in the industry. All styles of MINIATURE, SUBMINIATU RE, and MINIATURE SUBMINIATURE types. Big, rugged, METAL-CASED LIMIT switches. Thousands of specials in minimum turn-around time, at minimum cost. And to see the light, ask about our ILLUMINATED PUSHBUTTON CONTROLS . They offer you the broadest variety of styles in the business-in the widest choice of displays, colors, illuminations and actuations. From simple pilot light applications to the most @ .Unimax We give you more. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 66 sophisticated multi lamp-multi switch -multi legend control, you'll find a Uni max LPB to meet your requirements. At a competitive price. You'll also find special key lock or mushroom cap models. Mountings that are simplicity itself. Electrical and mechanical performances that are uniformly high. Let us give you more. Write for detailed information concerning your applications to Unimax Switch Corporation , a Riker-Maxson Subsidiary, Ives Road , Wallingford , Conn. 06492. Or call (203) 269-8701. Factories in major cities around the world make it possible for us to supply local needs for parts in a hurry. Type 10K Coil Toko's 10K coil has a wide range of application-10.7 MHz radio, SIFT, TV set VIF, CHROMA circuits, acoustic and communication equipment. Amazingly stable and reliable. Ceramic Filter Type: CFR-107M The CFR-107M is a high-performance filter . developed by TO KO to achieve adjustment-free FM IF circuits. A new-type super-miniature ceramic filter with superior selectivity characteristics. HS-200S II-HIGH-SPEED LARGE-CAPACITY MEMORY SYSTEM A high-speed, large-capacity, low-cost memory bank designed for use as the main memory in medium-to-large computers and various data processing systems. Access time operating speed, 200ns; cycle speed, 350ns. Memory capacity, 65k bytes Memory capacity readily increased by combining as many HS-200S II units as desired. Polyethylene Capacitor The CY2 Series polyethylene variable capacitor is highly stable and only 20mm square. It was developed by challenging the limits of parts precision and by making radical improvements over all existing products. Pulse Transformer Dual In-Line IC circuits are currently replacing all other electric circuits . There is also an increasing demand to combine active as well as activated elements into identical IC packages. In particular, the Dual In-Line Package (DIP) is gradually becoming the standard for IC packages. Used in electronic computers and other electronic machinery. EXCELLENT SET WITH TOKO PARTS r I TOKO,INC. e~ Head Office: 1-17, 2-chome, ..::..~_ J..a...pHaignashi -Yukigaya , Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Toko America Inc. 350 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10001 U .S.A. Tel : 212-565 -3767 Cable : " NEWTOKO" Telex : 224114 NEWTOKO Toko America Inc., Los Angeles Branch 3440 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90010 U.S.A . Tel : 213-380-0417 Telex: 0674873 LA TOKO Toko America Inc., Chicago Branch 3601 West Devon Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60659, U.S.A. Tel : 312-267-8855 Toko Electronik GmbH 4000 Dusseldorf. 1, Grafenberg Burgmuellerstr . 7, F.R. Germany Tel : 0211-682281-3 Telex: 8582643 TOKO D Toko U.K. Ltd. Shirley Lodge , 470 London Road Slough , Bucks, England Tel : Slough 48444 Telex: 84 7185 WWT SLOUGH Toko, Inc. Hong Kong Branch 49, Hoi Yuen Road, 3rd Fl., Kwun-Tong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , Tel : 3-428131-6 Telex : HX 3820 TO KO MFG 11 factories and 9 branch offices world-wid e INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 67 148 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 68 ~ No lead time problems. We maintain a large and varied stock of microplate ceramic capacitors to meet your specifications. These devices offer extremely high capacitance per unit volume. The unique design and technology employed in their manufacture provide unusually tight capacitance tolerances (±2% or 0.25pF on values less than 10pF). Our silver free metalization process which eliminates silver migration, assures very low losses and negligible DC leakage. Other design features include; Wide range of controlled T.C.'s. Working voltage of 100 VDC. Ideal for highvolume assembly. For more information, call (201) 539-2000 or write Mepco/Electra Inc., Morristown, N.J. 07960. Sold through North American Philips Electronic Component Corporation Plant locations: Morristown, New Jersey San Diego, California Mineral Wells, Texas Canandaigua, New York Oakland, California. Microprocessor ICs improve instruments. With the newer designs, an increasing variety of test functions can be provided by software and additional memory. It's a whole new-and better-ball game for instrument designers, now that microprocessors are available. Their application makes practical a different organization of instrument circuitry (Fig. 1). Here the microprocessor has a central and dominant role in data-transfer operations. As a result, the digital processor performs any required signal averaging, shaping or other linear or nonlinear operations to deliver the desired. type of information. In fact, use of microprocessors allows virtually any digital transformation, and at fairly low incremental cost for additional memory. And the instrument trans·ducer-or analog "front end"need not perform any signal processing beyond the minimum of conditioning required for interface with the a/ d converter. Without the availability of microproces'Sors, such digital processing would be too costly. Heretofore most digital-readout instruments have used analog, rather than digital, signalprocessing. The only digital circuits needed for these instruments were code converters and reaJdout drivers (Fig. 2). The reason was simple: Until recently analog operations were less expensive than digital, and few instrument designers were skilled in digital-circuit design beyond counting and summing circuits. An end to interface confusion In a traditional analog instrument, a microprocessor would offer few obvious advantages. Most newer instruments, however, have some, or all, of these characteristics: digital readout of data, external programmability and external data outputs. But these characteristics are interrelated, and they imply the basic functions of digital data transfer-a hitherto neglected area of instrument design. Primarily because of this neglect, there are a Richard Lee, Head of Development Engineering, Boonton Electronics Corp., Route 287 at Smith Road, Parsippany, N. J. 07054. 150 MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCER A-D CONVERTER DIGITAL READOUT MICROPROGRAMMED CONTROLLER PANEL { CONTROLS CONTROL INTERFACE EXTERNAL } DATA I/O 1---- 1. A microprocessor, functioning as a microprogrammed controller, allows the economical use of digital tech· niques for the required operations. MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCER EXTERNAL DATA I/0 SIGNAL PROCESSOR ANALOG OR DIGITAL READOUT PANEL-CONTROLLED FUNCTIONS 2. Traditional instrument designs use analog signalpr·ocessing techniques to obtain readouts of measured values. Such techniques used to be cheaper. bewildering variety of interfaces in instrumentation today. Older designs have emphasized the transducer functions and minimized data-processing capability. Output and input data formatting have been sacrificed for measurement-function design. With the microprocessor as the instrument controller, this picture changes. In most applications a standardized interface, based on a character-serial data transfer using ASCII code, re- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 suits in minimum hardware costs. And this standardization of the interface requirements reduces instrument software development costs. Moreover the data and control interface logic for a diverse range of instruments can use the same basic hardware. Hence the manufacturer can develop new types of instruments at minimum cost and also cut component and assembly costs. Also, because microprocessors substantially reduce the parts count, reliability increases. Further, the use of more common hardware among various instruments makes maintenance easier; no longer is it necessary to unravel the design of each new instrument before it can be calibrated or repaired. The programmability of microprocessors allows inclusion within the instrument of diagnostic aids for troubleshooting and self-checking. More generally, programmability simplifies tailoring for the user of instrument function and interface characteristics. As things stand now, the manufacturer has very limited ability to make custom changes unless a quantity order is involved. Finally microprogrammed instruments, because of adaptability through software, promise to resist obsolescence longer than conventionally designed instruments. Control programs may be changed in the field to update and improve the performance of microprogrammed instruments. But there are problems, too Some words of caution, however : The programming of microprocessors differs greatly from the operations encountered in conventional logic design. Few designers are familiar with machine or assembly-language programming; a significant amount of design time can be eaten up during the learning period. Accordingly, users should note the range of software aids available with a microprocessor in any evaluation of competitive circuits. Need for extensive software development would preclude the use of time-consuming machine-language programming. Hence. a minimum requirement con- EL ECTRO NI C D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 I-MHz AMPLIFIER I' ~x DIGITALLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE '-------' BRIDGE INTERFACE CONTROL PROGRAM (ROM) FRONT PANEL CONTROLS - - - - - AND DISPLAYS MICROPROCESSOR EXTERNAL 110 INTERFACE DATA STORAGE (RAM) 3 . A 1-MHz automatic capacitance bridge uses a microprocessor to transform measured capacitance and conductance into various quantities useful to the designer. sists of an assembly-language program to trans- late symbolic programs into actual machine language. The availability of a higher-le" el lan- guage would help reduce program costs further. But at present few vendors have such a package available. Writing programs is only part of the problem. These programs must also be tested and corrected before they are stored in production instruments. A simulator program can test the bulk of the programming, but there is no practical substitute for actual system performance tests. At this stage of the design, the use of programmable ROMs for control memory allows a short turn- around time for the inevitable changes that will be required. . A range of new test equipment must be avail- able to test and repair microprocessor systems effectively. The use of data multiplexing simpli- fies the design and minimizes interconnections. But at the same time multi·plexing makes diffi- 151 ALLOWABLE TTL LOADS 1-----(1) 1 - - - - - l I ) BIDIRECTIONAL 1----- ( I l DATA BUS t-----(1) ( IO l TN } DATA ( IO l OUT STROBES ( 10) ( 10) DIGIT ADDRESS ( 10) BUS ( 10) ( 10) ( 10) BLOCK ENABLE ( 10) BUS ( 10) SN7404 4 . I /0 operations and interfaces constitute much of the design effort. The I/ 0 bus connections and loading are shown for a 4-bit microcomputer system, expanded for more than the basic 16-digit addresses. cult the troubleshooting of microprocessor systems with the use of conventional test equipment. Once the instruments are in production, a strict program of software documentation must be established and enforced. These systems cannot be traced out by conventional means; the program listing is just as important as the schematics that describe the hardware. Failure to maintain the software information makes subsequent troubleshooting extremely difficult and can even nullify many of the advantages of using software. Example: an automatic capacitance bridge A 1-MHz automatic capacitance bridge-the Model 76A from Boonton Electronics-provides a design example of an instrument using a microprocessor for control functions (Fig. 3). · A convenient control organization for the bridge consists of a 4-bit data bus and a 4-bit address bus. The microprocessor system selected-Intel's 4-bit MCS-4 system--can readily handle such an organization. Any design using microprocessors should begin with a demonstration of a functioning control unit. The demonstration unit involves a complete prototyping PC card containing a working microprocessor system-a SIM4-01 microcomputer card, in this case. The microcomputer card interfaces the prototype bridge with LED-numeric test readouts. 152 A complete demonstration unit should also mclude manually operated pROM-programming circuitry. With this the user can load programs for the system. Once a complete demonstration unit has been obtained, the control program can be written directly in machine language to prove the feasibility of the microprocessor control. Further software development involves additional hardware: A Teletype-based program assembler and pROM-programming system-put together with programs and modules from the vendor-help simplify program development. The system reads paper tape containing assemblylanguage programs and translates them into machine-language programs, also on paper tape. The latter tape can be reread to program the control pROMs. 1/0 considerations are important Applications literature tends to emphasize operations internal to the microprocessor itself, with little attention to the problems of getting data into and out of the proces"or. But the user soon discovers that input/ output operations and interfaces .constitute the bulk of the circuit design effort, as well as a considerable part of the programming. Design decisions must take into account the programming involved, and the subtle tradeoffs can become fairly involved. For example, the MCS-4 family includes two devices that provide pROM and input/ output interfacing: the 4008 and 4009 ICs. These circuits activate a bidirectional, 4-bit data bus, a 4-bit address bus and read and write strobes in response to RDR (read ROM port) and WRR (write ROM port) commands (Fig. 4). The interface signals are all TTL-compatible and can drive at least one standard load. When the available 16- digit addresses prove insufficient, a 4-bit block address bus can be generated by use of one of the RAM output ports (RAM-0). But software must be written to make the circuitry work. Let's examine how the I/ 0 bus interfaces with the front panel-control pushbuttons. The switch circuitry has two functions: First, it logically senses the switch closures. Second, it provides switch-status information by lighting a corresponding LED indicator when a switch closure is read and accepted by the microprocessor. Since 18 status indicators and 20 switches are involved, the design combines the switch-reading and indicator-data storage functions in a shift register. The schematic for this circuit block appears in Fig. 5. Switch data are transferred in parallel to the ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 *''.J"I 5 74~ READ - j "--.J-Hr-----IN L3E9D0 T OM8094 DATA BUS 1( Do 5-BIT LSHIFT REGISlCR ....l...........................-.. :,--~l s A B c 0 EPIT rn l l _. _ _{!: ~ ---------+-----+-L>-+----1--~--D1 .r---I----~1 I .., 02 r ~ s E 03 SN7496 I~ I I~ ~ SN7496 LtfTry .... rfrt t t+t CK a b c d .R~ J.~lIT~l--.-Tl....... p-+-tj I ~t t-<i b c d e DMB09F-tir-, '-T--T-T-T-..-'~ ~ ¥ ~ ¥ tf1 ~I-+---+---' e-+-+-+--RES--+-<TORE '------------------11---------t--+---t-++-+--:--:::":":"--q :~ LOAD NOTE: INPUT PULLUP RESISTORS FOR 7496 PARALLEL DATA INPUTS NOT SHOWN. PULLUP RESISTANCE =I k TYP. 5 4 .7k DECADE ~ 13 DATA ANO COUNTER ____.b-lk SN7490 RoL ._0 _ ei_. _fr-~- STROBES ARE co:~~~:~ 10 READOUT 1 : : , I ..Jo At-------Co 8 c1 C C2 O c 3 5 .___c_1R_c_u_i_T_s _,r---"'l-L.:._7_4_15_4__. DIGIT 2N3903 1-0F-16 DECODER AODR. 5. The functions of the switch circuitry include the sensing of switch closures in an addressable format. switch register by pulsing the LOAD line. At this point switch-closure information replaces the status information. The end 4 bits of switch data transfer to the data bus with a pulsing of the READ line. The status information can be replaoed by a pulsing of the RESTORE line while the required information is presented on the data bus. The RESTORE line triggers a gated clock that generates four clock pulses to shift the data along the register. The clock pulses also position the next 4 bits of switch data for reading. The READ and RESTORE operations repeat for a total of five operations each-sufficient to read in 20 data bits. Program executes 1/0 operations A listing of the programs required for these operations appears in Fig. 6. Five digit positions in a RAM regi·ster store the existing switchstatus information. Program steps 370 to 372 write the proper block access word to enable the panel 1/0 functions. Steps 373 and 374 initiate two register pairs in the CPU unit for the desired RAM and 1/0 addresses. They also preset a loop counter (Index Register 13). ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Also, the circuitry must provide switch-status information conveyed through a LED indicator. D(jM ADD~ e37e 9371 0373 0375 B377 0378 0379 0380 0381 0382 0383 13811. 9385 0386 0387 9388 8389 !11399 !11391 !11393 9394 INST CODE: Mrv::;MONIC I NST!\UCT JON C(.1:1;·.E:!l.TS 2a9 ·H·I· ·0·4·6 044 2J5 045 226 108 047 233 244 176 234 2411 224 169 !1145 226 111 125 124 223 ·0·81· l.DM 1 Jl'!5 BL.E /l.OAD 1 TO ACCJ IJL.OCK :::NABL.= F'O!\ PAN::L. /JUMP TO SR AND w:un; I TO FIAM POi'tT a F'IM 14 96 /lNIT· R~G 14,15 T O AOO!!:::;ss DIGIT" FIM 12 235 /lNIT. REG 12 · 14 FOR WR!\, FIZG 13 · 11 SWL.. S!\C 12 UR'!t INC 12 S!\C 14 ROM Cf".A XCH 111 RDR CHA WRH L.D e SRC 12 WRR INC 15 ISZ 13 SWL. /P:lZPA:'IE FO::t <;~'l '.JITH DIGIT ADOR . · 14 /C!\ZATE SW I TC~ LOAD PUL.SE /INCREME:NT !lEG 12 F"ROM 1'1i TO IS /P~EPARE TO RZAD DIGIT .FROM RA..1 /READ DIGIT <STATUS DATA) TO ACC· /COMPL.EME!l.T; LAMP ON FOR L.OGJC ZERO /SAVE TEMPORARILY JN REG 0 /READ SWITCH DATA /COMPL.EMENTJ SWITCH CLOSURE · LOGIC RI /WRITE SWITCH DATA JN Pl.ACE OF STATUS /GET STATUS CATA f'ROM REG e /PREPARE TO RESTORE STATUS INDICATION /RESTORE STATUS AND SHI n ti Pl.ACi:S /CHANGE RAM ADDRESS TO NEXT DIGIT /lNCR · REG IJJ JUMP TO SWL. IF NOT 0 L.DM 15 JHS BU: /LOAD 15 TO ACCUMULATOR /JUMP TO SR AND WRITE 15 TO RAM PORT 0 0256 111258 9259 1!1260 ·9·3·2 9JJ 225 192 e BL.£. f'IM " SRC 0 WMP BBL. 0 e /ADDRESS RAM /SEND ADDRESS TO RA~ /WRITE BLOCK ENABLE CODE /RETURN TO CALL.ING POINT 6. Software for I /0 operations and interfacing is provided in this listing. Steps 377 and 378 perform the LOAD operation for the switch circuitry when the WRR pulse is decoded out of line 14. Step 379 address3s line 15 for subsequent 1/0 operations. Steps 380 to 392 perform the READ and RESTORE operations. The first 4 bits of status information are fetched from the RAM and placed in Index Reg- 153 ister 0 by steps 380 to 383. The switch data are read in 384 and stored in the RAM by steps 385 to 386. Finally steps 387 to 389 restore the status data. Steps 390 changes the RAM address to the next digit, while steps 391 to 392 increment the loop counter and jump back to step 380 if the loop counter is not at zero. The loop counterinitially set to 11-increments from 15 to 0 after the fifth pass, and the program executes steps 393 to 395. These steps remove the block enable code, and disable the front panel I/ 0 functions. Photo courtesy Burroughs Corporation Now, thats sales appeal! The ILLIAC IV, one of the world's largest computers, is another masterpiece of electronic engineering ... and it looks it. Even sophisticated equipment such as this requires housing design that says beauty, purpose and durability. And nothing says it better than unique MET-L-WOOD® panels. Met-L-Wood is a structural laminate combining the best qualities of wood and metal. It features high rigidity, strength, durability and lightweight. It has the solid feel and characteristics of steel plate without the weight, and a beautiful, smooth surface for immediate and lasting eye appeal. First impressions often influence final decisions and acceptance. Met-L-Wood panels add more sales appeal than any other material you can use. Send for complete information today. Write: MET-L-WOOD CORPORATION, 6755 West 65th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60638. MET-L-WOOD Corporation STllUCTUllAL LAMINATES SINCE 1925 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 69 154 Software transforms measured data The processors can only add, subtract and shift data. Multiplication and division must be performed with software that uses the three elementary operations. The arithmetic for the capacitance bridge involves various transforms of measured capacitance and conductance. The form of these measured parameters is based on an equivalent, parallel, three-terminal circuit. The transformations provided include equivalent-series capacitance and differential capacitance--both the actual value and a percentage of a reference capacitance that has been measured and stored internally. Other transformations consist of equivalent-parallel resistance, equivalent-series resistance, dissipation and Q. The value of the referenoe capacitor is stored internally ·on command of front-panel controls. The percentage differential capacitance can be used to sort capacitors into tolerance bands or perform temperature coefficient tests. The selected information appears on two panel displays. Alternate readout modes can be displayed since the instrument retains the original balance data between tests. Accuracy vs speed: a major tradeoff Generally a tradeoff of calculation accuracy against calculation time is the major constraint for microprocessor users. Multiplication or division by repeated add or subtract and shift resembles a matrix operation. Hence the time required tends to increase as the square of the number of digits. This relationship forces designers to define their requirements carefully to optimize performance. A useful technique uses truncated products and quotients when possible, thus avoiding unneeded resolution in calculation results. Software support from vendors-limited at present-can be expected to prove helpful as application libraries stockpile more programs for common arithmetic operations. ·· · ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 ~ Performance for pennies. Tl's new SN54S/74S189 and SN54S/74S289. Fast. Stable. Versatile. Either one of these fullyclamped Schottky RAMs will outperform standard TTL RAMs. As much as 60% at the system level and up to 40% at the component levelwhether in processors or peripherals, military or industrial applications. Their highly useful organization-16 words of 4-bits each - and fast 35-ns maximum address access time (enable time 17-ns) make them ideal candidates for your new designs. Or, as a pin-for-pin replacement for older 64-bit RAMs you're now using. The SN54S/74S189 has a 3-state totem pole output that drives system data bus-lines directly. External pull-up resistors are not required. The SN54S/74S289 (3101A Function·! Block Dl·1r·m 16"x4 MATRIX 01~----t 02~1t------1 WRITE/SENSE 03 +.l0~------1 AMPLIFIER ,.3 04 12 E~:m -t----___... MEMORY.._2...__ _ _ _ _~ ENABLE equivalent) has an opencollector output to use whenever data-bus line impedances are defined by other sources. Both have PNP inputs biased for standard 54S/74S threshold levels. But the best is price. Both the SN74S189N and SN74S289N are only $4.24 in the 100-piece quantity. At under 7¢/bit, that's less than other 64-bit Schottky 4PV RAMs now on the market. For data sheets, indicate by type number and write: Texas Instruments Incorporated, P. 0. Box 5012, M/S 308, Dallas, Texas 75222. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS © 1974 Texas Instruments , Incorporated INCORPORATED 83029 POP-11 PERFORMANCE ATANOVA 2PRICE. Minicomputer myths you can live without: 1. There is no such thing as a high-performance, low-cost minicomputer. 2. You have to choose between two extremes pay a ton for a machine like the PDP-11 and save on software costs, or buy a cheapie like the Nova 2 and pay the price later. All wrong. Because now there's the Interdata 7I16 - an extremely flexible 16-bit OEM minicomputer that combines the best of both worlds. It's easier to program than the PDP-11 because it has 16 hardware registers, up to 64K bytes of directly addressable main memory, 255 I/O interrupts with automatic vectoring to service routines and a comprehensive set of more than 100 instructions. That's a lot of muscle. It's completely modular in design - plug-in options can be installed in the field to meet your specific application requirements. Options like multiply/divide, programmers' console with hexidecimal display, power fail/auto restart, memory protect and a high-speed A.rithmetic Logic Unit that includes floating point hardware. In fact, you can expand the low-cost 7/16 all the way up to the 32-bit Interdata 7/32. Yet it costs as little as $3200. Just like the machines that give you the barest minimum. And quantity discounts can reduce that low price by as much as 40%. Perfonnance Data word length (bits) Instruction word length (bits) General-purpose registen Hardware index registen Maximum memory available (K-bytes) Directly addressable memory (K-bytes) A-utomatic interrupt vectoring Parity Cycle time (usec.) Available 1/0 slots 7/16 4, 8, 16 No... 2/4 16 16, 32 16 16 4 IS 2 64 64 64 2 Standard Not available Optional Not available 1.0 or 0.75 1.0 or 0.8 4 2 PDP-II/OS I, 8, 16 16,32,48 8 8 64 64 Standard Special order 0.9 2 Price 7/16 Nova 2/4 PDP-II/OS 8 KB processor 16 KB processor 32 KB processor $3,200 3,700 5,300 $3,200 3,700 S,300 $4,795 6,495 10,895 Multiply/Divide option $950 $1,600 $1,800 Floating Point option $4,900 $4,000 plus $1,000 for 2/10 configuration Not available Source: Data General Price List, Copyright 1973, and addendum dated S/IS/73. Nova 2/4 bulletin 012-000060, 1973. DEC OEM & Product Services Catalog, 1972. Auerbach Minicomputer Characteristic Digest, June, 1973. "How to use Nova Computen", 1973. So you no longer have to make the painful choice between good performance and good price. Or between hardware economy and software efficiency. Now you have a minicomputer that gives you both. The Interdata 7I16. We put our muscle where their myth is. 2 Crescent Place, Oceanport, New Jersey 07757 (201) 229-4040. Boston - (617) 89(}-0557. Washington - (703) 525-4806. Philadelphia - (215) 436-5579. Orlando - (305) 851-6962. Chicago - (312) 437·5120. Detroit - (313) 356-5515 . Dayton - (513) 434-4193. Kansas City - (913) 384-1606. Houston - (713) 783-3060. Dallas - (214) 238-9656. Denver - (303) 758-0474. Los Angeles - (213) 64(}-0451. Phoenix - (602) 968-2477. San Diego - (714) 565-0602. San Francisco - (415) 969-1180. Seattle - (206) 455-0680. Toronto - (416) 677-8990. Tokyo - (270) 7711. Sydney - 439-8400. London - Uxbridge 52441. Munich - 0811'8543887. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 70 Hitch your telemetry system to a mini. For modest cost, you get high data rates, real-time conversion to engineering units and tape output in standard formats. Combine a minicomputer and a peripheral to demultiplex data, and you have a reasonably priced integrated system that can handle millions of telemetry data points a day at megabaud rates. Today's test programs call for such capacity. You could use a large-scale digital computer to do the same job. But the odds are against it. Such a computer requires an expensive interface to format the data, costly software and more time than a minicomputer to do such workhorse tasks as channel identification, data blocking and checks on channel status. The mini sys1P.;:-.i can handle data in the following ways: · Raw telemetry data can be buffered into block form and outputted to magnetic tape with appropriate headings and gaps for processing by a data-reduction facility. · Independent data sources can be correlated and merged before the mini puts out the final tapes. · The mini can convert raw data collected from sensors to engineering units prior to formatting or make the data available for a quick look. Dave Colin, Senior Engineer, EMR Telemetry, P.O. Box 3041, Sarasota, Fla. 33578. The basic components of such a system (Fig. 1) include the front-end peripheral to demultiplex the data-a process called decommutationa buffered data channel with direct memory access, the minicomputer and the mini's conventional peripherals. Operator controls startup For most operations, once the software has been loaded, the sy.stem is controlled initially by an operator from a teletypewriter. Guided by the computer, the teletypewriter asks the operator to define the telemetry front-end data links that will be required, and the operator responds with the information. The teletypewriter then asks for equipment setup information. The operator may have the option of typing in each piece of information, as requested, or of directing the system to read this information from a paper tape, disc or card deck. ' Once the system has been set up and a data run started, the telemetry equipment dumps data continuously into memory bloc~s. The computer reads these blocks continuously, manipulates the information and outputs the formatted data to the magnetic tape unit or units. RF RECEIVER DATA INPUTS ANALDG MAGNETIC t APE UNIT TELEMETRY FRONT-ENO EQUIPMENT DATA, STATUS, ANO INTERRUPTS SET-UP INSTRUCTIONS BUFFERED DATA CHANNEL l J TYPEW11R0ITER I MI NICOMPUTER CPU ANO MEMORY I J PTAAPPEER l UNIT OTHER PERIPHERALS DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAI'£ UNIT 1. Raw telemetry data are buffered and converted to block form for processing by the computer. External interrupts force the computer to exchange control be· tween program routines. 158 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 SET-UP INSTRUCTIONS DATA OUTPUTS TELEMETRY EQUIPMENT NO. I DATA INPUTS TELEMETRY EQUIPMENT N0.'5 TELEMETRY EQUIPMENT NO. Z 2. Telemetry systems often have multiple devices that require computer setup. However, a single output channel is typical. ·I· 1--4 BITS 4 BITS----- a BITS-----l EQUIPMENT ADDRESS GROUP ADDRESS INSTRUCTION STATUS - - - l ' I - - - - - - - - - , LINE (~ },,__ INSTRUCTION SET-UP LINES ---~ __,!'----D-A-TA-sT_A_BL__E___-._! 3. Telemetry control words (a) specify device address, type of instruction and the value associated with the instruction. For an FM path, the group address could signify center frequency deviation and the last eight bits the value. The status and strobe lines (b) control the transfer of information. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 As shown in Fig. 1, there are interrupts along with data and status inputs. The interrupts are signals that force the computer to change from one program or routine to another. Consider the case of formatting the output tapes into spaced blocks of information. When the buffered data channel has completed a block transfer, it sends an interrupt signal to the computer. This signal directs the computer to call up the routine that puts the correct header and gap on the tape before the machine starts to output the next block of information. Telemetry equipment must accept control information from a computer data channel and respond by transmitting the required data. The computer often must control many pieces of telemetry hardware but receive data from only one. Thus it is convenient to connect the control inputs to the equipment in parallel on a single data-channel output port (Fig. 2). The control information lines normally contain several lines, or bits, of setup information; a strobe line to load the information, and another line that accepts and acknowledges the data. Fig. 3a shows typical 16-bit setup information. The first four bits represent the address of the equipment to be controlled. The address is usually defined via jumper wires in the telemetry equipment. The next four bits--the group addressdefine the type of instruction. In the case of an FM data path, the group address may signify that a particular instruction represents the center frequency, deviation or a similar parameter. The last eight bits are the data associated with any parameter defined by the group address. A timing diagram (Fig. 3b) shows the loading cycle for the telemetry equipment addressed. The status line indicates to the data channel whether the equipment is ready to accept information. If the.. ~ata channel has stable information to send, it changes the level of the strobe line. The addressed equipment then responds by forcing the status line low. This acknowledges receipt of the information and also indicates that the strobe pulse is no longer needed. The status line then stays low, inhibiting further strobes until the equipment is ready to receive new data. 159 Two major telem·etry techniques There are two major telemetry techniques : (1) frequency-division multiplex (FDM), and (2) time-division multiplex (TDM). In FDM each data channel modulates a separate subcarrier oscillator. The oscillator outputs are mixed or summed to form a composite signal. FDM systems are usually frequencymodulated and structured to be proportional or constant bandwidth. For a proportional system, each oscillator is modulated a fixed percentage for full-scale input. Thus the higher the subearrier frequency, the larger the bandwidth. For a constant-bandwidth system, all oscillators are modulated the same amount for full-scale input. In TDM, channels are separated in time rather than frequency. Each channel is sampled in sequence by a commutator. When all channels have been sampled, the sequence is repeated. TDM systems generally fall into three types : Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM ), Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM ) and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM ) . For PAM data, the channel amplitude contains the information. For PDM, the channel duration at some fixed level represents the data. For P CM, the data are represented by binary bits. In general, the recovery equipment for PAM, PDM and P CM presents the synchronized data output in digital format. FDM recovery equipment presents the output data in the original analog form. FDM and TDM techniques can b~ blended. For instance, a P CM encoder ean modulate an FM carrier to form a PCM/ FM link. Telemetry data output normally is presented as parallel data lines (typically 8 to 16 bits), along with a load strobe. Unlike setup information coming from the computer, the telemetry data output cannot use an acknowledge signal, since the data transfer rates are, in general, fixed by the telemetry rates. Thus the telemetry equipment will continue to update data, irrespective of the data channel's ability to accept and process the data through to the computer. This can become a problem in cases where a system is attempting to operate on many high-speed data streams at the same time. It's up to the user to see to it that he does not overload the system. It's best if all of the front-end equipment is compatible and from one manufacturer. However, FRAME PCM SU8FRAME COUNT ~IZER TOI FROM UNIBUS SERIAL...-----. PCM DATA PCMBIT S'tNCl«OMll!R BUFFERED DATA OiANNEL SET-UP INSTRUCTIONS 4. A typical PCM data path uses three pieces of equlp· ment. The bit synchronizer extracts coherent serial PCM data and timing signals. The frame synchronizer identifies the data channels and provides parallel outputs. The subframe unit provides the frame count. Once started, the PCM path continually loads data into the computer via the buffer channel in a DMA mode. 160 most systems require some incompatible frontend equipment-items like programmable frequency synthesizers and time-code readers. If these are to be used, a special interface is needed between the data channel and the equipment. Digital input sources: How they work Typical of the digital data sources that provide parallel inputs are PCM and FM systems and time tags (see box). These sources accept, respectively, serial PCM, FM multiplex and serial time codes, often from an analog recorder. In addition a computer-controlled matrix switch is often used to select and connect incoming signals to these decoding systems. A typical PCM data path (Fig. 4) consists of the following : · A bit synchronizer that aocepts serial PCM in the presence of noise and other disturbances and generates reconstructed coherent PCM data and timing signals. · A frame synchronizer that identifies the data channels and performs a serial-to-parallel conversion that provides the parallel data output. · A subframe synchronizer that, in conjunction with the frame synchronizer, provides timing pulses and frame count indication for the identification of subframe data. Once set up and started, the PCM path continuously loads data through the channel for storage in memory blocks. A channel start command is used to ensure that the data are loaded in the correct sequence. For the computer to sort out subframe information, a frame count is included with the data transfers (Fig. 5). The computer can easily identify mainframe data and, using the frame count, also identify subframe data. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 STATUS AND FRAME COUNT OPTIONAL TIME MERGE WORD (S) MAIN FRAME CHAN. NO. I MAIN FRAME CHAN . NO. n STATUS AND FRAME COUNT OPTIONAL TIME MERGE WORD (S) MAIN FRAME CHAN. NO. I MAIN FRAME CHAN. NO. n STATUS AND FRAME COUNT OPTIONAL TIME MERGE WORD ($) MAIN FRAME" CHAN. NO. I P AM / PDM data are handled in much the same way that PCM are. Once set up, the path continuously sends data into memory. Analog-to-digital conversion needed A representative FM data path consists of a group of FM discriminators and a multiplexerI analog-to~digital coverter. The analog outputs of the discriminators are thus digitized and sent to the data channel (Fig. 6). For a data run, the discriminators are set up and then allowed to operate. The multiplexer sampling is under control of the buffered data channel. This allows the sampling plan to be stored in memory and altered to handle different data rates. The multiplexer can also be sampled sequentially, if desired, without use of stored sampling, thereby eliminating computer inter- PARALLEL DATA PARALLEL TIME DATA SERIAL TIME CODE FROM TAPE RECORDER BUFFERED DATA CHANNEL TO/FROM UNIBUS MAIN FRAME CHAN. NO. n 5. A typical data block in memory starts at location x and consists of y words. The status block permits the computation of the subframe or channel at which sampling began. The buffer signals the computer via an interrupt when a block is completed and begins a new block in an alternate buffer area. TAPE RECORDER CONTROL TAPE~ UNIT START INTERRUPT STOP INTERRUPT SET-UP INSTRUCTIONS 7. Time codes from separate tape channels permit ad· dressable tape searches. The search unit controls the recorder and furnishes a start interrupt that informs the computer to begin processing the telemetry data. r- PROGRAMMABLE FM DISCR IMINATOR NO. I i--, - FM MULTIPLEX ~ DATA L.- PROGRAMMABLE FM DISCRIMINATOR N0. 2 I I I I PROGRAMMABLE FM DISCRIM INATOR NO. n t- I- MULTIPLEXER .... AND ANALOGTO-DIGITAL CONVERTER PARALLEL DATA TIME - IN A t-"\N r--L OUT BUFFERED DATA CHANNEL ~ T OI FROM UNIBUS SAMPLING PROGRAM CLOCK FROM PROGRAMMABLE FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER SET-UP INSTRUCTIONS 6. FM analog data must be digitized before being in· putted to the buffer. The multiplexer controlled by the computer via the channel selects the appropriate sampling plan in accordance with the data rates. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 161 vention during data acquisition. IRIG or other time codes often accompany re- corded telemetry data on separate tracks. These codes allow the data-reduction operation to search out and run a particular segment of the tape as well as to time-correlate the data in different paths, if all were recorded at the same time. Tha time-tagging path is shown in Fig. 7. The time equipment is made up of two units: (1) a time-code translator, which rea;ds the incoming serial time code and converts it to parallel format for processing through the data channel and merging with telemetry data, and (2) a tapesearch unit, which is set up and started by the data channel. The search unit, which contains two interrupts; then controls the tape recorder. When the desired starting point on the tape is reached, a Start interruipt is activated. This calls up the correct program for processing the telemetry data paths. Upon receipt rnf a Stop interrupt, computer control is again transferred. When time is merged with data in a memory buffer, it usually occupies three successive words before the actual data. For example, if time were merged with PCM, Fig. 5 would have three words added for each data frame. They would generally be inserted between the frame count and mainframe channel 1 data. Simulation equipment available To check out system operation, you must be able to construct telemetry formats with known data values. Telemetry-equipment manufacturers build simulators. A PCM/ P AM/ PDM simulator can be obtained in a single unit and programmed through the buffered data channel. Thus, under computer control, the simulator can be p·rogrammed for a particular . format and the format's data values, and the output can be routed through the appropriate equipment. A programmable frequency synthesizer under computer contro1l provides a convenient check of FM data paths. In typical system operation, the user sets up all required telemetry paths for the run and then inputs data from the simulators. Equipment to monitor essential data channels consists of, among other things, analog, binary and digital displays, printer drivers, bar-chart drivers and digital-to-analog converters. These are capable of accepting data and synchronization pulses from the telemetry-processing equipment. All the operator need do is dial up the data channel required for a "quick look." The data are automatically displayed. The use of programmable distributors allows computer control of the quick-look function. 162 ~~;T~ OATA GATE PORT B 16 BITS - - L - - - - - - - . . . . 1 PARALLEL OAlll MEMORY AD~~5ss WORD COUNT REGISTERS CONTROL REGISTERS DATA READY A DATA READY B DATA RECEIVED A DATA RECEIVED B INSTR. RQST. l5l EXTERNAL INSTR TRANS. lll CONTROL EXT. START l INTERRUPT l UNIBUS CONTROL RECEIVERS/ TRANSMITTERS TOI FROM UNIBUS DATA OUTPUT REGISTER 8. The computer buffer interfaces the bus with the telemetry devices and acts as the controller for the telemetry equipment. The control and memory registers establish the alternating memory buffers for entering the data blocks. Use of the buffer also ensures that the continuous telemetry data do not lock the CPU out of the computer bus. This block diagram is a simplified schematic of the EMR 2763 buffered data channel, which interfaces with the PDP-11 computers. You can think of the buffered data channel as a gate that allows the computer to talk to the telemetry equipment and vice versa (Fig. 8). The buffer accepts each set of parallel data plus strobe from the telemetry front end, then places the data onto the computer's I/ 0 bus. The buffer seizes the bus when a data word is ready, then releases it once the acknowledged signal is received from the computer. The buffer subsystem provides interface between front-end control signals and the bus. Since the telemetry data are transferred via the direct-memory-access mode, the buffer also contains the control and address registers to direct the data blocks to the memory locations reserved for input buffers. Buffer augments computer 1/0 The hardware buffer provides the following operational features : · Program-controlled output. · Program-controlled input. · Automatic output. · Automatic input. · Interrupt provisions. EL ECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 In the program-controlled mode, all operations are under computer control-that is, the program must specifically ooll for input or output data transfer. Program-controlled modes are particularly useful for acquiring system-status information. For instance, under certain interrupt conditions, the program might direct the computer to freeze the time-code-translator data register and then direct the input to take this information into the computer. In the automatic mode, the data channel, which is initially set up by the computer, takes control and transfers block information to or from the computer memory on a cycle-stealing basis. For example, the setup information for a given data path might be located in a block memory of X words in length. Upon gaining control from the computer, the data cha~nel would sequentially output these words to the equipment involved until the block ends were reached, at which time output would stop. 'Ilhe same would be true of inputting a block of data. In general, the automatic mode has two conditions: cyclic or noncyclic. The operation just described would be noncyclic-upon comp1letion of a block transfer, the data channel is stopped. In the cyclic condition two blocks in memory are used. While the data channel is loading block 1, the computer program is working on block 2, and .vice versa. One other important function of the data channel is the ability to merge input data from two sources. Once the channel is running and taking data on one port, a control signal-either from the computer or external-can switch ports to allow data into the block from another source. A typical example of this is the frame-count information shown merged with data in Fig. 5. Picking the right mini The basic mini differs from larger computers in the following ways : It has a smaller memory word (typically 16 bits or less), a smaller amount of memory, no floating-point hardware and no multiply and divide hardware. The mini memory usually is about 8 k for a typical CPU, but this can generally be expanded in increments of 4 or 8 k. Floating-point and multiply-and-divide hardware usually are available at extra cost. They are a must if you plan to have the system do any scaling or other reduction of data, particularly in real time. Since the main purpose of the computer is to handle large amounts of continuous data, the I/ 0 structure is probably the single most important feature. Direct memory access (DMA) for both ELECTRONI C D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 data input and output is essential. Most machines have this feature, which a:llows data to be transferred in and out of memory on a "cycle-stealing" basis. TMs allows the central processing unit (CPU) to continue exeGution of a program at essentially the same time that the external data are being loaded. Good nonpolling hardware interrupt capability is essential. With multidata systems, nesting interrupts (interrupting an interrupt) and the ability to assign independent priorities to a device interrupt and its service routine are also important. These capabilities that input information will not be lost while the CPU attempts to process it. For instance, a system may be handling PCM data at 100 thousand words a second and PAM data at five thousand words a second. The interrupt associated with the PCM must be handled immediately, whereas the PAM interrupt can wait. Besides extended arithmetic and floating-point hardware, other CPU options are usually available. Some of these include: · Interleav ed Memor y. This allows the system to read the next consecutive memory address while the previous address is undergoing the restore process (write cycle), thus saving processing time. · R eal-time pr ogrammable clock. This allows for timed interrupts at program-specified intervals. · High-speed solid-state m emor y. This increases processing speed, because of a faster cycle rate. · M emory parity. This allows the CPU to check the validity of all memory words read. Basic computer peripherals used As a minimum, every CPU must provide manual input. Many machines include an ASR 33 Teletype terminal as standard. It reads and punches paper tape at 10 characters a second and has a hard-copy output. This device is, in general, too slow. Just loading a typical assembler program will take an hour or more, not to mention the time taken for punching out the object tape. If you intend to do any development software at all, a high-speed p·aper tape system is a must. Such equipment reads, typically, at 300 characters a second and punches at 50 characters. A 30-character-a-second 1/0 typewriter also is convenient for hard-copy output. For outputting formatted telemetry information, a digital magnetic tape unit is needed. Even the slowest data rates are far too high for paper tape. Magnetic tape-packing densities up to 1600 163 bits per inch and speeds to 125 inches per second are available. The choice depends upon the system data rates and your budget. Various other peripherals should be considered, depending upon system size and 11se. Some of the more commori. that are available include: · High-speed line printer-for obtaining reports and software listings. The speeds vary from 60 to 1200 lines per minute. · High-speed card reader-for entering blocks of data and system parameters where changes will be made frequently. Only the cards affected need be changed, whereas with paper tape a new tape must be made. The cards are also very convenient for use with source decks in a disc-operating system. Corrections can be made easily by the addition and removal of source cards, followed by quick reassembly. · Disc storage-for use in larger systems, where numerous programs will be required. In essence, all of the operating system program modules are stored on the disc. Once the disc system executive is in core, these programs can be accessed rapidly. This is extremely useful in a telemetry processing, where numerous users are requesting reduction of different data formats. It is a must if there is going to be considerable software development. Telemetry software needed Over and above the software offereO. by the computer manufacturer to support his machine are various modules written especially for support of the telemetry equipment. EMR Telemetry has developed an extensive library of this type of software, called TELEVENT. Included in TELEVENT are the following: · Telemetry executive. This allows communication and control between operator and software. It lets the operator call up the telemetry software modules to handle his job. In general, the operator need only describe to the executive in conversational mode the functions desired. The executive automatically selects the software modules. · Telemetry language translator. This software, when called up by the executive, decodes the operator commands that define the telemetry equipment and functions to be set up, and it calls up the setup driver for that equipment. · Setup drivers. These modules, when called up by the translator, decode the parameter values -bit rate, frame sync code, etc.-of the operator command and store these in data blocks in the correct form to load the telemetry equipment. The setup driver then returns control to the telemetry executive. · Data acquisition software. When called up 164 by the executive, this software communicates with the telemetry equipment via a data channel I/ 0 driver. It sends the setup data, previously stored by drivers, to the telemetry units, sets up data buffers in memory and commands the data channel to get data. The software also handles the data-acquisition interrupts. This type of software can be considered "standard," in that most systems will require it. In many cases it will be unique to the user, and he will probably want to write most of it himself. A unique feature of the PDP-11 series computers is that all I/ 0 devices connect to a common bus and appear to the CPU as memory locations. I/ 0 software is simplified. And expansion of the system is allowed by the wiring of additional I/ 0 units, including data channels, to the bus. Permissible data rates Estimating the rate at which data can be loaded into the computer can be confusing. The fact that the computer data bus can handle information at memory cycle rates (typically 1 µ,s) may lead to an erroneous conclusion. When large blocks of data are to be inputted to the computer infrequently, the input channel acquires the bus and transfers its data at a high rate then relinquishes the bus. But telemetry data are continuous, yet the bus cannot be dedicated to inputting this data. To process the data, control must be constantly transferred from the telemetry input to the CPU and back again-a task that is performed by the data channel. To calculate the data rate that can be handled, the following parameters come into play: · How long does it take to acquire the bus? · How much time does the CPU require for formatting the data between inputs? Both parameters are also affected by the number of data streams being processed. A good rule of thumb for a mini-based system that simply formats and outputs to tape is about 150 k words/ sec for a single-stream system. For a multistream system, divide 150 k words/ sec by the number of streams. Since most telemetry data are stored on analog tape pr.ior to processing, the tape recorder can simply be played back at a slower speed to keep the data rate from exceeding the computer system's capability. For example: you want to process a 2-Mbits/ sec, 8-bits/ word serial PCM data. stream. This equals 250 k words/ sec. If the analog input tape is played at half the speed it was was recorded at, the rate is reduced to 125 k words/ sec and can be formatted to a nine-track digital tape at a rate of 125 k characters/ sec. ·· ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Ferrite power supplies are more efficient and cost less. Inverter-Rated ferritesTM end the guesswork. Replace metal laminations with ferrite components and get a lot of trade-offs going in your direction. Less weight. Higher efficiency. Smaller size. Better regulation. And lower system cost. New applications High frequency, low loss ferrites from Indiana General have improved the efficiency of inverters and power supplies in everything from computers to portable test equipment. Whenever you need high efficiency power transfer, our Inverter-Rated components will also give you better regulation and vastly simplify your filter requirements. Today's answer Improved ferrite technology has made it economically feasible to operate inverter systems at 2KHz and beyond. Inverter-Rated® ferrite components from Indiana General are designed and tested specifically for high frequency operation and feature low power loss to 150°C. With our full line of components you can select the circuit characteristics you need in meeting your specific application requirements. Ferrltes for Inverters We specify and guarantee inductance and core loss under maximum and recommended conditions to end guesswork. By giving you circuit performance data instead of routine magnetic parameters, we make your design task easier and more precise. Inverter-Rated components are tested under square wave drive so the performance you design in -stays in. Free design guide Our new design guide has all the facts you need; component specifications, temperature characteristics and application data. The design procedure we outline in this guide and an afternoon of your time will tell you if higher frequency operation is the solution to your specific power supply requirements. Circle the Bingo card for your copy or call (201) 826-5100 and ask us for specific answers to your requirements. Either way-, if you're talking high efficiency power supplies, talk to the ferrite experts. That's us. Indiana General Keasbey,N.J.08832 National distribution through Permag locations in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit- Toledo, Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco. rBlIDUlIDU lndlana general a division of Electronic Memories & Magnetics Corporation INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 71 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, Ap ril 26, 1974 165 This chip is the world's first SOS processor. It makes all the stuff on the next page possible. 166 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, A_priJ 26, 1974 Silicon-on-sapphire isn't new The aerospace industry and the military have recognized its highspeed, high-density and high-reliability characteristics for years. But no one was ever able to use it in a computer processor. Until now Now General Automation designers have built the world's first commercial processor using SOS technology. .....,..~;;;;;;liiiiiiiiiiiilll......_ always meant you had to make major concessions in performance. With SOS you make none. The LSI-12/ 16 has an instruction execution cycle time of 2.64 microseconds. It's faster than any microprocessor on the market It's more powerful. And lower in cost In board-only configuration with lK memory, it costs only $495 in minimum OEM quantities of 1000 per year. In short, we offer all the performance of a minicomputer at microprocessor prices. Breakthroughs across the board. The SOS chip magnified 16 times They've placed 2000 gates or the equivalent of 4000 to 5000 transistors on a single semiconductor chip. An 800 times size reduction from its predecessor product, the SPC-12. The LSI-12/ 16 is the first microproduct to successfully put all of the following on a single board: A processor, power fail/ auto The world's first microcomputer. That tiny SOS chip has made it possible to bring you the LSI-12/ 16. A complete digital automation microcomputer with from lK to 32K bytes of semiconductor memory We call it the world's first microcomputer because it's the only microproduct available that gives you the performance, the systems features, the reliability and the applications support you would normally expect from a minicomputer More work, less money. In the past this kind of size reduction restart, remote cold start, 16 bit parallel I/O interface and up to 2K bytes of semiconductor memory But we didn't stop there. GA engineering has also overcome the problems associated with semiconductor memory Like loss of data in the event of power failure . We handled that by developing an auxiliary battery backup system that will activate immediately upon loss of power and will retain the contents of memory for up to 15 hours. In case you're interested in more memory, we've designed a piggyback board that will give you an additional 2K of RAM or SK of ROM. And if there's ever an error in ROM programming, it can be corrected. The LSI-12/ 16 has a ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 INFORMATION RETR IEVAL NUM BER 73 unique built-in ROM patch that lets the user retrofit new instructions to any ROM. Custom tailoring. There's one more advantage the LSI-12/ 16 has that no other microproduct can offer It's the systems backup and application expertise that General Automation gives you. Helping solve customer problems has always been our long suit It still is. We can customize I/O boards and match the LSI-12/ 16 exactly to your requirement. Our microcomputer is available in one of two different configurations: As a board-only system, packaged with memory, control console and processor on a single 7-3/ 4 by 10 inch printed circuit board. Or the same board packaged in an enclosure with power supply, battery baokup for semiconductor memory and card slots for additional I/O boards. For more information, write The LSl-12/1 6 with enclosure. General Automation, 1055 South East Street, Anaheim, California 92805. Or call us at (714) 778-4800. Our European headquarters is at Centre Silic, Cidex L242, 94533 Rungis, Paris, France.Call 686-7431. GENERAL AUTOMATION A new generation of computer processors is beginning. All because of this. See the LSI-12/ 16 in the Computerworld Caravan -and at the :-.J ational Computer Conference. 167 Minimize computer 'crashes.' Analysis of asynchronous conditions within a machine points to unavoidable errors, but there are eight ways to ease the problem. There is reason to believe that the unexplained, intermittent faults that occur in some of today's complex computer systems-random errors that computer people call "crashes"-may be unavoidable. But there are at least eight ways to minimize the problem. Basically it appears that the problem is caused by "races" between pulses derived from asynchronous clocks-races that can result in arbitrarily narrow signal pulses (spikes). With ever smaller currents and voltages combining with narrowing pulse durations, circuits strain to operate at the limit with mere dozens of electrons. When this happens, the laws of atomic physics come into play. With the trend toward higher-speed computers and multiplicity (multi-use, multiprocessor, multiprogram)-and also toward massive online data bases and many communications lines -the problem of random racing errors will become more frequent. Observance of the following rules, however, can minimize the p·roblem: (1) Minimize the number of asynchronous clocks. Though running all processors and memory banks from a single clock does create problems in clock design and product factoring, the avoidance of spikes within the mainframe more than pays for the extra cost. (2) Move asynchronous boundaries out to the interfaces with the lowest possible speeds. ( 3) Partition the system according to the regions governed by each 'asynchronous clock. Ordinarily this corresponds to a natural partitioning. However, with peripheral controllers, boundar.ies may go through the controllers. (4) Identify all asynchronous boundaries and define the simplest possible asynchronous interfaces-that is, minimize the number of timing signals that cross these boundaries. (5) Adopt a suitable, "handshaking" protocol for each asynchronous interface and minimize David Mayne, formerly of Pertee Corp., 17112 Armstrong Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 and Ralph Moore, formerly of Xerox Corp., Data Systems Division, Aviation Boulevard, El Segundo, Calif. 90245. 168 1. Problems can arise in a gate when the leading edge of an incoming pulse intersects the trailing edge of the second incoming pulse at a point near the threshold of the gate. the number of elements directly subject to asynchronous signals. ( 6) Provide specially designed high-speed regenerators for the elements subject to asynchronous signals. (7) Analyze the probability of spikes and the system impact of spikes. Confine the errors caused by spikes to data rather than control, if possible. System lockups or crashes are a much greater hazard. (8) Design in a spike detector that will C(JfUse an immediate machine-fault interrupt--that is, use such a detector if the impact of a spike is not limited to the data but could cause a system crash. Software designers should be alerted to this problem and advised on means of containment and recovery. Hardware not at fault Crashes due to spikes differ from the usual errors-such as parity-because they are not caused by hardware malfunctions. Let's take a closer look at them. . Virtually every large digital-computer system rncorporates more than one clock. In addition to the main clock, which drives the CPU, some systems have an independent, asynchronous clock F.LI CT RONIC DESIGN 9. April 26. 1974 2. The amount of energy "injected" into a gate by two overlapping pulses can be determined by calculation of the area under the intersection. The amount injected decreases rapidly as the overlap narrows. for each memory bank. In systems with more than one processor-input/ output processors, multiple CPUs or special processors-each processor has its own independent clock. Also, most moving-media peripherals, such as disc packs, RADs, tapes-incorporate an independent asynchronous clock within the moving medium. Real-time systems respond to interrupts that are normally asynchronous to the main CPU clock; communications lines ordinarily use their own clocks. At some point within these multiolock systems, a pul.se derived from one clock will be ANDed with a pulse derived from another clock. Since the clocks are asynchronous with respect to one another, the pulses will also be asynchronous. Thus the leading edge of one pulse may occur at any time with respect to the training edge of the other pulse. Consequently the AND result of the two pulses may be an arbitrarily narrow spike, and the peak amplitude of the spike may be arbitrarily close to the threshold of whatever amplifie:r follows the AND gate. Normally this amplifier is latched-that is, regenerative. The regenerator decides if the spike should be regarded as a logic ONE or ZERO. With an arbitrarily narrow spike, the energy that is injected into the regenerator can ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 PULSE _r-\. GENERATOR 1 - - - - - i I MHz DELAY LINE I JU '· '2 INVERTER RESET VARIABLE DURATION i - - - - - - L _ ONE-SHOT ~ REGENERATOR UNDER TEST SAWTOOTH GENERATOR I kHz ERROR SIGNAL 3. Typically, a regenerative circuit (a) follows a gate in a computing chain. When an arbitrarily small spike enters the regenerator, the circuit may delay in resolving the spike into a ONE or ZERO. The "uncertainty" can be measured (b) if an asynchronously modulated spike stream (c) is fed into the gate-regenerator and the error signals are monitored. 169 drop to an arbitrarily small level. Consider the case in which the fall of pulse A intersects in a gate with the rise of pulse B and both pulses have rise and fall times of 10 ns (Fig. 1). Assume the intersection of the pulses is 1 mV above the threshold of the regenerator to which the gate output is connected. The duration for which the spike exceeds the threshold is 2 xl 5 0V-3 V x 10-s sec = 4 ps. With a regenerator input impedance (R) of 1000 fl, the average current flow during the time the spike exceeds the threshold is = 21 x 10-3 v 1000 fl 1/2 x 10-6A. Therefore the charge injected into the regenera- tor is 1/ 2 x 10-6A x 4 x 10-12 sec = 2 x l0-18 coulombs. The charge on a single electron is 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb, so in this case the charge injected con- sists of about 12 electrons ! This calculation emphasizes that the problem involves consider- ations of atomic physics and not macrophysics. The energy, E, contained in areas A and B of Fig. 2 can be calculated as follows: f t' v2 E = 2 R dt joules, 0 = where R regenerator input impedance, which is assumed to be constant and ri:>..sistive. But v = kt, where k equals the slope of the pulse in volts per second. HePce t, f E = 2 Rk2t 2 dt joules, 0 - 2 (k2t13 ) 3R E ·= 32kvR13 J· ou1es (where v1 = kt ) 1 · Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that the product of the uncertainties in measuring momentum and position will always be greater than Planck's constant (h). ·Since energy and time are conjugate dimensions, Heisenberg's principle also applies to the measurement of these quantities. If this is so, the implication is that, for a small amount of energy, Ei. injected into a regenerator, a finite time, t ., must elapse before the regenerator can "make up its mind" and resolve the uncertainty of whether a spike is to be regarded as a ONE or a ZERO. If the output of the regenerator is sampled before t . and decisions are later based on the result, then, clearly, the system can malfunctionthat is, the regenerator may change state after the sy.stem has sampled the regenerator's output. 170 1£1SEN8ERG LOWER BOUND x EXPERIMENTAL RESULT SETTLING TIME - SECONDS 4. Experimental results of the "uncertainty" test are compared with the values predicted by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Discrepancies may be caused by thermal noise. ASYNCHRONOUS INTERFACE I I 5. In a complex computer system each subsystem is likely to have its own clock. With this arrangement, problems . can occur at the asynchronous interface of the subsystems, and errors can result . Consider this example: If a settling time of 50 ns is allowed for the regenerator before its output is sampled, the minimum spike amplitude for satisfactory resolution can be calculated as follows: Planck's constant (h) equals 6.624 x lQ-34 joule-s 3conds. Hence the minimum energy injected must be = t. E 1 h = 6.65204xx10lQ_9-34 - - 1 3 · x 10-26 J.ou1es. 2 V 13 . _ (3kE R) But E1= 3kR . . . V1·- 1 2 1.13 If rise and fall times of 10 ns are assumed for 5-V pulses, = k 5 X 108 V / s. . _ (3 X 5 X 108 X 1.3 X 10-26 X 103 ) 113 ·. V1- 2 = 2.14 X 10-5 V. This result implies that for spikes with an amplitude of less than 21 J.LV, the uncertainty of resolution is greater than t he 50 ns allowed, and a malfunction will probably occur. Although an ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 uncertainty region of 21 µ,V seems quite small, significant errors may result. Let's see how, using the same example. Four errors a second possible With the intersecting pulses, assume a 10-ns gating window in which an interrupt is presented asynchronously at a 1-MHz rate. As a fraction of 5 V, 21 µ,V is approximately 4 x 10-s. This is the probability that an interrupt will cause a spike of less than 21 µ,V, and hence an error. Since the rate at which decisions are made is 1 MHz, about four errors per second can be expected. Thus the application of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle results in error-rate predicr tions that are quite significant for present computer systems. To get a better understanding of the practical effects, consider the physical behavior of the gate-regenerator circuit. All regenerative circuits are characterized by the following: (a) A region where the loop gain is zero--below threshold, where changes of input do not produce changes of output. (b) An active region of high loop gain. (c) Another region where the loop gain is, again, zero and further changes of input produce no output change. There is a point between the regions listed in "a" and "b" and also between those in "b" and "c" where the loop gain is unity. One can postulate an input signal or spike that would carry the regenerator to this point and leave it there in a position of unstable equilibrium. The question then is : How long will it remain in this state? The situation is similar to that of a pencil balanced on its point on a table: How long will the pencil take to fall over? To attempt to measure the width of the uncertainty region, a regenerator with a high gainbandwidth product can be constructed with pnp and npn transistors in a pseudo pnpn arrangement. Spikes are applied at a 1-MHz rate to a standard logic input, which precedes the regenerator (Fig. 3). The spike amplitude is asynchronously modulated at approximately 1 kHz (Fig. 3c). The output is sampled twice during the microsecond following the generation of the spike--first at a variable time, ti, which represents the "settling" time, t ., and then at a time, t 2, about 500 ns later in the cycle. An error is detected if the regenerator changes state after the first, but before the second, sample. Note that the errors are counted over a period of several hours for each value of t1· From this information, along with the pulse rate, modulation rate and amplitude, it is possible to cal- ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 CLOCKS CLOCKR ______......ri________.ri________ _ j DATA OUT L OS L DG DATA REG DA 6. Typical signal interchange of a send-receive subsystem in which the sender and receiver each have clocks. The key signal here is DG, an internal gating signal upon which subsequent computing depends. culate and plot the width of the uncertainty region. The experimental results are shown in Fig. 4, along with the predictions based on the Heisenberg principle. The gross discrepancy between the Heisenberg "lower bound" and the exp~ri mental results may be caused by thermal noise. Observe that the Heisenberg lower bound seams to be valid for settling times close to the propagation time of the regenerative circuit (approximately 10 ns). Because of bandwidth limitations, noise should have little effect under these conditions. For settling times that are greater than the propagation time, the circuit's behavior is analogous to that of a pencil balanced on a shaking table. Despite the enormous improvement that noise evidently makes, the basic problem remains. For analysis, consider a simple, two-clock system (Fig. 5). The system has been partitioned into two subsystems separated by an asynchronous interface. Within each subsystem the corresponding clock controls the timing of all events. Hence a conventional logic-design approach can be used within a subsystem with no problem. However, problems occur at the asynchronous interface. Isolating the interface error Generally a well-designed asynchronous interface uses a handshake protocol to exchange data between the subsystems. Under this protocol, the sending subsystem outputs a data-strobe (DS) signal to indicate the presence of data on the sender's output lines. The receiving subsystem senses DS on its next clock and uses its presence to set an internal data-gating signal (DG). On the next receiver clock, DG causes the data to be docked into a receiving register. At the 171 Put your Minicomputer to work in Automatic Test and Control Systems...with an HP MULTIPROGRAMMER In automatic test systems, the Multiprogrammer provides stimulus and collects responses. In control systems it adjusts set-points and monitors process feedback. This low-cost building block system provides a bi-directional data link between a single computer I/O channel and up to 240 individually addressable plug-in cards. Available plug-in card functions include: · Analog Input and Output · Relay Contact Closures · Solid-State Digital Input and Output · Stepping Motor Control · Power Supply Control · Programmable Amplifier Control · Pulse Counting · Programmable Timers Write for your 40 page Multiprogrammer Brochure ... detailing applications: interface information; operating features; prices, complete specifications for the 6940A/6941A Multiprogrammer mainframes and plug-in cards. l/; HEWLETT PACKARD Sales and service from 172 offices in 65 countries. 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Cal ifon·· 94304 21402 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 74 172 ---r--o os~<D CLOCKNROA A DG 0 OS CLOCKR CD 0 CASE I OG CASE 2 OS CLOCKR CD DG PJ<Z7 % Tl T2 7. Simplified schematic to generate DG points to possible source of an error (a). Since DS and CLOCKR are not synchronized, the two signals can be arbitrarily overlapped. In case 1, the pulses fully overlap and no problems occur. But in case 2, DG and CLOCKR don't fully coincide and an uncertainty can result (b). same time the receiver outputs a data-accepted signal (DA) to the sender to indicate that the data can now be taken off the sender's output lines. When the sender detects this signal, it terminates transmission and resets DS. (Fig. 6). Now -concentrate upon the events within the receiver. From the send-receive scenario, it can be seen that the asynchronous problem in the receiver is reduced to generation of one signal, DG. Once DG has been successfully generated, strobing the actual data into the receiving register becomes a fully synchronized operation. In a simplified implementation of DG, the receiver clock (CLOCKR) is used as a pulse (Fig. 7). Elsewhere in the receiver the rising edge of CLOCKR is used to set flip-flops. Thus the receiving register, for example, will be set on the next clock after the one that sets DG. Consider node 1 in Fig. 7. Since DS and CLOCKR are asynchronous, they can overlap to any degree. In the figure, DG and CLOCKR are fully overlapped in case 1. A pulse is gene:rated that is substantially larger than the threshold of the regenerative circuit, arid the output DG is immediately set. However, DG and CLOCKR don't fully coincide in case 2 of Fig. 7, and a spike is applied to the regenerative circuit. Now if the spike is in the uncertainty region, the circuit output DG may take additional time to settle. In this case it is important that subsequent operations of the system do not depend on a sampling of the circuit during its meta-stable state, T , to T "" · · INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 75 ... Dia light sees a need: (Need: The right switch for the right price.) See Dialight. For the switch buyer, choice of function and esthetics, re- liability, ease of mounting, and low cost are his prime concerns. He may need a pushbutton switch for panel, sub-panel or snap-in mounting. He may need a choice of bezels with or without barriers in black, gray, dark gray or white. He may need a legend that's positive, negative, or hidden until ener- gized .. . one that's white when "off" and red, green, amber, blue or light yellow when "on" ... or colored both "on" and "off." He may need a highly reliable switch proven in thou- sands of insta llations. Matching indicators with same frontof-panel appearance are also available. Obtainable from our world-wide distributor network. · ··· New poi-h111ities··· At Digital, our commitment to the penetration and service of new market areas has created career opportunities of major magnitude. These oppor- tunities, which encompass our Data Communications, OEM, Industrial Products, Lab Data Products and Computational groups, present a quantum career move to qualified professionals who would like to join us in what will probably be the most rewarding and exciting expansion undertaken in the industry. What this expansion means to you personally will depend almost entirely upon your own specific talents and ability. And in two of these groupsLab Data Products and Computational - the demand for diversified skills has created these immediate career opportunities for aggressive individuals. At present, our Lab Data Products Group is responsible not only for product development activity in the laboratory and analytical instrument market, but also for major product efforts in the · field of graphic displays. Our Computational Group, with its solid record in the scientific, educational and engineering fields, is now expanding into civil engineering and other computational applications areas. These new markets, with their unique challenges and opportunities, should be of special importance to the following professionals. Please direct your resume to Don Mooradian, Digital Equipment Corporation, Main Street, Maynard,Mass.01754 digital equipment corporation The above positions are open for application to men and women regardless of race , national origin , age, religion or creed. 174 ELECTRON IC D ES IGN 9. April 26. 1974 CIVIL ENGiNEERING MARKETING MANAGER This newly created sales and marketing oriented position requires a professional who can assume total business responsibility for our activities in the civil engineering area. Supported by a strong corporate commitment and the technical and sales resources of Digital, you will direct a major marketing effort for civil engineering applications. Ideally, your background will include demonstrated management ability as well as ability in sales, product management and software support. In addition you will have an in-depth understanding of applications in this market gained through user or vendor experience. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS MANAGER You will assume complete responsibility for developing and supporting civil engineering applications software. In concert with the marketing manager, you will develop a highly skilled effort to service and support this market. You should be project management and marketing oriented and have an in-depth knowledge of civil engineering (architectural , construction , etc.) and civil engineering software needs. In addition to your functional knowledge , you must be a " doer" with a strong personal commitment to getting the job done. Specific technical knowledge should be in the area of Coco, Stress, Interactive Graphics, Finite Element Analysis, etc. PROJECT ENGINEER Analog/Digital Design · An immediate opening exists for a qualified engineer within the Computer Graphics Section of our Laboratory Data Products Group. You will be responsible for the development and implementation of interface design efforts for existing and new products. Working on a project management basis, you will also work closely with Marketing and Manufacturing to assure quality finished products. If you have a creative design background in utilizing MSI , MOS and discrete components Analog/Digital and Digital/ Analog interface design background with video experience and a working knowledge of software, this is your opportunity to maximize your personal and professional growth. 2-4 years with a MSEE is preferred, but a BSEE with equivalent experience is acceptable. COMPUTER GRAPHICS DISPLAY Working within the Computer Graphics Section, you will be primarily responsible for adding your previous graphics design experience to that of a small, but rapidly expanding group. A BS degree with 2 years' analog circuit design experience is required, ideally in Graphics Display. An ability to take a systems view, and most importantly, the ability to interface effectively with marketing and potential customers is also required . This is an extremely attractive opening for an aggressive individual who is willing to take on responsibility and grow as fast as abilities will allow. SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION MANAGER MARKETING This position requires a top level systems engineering manager with an advanced degree and 8-10 years' experience. Ideally, you should have responsible experience with a large scale main frame manufacturer and/ or as manager of a large scale scientific computer operation. Directing the efforts of existing product managers and in concert with corporate development engineers, you will specify and develop new basic products involving the PDP-11 hardware, software plus language for computational applications. As you will be one of the major product specifiers in the corporation , a high degree of technical and business acumen is essential. This position requires a professional with a BS in Science and an in-depth knowledge of computer applications in the instrumentation market. This knowledge could have been gained from association with a computer manufacturer or an instrument manufacturer. You will be primarily concerned with the investigation of new markets and the development and successful introduction of complete new systems (hardware, software and display) for existing and new markets. Working closely with sales, development, engineering and the customer, you will follow new products from conception to customer application. Your activities will be directed to all markets where the automation of analytical instruments is desirable and feasible. APPLICATIONS MARKETING MANAGER This is an excellent opportunity for a professional with 2-3 years' software sales experience to assume a newly created position running our computational applications software product business. Although you may not currently be a manager, you should have sufficient computational software knowledge and motivation to impact the development of proprietary software packages and successfully market these products to existing and new markets. GRAPHICS DISPLAY MARKETING Th is is an excellent opportunity for a creative and innovative marketing development specialist to sign ificantly impact our graphics display business. Your background should be computer oriented in a sales, development, hardware or software support activity with a manufacturer, user or service organization. However you should have approximately 2 years of customer interface experience. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 901 ELECTRON IC D ES IGN 9. April 26 , 1974 175 Approximate logs easily with a simple combinatorial circuit. A few ICs let you multiply, .divide, and calculate any root of any power of two. The logarithm is a powerful tool in manual computation. It also can be very handy for calculations with digital circuits-if you can generate the logar'ithms simply. The Mitchell algorithm' for finding logarithms to the base 2 is simple to employ, now that complex, single-package MSI digital functions are available. Only two standard MSI chips are needed to convert an 8bit binary word to .its baise-2 logarithm. The circuit uses strictly combinational logic without need for clocking. Once the logarithm of a binary number is obtained, multiplication or division becomes simply addition or subtraction, and taking the square root is merely division by 2. If the logarithm is to the base 2 in binary form, division by 2 is a simple shift of the number, one bit to the right. But the Mitchell algorithm is an approximate method and when used to find the square root, it can yield a maximum error of about 6 % . When multiplying, it can give an error of about - 11 %, and when dividing, 12.5 %. The accuracy can be improved, but even without improvements the algorithm is accurate enough for many applications. Before we delve into the various circuits, let's take a look at the basic algorithm itself. The algorithm is simple To avoid continual writing of the log-base subscript, let's designate log2 N as lg N. Table 1 lists selected binary logarithms, and the familiar logarithmic curve is plotted in Fig. 1. A line-segment approximation of the binary logarithm results when all .integer points of lg = . N (N 2, 4, 8, 16 · · · ·) are joined by straight- line segments. The approximations that correspond to the line segments are also listed in Table 1, along with their binary representations. Note that the characteristic parts of lg N in Joseph L. Voyer, Senior Engineer, Martin Marietta Aero· space , Orlando, Fla . 32805 . 176 Table 1. Binary logarithms and their straight-line approximation N N(binary) lg N 1 00001 0 .00000 2 00010· 1.00000 3 00011 1.58496 4 00100 2.00000' 5 00101 2.3219J 6 00110 2.58496 7 00111 2.80735 8 01000 3 .00000 9 01001 3.16992 10 01010 3 .32193 11 01011 3.45942 12 01100 3.58496 13 01101 3 .70043 14 01110 3.80735 15 01111 3.90689 16 10000 4.00000 17 10001 4.08747 APPROX. lg N 0 .000 1.000 1.500 2 .0 0 0 2.250 2.500 2.750 3 .000 3 .125 3.250 3.375 3.500 3.625 3 .750 3.875 4 .000 4 .0625 APPROX. lg N (binary) 000 .0000 001.0000 001.1000 010.0000 0 1 0 .0 1 0 0 010.1000 010.1100 011.0000 011.0010 011.0100 011.0110 011.1000 011.1010 011.1100 011.1110 100.0000 100.0001 decimal form take the value of the exponent of the most-significant ONE bit of N. For instance, if the most-significant ONE is in the 22 position, the characteristic is 2; if in the 25 position, the characteristic is 5, etc. The remaining bits of the original binary number become an approximation to the mantissa when they are placed to the right of the logadthm's "decimal," or binary, point. It is easy to see that this, mantissa represents a binary fraction within the range 0 to 1 between two adjacent integral logarithms. Consider the approximate logarithm curve. The coordinates of both ends of each straight-line segment start and end at some whole po,wer of 2 on the N axis. The corresponding lg Ns are the whole-number characteristics. Thus each line segment spans the distance from one characteristic to the next with a unit increase in the characteristic's value at each step, and the bits that ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 ' t 4 z 3 ~ "' 2 - Lg N CURVE A 5 10 15 20 2!5 30 NUMBER-N --- 1. A plot of logarithms is closely approximated by straight-line segments between whole powers of 2, which are the logs2 of the binary-number sequence. follow the most-significant ONE of N represent a linear proportion along the line segment. These bits, as a binary fraction, are approximations of the true mantissa. As an example, consider the problem of finding lg 14. The binary representation of 1410 is 11102 and its most-significant ONE bit is in position 23· ·Thus the characteristic of lg 14 is 3, or 11 in binary. The remaining bits form the approximate mantissa, or fraction 0.110, which is equal to 0.750 in decimal notation. Thus the approximate lg 14 is 3.750 in decimal, or 11.110 in binary notation. From Table 1 note that this is in error by 0.05735. A maximum absolute error of 0.086 occurs when the approximate mantissa is 0.44. Implementing lg N conversion Binary-to-logarithm (base-2) conversion can be implemented with a Signetics 8243, 8-bit po~ .sition scaler and a Fairchild 9318 or Texas Instruments 74148 priority encoder (Fig. 2). The priority encoder chip determines the characteristic of the logarithm by detecting the most-significant ONE bit in the input word and providing a 3-bit output code that corresponds to thi·s bit's position. Inverters are necessary at the inputs to the priority encoder, since it operates on inverted ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26 , 1974 Table 2. Truth table of 8243 scaler Enable Inhibit 1&2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 x x 0 S, s, s, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,, o. 0 , o. 0 , 0 0 0 f.~f;f,;i: I~ r; r;- 1 0 0 lT,l,;i: I~ f; f;- 1 0 1 0 T, f, T. T, T, T; 1 1 1 1 0 r, ~~r;r;- 1 1 1 0 0 1 ~ I~ f; 1-; 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 r; r; r;- 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 r; r;- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r;- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x 11111111 x x x 11111111 X indicates "don't care." data. The encoder's outputs also are in inverted form. The 8-bit position scaler performs a shift operation on the input word. It shifts the input the number of places determined by the 3-bit word = from the priority encoder. For instance, 000 no shift, 001 = shift one place and 111 = shift seven places (Table 2). The output of the 8243 forms the mantissa of the word. Note that output 00 of the ~243 is left open, sfoce the most-significant bit of the input, or charaeteristic-determining bit, must always appear at this output, and the mantissa consists of only those bits to the right of this most-significant ONE. The outputs of the 8243 are also delivered in inverted form, thus the lg N appears in ones complement form at section AA' in Fig. 1. The lg N is left in complem'ent form, since the subsequent antilog conversion inputs require inverted inputs. As a more detailed example of the binary-to-log conversion of Fig. 1, let's convert the number N = 21 10 ·= 00010101 2 to a log-binary form as a preliminary step to obtaining '\/ 21. Table 4 shows the operation in algorithm form, and the binary numbers in Fig. 1 correspond to all logic inputs and outputs for obtaining '\/-21. To calcu- late lg 21, which corresponds to section AA' on Fig. 1, the following occurs: 177 LEAST-SIGNIFICANT BIT ,.... ~, I I I ' I INPUT1 BINARyl 21 I I I ' ' ' I I I A7' "- MOST- SIGN! FlCAN T BIT 7 7 7 / INVERTED I MANTISSA 1 A I 17 0 7 I 'I I- ' 0 I'' ' ' ' L I '' I : ' '-, : I 0 I ' ' ' 8243 A 0·4 0 I >- / I ' i ' I I I ' , I3 0 : 0 I J. 0 ' a ! 0 .--- El ' ' ,.: I MANTISSA MSB I BEFORE- 2 I Do "13 MOST SIGNIFICANT T ORIGINAL BIT IS I .,.___ E2 s0 S1 S2 I I o-:1- l' OVcc DELETED MANTISSA AFTER-'-2 I I I I MSB I r---- ·I I I [~ ; I I 0 I 0 I 0 n I I I I I I I I 9318 I 7 414 8 I I I I 0 El I I ~ ~o ' I I I L---1 I I A2 IA' I I 'lRTED I CHARACTERISTIC I I I 1DIVIDE I T~O I I I I I I 17 I I I 07 I I ' I I I 0 0 c I I I 8243 0 0 ' 0 I I I I I ' I ' Io E1 0 I Do ~ ::=:I J .---.. J ) FRACTIONAL BINARY WORD .i>~7 I I I ' I I I I I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' I I _,...B' ~ 0 E2 So s, s2 I 0 I 0 '*~ 6vcc A1 Ao 0 I0 112 - ' I ---1 I 7 So S1 ~ I I S2 I 9321/74Sl39 *2 I I I 0 7 pl I I'' 8243 B :I pl ~ 0 !'3 __ I : pO ' I I r-'- ' "' ' : ~ I I ' ' H Io ,, ' ' o, ~ E1 - - -..04 0 I \ I 0 I' I \ I ~ E2 0 Do ~ IJ 3 2 )-1 I ~ I I oP L_J .r. Bo 'j'I I I I I I I I ' I -0 B3 INTEGER BINARY WORD ) 4 625 Vee m o~. :::< Io10000 ecr-- - B3~B1 Bo' -Bj. NOTE : INVERTERS =SN 74H04 AND =SN 7408 2. A combinatoria l 8-bit square rooter needs on ly a log, circuit, a wired divide-by-2 and an anti log, circuit. Number N enters the circuit at terminals A1 (most-significant bit) through Ao (least-significant). A brief examination of the 8243 truth table (Table 2) shows that the value of the binary number for shift inputs S2 S1 So corresponds to the subscripts of the inverted inputs that appear at output 00 · = = Thus if S2 S1 So = 101 = 5, Is would appear at Oo, and so on. Then, in the case of N 21 0010101, the most-significant ONE bit enters 13 and appears at 00 , because the priority encoder provides output A2 A1 Ao = S2 S, So = 011 = 3 (Table 3). All higher subscript inputs, I. to I,, also shift down by three positions in the output, so that 11 appears at I., etc., and all 13 and lower subscripted inputs are lost. In other words, the scaler input subscripts are 178 arranged in reverse order from the customary sequence (1 7 is least-significant and Io mostsignificant). This arrangement can then work properly with the outputs of the priority encoder in complement form. Divid ing by 2 is easy Most operations with logarithms require t he log's conversion back to ordinary numbers at some point. Finding the square root of a number involves, first, obtaining the log, then divisionby-2 and then the antilog. With binary numbers, the divide-by-2 is easy to do. In the circuit of Fig. 1, the divide-by-2 process is hard-wired into the system. Since the required shift entails a shift of the least-significant from ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 Table 3. Truth table of 9318/74148 priority encoder Enable Outputs El A. A, A, 1 111 0 111 0 000 0 100 0 0 10 0 110 0 001 0 10 1 0 011 0 111 Inputs Output 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gs Eo xxxxxxxx 1 1 11111111 1 0 xxxxxxx0 0 1 xxxxxx0 1 0 1 xxxxx0 1 1 0 1 xxxx0 1 1 1 0 1 xxx0 1 1 1 1 0 1 xx0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 x0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 X = don't care condition v Table 4. Finding the approximate 21 Operation r ;MPooos;Ut soingn4ific-ant bit r Position 0Least significant bit N=21=0 0 0 1,0 101.1 I / Find delete the 1 Shift number 4 places to right lg N vbe;trtanitds cpoonsi- ~ tion 4 to a binary 4 Characterist~ Mantissa lg 21 = 11bo'.'o1o1 o'o o divide by two find anti log 1 /2 lg N Shift number one position to the right to divide by 2 1I2 lg 21 = ~.p o 1 o 11 o o 77 convertbinary Shi 2 places to left 2 to position 2 I 2-!J y 21 ~ 1100.1011000 = 4.625 (0.9% error) Position Position 0 '\/2 1 = 4.58 (exactly) the characteristic to the mantissa, the least-significant bit of the characteristic, Ao, is wired into the most-significant bit of the mantissa (see Table 4), which becomes I0 of the 8243-B. Note that A0 is kept in its inverted form to correspond to the other inverted bits of the logarithm. The integer part of the square-root result of any 8-bit binary number can have only 4 bits. And except for the integer's most-significant bit, the three other bits are formed from the most-significant bits of the mantissa of 1/ 2 lg N. Note that these four bits, which are the inputs ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 to 8243-C, are also connected to 8243-B of the antilog section. Only two bits, A2A,, are sufficient to locate the output's binary point. To prove that the integer part of a square root in binary form has only half as many bits as the input word, consider our 8-bit case. Its maximum = possible character.istic is 710 111 ~- After a divi·de-by-2 operation the maximum characteristic becomes 310 = 112. Thus, when 1/ 2 lg N is converted back to an ordinary binary number, a ONE must be placed in the 23 position. This corresponds to the fourth bit to the left of the binary point. Thus for an 8-bit input, its square root results in a maximum of 4 bits as the integer part of the answer. Finding the antilog Now we can concentrate on the antilog circuit. The inputs to 8243-B at 13 to I, become, after proper shifting by the chip's control lines, S2 S1 S0, the integer part of the output word. Examine the algo1rithm in Table 4, and you will find that the antilog operation converts the most-significant bit of the mantissa into the second most-sign.ificant bit of the square-root answer. The most significant bit is, of course, always a ONE bit. Thus 13 of 8243-B is always at ground, or a ZERO, which converts to a ONE at the output. Input 13 can shift from output Oa to Oa to cover the maximum of the four possible bit positions of the integer part of the answer. Shifter 8243-C provides the fractional portion of the output and converts the binary value of the characteristic, after the hard-wired divisionby-2 process, into an equivalent number of shift positions. Thus, in the 21 example, the (1 / 2) lg 21 characteristic has a weight of 2, and the inputs of 8243-C therefore must shift in the chip's outputs two places to the left. Note that for 8243-B and C, the S,S0 inputs are inverted to their true form. When the log was found, the number was shifted to the right; now, for the antilog, the shift is to the left. And, finally, for values of S1So that are greater than ZERO, corresponding trailing bit positions of the answer must be forced to ZERO in the outputs. One-half of a Fairchild decoder 9321, or its Tl74S139 equivalent, decodes the S1S0 values and force~he least-significant bits to ZERO. For the Y 21 example, S, So = 2; therefore the B's and B', outputs are forced to zero. Multiply and divide with lg N The approximate square-root processor is very simple to implement, and multiplication and division are easy, too. Multiplication requires only a single addition process, and division only a subtraction step. 179 o-_ _ _ _ __, '.o ~7 " : f o.'7l~--r--.r . :::,--------- ~1 P--- _!.-_ ",. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : =: -· ' -t-t--++.----i 1 8 243 D : I t~ =.·.~ _f'. A~I4 Ao U,:,'-_ +-1-t-lt-++~....-_, 17 ' OQ c~::::r:v;;:; ...k'. r- E1 ~ ~ S1 S2 I ' r--- 84 i ~ i ; ii .___,1+-1-+----l ~I :-1 '----+!-++--~ : LSB ~ lt>,.___ _ :1 l; l: Li ~0 -~A.0 µ .___-a ' : p.-.. - - 931 8 . A 2 P--l-lv' ......_._.______,~4 r- ~I ,...--- 1' ..--- : ~---~ · r-..B__4 _ c_4, '-------<>! 7 1-:r;- l7 o~ P----~ r.._E_i_ __, :,._ E1 ~ E 2 INHIBIT L.+14+-'-'4+--l ~1 '--~+-!-<~-I : t\4 ~~+-1-<~-1 ~1 ~ L1 H - OREF : : f-I+----~-Wl++-l-+----1-t»-+ L4 OUTPUT WORD o.'7 Lt:::::"::-:}::'-r-:::----l-<µ P--· ]C_ '.,. _ _-1-+--' ~o o -+-+--+-1-++-+-----l : 11 8243 D :' ' ~ r==-.-r- s:~1--·:-='-;J..--;'--~--~+-'-+-+-----'--_-_'J 00 1<> ADDERS ·SN7483 r - E1 ~ ~S 1 s2 I ~ -=- J 1 1 11 6 Vee ~-----<ll ' L--------d 7 9518 : A.2 !~ <>-<>+L-- 1'. --- -- -- -' ' r.._E_i_ __, 3 . A combinatorial multiplying circuit for two, 8-bit words uses adders between the log and antilog sections To illustrate multiplication with the linear ap- proximation approach, let's multiply 61 by 99: N , = 61 00111101 N 2 = 99 lg N1 01100011 101.1110100 lg N2 110.1000110 P = lg N, +lg N. 1100.0111010 N , x N 2 = lg·1 P 1011101000000. 5952 ( - 1.4% error) 61 x 99 6039 exactly Note that although the input numbers are each limited to 8-bits in length, the adder must proc- ess 10-bit inputs. And the result may have as many as 16 bits, since the characteristic of P can have 4 bits. Thus the amount of hardware needed for a multiplier circuit increases very rapidl~ 180 with the size of the operands. The logarithm-to-binary converter must be capable of shifting 15 places. Fig. 3 shows an 8- bit multiplier that uses the 8243s as converters (see Table 5 for antilog conversion) ; however, MSI multiplier !Cs-such as the AM 2505 and SN 4284, and 9344, which allow high-speed com- binatorial implementation of binary multiplica- tion with no approximation error-might be more attractive for multiplication. Div1sion is a more attractive application for the logarithm method. For example, divide 5839 by 61: N, = 5839 0001011011001111 N2= 61 0000000000111101 lgN, 1100.011011001111 EL ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9. A pril 26. 19/.+ Table 5. Truth table for multiplier antilog converter S:i S, SI s. 0, 0, 8243 c 0, o. 0, 0, 01 o. o. 01 0, 8243 O" o8. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '1 1 1 1 00 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, M1 M. 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, M1 Mo 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 M, M, M, M, M, M1 Mo 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, M1 M. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, M1 M. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, M1 M. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 M, M, M, M, M, M1 Mo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, M1 M. I ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSB OR-t1ed o. 0, 8o2.43O"A 0, 01 o. 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 M. 1 1 1 1 0 M, M, 1 1 1 0 M. M, M, 1 1 0 M, M, M, M, 1 0 M. M, M, M, M, 0 M: M, M, M, M, M, M. M, M, M, M, M, M. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LSB LOAD· ~ LS9' INPUT WORD MSB Ao· · --- -- ---------- Ar CLOCK ___f""1_JL F-..__......_..__.._._.__.~~~-, A 8------------H CLEAR SN 74199 CLOCK QOCK SN74191 ON/UP Vee MSB [_!~===;;;;:::===}CHARACTERISTIC a LSB LSB MSB M.7-- - -- - --- M_1 A LOAD I ' : SN74192 I LSB FRACTION MSB INTEGER 4 . Sequential converters for log (a) and antilog (b) circuits require less hardware for handling larger numbers, but they need clocking circuits and they are mueh slower in operation than combinatorial circuits. ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 lg N2 0101.111010000000 lg N1 - lg N2 1100.011011001111 0101.111010000000 0110.100001001111 lg·l Q' 1100001.001111 97.234375 (1.78 '.fo error) 99 exactly. Division differs from multiplication in the use of subtraction instead of addition. This intro- duces a problem, because the result of the sub- traction can produce a result that is larger or smaller than one. This depends upon whether the dividend is larger or smaller than the divisor. When the result is larger than one, as in the example, to find the antilog requires that the difference be shifted to the left. However, a right- shift operation .is needed for a result that is less than one. The logic designer may then construct his circuit to handle only. one of the two cases, and use scaling methods to properly place the decimal point. Or, he can devise more complex logic to directly handle either case. A final note of caution : Since this logarithm method operates only on positive numbers, the multiplication and division of negative operands require special preprocessing of the numbers into suitable form before the Mitchell algorithm is used. Serial converters need less hardware The increase in hardware for numbers of more than 8 bits can be a serious problem. An alter- 18 1 s Reject rates plummet when critical electronic component production operations are performed in a Weber Class 100 Mobile Process Isolator. For good reason. Inside the Isolator the atmosphere is ultra-clean - 99.99%-free from airborne contaminants 0.3 microns and larger. Overhead vertical laminar flow filter modules generate a sterile air flow downward, "washing" contamination from your personnel and production line. As an added safeguard, optically clear side curtains prevent cross-contamination without hindering personnel access to the area. You can install the Weber Isolator over a critical production point. Or protect an entire line. And as your needs change, the modular design of all Weber components permits easy, economical system relocation or expansion. In addition to the Mobile Process Isolator, Weber otters total clean rooms and portable equipment designed to meet the specific needs of the electronics industry. Write today tor illustrated literature. w W j R TEC NXCAL PRl UC T 1340 MO NROE AV E. N.W., GRA ND RA PIDS , MICH . 49505 ·A DIV ISION O F TH E JA DE CORP .. SUBSIDIAR Y OF WALTER KIDDE & CO ., IN C. PHONE (6 16) 363-77 3 5 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 77 182 nate approach to generating approximate logs and antilogs is blocked out in Figs. 4a and b. In the binary-to-logarithm converter of Fig. 4a, the number N is loaded into a SN74199 shift register while a counter is reset to the n - 1 con- = dition (n number of bits). The number in the regis.ter is shifted right, while the counter is decremented. When a ONE is detected on the QH output of the SN74199, the operation of the shift register and counter is disabled. At this time the counter contains the characteristic of lg N, and the shift register contains its mantissa. The total length of the shift register should be the length of the full binary input word. Fig. 4b shows how to convert the logarithm back to binary. The mantissa is loaded into a shift register, and a logic ONE is forced into the MSB + 1 position. The characteristic is loaded into a parallel load counter with the same pulse that loads the mantissa. Clock pulses then decrement the counter and shift the contents of the shift register to the right. When the counter decreases to zero, the borrow inhibits the clock to the antilog converter. The shift register then contains the resultant binary word. Although this serial process is slower than the combinatorial approach, the advantage lies in the serial's smaller increase in hardware with an .lncrease in the size of words. The errors can be reduced Errors that are produced by single-line-segment approximations to the log curve, as used in Fig. 1, can be considerably less when more refined approximation techniques are applied. A four-part linear approximation,2 instead of the single-line segments, reduces the error by a factor of 6; a four-interval, least-squares-fit method3 lowers the error by a factor of 7.8 ; and a parabolic fit· provides a reduction factor of 18.5. Of course, all these improved methods use more hardware than the simple single-line segment approach. ·1· References: 1. Mitchell, J.N. Jr., "Computer Multiplication and Division Using Binary Logarithms," IRE T rans. Electron. Com put., Vol. EC-11, Aug., 1962, pp. 512-517. 2. Combet, M., Van Zonneveld, H . and Verbeek L., " Computation of the Base Two Logarithm of Binary Numbers," IEEE Trans. Electron . Comput., Vol. EC-14, Dec., 1965, pp. 863-867. 3. Hall, E.L., Lynch, D.D. and Dwyer, S.J., III, "Generation of Products and Quotients Using Approximate Binary Logarithms for Digital Filtering Applications," IEEE Trans. Comput., Vol. C-19, Feb., 1970, pp. 97-105. 4. Marino, D., "New Algorithms for the Approx imate Evaluation in Hardware of Binary Logarithms and Elementary Functions," IEEE Tran s Comput., Vol. C-21 , Dec., 1972, pp. 1416-1421. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 ~HE MAXI KEYBOARD FAMILYI Shopping for keyboa rds7 Don 't buy more - or less - than you need . Maxi can supply keyboards to your mechanical and electronic requirements , in standard or custom configurations . Economy? Our 3100 Series encoded keyboard with mechanical contacts is priced as low as the $50 .00 range in quantity . Dual bifurcated gold contacts have a life of over 107 operations under load . eed the option of glass reed switching? The Maxi 2700 Series keyboard combines low cost and high reliability . All reeds are pre-tes ted before assembly, and switch modules are machine-adjusted for accurate operating point . Spec ial key actions7 The Maxi 1800 Series keyboard offe rs more action options than any other keyboard on the market. lnterlatch and lockout, accumulative latch, so lenoid hold and release to name a few. Even illuminated buttons if you need them . Its metal frame construction makes the 1800 Series the st rong est keyboard of the market . The Maxi keyboard Iine includes double-s hot and engraved buttons in a variety of sizes and co lors . Encodi ng is another flexible Maxi option . Specify USASC ll , EBCDIC or special codes in up to nine bits . The Maxi keyboard family has a member exact ly suited to your needs . Call or send your specs ior a firm quote on cost and delivery . THE (See Maxi in EEMI SWITCH co "~ · ~ · ~ ,,~ · · 9697 East River Road · Minneapolis , Minnesota 55433 · (612) 755-7660 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 79 /WANLASS OMS/ON OF lAMllACJ 525 VIRGINIA DRIVE · FORT WASHINGTON PA. 1to34 · 211·143·111 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 80 184 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9 , April 26. 1974 Why horse around with words? Get the picture from Hughes. Turning into the stretch, it's LUCKY LADY in front by one length. DANCING PRINCESS is second by a length and a half. On the inside, MISTER GEORGE is third by a head. In the middle of the track, FAST DRIVER. Here comes FAST DRIVER. In the stretch it's LUCKY LADY in front ... DANCING PRINCESS and MISTER GEORGE. And on the inside, FAST DRIVER. LUCKY LADY, DANCING PRINCESS and MISTER GEORGE. LUCKY LADY and DANCING PRINCESS. LUCKY LADY in front. Down to the line of finish, it's LUCKY LADY and DANCING PRINCESS. And it's LUCKY LADY, the winner by a nose. DANCING PRINCESS is second by a length and a half in front of MISTER GEORGE. The picture on the right says the same thing as the words on the left. But so much faster. And clearer. And when you consider the growing mountains of data you have to deal with, pictures become more a necessity than a luxury. To answer the need in the burgeoning industrial and commercial markets, Hughes has used its high technology to develop advanced methods for the sensing, storage and display of pictorial data. Now, this image processing tech- nology has developed into a whole family of components, systems, subsystems and software. Our products include image memories, image processors, ·------------------, I o i HUGHES i o I HL U-G-H-E-S--A-IR-C-R-A-FT--C-O-M-P-A-N~Y INDU·T"IAL P'"ODUCT9 DIVl·ION Creative Image Processing. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 81 Compliments of Hollywood Park special display systems, graphic terminals, direct view storage tubes, scan converter tubes, visible and IR sensors. We also have an applications engineering staff available to provide systems support and OEM assistance. (Both our products and our services can be tailored to your special requirements.) Today, more than ever, Hughes is ready to help you get the picture . For a new Creative Image Processing Capabilities brochure, write: 6855 El Camino Real, Carlsbad, California 92008. Or call (7141729-9191. Program cuts logic-design costs by letting you select with a computer the set of prime implicants that best meets your requirements; If you want to design logic to have a minimum parts cost, here is a topological computer algorithm to help you select a minimal set of prime implicants. The program finds all irredundant prime-implicant sets to cover the minterms in the original function. The designer chooses the set that best satisfies his design objective. The sets are irredundant covers because if one term is removed, the set no longer covers all minterms. Even a minicomputer suffices to handle many implicants. And you can use a higher-level language, such as Fortran. The algorithm is also useful for the minimization of the number of states in sequential logic. The program accepts the problem in the form of a covering closure table, with the horizontal rows representing prime implicants and the vertical columns minterms of the function. To encode a given function, place a one in each column covered by the prime implicant of the row (Fig. 1). Closure tables for prime implicants do not contain zero entries.1·2·3 However, similar tables are used when the number of states is minimized in sequential machines,4·5 and these tables can have zero entries. The algorithm minimizes either form of covering closure table, so it's useful for either logic or sequential circuit design. The extraction operation The first step is to encode the columns of the table. If we let an x represent blank spaces in the table, the columns of the table in Fig. 1 are .encoded as follows : C1 ·= llxxxx C2= xlxxxl Ca = xxxxll c. = xxllxx C5 = xxxllx A column encoded in this way is called a Boolean cube. The minimization algorithm uses a single topological operation on these cubes to obtain a minimum cover. That operation is the extraction Terry L. Dollhoff, Computer Specialist, Naval Elec· tronics System Command, Washington, D.C. 20360. 186 PRIME IMPLICANTS 2 (al xOIO I (bl OXIO I (cl IXOI x (dl II ·I x ltl ·Ill · (fl 011· x MINTERMS 6 7 13 15 · x x x I x x x · x I x x y I I x I I I x x . I F· I 2,6,7,13,15+( I9,IOlOON'T CARE 1. List prime implicants horizontally. Place a "l" under the minterms covered, otherwise an x. This gives a covering-closure table from which the algorithm ex· tracts sets of irredundant prime implicants. b; # 0 0z yz a; y zz 0 z CASEI A 10·10 B 10 ... zzzzz -- "' RESULT CASE 2 IOnO J.Q..!£.!_ ZZIO jjJ -- IOnO CASE 3 IOn I ..!.Q.!2!.. zz IQllI)z ·oil~ 10 x I 2. Extraction operation deletes common minterms from A and B. The operation has three outcomes: (1) Vacuous result if all elements are Z; (2} Copy A if one or more Y's occur; (3) Copy A for each occurrence of 1(0), with the 1(0) placed in that column's position. The initial source of A's and B's is the covering-closure table columns; x denotes a blank space in the table. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 operation defined by Miller. 5·6·7 The extraction operation on Boolean cubes A and B removes from cube A all sub-cubes com- mon to both A and B. Let [A = (a1a2 · · · a.n)] = and [B (b1b2 · · · bm)] represent typical encoded cubes of m elements. Then the extraction opera- tion, denoted #, is formally defined as : Case 1: A L B (a i =b i or b1= x for all i); then A # B = cf>. = Case 2: An B =cf> (a1 = 0(1), b1 =1(0) for some i) ; then A # B A. Case 3: Neither condition holds; then A # B = m u (a1 a z ... qi ... a m) for all a1 = x, b1 =I= x, i=1 and qi = 1 ( 0) if b i ·= 0 (1) . The pictorial representative of these rules (Fig. 2) illustrates outcomes for each of the three cases: lOxlO # lOxxx cf> lOxxO # 10101 lOxxO lOxxl # 1010x lOOxl and lOxll. The outcome of the operation is also a cube orf m elements. Four-step minimization algorithm The algorithm uses a four-step loop to generate a series of cubes labeled Li. Lz ... LP. If {C i} Fortran subroutines for minimization of prime-implicant covers Main subroutine for cover calculation SUBROUTINE X"TRACT CDC 6600 Fl'N VJ.0-PJ08 OPT·J SUBR0l1TINE XTRACT (CI) THIS ROlll'1NE EXTRAC.TS Cl FRCJ.I L A."l"D PUTS TiiE RESULTS IN LTMP. CO!ffW NROW, NCOL, 'iSOL, Nn!P, ~lASKX, C(lOO), LTMP(lOO), L(lOO) INTEGER Cl, C, A'ID, XOR, NOT, OR er. NOT(I) · -1 X0R(I,J). OR (,\'ID -J), AND (-I, J)) NTMP · 0 10 DO 40 l·l,NSOL J · o\.'lD {L(I}, 'lOT (CI)) IF(J . FQ. O)GO TO 40 JI · XOR {L(l), Cl) Jl · A.'10 (ANO (JI, Jt·2) , IASKX) 15 IF(Jl .SE. 0) GO TO 30 MASK · 3 DO 20 K· l ,NROW ,Jl · AN!l (J, 'l/l'~K) IF(Jl .NC. O)GO TO 10 20 ND1P · NThF+l L'IMP(NTMP) · XOR (L{I), AND (CI, f-IASK)) 10 MASK · MASK.·4 20 CCNTINUE GO TO 40 25 30 NTMP · NTMP+l LTMP(NTMP) · L(I} 40 CCJCTINUE RETURN ENO Reduction operation SUBROUTINE REDUCE 1.11.1uo FlN V3. O-P308 OPT·l SUBROUTINE REDUCE nus ROl.Tl'INF. SETS L · REDUCTIOO(LTMP) CCJ.IMCN NROW, NCOL, 'lSOL, ~IMP, f-IASl(X, C(lOO). LTMP(lOO}. L(lOO} INTI:GER C,A.~D,NOT NOT(I) · -1 NSOL · l L(l) · LTMP (1) 10 IF(NTMP .EQ. l) RETURN 00 30 1·2,NTHP 00 20 J·l ,NSOL K · ~·o (L(J), 1«11' (Ln<P(l))) IF(K .NE. O)r.O TO 10 IS L(J) · L,....(l) GO TO lO 10 K · ANO (LTMP(l), NOT (L(J))) IF(K . EQ . O)GO TO 30 20 COOTINUE 20 NSOL · NSOL· l L(NSOL} · LT'·IP(I) JO CCJITJNUE RETUR.~ ENO Extraction operation SUBRCXJTlr-.'E SOLVE SUBROIJTINE SOLVE CDC 6600 fTN Vl . 0-Pl08 OPT·l nus ROOTINE CALCULATES ALL POSSIBLE IRRED~DANT COVERS FOR A COVERING-ClDSURE TABLE 111110SE COLUMIS ARE STORED IN C(l) .· . C(NCllL). ~AQI COLUl-tl CONTAINS NROW ELEMENTS. THE POSSIBLE SOLlffIOOS ARE STORED IN L(l) ·· . L(NSOL) CDM:>N NROW, NCOL, ~SOL, NTMP, !IASKX, C(IOO), LTMP(lOO). L(IOO) INTEGER C IO NSOL · 1 1.(1) · 4**NROW - l 'IASKX · 0 00 10 J·l,~ROW HASt:x · ~IASli.X*4 +- 2 IS 10 ~TINlE 00 20 I· l ,NCOL EXTRACT C(I) FRCm L, ANO Pl.ACE RESULTS IN LTMP 20 CALL XTRACT (C(I)) SET L · REDUCTIOO (LTMP) CALL REDUCE ZS 20 CONTJNl.IE RETIJRN ENO EL ECTRONI C D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 187 L · ,XXX---- ---X, M TIMES 2. 3. 4. is i+I YES i ~ n? NO STOP 3. Side-by-side comparison of algorithm and problem shows the types of results expected. The five-column table requires six iterations and has five possible ir- i·I.{ L}· {xxxxxx} }# { T}· { L llmx·{Oxxm,xOxxxx} ·2,{ L i }·REDUCTION { T} L}# { T}·{ xlxxxl ·{OOxxxx~ OxxxxO, xOxxxo} i·3.{ L}·REDUCTION{ T} L} { T }·{ # xxxxl I ·{oxxxxO,xOxxOx, xOxxxo} i ·4, {L}·REDUCTION {T} }·{L}# { T xxllxx·{oxOxxO,OxxOxO,xOOxOx,xOxOOx,xOOxxO, xOxOxo} ·s.{ i L }·REDUCTION {T} { T }· L # xxxllx ·{o.oOxO~OxOxOO,OxxOxO, xOOxOx, xOxOOx, xOOOxO~ xOOxOO~ xOxOxO} i · 6, { L }· REDUCTION {T} · {OxOxOO, OxxOxO, xOOxOx, xOxOOx, xOxOxO} " INDICATES CUBES DELETED BY THE SUBSEQUENT REDUCTION redundant covers. Zeros indicate the row (prime im· plicant) used for a given cover. The one used as the solution depends on various cost criteria. is the set of columns of a covering-closure table with n columns and m rows, then: 1. i = 1 {L} xx x · .. x (m times). 2. {T} L # C;. 3. {L} REDUCTION {T}. 4. i i + 1. If i .::::: n, go to Step 2. Elimination of redundant cubes in T occurs in = Step 3. Start with {L} {T1}. Compare each remaining T ; with every element of {L}. If an all-Z result is obtained at any point (Case 1), discard that T; since it is a subset of some other member of {L}. If no comparison produces an all-Z result, add that T , to {L}. On completion of Step 4, set L will contain P cubes, each with m elements. Each LJ is a unique solu~ion to the covering-closure table. The rows (prime implicants) are indicated by a "O" in L,. If {L} is empty at any point in the calculation, then no cover exists for the table. A side-by-side comparison between the algo- rithm and computational results (Fig. 3) for the five-column table shows five possible covers of the minterms. 1. OxOxOO a,c,e,f. 2. OxxOxO a,d,f. 3. xOOxOx b,c,e. 4. xOxOOx b,d.e. 5. xOxOxO '= b,d,f. The optimal solution depends on the cost cri- teria. If both the inputs and the complements of inputs are available, all prime implicants require one three-input AND gate and solutions 2, 3, 4 and 5 would yield equal costs. 188 When the complements are not available and must be generated by an inverter, the prime implicants can be assigned costs based upon the number of gates required for implementation. These costs are : (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (e) 1 (f) 2 In this case, solution 4 is one gate less expensive than 2, 3 and 5. A number of algorithms exist for cost criteria where each row is assigned a fixed cost. Some cost criteria, however, cannot be handled by existing techniques-say, when you assign costs based on the number of gates needed for implementation but allow sharing of the outputs from the inverters. In. this case, if a complement is required by two different prime implicants (for example, b,f), the same inverter will be used for each. Therefore solutions 4 and 5 have equal cost. Computer implementation Primitive bit-by-bit operations-usually available as simple assembly-language commands~can perform the extraction operation and the data manipulation. These operations-bit-by-bit, OR, XOR and NOT-are al!'lo available in most Fortran implementations so higher-level languages are applicable. Each cube or column is condensed to one or ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 more computer words. The possible values 1,0,x become: 0 01 1 10 x 11 A MASK word that consists of n repetitions of a bit pattern-in this instance, 10-is frequently used. With these definitions, the three cases are de- termined by the following operations: Case 1: AND (A, NOT (B)) = 0. Case 2: AND (T, T*2, MASK) =I= 0 T = XOR (A,B). Case 3 : Neither Case 1 nor Case 2. The AND operation for Case 2 ANDs the three entities T, T*2 and MASK. The extraction operation consists of the copying of A into the storage location that has been designated to receive the result. Additional processing is required for Case 3. And multiple results can occur. Assign S to be a set of words with member Si. Then do the following: Step 1. i=l; j=O; T = AND(A, NOT(B)); MASK=3. Step 2. Y = AND (T,MASK) ; if Y~o then j = j + 1 ; Si = XOR (A,AND (B,MASK) ) . Step 3. MASK = MASK *4; i = i + 1 ; if i L m, go to Step 2. Three Fortran subroutines can perform the four-step algorithm. The major subrouti!le SOLVE performs Step 1, then calls XTRACT and REDUCE to do Steps 2 and 3, respectively. A DO loop in SOLVE corresponds to Step 4. The program stores column data and answers in integer words, so the word length of the particu- lar computer determines the number of rows that can be handled (one-half the word length). For example, the 60-bit CDC-6600 word permits entry of a 30-row table. Larger numbers of rows or smaller word lengths require storage of data in multiple words or possibly in separate arrays. Repeated multiplication by four, along with integer addition, suffices to map the input data to the desired binary pattern. · · References 1. Bowman, R. M., and McVey, E. S., "A Method for the Fast Approximate Solution of Large Prime Implicant Charts," IEEE Trans. Comput. (Short Notes), Vol. C-19, February, 1970, pp. 169-173. 2. Gimple, J. F., "A Reduction Technique for Prime Implicant Tables," IEEE Trans. Electron Comput., Vol. EC-14, August, 1965, pp. 535-541. 3. Luccio, F., "A Method for the Selection of Prime Implicants," IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput., Vol. EC-15, April, 1966, pp. 205-212. 4. Grasselli, A., and Luccio, F., "A Method for Minimizing the Number of Internal States in Incompletely Specified Sequential Machines," IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput., Vol. EC-14, June, 1965, pp. 350-359. 5. Miller, R. E., Switching Theory, Vol. I, Wiley, New York, 1965, pp. 172-175. 6. Dollhoff, T. L., and Weinberg, B. L., "A Result on Set Extraction and Application to CC-tables," IEEE Trans. Comput. (Short Notes), Vol. C-21, June, 1972, pp. 603-606. 7. Su, S. Y. H., "Trade your Karnaugh Maps," Electronic Design, Vol. 21, No. 21, October, 1973, pp. 88-92. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 · Data recording: utHiution of COIWtntional audio cassette or reel·to-reel tape recorders for image storage · Biomedical image analysis · Industrial control · Computer image enhancemerit Video instruments for data acquisition, processing, transmission, and display. C V I· Colorado Video, Inc. P.O. Box 928 Boulder, Colorado 80302 (303) 444-3972 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 82 189 INTERDATA wanted the most reliable cassette tape system available. They chose Raymond for their INTERTAPE II. The INTERTAPE cassette system was devised to provide users of Interdata's quality mini-computers with a low-cost, sequential mass storage device. The lntertape system functions as a convenient input/output medium for the storage of data and program files. If your data processing system calls for OEM dig- · ital cassette transports with maximum performance and reliability characteristics, follow the lead of Interdata and other industry leaders, specify the outstanding digital cassette recorder-Raycorder by Raymond . ®Raymond Engineering Inc. 217 Smith St., Middletown, Conn. 06457 Telephone: (203) 347-5611 A subsidiary of Raymond Prec ision Industries Inc . INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 83 [ 8 Kyodo Electronic Laboratories Inc. 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We 've already made the investment to bring you proven random-access semiconductor memory systems with low power consumption , small size and up-to-date design. And we give you fast delivery at competitive prices. You avoid the problems of design and component selection , debugging and redesign , slow component delivery and expensive testing . Our MONOSTORE semiconductor systems provide memory capacities from 256 bits for buffer memories to 3.9 megabits for mass memory systems. Eight standard systems give you a wide choice of bipolar or P and N-channel MOS memories. For example , our Planar systems are single-board units with capacities up to 4K x 20. MONOSTORE/PLANAR boards include timing , control , address register, input data register, refresh circuitry (when required) and the memory array .. .you supply only DC voltages and signals for ad dress, data and cycle initiate. 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Plan to visit our exhibit at the National Computer Conference, May 6-10, McCormick Pl. , Chicago, Illinois, booth 127-129. We'll be there with hardware and operating systems. E L ECTRONIC D ESIGN ' 9, Aprif 26, 1974 2700 S. Shoshone, Eng lewood, Colorado. Phone 303/761 -2275. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 85 19 1 Program gives tilter time response . based on Laplace transform techniques. Exact solutions are provided for a variety of pulsed waveforms. Most computer-aided design procedures make much ado of filter frequency response and s-plane singularities but leave the .designer in the dark as to the filter's time-domain response. A short program gives the time response when the input is a connected series of waveform segments and the system transfer function is described by a ratio of polynomials in the complex frequency domain. The program provides a tabular listing of the output and algebraic expressions that describe the response of the network to each segment of the input. The type of output furnished is particularly useful for work with pulsed data systems, in which the network's time response is often as important as group-delay and frequenc~-attenu ation characteristics. Program uses partial fractions The response of the network to each input segment can be written in the form of a ratio of polynomials in s. Once the response to each segment is calculated, the over-all response, by superposition, equals the sum of the individual responses. The program input includes the system transfer-function coefficients, the number of forcingfunction segments, the start time for each segment and the time between output data points. The driving function (Fig. 1) consists of four Laplace transformable functions : 1. A unit step u(t), t > o+. 2. A ramp f(t) = t, t > o+. 3. A ramp f (t) = - (t- 7.854), t ::::,.. 7.854. 4. A negative step f (t) = - 2, t :::,,. 15.708. The program requests numerator and denominator coefficients for each input segment as well as the transfer function, which in this case is the fifth-order, unity-gain Butterworth filter F (.s) = 1/ (s5 + 3.2631 s ' + 5.2361 s3 + 5.2361 s2 + 3.2361 s + 1) . Thomas H. Lecklider, Design Engineer, Gould, Inc., Instrument Systems Div., 3631 Perkins Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44114. 192 10 8 ~ 6 .,: => 4 IL !!!: I I I I I I I I I I I , I I -' ' ' - INPUTOUTPUT ---- ~ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 TIME (SEC) 1. Exact responses of linear systems to commonly used waveforms are computed in segments and combined. The forcing function, in this example, is inputted as a sequence of unit-step, positive-ramp, negative-ramp and negative-step waveforms . All entries, system-transfer functions and input segments must be represented as a ratio of polynomials, with the coefficient of the highest-order denominator term normalized to unity (Fig. 2). The product of the input-function polynomial and transfer function must give a ratio of polynomials, in which the numerator polynomial is at least one order less than the order of the denominator. The program handles denominators of 10th order or less and up to fourth-order poles. Since poles of an order greater than four are seldom used, the only important restriction is on the order of the combined forcing and system functions. Program has three parts The Fortran IV computer program, named LAPTR, is organized into three parts: input, computation and output. The input section accepts transfer-function coefficients as well as the time interval between data output points. The transfer function is EL ECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 LPTR 11 t041EST l2/IOn3 ENTER SY STEM TRANS r Ef( l'UNCTI 0N ENTER NUMERAT0R 0RDER 70 ENTER NUMERAT 0R C0El'l'I CI ENTS J HIG HEST 0RDER rI RST ?I · ENTER DEN0M I N AT0R 0R DER ?5 ENTER DEN0MIN AHrn C0EFF I CIENT SJ HIGHES T 0RDER rIR ST · HIGHEST 0RDER C0E FF"I CIENT MUST EE N0RM ALI ZE D T 0 I · 0 · 71 u 3.236 1 75 . 236 11 5 ·236 1" 3 · 236 1,, I· ENTER NUMBER 0F SEGMENTS IN r eRC I NG FUNC T I 0N?.ti ENTER START I NG TIME reR E ACH SEGMEN T?O ... o ... 1 . a:5.11,,1 5 .7 oe ENTER 0UTPU T TIME STEP ? . 5 ENTER F0RC I NG FUNCT I 0N TR ANSF 0RM ENTER NUfi'IERAT 0R 0fi0ER ?O ENTER NUl'1ERAT0R C0EFrI CIENTS J HIGH EST 0RD ER FI RST ?l . ENTER DEN0MINAT 0R 0RD ER? l ENTER 0EN0MINAT0R C0EFFI CI ENTS J HI GHE ST 0RDER FI RST . HIGHEST 0RDER C0EFFI CIENT MUST BE N0Rfi'IALI ZED T0 1. 0 . 11 . ,, 0 . GC I> * 1 · 00 0 0 0 EXP··< o . EXP·· < - 0 . 80904 · T> ·T· ·< 0 >· < -2.75292 · SIN< 0 · 58 77 5 · T> EXP··< - 0 . 30901 ·T> ·T· · < 0 >·< -0.00002 ·SIN < 0 . 95 106 ·T> o . ooo:JO · C0S < 0 . 8 9.11 35 · C0S < 0 . 59 77 5 · T> 0 ·9 5 10 6 ·T> ENTER F0RCING FUNCTl 0N TR ANSF 0RM ENTER NU ME RAT 0R 0RDER ?0 ENTER NUMERAT2R C0EF FI CIE NT SJ HI GHEST 0RDER FIRST ?l . ENTER DEN0MINAT0R 0RDER72 ENTER DEN0M I NAT0R C0EFFICIENT SJ HIGHEST 0RDER F I RST . H I GHEST eRDER C0EF F IC I EN T MUST E-E N0RMAL I ZED T0 1 · 0 · 71 ., 0 . ,, 0 . = G< 2> I 000000 · EXP·· < o. * - 3 ·. 236 10 EXP·· < O· EXP··< -0 . 8090.Q ·T> ·T·· < 0 >·C 2·227.Q I ·SINC 0 058775 ·T> I · 61778 ·C0S C 0 . 58 77 5 · T> EXP··< -0.3090 1 *Tl ·T··C 0 >·< -0.2763.Q ·C0SC o.85059 ·SIN < 0 . 95106 ·T> 0 · 95106 · T> 1 089466 ·EXP··< - 1 . ()0000 ·T> ·T·· < 0) ENTER F0RCJNG FUNCTI eN 'TRANSF0RM ENTER NUMERAT0R ~ROER?O ENTER NUMERAHIR C0EFFJCIENTSJ H I GHEST eRDER l'IRST?-lo ENTER DEN0M I NAUlR 0RDER?2 ENTER DEN0MINAT0R C0EFrlCIENTSJ HIGHEST 0RDER FI RS T · HIGHEST 0RDER C0EFFICIENT MUST BE N0RMALI ZEO T0 1. 0 . 71., 0 ., 0 . G c 3> = - I 000000 * EXP · · < O. * 3 · 236 10 EXP ··< o . EXP··< - 0 . 6090 .ti *T> ·T··C 0 >· < - t. 6 177 8 ·C0S < -2 . 227.ti l ·SIN < 0 05877 5 ·T> 0 0587 75 ·T> EXP ·· < -0 . 30901 · T> · T··< 0 >·< -0 . 85059 ·SIN< 0 · 95 106 · T> 0 . 2763"1 ·C0S < 0 . 95106 · T> - 1 · 894166 *EXP··< - 1 . 00000 ·T> ·T··< 0 > ENTER F 0RCI NG FU NC TI eN TRAN SF 0RM ENTER NUMERAT0R eROE:R ?O ENTER NUMERAT0R C0EF F ICI ENTSJ HIGHEST 0ROER FlRST?-2 . ENTER DEN0MINAT0R 2fiDER? l ENTER DENeMlNATeR C0EFFICJENTSJ HIGHEST ERDEfl FIRST . HIGHEST 0RDER CeEFFICJENT MU~T 6E N0fiMALIZED re 1 .0 . 11 . .. 0 . G< 4) * -2 . QOOOO EXP··< o. EXP··c - 0.80904 ·T> ·T··< 0 >·< -o . 0006 1 ·C0SC s . 50564 ·SINC o . 58775 ·T> EXP·· < - Q. 30901 *T> ·T··< 0 >·< - t . 76871 ·C0SC 0000005 ·SIN< 0.95 106 ·T> * 3·78932 EXP··< - t . 00000 ·T> ·T··< 0 > o . 58775 ·T> 0 · 95106 ·T> ENTER SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTION ENTER TIME INFORMATION 160 270 280 440 ENTER FORCING FUNCTION TRANSFORM 450 610 500 660 COMBINE FUNCTIONS G !SI ·NlSl/DlSI ~ 670 600 630 FIND POLES OF GISI _f!!Q 820 950 106c5 DIFFERENTIATED !SI 9 10 .!!.d.Q!fil · DP !SI 930 EVALUATE N (SI I DP\SI AT S · Sp- THIS IS 11 30 RESIDUE AT POLE S CONSTRUCT NEW DENOMINATOR D1\SI ·DISl!\S-SplM ~ 1360 ORDER·M 1400 EVAUJATE N \SllD1 ISl 1410 ATS· Sp ORDER · ORDER -I 1470 EVALUATE TERMS llJ APPROPRIATE OUTPUT TIMES. STORE IN OUTPUT AREA 16 9 0 1920 N\SI · J!...!'!l.fil 0 11s1 dS 0 11s1 PRINT FROM OUTPUT AREA 2080 NOTE : THE NUMBERS NEXT TO EACH BOX REFER TO THE CORRESPOND ING GROUP OF LI NES IN THE PROGRAM LISTING 2. Program input is in the complex frequency domain as a ratio of polynomials. The user inputs the system transfer-function coefficients as well as those of each forcing -function segment. The algebraic expression is the exact response of the system to each input segment, a unique feature of the program. The Laplace transform of each response must be of order 10 or less. E L ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 3. Inversion of the Laplace transform by partial fractions supplies the time-doma in response. The program com putes the response to each segment separately, then adds the results to obtain tile complete response in accordance with the principle of superposition . Program operation is divided into three parts: input, computation of inverse Laplace transform and output accumulation. 193 entered first, followed by each of the driving function segments. The Laplace coefficients for the segments are the undelayed transforms ; the program automatically shifts the starting time to the proper value. A maximum of 11 input segments is allowed. The only restriction on the type of input segments allowed is that they be expressible as the ratio of two polynomials. Multiplication of the system-transfer function by the input-forcing function occurs in the computation section. Tlie poles of the product (the denominator zeros) al'e found by a · oall to DOWNH, a proprietary General Electric program based on the "downhill-Newton" method. If this is not available, the user must supply his own version. The calling sequence for the routine is CALL DOWNH (A,N,AR,AI) in which A is the coefficient array, N the polynomial degree and AR,AI the real and imaginary parts of the 'roots. Once calculated by DOWNH, the poles are used to evaluate the partial-fraction expansion. The inverse Laplace transform is calculated from the sum of terms that result. Similar time functions are then grouped together to give the time response of the system to a particular segment of the forcing function. This function is printed out as an algebraic .equation. The function is also evaluated at the specified time steps o. soo I · 0 00 I . SOO 2 . 000 2 . soo 3 . 000 3 . 500 ll · ODO .ll o500 s . ooo o . ooo O o 006 Oo 035 o.i 16 Q . 282 Q. 55'2 0 · 932 1 · .i:i 11 I o9 6 J 2 . 559 s.soo 6. ooo 6. soo 7 . ooo 1. soo 8 0000 80500 9 . 000 9 . soc 10.000 J o I 6 7 3 ·7 62 .11 . 330 "1 0864 5 0 367 5.5417 6 0 3 15 6 077 8 1. 239 7 0686 T 10. soo 11 .ooo 11. soo 1 2 . 000 12 . soo 13 0000 13 0500 1 .i:i .ooo 1.11 . soo 1s . ooo 8 0098 9 . 4 5 3 e .1 3 1 8 0920 9 · 023 9. os2 9 . 02e B .CJ7 2 8 09 07 8 08 .119 as.soc 16·000 1 6 . 500 17 .ooo 17 . soo 18 . coo 18 . soc 19 . 0 00 19·500 2 0.000 8 08 09 8 0789 a .1a 6 B ,77 5 8011 6 8 0 5 7 41 8 03 36 8 002 1 7 06 62 1o 30 1 20 0500 21 0000 2 1 0500 22 0000 22 0500 23 00 0 0 23 osoo 2 .ti ooo o 24 oSOO 2soo o o 1. 000 6 017 3 6 0639 6 0593 6 06 17 6 0685 6 07 69 6 · 8 '48 6· 907 60 93 7 4. Tabu lar output contains 50 values of system output and the corresponding times. The output is taken directly from data accumulated in the output area. The same area can be used for input to user-supplied plotting routines. and the results stored in an output area. Output data for each forcing function are cal- culated separately, then added to the output area. In this way the complete response is built up segment by segment. The output section provides a tabular listing of the data accumulated in the output area. The program outputs 50 time-output pairs (Fig. 4). The user can add his own plotting routines or use the vendor's if graphical output is desired. · · Fortran IV program for transient analysis 100 110 120 1 30 1·0 I 50 160 17 0 180 19 0 200 2 10 220 2 30 2·0 250 260 27 0 280 29 0 300 3 10 320 330 3·0 350 360 37 0 380 390 ·OD · ID ·20 ···3O0 450 ·60 "70 ABO <90 500 S JOC 520C 530 SAO 5 50 >60 57 0 580 590 600 6 10 6 20 6 30 REAL NC 100) .. IM .. I MO .. NF C100 >" I Mi'i .. NF C 11) REAL NJ< 1t).,D3 C11) INTEGER D eRO.. DF 0RD.. O J .. DFt .. 0RD DI MENS I £N D< 100 ) .. RT RC11) .. RTJC It) .. MCI O>.. ore 100 ) .. 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L".lUhl\ 2620 l:.f\D :0:63C.. uo portable Introducing THE Digital Panel Meter for Po NOW, make your portable instruments smaller, lighter, less expensive and more reliable. With the Datascan Model 820 battery powered DPM, you also get a bright, reliable and readable 3V2 digit LED display, 0.1% (of reading) accuracy, battery input voltage from 4.8 to 8.0 · volts and an attractive miniaturized metal case that's only 3.5" deep x 2.5" wide x 1.3" high. To get complete specs or to arrange for a demonstration, call or write. We're anxious to help you GO PORTABLE. ·other ranges available. P.O. Box 785 1111 Paulison Ave. Clifton, N.J. 07013 Telephone: 12011 478-2800 Datascan Data scan Electronic Products INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 86 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 195 lnt/e. rsil CHALLENGES TO THE ENGINEER WHO MANAGES New rules for faster design. Shortages of components, market changes, diminishing lead timesall call for a shrewder, more informed engineer. It used to take as long to design a product as it does to have a baby, but faster and faster evolving markets and technology have changed that. Now designers must create a product in six months instead of nine, and tomorrow they'll probably have to do it even faster. To meet the challenge, the engineers in our oompany, Data Precision, have had to alter their working habits. They had been following the trend of making the product less expensive and more convenient by using the latest technologies. But the ground rules for design have changed in the last few years in the following ways : · Because of component shortages, today's designer must be more concerned about their price and availability than ever before. · Unlimited design changes and improvements are a thing of the past; unlike the old aerospace market, in the commercial area it's still a question of price and field service. · Customers don't want versatility any more. They are looking for small, inexpensive dedicated instruments, and here complex ICs are fulfilling the need. · Engineers must learn to interface with all departments to be'better informed about customer problems. · Engineers must keep up with current events, particularly as they relate to overseas technology and competition. New points of view needed The older engineers tend to be conservative people; they resist change. The newer designers don't resist as much because they think that computer technology is a panacea, and that's not realistic either. To beat those attitudes, I had to make believers out of those fellows. I didn't tell them what to do; I told them what's happening. For background, I told them that during the days of the big aerospace market, the engineer Harold Goldberg, President, Data Precision, Wakefield, Mass. 01880. 198 Harold Goldberg As a company president, Harold Goldberg has made good use of the courses in engineering economics he learned at Cooper Union in New York City where he graduated in 1944. But then he has found a knowledge of finances very helpful throughout his career in a large variety of jobs· with many companies. He started designing at Press Wireless, Radio Receptor, and Northern Radio, after a stint in the army. He earned an MEE at Brooklyn Polytech in 1950 and immediately got a job at the Allen B. Dumont Labs in New J·ersey where he worked his way up to assistant production manager responsible for test facilities. He designed conveyorized test systems for radar and military receiver/transmitters, and TV receivers. Later he joined Emerson Radio as head of engineering fabrication where he set up shortrun manufacturing facilities. He left to become chief development ens-ineer of Consolidated Avionics Corp., and, some years later, he became engineering manager of EPSCO, Systems Div. There he helped develop advanced data handling systems, multipoint analog inputs to computer formatted digital tape, PCM telemetry, manual, automatic and computerized automatic test equipment. In 1962 he helped form Lexington Instrument Corp., a maker of medical instrumentation, as vice-president for R&D. He developed patient monitoring systems, coronary care units and measuring instrumentation, ectopic beat monitors, and multichannel EKG monitors. When the company turned out to be more was insulated from problems other than those of design. He was separated from management, purchasing, sales and manufacturing because that's the way the system seemed to work best. But what seems to work best now is for the engineer to interface with all departments, and especially with his customers. He should find out, for example, how .shortages are affecting his ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 of a technical success than a financial one, he left in 1966 to join Avco Research Labs at Everett, Mass., as part of Dr. Arthur Kantrowitz medical heart register research team. There for only 18 months, Mr. Goldberg designed the instrumentation and control to run the balloon counterpulsation research still in progress. After joinin.g ORION research in 1968 as operat10ns manager and chi ef engineer of manufacturing electro-chemical instrumentation, he helped to develop the selective chemical measurement techniques that are changing the clas- sical field of chemical analysis. In 1971 he helped start Data Precision Corporation, developing primarily digital multimeters. In the past three years the company has grown and prospered. Mr. Goldberg is a member of the IEEE Board of Directors, and vice chairman of the Institute's technical activities board. When he finds time, he skis . When he doesn't find time to ski, he plants trees. He has turned a perfectly good pasture into a forest around his Lexington, Mass., home where he lives with his family. customers and perhaps find a way to compensate. The designer should accompany the salesman on his field trips. So often the salesman doesn't know what the engineer's design options are, and the engineer can be of valuable assistance if he's exposed to the problem personally. The designer must listen to his marketing people more than he ever did. The day of telling the sales EL ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 people, "Look I'll design it, you go out and sell it," is gone, because the sales people know where the market is. It's helpful, too, if the designer thinks the way the user of his equipment does-as a medical technician, for example, if it's medical equipment he's designing. It's not easy for an engineer to think this way, because seldom has he been 199 trained in that direction. You might gently remind him that the ground rules have probably changed since he graduated from engineering school. Current events influence designs I also told our engineers that they must know more about current events and economics, because these affect their designs. The designer has to know more about foreign trade, because the government has put restrictions on items that are manufactured overseas. A lot of the designer's suppliers are manufacturing overseas, and they have their own problems that the designer should know about. Current events are affecting us more than they ever have. Every day we read that electronics is moving more and more into other industries, such as medicine, automobiles and recreation. The designer should know that a couple of these industries may move into, quasi-recessions. I hope we're a little smarter than we were in 1969-1970, when we said it oouldn't happen to us. What has happened is that for 30 years we were marching along singing our song totally oblivious to the outside word because our markets weren't affected. All of a sudden we're as much a kite in the wind as any other industry. But the winds of change are prevalent even in our own industry. For one thing, very few people seem to want the versatile instrument any more ; they prefer the dedicated instrument. The idea, in my field, of combining the capacitor measurement with the digital voltage or a counter with a voltmeter is very easy to do technically, but there's no market for it now. If the customer wants a voltmeter, that's what he wants. One large electronics company has found this out and changed its product structure to reflect this. The usual engineering trick is to say that I can give the guy more because technically I can add this additional feature to it and it'll only cost me X number of bucks, and I steal a march on my competitors. But that doesn't work now. Another thing I tell our engineers is to design smart without making the customer pay more. This doesn't mean the company absorbs the difference but rather the wi,se use of today's technology. No one has a monopoly on brains. The other guy is just as smart as I am, maybe smarter. Fortunately, for me, there can be more than one winner. Flexibility to counter shortages Shortages have taught our engineers a little humility. They can't afford to ignore the parts salesman as they used to. And they can no longer rely on one vendor or one technology to see them 200 through a project. We make the designs flexible, so we can use LSI or multiple chips, in case some of the components we'v_e ordered don't ar- rive. Also, we've designed a PC board that can use ICs and/ or discretes. In good times we'd never think of doing that, but who can guarantee that ICs will keep coming in. We've tried to figure out what might be stolen or what might be hoarded as a result of short- ages. We make a miniaturized product that could be carried off by a thief easily. We're now de- signing it with a benchstand so it's not so easy to steal; the benchstand itself is very difficult to take apart. And we're coming out with a larger model that won't fit into a lunch pail. We used to design a piece of equipment with a removable line cord for the customers' con- venience. If it isn't removable, it dangles and gets in the way as you move it. Line cords today, if you can get them, are delivered in 26 to 52 weeks. You don't design a product with a re- movable line cord today because they walk. You have no way of knowing that unless you go into the customer's plant and he tells you. · The need to think ahead Finally I think the designer has to do a little crystal-ball gazing to get a feel for the direction of designs in the future. The computer industry, at the moment, is rela- tively unaffected by design changes, because we're still in the throes of moving computerized sys- tems into new areas, such as inventory control and accounting systems. The new design area for instruments is to move digital output instruments into the field formally served by analog instruments. With the advent of molded plastics, we've been able to move into the analog domain with the $200 multimeters. The LSI chip has enabled us to move in size and complexity into the analog world and compete effectively. Obviously the market is looking for instruments that are both portable and inexpensive. · In components, more and more people want complex ICs, 'because there's a major space sav- ing, a major power-dissipation savings and, in many cases, a major cost savings. The ticket of admission is very high. What the IC manufac- turer tries to do is develop his own proprietary product, which he can then sell to the instrument or device manufacturer. He's second-guessing the guy who's making the instrument. We have to find a way to control the situation, because, for one thing, the maker is forced to design around what the IC maker has to offer, and I don't believe anyone thinks that's healthy -to have an IC make~ dictate what we're going to design. ··· ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 If you need top-quality panel instruments with a clean, modern look... GL Buy TripleH's Series GL or GLIB GL/B (mounted appearance) Triplett's newest panel instruments, the Series GL and GL/ B, feature glass windows, mattefinish ' phenolic cases and a dial design that can readily accommodate multiple scales. They are available in 3117 11, 4117 11 and 51/2 11 sizes. The GL Series features a standard 2-stud mount with 3- and 4-stud mounts available. The feature of the GLIB Series is behind-the-panel mounting with a bezel which is an integral part of the case. ELECTRONIC DESIGN. 9, April 26, 1974 There's a choice of more than 275 stock sizes and ranges - in DC microammeters, milliammeters, ammeters, millivoltmeters and voltmeters; AC milliammeters, ammeters, and voltmeters; RF thermoammeters; dB meters and VU meters. For those who need special instruments ... custom dials, pointers, scales, accuracy, tracking, resistance, response time or practically any combination of unusual specs can be put into these new cases. For quick, dependable delivery INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 88 of small quantities of these adaptable new instruments, contact your Triplett Sales/Service/ Modification Center or distributor. For prototypes or production quantities, contact your Triplett representative. Triplett Corporation, Bluffton, Ohio 45817. 1lf TRIPLETT BLUFFTON, OHIO 45817 Manufacturers al the World 's mast complete line al Y·O·M's 201 (ideas for design) 10-MHz differential video line receiver built with monolithic IC transistor array Use the well-matched properties of the CA3046 monolithic npn IC transistor array to build a differential video line receiver. The circuit amplifies signals between a coaxial cable's center conductor and shield, but rejects common-mode voltages to ground. Video-signal levels can be 2 V pk-pk, with a ± 5-V common-mode range. The circuit shown exploits the matching of the five transistors in the array. Transistors Qa and Q. form a degenerated (controlled gain) differential pair with Qi and Q2 used as an emittercurrent source. With no signal coupling between the Qa and Q. emitters, the common-mode amplification is very low, due to the low output conductance of Q, and Q2· The low conductance produces a common-mode rejection of 60 dB, while the differential signal transfer through R6 and R1 results in nominal unity gain for differential signals. The actual gain is very close to the ratio of Ru to Ra + R1. A common-mode swing of 10 V pk-pk is provided by Q1 and Q2· The transistors are biased to feed 1 mA into each side of the differential pair, Q3 and Q. . Parasitic suppression resistors are used in the Qa and Q,, input base leads to prevent vhf oscillations. The remaining array transistor is used as an emitter feed for the discrete output buffer, Qs. The high f t of the transistors, low circuit time constants and the common-collectorI common-base drive of Q3 and Q. give the circuit a video bandwidth greater than 10 MHz. The input impedance is high enough to bridge a 75 fl coaxial line without excessive loading, and does not refl·ect Miller capacitance to the input line. Loads should be 2 kn or greater, and Q6 will deliver a 2-V pk-pk linear output. Walter Jung, 1946 Pleasan tville Rd., For est Hill, Md. 21050. CIRCLE No. 311 12V R4 ..70 lt2 l901l 470 Uslnc the matchin1 chancteristlcs of the CA3046 five-transistor array to best advanta1e, this video 202 line receiver has a bandwidth of 1'0 MHz. The cir· cult can deliver a 2·V output. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 OUTPUT VOLTAGE 5 5 5 5 5 5 OUTPUT CURRENT AMPS. .250 .500 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 REGULATION LOAD LINE ±% ±% .05 .05 .1 .05 .2 .05 .3 .1 .15 .05 .15 .05 RIPPLE MV RMS 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 PRICE $39.00 49.00 69.00 98.00 110.00 125.00 MODEL 5E25 5E50A 5E100 5E150 5E200 5E250 SIZE INCHES 2.3 x 1.8 x 1.00 3.5 x 2.5 x 1.00 3.5x2.5x1.25 3.5 x 2.5 x 1.25 3.5 x 2.5 x 2.00 3.5 x 2.5 x 2.00 ... and the model you choose will be shipped 3 days after Acopian receives your order. With a 105-125 VAC input, use it at full rated load to 71 ° C. Short circuits won't damage it. These mini-modules can be mounted on a printed circuit board in a space of only a few square inches. Generous quantity discounts are available. Or, if you're working with other voltages, choose from hundreds of other models. Single outputs from 1 to 75 volts. Duals for op-amps with output currents from 25 to 500 ma. Even triple outputs. Complete details on these plus a comprehensive line of other power supplies and systems are included in the Acopian 73-74 catalog. Request a copy. Corp., Easton, Pa. 18042. Telephone: (215) 258-5441. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 89 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 203 IDEAS FOR DESIGN ltansistor reduces output variation in three-terminal regulator circuit The addition of a transistor buffer improves regulation by a factor of f3 when a three-ter- minal regulator is used in conjunction with a resistive divider. The divider circuit is often used to obtain adjustable or nonstandard output voltages. The voltage divider (Fig. la) biases the ground lead so that the output voltage V0 equals Vo= Vxx (1 + R2/R1) + R2IQ. (1) Output regulation is degraded by changes in IQ in accordance with Y:~ = R2. (2) For the LM340 series, IQ can vary by 1.5 mA with line and load changes, so that the output = change varies by as much as 150 mV for R2 100 .n. Use of the transistor (Fig. lb) improves volt- age regulation by a factor of f3, as shown by the equation for the output voltage: Vo= Vxx(l + Rz/R1) + (R2IQ) / /3 + VaE· For example, if Q1 has a f3 of 100, the output change is 1.5 mV instead of 150 mV. Use of di- ode CR1 minimizes the effect of VBE drift on Vo. A similar scheme improves regulation of a current source built from a three-terminal current regulator. Without the transistor (Fig. 2a) : .Tl.()=VxRx + I Q· (3) Use of the transistor (Fig. 2b) gives ~- Vxx + _!_q_ -R {3' (4) so that the effects of variation in IQ on the out- put is reduced by a factor of f3. Eqs. 1 to 4 apply to positive regulators, such as National's LM109 and LM340 series, Fair- child's A7800 series and Beckman's 805 series. The method also works with negative regulatoraq such as National's LM120 series and Beckman's 855 series. However, an npn transistor is re- quired, and the diode polarity must be reversed. J. C. Anderson and R. E. Shipp, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Helipot Div., 2500 Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, Calif. 92634. CIRCLE No. 312 LM340-XX 3-TERMINAL 3 R REGUumlR LM340-XX 3-TERMINAL REGULATOR Vxx ~ 0 \(:-:;.:J\ I o ·Vxx+~ R f3 1. Resistive output divider allows adjustment of three-terminal regulator output (a) at the expense of variations due to changes in lq. Addition of the transistor (b) reduces this sensitivity by a factor of f3· 204 LM340-XX Vin 3-TERMINAL v. REGULATOR llo RI Vxx R2 LM340-XX 3-TERMINAL REGULATOR Vxx RI l 01 IN914 R2 GNO 2. Current regulator sensitivity to IQ (a) can also be reduced with addition of the transistor·diode circuit (b). INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 90 ~ IDEAS FOR DESIGN A few extra components 741 op amps for high-voltage-swing applications Have a special application where large output swings and high voltages are required? With the circuit shown, you can boost the voltage capability of the 741 op amp to handle ± 45-V supply voltages, deliver output swings of 70 V pk-pk and even have adjustable gain. Resistors Ri, R2, Ra and R. form a voltage divider that splits the ±45-V supply down to ±22.5 V. Transistors Q, and Q2 drop the ±22.5 V still further, by 0.7 V. Thus t he op-amp supply terminals never see more than a 43.6-V differential. Transistors Q, and Q2 always conduct, and thus maintain the 43.6 V across the op-amp supply terminals under all signal conditions. You can prove this with the following three equat ions: )= + V = + ( 45 - 45 ~ Vo - 0.7 21._8 + ~o (1) - V = - ( 45 - 45 ~ Vo - 0.7 ) v2) = - ( 21.8 - (2) ( + V) - ( - V) = ( 21.8 + ~0 ) + ( 21.8 - ~-0 ) = 43.6 (3). Resistors RF and RLN adjust t he gain as usual. The table shows that a 72-V pk-pk output signal is possible without the op-amp specs being ex- ceeded and by use of a 2-kfl load. Surjan Dogra, Gull Airborne Instruments Inc., 55 Engineers Rd., Smithtown, N .Y. 11787. CIRCLE No. 313 RI· IOk INPUT 2N2907A OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING ·70VP-P R2 · 10k R3 · IOk R4 ·10k Vo Veo1 Veo2 v -v (V) (- V) 0 22 .5 - 2 2 .5 21.B -21.8 43.6 36 40.5 -4.5 39. 8 - 3.8 43 .6 -36 4 .5 -40.5 3 .8 - 3 9. 8 43 .6 Two transistors and a few resistors help the 741 op amp handle 72-V pk-pk output-voltage swings and ±45-V supply voltages. IFD Winner of December 20, 1973 Robert W. Wedwick, Senior Engineer, Honeywell Information Systems, Inc., 13430 N. Black Canyon Highway, Phoenix, Ariz. 85029. His idea "Detector Gives Computer Warning of ac Power-Line Failure in 150 µs" has been voted the Most Valuable of Issue Award. Vote for the Best Idea in this issue by circling the number for your selection on the Information Retrieval Card at the back of this issue. SEND US YOUR IDEAS FOR DESIGN . You may win a grand total of $ 1050 (cash)! Here's how. Submit your IF D desc ribing a new o r im portant circui t or design t echniq ue , t he clever use of a new com po nent or test equipment. packagi ng tips, cost -saving ideas to our Ideas for Design editor. Ideas can only be considered for publicati on if th ey are submitted exclusively to ELECTRON IC DESI GN . You wi ll receive $20 for each published id ea, $30 m ore if it is voted best of issue by our readers. The best -of-i ssue winners become eligible for the Idea of the Year award of $1000. ELECTRON IC DESIGN cann ot assume responsibility for circ uits sh own nor re present freed om f ro m patent infringemen t. 206 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 ( design decisions) DPM forms the basis for inexpensive laboratory temperature measurements If you've got a DPM that can measure ratios, you can follow the lead of Analog Devices and use the meter to build an inexpensive instrument to measure temperature. And if the DPM outputs de power, then you'll need only a few additional components to complete the unit. With the DPM and components shown in the diagram, the instrument has a range of - 55 to + 125 C, can resolve 0.1 C and has an accuraicy of 1 C. The thermistor is a YSI-44211, available from Yellow Springs Instrument Co., Yellow Springs, Ohio. The 2-V excitation needed by the thermistor was derived from the DPM's internal reference via the op amp, used as a buffer and scaler. Trimming pots are used to calibrate the zero and the scale factor. Thus the 50...fl pot is adjusted so that 0 C gives a reaiding of zero volts, and the 2-k.fl pot sets the scale factor to read 10 mV!° C. Calibration can also be set for Fahrenheit readings. The result: an accurate measuring tool that is in continuous use at Analog Devices' engineering laboratories to check the temperature rise of new products. ..:!'_15Vdc 33 ~ +IBBB., [f .. . . REF. IOOk (l"loMF) ~ IIREF. IN 10 ;:"15 Vdc 3 0 .4 k ( l " l o M F ) 2N 7 OP tJ 2k SET SCALE (IQmV/°Cl (308N OUTPUT·-1.n 308N OR EQUIV~NT 3 AMP 6 8 4 50 SET ZERO (OV ·0°CI '1' IOOpF 3525 DPM AD 2006 OR EQUIVALENT 3 ~ANALOG HI I ANALOG LO ANALOG GND 34 22k 5825 . r-- - - -- - - t- - -, I I I Tl T2 I I I I I I YSI N0.44211 I L_ - ~E~l~OR- - - _J 500 (1°/oMFI lk (l"loMFI 208 EL ECTRON IC D ES IGN 9, April 26, 1974 VCF/Sweep/Start-Stop/Pulse/Ramp/ Sync/Trigger/Search/2-in-1 Function Generator...an ' Sine, square and triangle waveforms. Single shot waveforms. Sweeping with Internal ramp. Sine · pulse (top wave form) and 100 ns pulse (bottom waveform). Burst mode. Fixed D.C. offset halves amplitude and offsets waveform positive or negative in relation to ground . The Exact Model 7260 VCFI Sweep Generator is one in a series of higher performance instruments designed to be more useful in more test applications. Its frequency range, from 0.0001 Hz to 20 MHz, expands the versatility of function generators into new areas. For instance, the Model 7260's ability to produce sine2 waveforms to 20 MHz now provides a signal source for transmission line testing. Frequency response is flat all the way out to 20 MHz, with high quality waveforms even at the highest frequencies. For sweep applications, the Model 7260 offers "start" and "stop" frequency controls that let you precisely set starting and stopping frequencies. Accurate Kelvin-Varley dividers tell you exact frequencies without using a counter. As a pulse generator, the Model 7260 produces pulses with widths variable from 100 ns to 1000 seconds, and repetition rates from 0.0001. Hz to a full 20 MHz. Ramp waveforms with ramp times from 100 ns to 1000 seconds are another plus in this instrument. The Model 7260 sets the pace in D. C. offset, too, with the ability to select either fixed positive or negative or variable ± 15V offset. Offset also can be externally programmed with an analog voltage. Two complete generators in one, the Model 7260 generates sine, square, triangle, ramp, pulse and sync waveforms, sweeps over a 1000:1 range and has push-button control of the oper- ating modes of both generators. The main generator can operate in internal and external trigger modes. In the internal trigger mode, the ramp/ pulse generator triggers the main generator. Other features include 80 db step attenuation, V:f (voltage proportional to frequency) output, search mode, floating output, sync input for locking to an external frequency or clock and 30V P-P open circuit (15V P-P into 50 ohms) output. ® EXACT electronics, inc. 20 MHz Models: Model 7260 VCF/ Sweep Generator .... . .. .. . ... $ 895.00 Model 7271, same as Model 7260 with the addition of lin or logarithmic sweep plus gated sweep ... . . . . .. $1 ,145.00 (A Subsidiary of Dana/ab, Inc .) BOX 160, HILLSBORO, OREGON 97123 (503) 648-6661TWX910-460-8811 In Europe, Africa and the Middle East , contact: Dana/ab International S.A ., 119/ 121 , Rue Anatole France 1030 Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: 02-414550 11 MHz Models: Model 7060, with all the capabilities of the Model 7260, except 11 MHz upper frequency limit . ... .. . ... .. $ 845.00 Model 7071, same as Model 7060 with the addition of Jin or logarithmic sweep plus gated sweep . ....... . $1 ,095.00 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 92 EL ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 209 international technology awarded by the British Aircraft Corp. calls for use of a Link sixaxis motion system, a Redifon Duoview color closed-circuit display, and Redifon R200A computers and interface equipment. Ultra-fine wiring for IC chips saves space on PC boards A system that uses ultra-fine, insulated copper wires to interconnect IC chips requires onetenth the area of comparable multilayer circuit boards. Developed by researchers at the Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Techn ol ogi e de l'Informatique in Grenoble, France, the wire has a diameter of 30 µm and an insulation of 10 µ,m. With this system, the wires can lie a few micrometers apart, compared with separation of at least 1000 µm for regular PC board connectors. The heat resulting from the ultra-compact wiring is dispersed when the circuits are mounted on a copper plate. The developers estimate that production runs of less than 500 could pay for the setting-up costs. By contrast, production runs of several thousand are needed to justify the preparation costs for conventional multilayer circuits. The wired-up circuits can be combined with PC boards where required. The French researchers are working on a system that uses 15-µm wire suitable for welded connections. Commercial production of the system is expected this year. Depletion-mode load sets MOS thresholds Advances in p-channel MOS integrated circuits have been made in West Germany by use of depletion-mode load transistors, which provide currents proportional to the square of their threshold voltage. With ion implantation, limits are set on the maximum obtainable threshold voltage, depending on the implantation parameters. Researchers at Dortmund University have reported that optimum parameters have been calculated for threshold voltage shifts exceeding 6 V. The calculations were done for 10-n cm silicon bulk material. The oxide thickness was assumed to be 1200 A. The results were in good agreement with experimental data at 35 keV. Common Market studies linear-motor TRANSIT A proposed 186-mph rapid-transit system powered by linear motors is being studied by the Commission of the European Communities (Common Market). A group of European manufacturers of linear-propulsion equipment presented the initial outline to the Commission in Brussels. The system would link major cities in Europe. No details of the mode of suspension have been made public so far. However, the linear motor has been mentioned often in conjunction with the tracked air-cushion vehicle which travels in the 150to-200-mph range. Air-cu s h i on work in Europe centers on Ste. de l'Aerotrain of France, in which Rohr Corp. holds a majority interest. A flight simulaior for the Concorde due A supersonic flight simulator for the Concorde SST will be built by Redifon Flight Simulation, in Crawley, England, in collaboration with the British branch of LinkMiles (Singer Co.). A contract, 210 Cordless headphone receives ultrasonics A cordless headphone system developed by Philips Re,search Laboratories in Hamburg, West Germany, modulates an ultrasonic carrier with the same audio used for wired headphone listening. The phones contain an ultrasonic receiving transducer/ demodulator, eliminating the need for a cord. Auto-ignition timed by digit.al unit A digital electronics unit for auto-ignition timing control has been announced by Robert Bosch GmbH of Stuttgart, West Germany. The company compares the complexity of the unit with that of a desk-top calculator. Timing is determined from engine, air and catalyst temperatures. The company also has a magnetic ignition timer. ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 ··- When you talk about designing and packaging miniature. low current High Voltage Power Supplies and Voltage Multipliers. the name ERIE should come to mind first. Why? No other manufacturer of these sophisticated devices has its own capacitor and rectifier technology in-house. Only ERIE does it all. Our many years experience in producing State of the Art high voltage capacitors and high voltage silicon rectifiers - plus an unsurpassed technology in circuit designing, packaging and encapsulation. makes ERIE an ideal source for your high voltage component needs. From very low input voltages. ERIE can produce output voltages up to 50.000 volts. Application for these compact. high reliability devices includes night-vision image intensification systems. Apollo TV cameras. CRT displays. Avionics systems Write for our 32-page catalog ... High Voltage Components and Devices ... or for technical exposed to rugged environments. Industrial. commercial and military equipments assistance. call ... an· almost infinite variety of applications. So bring ERIE in early. Let us 613/392-2581 design and build your High Voltage Power Supplies and Voltage Multipliers. We 're equipped to handle large or small volume orders . .. in-house. ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, INC. Er ie. Pennsylvania 16512 1=*Hhi For the great mass of products and services, the yellow directory is your quick guide to local sources. Likewise, for precision potentiometers and trimmers - especially high-performance cermet types - the Beckman catalogs are your books. Broad standard lines, stocked for you by a nationwide network of dependable local distributors. In precision pots, you'll find wirewound, cermet, single-tum and multiturn types ranging from 3 up to 40 turns. And, in size, the line goes from 40-turn master pot variety to units as small as 7/8" diameter. Our cermet trimmers come in low-cost single-tum, multiturn, or DIP types. They typify our long experience and proven control in materials technology. We develop, improve, and manufacture the materials in these highly stable trimmers. And they assure you wide resistance range, good high temperature/power characteristics, and complete moisture resistance. These are the trimmers for now and the future - their design advantages over wirewound types are many. Look into our dials, too. The RB vernierreadout, for instance, with 100 graduations per turn. And the 2620, the perfect answer where position setting is a must but the budget permits less than highest precision. For the complete reading on these Beckman components, ask your nearest distributor for applicable catalogs. They may become your favorite source books. Find it fast in these standard reference b·ks. EASTERN REGION Arrow/Angus P.O. Box 126 Moorestown , N.J. (609) 235-1900 (215) 928-1800 Arrow Electronics, Inc. 5207 East Dr. Baltimore, Md. (202) 737-1700 (301) 247-5200 Arrow Electronics, Inc. 900 Route 110 Farmingdale, N.Y. (516) 694-6800 Arrow Electronics, Inc. 295 Treadwell St. Hamden, Conn. (203) 248-3801 Arrow Electronics, Inc. No. 15 A Street Burlington , Mass. (617) 273-0100 Arrow Electronics, Inc. 285 Midland Ave. Saddle Brook, N.J . (201) 797-5800 Harvey R & D Electronics 44 Hartwell Ave. Lexington , Mass. (617) 861-9200 Kierulff Electronics, Inc. 49 Bestpage Rd . Hicksville, N.Y. (516) 433-5530 Klerulff Electronics, Inc. 5 Industrial Dr. Rutherford , N.J. (201) 935-2120 Lynch-Gentry Associates, Inc. 1932 Drew Street Clearwater, Fla. (813) 443-2697 Lynch-Gentry Associates, Inc. 3470 Bowman Dr. Winter Park, Fla (305) 671-7649 Beckman Electronic Component Distributors Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 88 Needham St. Newton Highlands, Mass. (617) 965-5115 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 230 Sherwood Ave. Farmingdale, L.1,, New York 11735 (516) 293-4141 M & C Sales 1106 Burke St. Winston-Salem, N.C. (919) 723-1001 M & C Sales 904 Bob Wallace Ave. Huntsville, Ala. (205) 539-8476 Ossmann Component Sales Corp. 395 Cleveland Dr. Buffalo, N.Y. (716) 832-4271 Ossmann Component Sales Corp. 411 Washington Ave. Kingston, N.Y. (914) 338-5505 Ossmann Component Sales Corp. 280 Metro Park Rochester, N.Y. (716) 442-3290 Ossmann Component Sales Corp. 132 Pickard Building Syracuse, N.Y. (315) 454-4477 Ossmann Component Sales Corp. 1911 Vestal Parkway East Vestal , N.Y. (607) 785-9949 CENTRAL REGION Magnuson Electronics 2420 Oakton St. P.O. Box 130 Mount Prospect, Ill. (312) 956-0700 Magnuson Electronics 1246 West 7th St. St. Paul, Minn. (612) 227-8495 Norvell Electronics 10210 Monroe Dr. Dallas, Tex. (214) 350-6771 Norvell Electronics 6440 Hillcroft Ave. Houston, Tex. (713) 774-2568 Norvell Electronics 3340 S. Memorial Dr. Tulsa, Okla. (918) 663-1247 Sheridan Sales Co. Box 37826 Cincinnati, Ohio (513) 761-5432 Sheridan Sales Co. Box 4457 Cleveland, Ohio (216) 524-8120 Sheridan Sales Co. Box 423 Dayton, Ohio (513) 277-8911 Sheridan Sales Co. 33708 Grand River Ave. Farmington, Mich. (313) 477-3800 Sheridan Sales Co. P.O. Box 677 Florissant, Mo. (314) 837-5200 Sheridan Sales Co. Suite 5009 1717 Penn Ave. Wilkinsburg, Penn . (412) 244-1640 WESTERN REGION Almac/Stroum Electronics 8888 S.W. Canyon Rd. Portland, Ore. (503) 292-3534 Almac/Stroum Electronics 5811 Sixth Ave. South Seattle, Wash . (206) 763-2300 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 5633 Kendall Court Arvada, Colo. 80002 (303) 423-9670 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 835 W. 22nd Street Tempe, Ariz. 85282 (602) 968-6181 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 9674 Telstar Ave. El Monte, Ca. (213) 686-0141 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 17975 Sky Park Blvd. Irvine, Ca. 92707 (714) 556-6400 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 8057 Raytheon Rd. San Diego, Ca. (714) 278-6350 Marshall Industries G. S. Marshall Products Group 788 Palomar Ave. Sunnyvale, Ca. (408) 732-1100 Wyle Distribution Group: Elmer Electronics 6777 East 50th Avenue Commerce City, Colo. (303) 287-9611 Elmer Electronics 2288 Charleston Road Mt. View, Ca. (415) 961-3611 Liberty Electronics 124 Maryland Street El Segundo, Ca. (213) 322-8100 Liberty Electronics 3130 North 27th Avenue Phoenix, Ariz. (602) 257-1272 Liberty Electronics 8248 Mercury Court San Diego, Ca. (714) 565-9171 Liberty Electronics 5305 Second Avenue South Seattle, Wash. (206) 763-8200 Beckman ·~ HELIPOT DIVISION INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 94 Computer Conference products IBM-compatible disc and tape heads offered ~ Nortronics Co., Inc., 8101 Tenth Ave. N., Minneapolis, Minn. 55427. ( 612) 545-0401. Among the magnetic heads in- troduced will be a flopp·y-disc head and a 6250 bit/in tape head-both IBM-compatible. The Model FD- TE4 head is designed for disc speeds of 360 to 375 rpm. It pro- vides a density of 3200- bit/in, 48- tracks/in and a transfer rate of 250-k bit/s. The LTC tape head reads and records data at speeds to 200 in / s with 6250 bit/ in den- sity. Maximum crossfeed, write- to-read, is six percent. Other prod- ucts include heads for 3M cartridge systems, cassette read- after-write heads and heads for credit-card readers. Booth No. 849 Circle No. 258 Four new peripherals to be shown Okidata Corp., 111 Gaither Dr., Moorestown, N.J. 08057. (215 ) 546-6537. Four new computer peripheral products: a 500 !pm printer, for heavy-duty applications; a lowcost, 110-cps printer; a line of. double-density, head-per-track disc drives, wirth capacities to 38-million bits; and alphanumeric plasma display panels in 64 and 128character configurations for use where the CRT is impractical are part of Okidata's display. In addition, a new optical mark reader for punched and marked cards in 300, 450, and 600-card reading speeds, available with an optional RS 232 interface will be shown. Booth No. 250-252 Circle No. 259 Strip printer handles two ASCII channels Electro-Tee Corp., 1600 N. Main St., Blacksburg, Va. 24060. (7'03 ) 552-2111. $750; 30 days. A dual channel unit, the Model W strip printer, delivers up to 120 char/ s for each line printed. The unit can print all 64 upper-ease ASCII characters on each of two independent lines. The 5 x 7 dot- matrix characters are spaced eight-to-the-inch on 0.5-in. electro marking tape. Data input to each channel are serial by character. All logic and data lines are TTL compatible. Booth No. 375 Circle No. 260 Mix cassette and printer peripherals with CRT Omron R&D, 432 Toyama Dr., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086. ( 408 ) 734- 8400. $2450 (terminal) . Two peripherals, Model 1020 cassette storage and the Model 2306 printer, can interface with the 8025 CRT terminal. The 8025 terminal is an intelligent unit with modular h'ardware and modu- lar software design. RAM and ROM memories and interfaces are accommodated by use of printed circuit boards. The designer may select the precise amount of termi- nal memory and I/ 0 he needs. If he needs to change, the terminal may be expanded in the field, on site. For example, if a system re- quires a printer, merely plug in an interface PC board and run cable to the printer. If additional RAM (working memory) is desired, add a PC board in 2 k or 4 k incre- ments. Booth No. 821 Circle No. 261 Data format controllers work with 4 ta pe drives Ampex, 401 Broadway, Redwood City, Calif. 94063. (415 ) 367-4151. From $1100; 60 to 90 day. The DE-800 family of data for- mat controllers includes NRZI only, PE only, or PE / NRI data elec- tronics and operates at · tape speeds up to 125 ips. The units operate with up to four tape drives. Model DE-810 i.s a basic data electronics unit designed to be mounted within a TMA or TMB drive. Either NRZI, PE or both are provided with a digital input/ output interface compatible with the current industry stand- ards. Model DE-830 is a data electronics unit providing either NRZI, PE, or both with single-bit on-the-fly error correction capabil- ity. Model DE-840 is a format con- trol unit with all of the features of the DE-880 with Pertee, Wang- co, or Datum compatible format control features and interface. The DE-850 is a data electronics unit providing either NRZI, PE or both with error correction capa- bilities that correct unlimited sin- gle-bit errors in a record, or up to six consecutive errors in a track. Model DE-860 is a format control unit with all the features of the DE-850 and Pertee, Wangco, or Datum compatible format control features and interface. All DE-800 series units are provided in a standard 19 in. rack mounting chassis requiring 5.25 in. of rack height and 16.3 in. in depth. Booth No. 645 Circle No. 262 Magnetic tape drive speeds off-line plotting Houston Instrument, One Houston Square, 8500 Cameron Rd., Austin, Tex. 78753. ( 512 ) 837-2820. 45 days. The MTR-3 magnetic tape reader is designed specifically for use with the company's COMPLOT Plotter series. It is available as either a seven or ninetrack reader with 200, 556 or 800 bit/ in density. The buffered unit for off-line plotting use features forward and reverse block advance and a hardware vector generator to reduce computer preparation time. Booth Nos. 1011, 1110 Circle No. 263 214 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 95 · Ceramic capacitors are now available with lead times as short as 6 weeks. In the last year, Centralab increased production and established a new distribution center. That means they have larger inventories of quality ceramic disc capacitors to meet today's requirements. I In January 1973, when industrywide lead times on capacitor deliveries were at an unprecedented high, Centralab took positive action. As a result, today they are able to assure the electronics buyer of 12 to 16 week delivery on any of their broad line of reliable disc capacitors. And some types in 6 weeks! The first step in Centralab's Capacitor Service Program was a drastic one. In January 1"973 they began refusing orders rather than accepting them for extended delivery. They then moved to bring to full production a new capacitor assembly plant in Juarez, Mexico. To provide dual sources for raw fired ceramic discs, they increased capacity at their plants in Milwaukee and Mexico City. At the same time, a new Service and Distribution Center was established in El Paso, Texas. Its 40,000 square feet provided for broadening capacitor inventories received from Centralab's five manufacturing locations. Within six months most large OEM orders were on schedule, the backlog reduced and, with inventories of selected types available, orders were again accepted. Today, with inventories of all types and production facilities running at full capacity, Centralab offers capacitor buyers the only reasonable answer to meet their requirements. A buyer placing an order at the beginning of his 13 or 20 week planning cycle, for example, can be certain of on-time delivery of the types he needs. Located just across the border from Centralab's Distribution Center in El Paso, this Juarez, Mexico plant has helped shorten lead times on capacitor delivery. Centralab's Distribution Center in El Paso is a key reason why today they can provide better service on capacitor orders. Its 10 man customer service staff is equipped to handle any capacitor delivery problem from order entry through special shipments. An application engineering staff is also on call to help with design problems. After reviewing a cus- Inventories of Centralab capacitors from its Distributor Products stock in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin are in ad- dition to those in the 40,000 square foot Distribution Center at El Paso to assure customers of off-the-shelf delivery. tomer's specifications, for example, they may even be able to recommend stock types which eliminate the need for special requirements. That could be important when delivery is critical. Customer service is important - to the buyer and to Centralab. It re- quires more than fancy promises. It takes positive action. Centralab has done just that to help you meet your capacitor needs. For further infor- mation or assistance, call Bob Mi- chaels at 915/779-3966 or write Cen- tralab, Milwaukee. '-· .I The extensive line of Centralab capacitors includes both disc and tubular types, with sizes and ratings designed for a variety of functions. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 201 Centralab [])@[fspe~ow@g WHEN THE CHIPS ARE DOWN WE DELIVER! CAPACITORS THAT IS Centralab [])@[fspe~ow@g Trimmer resistors. Centralab [])@[fspe~ow@g Pushbutton switches ... With 4 lockout options. We said it and we meant it. We're USCC; Centralab and we said we were preparing to meet the capacitor delivery crisis by substantial commitment to automated production machinery and facilities expansion. We did it, and we've got the chips to prove it ELEVEN MILLION in stock, most in the following popular sizes: ·BC - .080±.0lOx.050±.010 ·BF - .100±.0lOx.050±.010 ·Bl - .150±.0lOx.050±.010 ·DJ - .180±.0lOx.080±.010 · FH - .125±.0lOx.095±.010 We'll also deliver non stock and custom chips in not more than 8 to 12 weeks A.R.0. Whether it's an immediate or future requirement, contact our applications engineering department now at (213) 843-4222. USCC / Centralab 2151 N. Lincoln Street Burbank, California 91504 Now, with new Snap-lite® rigid PC mounts. When you specify the new Snap-Tite rigid mount you can simplify both installation and assembly. Available on both Centralab Series S carbon and cermet trimmer resistors, it lets you snap them into a PC board. Easy. The mount locks the trimmer securely into the board prior to soldering. Centralab gives you more of the things you want in trimmers. Ceramic bases for higher wattage in a smaller space. Smooth positive adjustment. A variety of choices in mountings, terminations and knobs. And multiple sections too. Send for Bulletin 1549T so you'll have all the specs. Centralab offers four lockout options for its momentary, push-push and interlocking action pushbutton switch modules. Lockout prevents actuating more than one switch at the same time even if they're not adjacent. Another example of design flexibility. Other features include: · 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 mm spacing options. · Epoxy sealed terminals. · Modular LINE SWITCH - mounts in any station . · 25 button styles and 18 colors. Write Centralab for Bulletin 1550. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 202 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 203 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 204 CONFERENCE PRODUCTS Semicon memory matches PDP-11 speeds Disc drives feature 200 tracks per inch Minicomputer systems offer wide versatility Monolithic Systems Corp., 2700 S. Shoshone, Englewood, Colo. 80110. (303) 761-2275. See text. Monostore III, a new add-on semiconductor memory designed especially for the PDP-11, expands the system by up to 32-k x 16 bits. Because its 450-ns access and 650- ns cycle times match the optimum speed of the PDP-ll's Unibus, Monostore III offer a 20% gain in throughput over conventional core memories. It's fully Unibus com- patible and priced at just 1.2 cents/bit. Booth No. 127 Circle No. 264 Fast memory expands to 128-k, 18-bit words Wango Inc., 5404 Jandy Pl., Los Angeles, Calif. 90066. (213 ) 3908081 . Start at $3200; 60 days. This new series of magnetic disc drives features 200 track per inch capability and is said to provide twice the data storage capacity of comparable devices in only 7 in. of rack height. The front-loading Series-F, Model F-2222, has a capacity of 100 Mb, recording 2200 bpi on 200 tracks/ in. The toploading Series-T, Model T-2422, has a capacity of 200 Mb, recording at a density of 4400 bpi. The Model T-2222, recording 2200 bpi, has a capacity of 100 Mb. B ooth Nos. 843, 845, 847 Circle No. 266 Intelligent terminal uses microprocessor Microdata, 17481 R ed Hill A ve., Irvine, Calif. 92704. (714) 5406730. The 1600 series of minicomputers is microprogrammed and microprogrammable. The 3200 series computer has a 32-bit microinstruction word length, 16 bi.t data path, MOS main memory and push-down stack processor architecture. One of these computers (32/ S ) is programmed by using a high-level language called MPL which is patterned after the popular PL/ I language. The series 6000 tape drive is IBM compatible, runs at speeds between 12.5 and 45 ips and uses 10.5 in. reels. The series 6800 is identical to the series 6000 except for size-it uses 8.5 in. reels. The series 9000 disc drive has a 200 tpi density and a 2400 rpm rotational speed. Booth No. 751 Circle No. 268 Clutchless tape readers offer quiet operation Dataproducts Corp., 6219 De Soto Ave., Woodland Hills, Calif. 91364. (213) 887-8465. $2000 (quan); 120 days. A planar core-memory system designated the Store/1618 pro- vides a capacity of 16,384, 18-bit words. The 3-D, 3-wire, planar memory system features 700-ns cyde time and 275-ns access time. Up to eight, 16-k modules can be daisy-chained to form a s.ystem with a capacity up to 128-k words. Core arrays and all electonics are housed in a module that measures 12 by 14 by 0.85 in. and contajns two circuit boards. Booth No. 309 Circle No. 265 Syst ems, Babylon Horsham, Pa. 19044. (215 ) 0800. From $1600; 30 days. The Series 3300 CRT terminals are microprocessor controlled and can be tailored to the users' needs. User selectable features include page formats of up to 80 char. x 24 lines, protected fields, and addressable cursor. Editing capabilities include line insert, character insert and line delete. The wide variety of communication disciplines includes transmission by character, page, line or message; self-generated or remote polls, and programmable speed switching (75-9600 bit/s). Booth No. 478, 480 Circle No. 267 Electro-Tee Corp., 1600 N. Main St., Blacksburg, Va. 24060. ( 703) 552-2111. The AR Series of paper tape readers offers speeds up to 500 char/ s with asynchronous opera- tion. The units feature LED light sources and TTL signal levels. The absence of clutches and brakes as- sures quiet operation. Booth No. 375 Circle No. 269 218 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26. 1974 Time-share terminal shows 1920 characters W estinghouse Canada L td., P.O. Box 510, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3K2, Canada. (416 ) 528-8811. $1100 . 1620 CRT Terminal meets the needs of time-share and minicomputer users for an unbuffered, interactive terminal. The unit displays up to 1920 characters, transmits and receives at various data rates to 9600 BPS (960 characters per second ) and can operate with a tape cassette and/ or printer either on or off line. Standard features include a keyboard with numeric pad and 80 characters x 24 lines presentation. Booth No . 941-3 Circle No. 270 Reader handles punched or marked cards Documation, P.O. Box 1240, M elbourne, Fla. 32901. (305) 724-1111. 60 days. One head of the "T" series card reader handles conventional punched data. The second head reads in two optical-mark modes: cards with registration marks and cards without registration marks. The three-in-one readers are available in speeds of 150, 285, 300, 600, 1000 and 1200 cards/ min. The system is expected to save users 40 % of the cost of two readers. Booth No. 867-869 Circle No. 271 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, ApriJ 26, 1974 We can deli d's smallest 1800 air varia capacitors. On time. And since we're nice people, we don 't even charge much for them. So if you have an application that calls for a sub-miniature capacitor that you can "tweak" to a specific frequency, these Johnson trimmers are ideal. You can choose from either PC or stripline mount. either vertical or horizontal tuning . These Type "T" capacitors are about one-third the size of the fami Iiar type " U" capacitors, so you can save space, cut costs and insure improved performance in the most compact electronic equipment. Rotors and stators are precision-machined from sol id brass extrusions, resulting in exceptional stability and uniformity. High Q-typically 2000 at 150 MHz. Temperature coefficient is a low plus 30 ± 15 ppm/°C. High torque (1 J!:! to8 oz./ inches) holds rotor securely under vibration.They're designed to meet or exceed EIA-RS 204 and Ml L Standard 202C Methods 204A and 201 A In short, these capacitors may be just what you've been looking for. lt'lI only cost you a stamp to get more information. And if you give us your phone number. we'll call you and send free samples after we have clarified your application. ---E.-F.-JO-HN-S-ON-C-OM-P-AN-Y ------------3005 Tenth Ave . S .W. I Waseca. MN . 56093 D Please send me technical information o·n the type T. D Also, include information on your entire line of variable capacitors. D I want test samples. Please call me a t - - - - - - - NAME-----------------~ TITLE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ FIRM _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP_ _ E. f. JOHNSON COMPANY INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 96 2 19 Electronic Design, The Financial Times (London) Electronics Weekly (London) and BOAC announce the sponsoring of ''TOMORROW IN WORLD ELECTRONICS'' a major international conference to coincide with the International Instruments, Electronics and Automation Exhibition (I EA). GROSVENOR HOUSE, LONDON - MAY 14-15, 1974 This conference, to be addressed by a panel of the electronics commu nity's most distinguished members, will consider current and future technological developments in the world, and assess the challenges they pose for management, marketing and financial functions in the interna" tional electronics industry. Day One - May 14 Chairman : Dr. C. Lester Hogan President, Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation Prospects for Semiconductors Mr. Earl Wantland President, Tektronix, Inc. Prospects for Electronic Instruments Mr. Edward Fennessy, CBE Managing Director Post Office Telecommunications Prospects for Telecommunications Mr. Sebastian de Ferranti Chairman and Managing Director Ferranti Ltd. Electronics in the 1980's Speaker to be announced The International Military Market for the Electronics Industry Dr. leuan Maddock, CB, QBE The Commercial Chief Scientist Exploitation of Department of Trade and Industry Electronics Research Mr. David Price, MP Chairman , The Parliamentary Committee for Technology Government Polices for Electronics (Luncheon Speaker) Speaker to be announced from Commission of the European Communities The Growth Potential of Electronics in the European Community Mr. Gordon Haley Manager, Systems Technology ICL Computer Development Div. Future Computer Technology Day Two - May 15 Chairman: M. R. J. Clayton, CBE Technical Director The General Electric Company Ltd . Dr. J. Fred Bucy, Jr. Executive Vice President Texas Instruments Inc. Mr. J. C. Akerman Managing Director Mullard Limited Dr. Robert Heikes Managing Director Motorola Europe, Switzerland Speaker to be announced Vertical Integration: Components to Systems Performance and Prospects in the World's Electronics Industries The Role of an American Multi National in Europe Japanese Electronics in World Markets Mr. John Fluke, Sr. New Challenges to the Chairman Instrument Industry John Fluke Manufacturing Co., Inc. (Luncheon SpeaJ<er) Or. Edward David Executive Vice President Gould, Inc. Former Science Adviser to the President of the United States Electronics and Energy Dr. William Hittinger Executive Vice President RCA Corporation The Future of World Consumer Electronics Monsieur Edouard Guigonis International Directeur Delegue and Directeur Cooperation Commercial General, Thomson CSF in Electronics To register for the conference use the coupon below. We will be pleased to assist you in securing trans-atlantic flight reservations and London hotel accommodations. Registration fee for " Tomorrow in World Electronics" is $200. REGISTRATION FORM "TOMORROW IN WORLD ELECTRONICS" A major international conference sponsored by Electronic Design, The Financial Times, Electronics Weekly and BOAC. Please register the following individual: Name ________________ _ _ _ _Title __________ Mail this registration form to: Additional registrations: Name ___________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Title __________ Name Title __________ Company __________________ Division __________ Address __________________ Telephone __________ City ________________ State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ _ __ Registration fee: $200 per person . Make check payable to: Financial Times Ltd . ( ) Payment enclosed. ( ) Please bill me. I would like assistance In ( ) flight Ms. Gay Donneland Electronic Design/ Financial Times Conference Financial Times Publications, Ltd. Suite 1006 516 Fifth Avenue New York, N .Y. 10036 (212) 869-3971 ) hotel reservations. CONFERENCE PRODUCTS Interactive terminal gives 16 functions Lear Siegler Inc., 714 N. B rookhurst St., Anaheim, Calif. 92803 . (714) 774-1010. Under $3000; 3 mos. ADM-2 interactive display terminal provides the user with flexi bility of format, editing, interface and transmission. Sixteen function keys permit the operator a wide choice of commands . The basic keyboard is a standard 53-key TTY and, in addition to t he 16 funct ion keys, also contains a n umeric 10-key pad. The CRT measures 12 in. diagonally, with a P 4 phosphor, and can display 960 or 1920 characters, uppe_r or lower case, on a 12 or 24-line format. Booth No. 216-217 Circle No . 272 Semiconductor memory delivers 1.28 G bit/s Intel Corp ., Memory S ystems Div., 365 Middlef ield Rd., Mountain View, Calif . 94040. (408) 246- 7501 . First developed as a custom memory for a large systems manu- facturer, the unit consists of two independent bipolar memories each containing 8-k, 16-bit words. The system has an effective data rate of 1.28 gigabit/ s. One memory can be read while the other is loaded (and vice versa. ) Or, both mem- ories can operate in parallel ·to form a 16-k x 16-bit system. The IN-50 PC cards are used in this ECL memory. Each card contains 1-k, 8-bit words and offers 100 ns cycle and access times. Other memories to be shown include the in-26 available in increments of 4- k X 9 (1¢ a bit) and the in-60 a semiconductor memory that stores 200-k bits serially on each PC card. B ooth No. 711 Circle No. 273 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26 , 1974 · WIDE RANGE-CUT-OFF FREQUENCIES FROM 0.001 Hz to 1.1 MHz · DIGITAL TUNING-INSTANT RESETTABILITY · FLEXIBILITY: Modes: Low pass, high pass, band pass, band reject, notch. Roll-Offs: 24, 48, &96 db/ octave Functions: Butterworth , Bessel , RC. Passband Gains: 0, 20, 40 db · REMOTE PROGRAMMABILITY-A ROCKLAND EXCL;US/VE! DUAL HI/LO: Models 1022F and 1042F Frequency Range: .001 Hz to 111 KHz Roll-Off: 24 db / octave/section (1022F) 48 db/ octave/ section (1042F) (Cascading sections doubles roll-off) Responses: Butterworth , RC . Passband Gains: Selectable o, 20, 40 db. VARIABLE ANALOG: Models 1100 and 1200 Frequency Range: 10 Hz to 1.1 MHz Roll-Off: 24 db/octave Response : Butterworth and Bessel Passband Gain: o db. PROGRAMMABLE DUAL HI/LO: Series 1500 Frequency Range: 0.001 Hz to 111 KHz Roll-Off: 24 db/octave/section (Cascading sections doubles roll-off) Response: Butterworth , RC. :::_..!!,-lL----~- Passband Gain: 0, 20, 40 db. Programming: Local and / or Remote of all f uncti ons Programming options: 02; 1-2-4-8 BCD positive logic, 03 ; 1-2-2-4 BCD positive logic. ..· you're into ROCICl.Rl\ID For immediate information on how Rockland can meet your specific application and delivery requirements - call our local rep or Dave Kohn directly at: Rockland Systems Corporation 230 W. Nyack Road, West Nyack, N. Y. 10994 (914) 623-6666 · TWX 710-575-263 1 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 97 22 1 CONFERENCE PRODUCTS Floppy disc drive has IBM compatibility Innovex, 75 Wiggins A ve., Bedford, Mass . 01730 . ( 617) 275-2110. $750; 45 day. The Model 210 disc drive is compatible to the disc drive used in the IBM 3740 data entry system. A number of operator oriented features have been incorporated into the 210. The drive can be operated in any orientation without modification. In the vertical position, four drives fit in one 19 in. rack, occupying 10.5 in. of rack height including mounting hardware. The 210 has a capacity of 3.1-million bits, a track-to-track seek time of 10 ms, and an average latency of 83 ms. Diskette ca:ritridges written on any of the IBM 3740 line of equipment can be read on the Model 210 drive and vice versa. Booth No. 948, 350 Circle No. t,74 Tape-cassette drive offers 1 x 10-s error rate Interdyne, 14761 Calija St., Van Nuys, Calif. 91401. (219) 7876800. $390 ( 100); 30 days. The IC-2400 digital tape-cassette drive offers mechanical reliability, low error rate and useful life, equivalent to present IBM compatible reel-to-reel tape handlers. Featured are a servo capstan drive ; a rugged die cast frame; an error rate of less than 1 in 108 bifa recoverable and 1 in 10° bits nonrecoverable; full compliance with ANSI/ ECMA standards; cassette interchangeability; cassette pressure bypass pad; no mechanical brakes, clutches or belts; and flexibility of bidirectional write/ read at any speed between 4 ips and 20 ips. Speeds may be programmed separately. Booth No. 1124 Circle No. 275 Lighted dpdt pushbutton switches go 100-k cycles Clare P endar, P.O. Box 785, Post Falls, Idaho 83854. (708 ) 7734541. For 1000 up: $1.62 (momentary), $1.92 (alternate action). The S190 lighted pushbutton switch series offers dpdt switching in momentary or alternate action. The switches use dual wiping contacts, and can switch 100,000 cycles at 2 A resistive or 250,000 cycles at 100 mA resistive. Widely spaced silver inlay terminals accept either two #22 AWG soldered wires or 0.11-in. quick connect receptacles. All molded parts are thermoplastic material SE-0 rating (new U.L. designation is 94VE-0 ) . Neck bushings are provided for sub-panel installations while front panel mounting is accomplished with any of five differently sized mounting adaptors, with or without barriers. Lenses, available in square, rectangular and round configurations, are custom engraved in letter sizes ranging from 0.093 to 0.25 in. high. Booth No. 994, 996 Circle No. 276 PrinterI plotters deliver 500-ft drawings silently Versatec, 10100 Bubb Rd., Cupertino, Calif. 95014. ( 408 ) 257-9900. $12,300 ( Mod el 2030); $14,900 (Model 2030A). The Model 2030 matrix plotter and 2030A printer/ plotter use 20in. wide paper in lengths up to 500 ft. and print electrostatically. The plotter provides 100 nib/ in. resolution for a totaU of 1856 nibs ( 18.56-in. plot) and 232 bytes provide one scan of the plotted data. An incremental stepper motor drives the paper at speeds up to 3-in/s. The printer/plotter has the same plotting characteristics as the matrix plotter and, in addi- tion, can print 232, 7 x 9 dot- matrix characters across the page from ASCII input data. The 20in. paper width permits 80 or 132 column printing on one side and simultaneous raster-scan plotting the remainder of the paper width. Also, print and plot data can be intermixed. The manufacturer offers controllers as well as software for use with many mini and midicomputers. Booth No. 937, 939 Circle No. 277 CRT terminals come with six formats Ann Arbor Terminals, 6107 Jack- son Rd., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48103 . (3 13 ) 769 -0926. See t ext. The Design III series of CRT terminals features contemporary molded-case design. Each terminal includes a 14-in. CRT monitor and modular circuit cards that are in- terchangeable with the manufac- turers series 200 display control- lers and keyboards. The series is available in 16 RO, KSR and ASR models. Users are offered six dis- play formats (up to 3200 char- acters) plus upper and lower-case displays. Prices start at under $1000. For greater economy the user can assemble CRT terminals around the Series 200 controllers which offer a display capability of up to 3200 characters f>lus a choice of seven display formats. Booth No. 379 Circle No. 278 Modems use MOS LSI circuits International Communications Corp., 7620 N.W. 36th Ave., Miami, Fla. 33147. (305) 691-1220. Modem 20-LSI and 24-LSI transmit data at 2000 bps and 2400 bps, respectively. A remote test feature provides error diag- nosis in point-to-point or multi- point systems from a single site. A status panel display enables on- line evaluation of the data com- munication system. The LSI series also features ICC's Fastar, which reduces personnel time and tele- phone company toll charges by minimizing turn-around delay on dial circuits. The modems operate over the public dial-up network as well as dedicated lines. They are on-line compatible with ICC's Mo- dem 2200 series, as well as Telco's 201 series data sets. Booth No . 517 Circle No. 279 222 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 ...every time you depress a CHERRY KEYBOARD SWITCH Cherry's unique gold " crosspoint" contacts plus simplified electronics enhance reliability and provide long life . .. low profile .. . lower power consumption .. . low, low cost. The crossed knifeedge contact configuration has been tested to 50,000,000 operations and beyond. Available from stock with a wide variety of key legends and colors . Or, buy them as part of a keyboard package, ready to slip into your panel. Either way is economical the Cherry way. When you need keyboard switches or complete keyboards for numerical control , calculators, computer terminals or other applications, strike gold with Cherry-and save silver at the same time . FOR A FREE TEST SAMPLE and a copy of our latest complete-line catalog just TWX 910-235-1572 ... or PHONE 312-689-7700 ... or circle appropriate reader service number. @IHIJE1R1181'W t.- ~.~ ~ ~.~ ~.~ .~ .~:-.;.~ ,~ .c.:~.~oRP. G D · Cherry Worldwide: (Subsidiaries) Hirose Cherry Precisi on Co.. Ltd .. Tokyo · Cherry Mikroschalter GmbH. Bayreuth , Germany Cherry Electrical Products (U.K. ) Ltd .. St. Albans . Herts · (Licensee ) G.W. Engineering Pty, Ltd .. Sydney INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 98 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 223 · 1001A 1002 1003 1004 1005 1801A 2000 2001 SWEEPER MODELS· 0.5 MHz to 300 MHz 1 MHz to 500 MHz 350 MHz to 650 MHz 500 MHz to 1 GHz 700 MHz to 1.4 GHz 1 MHz to 950 MHz 1 MHz to 1.4 GHz 1 MHz to 1.4 GHz $ 995 1095 995 995 995 1445 1375 1695 ·we also offer a complete line of attenuators and detectors covering the same frequency ranges. 224 One thousand one .·· one thousand two ··· one thousand three··· / ; one thousand four ··· one thousand five ··· one thousand eight hundred one··· two thousand··· two thousand one··. that's how you count to 1A GHz in sweepers. It's also how to tell the story of the most complete line of sweepers in the business. Our latest additions include the 1801A for CATV equipment testing and the 2000-a less expensive version of the spectac'ular 2001. All of our sweepers have rugged, solid-state designs and are suited for laboratory, production and systems use. They are available with both 50-ohm and 75-ohm calibrated RF outputs and feature pin-diode leveling, crystal-controlled markers .and excellent display linearity characteristics. All include remote programming of frequency and sweep width, and can be AM or FM modulated . If you'd like more information, use the reader service card or get in touch with us directly. You can count on an immediate response. WAVETE~ INDIANA INCORPORATED P.O. Box 190, 66 North First Avenue Beech Grove, Indiana 46107 Tel: (317) 783-3221 TWX 810-341-3226 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 99 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 J (new products Display controller makes TV a CRT terminal Time-share graphics plotted automatically on a scope Megatek, 1055 Shafter St., San Diego, Calif. 92106. (714) 2242721. See text; stock to 30 day. Plotting curves from data received on a time-shared computer terminal is tedious if you do it by hand. It can be done automatically on any oscilloscope or other X-Y display with the BP-734 Timeshare Graphics Interface, by Megatek. The unit operates directly from a computer's RS-232 communications port. Installation requires no mechanical or electrical modifications either to the time-shared terminal or the oscilloscope. You merely "apply either a current loop or RS232 serial data to the terminal's data-set connector, switch to the desired baud rate and connect the analog outputs to the X, Y and intensity inputs of your display. An optional semiconductor memory provides refresh to display from 256 to 1024 points in a flickerfree mode. Vectors can be drawn with 16 combinations of vector and end-point intensity. With 8 and 10-bit versions of the interface, resolutions of ±0.2% and ±0.05%, full scale, are available. Selected parts of the display can be changed at will without need to erase and rewrite the entire display. The baud rate is selectable to pr0vide 10 or 30 characters per second for time-share users or up to 2400 baud for direct connection to a local computer. Megaplot, a subroutine callable from Fortran or Basic, is supplied with the system for use on the major time-sharing services. Entry or change of a displayed vector requires the transmission of six characters, which are generated by the subroutine when called in p1lace of a Print statement in the user's ·program. When operated in parallel with a 30-character-per-second terminal, the BP-734 can plot five vectors a second. Forty vectors a second can be plotted when the interface is used with a high-speed communications line at 2400 baud. Prices range from $1595 for the 8-bit model, with 256-vector capacity, to $2495 for the 10-bit model, with 1024-vector capacity. CIRCLE NO. 255 Digi-Log Systems, Babylon Rd., Horsham, Pa. 19044. (215) 6720800. S ee text; 30 days . A portable ASCII display controller/ RO terminal capable of outputting data to both video monitors and ordinary TV sets, the Series 300 Display Controller measures 4 x 11 x 12-in. and weighs 10 pounds. The Series 300 is capable of driving multiple displays (up to 10 ) in different locations. The user can replace the existing Model 33 TTYs where a keyboard is not required, or use both the TTY and the controller so that large groups can observe what is taking place at the TTY, Standard units provide a 7-bit parallel interface with an asynchronous data rate to 1200 char/sec. Optional serial interfaces (RS 232 and current loop) are available. The Model 305 ($790 ) displays up to 40 characters by 16 lines, the Model 306 ($875 ) outputs 80 characters by 16 lines. Booth No. 478, 480 Circle No. 280 Digitizing system has 0.001-in. resolution Broomall Industries, 682 Parkway, Broomall, Pa. 19008. (2 15 ) 353-4610. $8900. The model DlOO digitizing system includes a 40 x 60-in. table plus all electronics. The system records sequentially numbered points of x-y coordinate data on card or tape punches, TTYs or magnetic tape. Resolution is 0.001 in. Data are accepted in parallel and presented sequentially (one character at a time) to the output recorder. The data are sequenced in accordance with a patchboard program format. The unit features multiple output to any number of customer selected devices. CIRCLE NO. 281 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 225 DATA PROCESSIN G Fiber-optic link transmits data at 80 Mbit/s for 100 ft. 1· f1 1 2;1 Meret, 1815 - 24th St., Santa Monica, Calif. 90404. (213) 828-7496. See text; stock to 2 wk. Nortronics is ready to fil l your digital head needs for 1/2" IBM Compati ble, 1/4" Cart ridge, .150" Cassette and Floppy Disk appl ications. Nortronics also manufactures the broadest range of audio heads in the wo rld. Our engineering department is prepared to work with your engineering group on new product development. Call us. Our line is open . '='~ '=' NORTRONICS. Company, lnc. INFORMATION RETRI EVAL NUMBER 100 226 Data rates of up to 80 Mbit/s can be transmitted up to 100 ft. with little signal degradation with the Modal cable from Meret. This tops the performance of its closest competitor-the Opticable from Quadri (2950 W. Fairmont, Phoenix, Ariz. 85017). The latter handles 5 Mbit/s for 10 ft. or 900 kbit/ s for 100 ft. In the MDL300 Modal Seriesi various cables are available, d~ pending upon the data rate re- quired. For a 100-ft. length of if Mbit/s cable, the signal-to-noise ratio at the output terminal is better than 2000 :1. For the 50 Mbit/s cable, the S/N is better than 50: 1, and for the 80 Mbit/s cable, it's 10: 1. The transmitter and receiver terminations of the cable are housed in modified 3-pin, T0-5 header packages. These electrically terminate ferrule-ended fiber-optic cables 1 to 3 mm in diameter, with minimum loss at the 850-to-900-nm signal wavelength. The transmitter requires +5.5 V, and it has a cur- rent drain at 50% duty cycle of 200 mA at maximum power output. Trigger signals are applied at the third pin on the header. Power-supply requirements for the receiver are for a single B + of between + 5.5 and + 15 V at a current drain of less than 6 mA. The single power supply provides bias for the p-i-n photodiode and for the voltage requirements of the receiver transimpedance amplifier. A 100-ft. cable, including the terminating modules, weighs less than 250 grams. Prices for the Modal cable as- semblies range from $270 to $600 in single quantities, depending upon the data rate. Though de- signed for TTL digital input, the transmitter can be converted to an analog emitter for about $100. Quadri's Opticable sells for $185 for a 10-ft. length and $197.50 for 100-ft. For Meret CIRCLE NO. 256 For Quadri CIRCLE NO. 257 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Cooling, lifting, holding, pulling, damping, drying... Rotron has a way...with air JEI INCORPORATED Air, in the hands of the world 's most advanced manufacturer of precision air moving devices, has a potential for doing things that designers and manufacturers are beginning to appreciate. Forced convection cooling of electronic equipment-providing for more densely packaged components with equal or even greater system reliability-is just one of the jobs air, by Rotron , performs so well. In buffer columns and tape hold downs and a dozen other non-cooling appl ications within the electronics industry alone, air moving devices from Rotron simplify system design, increase both efficiency and reliability. Rotron 's extensive line of air movers require an absolute minimum of space (as little as 1 cu . inch). They're quiet. (As low as NC 20). They consume surprisingly little power (a low of 5 watts). And they are exceptionally reliable. (Ten years and more of continuous duty without maintenance.) Learn more about the Rotron line of fans and blowers, with pressures to 165" wg ., flows to 2600 cfm . Contact your local Rotron representative or distributor or write us directly. Why settle tor less when the best costs no more. ROTRON INC. Woodstock , N . Y. 12498 D 914 · 679-2401 D TWX 510-247-9033 Paci fic Div.. Burbank. Cal. 91506. 213·849-787 1 · Rotron B.V.. Breda . Netherlands. Tel : 79311 . Telex : 844 -54074 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 101 EL ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, A pril 26, 1974 227 DATA PROCESSING Stable modem needs no alignment Timeplex, 100 Commerce Way, Hackensack, N.J. 07601. ( 201 ) 646-1155. From $205; 30 days. The Timeplex 202 modems feature zero foldover distortion with operation to 1800 bit/ s over direct-dial phone lines at very low error rates. And the- unit, compatible with Bell System 202C and 202D units, operates at 2000 bit/ s on private lines with C2 conditioning. The stability attained by use of crystal-controlled transmitters and receivers eliminates the need for alignment or retuning. Available options include a synchronizer for synchronous data and a 5-bit/ s or 50-bit/s reverse channel. Other products to be shown include a 96-channel time division multiplexer, Model T-96, and a channel concentrator that allows 32 calling terminals to contend for up to 16 computer ports. Booth No. 358-360 .Circle No. 282 Card-to-tape converter boasts high speed Datatex Corp., 10935 S. Wilcrest Dr., HCYUston, Tex. 77072. (713 ) 495-3100. From $7000; 60-90 days. A tape converter designated the Model CTP-60 punches at rates to 75 char/ s and reads 60 to 150 cards/ min. Paper tape output can be in EIA, ASCII or Modified codes. Card input formats of up to 65 characters are decoded. And the unit rejects cards with punch errors. Mark-sense capability is also available. CIRCLE NO. 283 Low-cost modems can replace Bell datasets Tele-Dynamics, 525 Virginia Dr., Fort Washington, Pa. 19034. ( 215 ) 643-3900. See text. Priced in the $200 to $400 range, the 7103-LC series of low speed modems can replace Bell 103 and 113 series data sets. The units provide full duplex operation over private line, or over the DDD network when used with the Dial Access Arrangements. The interface to the business machine can be either EIA, TTY 20 ma, TTL, or MIL-188C. The models in the 7103-LC Series include types for originate only, answer only, originate/ answer, and automatic originate/ answer. All accept asynchronous serial data at rates up to 300 bit/ s and use FSK modulation. A switch provides loopback of terminal output to input for isolated tests of terminal equipment. Desk top and rack-mounted units are available. With integral power supply, the desk top unit measures 4 high by 6 wide by 12-in. deep. CIRCLE NO. 284 10MHz 5" scope with easier calibration and voltage measurement Model 1465 $400 Here are some B&K extra touches. Besides DC-to10MHz bandwidth, triggered sweep, automatic sync, 16.6mV/cm vertical sensitivity, DC-coupled amplifier and front-panel Vectorscope capability, Model 1465 also has 5X magnification to increase sweep speed to 0.2usec/cm for complex waveform analysis. And Cali-Brain ®, which collapses horizontal sweep to let you measure instantaneous peak-to-peak voltage easily while simulta11eously displaying the full-scale voltage range. Now in stock at your local distributor or write Dynascan. /Bi/f~N Chicago, IL 60613 · (312) 327-7270 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER l 02 228 Here's everything you~ expect from a high-priced signal generator. Except a high price. Our new B & K Model 2050 Solid-state RF Signal Generator has features other companies charge much more for. Look at our specs: 100% Solid- state silicon circuitry with FET's in RF and audio oscillator stages. 6 bands with 1.5% accuracy from 100 kHz to 30 MHz. 3 outputs: RF, modu- lated RF (400 Hz), and externally modulated RF. Positive anti-backlash dial drive. Zener-regulated power supply. You needn't pay high prices for versatility, accuracy and reliability-now there's the Model 2050. And that's just what you'd ex- pect from B & K. Contact your distributor, or write Dynascan Corporation. 0 $100° ~--~" r "· ' . \ . · ,,,-· . ""< '.' · . ' f ' ooo· oo · ·· · ·· · · 0 0 [jjJ:3 Very good equipment at a very good price. Dynascan Corporation. 1801 West Bel le Plaine Avenue, Chicago, 111 inois 60613 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 103 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Terminal's IQ ranges from dumb to genius Incoterm Corp., 6 Strathmore Rd., Natick, Mass. 01760. (617) 6556100. The SPD-20/20 can be anything a user wants it to be--from a dumb communications terminal to a powerful remote d.ata processing system. A single SPD-20/20 processor is capable of controll ing the passage of data to and from up to 56 different devices simultaneously-including eight I/0 channels, 16 printers, 16 keyboards and 16 visual display units. Each of the major components of a SPD-20/20 -memory, controllers, keyboard, and display-can be operated completely under software contr<!l. From 8-k to 32-k bytes of programmable main memory are available with the terminal. Complementing the fl exible processing power of the system is a full range of peripheral equipment and communications options t hat allow the system to perform the following terminal processing functions, including: inquiry, data entry, remote batch and transaction processing. CIRCLE NO. 285 Plug compatible core memory holds 16 x 16 k Dataram, Princeton-H ightstown Rd., Cranbury, N .J. 08512. (609) 799-0071. $2840. The DR-1200, 16 x 16 kbit core memory fits on one 15 x 15 in. circuit board. It is plug-compatible wi,th the Data General Nova 1200, 1210 and 1220 minicomputers and all standard Nova 1200 peripheral devices. It is a lso compatible wit h Digital Computer Control's 116875 memory used in its D-116 and D-116E minicomputers. System construction permi>ts 0.5 in. center-to-center spacing between adjacent memory modules. Cycle and access times are 1200 and 400 ns, respectively. Half-cycle read or write operations require 600 ns. Address strapping is accomplished by appropriate wiring of a 16-pin IC socket which is accessible via a cutout in the protective shield which covers the entire component side of the memory module. Temperature range is 0 to 55 C. Booth No. 269, 271 Circle No. 286 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 f dye-reading Control Meter theER-35 The sol id state AIRPAX "Parkermeter"" Series ER 35 Control Mete ~ ... the finest ultra-compact, contactless, edge-reading meter available today . .. improved switching . .. more rel iable meter movement ... extremely rugged precision-molded case ... state-of-the-art manufacturing throughout. The ER-35 is available with one or two set points and provides four control switching configurations ... is only 7/ 8" thick ... can be panel mounted or stacked in any quantity as required . . . horizontal or vertical displays available . Truly the most modern and dependable of all. For detai led information write for Catalog 0200G . AIRPAX Controls Division P.O. Box 8488 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33310 Phone : 305/ 587-1100 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 104 229 DATA PROCESSING Optical tape reader speeds at 450 characters a second triacs 1 scrs 3Ampere Sensitive Gate TAIAC's. 3mA, 4mA, 5mA, 10mA and 25mA DC Gate Current. All Quadrant Gating. 50 to 600 Volts (VDROM) 4Ampere Sensitive Gate SCR's. 200 Microamp, 1mA DC Gate Current. 30 to 600 Volts (VDROM) If it's a TRIAC or SCA you need, Hutson's state-of-the art thyristor technology assures reliability and economy. All Hutson TAIAC's and SCR 's available as void-free, glass-passivated chips or in standard package configuration. Call or write Hutson for complete information. Hutson Ind., International 30 Rue Pierre Semard . Yerres. 91 France. Tel. : Paris 925-8258 TELEX21-311 . Distributors: New York City 201/399-4350, Seattle 206/454-0300, Los Angeles 213/2403151 . Dallas 214/231-6181 , Baltimore 301/944-8262, Denver 303/757-7679, Ft. Lauderdale 305/772-5100,Chicago 312/286-1500, Detroit 313/499-0188. Syracuse 315/699-2671. Indianapolis 317/888-2260, Atlanta 404/427-0241 , Canada 416/638-1322, Beaverton 503/ 643-1644, Dayton 513/433-2511 . Phoenix 602/968-9037, Minneapolis 612/866-3035, Waltham 617/890-8040. Kansas City 816/765-2998. Distributors: Elizabeth 201/345-2420, Los Angeles 213/240-3151. Denver 303/934-5505, Chicago 312/323-9670, Canada 416/ 635-9880, Rochester 716/454-7800, Belgiu01 02362135. Brussels 02352135, Denmark (01) 295622, Norway 472702272, Spain 234-62-62. Sweden 08-28-5940, Swi1zerland 051-852201 . INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 105 230 T eleterminal Corp., 12 Cambridge St., Burlington, Mass. 01803. (617) 272-8504. $625 (1to 10)); stock to 60 day. The Fly Reader 45, a photoelec- tric punched-tape unit, has a continuous or random read speed of 450 characters per second. It can handle standard 1-in. punched tapes, as specified by ANSA x 3.18, with tape transmissivities of up to 60%. The reader uses an on-the-fly read technique and is bidirectional. It accepts either randomly spaced pulse input commands or level inputs for continuous reading. · Control outputs consist of ready/ busy levels, -a tape jam/ out alarm and an output that indkates an open read head during tape loading. The tape-drive is a sprocketand-stepper-motor assembly with sealed, heavy-duty roller bearings. The sprocket engages the tape with seven teeth and is said to give traction without tape wear or tearing. All oontrol signal inputs are TTL-positive true, and they feed Schmitt triggers. This gives the input lines a 2-V noise· immunity. Data and control outputs are all buffered TTL signals. Options for the unit include open-collector TTL outputs that can provide a 4-mA sink at 30 V for driving CMOS or long lines and capability to read both 1-in. and advance-feed-hole typesetting tapes. The Fly Reader 45 operates over 10 to 50 C. It uses a nine-transis- tor optical array and an incandes- cent lamp, rated for 15,000 hours. The reader ~s completely modular: all sections interconnect with plugs for easy servicing. The unit mounts on a 5.25-in- high panel, that fits 19-in. racks. The depth behind the panel is 5.5 in., while the external panel pro- trusion is 2.5 in. Optional fan- fold trays occupy a total of 7 in. of panel height. The unit weighs 8 lb. Power requirements are 105 to 124 V ac, 60 Hz at 1/3 W, or 210 to 240 V ac, 50 Hz. A close competitive unit is the Model 2031 from Digitronics (1 AJ.bertson Ave., Albertson, N.Y. 11507). It has a continuous-read speed of 400 char/s and a random- read speed of 300 char/s. This unit costs $730. A less-expensive unit, the TR6303, is available from Oktmnics Data (12000 E. Skelly Dr., Tulsa, Okla. 74128 ) . It has a max random or continuous-read speed of 300 char/ s and costs $580. Both are bidirectional readers that use stepper motor drives, and the prices include the electronics and power supplies. Teleterminal CIRCLE NO. 252 Digitronics CIRCLE NO. 253 Oktronics CIRCLE NO. 254 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 KEYBOARDS ~~~· ~~ ·· ·~ ~ 11 8~ Sure , we make keyboards for calculators - some are mighty sophisticated, too. But we are also applying Bowmar keyboard technology to TV control tuners, appliance controls, machinery controls, telephone equipment, point-of-sale equipment, and many other applications .. . unlimited! What can we do for you? Remember, in addition to utilizing Bowmar keyboard expertise and engineering abilities, you can also customize your keyboards with combinations of 17 colors in Bowmar key tops and 5 colors in bezels. Give us a call. We'd be happy to discuss your requirements. Send for the new colorful brochures on Bowmar keyboards . .. free. Bowmar Instrument Corporation 8000 Bluffton Road Fort Wayne, Indiana 46809 Phone 219/747-3121 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 106 ELECTRON IC D ES IGN 9, Ap ril 26, 1974 231 DATA PROCESSING Minicomputers also do remote-job entry Varian Data Machines, 2722 Michelson Dr., Irvine, Calif. f}2664. (714 ) 833-2400. From $60,000. A new applications program is part of a system that allows Varian 70 Series computers to have concurrent communications with a large host while performing a full range of foreground and background .tasks. The system which includes synchronous communications hardware interfaces with IBM 360 / 370 computers that use HASP and ASP remote job entry procedures. The system supports data rates to 50 k bit/ s. The minimum configuration which includes 24-k memory V70 CPU, printer, clisc and card reader costs less than $60,000. CIRCLE NO. 287 Eas~going · Vector Graphics, it's basic. You can now use 189 tit 128 139 14'9 158 169 118 lfll8 I 9~ 2c:t· 21ft 228 REM MEGATEK DESIGN LET 1'·15 LET A·e FOR N·I TO P-1 ,.OR M·N+t TO P LET A·<N-1 >·6·28321'P LET B· CM- I,.,, P832/I' CALL l·l27·<1·SIN<A>hl27·<1+COS<A>h81Q CALL 111127·<1+SJNOU>.U!'7·fl+COSCB>>.3·0+1 LET Q·O+e NEXT M NEXT N ENO BASIC language (as this program developed the pattern shown below) to easily plot lines and points. Megatek interfaces your mini (now available for all NOVA series) with your x-y scope and supplies the software needed to allow inter- active, dynamic displays. With 50 Hz refresh rate from its built-in memory, a wide variety of real-time flicker-free plots and even alphanumerics can be generated. And the price is really right. Think of the possibilities. Better yet, see for yourself. Just call us for complete details on NOVA, PDP-11 and NAKED MINI/ALPHA 16- (714) 224-2721 or write Megatek, 1055 Shafter Street, San Diego, CA. 92106. MEGATEK BUDGET PERIPHERALS Graphics Interface: it goes for $1095. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 107 232 Memory modules come in 16 or 32 k stacks Ampex, 401 Broadway, R edwood City, .Calif. 94063. ( 415 ) 367-4151. 0.5¢/ bit, 90 to 120 day. The 1600 Series modules are avail<able in a variety of capacities, access times and cycle times. For 16 k word modules access times vary from 300 to 450 ns and cycle times from 650 to 900 ns. The 32 k modules have access times of 550 and 650 ns and cycle times of 1200 and 1500 ns. Up to eight 1600 series modules can be combined to provide a 128 k system using 16 k modules or a 256 k system using 32 k modules. Module select decoding and negative-true open-collector outputs simplify interface requirements. Each 1600 series module is two boards, a timing-drive board and a plug-in 16 k or 32 k planar stack. The mod- ule is 15.76 x 11.5 in. with a thickness of either 0.95 or 1.3 in., for 16 k or 32 k, respectively. The modules operate from 0 to 55 C without current compensation. The 1600 module requires a 5 V de logic supply and either + or - 15 V de drive supplies at the customer's option. Booth No. 645 Circle No. 288 Compact reader handles 300 card/min sHently Mohawk Data Sci enc e s, OEM Marketing, Box 362, Utica, N.Y. 13503. ( 215) 337-1910. $1300 ; 6090 days. The desk-top Model 6050 card reader offers 300 card/ min along with speed quiet operation. The 6050, priced at $1300, is designed for low-cost OEM applications. The input hopper holds 1000 cards and the output hopper holds 1100. Reader functions include a doublestrobe read of each column, a resynch on data and a light and dark current check. CIRCLE NO. 289 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Who's got the track record for automotive IC development?· When you need custom-developed integrated circuits for automotive applications, why go with a company that hasn't won its spurs? Pick ITT instead. We've already developed circuits for speedometers, tachometers,· digital clocks and flashers; they're being installed daily by the automotive industry. And we have more developments on the way ..When you need custom circuits for electronic ignition, instrument voltage regulators, fuel injection, automatic dimmers or any of the ·other automotive applications, look up the company that has the tra'ck record. Write today for details of our custom circuit capability. ITT. .. Logically ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 108 ITT 233 ill~~ ouo fr[}urn ~~[fi]o~~ Addmaster's famous Model 601 Paper Tape Reader reads any standard tape at 150 characters per second asynchronously. It has a solid state light source, bi-directional stepper motor drive and the lid lifts for easy loading. It is available with or without TTL-interface including end-of- tape-sensing. Can be purchased in a stand-alone model with parallel or serial output ... or with a fanfold box holding 150' of paper tape. ADDMASTER CORPORATION Write tor catalog of Addmaster computer peripherals. 416 Junipero Serra Drive · San Gabriel, California 91776 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 109 Fan the size of an ice cube delivers high volume This easy to install , one inch cube powerhouse does wonders for spot cooling critical components. It's called the IMCube and delivers air at 11 ,000 ti mes its own volume each minute. Also available in one inch diameter cylinder configuration . For further information please call G.ene Egan , VP Sales-516/ 334-7070 or write: IQI Ii'i13 IMC MAGNETICS CORP. EASTERN DIVISION 5 70 MAIN STREET. WESTBUR Y , NEW YORK 1 1 580 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 110 234 DATA PROCESSING El:ectrostatic printers speed at 1000 lpm V ersatec, 10100 Bubb Rd., Cup ertino, Calif. 95014. ( 415 ) 326-2000. $5600 ( 1175) ; $6400 (1110 ) . The LPll 75 electrostatic printer and the 1110 or lllOA plotter print at 1000 lines per minute and plot at 2.4 ips, respectively. All of the units are 19 x 18 x 38 in. and weigh 160 lb . Power requirements are 115 V ac, 60 Hz; 100 V ac, 50 or 60 Hz; or 230 V ac, 50 Hz; 600 W maximum. The printer font is 132, 7 X 9 dot matrix characters per line. A MOS ROM character generator produces a standard 64 or optional 96 ( upper and lower case letters) character set. The unit has both paralJel TTL voltage level and serial RS 232 standard input connectors for accepting ASCII input data. The 1110 is a raster scan plotter which operates in an asynchronous mode. Plotting may be done in an area 10.24 in. wide by any length up to 500 ft. The lllOA printer/ plotter operates in three separate modes: printing, plotting, or optional simultaneous printer/ plot. It has the same plotting characteristics as the 1110 plotter, plus the printing characteristics of the 1175. Booth No. 997, 939 Circle No. 290 Intelligent key entry system has 16 stations Inforex, 21 North Ave., B 7Jrlington, Mass. 018-03. (617) 272-6470. From $780/ mo. The 1303 intelligent key entry system has binary synchronous communication capabilities. Printing or communication of blocked or unblocked tapes may take place on System 1303 without interruption of data entry and verification procedures, in local or remote sites. Both line and serial printers are fully formattable for printing listings, edited data, and computer formatted tapes. The processor and software will support up to 16 keystations, each with its own CRT and electronic keyboard. All keypunch and keytape functions are supported plus a large number of automatic functions. Booth No . 671 Circle No . 291 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, Apri l 26, 1974 CRT terminal allows extensive editing Lear Siegler, Electronics Instrumentation Div., 714 N. Brookhurst St., Anaheim, Calif. 9280'3. (714) 774-1010. $3000; 90 days. Flexibility of format, editing, interface, and transmission characterize the ADM-2 CRT terminal. The operator can change, insert and delete characters or insert and delete entire lines. Cursor control permits the user to skip, backspace, forespace, move up, down, return, home and originate a new line. A "field protect" mode enables the unit to retain forms, instructions, or other fixed data, while transmitting only the "unprotected" information. The terminal has the standard 53-TTY keys, 16 function keys, and a numeric 10-key pad. The 12-in. CRT can display 960 or 1920 characters on a 12 or 24-line format in upper and lower case. CIRCLE NO. 292 Line monitor helps debug data lines Digi-Log Systems, Babylon Rd., Horsham, Pa. 19044. (215) 672- 0800. $1420 to $1995; so days . The Series 400 line monitor is a compact ASCII device which displays all line and data information flowing between two separate EDP devices. This information can' be displayed on either a video monitor or an ordinary TV set. In the line monitor mode, all information is displayed on the screen including the alphanumeric equivalents of normally transparent control characters. The unit can also be switched to operate as a readonly terminal with control signal display suppressed. Either receive, transmit, or both receive and transmit data may be displayed. Both parity and framing errors are detected and indicator lights report various data set control lines. Synchronous and asynchronous models are available. Asynchronous versions include switchselectable baud rates of 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 as well as page and roll mode switches. Display formats include 40 and 80 character by 16 line configurations. Booth No. 478, 480 Circle No. 293 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 stroke solenoid from Ledex for proportional positioning. The new Ledex electro proportional solenoids are a major breakthrough in technology and in cost reduction. Here's what they provide: · ± 1°/o positional accuracy for precision control system use. · Up to 40 pounds of work force at continuous duty provides the power for most applications in a compact size. · Direct linear motion ranging to 1/2 inch eliminates complicated gearing and ·motion converters. · Life of 10 million maintenance free cycles will in- crease your system's reliability. · Prices for electro proportional solenoids begin at about $40 per unit. · 18 standard models with various sizes, strokes, and outputs to fit your specific application requiremerits. · Reduce your design expense, when you buy the electro proportional solenoid, controller and feedback sensor as a system. The Ledex electro proportional solenoids are designed to provide fast,_accurate, high force positioning for hydraulic and pneumatic valves, fuel control systems, machine tool cutter heads, automatic gages and other precise positioning applications. Make a significant contribution toward lowering your proportional positioning control costs. Send today for complete details and catalog on this new cost effective electro proportional solenoid. Toll free number for nam e of your nearest Ledex representative : 800-645-9200. LEDEX INC. 123 Webster Street Dayton, Ohio 45401 (513) 224-9891 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 111 235 INSTRUMENTATION THEUNE Spectrum analyzer takes PRIHl'ER .dynamic input range title FOR THE LONG RUN OEMs select it because users prefer it. This line printer is designed for the long runs-applications where printing is measured in hours instead of minutes. It's a line printer. Full 132 columns, 200 lines per minute. That means 200 lpm regardless of line length! It's reliable. Quiet. Quality print. No duty cycle limitations. A one year warranty to back it up. Drive it as hard as you want. Over a thousand Tally Line Printers in the field and not a single mechanical failure! As an OEM, that means Tally printers won't eat you alive in service calls. Tally has t1'e data processing printer. A printer with all the data processing features your user expects. Eight channel VFU. 64 character set. 96 character upper and lower case option. Various fonts. Foreign languages. Enhance your computer system with this super reliable, long run line printer. Find out all the features.Write or call Tally Corporation, 8301 So. 180th Street, Kent, Washington98031. (206) 251-5647. TALLY ® INFORMATION RETRIEVAl NUMBER 112 236 A dret Corp., 1887 L ititz Pike, L an- caster, P a. 17601 . (717) 569-7059. P & A : See text. With a dynamic range of 120 dB from 0 to 11 MH z, Adret's 6303 spectrum-ana l yzer plug-in leads all others in input range. From 1 to 110 MHz, t he dynamic r a nge of 'the Adret unit drops t o 100 dB-a spec t h at's matched, but not exceeded, by Marconi's recently introduced 110MHz a nalyzer, t he T F 2370. The two units don't compete head-on, however. The $10,375 Adret unit is a plug-in for a frequency-synthesizer mainframe, has no CRT display and offers limited features compared with most analyzer s. The $14,750 Marconi (E nglewood, N .J.) is a complete, top-ofthe line unit, with such features as digital storage, a T V-like display, counter readout a nd automatic computation a nd setting of sweep r at e and other per formance factors. But if you need a super-wi de dynamic ran ge-to check hi ghpur ity crystal oscillators, for ex- ample-Adret's 6303 fills t he bill. The m inimum input signal is 100 mV r ms. And t he 6303 doubles as an eight-digit, programmable frequency synthesizer with a range of 10 kHz to 110 MHz and a resolution of 1 Hz. The total frequency range of the Adret unit is covered by two submodule plug-ins: t he O-to-11-MHz 63032 and the 1-to-pO-MHz 63031. Total dispersion of the lower-frequency module ranges from ± 200 Hz to ± 10 kHz, while the highfrequency unit disperses from ± 200 Hz to ± 100 kHz. Noise in a 1-Hz bandwidth is listed as 30 nV for the 11-MHz 63032 and 0.3 µ V for the 110-MHz 63031. Once the user sets the dispersion, he loses control of sweep time-that is, the sweep is a function of the dispersion and ranges from 100 to 2000 s. The 6303 outputs a signal that drives a storage scope or an X-Y plotter. A front-panel attenuator and vernier.. coupled to a level meter, lets the user adjust the out- ( continued on page 238) ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 any Or any new way. Then sit back and watch your Ise display electronics get your ideas across. Beautifully.4 In an eye-easy fluorescent green glow. At the same time, they're low on voltage and current drain. High on stability. Pick the readouts that offer more of everything, including variety, for a whole host of digital display ideas. They're a difference you can SP,e. The Brighter Side of Electronics 7. DP 89A 8. DP127F 9. DMCL12H (NEW) Display module w / counter & latch · Fluorescent green glow. · 12-pin connector. ·Three performance perfect models. ·Custom ROM programming with other than BCD and seven-segment output. Creator of Fluorescent Digital Display: ISE ELECTRONICS CORP P.O.Box 46 lse-city, Mie Pref., Japan · Tel: (05963) 5-2121 Telex: 4969523 ISE INTERN ...IONAL CORP International Sales Div.: Ml 2-7-7. Higashi -Shinbashi. Minato-ku, Tokyo. Japan e Tel :433-6616-9 Tel ex: J26546 Cables: " ISEWORLDREP" TOKYO Sales & Technical Office: ISE CORP OF AMERICA 1472 West 178th Street. Gardena. Calif.. 90248 U.S.A. · Tel : (213) 532-0470 Telex: 230674910 Representative: Pans. Munich. Amsterdam, Stockholm , Vienna, Milan. Bom bay. Hong Kong, Ta1pe1 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 113 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 237 DIT-MCD THE DIFFERENCE IN TESTING! Oil-MCO's 770 SERIES Tape Programmed Random Access Wire-Circuit Analyzers Wrth The Speed, Reliability, And Ca· pacity To Meet Almost Every Conceivable Connection·Testing Need! INSTRUMENTATION (continued from page 236) put to a plotter's full-scale reading. An averaging mode, also selected by panel button, smooths any in- stantaneous minor fluctuations in the output signal. Other important specs of the Adret 6303 include a filter, or analysis, bandwidth of 10 Hz; a filter shape factor of 10 ( ratio of 60-dB to 3-dB bandwidths ) and a frequency accuracy of ± 5 Hz. Amplitude accuracy from ·O to 11 MHz is ± 2 dB to 100 dB down and ± 4 dB to 120 dB down. With the 1-to-110-MHz module, accuracy is ±2 dB. The 6303 costs $10,375, which includes both sub-modules. With just one module, the price drops to $9975. Delivery is stock to 30 days. For Adret CIRCLE NO. 250 For Marconi Cl RCLE NO. 25 1 For a random access analyzer that really meets the test. look to the leader-DIT-MCD. Dependable Versatile. Fast. Accurate. Whether you require basic test or sophisticated systems capabilities. OIT-MCD gives you more features. dollar for dollar. than competitive units. 772* WQB bar relay switching ... solid state drive. Up to 1.200 TPM. Insulation test voltage to 1.500 VDC. 773* Reed switching ... solid state drive. Up to 4.000 TPM. Insulation test voltage to 500 VDC. 774* Reed switching ... solid state drive. Up to 4.000 TPM. Insulation test voltage to 1.500 VDC 775* Designed for high voltage AC testing. EQA switching. Up to 1.000 TPM. Insulation test voltage to 1.500 VAC. 776* Low voltage tests at extremely high speeds. Reed switching. Up to 10.000 TPM with optional input equipment. Insulation test voltage to 100 VDC. The no Series also iPcludes computer con- trolled models with Solid State Switching! Shaw Us AProblem, And We'll Put It Ta The Test! "Computer System Control option available on al I 770 Series Units. Our brochure lists standard features and options. DITmMCO DIT-MCO: The difference in testing. DIT-MCO INTERNATIONAL A division of Xebec Corporation 5612 Brighton Terrace · K.C., Mo. 64130 Telephone (816) 363-6288 Telex Number 42-6149 European Technical Representative RADIX HOUSE Central Trading Estate Staines, Middlesex, TW18-4-XA, England Telephone (0784) 51444 Telex 935023 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 114 238 Notch-peak filter is tunable SEG Electronics, 120-30 Jamaica A ve., Richmond Hill, N.Y. 11418. (212) 441-3200. $545; stock. Model 850A tunable notch-peak filter tests and analyzes voice-band telephone channels over the 35-to3500-Hz range. The portable unit can be used for notched noise measurements and waveform analysis with 3.5 and 35-Hz bandwidths. Originally designed per the Bell Telephone Reference Guide PUB 41009 for harmonic wave analysis, the 850A can also make other measurements on standard telephone measuring equipment. An interesting feature is a frontpanel controlled switchable ouptut amplifier with selectable 0, 10, 20 and 30-dB gain to facilitate lowlevel measurements. CIRCLE NO. 294 Tester diagnoses data networks Int ertel, 6 Vine Brook Park, Burlington, Mass. 01803. ( 617 ) 273· 0950. $7500; 60-90 days. MPT500 Multipoint Tester is a compact diagnostic center for data communication networks. The unit allows communication personnel at a central site to immediately diagnose and isolate a wide variety of fault conditions at any remote site in a large communication network. The network may include as many as 12 private lines, with up to 40 drops on each line. The Multipoint Tester runs diagnostics while the network is fully operational. Test results are displayed in numerals and English abbreviations at the Tester front panel, which also includes a speaker for monitoring line signals. CIRCLE NO. 295 Measure height to . accuracies of 0.0002 in. LK Tool Co. Ltd., Lodge Works, Aston-on-Trent, Derby DE7, 2AJ, England. The Mini-Check One, single-axis electronic inspection instrument, eliminates calculations and vernier readings. The unit incorporates an 8 character digital readout and offers repeatability on a solid contact probe to within ± 0.0002 in. All marking-out operations normally done with a height gauge can be carried out, including direct measurement of hole centers. The measuring element is a tape transducer along which a multi-element reader traverses to measure the deflection of a magnetic field. Signals are transmitted to a solidstate electronic pulse counter and displayed on the digital readout panel. Two versions are available to measure maximum heights of 20 or 40 in., and interfaces can be supplied for coupling to teletypewriter units and computers. CIRCLE NO. 296 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9; April 26, 1974 W[Jfldlu ·+· · · · · 0 r-~~ ·+· +t· +·· · +t· +·· · ++· +·· · ++· +·· · ++·+··++·+··++·+··++·+··++·+··++·+··++·+··++·+·· ++·+··++·+·· · · · · · ++·+·· ++·+··- Non Volatile, Low Cost & High Reliability ~~~t11v RAM PERFECTION POS TERMINAL, CASH DISPENSER, MICRO PROCESSER, CREDIT CARD CERTIFIER, ELECTRONIC CASH REGISTER It has been generally assumed that MOS IC memory systems are less expensive and more suitable to use than a ferrite core memories to employ in a field of small-capacity random access memories whose capacities ore smaller than 8K bytes. However, today this assumption shall be contradicted. FUJl's new series of memories, Small -capacity Ferrite Core Memory Modules, incorporated with Hybrid integrated circuit as its peripheral circuits, offering a more economical price and better reliabilities rather than MOS IC memories. Everyone knows that volatility and reliability of stored information is the most important factor in handling of cash transactions at banking system as well as operating cash registers, POS terminal mechines, and on-line devices. Consequently, at least the last digits of calculation must be nonvolatile. Which do you think is more rational ... a system designed by a MOS IC memory with the last calculated digits to be stored by a nonvolatile core memory or a whole entire system simply designed with a nonvolatile core memory? Answer is clear, that is FUJI Core Memory! STANDARD MODELS A wide variety of standard models are available over a wide range of memory capacities from 128 words-4 bits to 8K words -9 bits. Furthermore, we are ready to design and manufacture special systems with quick delivery service, according to your requirements. MODEL CMS2101A CMS2101B CMS2112 CMS2113 CMS2114 CMS2115 CMS2116 CMS2201A CMS2201B CMS2107 CMS2401 CMS2403 CAPACITY 128W-4B 256W-4B 512W-4B 1024W-4B 2048W-4B 4096W-4B 1024W-9B or 512W-18B 1024W-10B 2048W-10B 1024W-18B 4096W-18B or 8192W-9B 4096W-18B or 8192W-9B CYCLE TIME 3µs 3.µs 3 µs 3µs 3µs 3µs 1 . 5 µ .s 1µs 1µs 1.5µs 1µs 1.5µ .s POWER ±5V ±5V +5V +5V +5V +5V ±5V.+24V ±5V ±5V ±5V.+24V ±5V. +15V +5V DIMENSIONS (size in inch) 5.8X8.7 X0.5 5 .8X8 .7X0.5 6.0 xa.o xo.5 6 .o xa.o xo.5 a .o x 10.ox0.5 8.0 X10.0 X0.5 9.8X11.8X0.6 9 .5 X10.5 X0.5 9 .5 X10.5 X0.5 7.4X8.3X1.4 10.p X15.0 X0.5 10.0 X15.0 X0.6 w[Jf]r!ll[] MEMORIES FUJI ELECTROCHEMICAL CO. Head Office: Hamagomu Bldg .. 5-36-11 , Shinbashi , Minato-ku , Tokyo, Japan TEL: 434-1271 Overseas Office : New York, TEL: (212) 532-5630 Los Angeles , TEL : (213i 620-1640 Dusseldorf, TEL : (211) 89031 TAD. ISHJZUKA SAM . YOSHINO TAD. KOMURO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 115 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 239 INSTRUMENTAT ION Unit covers 2 to -... . 18.5 GHz in one sweep 0 0· 0 . -...... . : 0 ·· -· Wiltron, 930 E . Meadow Dr., Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 . (415) 321-7428. $11,700 (plug-in) ; 5 wk. Model 6237 plug-in sweeps 2 GHz to 18.5 GHz in one continuous sweep. The unit is said to be considerably less expensive t han any previous sweeper covering this frequency range. Leveled power output is 7 dBm compared to a typical 2 dBm for the nearest competitor and the leveling flatness of ± 1 dB is said to be the best offered by any manufacturer. CIRCLE NO. 297 Our new · IC Op Amp 18ster is a cheap little know- it-all. SId unit offers scale-facto'r choice !LC Data Device, 100 T ee St., Hicksville, N.Y. 11801. ( 516 ) 4335330. 3 digits, $450; 4 digits, $550 ; 6 wk. SR300 is a solid-state four-digit synchro-resolver angle indicator. The unit may be purchased with custom scale factors, permitting the display of actual engineering units. Worst case error of the 3digit and 4-digit indicators are ±30' ±1 LSB, and ±6' ±1 LSB, respectively, over 0 to 70 C. The SR-300 uses a sampling s/ d with 40 conversions / sec as standard for degrees of rotation. Input signals are transformer isolated and transient protected. A DTL/ TTL-compatible BCD output is standard . CIRCLE NO. 298 . 12-V recorder works 1n remote location A. Input offset voltage (Eos). B. Bias current, invert- ing input (IB - ). All you really need to know C. Bias current. non-invert- about our New Model 1234 IC ing Input (IB + ). Op Amp Tester Is that it costs D. DC open loop gain. less than $700 and is smart E. DC common mode re- !In~ enough to do the following: jection ratio (CMRR). 1. Test virtually all IC op F. Oscillation detection. amps. monolithic and hybrid. Now you can't afford NOT to in DIP and T0-5 configurations with or without plastic carriers. weed out your Incoming dis- asters and sort your devices by accurate test results. ELECTRO SCIENTIRC 2. Perform the six most Im- Write for the complete infor- Electro Scientific Industries portant measurements pre- mation on this new tester, 13900 N.W. Science Park viously accomplished only by our companion Instrument to Dr.. Portland, Ore. 97229, testers costing at least three the Model 1248 functional times as much. These are: tester for digital ICs. Phone (503) 646-4141 , Telex 36-0273. Openings: Application Engineers, Product Manager. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 116 240 MFE Corp ., K eewaydin Dr., Sa- lem, N.H. 03079. ( 603 ) 893-1921. Starts at $520; 60-90 days. This 12-V-dc single-channe l OEM or packaged recorder is for applications reqmrmg complete isolation or remote operation. Features include: built-in 12-V inverter; power consumption of 1.5 A; event marker; si mple paper loading; inkless thermal recording; 50-mm wide chart; speed accuracy of ± 2 % ; frequency response fu ll scale de to 40 Hz; 10 mm D-P de to 100 Hz. CIRCLE NO. 299 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 $9225 buys this complete high-performance computer system from Tuxas Instruments Combine a Silent 700* Model 733 twin-cassette ASR data terminal and a 980A minicomputer with 8K of memory. You have a fast, powerful computer system, including a cassette operating sy!?tem, for much less than you would normally expect to pay. And delivery is only 30 days. This system is useful for such applications as business data processing and batch data retrieval. Add more Silent 700 terminals and do multiple terminal data entry. Or run multi-user BASIC. With 16K of memory, run high-level languages like FORTRAN IV. By adding a disc, you can run the powerful DX980 operating system. This way, for less than $25,000, you get a system that is substantially equivalent to other systems with price tags of $35,000 or more. With Silent 700 ASR terminals, you get the speed, quietness and reliability that have made them a standard of comparison. And, the convenience of tape cassettes and non-impact printing make the Silent 700 terminals a powerful alternative to conventional paper-tape teletypewriters. Want more information? Call the nearest TI office listed below or contact Texas Instru- ~ ments Incorporated, 1J P.O. Box 1444, Houston, Texas, 77001. 'Trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated Arlington, Va. (703) 51).1800. Atlanta, Ga. (404) 458·7791 ·Boston, Mass. (617) 890·7400 ·Chicago, Ill. (3 11) 671·0300 ·Clark, N.J. (101) 574·9800 ·Cleveland, Oh. (116) 464·1191 · Oallas, Tx. (11 4) 138·5318 · Oayton, Oh. (513) 153-6118 · Oenver, Co. (303) 758·5536 · Oetroit, Mich. (313) 353·0830 · Hamden, Conn. (103) 181·0074 · Houston, Tx. (713) 777·1613 · Huntsville, Ala. (106) 837·7510 · Indianapolis, Ind. (317) 148·8555 · Milwaukee, Wis. (414) 475·1690 · Minneapolis, Minn. (6 11) 835·5711 · New York, N.Y. (111) 541 ·9540 · Orange, Ca. (714) 547·9111 · Orlando, Fla. (30~) 644·3535 · Philadelphia. Pa. (115) 643·6450 · Phoenix, M.. (601) 149·1313 · Rochester, N.Y. (716) 461-1800 · San Francisco, Ca. (408) 731·1840 · Seattle, Wash. (106) 455·1711 · St. Louis, Mo. (314) 993-4546 · Amstelveen, Holland 010·456156 · Bedford, England 58701 · Copenhagen, Oenmark (01) 917400 · Frankfurt, Germany 0611 /39 9061 · Manchester, England 33411 · Milano, Italy 6888051 · Montreal, Canada (5 14) 331·3551 · Paris, France (I) 630·1343 · Stockholm, Sweden 67 98 35 · Sydney, S. Austra lia 837·015 ·Toronto, Canada (416) 889·7373 ·Tokyo, Japan 401·6181 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED ELECTRONIC D ES IGN 9, April 26 , 1974 241 ATIENUATE ATIENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATIENUATE ATIENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE ATTENUATE To110dB Accurately Dependably DCto2GHz In steps of 1 or 10 dB 50 and 75 ohms at power ratings to 3 watts And do it all with Telonic's series 8000 thick-film miniature rotary attenuators. Availab le in 12 panel - mounting and bench units, at prices from $88.00 in single quantities (with OEM discounts). Write for our Attenuator brochure or contact your Telonic representative. Telonic Altair, 21282 Laguna Canyon Road, Box 277, Laguna Beach, California 92652, Tel: 714 494-9401 ·TWX: 910596-1320 !E Teloni~Altair INFORMATI ON RET RIEVAL N UMBER 1 18 242 INSTRUMENTATION Backplane tester checks 120 points ··-· - ·4·- ~· Automatic Production Systems, Inc., 1602 Hylton Rd., Pennsauken, N.J. 08110. ( 609 ) 663-7812. $7500; 60 days. OmniTester 600 is a fully auto- matic comparator tester for production checkout of cables, wired harnesses and backplanes. The unit requires no input device or program tapes. A known good product or simulated sample is used as a reference to determine the testing pattern for the unit under test. Test speed is 2400 continuity tests per minute. The standard unit includes front panel programmable continuity and leakage resistance at hipot values up to 500 V de, including test capacity for 120 access points. CljlCLE NO. 300 OEM synthesizer programs remotely Rockland Systems, 230 W. Nyack Rd., W est Nyack, N.Y. 10994. ( 914 ) 623-6666. $1880;, 4 wk. Intended for use by OEMs, the Model 5110 synthesizer features direct digital synthesis, a frequency range of de to 2 MHz, 0.001 Hz resolution, remote binary or BCD programmability with integral buffer storage, and program- ming speed of less than 1.5 ,µ,s . Spectral purity includes - 70 dB spurious and - 55 dB harmonic. Standard features include fixed 1-V rms output with 50-n source impedance, 1-MHz reference output and front-panel output monitor connector. CIRCLE NO. 30 1 Unit tests converters and displays errors C-0 Manufacturing Co., 646 Summ er St ., B rockton, Mass . 02403. ( 617) 584-4710. $4400; stock. Model ADFlA tests both a / d and d/ a converters. The unit measures and di splays converter accuracy, monotonicity and noise. Analog inputs and outputs a.re displayed on a precision zero-centered meter. Direct error readings are also displayed, with a two-bit fu llscale sensitivity. LED indicators provide a digital display of number inputs and outputs. Dynamic operation may be displayed as a two-dimensional CRT presentation of input vs output or input vs error. CIRCLE NO. 302 Miniature scope weighs just 4 lb. T elonic Industries, 21282 Laguna Canyon Rd., Laguna Beach, Calif. 92652. ( 714) 494-9401. Start at $595 ; 30 days. Weighing only 4 lb., this miniscope, Model 9601A, can be handheld or hung from a neck strap. T he unit measures 3.5 x 5 x 7.75 in. and contains a 1.5-in. CRT screen that is enlarged to 2.25 in. by a snap-on magnifier. It is powered by ac or a battery pack. Bandwidth is de to 5 MHz and sensitivity is 10 mV per division . Max sweep rate is 0.3 µs per division. CIRCLE NO. 303 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 HOT PRESSED " FERRITE Mn-Zn hot pressed ferrites with excellent high frequency characteristics. Hot pressed ferrite (Micrograph: xlOO) · ,. . · · UJ ~ Conventional ferrite (Micrograph: xlOO) TDK is now producing manganese-zinc ferrite combinations with optimum performance characteristics for computer application. The crystalline powder of these ferrite materials is ground to uniform granular size, hot pressed and sintered into molded head pieces of high density. TDK's Mn-Zn hot pressed ferrite head pieces are free of voids, smooth in finish and have excellent contact wear resistance. TDK also offers high quality head pieces for industrial, audio and video applications. The dual-gap and multi-track configurations are already available. .All these new TDK products benefit from TDK's exacting production processes including accurate shaping of sintered pieces and newly developed glass bonding techniques. I I I l10 1"-=,o-~~~~~1~0,,.--~--'-~~....L..L.W10· Frequency(kHz) TDK ELE~S CO., LTD. 14-6, 2-chome, Uchikanda,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan Telex:J24270, J26937 ITODENKAl CableJDKCORE TOKYO TDK EL~ CORP. LOS ANGELES BRANCH 931 Soulh Douglas Slreet, El Segundo, California 90245 Phone: 1213!644-8625 Telex: WUD 653-456 ITODENKA ELSDl CHlCAGO BRANCH 2906 West Peterson Avenue,Chicago, Illinois 60659 Phone: 13121973-1222 Telex:TWX 910-221-4211 ITDK CHGOl HR3S HR.5-2 KR.4 KR6 KRz Initial permeability 18,000±20o/o 3,000±15o/o l,500±15o/o 2,000±15o/o 2max. Flux density (at 15 Oe) >3,700 gauss >4,900 gauss >3,2 00 gauss >3,200 gauss Coercive force <0.05 Oe < 0.1 Oe < 0.2 Oe <0.15 Oe Specific density >5.10g/cm 3 > 5.05g/cm 3 > 5.30g/cm 3 >5.30g/cm 3 >5.30g/cm 3 Material composition Mn-Zn Mn-Zn(Hot pressed ferrite) Ni-Zn Ni-Zn INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 119 MODULES & SUBASSEMBLIES 16 channel acquisition system includes controls Datel, 1020 Turnpik e St., Canton, Mass. 02021. ( 617) 828-8000. $750 ; stock to 4 wk. The DAS-16-LP is a complete 16-channel data acquisition system. It contains a 16 channel analog multiplexer, a sample-and-hold module, an 8 or 12 bit analog-todigital converter along with all the necessary control logic for both random and sequential channel selection. The system uses a ga:ted power supply that turns on when a con- version is requested, and turns off when the conversion is complete. While operating, the system requires only 100 mW and when in the standby state less than 120 µ W. The 16 single-ended analog input channels can accept either +5 or ± 5 V swings and have a 10· n input impedance. System accuracy is ± 0.025 % with a temperature coefficient of ±0.004 %/° C. Dynamic input acquisition is 150 µ s, with sample and hold aperture time below 100 ns1. Data conversion time is 450 µ:i!! so the maximum system throughput rate is 2.~ kHz. The control logic includes input command storage that allows party line or computer bus operation. The controls provide for either random addressing of the analog input channels or an internal counter for sequential addressing. A frame sync output indicates when the counter is at channel one. Since the 16-LP operates from a 12-V battery, and draws only 8 mA while converting and 10 µ,A in standby, it is well suite<:l for field operation where power lines are not readily available. Both Analogic (Audibon Rd., Wakefield, Mass. 01880 ) and Data Translation ( 109 Concord St., Framingham, Mass. 01701 ) also have 16-channel data acquisition systems. Their units, though, are not CMOS and thus require many times more power. The 6912 from Analogic has a 100 kHz thr~ugh put and sells for $695, and the 1640 from Data Translation has a throughput of 2p kHz but sells for a low $495 . Datel Analogic Data Translation CIRCLE NO. 317 CIRCLE NO. 318 CIRCLE NO. 319 .ANALOGY WHEN libv WANT DfR.ECT CONVERJi510N FROM DC LEVE:L- TO A SER.IS OF TTL COMPAilBLE PUL'6ES ACCUR.ATEL'i AND OCVoNTVPIVETNTI~L.O'1.1U051'E0ANKH:Az,-IN3P4U7T 1'5 010 PY. o .ooe"7o UNEARITI.{ AND 10"7o OV~R.. R.ANGE. ADJ[);TABLE F/ZOM 9. goo -ro 10.ooov AT 10 Ki-17. ··=OVT. CDNV!:FtT NOW, WR!T£ ANA· - · OOrU>U-£l511if...\5r(n.!JJ1L1n-.J. C'!IONSC) D2R4P4o-R0A5IE0D0 /220 COLE"MAtV, SM'h4 CLARA Of 9SO&:J INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 121° 244 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Choose from 23 CTS Space Saver Cermet ·Resistor Networks to Increase Circuit Density ... At Economical Prices You'll like how much they can save you, and your circuit. Less space ... fewer components ... greater system reliability ... quicker, easier installation ... reduced handling costs ... and faster inspection. Consolidate up to 13 discrete resistors into one compact in-line Saver Pac resistor module. CTS can do it easily with an expanded line of ~3 modules ... available in .100", .125", or .150" lead centers ... including NEW 10 and 12-pin .125" and low profile 8-pin .100" designs. High power capabilities to 4.3 watts@ 70°C per module. CTS 750 series cermet thick-film resistors assure proven performance-ultra high stability and reliability-backed by over 700,000,000 hours of test data. Hand install or use automatic assembly equipment ... they're designed for either. Pick a CTS SAVER PAC resistor network today. Large or small orders welcome. CTS of Berne, Inc., Berne, Indiana 46711. Phone : (219) 589-3111 . A world leader in cermet and variable resistor technology INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 122 SCR POWER CONTROLLERS and GATE DRIVES "RED-PAC" 1 If AND 3 If TO 90 AMPS PHASE-ANGLE FIRING ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING CURRENT LIMIT ING MILLIAMP OR RTDINPUT BACK-TO-BACK s.:R RELIABILITY WIDE CHOICE OF OPTIONS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 207 PLUG-IN OR HARDWIRED GATE DRIVES 1 GI 3 ti , 3SCR Hybrid 3!11 , &SCR VOLTAGE REGULATORS ® PHASETROL CURRENT REGULATORS VOLTAGE AND CURRENT REGULATORS CURRENT LIMITERS PULSE AMPLIFIERS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 208 246 MODU LES & SUBASSEMBLIES Mechanical reset timers offer many variations 360 C-Z Conrac Corp., Mill Rock Rd., Old Saybrook, Conn. 06475 . (203 ) 3883574. Model 360 is a fully adjustable, automatic, surface mounted reset timer. It is designed for applications that require time delay, interval timing and if two timers are interconnected, repeat cycle timing. Several models of the 360 are available. Model 360A-A incorporates an instantaneous switch. Model 360C-Z employs a single, high current capacity load switch for heavy industrial control circuits, rated at 20 A. Four time ranges, from 5.5 s to 5.25 min. are available. Time settings are easily adjusted by moving the indicator arm around the notched dial. Repeat accuracy is 0.75 % of full scale and setting accuracy is 5% of full scale exclusive of human setting error. The timer is available in operating voltages of 115 or 220 V and 50 or 60 Hz. CIRCLE NO. 30 5 Active notch filters offer five bandwidths Polyphase Instrument Co., Bridgeport, Pa. 19405. (215 ) 279-4660. $45 ( 1 to 4) . The series 8000 active filter modules have useful notches to 40 dB ( 1% of 3 dB rejection bandwidth ) . Five 3 dB bandwidths of 10% , 25 % , 50 % , 75 % and 100% of center frequency are available. All filters are complete function modules with no additional circuitry required and are made for PC board mounting. Case size is 1.9 X 1.25 x 0.5 in. CIRCLE NO. 306 Tunable oscillators use a single resistor Controlec, Box 48132, Niles, Ill. 60648. ( 312) 966-8435. $79 (unit qty.) . The Model 73 tone generator uses separate switched resistors to determine the operating frequency. Continuously variable frequency can be obtained by using a variable resistor. Tuning resistor termination may be a spst switch to ground, an open collector gate or a transistor collector. Resistance changes of 5% result in only a 0.05 % frequency change, so economy pots and / or 0.5-W carbon resistors can be used to set frequency. Output frequency is almost independent of power-supply voltage and of signal output loading. Eleven modules cover the range of 300 to 3000 Hz. The output signal is a 1-V-rms sine wave. CIRCLE NO. 307 Monitor module is transparent to line a~ ............".~ .. O!e . . . . . ~ .. ..:-.,. . .-.~~ · ~ O&?.!.ea .·, .. .......-.&.-_.1-.0...--.. cl Al'- 1 ... :, ( .AA....!...!.!.A.l..a.... - - ·~ llOO(L - International Data Sciences, Inc., 100 Nashua St., Providence, R.I. 02904. ( 401 ) 274-5100. $635; stock. The Model 8560 bridge and monitor module allows on-line monitoring of data communications traffic. It handles all 25 leads in the EIA data interface between modems, terminals and multiplexers. The unit is transparent and is installed on line between the modem and terminal. Installation takes seconds and is accomplished merely by plugging the modem and terminal into two connectors located on the front panel. Each of the 25 signals is monitored by a test point and a visual LED indi- cator. Supply voltages of +5 V and ± 12 V and a lamp test pushbutton are also provided. The di- mensions of the unit are 8 x 5-1 / 4 X 7-1 / 2 in. CIRCLE NO. 308 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Get Less For Your Money. Get a pair of HP basic test instruments that give you less - less measurement hassle because they're so easy to use. Less downtime because they're all solid-state. Less weight and bulk because this scope and probe multimeter were designed to be part of your lightweight travel kit. Imagine a 31/2-digit probe multimeter that is completely self contained, weighs only seven ounces, fits in the palm of your hand- and so advanced it AUTO ranges , AUTO zeros, and has AUTO polarity. It's practically foolproof. Completely portable. And it's absolutely unique- there's nothing else like it anywhere. At any price. And it's just $310*. That's a surprisingly low price for a state-ofthe-art instrument built to HP's most exacting standards. Or get our bright, full 5-inch diagonal display oscilloscope that gives you a whole lot less of those squinting, guessing, knob-tweaking measurements you'djust as soon do without. It's a dual channel , 15 MHz lightweight (only 15 pounds) with the sensitivity, accuracy, and big-scope conveniences most troubleshooters are likely to need. And best of all , it sells for only $695 *. There you are, a top-quality scope and probe multimeter for a lot less money. They're backed by HP's reputation and worldwide service and support facilities . So why gamble? There's less chance of error when you get your measurement instruments from the measurement leader. To get the full story on our 970A probe multimeter or the I220A oscilloscope, just fill out and return the coupon. "' Domesti c U.S.A. prices only. t i HEWLETT PACKARD Sales and service from 172 offices in 65 countries. 1501 Page Mill Road. Palo Alto, Cahlorn1a 94306 I Send information about your I 0 probe multimeter 0 scope. I Name Dept. __ I Company : Address _________ City State : Zip I Hewlett-Packard Co. 1501 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94306 I I I ED4/26/ 74 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 124 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 247 NEW! MODULES & SUBASS EMBLIES Sine/cosine converters deliver de or binary LINISTORSTM Transmagnetics, 210 Adams Blvd., Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735. (516) sensitive linear negative temperature coefficient thermistor assemblies 293-3100. $495 (NV); stock to 6 wk. The Model 655NV sine/ cosine converter produces a de output that is suited for radar display sys- tems. Model 655NVDIG produces .. a digital output that permits the engineer to perform many digital calculations prior to storing the data. Multiplexing of various inputs is easily accomplished with either unit. Accuracy for the 655- I NV is 6 min. and 5 min. for the 655NVDIG. Either model can be supplied to operate over 0 to + 70 C or - 55 to + 85 C. They can also meet all applicable military specifi- cations. Size of the 655NV module is 3.2 x 3.4 x 0.82 in. while the Model 655NVDIG is supplied on Linistor assemblies w iII provide you with an accu rate straig ht l i ne res istance/temper atur e a PC board measuring 4.5 X 8 x 5.82 in. CIRCLE NO. 309 plot from 0°C to 100°C. Band-reject filters cover 0.2 Hz to 20 kHz Linistors are ideal for temperature sensing and temperature compensating devices. They are now available in four standard encasements to satisfy most design applications. Write for Data Bulletin l-601 . Th ermist or Di vi sion St. M ar ys, Pa. 15857 Ph one 814/781-1591 I N FORMATI ON RETRI EVAL NUMBER 125 248 Frequency Devices, Inc., 25 Locust St., Haverhill, Mass . 01830. (617) 372-6930. $75 (1 to 9); stock to 4 wk. Series 780 modular active filters have resistive tunable band-reject transfer functions. The design permits tuning over a 1000: 1 frequency range. The notch depth is independent of the accuracy or matching characteristics of the frequency tuning resistors. Three models cover overlapping frequency ranges from 0.2 Hz to 20 kHz. Frequencies are set via two external resjstors. Q is externally adjustable from 0.5 to 100. Notch = depth of 50 dB (Q 0.5) is main- tained over the entire frequency tuning range and is adjustable to 70 dB via an external potentiometer. Power requirements are ± 5 to ± 18 V at 8 mA and the input voltage swing is ± 10 V. The input impedance is 20 kn and the output impedance is less than 10 n with a voltage swing of ± 10 V at 5 mA. The operating temperature range is 0 to 70 C while the size is 1.5 x 2 X 0.4 in. CIRCLE NO. 310 Timing programmer has 0.01 %timing accuracy Bayshore Systems, 5406A Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 22151. (703) 321-9625. $890; 45 to 60 day. The timing programmer, Model TP-41, can activate up to eight external relays in an easily programmed fashion. A digital clock provides 0.01 % timing accuracy. A simple matrix of screw-in terminals accomplishes the desired activating time of each of the eight relay signals. A special feature allows the relays to be actuated in numerical sequence or all of the relays to be actuated relativ·e to the starting time. Timing capability is selectable internally in 0.25, 0.5, or 1 s increments up to over 1000 s. The input power requirement is 28 V de. Over-all size is 2.5 x 2 x 5 in. and the unit is constructed to MIL and NASA specifications. CIRCLE NO. 320 Instrumentation amp has ±1 µ V/°C temp drift Optical Electronics, P .O. Box 1140, Tucson, Ariz. 85734. (602) 6248358. $47.50 (10-up); stock. The 9071 differential instrumentation amplifier uses a single resistor to fix voltage gain over a 1000: 1 range. The amplifier has a voltage drift of ± 1 µV /°C and a nonlinearity of ±0.003% of full scale, maximum. The unit's offset voltage is ± 100 µ V maximum, adj ustable to zero. Other features include: a 1 MHz gain-bandwidth product, ± 10 V out into a 1 kn 1oad, 1.125-in.-s q µa re-by-0.44-in.high package and operation over a , ± 4 to ± 20 V supply voltage range. CI RCLE NO. 3 2 1 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 THERE'S A BETTER WAY TOGO. Energy shortages tell us we have to r------------------1 change our driving style. Now! It doesn't mean we have to go back to horse and buggy days. But it does mean we have to make every drop of gas give us the most go for our money. Anyone with horse sense knows r~ DELTA PRODUCTS, INC. P.O. Box 1147, Dept. ED Grand Junction, Colo. 81501 (303) 242-9000 that a well-tuned car gets better mileage, and in ti mes of fuel shortages, better mileage means a lot. D Please send me free literature. Enclosed is $_ _ D Ship ppd . D Ship C.O.D. Please send: __ Mark Ten B assembled @ $59.95 ppd . _ Mark Ten B Kit @ $44.95 ppd. The Mark Ten B Capacitive Discharge System keeps your car in better tune so it burns less gas. Using Mark Ten B is more (12 volt negative ground only) _ Standard Mark Ten assembled , @ $44.95 ppd. _ 6 Volt : Neg. Ground Only _ 12 Volt : Specify _ Pos. Ground _ Neg. Ground _ Standard Mark Ten DeltakitID I than horse sense. It's the smart move under the hood , helping .; a nation survive an energy crisis and keeping you on the road. Delta @ $29.95 ppd. (12 Volt Positive or Negative Ground Only) Car Year _ _ _ _ Make _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Mark Ten. The best way to go. City/State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ __ L------------------~ INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 126 EL ECTRO NIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 249 MODULES & SUBASSEMBLIES Data acquisition system fits on single card Data Translation, 109 Concord St., Framingham, Mass. 01701. ( 617) 879-3595. $495; 4 wk. The DT1640 data acquisition system provides 16-channels of multiplexing, sample/ hold, 12-bit analog-to-digital conversion, and all programming/ control logic in a small, compact 0.375 in. high plugin module. The DT1640 has a throughput rate of 25 kHz for each 12-bit word. Both single-ended and differential inputs are available at an over-all system accuracy of ±0.03 % worst case. The unit's temperature coefficient is ± 30 ppm/° C, and full scale voltage inputs of ±5, ±10 and 0 to +10 V are pin selectable. CIRCLE NO. 32 2 Regulator module drives motor adjusted Xformer @ NATIONAL ELECTRONICS a varian division geneva, illinois (312) 232-4300 INFORMATI ON RETRIEVAL.NUM BER 127 250 Philips, P.O. Box 523, Eindhoven, the N etherlands. The automatic stabilizer module accepts the output voltage of a motor driven variable transformer rectifies it and compares it with an adjustable de reference voltage. The reference is derived from an internal regulated power supply fed from the input to the transformer. The difference voltage output from a comparator controls a switching amplifier which operates either of two reed relays. The relays control the drive motor of the variable transformer which turns and thus reduces the comparator output voltage to zero. A wide range of variable mains transformers, motor drive units, and accessories is available. CIRCLE NO. 323 Crystal clock oscillator operates at ECL levels V ectron Labs, 121 Water St., Norwalk, Conn. 06854. (203 ) 853-4433. Stock to 60 days. The C0-233ME crystal oscillator operates from a - 5.2-V-dc supply. It provides a stable ECL compatible output at any specified frequency in the 5-to-200-MHz frequency range. The 1.5-in-squareby-0.625-in. high module is designed for PC board mounting and provides a stability better than ± 0.0025 % over 0 to 70 C. T he oscillator is preset to within 0.001 % of the specified frequency, but a frequency adjustment to within 0.0001 % is optionally available. Other options include the MIL range C0-233ME-2 with stability of ±0.005 % over - 55 to + 125 C and the high stability C0-233ME-3 with stability of ±0.0003 % over 0 to 50 C. CIRCLE NO. 324 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 FOR PEOPLE WHO WANT TO READ ALL ABOUT IT! We have nothing less than a fully illustrated, systematic, easy-to-use survey of the entire field of data management as it exists today. It covers it all, from A to Z, so it's for everybody. The programmer tightening up his files. The analyst working out a workable timesharing program. Top management needing industry~wide perspective on competitive system designs. It's a rare publication that takes a unique "blueprint approach " to current know-how. Beginning with the single data item as the first building block in total system design. And progressing through specific techniques for data structures, streams, files ... total hardware and operating system control ... the latest advances in timesharing and multiprogramming ... system modeling and simulation .. . complete designs for various types of commercial accounting and document-oriented storage and retrieval systems. It all adds up to a vast and impressive " top to bottom" view. And it does it all in fresh, jargon-free language, with scores of illustrations and diagrams for a rapid, visual grasp. Whether you use it as an on-the-job manual, as a desk-top reference, or as a conference room companion with all the answers, it's an indispensable tool guaranteed to broaden your perspective and practical skill in a field that knows no limits to growth and progress. And generally give you the professional confidence that comes from knowing just about everything that's going on. # 5100-X, 6 x 9, 300 pages, cloth $14.95 To Order: Circle the Information Retrieval Number to order your 15-day free examination copy of Data Management for On-Line Systems ·by David Lefkovitz. At the end of that time please remit payment or return the book with no further obligation. c:J Hayden Book Company, Inc., 50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, N. J. 07662 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER. 128 24·HOUR DELIVERY! LAMPS SAME-DAY SERVICE ON POPULAR TEC-LITE DEVICES & ACCESSORIES FOR 1-99 UNITS Th at' s rig ht, your order is shipped with in 24 hou rs of recei pt - even if you order just 1 item ! We've picked a number of various indicating devices - includi ng our b ro·ad line of LED 's -for this unique turnaround service. Choose from · Switch/Indicators and indica- tors with replaceable lamps · Green, red and yellow LED's · Momentary action switches · LED readouts in sizes to .770" · Incandescent, neon and LED lamps, plus LED displays You ' ll find all the above - and more - in TEC's QUICK DRAW Catalog No. 955, which includes detailed descriptions, prices and. ordering information. See your TEC-REP or write or call direct. E 9800 North Oracle Road -" ....., Tucson, Arizona 85704 ~RATEO (602) 297-11 11 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 129 252 MODULES & SU BASSEMBLI ES 64 channel acquisition system fits 2 ckt cards Data Translation, 109 Concord St ., Framingham, Mass. 01701. ( 617 ) 879-3595. $1195 per system; 4 wk. A complete modular 64-channel data acquisition system includes a basic DT1620 data acquisition module and a DT-4EX expander module, all in two compact 0.375 X 3 X 4.6 in. plug-in packages. The 64-channel DATAX system provides a throughput rate of 50,000 12-bit words per second at a system accuracy of ±0.03%. Alternately, operation can be shortcycled to a lesser resolution than 12-bits with a corresponding increase in throughput speed-shortcycling by pin strapping to IO-bits, yields a. 40 % increase in throughput. The units are housed in metal cases to prevent electrostatic and magnetic coupling from affecting the analog circuits inside. CIRCLE NO. 32 5 Rf thick-film amplifier spans 5 to 300 MHz Optimax, P.O. Box 105, Advance Lane, Colmar, Pa. 18915. ( 215) 822-1311. $75 ( 1 to 9 ) ; stock to 2 w k. Model AH-60 thick film rf modular amplifier provides high linear output power of +20 dBm. These units are designed for direct insertion into microstrip circuitry and are encased in a hermetically sealed T0-3 package. They operate over a broad bandwidth of from 5 to 300 MHz, and have a nominal gain of 9 dB at + 24 V de, and an 8 dB noise figure with a 50 n line impedance. CIRCLE NO. .326 Dia resolver module has 1/2 LSB accuracy Perkin-Elmer, Main Ave., Norwalk, Conn. 06856 . ( 203 ) 762-1000. $520 ( 11 bits) , $670 ( 12 bits) ; 12 wk. The Varidac-4 d/ a resolver module provides outputs that can be . summed to generate sin ( a + {3 ) and cos ( a + j3 ) from four sep·arate inputs. The unit uses two dual transformer-based linear MDACs in a 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.5 in. case. The module's output provides axis rotation without translation by accepting the analog sin a and cos a from a resolver, and two digital inputs, sin (J and cos (J. It provides 11 bits of resolution and 1/ 2 LSB of absolute accuracy for each output channel over - 55 to + 125 C. It is TTL/ CMOS compatible and will operate in either a unipolar or bipolar mode. Also available are units with 12 bits of resolution with 1/ 2 LSB absolute accuracy for each output channel. CIRCLE NO. 32 7 Temp compensation built into tone generator ·Microsyst ems International, Box 3529, Station C, Ottawa, Canada K1Y4Jl. ( 613) 828-9191. Unit qty. prices : $ 18 ( 8900 ) $295 ( 8800 ) ; stock. The dual frequency tone gener- ator, MH8900, is a compact (less than 1.5 x 1.2 in. ) 16-pin dual- in-line style case. It can be keyed by most pushbutton assemblies or interfaced to key electronically. Temperature compensation, wide supply range and optional polar- ity protection are among the other features. The tone receiver, ME- 8800 series, is a small (5 x 5 in. ) circuit board assembly with all the functions of prefiltering, age, ac- tive filtering and detection. A two- of-eight open collector transistor array is provided on the output. CIRCLE NO. 328 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 SOUTH BAY CABLE SOLVES TOUGH CABLE PROBLEMS! For computer applications, business machines ... or a custom design to fit your particular requirement. Write for catalog or send details of your needs. Manufacturers of cable for electronic use both military and commercial. SOUBATHY 1~i1-- ~ ~ CABLE CORP. ldyllwild, California 92349 · Tel. (714) 659-2183 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUM·BER 130 POWER SUPPLIES FOR SYSTEM USE IN ONLY 3~", USES LESS VERTICAL RACK SPACE. 5 case sizes - all in 3V2" size. Mix 'n Match all types in standard rack adapters - again, the same convenient size. D L Series - 5 to 25 VDC to 75 amps. O/V standard . Best for logic systems. Good efficiency. D H Series - High performance slot supply for critical applications. 0.5 voe to 250 VDC. D K Series - Dual tracking supplies - for heavy duty service. D WR - Wide range series, adjustable from 0 up to 50 VDC. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 132 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Now with DESC Qualification Approval* ~· FAULT NO.FAULT Simplify MIL fault signal detection with this manual reset BITE Indicator. Use our L21603/ 01 manual reset BITE indicator to monitor faults in systems and components and provide an automatic warning when operation falls outside design parameters. Only a minimum of circuitry is required . Miniature size permits compact grouping, and its rugged construction allows it to meet MIL spec reliability standards -Mil-1-83287C(USAF). In use, the indicator has a normal all-black appearance. If a fault signal occurs in a monitored circuit, the face of the indicator immediately turns to a sharply contrasting black-andwhite cloverleaf design . A built-in magnetic fail-safe memory latches the indicator in the " fault" mode until it is manually reset. As a result , transient as well as permanent fault signals are detected and there is no possibility of the indicator being accidentally reset until servicing is undertaken. *Approval letter #EQA 73-756 dated Dec., 11, 1973 Send for information now! I I A.W. HAYDON CO. PRODUCTS NORTH AMERICAN PHILIPS CONTROLS CORP. Cheshire. Conn. 06410 · (203) 272· 0301 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 131 10 amps of switching in a1"cube Series19 Relay. One of the most compact and reliable relays you'll ever use. In just one cubic inch , the remarkable Series 19 relay combines the advantages of miniaturization with a capacity to handle heavy switching loads. Result: more performance in a smaller overall package. Yet the cost is low - less than $2.00 each in 100piece quantities. Contact arrangement is SPOT. Rating is 10 amps, 28 vdc or 115 v, 60 hz . Available coil voltages range from 3 to 24 vdc. Consider the Series 19 relay for low level to 10 amp switching applications such as remote control , alarm systems and similar industrial and commercial uses . Send for information now! I I PRICE ELECTRIC REL AYS NORTH AMERICAN PHILIPS CONTROLS CORP. E. Church & 2nd St. · Frederick, Md. 21701 · (301) 663 - 5141 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 133 253 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOS chip generates rhythms Chip set for watches dissipates 15 µ W 16-bit register reads while it writes SGS-ATES S emiconductor, 435 N ewtonville Ave., N ewtonville, Mass. 02160. ( 617) 969-1610. $15 ( 100-999) ; stock ( sample qty.) . A single-chip rhythm generator, called the M250, is arranged as a ROM with an internal automatic row decoder that allows one of 32 rows to be scanned at a time. By means of an appropriate program, 12 rhythms can drive eight single outputs. An internal reset allows the counter to stop at any point from 1 to 32 to fit the number of beats required by a given rhythm. The output can directly drive eight blocking oscillators simulating the percussion instruments. CIRCLB NO. 329 in rotary +'fl/l/J_ Intel Corp., 3065 Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, Calif. 95051. (408 ) 246-7501. 58()1 / 5201: $27.50 ; 5801 / 5202: $25 (sample units) . A two-chip digital watch set, using silicon-gate ion-i mp 1an t e d CMOS technology, has a total average power consumption of less than 15 µW. When used with a 32kHz crystal, they operate for greater than one year from a single 1.35-V battery cell maintaining an accuracy of better than one minute per year. The two-chip set coMists of the 5801 oscillator/ divider circuit and a decoder/ driver circuit available in two versions: the 5201, featuring hours, minutes and seconds on-command, and the 5202, displaying the conventional hours. and minutes. CIRCLE NO. 330 Motorola S emiconductor Products, P.O. Box 20924, Phoenix, Ariz. 85036. ( 602 ) 244-3465. $29 (100999 ) ; stock. A 16-bit multiport register file can read 4-bits and/ or write 2 bits at the same time. Called the MC10143L, the MECL RAM offers an access time to any four bits of 10 ns, while simultaneously writing in new data. Clock to data out is typically 5 ns, and read enable to data output is 3.5 ns, typically. Power dissipation is 610 mW and the IC comes in a 24-pin ceramic DIP for the - 30 to +85 C temperature range. CIRCLE NO. 331 NOONE Customizes Switches Like CD I Nor Has a More Complete Line THUMBWHEEL SWITCHES ROTARY SWITCHES Unique 5-second wafer replacement obsoletes other switches. Simply lift out old wafer, slip in new wafer. No unsoldering ... no disassembling ... no wire removing. COi patented switches with dust tovers are available in sizes 2" x 2", 3" x 3", and 4" x 4" with lengths to accommodate up to 36 wafers. Switches can be custom- ized to your specifications. Operation may be manual, motor or solenoid for use in any rotary selector switch application. Now supplied for numerous military and commercial applications. Mid. under Tibet U. S. Patents 2,841,660, 2,971,066, 3,015,000, 2,956,131, 2,988,607. CHICAGO DYNAMIC INDUSTRIES, INC. ~ PRECISION PRODUCTS DIVISION ~ 1725 D1verse y Blvd , Chicago, Ill 60614 Phon e 312 , WE 5 4600 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 134 254 Completely sealed against hostile environments. Tabet Pat. 2841660, 2971066, 3015000, 2956131, 2988607. Mounts on Y2" centers, retrofits most panel openings for miniature thumbwheel switches. Miniature add/subtract units retrofit most minithumbwheel switch panel openings. CDI earns its reputation every day for Consistently High Quality, Consistently Good Delivery. $ CHICAGO DYNAMIC INDUSTRIES, INC. l'f1, CISION 1 f1U,Jd_. TS DIVISION 172-..:i U1v1 IS·~Y 81vU. Ct11cJ JO 11 1no s uOG1: Phone :Jl 2. 93'.J-4600 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 135 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Serial analog memories make debut Reticon Corp., 450 E. Middlefi eld Rd., Mountain View, Calif. 94040. ( 415) 964-6800. $100 (sarn;ple qty.); stock. The SAM 64 series represents the first commercial line of monolithie serial analog memories. A typical device provides 64 capacitive memory cells, each of which is individually addressable by two independent shift registers~for read-in and read-out. Several devices can be cascaded to store a complete TV line. Over 10-MHz sampling rates and 50-dB S/N ratio are reported. CIRCLE NO. 332 Calculator chip set handles hard problems MOS T echnology, Valley Forge Corporate Center, 950 Rittenhouse Rd., Norristown, Pa . 19401 . (2 15 ) 666-7950. $32.5·0 ( 100 k). A set of two MOS arrays, for full-function scientific calculators, permits the entry -0f problems with up to .two levels of parenthesis. Called the MPS 2525-001 and the MPS 2526-001, the chip set performs basic arithmetic, as well as more complex functions such as inverse trigonometric functions and common and natural logarithms. Entry and result data are prepared for entry on a 14character display. Supplies required are ±6 and ±8.5 V. The chip set dissipates 200 mW. CIRCLE NO. 333 COS/MOS divide-by-N coun1er makes debut RCA Solid State Div., Route 202, Somerville, N .J. 08876. (201 ) 7223200. $13.60 (1000). The first 4-decade divide-by-N counter using complementary MOS technology can be programmed to divide a clock frequency by any number from 3 to 15,999. Three mode-select controls are used for programming flexibility . Called the CD4059AD, the IC comes in a 24lead ceramic package and operates from 3-to-15-V supplies. The output has TTL drive capability. Applications include digital frequency synthesizers, and a variety of program-counter, instrumentation and industrial-counter needs. CIRCLE NO,,.. 334 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Clu~ck Chanae Aft~si: The Sorensen ORD- best of the compact bench-top supplies. With high speed programming to 10 µ,sec , programmable by resistance, voltage and current-up to 100 kHz in normal and high speed modes. Voltage and current modes for increased application flexibility. 7 models off.er outputs from 30 to 90 watts with these key operating features : automatic crossov.er; adjustable current limiting (auto. recovery) ; wide bandwidth ripple specs (to 25 MHz) ; 50 µ,sec. transient response ; full range of options and accessories. For complete data, contact the Marketing Manager at Sorensen Company, a unit of Raytheon Company, Manchester, N.H. (603) 668-4500. Representative Specifications- QRD · Voltage Mode Regulation (combined line & load) ±0.005% Ripple (PARO) rms: 200 µv. p-p : 3mv. · Current Mode Regulation (combined line & load) ±(.01 % + 125 or 250 µa.) Ripple (PARO) rms : 150-400 µa. p-p: 2ma. · Voltage Ranges 0-15 volts to 0.60 volts (7 models) · Price Range $178to$285 rorensen JPOWER SUPPLIES INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 136 255 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 137 256 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS McMOS static RAM holds 256 bits M o t oro·la S emic onductor, Box 20924, Phoenix, Ariz. 85036. ( 602 ) 244-3465. CL version: $35 ( 100999 ). A 256-bit static RAM offers t he medium-speed and micropower-operation features of complementary MOS. The MCM 14537 McMOS circuit consists of eight address inputs, one data input, one writeenable input, one strobe input, two chip-enable inputs, and one data output. Use of both chip-enable inputs permits a 10-bit address scheme. Four of t hese devices may be used to build a 1024-bit RAM without additional address decoding. CIRCLE NO. 335 256-bit bipolar RAM accesses in 30 ns Raytheon Semiconductor, 350 EUis St ., Mountain View, Calif. 94040. ( 415 ) . 968-9211 . TTL versions : $24 ; ECL versions: $32.50 (100 ) ; stock. A 256-bit bipolar RAM comes in both TTL and ECL versions. TTL versions of the new RAM are oalled RC 5332/ 42 for three-state or open-collector outputs and feature a typical access time of 37 ns. They are interchangeable with similar memories, such as the 748200 / 206 and 82816/ 17. ECL versions run at 30 ns typical. Their . designations are RC 10144 ( MECb lOk compatible ), RC 95410 (Fairchild 95k compatible ) and RC 10410 ( Fairchild lOk compatible ). The RAMs dissipate 250 mW, have a chip select time of 13 ns, and operate over the O-to-75-C temperature range. They are avai lable in a ceramic 16-pin DIP. CIRCLE NO. 336 Linear IC simplifies AM radio receivers RCA Solid State, Route 202, Somerville, N .J . 08876 . ( 201 ) 722-3 200. $1.23 ( 1000). The CA3123E linear IC AM receiver provides an rf amplifier, i-f amplifier, mixer, oscillator, age de~ tector and voltage regulator on a single chip. Intended for superheterodyne AM-radio applications, the CA3123E comes in a 14-lead DIP and operates over the full military-temperature range of - 55 to 125 C. Features include a lownoise rf stage in cascode connection, mixer-oscillator stage with internal feedback and frequencycounter-type age circuit. CIRCLE NO. 337 PLL stability spec'd at 20 ppm/°C Plessey S emiconductors, 1674 McGaw Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 . ( 714 ) 540-9979. $17.60 ; stock. A phase-locked-loop chip, the SL650C, contains a current-controlled oscillator, phase comparator, 2-bit binary interface circuit and an auxiliary amplifier that provides a CCITT interface. The IC has a temperature stability of 20 ppm/° C and its oscillator frequency can be swept over a 1000 :1 range by an external control current. The SL650C operates from a supply that can range from ± 4.5 to ± 9.0 V and comes in a ceramic 24-pin DIP. · CIRCLE NO. 338 8-bit latch offers 22-ns delay A d van c e d Micro Devices, 901 Thompson Pl., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 . (408) 732-2400. 9334PC: $3 .57 ( 100 up ) . An 8-bit addressable latch, the Am 9334, offers a typical average data propagation delay of 22 ns and operates from a 5-V supply, drawing a typical current of 56 nA. The latch is pin-eompatible with the like-numbered circuit from Fairchild and features four separate modes of operation-addressable latch, memory, 8-channel demultiplexer and clear. The IC contains eight individual parallel outputs and has an adive-low common clear and input enable. CIRCLE NO. 33 9 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Bipolar pROMs expand line Fairchild Semiconductor, 464 Ellis St., Mountain View, Calif. 94042. (415 ) 962-3816. $22 (100 -999 ) . Two TTL 1024-bit programmable ROMs, called the 93416 and the 93426, are now offered by the company. The pROMs. are fully decoded, high-speed devices, orga- nized as 256 words x 4 bits. The 93416 has uncommitted collector outputs, while the 93426 has threestate outputs. The pROMs have typical access time of 45 ns at 25 C and 5 V and two chip-select inputs for memory expansion and wired-OR capability. CIRCLE NO. 340 16-k ROM accesses in 450 ns MOS Technology, Valley Forge Corporate Center, 950 Rittenhouse Rd., Norristown, Pa. 19401. (2 15) 666-7950. $14.50 (100 k ); 12-14 wk. A 16,384-bit read-only memory, the MCS 2026, features an access time of only 450 ns. The ROM can operate in either a static or dynamic mode. A special clocking system allows direct feedback of output signals to the input, permitting the use of the MCS 2026 for a variety of logic functions. The ROM operates from +5 and - 12-V supplies. It dissipates less than 500 mW, even when operating at the highest speed-2.2 MHz. CIRCLE NO. 341 256-bit RAMs access in 30 ns Signetics, 811 E. Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086. ( 408 ) 7397700. Plastic: $28 each (100 up); 4 w k. Two 256-bit RAMs consist of the 82816, which has Tri-State outputs, and the 82817, a version with open-collector outputs. Access time is less than 30 ns in both models. Read time is also 30 ns. Write time is 20 ns. Each model dissipates 1.5 mW per bit typical. Input loadings consi~t of 25 µ,A (logic ONE ) and - 100 µ,A (logic ZERO ). The memories operate from a single 5-V supply. INQUIRE DIRECT ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 If the timing diagram SCl)!S your logic shoulCI look like this··· = It II °"'" " {:~ ='. ! ; : ~ ::J....!_J~,c.......:.~~L------'---'--~ Go =:il_J : : ----'-- ' I I I _ ___,1__..:.1_ _ _ ___;,_ 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l·i il i .. I Mc.A-« r - - r - - IUUITllAllO i1 ~~ ··cow.:~ 1 ,j 1 ~,:,_ u l)i ~ ~ ···now you can see if it does. Introducing the Glitch Fixer: Biomation's new 810-D Digital Logic Recorder makes any scope a data stream display. Analyzing a complex logic circuit-especially asynchronous logic-used to be a tough assignment. No longer. Not if you put Biomation 's new Glitch Fixer -the 810-0 Digital Logic Recorderbetween your troubled circuit and any oscilloscope. It lets you record up to eight digital signals simultaneously. Presents them in the same format you're used to seeing on data sheets. And lets you expand the 250-bit data line (x5) to getacloser look at what you 've got. Best of all, itfeatures an input latch that grabs hold of any random logic pulsethe glitch you're looking for-as narrow as 30 nanoseconds. Here are some other features to mull over: records 8 logic channels using 1 Mn inputs D selectable logic thresholds, including TIL and EIA levels D synchronous clock input to 10 MHz or internal clocking selection from 20Hz to 10MHz D storage of selected data ahead of trigger D digital output for computer analysis or mass storage. The Glitch Fixer is a new basic piece of diagnostic instrumentation designed for (and at the request of) logic circuit designers and troubleshooters. If you work with logic circuits, our 810-D Digital Logic Recorder will do the job. For $1950(withoutdisplay).Getthe product literature and see for yourself. Write, wire, or phone Biomation at 10411 Bubb Road, Cupertino, CA 95014, (408) 255-9500, TWX 910 338 0226. biomation INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 138 257 Now - Build your own High-Speed Digital Test Equipment From DC to 100 MHz. Choose From Over 2'0 Plug-In Modules: · Signal Sources . .. Oscillators Used to Drive Other Modules · Data/Word Generators .. . Serial/ Parallel/ Pseudo Random Outputs · Digital Width and Delay .. . Wide Range with 1 Nanosecond Resolution · Signal Conditioning . .. Amplifiers to Vary Width , Delay, Amplitude, Offset · PCM BERT . .. Transmitter/ Receiver with Auto Sync and Counter. Buy only what you need to synthesize the exact complex waveform you want. You can add on, later . .. even specialized modules. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 139 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 140 258 COMPONENTS ' Neon bar graph provides 0.5% resolution B urroughs Corp., P.O. Box 1226, P lainfield, N.J. 07061. ( 201 ) 7575000. $29 (1000 up) . Self -Scan, an electronic bargraph analog display, has two separate 4-in. bar graphs and each contains 200 elements that provide 0.5 % resolution. The display-element glow blends into a continuous, but precisely controllable, bar length. This device is the first of a series of digitally-controlled analog displays that can substitute for a panel meter. The unit's neonorange glow is flicker free and can be easily seen in direct sunlight. By using gas-discharge technology, t hick-film processing, and an internal self-scanning technique, this bar graph eliminates the need for most drive electronics and requires only eight connections to control the two independent 200-element displays. T he device is only 0.2 in., excluding tubulation, and can be provided in special shapes and different configurations for custom applications. CI RCLE NO. 342 Neon lamp responds in less than 100 µ s Glow-Lite Corp., Pauls Valley, Okla. 73075. (405) 238-5541 . A new technique for neon lamps guarantees a response time of less tha n 100 µ,s, regardless of ambient li ght conditions. The technique can be applied to any of Glow-Lite's indicator lamps, if a minimum voltage of 25 % above breakdown voltage is supplied. CIRCLE NO. 34 3 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Ferrit,e reader head has 10 µs rise tim'.e Informati on Magnetics Corp., 5743 Thornwood Dr., Goleta, Calif. 93107. ( 805 ) 964-6828. ' A glass-bonded ferrite head for use with standard oxide-coated cards, designated the FCH-3, is. a single-track, read-after-write head. Its ferrite-head structure with glass gaps and glass bonding prevents epoxies from contacting the medium surface. This results in improved card wear. Designed for a surface-to-head speed of 20 ips, the head provides a packing density of 400 fci, a read output of 15.8 mV and a track width of 0.0180 in. Write eurrent is 18 mA with a rise time of 10 µs . The write-head track width is 0.04 10 in. Resolution is greater than 80 % and crosstalk is less than 5%. Self-erasure, after 50 passes, is less,than 6 % . CIRCLE NO. 344 Light controlled door opener is trip-proof Scott Automatics, 86 Broadfields A ve., Edgware, Midds ex, England. Hinged or overhead garage doors can be opened and closed from inside a car with a high-security remote control system. The system employs a hand-held gun tuned to emit one coded beam from any of 40 light frequer.cy variations. The wide band of frequencies ensures a high degree of security for the user. Effective range is 25 ft. The coded beam, fired through the windshield, is received by a photoreceptor and passed to a receiver inside the garage, where it is analyzed. The receptor can be mounted behind a glass panel or behind a hole in the garage wall. CIRCLE NO. 34 5 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 NEW (]l~ITAL '1llWE~ SUU~(JE tro·Sl275 Dual Power Supplies ... 0 to SOV, 1 amp or ... Oto 100V, 0.5 amps Digitally Controlled ... Independently Programmable ... for OEM & Automatic Test Systems · Use for computer controlled test sets · Use for complex process control operations · Use for automated production routines · 3 digit BCD (0 1% resolution) or 4 digit BCD (001 % resolution) FEATURES · Addressable memory · programs up to 16 sources from only one computer 1/0 circuit · optional pro grammed polarity , overcurrent limit. overvoltage protection level . and range change X 1 to XO 1 ·fully isolated to eliminate ground loops · self verification options include data parity check. overcurrent alarm flag, equ1l1bration ready flag . BCD display of input command. Write directly or call your local Scientific-Devices sales office for complete specifications and applications. TRYGON ELECTRONICS SUBSIDIARY E j ® SVSTRON DONNER 1200 SHAMES DRIVE · W E STBURY, NEW YORK 1 1590 . PHONE ( 516) 997-6200 INFORMATI ON RETRI EV A L NUMBER 141 259 Plus High Performance ... Low Cost ... Immediate Availability LED's -with built-in resistors for 3 to 28 volt applications. SELF DRIVEN INCANDESCENTS - with built-in drivers & keep alive bias. Interface directly with TTL and MOS. Life ratings to 10+ years. STANDARD INCANDESCENTS AND NEONS - single unit prices start below $1.00. CUSTOMS TOOi All Data Display Products panel indicator lights are ruggedly built. They are available with low profile or standard lens projections. Call or write for more information today! the little light people 0 DATA DISPLAY PRODUCTS 5428 W 104th St.. Los Angeles. Ca. 90045 1213) 641 1232 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 142 260 COMPONENTS Oval speakers use ferrite magnets International Importers Inc., 2242 S. W estern Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60608. (312 ) 847-6363. 128EF-02: $0.93 ( 5000. up) ; stock. A new family of nine ferritemagnet oval speakers, the EF series manufactured by Hokutone (Japan ), are available in a wide range of sizes from 2-3/ 4 by 4 in. through 4 by 10 in. The Hokutone 128EF-02 Model, for example, has a nominal size of 3 by 5 in. Resonant frequency is 170 Hz over a frequency range of 7000 Hz and maximum power is 2 W. The ferrite magnet weighs 1.94 oz. All speakers are available in 3.2, 8 and 16-n impedances, as well as 30 and 45~!1 versions for solidstate applications. CIRCLE NO. 346 Cross-bar switch makes use of optical i.solation Opto-logic Corp., 3250 E. Spring St., Long Beach, Calif. 90806. (218) 595-1681. 180 days. These opto-electronic cross-bar switches can connect any input signal line to any output line. A removable optical slide determines the interconnection matrix which for some models is as large as 256 x 256. An optical system links LEDs driven by the input signals to p-i-n photodiodes that sense the data signals. The unit handles signals with bit rates to 2 MHz. Standard TTL logic levels are provided at the input and output interfaces. CIRCLE NO. 347 Ch.ip thermistors match to ±0.2 C or better Western Thermistor Corp., 808 Via El Centro, Oceanside, Calif. 92054. ( 714) 488-4484. S ee t ext. According to Western Thermistor, the chip thermistor's electrical predictability, stability and miniature dimensions (less than 0.100 in. ) make it a low-cost alternate to small disc and bead-itype thermistors for use between - 50 and 150 C. The economy of chips over beads and small discs may be greater than 60 % , since phenoliccoated chips with a 10 % resistance tolerance may sell for as little as $0.25 each in 1000 quantities. Chip .thermistors can be matched to ± 0.2 C or better, with resistances at 25 C of 500 to 50,000 n. Wider tolerance chip thermistors, in five negative temperature coefficients and with resistance at 25 C of 2 n through 200 kn are available from stock to four weeks. CIRCLE NO. 348 Clutch-brake units have high-torque-dia. ratio Inertia Dynamics Inc., P.O. Box 295, 12 Bridge St., Collinsville, Conn. 06022 . ( 208 ) 698-0208 . $15 to $80; stock. A new electromagnetic clutch and brake line, Series 22, which has a high torque-to-diameter ratio (50 lb-in. vs 30 and 40 lb-in. for competitive units ) , employs an axially-slotted magnet that accommodates more ampere turns per unit of body diameter. Units are equipped with sint_ered-bronze bearings, UL approved lead wire, zinc and yellow-chromate finish and long-life friction material. The unit's high static torque rating allows design engineers to use smaller size units and save anywhere from $10 to $25 per unit. Four standard de voltages; 90, 28, 24, and 12 and two standard shaft sizes: 3/ 8 and 1/ 2 in. are offered. Special shaft bores up to 5/ 8 in. are also available. CIRCLE NO. 349 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Quiet Power TINY PACKAGE TINY PRICE s2soo* *1 UNIT ONLY FOR 1ST TIME CUSTOMERS Regular Prices $3150 (250-999) Small, high performan ce power pac kages at the right price -- w ith regulation , ripple and temperature stabi lity of larger, more expensive units. That 's Anadyne's Series 400 miniature power supp l ies . Wrapped up in just 1" x 2" x 3 ", for instance, is our Model 401, with :!: 15 V , 100 ma outputs, 115VAC input and ripple of only 1.4 mV pk . to pk . Operating t emperature range is 0-700 C with line regulation :!: 0.005% ma x. Our tiny regular price is $31 .50 (250-999) . For 1st time customers the price is an everi tini er $25 .00 for a singl e unit. Call or write today for complete specs and details. I iiil = .. ; (;h,. - .. f;J ·-j.-'-I =..·I· 112741 Los Ni etos Road Santa Fe Springs, Ca. 90670 Tel. (213) 698-7991 · TWX : 910-586-1881 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 143 new COS/MOS Logic Probes Available Now 0l'!Ji .,,_'ll(j ,0 0q .,c. 0" -:\ oCli , ~ 0c·~i;,qo:\~~·,C.l~>:/t 0" New Model LP-576 *'q,<>\oq tells you everything \-. .~l you need to know in +.:>.,(} 5 through 15V COS/MOS 0 . circuits : lows, highs , open c1rcu1ts and pulses are all indi- cated . Send for free literature. For a 30 day Free trial Probe or special information, telephone Tom Barth, General Manager, Kurz-Kasch, Inc., Electronics Division , 2876 Culver Avenue, Dayton , Ohio 45429, Telephone: (513) 296-0330. Department ED. l'W\ Kurz·Kasch,lnc. \ e l ELECTRONICS DIVISION 2876 Culver Avenue Dayton, Ohio 45429 Telephone 513/296-0330 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 144 Available with or without RS232C Interface and / or power supply. · 15 cps · Easy paper loading · 80 column · Contains drive circu its and · 5 x 7 dot matrix for charac- control electronics w ith te r flexibility character generation · Few moving parts - easy · ASCII code standard operation, quiet running · Al so same print method in · Single print hammer a strip printer-4552 · No ribbon · Delivery from stock INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 145 E L ECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Facit-Addo, Inc. 501 Winsor Drive FACIT-ADD0,1ooc. Secaucus, N.J. Gentlemen : I am interested in receiving detailed data on your D 4553 Page printer D 4552 Strip printer Name Title Phone Company Address · City State I I I I I Zip ! I 1~------------- - - - ------ - ------------------------------- J INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 146 261 COMPONENTS Line of switches needs key for actuation Keyswitches mounted on metal plate Audible signal source provides 1000 Hz ,, : 7 · · 4 · · _._ -- --~~ -- . ~ ~ - C. A. Bri ggs Co ., P .O. Box 151, Glenside, Pa. 19038. (215 ) 8852244 . A new Bleeptone, Model BT-101 that emits a 1000-Hz audible signal (formerly 2500 Hz ) is now available. This less strident, lower frequency is particularly desirable and useful as an alerting tone for business machines and medical ¢quipment. The device produces a 70-to-86-dB-sound-pressure signal at 1 m when 8 to 16 V are applied. No RFI is produced and the current drain is 5 to 9 mA. A nylon, panel-mount adapter provides mounting versatility. CIRCLE NO. 350 Cole Instrument Corp. , 2034 Placentia A ve., Costa Mesa, Calif. 92627. ( 714) 642-8080. Key actuated switches guard against accidentally turning equipment on or off, once the switch has been actuated. When the switch is turned to the desired position, a spring-loaded key ejects itself from the switch and the key must be reinserted before the switch can be turned again. These switches are available in a wide selection of configurations. A spring-return position for test purposes can also .be added. The switches can be enclosed in dust and dirt-proof enclosures. CIRCLE NO. 351 Stackpole Components Co ., P.O. Box 14466, Raleigh, N.C . 27610 . ( 919 ) 828-6201. Arrays of Stackpole's Lo-Pro keyswitches can now be provided premounted and completely aligned in a metal plate, ready for insertion into a PC board. This eliminates the handling of individual switches, an extra PC board, cables and connectors. The preassembled keyswitches are available in 1 x 4 to 4 x 4 arrays. The mounting plates are also available in special shapes to receive other components such as LED indicators. CIRCLE NO. 352 $1.59 a Megacycle? The we Series Texscan's WB Series Sweep Generators are designed to make production swept measurements at low cost. Three instruments from .5 MHz to 950 MHz. WB-711 1MHz to 600 MHz $795.00 lBXSCan A WORLD LEADER IN ELECTRONICS "And Coming On Strong" Texscan Corporation 2446 North Shadeland Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 46219 Ph: 317 367-8781 TWX: 810.341-3184 Telex: 272110 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 14 7 262 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER T4B ALCC5U\llTCH® Mini ... Bl-DIRECTIONAL ~ (" .. Smallest coded switches feature a pushbutton action which moves the digit wheel in either direct ion . Decima l, Binary or other codes available. Bold numera ls, easy to read. Two lar- gmeor unfatminigli.eCs atllooo!r wMroitdeutloa-r y ~ . _'· . ,.? - __ ( rr ~ / M "::J I~l l .·_. ,',,,, /·".·.>..- ""'·. f' i J~iJA '· v . day for details. SMC 11 :~ RLca SERIES ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS. INC. 1 55 1 OSGOO D S T RE E T, N O . AND O V ER , MASS. 01 8 4 5 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 14 9 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Proximity switch detects any metal Electronic Automation Inc., 732 Crofton St. S.E., Grand Rapids, Mich. 49507. (616) 949-0779. The Auto-Prok self-contained proximity switch is a solid-state device that produces a digital signal in the presence or absence of any metal within its sensing range. Stable operation is provided over the range of - 40 to 185 F. It has an electrically adjustable sensing distance and an uncommitted 200 mA de output. Wiring to the unit can be run with other wiring through standard 1/2-in. fittings. Its wiring length is limited only by losses in the cable. The physical construction permits installation with standard 1/2-inch electrical fittings. CIRCLE NO. 353 Pressure transducers deliver 5-V-dc output Consolidated Controls Corp., Bethel, Conn. 06801. (203 ) 743-6721. Type 41SG30, precision, miniature, bonded, strain-gauge, pressure transducers deliver O-to-5-Vdc output from an unregulated 28V-dc input power supply. Within their compensated tempera tu re range of 0 to 150 F, the total error band, including nonlinearity, hysteresis and nonrepeatability, is within ± 0.100 V de. The total operating temperature range extends from - 65 to 250 F. Variation of output signal with changing line voltage is within 0.03 % of full-scale-per-volt change in input level. The effects of acceleration are minimal. They vary from 0.01 % of full scale per g for a 100 psi unit to 0.0005 % for a 5000 psi unit. The units are 1-3/ 8 in. in diameter and approximately 3-in. long. WPight, depending on the pressure range, 1s from 5 to 6-1 / 2 oz. CIRCLE NO. 354 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 We're first with th most of the best! After all, we originated and patented {#3, 723,769) what has become the industry standard for solid-state power relays. Of course, we make the broadest line available, 18 models, all in the same field-proven package. What's more, they're UL recognized and CSA certified. And since you can satisfy every application need from one source, you'll simplify procurement, lower expenses. So, whenever you need to control rugged AC loads from low voltage ICs or AC line voltage signals, you're sure to quickly find the most appropriate and reliable solution with the leader - Crydom. LINE VOLTAGE (VAC) 120 240 480 2.5 01202 A1202 02402 A2402 FULL-LOAD CURRENT RATING (AMPS) 8 04808 A4808 10 01210 A1210 02410 A2410 25 01225 A1225 02425 A2425 40 01240 A1240 02440 A2440 CONTROL VOLTAGES: 0 PREFIX- 3-32VOC/A PREFIX- 90-280VAC Call your local Crydom authorized distributor for off-the-shelf deliveries of any of our 18 models. And, when you need production quantities in a hurry, contact us at the factory for all the facts. CRVDO~Vl=N~l~R'!T~A~~= II~'R I 1521 Grand Ave., El Segundo, California 90245 · (213) 322-4987 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 151 263 MICROWAVES & LASERS Linear p-i-n modulator has 50-dB range .Your indispensable Reference and Buying Guide. MORE PAGES-656 jam-packed with data, specs, and OEM prices. MORE PRODUCTS-100,000 items in 18 commodity and specialty categories. TOP LINES-Brand-Name products from 177 important manufacturersThe prestige leaders in their fields- LINES LIKE AMFI Potter & Brumfield P& B Offers You a Choice of over 1,000 Standard Relays. Specifying P&B Is easy. After all, P&B makes more different types of relays than anyone else. Electro-mechanical ... reed . . . solid state/ hybrid ... time delay. P& B's broad line of standard relays provides a type for nearly any application. All In stock, available for fast, economical, off-the-shelf delivery. Newark Is your experienced Potter & Brumfield distributor with regional inventories, and the big plus of dependable, knowledgeable service from the people who know the line thoroughly. GHz Devices, 16 Maple Rd., Chelmsford, Mass. 01824. (617) 256-8101. $510 (small qty. ); 4 wk. A series of p-i-n diode modulators provides linear attenuation vs voltage over a O-to-50-dB range (with voltage drive of 0 to 5 V ), while maintaining drive modulation to rf-envelope response time of 40 ns. Typical characteristics over the 0.5-to-1.5-GHz bandwidth include a maximum insertion loss of 2.5 dB and a maximum VSWR of 1.5: 1. Maximum spec for pulse width is 200 µs; for pulse repetition rate, it's 2000 pps. CIRCLE NO. 355 Ku-band oscillator outputs 60 mW Backed by multi-million dollar in- ventories for off-the shelf delivery from a nearby warehouse wherever you are. Compare Catalogs and seethe ~ Shades of Difference that make a Big Difference to You! -; _...: 0 NEWARK .ELECTRONICS Subs1d1ary of Premier Industrial Corporation Warehouses and Sales Office Nat1onw1dr> WRITE OR PHONE 500 North Pulaski Road Chicago. lll1no1s 60624 Phone (3121 638-4411 TELEX 25 3218 rir your nearest Ne1,'.1ark Facility INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 152 264 Greenray Industries, 840 W. Church Rd., Mechanicsburg, Pa. 17055. (717) 766-0223. $1128 up; 6-8 wk. The Model EL-171 cavity-stabilized Gunn-diode oscillator has a ± 150-MHz mechanical tuning range in the 12-to-18-GHz frequency range. Power output is specified as 40 mW minimum with typical outputs of 60 mW. Frequency dtability is ±0.5% over the entire - 54 to + 72 C temperature range. The oscillator package measures only 3.2 x 1.3 x 2.0 inches. CIRCLE NO. 356 X-band Gunn oscillator outputs 30 mW minimum Thmnson-CSF Ltd., Bilton House, Uxbridge Rd., Ealing, London W5 2TT, England. An X-band Gunn oscillator module provides an output power of 30 mW minimum-50 mW typical -with a supply voltage of less than 10 V and supply current under 400 mA. The oscillator operates at a center frequency between 8.5 and 10.6 GHz; a mechanical adjustment permits a ±250-MHz variation. Frequency drift is less than 0.5 MHz/°C. CIRCLE NO. 357 SWR bridge spans 7.9-to-18.5-GHz range Wiltron Co., 930 E. Meadow Dr., Palo Alto, Calif. 94303. (415 ) 3217428. $725; 3 wk. The company's new SWR bridge combines a frequency range of 7.9 to 18.5 GHz with a directivity of 35 dB. The improved directivity means that the bridge has a residual SWR of only 1.04. Typical reflectometers used with the best available directional coupler reportedly provide a directivity of only 26 dB. CIRCLE NO. 358 Chip capacitor line operates up to Ku band Varian Solid-State East Div ., Salem Rd., B everly, Mass. 01915. ( 617) 922-6000. A line of chip capacitors for MICs-the VCC-600 through 604 -provides capacitances ranging from 5 to 125 pF. Blocking voltages are 70 and 50 V de. Frequencies range up through high Ku band. CIRCLE NO. 359 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 5-channel multiplexer covers two octaves Frequency Contours, 3140, Alfred St., Santa Ciara, Calif. 95050. ( 408) 984-7820. A five-channel multiplexer cov- ers two octaves in the 200-to-800MHz frequency range. The multiplexer has one common port and five output ports, with each channel centered at 300, 400, Q.00-, 600 and 700 MHz, respectively. Each channel consists of a 6-pole bandpass filter with a minimum bandwidth of 60 MHz, insertion loss of 1.0-dB maximum and VSWR of 1.5: 1 maximum. CIRCLE NO. 360 Coax aftenuator.s work up to 18 GHz So you're looking for low frequency filters ... Like 10.2 kHz 11.3 kHz 13.6 kHz Very Small but High Performance Systron-Donner, 14844 Oxnard St., Van Nuys, Calif. 91409. (213) 786- 1760. A series of compact, coaxial at- tenuators can be used at frequencies up to 18 GHz. The Model 441A uses Type N connectors, while the Model 447 uses APC-7 connectors. Fixed attenuation values of 3, 6, 10 and 20 dB are available. The VSWR is typically less than 1.15 at 12.4 GHz and less than 1.25 at 18 GHz. Frequency sensitivity is normally less than 0.05 dB / GHz. CIRCLE NO. 361 Hardy coax rotary joint spans 1.7 to 2.4 GHz Sage Laboratories, 3 Huron Dr., Natick, Mass. 01760. (617) 6530844. $1500·; 90 days. A noncontacting junction coaxial rotary joint, the Model FRJ1007, reportedly provides premium performance from sea-level to deep space environments. Over the frequency range of 1.7 to 2.4 GHz, insertion loss is 0.25 dB maximum and VSWR is 1.35. Starting torque is only 10 oz-in maximum, and continuous rotational speed is 50 rpm. The unit can handle 20 W of cw power. CIRCLE NO. 362 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 better check Vernitron ··· (the filters people) For VLF receivers, M il-Nav systems, Omega systems, command-destruct systems, underwater sound - these miniature ceramic LF filters are about one-tenth the size and weight of comparable low-frequency types, yet have narrower bandwidths, lower insertion loss and greater stability. This means you can pack more performance into one-tenth the space - and have no worries about shock, vibration, thermal drift. Available in any discrete operating frequency from 7.5 kHz to 50 kHz - including the Omega f0 's of 10.2, 11.3 and 13.6 kHz. They're fixed-tuned, so you have no installation adjustments to make. Hermeticallysealed, immune to environments ... and there's no need for shielding. Performance? Just the single-resonator models have 20 dB / 3 dB bandwidth ratios less than 13, stopband attenuation to beyond 30 dB from de to above 100 kHz. Less than 5 dB insertion loss. And that's not all I Cascaded Models for Higher Selectivity, Higher Rejections Great thing about ceramic LF filters - they can be cascaded together in the same package, for quantum jumps in selectivity and rejection - with minimum sacrifice to volume and weight. Vernitron supplies them in 2,- 3- and 4-resonator models. Some examples: 2-resonator Models-40 dB / 3 dB ratios of 10; stopbands to above 60 dB. 3-resonator Models-60dB / 3dB ratios of 10; stopbands to above 80 dB. 4-resonator Models-80dB / 3dB ratios of 13.5; stopbands to above 90 dB. Both Mil-spec and commercial models. Prices will surprise you. They're at least competitive with conventional types, and often considerably less. If it's in the 7.5 kHz to 50 kHz range, it will pay you to check Vernitron . Send us your requirements. We'll send complete specs and technical data. Vernitron Piezoelectric Division 232 Forbes Road I Bedford, Ohio 44146 I (216) 232-8600 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 153 265 DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTOR_$ Infrared LEDs have a choice of lens options for Low-Level Data Scanning INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 154 266 Monsanto, 3400 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, Calif. 94302. (415 ) 493-3300. From $1.30 (1 to 9) ; stock. The ME712x series of infrared LEDs has four lens options that Perfect for low-level scanners and multi- plexers! Coto's new CR-3250 ultra lowthermal EMF reed relays include 2 low thermal contacts plus a third for guard switching ... all specially conditioned and tested for reliable low-level switching. Relays are graded and priced according to magnitude of thermal offset; you pay for no more accuracy than you need! Write for new Bulletin MR-10.3. range from a wide angle power spread for noncritical detector location to sharp-angle concentration of power for detectors located Cl() COTO-COIL , , COMPANY, INC. 59 Pavilion Ave. Providence, R. I. 02905 Tel : (401) 467-4777 a significant distance from the INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 155 emitter. For all products in th e i-,----.----..--------~-- ME712x series, the typical total external radiated power is 3 mW at 50 mA with a wavelength of 940 nm. Light turn-on and turn- off time is 500 ns with a 50 n load . The ME7161 is an IR source, only 0.09 in. at the narrowest base point. Its total external radiated power is typically 2 mW. The ME7140 is mounted on a T0-46 header. It has a 100 mA drive cur- rent and a total external radiated power of 4 mW. CIRCLE NO. 363 Transistor arrays reduce temperature drift Ses·cosem, 101, B0 Murat, Paris XVI, France. Three transistor-array ICs provide improved matching characteristics and reduced temperature drifts. The SFC 2018 contains a Darlington stage plus two insulated transistors. The SFC 2046 is a double Darlington and the SFC 2054 offers a double differential with current souce. The I Cs feature a ~VBE of ± 5 mV maximum and a ~VaE /~T of 2 mV /°C . CIRCLE NO. 364 ALL-NEW PRODUCTION BENCH features custom flexibility, durability and economy. Constructed of prime cold-rolled steel in four foot modules to fit every assembly need . Choice of 10 colors. Write or telephone... (312) 498-6090 CltBFllON SFSTEMS l#C. 200 N. ANETS DRIVE , NORTHBROOK. ILL. 60062 I INrORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 156 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, I 974 ·solid-state JFET kits replace vacuum tubes Teledyne Semiconductor, 1300 T erra Bella Ave., Mountain View, Calif. 94043. (415) 968-9241. HP400 kit: $48; CA: $110 (1-5); stock. FETRON kits, for the solidstate conversion of both the HP400 voltmeter and the Tektronix CA oscilloscope plug-in module, are the first two of a series of kits designed for replacing vacuum tubes in electronic instruments with solid-state devices. The FETRON duplicates vacuum-tube performance with a hybrid JFET circuit, which plugs directly into the tube socket. Unlike vacuum tubes, the FETRON doesn't drift and doesn't require filament, screen grid or support power. The HP400 VTVM conversion kit replaces all five meter-circuit tubes. The CA plug-in kit replaces all 15 tubes. CIRCLE NO. 365 Rectifiers use disc packages Westinghouse Electric, Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222. (412) 255-9329. The R620 and R920 Pow-R-Disc rectifiers come in disc-type packages for single or double-sided cooling and reversible mounting polarity. The Type R620 rectifiers feature average current ratings ranging from 300 to 500 A, surge.current capabilities to 6500 A and reverse-blocking voltages as high as 3000 V. Type R920 rectifiers, reportedly the largest commercially available solid-state diodes, have an average current of 2000 A, surge-current rating to 22,000 A and blocking voltage of 3000 V. CIRCLE NO. 366 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Sam is the name ofDecitek's new low-cost 100 cps photoelectric tape reader. Sam? We could tell you that it's short for something like Superior Alignment Motion, which is precisely what our patented dual sprocket drive provides. But it isn't. We simply felt that Sam has a nice friendly ring to it and is easy to remember. Sam offers good credentials. This new reader incorporates the same unflappable tape transport that is the heart of Decitek's eye-blinking 600 cps reader. This drive doesn't need edge guides or keepers, there's no tape skew. Positive registration is assured- repeatedly through thousands ofreruns with no measurable tape wear. Fiber optic lighting from a single light source plus photo-transistor sensing are features that deliver dependable high-quality performance. All this at a cost that compares favorably with mechanical readers! For all the details on this new low-cost, highly reliable reader, just drop us a note or card with the words "Play it again, Sam." When reading matters JD)JE]C03JIUJrJE]JlK A DIVISION OF JAMESBURY CORPORATION 15 SAGAMORE ROAD, WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS 01605, (617) 757.4577 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 157 267 DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS Laser diodes operate at . 25 or -196 C (i'(?G' ·· (? <"i' G · · -' (;' (O' (9 " --(,\ (2' ~ .· INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 158 268 RCA Commercial Engineering, Harrison, N.J. 07029. (201) 4853900. $45 (3001), $500 (C30020 ) , $715 (C30021); stock, 30 to 60 day. A gallium-arsenide stacked di- ode laser, Model SG3001, and two gallium laser diode array modules, Models C30020 and C30021, can operate at room or cryogenic temperatures, respectively. Typical peak radiant flux (peak power output) from the SG3001 is 30 W at a drive current of 40 A and room temperature. The radiant flux is emitted at the peak wavelength of 904 nm. It is supplied in a coaxial stud package. Typical average radiant flux (average power output) from the C30020 and C30021 is 1 and 2 W, respectively, at a drive current of 6 A and a temperature of 77 K ( -196 C). The wavelength of peak radiant intensity for these modues is 852 nm. CIRCLE NO. 367 Ultra low current TC diodes work with 0.1 mA Codi Semiconductor, Pollitt Dr., Fair Lawn, N.J. 07410. (201 ) 7973900 . The C8000 and C8001 series of reference diodes operates at currents as low .as 100 µ,A. The temperature coefficients of these devices are as low as 5 ppm/°C ovE}r a temperature range of - 55 to 100 C, and as low as 10 ppm /° C with a ·50% change in operating current. The diodes are encapsulated in hermetically sealed D07 glass packages and can be provided with long-term stabilities as low as 10 ppm/year. CIRCLE NO. 368 Stripline tr,ansistors 50% efficient at 400 MHz Motorola Semiconductor, P.O. Box 20924, Pho enix, Ariz. 85036. ( 602) 244-3466 . 1 to 24 prices: $6 (5174), $12.50 (5175), $17 (5176) ; stock. The MRF5174, MRF5175 and MRF5176 are three rf transistors designed for 28-V-dc transmitter use. The MRF5174 de.livers 2 W and 12 dB of gain .at 400 MHz, while the MRF5175 provides 5 W and 11 dB of gain at the same frequency. The MRF5176, highest powered of the three devices, has 15 W at a gain of 10 dB. All outputs and gains are at 50 % efficiency. These devices are in stripline, opposed-emitter, ceramic stud packages with low inductance dual emitter bonding. All are characterized from 200 through 600 MHz and for series equivalent impedances to facilitate broadband amplifier design. CIRCLE NO. 369 Hyperabrupt vhf diodes span full or half octave Electronics, S. B edford St., Burlington, Mass. 01803. ( 617) 273 -1730. From $0.93 ( 100-up); 60 day. The KV2001-2701 series of hy- perabrupt vhf diodes offers a full octave tuning range, or, alternatively the KV2002-2702 diodes have half-octave tuning ~ith straightline frequency performance. The 2001 series has capacitance ratios as high as 7: 1 and capacitances from 20 to 500 pF at 4 V. They are fo·r octave tuning over a 4 to 20 V bias range or for half-octave tuning with ultra-high Q applications over an 8-to-20-V range. The 2002 devices are tuned over 2 to 8 V to give straightline frequency performance with typical linearity of ± 1%. Diodes are available as close tolerance parts ( ± 5 % ) , or for economy applications. CIRCLE NO. 370 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 New PM The people at Bodine have a new permanent magnet field D-C motor line: The 42A. Powerful and compact: Only 4.3" in diameter with continuous duty ratings of 1/8, 1/6 and 1/4 hp at 2500 rpm, 115V D-C. Plus parallelshaft gearmotors in ratios up to 300:1. Output torques to 350 lb-in. Delivers: exceptionally consistent output; high starting torque; low-speed operation; self-braking; surprising con- ,,,..... . trol capabilities; cool and quiet operation; outstanding brush life. Write for bulletin. ~ '""·lf'd"i"'H"' BOOINE MOTORS GEARMOTOR8 8PEEO CONTROL8 THEllOST RELIABLE STA·DBY POWER SYSTEllS HAYE I// I Bodine Electric Co.. 2528 W . Bradley Place, Chicago, Illinois 60618 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 159 A HEART OF GOLD. · Easy installation and removal · Low cost · Low profile · High current-carrying capacity Write or call for details *Pat. App. For / D® ~ Rogers Corporation I West: (602) 963-4584 Rogers, Connecticut 06263 East: (203) 774-9605 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 160 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 GENERAL ELECTRIC GOLDTOp® BATTERIES ··· THE MAINTENANCE-FREE POWER SOURCE FOR LONG LIFE DEPENDABILITY IN YOUR STANDBY POWER APPLICATION In addition to maintenance-free dependability and long life , Goldtop rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries offer you : · Convenient small size for mounting anywhere in any position. Ideal for those hard-to-get-to applications. · High temperature capability !Or hot amb jent locations. · High ·current discharge capability. This small battery does a big job. ·A sealed battery to eliminate venting of corrosive gases. · Simple constant current charging . No voltage cutoff circuitry required. These are just a few reasons why you should put a heart of gold into your next standby power system. For more information circle the reader service card, or write General Electric Company, Section 452-05, Schenectady, N. Y. 12345 GENERAL. ELECTRIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 161 269 PERIPHERAL HEADACHE # 7: Every time there's a brownout (Remember the energy crisis?) you run the risk of writing incorrect data on your disc. DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS High-power SCR handles 40 A from 200 to 1200 V IT'S CONCORD FOR... THE MICRODATA CURE: Build a disc drive that automatically cuts the write current off the head when the voltage drops or the power fails. If you have a peripheral headache, take the cure. Microdata manufactures superb quality 5440compatible disc drives and 8.5 and 10.5 inch reel tape transports. With the highest performance and lowest prices in the industry. Equipped with significant new features you can't get anywhere else. Get the whole story today, before your headache gets worse. Microdata Corporation 17481 Red Hill Avenue Irvine, Cal ifornia 92705 714/540-6730 Brown Boveri, 1460 Livingston Ave., North B runswick, N .J. 08902. (201 ) 932-6066 . F or 400 V and 100-pcs. $18.80 (39/49 ) , $7.28 (35) ; stock. SCR type CS39/49 can handle an average current of 40 A. It is available with voltage rat ings from 200 to 1200 V in a T0-94 or modified T0-48 package. The. SCR has a tq of less than 20 ,,µ,s. Diode type DSD 35 has a 30-A average current rating and is available in the same voltage ratings as the 39 / 49 but in a D0-5 package. The diode has a 0.3 µ,s recovery capabi lity. CIRCLE NO. 371 Green LEDs provide 1.8 millicandela Microdata Bring us your problems. " See our problem -so lving periphera ls at NCC Booth 751 " INFORMATION RETRIEV AL N UMB ER 162 270 Gen eral Electric, N ela Park, Clev eland, Ohio. 44112. (216 ) 266-2258. From $0.35 ( 10 K ) . The SSL44-2 and the slightly longer SSL44L-2 gl'een LEDs provide a guaranteed minimum initial light output at 20 mA of 1.8 millicandela with a typical output of 2.4 med. Equivalent guaranteed light outputs for t he lower priced SSL44-1 and SSL44L-1 are 0.8 minimum and 1.4 med typical at 20 mA. CIRCLE NO. 372 ONCORDlAl'iJJ'lfj'l'lilf, 37 GREAT JONES STREET ·NEW YORK.N Y.10012 (2121777-6571 · TWX 710-581 -4930 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 163 BEADS PROBES FLAKES ~ RODS ASSEMBLIES obtain stateof-the-art performance at costs lower than your present commercial products SPECIAL CURVE MATCHES HIGHEST STABILITY 0.05% TOLERANCES & INTERCHANGEABILITY PRECISION CALIBRATION FAST RESPONSE ASSEMBLIES (TO 3MS) INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 164 ELECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 POWER SOURCES Dual output supplies have 0.01 % regulation Hewlett-Packard, 1501 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94304. (415) 493-1501. From $165. The HP 62200 series of dual output power supplies includes four m_odels covering two voltage ratings: ± 12 V at 1.4 or 3.3 A; and ± 15 V at 1.25 or 3 A. A single front-panel control provides ±5 % adjustment of both outputs. These series-regulated supplies deliver full-rated output from 0 to 40 C with derated operation up to 71 C. All four models are specified at 0.01 % line or load! regulation, 1 mV rms, 5 mV pk-pk ripple and noise, ± 1% tracking accuracy and 50 ,µ,s transient response following a load change from 100% to 50'% and 50 % to 100 % . Cutback current limiting, overtemperature, reverse voltage protection, and remote sensing are standard features on all models. CIRCLE NO. 373 28-V de/de converters output 5 to 5000 V de T ecnetics, P.O. Box 910, 1625 Range St., Bmdder, Colo. 80302. (303 ) 442-3837. 9591 : $186 to $306 ; 9586: $200 to $324: 4 wk. Two new series of de-de regulated converters operate from 28 V de nominal input and include models from 5 to 5000 V de, plus four dual-output models. The 9591 Series provides 6 W and the 9586 Series has 10 W output. The cases are all metal with black anodizing to increase thermal dissipation. Features common to both series are an output voltage adjustment range of ± 10 % at full power, and to 60% of the nominal output voltage at reduced power; input-output isolation ; and short-circuit protection by current limiting. CIRCLE NO. 374 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 EMI FILTERS I Pi Filters Bushing sizes from .156 hex. to .500 hex. Rated 50 Vdc to 2500 Vdc L Section Filters Available in these outside diameters .250 .312 .375 & .690 ' ' Rated from 10 to 25 amps and from 50 Vdc to 240 Vac ~ . u L, Pi, T Section Styles . .375, .410, .690 max. o.d. Ratings ~ange from 50 Vdc to 150 Vdc 125 Vac to 240 Vac 10 amps to 25 amps Multi-section Filters &.section, 12 section and many custom styles. U. L. types also available. L Filter Solder Mount Rated 500 Vdc Pi Filters Solder Mount ~ ~ Rated 250 Vdc to 500 Vdc / -EMC CONSULTINGAPPROVED TESTING FACILITIES TO MEET: MIL-STD-461 HEW 90-602 MIL-1-6181 FCC PARTS 15 & 1~ SPECTRUM CONTROL, INC. has purchased the ALLEN BRADLEY COMPANY'S entire line of filters and ciapacitors, is well as their technology and patent rights. This acquisi· tion now gives SPECTRUM CONTROL the" broadest line of EMl/RFI filters and fead· thru capacitors in the electronics industry. We also hold more QPL listings to MIL-F15733 than any other filter manufacturer. So whenever yo1,1 need total capability, look to SPECTRUM CONTROL. FEED-TH RU CAPACITORS The most complete ranges of sizes, cap. values, and · ratings, for your selection. MIL-C-11015 types. CERAMIC TRIMMERS A full line of variable capacitors available in .218, .375 & .500 dia. Ml L-C-81 types. MULTI-LAYER FEED-THRU CAPACITORS Vy1d These unique componenf s ; are available in a wide range of capacitance "'""to 1 MFD. Multi-layer feed- thru capacitors and ~ fmilinteinrssi.atudreesfigeended-thfruor filtered connector P CERAMIC CHIP CAPACITORS Available in sizes from .080 x .050 x .050 to .375 x .285 x .090 and the following dielectric characteristics: COG X7R, X7S and X7U. SPECTRUM CONTROL INC. 152 EAST MAIN ST.· FAIRVIEW. PENNSYLVANIA 16415 specialists in electromagnetic compatibility INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 165 271 m~f!l!B@fh!Jl(ffj!IJff@fB POWER SOURCES For Optoelectronics Uninterruptible power with reserve battery De card supplies operate up to 70 C SENSOR AND EMITTER ASSEMBLIES Reflective sensor and optical switch assemblies, utilizing phototransistors or photodarlingtons , are available in several configurations. From a mirror reflection , the phototransistor version generates a 600 microamp signal with 30 milliamps of current on the LED. The photodarlington unit will generate a typical signal of 8 milliamps. These devices are designed for optimum performance at distances ranging from 0.075 to 0.5 inch and are TTL compatible. ~ v~· . " T - :. ·-· LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Spectronics LEDS utilize the high efficiency of solution-grown epitaxial gallium arsenide , and range in power from 200 microwatts to 300 milliwatts . LED configurations such as SE1450, SE2450, and SE5455 provide components with glass lenses, metal cans, and hermetic seals (where required) . PHOTOTRANSISTORS The most complete choice of photodiodes, photodarlingtons, and phototransistors are available from Spectronics in a wide range of con(ig urations as standard components. Spectronics photosensors (i.e. SD 1440 , SD 2440, and SD5443) are manufactured with glass lenses , metal cans , and hermetic seals (where required) . YOUR INTEREST: RS231 ALL COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES RS232 IA EMITTERS AND SENSORS RS233 VISIBLE EMITTERS ONLY 830 East Arapaho Road Richardson , Texas 75080 (214) 234-4271 272 Lorain Products Corp., 1H2 F St ., Lorain; Ohio 44052. - (2 16) 288- 11 22. The Lorain Model 202CAB un- interruptible-power system operates as a continuous monitor/ buffer wi1th a reserve battery plant between the commercial ac power source and a minicomputer to guarantee regulated voltage and frequency despite failures and flu ctuations on the commercial ac line. A minicomputer protected by the Lorain UPS is unaffected by blackouts, brownouts, or transients on the commercial ac line. The unit is a standard 2-kVA system with static switch. Other systems are ·available in capacities ranging from 500 VA to over 600 kW to accommodate almost any computer installation. Booth No. 122-124 Circle No. 975 Valor Instruments, Inc., 1122 Llewellyn, Torrance, Calif. 90501. ( 213 ) 320-5471. $138; stock to 3 wk. The CB series of modular card regulated power supplies include foldback short-circuit protection. Thermally self-contained, the supplies will operate in temperatures to 70 C. The printed-circuit card is designed to bolt on a chassis or mount in standard 5.25 in. racks with 2 in. centers. Connector pads are provided for direct solder connections or a PC connector. The input voltage range is 105 to 125 V ac, 47 to 400 Hz. Outputs are factory preset from 5 to 32 V de. Line and load regulation is 0.1 % and the ripple and noise is 2 mV rms max. The temperature coefficient is 0.0-2 %/° C. CIRCLE NO. 376 Ac power source can't be interrupted Wilmore Electronics Co., Box 2973, West Durham Station, Durham, N.C. 27705. (919) 489-3318. $975; stock to 60 days. Model 1202 is an uninterruptible ac power source (UPS ) that provides regulated 115-V sine-wave output. Features include built-in "float" battery charger and sealed long-life batteries and electronic overload protection. Model ,1202 is rated at 250 VA. Depending upon load, reserve time for internal-battery operation varies from a minimum of 10 min. to more than one hour. CIRCLE NO. 377 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 FOR THE UTMOST IN RELIABILITY The Kluge Vs. Monochip I INTERVAL TIMERS Series PAB. Th is is an automatic reset interval t imer with an extremely accurate t iming mechanism built to stand up under hard usage in modern manufacturing processes. Due to the simpl icity and reliabil ity of its spec ial clutch we can offer it in a range of time intervals from 1 second (1 /60" dial divisions) to 3 hours (3' dial divisions) , twelve in all. It is also available in a panel mount model PAF. All of our timers are made to give you service far beyond what you'd reasonably expect. Our line consists of 17 basic types, each avail- able in various mountings, voltages, cycles , circu its and load ratings ... and with whatever spec ial wrinkles you may need. Bulletin #403 tells all about our line of rel iab·le Interval Timers. Write for it or a catalogue of the entire line. If you have an immediate timer requirement, send us your specifications. Or for fastest service, give us a ring at (201) 887-2200. 1511 INDUSTRIAL TIMER A UNIT OF ESTERLINE CORPORATION Industrial Timer Corporation , U.S. Highway 287, Parsippany, N.J. 07054 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 167 Costs Parts and material S4.50 Assembly and testing 3.00 7.50 De li very 2 to 16 weeks if you can get all the components. Perform ance It works if all the parts work. Costs S2.90 total (or typically 50% less than a discrete assembly). De li ve ry Prototypes in 2 weeks followed by volume delivery. Fully tested. Performance Monolith ic IC reliability. Equivalent performance. Monochip contains all the components you might use in a wide variety of circuits. But the last metalization layer is left unfinished to make the exact circuit you want. A designer's kit for $39 complete with easy-to-use design rules and parts gets you started. You can design your special circuits into a standardized product available at standard prices. And the Monochip is multisourced. Beat the kluge, call us· llllTll·lllCM lnterdcsign, Inc.. 1255 Rumwood A\·e. Sunnyvale, CA 94066 (408) 734-8666 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 168 OTTO ~ THE WORLD'SFASTESTN-MOSBAM Sub-subminiature Switches Delivering now as a device, card or memory system ~:\ ~n ::: ~I \ ~1 -P{'f I : Thin Very Thin snap-action · precision · 8 A. to dry circuit! Less than 10 milliohms contact resistance in a ten million cycle switch! That's the OTTO 83 series with patented· design featuring high contact force and minimal contact bounce. Commercial or military, your options include "thin" and " very thin" sizes, contact arrangements to form Z, terminals, and contact materials. Load ratings to 8 A. resistive. Actuators available, too. For full details including prices and local distrib- utors, write for Bulletin 83. · ' U.S. Pat. No. 3,612,793 0 T T 0 CONTROLS Division, OTTO engineering, Inc. 36 Main Street, Carpentersville, Illinois 601 10 · Phone : 312/428-7171 © OTTO eng inee ri ng inc . INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 169 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, _April 26, 1974 AMS 7001 STATIC MOS RAM 60 ns access time ....,.~ and 180 ns cycle time make this the fastest IK MOS r- l RAM (1024 words by I bit) The 7001 RAM has been proven in a working system where it has been exercised with all standard patterns under wide operating margins. It is static. So there is no need for costly and difficult refresh circuits; and the 7001 consumes less power than equivalent speed bi-polar RAMs. Distributors have the AMS 7001 in stock and 1t is multiple sourced. Ask us for design help and for an absolutely free data sheet and a price list. AMS 7001 MEMORY CARD Using the AMS 7001 RAM, this card offers a cycle time of 200 ns, a 100 ns access time (from address) at ECL levels, and only one load per input. This AMS memory card is now in production. Available with up to 48K bits addressable as I, 2, or 4 bit words. The AMS 7001 card provides the cost and power advantages of MOS plus the speed advantages of bi-polar. AMS 7001 MEMORY SYSTEM 110 ns access time from address at the backpanel with ECL levels. Cycle time for the 7001 System 1s 200 ns. The 7001 system can be organized in words or bytes. It is modular and contains up to 4 bays within one integral assembly. Each bay can be organized in 48K X 18 bits, 24K X 36 bits, or 12K X 72 bits. Shipping now. .41.4111 AdvancedMemory Systems· 1276 Hammerwood Avenue, Sunnyvale, Caldom1a 94086 (408) 734-4330 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 17 0 273 POWER SOURCES Single output supply efficient to over 50% specialist or general PfclCtitioner? Rrrofl Dept. ED-4 P.O. Box 743 Skokie, Illinois 60076 Phone 31 2 · 679-7180 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 461 274 Dual output mini .supply includes power-line cord Intronics, 57 Chapel St ., Newton, Mass. 02158. (617) 332-7350. From $55; stock. The "SL" series of modular power supplies has an attached line cord with three-wire plug, off-on switch, and output binding-post terminals. Dual units deliver ± 12 or ± 15 V de outputs at either 100 or 200 mA. Single output units provide 5 V de at either 500 or 1000 mA. All units have a line regulation of 0.05% over a 105-to125-V-ac input and load regulation ( no load to full load) of 0.1 % for the same input range. These supplies have output short-circuit protection and in addition, the 5 V units include overvoltage protection. An internal transformer provides input/ output isolation. Case size measures 3.5 x 2.5 x 1.25 in. CIRCLE NO. 378 Switching supplies have efficiencies up to 80% Abbott Transistor Labs, 5200 W. Jefferson Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90016. (213) 936-8185. $230 (1 to 4); stock. The VN25 high-efficiency series of switching power modules converts 47 to 440 Hz ac lines to Z5 W of regulated de power with up to 80% efficiency. Any output voltage between 4.7 and 50 V de is available in a package that meas- ures 2.75 X 6.25 x 2.75 in. Line and load regulation are held to 0.4 % and ripple to 30 mV rms maximum. A baseplate temperature range of 0 to 71 C and a maximum temperature coefficient of 0.03 %/°C assures stable performance. The VN25 models are hermetically sealed and encapsulated to meet the severe environmental requirements of MIL-STD-810B, MIL-E-5400K, and MIL-E-5272C. Standard features for the units include isolated outputs, short-circuit protection, input transient protection, remote error sensing, remote programming and EMI filters. Optional features such as overvoltage protection and military connectors are available. CIRCLE NO. 379 Power One, 6324 Variel Ave., Bldg. E., Woodland Hills, Calif. 91364. (213) 887-1360. $27.95 (1 to 9) ; stock. The Model B5-3 is a 5 V ( ± 5 % ) 3 A series pass, de power supply. It has an efficiency greater than 50 %. The supply is also available in 6, 12, 15 and 24 V models. All units feature reverse voltage protection as standard, with overvoltage protection available as an option. Input power is 105 to 125 V ac, 47 to 440 Hz with an operating temperature range of 0 to 50 C at full output, derated at 70 C to 40% . Line regulation is ± 0.01 % for a 10 V input change while load regulation is ±0.02% for a 50% load change. Output ripple is 1.5 mV pk-to-pk, 0.4 mV rms . The supplies meet the vibration and shock requirements of MIL-STD-810B. Their over-all size is 2.12 x 4.87 x 4 in. and their weight is 2 lb. CIRCLE NO . 3 80 CRT supply offers any output from 10 to 20 kV Keltron Corp., 225 ·Crescent St., Waltham, Mass. 02154. (617) 8940525. Model 810: $115 (100); stock to 3 wk. Series 800 is a high voltage power supply specifically designed for use in CRT display systems. Up to four optional addi·tional plus-or-minus output voltages can be added with the same line regulation as the high voltage - output. Specs include 10-to-20-kV output at 10 W max ; line plus load regulation of 0.1 % ; ripple of 0.05 % pk-pk; and a full-load transient response of 0.03 % peak, recovering in less than 2 ms. CI RCLE NO . 38 1 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 MEYBOARD·ENCODER * Fully professional *For: Terminals CATV * 49 Keys ' Displays Video Titlers * ASC II Encoder ATTY At long last, a quality data entry keyboa rd at a price that everyone can afford . This . 49 key system has internal ASCII encoder and debouncer. Keys are full travel typewriter style, in a modified ANSI layout. Spacebar is full length with equalizer system. ASC co de (e x ternal Pa r ity), trimode includes sh i ft and con trol functions. Two user defined keys. Parallel o utput-will drive RTL, DTL, TTL, MOS, CMOS, etc. Fibreglass circuit board base with plated through holes, makes assembly quick and sure. KBD·l Keyboard Kit · - - - - - - ... - - - . 3 lbs. $39.595 (. I 1 ,.J.L Southwest Technical Products Corporation, t- I I r::I 1 DEPT. ED ·--,.·--···iliiiil 219 W. Rhapsody , San Antonio, Texas 78216 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 462 oiler d-c servo motor per- Pitmo lormance Gearmotors . combined with a~~~~eudnsdpeur rlogaedarapprox- re ducer to provide shalt sp 650 rpm h T e GM8200 series. now 75" imately 1rom 5 in production , htoas3~ ~e;~beoxxcdluiadminegteoruotpl u1t.3 and lengths lrom . , shalt extension '. d iron to precision tolerances Gears are s1ntere lter the armature p1n1on except lor the lirst gear a in to AGMA BE toler~ which is molded a~etal res earbox is 250 oz. -in . an· ces Torque. Th·ree stan limit d ar d on the motor lgengths combined with . armature w1. nd"1ngs many poss.ible van·ationustsinto a wide range ol ·t tailoring ol outp perm1 irements . perlormance requ . l mation , write now. For more in or New P\tmo® Gearmotors INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 463 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 464 ..... puts ideas to work in elect'ronics The ln1KWative Electronic Group of ITW.·· LICON · ELECTRO MATERIALS · PAKTRON 0 IWNOIS TOOL WORKS INC. 1174 POWER SOURCES l'·-------- --------~·J Dual output supplies deliver 60 WI output Your source for Electronic Discharge Printers $130 1606A 16 COLUMN $150 2106A 21 COLUMN SINGLE QUANTITY PRICE VOLUME DISCOUNTS FAST 6 LINES PER SEC. au 1ET NON IMPACT PRINTER SMALL 3.3" x 4.5" x 4.5" LIGHT ONLY 1.5 POUNDS LONG LIFE MTBF 5.5 MILLION LINES HOOK UP WITH HYCOM. These quick, quiet and compact alphanumeric printers need no ribbons and have fewer moving parts ... adding up to economy and reliability.Get them from the source ... HYCOm 16841 Armstrong Avenue, Irvine, California 92705, Telephone (714) 557-5252 Your source for Microelectronic Systems Custom MOS/LSI · Communication Systems · Dedicated Calculators INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 465 DIRECT DRIVE TO Counters, Stepping Motors, Printers, Relays A SHAFT ENCODER FOR $3500* Model 111 ROTASWITCH® Shaft Encoder "CISC '-' DISC Instruments, Inc. 102 E. Baker St.. Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626 Phone (714) 979-5300 Diec lnatrurnenta Dlvl1lon Flnnlgmn OmbH Dachauer Strasse 511, 8 Munchen 50, Germany Phone: (0811) 142291 (2) Diec ln1trurnent1 Dlvl1lon Finnigan ln1trument1 Ltd. Paradise, Hamel Hempstead, Herta, England Phone : (0442) 57261 No power supply or logic required - The Model 111 ROTASWITCH® Pulser is a unique shaft position encoder using a mercury wetted, no-bounce switch with a service life of 1 billion closures. Since it can handle 100 volt-ampere loads and its output is pulsed, the Model 111 can drive a variety of electronic and electromechanical devices without the need for extra power supplies, amplifiers, or logic circuits - a real plus benefit where design costs must be kept minimal. The Model 111 is available in various gear ratios to provide from 1 to 360 pulses per revolution to a maximum of 6000 pulses per minute. (For higher rates inquire about our photoelectric encoders). It may also be specified without a housing for direct installation. Complete details and price list available. Write for Bulletin 100. 276 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 466 ·111 quantity Abbott Transistor Labs, 5200 W. J eff erson Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90016. (213) 936-8185. From $99 ( 1 to 24); stock. The "LLC" series of de power supplies converts 115 V ac, 47 to 420 Hz to dual outputs of either ± 12 or ± 15 V de. These ± 12 and ± 15 V models can deliver 15, 30 or 60 W of power per output. Line and load regulation are better than 0.1 % and ripple is 10 mV rms with a 30 mV pk-pk maximum. Full output power is available up to 50C ambient with no derating, forced air cooling or heat sinking. Standard features include short-circuit protection, remote error sensing and input transient protection. In addition, both outputs are isolated and nontracking so each output can be used as a completely separate power supply. Overvoltage protection is available as an option. CIRCLE NO. 282 Line demonstrates power engineering basics McL ean Engineering Labs, 70 Washington Rd., Princeton, N.J. 08550. ( 609 ) 799-0100. $30001; 1214 wk. This new line of Electro-Mechanical Energy Conversion Equipment is for use in advanced courses of electrical, electronic and electro-mechanical engineering to illustrate power-engineering fundamentals, such as those of Faraday's Law, Lenz's Law and the Constant Flux Linkage Theorem. System elements consist of unitized motor-generaitor sets; transformers and saturable reactors; and peripheral equipment such as synchronizing panels and metered variac panels. The system is compatible with ampere, volt and wattmeters, oscilloscopes, X-Y plotters, strip chart recorders. Yal'iac. and capacitor decades. CIRCLE NO. 283 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 POWER SOURCES Lab supply gives current, voltage and foldback Compact lab supply costs just $89 Grumil Corp., 4626 ldlewilde Lane S.E., Albuquerque, N.M. 87108. ( 505 ) 265-2320. $189; stock. Model 202S laboratory power supply features a current-foldback mode in addition to the fully regulated voltage and current modes. The supply is rated at 30 V, 1.5 A continuous duty, and features 100% solid-state circuitry. Output impedance can be varied from 4 mn through zero to -4 mn, and output capacitance can be reduced from 1000 µF to 0.45 µ,F. while maintaining full loop stability. Output is protected against overload as · well as positive and negative external fo·rcing within the limits of ±30 V and ±1.5 A. CIRCLE NO. 384 Datel Systems, 1020 Turnpike St., Canton, Mass. 02021. ( 617) 828- 6395. 80-D5: $49; 360-D5: $79. Two new de/ de converters power 12-V CMOS logic from the 5-V. system supply normally used for TTL/ DTL logic. These converters have an input voltage tolerance of - 10 to + 25 % and an efficiency of 50 % . Line and load regulation is 0.02 % with a tempco of 0.02%/°C. Model UPM 12/ 80-D5 supplies 80 mA and Model UPM 12/ 250-D5 supplies up to 250 mA. Both models have current limiting on the outputs. Model UPM 12/ 80-D5 is a 1.5 x 2 x 0.4 in. encapsulated module and Model UPM 12/ 360- D5 is a 2 x 2 x 0.4-in. module. CIRCLE NO. 385 D eltron Inc., Wissahickon Ave., North Wal es, Pa. 19454. (215 ) 699-9261. $89; stock to 3 wk. MINIPAC laboratory power supplies feature IC regulation and automatic tracking crowbar. Three models give adjustable voltages of 0 to 12, 0 to 20, and 0 to 40 at a maximum delivered current, r~ spectively, of 0 to 1, 0 to 0.65 and 0 to 0.35 A. Line and load regulation is 0.01 % and ripple is 250 .µ,V. Size is 5 x 5 , x 5-in. and weight is 4.5 lb. CIRCLE NO. 386 Series 2000 General Purpose Interface THE VITAL LINK Series 2000 is a pre-engineered, easy-to-install, low cost solution to the critical problem of interfacing your industrial process with your local or remote minicomputer. The analog and digital input/output capabilities you need for sampling, reporting, control, data logging, or complete automation already exist as standard Series 2000 plug-in functions. And future system expansion is as simple as plugging new cards into the Series 2000 printed circuit backplane. Avoid costly custom engineering, extensive documentation, and UGH installation delays. Series 2000 is ready for your system. Now. PROCESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC.· PROCESS INTERFACE DIVISION 5467 HILL 23 DRIVE· FLINT, MICHIGAN 48507·TEL: ·(313) 744-0225·TWX: 810-235-8667 INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL NUMBER 467 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 277 The wire stripper that refutes Kerchunk's Law. Kerchunk's Law has always maintained that automatic wire strippers must operate on air. And that therefore they shall always be noisy, overly complex and hard to maintain. If you're in the market for an automatic e:·· .:.:;. ..:-.. ~.c:e: c:e:e:e:·t. wire stripper, or if you already have one that goes "kerchunk, kerchunk", meet our new Model EWS-6K. It's airless, kerchunkless and best of all, totally electric. The EWS-6K is proven, portable, economical, and so much quieter than the other ones. Need we say more? We do, in our brochure describing the world's first airless automatic wire stripper. Standard Logic, 2215 So. Standard Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. 92707. Telephone: (714) 979-4770. STANDARD LOGIC, INC. SEND for information on the EWS-6K today! (If you already have a kerchunker, send anyway. Then , unplug your ears.) " See us at the National Computer Conference Booth #960" INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 468 WHICH IS FASTER, MORE RELIABLE, AND EASIER TO USE FOR PROGRAM LINC TAPE and it comes with a Complete Operating System Computer Operations has plug-compatible, mass·memory for NOVA, DEC PDP·1 1, HP-2100, and many other mini-computers. The LINC Tape Operating System provides complete support for assemblers, loaders, text editors, BASIC, FORTRAN and file utilities. LINC Tape is 28 times faster than paper tape and 15 times faster than cassettes. And it has proven error·free performance and reliability . · Low Price and quick delivery · 204,800 or 335,872 data bytes per · Optional compatibility with · Complete plug-to-plug compatibility reel in blocks of 512 DEC tape ® · Block addressable disc format · Utility software drivers - complete---~ operating system for most · 8400 bytes/sec transfer rate popular minis · 100,000 passes without error guaranteed · Expandable to 16 drives For your own satisfaction, see LINC Tape demonstrated before you decide on any mass-memory system. J Computer Operations, Inc. .....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____,_ 2100710154 T3U0C1K-9E3R7-S5T37.7BELTSVILLE, MD . INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 469 278 PACKAGING & MATERIALS Heater etched onto Kapton weighs little Sierracin/Th ermal Systems, 13920 S. Broadway, Los Angeles , Calif. 90061. (213 ) 321-4350. Spiral Wrap is an electrical heater for aerospace piping sy&tems and other precision applications that features vi11tuaHy negligible weight and volume, yet produces up to 50 W/ in2 · It weighs less than 1 oz/ ft2 and ·it employs etched-foil techniques to produce intricate heater-element patterns. The 0.001in.-thick element is etched on a 0.0025-in.-thick Kapton substrate and then is sandwiched by another Kapton layer for a total thickness of just 0.006 in. The heater can operate at tempe11atures ·to 550 F and exhibits zero outgassing. It is available in widths of 1/4, 1/2, 1 and 2 in. and lengths up to 42 in. CIRCLE NO. 387 Teflon tape uses silicone adhesive Dilectrix Corp., 69 Allen Blvd., Farmingdale, L.I., N .Y. 11735 . (516) 249-7800. A Teflon pressure-sensitive tape wi1th a silicone-based adhesive, designated DF 2200, offers the user better surface conformability, high dielectric strength and a smoother surface profile that is free of skive marks. Also, the silicone adhesive provides high temperature resistance and the tape can be easily wrapped over irregular surfaces. The tape is available in a clear or assortment of colors, and it comes in 36-yd rolls with widths of 1/ 4 to 22 in. CIRCLE NO. 388 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Kit provides all for rapid wiring ~ Screw-terminal strips fit PC boards Ruler replaces T-square and triangles United Wiring & Manufacturing Co., 3405 Shiloh Rd., Garland, Tex. 75041. (214) 271-2586. $285; stock. The Solder-Wrap prototyping kit, catalog # 100432, provides a fast way of 'interconnecting ICs and discrete components. A routing speed, including soldering time, of up to 300 electrical connections per hour is possible. The prototyping kit is packaged in a foam-padded-vinyl attache case. The kit includes wire and a total of 26 components. CIRCLE NO. 389 R eed Devices Inc., 21 W 183 Hill Ave., Glen Ellyn, Ill. 60137. (312) 858-2050. 10 position: $0.91 (WOO up) ; stock. A new terminal strip designed for PC boards features 6-32 screws on 3/ 8-in. centers. The standardmount unit is called the 6PCV· series, and a right-angle version is called the 6PCR series. In addition to PC pins, thru-panel solder-turrets and wrap terminals are also available. Captive wire-clamp plates eliminate the need for spade or hook terminals. The terminals are available with ithree to 24 points. CIRCLE NO. 390 Professional Aids Co., 1 S. Wacker Dr., Chicago, Ill. 60606. (312) 263 7622. $6.95 (unit qty) . Roi Ruler permits the user to make equally spaced horizontal and vertical parallel J1ines, as well as circles, arcs and cross-hatches in either the inch or metric system. It does the job of a T-square, triangle and parallel ruler. The ruler rolls back and forth with a touch of the finger and a calibrated scale indicates spacing in lOths and 16ths of an inch. And it eliminates the necessity of "pointing-off." The ruler al.so allows the user to make uniformly spaced circles and arcs up to 22-in. diameter and other geometric forms. CIRCLE NO. 391 . Series 2000 Micro CPU Industrial Processor THE COMPUTER ELIMINAT-OR UGH The equivalent programmable processing power of a good minicomputer. More local or remote analog and digital I/0 and signal conditioning performance than you'd expect from a sophisticated custom-built interface. At a fraction of the system design, documentation, installation, maintenance, and cost of such hardware. The Series 2000 Micro CPU Industrial Processor incorporates advanced microprocessor circuitry for reliable data handling at speeds to match virtually every process or peripheral control application. Up to 64k bytes of user-programmable MOS ROM and RAM lets you operate in ambient temperatures where minicomputer core would turn up its toes. And the widest available range of off-the-shelf analog and digital process-compatible I/O modules makes configuring, updating, or expansion as easy as adding or replacing plugin modules on the standard printed circuit backplane. Before you invest in a mini, maybe you should check out the Series 2000 Micro CPU Industrial Processor. Its a PCS first. Built to last. PROCESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS· PROCESS INTERFACE DIVISION 5467 HILL 23 DRIVE· FLINT, MICHIGAN 48507·TEL: (313) 744-0225·TWX: 810-235-8667 INFORMAtlON RETRIEVAL NUMBER 470 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 279 ...... . WATCH FOR IT. · · JULY 1974 - MASTER CATALOG AND DIRECTORY OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURERS · PUTS THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY AT YOUR FINGERTIPS · MAKES ALL OTHER MASTER DIRECTORIES SEEM OBSOLETE · A COMPLETE ONE-STEP PURCHASING TOOL · MORE DIRECTORY LISTINGS AND INFORMATION THAN EVER PUBLISHED BEFORE · 52 PRODUCT CATEGORIES If you've never used a directory before, Electronic Design's GOLD BOOK will amaze you with its convenience and utility. Manufacturers' catalogs, spec sheets, and application data notes will be right on your desk in one convenient package. The directory listings are the most complete and detailed to date. From mid-year on you'll be referring to It dally for purchasing information and catalog data. It's the most massive compendium of product information ever compiled ... the one-step purchasing and reference source that can save you untold hours in the search, selection and specification of the products you need. · Another FREE Service for Readers From ... Electronic Design PACKAGING & MATERIALS Adhesive repairs glass-to-metal seals High-voltage connector has 20-kV-dc rating T0-5 contactor loads with zero force Wells Electronics, Inc., 1701 S. Main St., South Bend, Ind. 46623. (219 ) 287-5941. $1 to $4; 2 wks. A new zero-insertion-force family of T0-5 contactors for test, burn-in and aging, designated Series 608, combs the device leads into grooves of the carrier to minimize the possibility of an open contact. The contactors are available in 8 and 10-lead versions in various materials capable of withstanding continuous temperatures from - 55 to 250 C. The unit is operated by raising the lid to its upward stop. This cams the contacts outwards. The carrier containing the T0-5 device is then placed on the contactor. The lid is then pushed downward. This allows t he contacts to spring inward and wipe the device leads while combing them into position. CIRCLE NO. 392 Aremco Products, Inc., P.O. Box 429, Ossining, N.Y. 10562. ( 914) 762-0685. $25 ( 1 pint); 2 wks. Graphi-Bond 551-R is a new graphite-base adhesive that can repair glass-to-metal seals. The adhesive is suitable for use at temperatures to 5400 F . Most other adhesives tried in this application have broken down rapildy when exposed to the sealing atmospheres at temperatures in the 1900-F range. The new adhesive has outlasted the base material in many instances. CIRCLE NO. 393 Caton Connector Corp., 425 Northern Blvd., Great Neck, N.Y. 11021. ( 516) 466-9288 . $10 to $25; stock. A new line of high-voltage connectors features a corona-suppressing interfacial seal with resilient silicone inserts. The connectors have the following characteristics : 1 to 8 contacts; a 20-kV-dc rating, pin to shell ; a temperature range of - 40 to 65 C ; and the shell sizes of # 12 through 24 in a modified MS-3100 series with MIL-C-5015 hardware. Molded and potted silicone cable assemblies are available from stock for most applications. These connectors are suited for electrostatic printers, holography, airborne radar, flash-lamp power supplies, infrared and CRT devices. CIRCLE NO. 394 815 Broadhollow Road · Farmingdale, New York 11735 · (518) 515-9471 19535 E. Walnut Dr. · City of Industry, CA. 81748 · (213) fl85.011 I NFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 471 282 INFORM ATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 4 7 2 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Heat sink for T0-5 needs no hardware ·Cut wiring costs up to 50% -with flexible PCs Plastic parts fabricated for electronic use International Electronic Research Corp., 135 W. Magnolia Blvd., Burbank, Calif. 91502. (213 ) 849-2481. With no mounting hardware, the 3925-lB heat sink slips smoothly onto a T0-5 can and occupies only 1.06 in.2 of board space. With this heat sink, a T0-5, 2N1837 transistor can operate at 3 W and hold the case temperature rise to 70 C above ambient. Without the heat sink, the transistor can dissipate only 600 mW for the same temperature rise. CIRCLE NO. 395 N. V. Philips Glo eilampenfabrieken, Elcoma Division, P.O . B ox 523, Eindhoven, the N etherlands. Savings of up to 50 % in over· all wiring costs can be achi eved with flexible printed circuits . Two processes can meet most customer requirements. A subtractive process uses copper-clad, flexible, polyester and polyimide base materials and obtains the required conductor patterns by an etching. The PD-R process (physical development by reduction ) selectively deposits the conductor pattern on a layer of insulating material. CIRCLE NO. 396 S everna, 555 Eagle Rock Ave., _Roseland, N.J. 07068 . ( 201 ) 2280600. Severna can extrude, machine, mold or otherwise fabricate T eflon, nylon, Kel-F, polystyrene, Delr in and Rexolite to very close tolerances and at high production speeds. They are now producing such parts as capacitor-end seals, coaxial-connector insulators, coil bobbins, electrical insulators, feedthrough insulators, multipin-connector insulators, precision dielectric components, stand-off insulators, tube sockets, special shapes and other miniature and subminiature components. CIRCLE NO. 397 $15.00 (no t including UN/TRACK card guides) 1 VERSA-CAGETM standard 19" INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 473 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 111 8roedtloll- Road · Farmlntdale, New York 11~ R 11131 E. Walnut Dr. ·City of lnduatry, CA.11741 · INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 474 283 NEWI Build and test circuits as fast as you can,thinkl No soldering or patch cordsl Four ne\V Continental Specialties Proto Boards let you make all circuit and power interconnections with common #22 AWG solid hook-up wire, while power distribu- tion buses make wiring a snap. Aluminum base plates offer solid work surfaces and perfect ground plane. Rubber feet prevent scratching. Each Proto Board features one or more 5-way binding posts to tie into system or power supply gnd. All are compatible with ICs (digital or linear), in T05s, DIP Proto Board 14 Pin DIP Model No. Capacity Size (L"xW") packs and discrete components. Each is completely assembled, ready-to-use. .-~-·--- PAT. PENDING - -0-.--.[.[3._ Price - -O-J- (U.S. only) FREE METRIC 101 10 5.8"x4.5" $29.95 102 12 7.0"x4.5" $39.!15 103 24 9.0"x6.0" $59.!is 104 32 9.5"x8.0" $79.95 Order today - or send for free selection guide, with applications, photos, specs and more. TO ENGLISH SLIDE RULE Convert lengtha, area Weight, voium~ a-0·-:0-ff]- ' -0 --~-- Continental Speclallles Corp. ._~._ 325 East St., Box 1942 s . New Haven, CT 06509 Telephone (203) 624-3103 instantly. Yours FREE With each Proto Board orderi - CANADA: Available thru Len Flnkler, Ltd., Oownavlew, Ontario INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 475 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 476 284 design aids Photographic glass plates A chart, "Characteristics of Kodak Plates for Ultraviolet, Visible Light, and Infrared Photography," contains capsule descriptions and applications for each plate, data on availability, safelight recommendations, meter settings and image structure characteristics. All rms granularity data are given in terms of diffuse valu es. Eastman Kodak. CIRCLE NO. 398 Darlington transistors Design tips, application notes, process technology and quick selector guides for Darlington power transistors are included in a wall chart. Motorola. CIRCLE NO. 399 Silicon power transistors A wall chart describes highcurrent high-voltage silicon po·wer transistors. Major specifications of each type are included for device selection. Powertech. CIRCLE NO. 400 Switches An eight-page guide to basic switches contains a multicolor, single-page chart designed to provide easy access for selection of standard and miniature snap-action precision switches. Micro Switch. CIRCLE NO. 401 Conductor calculator A double-sided slide chart enables users to find conductor resistance and current carrying capacity. It covers single, flat conductors laminated with 0.002-to0.005-in. flexible laminate and an allowance of a 10-C rise at 20-C ambient. The ruler is also useful to find the current capaci·ty of copper ,circuits etched in the company's GT5500 polyester or GTl 7510 polyimide laminates. The user can read current carrying capacity at various temp rises above ambient of ·20 C. G.T. Schjeldahl, Noflthfield , Minn. 55057. INQUIRE DIRECT ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 DO COll.EGES HELP BUSINESS AS MUCH AS BUSINESS HELPS COll.EGES? Yes, they do. But not in the same proportion. Business contributes about 15% of the total voluntary support received by colleges. But today, business gets half the college-trained people who are employed . Tomorrow, it will need even more . As a result, businessmen should think seriously about increasing the level of corporate giving to education . Can you, as a businessman, think of a better investment? For the latest national fig-: ures on corporate giving to higher education, write on your letterhead for "CFAE Survey of Corporation Support of Higher Education," and enclose $2.00 to help cover costs. Mail to: Council for Financial Aid to Education, 6 East 45th Street, New York. N .Y. 10017. Give to the college of your choice. Now. Advertising contributed for the public good. EL ECTRON IC D ESIGN 9, A pril 26. 1974 application notes FET basics A brochure provides a brief but concise introduction to the nature of field-effect transistors and touches on characteristics, terminology, test parameters and appli.cations. The 20-page brochure covers both major types of FET devices ( junction FETs and MOS FETs ) in both their n and p-channel configurations. Defined terminology includes drain current, pinchoff voltage, gate-to-so u r c e voltage, breakdown voltage, transconducta.nce, capacitance and Yparameters. Siliconix, Santa Clara, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 402 Epoxy adhesives "Epoxy Adhesives" encompasses everything from the basic advantages of epoxy adhesives to methods of_ application, mixing and stnrage. Surface preparation is discussed and specific advice given. High Strength Adhesives, Chicago, III. CIRCLE NO. 403 Tangential sensitivity Tangential sensitivity is a measure of noise performance of a deteotor. An applic1ttion note answers questions about various factors involved in making the measurement. A useful production test system using an rms voltmeter to compare signal output to noise output is shown. Hewlett-Packard, Palo Altg, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 404 CMOS A brochure describes the ·characteri stics of CMOS logic and how best to apply it. The brochure includes details on the characteristics of CMO S logic elements and system considerations, including information on data bussing, power-supply filtering, and minimizing system power. Data on interfacing CMOS with other logic families are included. National Semiconductor, 2900 Semiconductor Dr., Santa Clara, Calif. 95051 INQUIRE DIRECT DOUBLEBALANCED MIXERS Great Value at '$ 95 $9.95 in quantities of 1 to 49 pieces DC-500MHz 6dB conversion loss 40dB isolation EMI shielded case A breakthrough in technol ogy and high production volume enables Mini-Circuits Laboratory to offer these new products at an unprecedented low price. In today's tough competitive market can you afford not to use these remarkably low priced and high performance units? Ruggedness and durability are built in the SRA-1. These new units are packaged within an EMI shielded metal enclosure and hermetically sealed header. They use well matched hot-carrier diodes and uniquely designed transmission line transformers . We invite you to convince yourself. Place your order now and check our delivery, product performance and reliability. Mini-Circuits ge~~~gl~'-~gry (212) 252-5252, lnt'I Telex 620156 A Division Scientific Components Corp. · FRAN CE : S C.l.E ., · 31, rue Geo rge- Sand , Pala iseau 91, France ·G ERMAN Y, AUSTR IA, SWITZERLAND : In d ustrial Electronics GM BH , °Klu berstrasse 14, 6000 Frankfurt/ Ma in , Germany 0 UNITS IN STOCK ENGLAND; Dale Electronics: Dale House, Wharf Road, Frimley Green, Camberley, Surrey. JAPAN; Denisha Kaisha , Ltd .: Eguchi Building, 8-1, 1Chrom e, Hamamatsucho, Minato-Ku , Tokyo. ISRAEL; Hamashbir Electronics. 76 Giborei Israel St., Tel -Aviv, Israel. · UNIT IN STOCK. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 477 285 (new literature) .+- · · · .,:'~ ·o ·C How do you direct 2,000 low : 1' level transducer lines into a back-up computer without changing 200 cables? Easy. T-Bar® 48-pole latching relays. T-Bar makes high density switches and relays ... designs and fabricates special switching systems ... reliably and economically. If you switch a lot of lines .- all at once or a few at a time - write or phone today for complete T-Bar literature. T·Bar INCORPORATED SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY 141 Danbury Road Wilton, CT 06897 Phone : 203/ 762-8351 Linear IC handbook The third edition of the Linear Integrated Circuits Data Book has been expanded to over 800 pages, 100 pages more than the previous edition. An interchangeability guide and listing of available application notes are included. Package outlines, pinouts and schematics are provided. Quick selector guides for each category of device facilitate the use of this handbook. It is priced at $3 per copy. Motorola, P.O. Box 20924, Phoenix, Ariz. 85306. INQUIRE DIRECT Pulse magnetizing system Specifications and operational description for the Model HE-20 pulse magnetizing system are contained in a two-page data sheet. Indiana General, Valparaiso, Ind. CIRCLE NO. ..O~ (4966) SWITCHING COMPONENTS DIVISION AD #1 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 479 286 Linear IC TV circuits Comprehensive data on three recently announced linear integrated circuits for color and monochrome TV receiver applications-a TV chroma amplifier/demodulator, a TV signal processor and a TV chroma processor-are described in a catalog. RCA, Somerville, N.J. CIRCLE NO. 406 SC Rs A series of 710-A rms fast switching inverter SCRs is described in a six-page data sheet. The li terature contains graphs, ratings, specifications and a dimensional outline drawing. International Rectifier, Semiconductor Div., EI Segundo, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 407 Dielectric ceramics A high-permittivity dielectric ceramic for microwave applications is featured in a brochure. Hirst Research Center, Wembley, Middlesex, Eng.land. CIRCLE NO. 408 Power converters De-to-de converters, 115-V-ac, 400-Hz input high efficiency power supplies, ac-to-dc modules and power-supply kits are detailed in a 28-page catalog. Tecnetics, Boulder, Colo. CIRCLE NO. 409 Instrumentation "Electronic Precision" provides 20 pages of information on the product line and pioneering activities of Rohde & Schwarz. Rohde & Schwarz, Munich, West German:y. CIRCLE NO. 410 Magnetic circuit breakers The fourth edition of "The Choice of Protection" discusses the advantages and disadvantages of protective devices for electrical equipment and electronic circuits. Coverage includes short-circuit cap a c i t y considerations, transient tripping, motor protection, environmental conditions, m a g net i c time-delays, undervoltage protection, ground fault circuit interruption and other topics. Fifty illustrations include performance curves, diagrams, cutaway drawings and photographs. Airpax Electronics, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. CIRCLE NO. 411 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Axial fans A line of axial fans designed to cool diverse commerdal, industrial and mili.tary electronic equipment is described in a six-page brochure. Operating characteristics, performance curves and line drawings are provided. Amphenol, Broadview, Ill. CIRCLE NO. 412 Vibration feeders A 16-page catalog describes the Viba-Trex line of vibratory feeders. Specifications, bowl dimensions and control unit information are included. Ex-Cell-O Corp. of Canada, London, Ontario. CIRCLE NO. 413 Data communications A "data communicaitions primer" graphically explains the company's system's ability to extend digital communications between central IBM System/360-370 computers and remote I.10 sites, eliminating the need for remote computers. Computer Transmission, El Segundo, Calif. ' CIRCLE NO. 414 Photomultiplier tubes A replacement guide lists near and direct equivalents of photomultiplier tubes and contains an application index of about 150 tube types. EMI Electronics, Hayes, Middlesex, England. CIRCLE NO. 41 5 Instrumentation Oscilloscopes, digital multimeters, pattern, marker, rf wideband and sine/square wave generators are illustrated in a 24-page catalog. Also included are FM multiplex stereo generators, volt/ ohm meters and curve tracers. Leader Instruments, Plainview, N.Y. CIRCLE NO. 416 Plastic injection molding A 112-page manual, "Cutting Costs in Short-Run Plastics Injection Molding," covers all phases of prototype and short-run practice. The manual includes parts design, material selection, mold building, part production and other helpful data. The manual is $5. Morgan Industries, 3311 E .. 59th St., Long Beach, Calif. 90805. INQUIRE DIRECT ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Radio Shack catalog A 52-page electronic parts catalog ·Contains more than 2000 hardto-find electronics items. It includes a variety of special-purpose tubes, transistors, readouts, PC and IC equipment, relays, resistors, capacitors, potentiometers, transformers, sophisticated test instruments, connectors and power supplies. Radio Shack, Fort Worth, Tex. CIRCL! NO. 417 Bioengineering abstracts A monthly publication, entitled "Bioengineering Abstracts," is designed to provide up-to-date concise source jnformation on the growing volume of literature in this field. The abstracts contain a summary of article content, title, ·author, citation source, date, number of ar.ticle pages and references. Engineering Societies Library, New York, N.Y. INQUIRE DIRECT PWG UGLY~M S44(1·9) 5V,6A They're not much to look at. Because instead of fancy front panels. we designed our standard open-frame de power supplies to cover 90% of your OEM appli- cations. And once you plug them into your computers, peripherals or instrumentation , they're so reliable that chances are you 'll never see them again . They're designed and built conserva- tively, so you get full rated power all the way up to +55° C. Regulation , ripple and noise are specified by the book. And with no expensive options. you can now get your de power for as little as 68¢/W (1-9 qty). If you 've looked at the competition , we know that has to be a sight for sore eyes. For more info, use the bingo card or call 714/ 979-4440. Or call your local Cramer or Newark distributor and get Ugly today. OPEN·FRAME OLV SERIES' 4-28Vdc, 15·250W STAN~~~~n~:~T~ORA~~ ~~~~~~~n~1 1 !6:~~l:~~!·0.~~ 1~~!~ ;:1~0n . ± 0. 1 ~ ripple 1nd noise. Remote sensing/ programm ing . Spike suppression. Foldback current limiting . 120/ 240 Vac, 50/ 60 Hz inputs. o:::.P.:.:no:::.N:=:s'c::o:v.·:..::°'.::ow:::ba:"::.--'-'""::.:'c:.:::Es:':.·:::.··::·:·:'.:'..0·1~:.:.m:.::·.c!.·!:·:!.!1·_ Elexon Power Sys!!~oc ~§ INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 480 287 Circuit Designers, Packaging and Production Eng ineers will find a complete family of easy-to-use, low cost production aids and PCB hardware .in this 24 page Packaging Products catalog. Complete specifications and pricing are included for Permanent and Temporary Mounting Spacers, Snapi n Card Guides and new Card Ejectors. Easy-to-find data and prices on over 600 standard parts makes this handy digest a must. All items are available from factory stock or through leading local distributors. BIVAR, Inc. 1617 E. Edinger Ave ., Santa Ana, Ca. 92705 (714) 547-5832. NEW LITERATURE .circuit II packaging problem solver. Motor handbook The 400-page "DC MotorsSpeed Controls-Servo Systems" presents theory, design considerations and application notes on various types of de motors and generators, servo systems and associated control devices. This ed ition contains all notations in both metric and English values. The handbook can be purchased for $1 to cover handling and postage by engineers writing on their company letterhead or enclosing their business card. Electro-Craft, Box 664, Hopkins, Minn. 55343. INQUIRE DIRECT a brand new digest of cost saving ideas: ---~llll CARD EJECTORS specific samples on request. PACKAGING PROGRESS BYliYGI INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 481 288 Ac voltage regulators Technical data on a concept of maintaining truly flat regulation using ac voltage regulators or de power supplies, with instantaneous attenuation of line and load fluctuations, are given in a 16page catalog. Advanced Power, Anaheim, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 419 SI d converters A 14-page guide covers a continuous tracking or multiplexed s/ d converter, binary-to-BCD converter, d/ s converter, two-speed s/ d or d/ s converters, digital-tosynchro converter, two-speed processor, control transformer, control differential transmitter or synchro angle display meter. Analog Devices, Norwood, Mass. CIRCLE NO . 420 TV cameras Multi-adaptable single tube color TV cameras for ETV, ITV, CATV and CCTV are described in a fourpage data sheet. Cohu , San· lJiego, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 421 Miniature reed relays A four-page bulletin describes the series 46 miniature reed r~ lays which are offered in mercurywetted, dry reed and magnetic latching types. Specifications, model types, dimensional drawings and contact rating performance curves are provided. North American Philips Controls, Cheshire, Conn. CIRCLE NO. 422 Connectors A connector selection guide lists popular connector configurations. The six-page guide includes eight photographs, environmental specifications and model differences. Connectors discussed include rectangular rack/ panel, circular, microminiature, PC/ input, output, filters and special applications such as audio, CATV and rf. ITT Cannon, Santa Ana, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 423 PC connectors Receptacle-type printed-circuit connectors with 0.025-in. and 0.045-in. sq. terminations for wrapped wire are covered in a 16-page catalog. Specifications, outline drawings, illustrations and ordering information are included. Continental Connector, Woodside, N.Y. CIRCLE NO. 424 Memory system A four-page brochure describes a compact memory system. Specifications and a schematic diagram are included. Fuji, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. CIRCLE NO . 425 PVC coatings A standard describes external plastic coatings which are applied to galvanized rigid conduit and galvanized steel electrical metallic tubing. The standard may be purchased for $1.25. National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc., 155 E. 44th St., New York, N.Y. 10017. INQUIRE DIRECT ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Heat-transfer fluid con Fluid 500, a synthetic heat-transfer fluid that is miscible with water at temperatures below 110 F, is described in a bulletin. Union Carbide, New York, N .Y. CIRCLE NO. 426 LED products A catalog of light-emitting diode products also doubles as a LED second-source directory. The 12-page catalog lists a}ternate parts, where available, for each type of the company's LED lamp, infrared emitter, opto-isolator, phototransistor, single and multiple-digit numeric and alphanumeric displays. Litronix, Cupertino, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 427 Zener and TC diodes , Three quick-reference, voltageregulating diode charts show power dissipation, package .type, nominal voltage breakdown and applications. Dickson Electronics, Scottsdale, Ariz. CIRCLE NO. 428 PC breadboards An eight-page catalog shows off-the-shelf printed-circuit breadboards. Card racks, instrument cases, connectors, ejectors, IC sockets and computer interface breadboards are described. The catalog illustrates more than 50 IC breadboards for dual inline, T0-5 and flatpack ICs. Douglas Electronics, San ~andro, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 429 Decoders and receivers A series of specification sheets describes deeoders, receivers, measurement units, power supplies, di. viders, squarers, rf wattmeters and a two-channel CB crystal cali brator. Amtron, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo (MI), Italy. CIRCLE NO. 430 OEM rotating memories Low-to-medium capacity rotating memory products, including cartridge and "floppy" devices, are featured in an eight-page catalog. Control Data, Hawthorne, Calif. CIRCLE NO. 431 ELECTRON IC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Laser trimmer Data on the System-25 laser trimmer are given in a 12-page, fully illustrated booklet. Included are descriptions of the laser beam positioning and measurement subsystems,· system operation, process control hardware and software, programming and functional trimming applications and options. Electro Scientific Industries, Portland, Ore. CIRCLE NO. 432 Liquid-crystal displays The fundamentals of liquid crystals and LCDs-what they are, how they work, types available (dynamic scattering and field-effect ), and their advantages and disadvantages--are covered in an eight-page catalog. Other displays explored are light-emitting diode, incandescent, fluorescent and gasdischarge. Hamlin, Lake Mills, Wis. CIRCLE NO. 433 MEAN AND UGLY~M s79 <1-9> Joutputs Our OEM de supplies have always been stark, but now they're twice as ugly (also 3x). Because instead of working up a new color scheme. we've combined two and three of them on a single chassis to make them an even better buy for your computers. per- ipherals and instruments. We 've taken out redundancies. but they still offer the widest range of voltages you can get in a modular de supply. Still deliver all the power we promise across the full temperature range (even with 50 Hz inputs). And still include all the features you need as standards. not expensive options. So that now if you check us out against the competition. they're liable to tell you that we 're not just ugly. We're downright mean . For more info. use the bingo card or call MULTIPLE OUTPUT OLV/TLV SERIES: 1st output: S V 1113·15 A , OVP Slandard. 2nd and/ or 3rd outputs: each 4-28 Y, 6-15 W, OVP optional. All outputs Isolated . may be used as positive or negative supplies. STANDARD FEATURES: Choice ol 16 voUages, adJusl able :t: 5%. Currents to 15 A, no derallng to + 55!C. :!: 0 .1% regulation. :!:0.1'A. ripple and noise. Remole sensing/ programming. Spike suppression. Foldback current limiting. 120/ 240 Vac, 50/ 60 Hz inputs. 0""·1"1"0""·"'s'""E""'"'""°'"'"'""·-~--'-""""'c::.:·c:.;'·-"""""'""o""m""·""c··..:.c·>_ _ 714/ 979-4440. Or call your local Cramer or Newark distributor and get Ugly today. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 482 289 TRY US! TWO TYPICAL EXAMPLES T?tal delay = 7.5 nano sec.} Five taps @ 500 pico sec. 14 lead " DIP" Total delay = 42 ns } Twelve taps @ 3 ns 12 lead " DIP" Four taps @ 1.5 ns · Frequency capabilities to 300 MHz · Temperature coefficient of 70 PPM/°C · Operating temperature from - 55°C to +125·c · Tap stabilities to ± 250 ps PLUS ... · Tap capabilities from 500 ps to 25 ns · Delays from 5 ns to 1000 ns · Rise time ratios from 5:1 to 30:1 · Standard impedances of 50, 75 and 100 ohms (±5%) · All Dual In-line packaged (8 to 28 leads) Custom clocking applications are avail· able-within the series-without engi· neering costs. Phone, wire or write for more information today! ~ fiiil RHOMBUS INDUSTRIES INC. 22119 S. Vermont Ave., Torrance, Ca. 90505 (213) 325·7440 · TWX 910·349·7512 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 483 290 bulletin board An advanced COBOL source code analysis and optimization system, STAGE III, has been instroduced by Tesdata Systems for IBM OS/ DOS/VS users. CIRCLE NO. 434 A triple line driver and receiver pair, the Am9616 and Am9617 designed to the specifications of the EIA, have been intr:oduced by Advanced Micro Devices for use in data terminals, teleprinters and other communications equipment. CIRCLE NO. 435 Ferroxcube Co~·· is -marketing ferrite memory cores, stacks, systems and MOS semiconductor systems for the computer industry. CIRCLE NO. 436. A central processor accelerator that increases the performance of IBM· System/ 370 Model 155 computer by up to 28 % has been introduced by Cambridge Memories. The accelerator is available as an option with the company's 370/ STOR 155 add-on main memory system for Model 155 processors. CIRCLE NO. 437. Complete flexible disc systems including both software and hardware are available for DEC and Data General minicomputers from Xebec Systems. CIRCLE NO. 438 The Peripheral Equipment Div. of Pertee Corp. has raised the prices 3% to 5% on some models of digital magnetic tape transports, disc drives and spare pa.rts. CIRCLE NO. 439 Twelve types of opto-isolators manufactured by Litronix have received UL approval. CIRCLE NO. 440 A new software package that enables users to write computerassi.sted instruction (CAI ) mate~ rials in IBM's Course Writer language on HP's 2000F and 2000C computers has been developed by Hewlett-Packard's data systems division. CIRCLE NO. 441 · With the change of voltage rat- ings from vCBO = 250 v to vC BO = 350 V and VcEO = 150 V to VcEo = 225 V, Siemens' BU 114 transistor is now suited for linesynch ron ou s power packs in black-and-white TV sets as we.JI as for general switching applications. CIRCLS NO. 442 Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. has introduced a line of complementary MOS logic circuits that use Isoplanar processing to achieve high density and high performance. First products in the 34000 family are six logic gates. CIRCLE NO. 443 Metalized Ceramics has developed a quality technique for spotplating gold on the critical device areas of its all-alumina MOS/ LSI packages at production rates. CIRCLE NO. 444 An expanded line of 520 series modular instruments offered by the Industrial Instruments Div. of Barber-Colman has been designed to accept the output of standard thermocouples, resistance bulbs, radiation pyrometers and other millivolt sources. CIRCLE NO. 445 Price reductions A 23 % price reduction on its TAU and T AS dual DECcassette units has been announced by Digital Equipment. The units have been reduced to $2990 from $3900. CIRCLE NO. 446 Monsanto has announced p·rice reductions of its thin and thickfilm gallium arsenide phosphide epitaxial materials to $12 per sq. in. and $14 per sq. in., respectively. CIRCLE NO. 447 Beckman Instruments, Information Display Operations has cut prices on its seven-segment planar gas discharge displays. The SP300 and SP700 series with 1/3-in. and 1/2-in. high characters have been dropped over 21 % to $2.33 per digit from $2.95 (100) . Other models show similar reductions. CIRCLE NO. 448 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 vendors report Annual and interim reports can provide much more than financial-position information. They often include the first public disclosure of new products, new techniques and new directions of our vendors and customers. Further, they often contain superb analyses of segments of industry that a company serves. Selected companies with recent reports are listed here with their main electronic products or services. For a copy, circle the indicated number. Analog Devices. Modular analog circuits, modular converters, linear integrated circuits, DPMs, input/output peripherals and transducers. CIRCLE NO. 449 Decision Data. Peripheral and pata preparation equipment. CIRCLE NO. 450 Eltra. Electric vehicles, engine electrica.1 systems, batteries, communications equipment and instrumentation. CIRCLE NO. 451 Cordura. Comme·rcial data processing services and engineering reference books. CIRCLE NO. 452 Burroughs. Business machines, computer systems and peripheral products and components. CIRCLE NO. 453 The Superior Electric Co. Numerical tape controls, tables and positioning systems, variable voltage transformers and automatic voltage regulators, synchronous/stepping motors, controls and drives, lighting controls and connectors. CIRCLE NO . 454 Allied Chemical. Chemicals, metal alloys, insulating materials, plastics. CIRCLE NO. 455 Bunker Ramo. Telecommunications, data processing systems, connector$ and automotive electronks. CIRCLE NO. 456 Visual Sciences. Facsimile equipment. CIRCLE NO. 457 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Airpax Electronics. Magnetic circuit breakers, tachometers, industrial controls, electronic glass and e,lectroplating, chop·pers, s~te-of the-art video and communications equipment, switches and components. CIRCLE NO. 458 Computer Communications. Data communications equipment and systems. CIRCLE NO. 459 Hewlett-Packard. Electronic test and measuring instrumentation, electronic data products, medical electronic equipment and instru.mentation for chemical analysis. CIRCLE NO. 460 Si·gnetics, 811 E. Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086. Logic, memory and analog circuits and aerospace IC.s. INQUIRE DIRECT GET UGLYTM (wherever you are) ELEXON REPRESENTATIVE New England Coakley, Boyd & Abbett 617 / 444-5470 Upstate N.Y. Kehoe Component Sales 315/524-2491 N.Y.-Metro New Jersey Penn .. Del .. So. N.J. Va.. S.C.. Md .. N.C. Ed Glass Assoc. 2011592-0200 T.O.E. Sales 215/348-2212 Component Sales, Inc. 301/484-3647 Kentucky, Frank J. Camplsano Co. 513/662-1616 Ohio, Ind. CRAMER Newton 617/ 969-7700 North Haven 203/239-5641 Endwell 6071754-6661 Rochester 716/275-0300 E. Syracuse 315/ 437-6671 Hauppauge 516/ 231-5600 Moonachie 201 1935-5600 Cherry Hill 6091424-5993 Gaithersburg 3011948-0110 Hanover 3011796-5790 Winston-Salem 9191725-8711 Cleveland 216/248-8400 Cincinnati 513/771-6441 Michigan Villani-Pitcher. Inc. 313/271-4600 Livonia 313/425-7000 No. Carolina Component Sales, Inc. 919/782-8433 Ga.. Ala. BJR Manufacturing Reps 205/881-3569 Florida Orbe, Inc. 813/894-o687 111.. Wisc.. Balhorn & Welch 312/889-5011 Iowa Winston-Salem 9191725-8711 Atlanta 4041448-9050 Huntsville 205/539-5722 Orlando 305/894-11 51 Hollywood 305/923-8181 Mt. Prospect 312/593-8230 Milwaukee 414/764-1700 Minn .. N. & S. Dakota Mo., Kansas Colo., Utah Lew Cahlll & Assoc. 612/646-7217 K & M Sales Co. 816/471-2355 J. S. Heaton Co.. Inc. 3031758-5130 Texas, La. Carter Assoc.. Inc. 214/276-7151 Edina 612/835-7811 Denver 303/758-2100· Salt Lake City 8011487-4131 Dallas 214/350-1355 Okla., Ark. Arizona Wash.. Ore. N. Calif. S. Calif. Hugh J. Daly Co. 918/627-4159 J. S. Heaton Co. 6021264-7887 Blum & Aei.oclates 2061782-1600 J. S. HeatQn Co. 415/ 369-4671 RLS Associates 714/644-7497 Phoeni x 602 / 263-1112 Seattle 206/762-5755 Sunnyvale 4081739-3011 Irvine 714 / 979-3000 San Diego 714 / 565-1881 NEWARK Woburn 617/ 935-8350 Westport 203 /226-6921 Rochester 716/ 473-6600 Canandaigua 315/394-0941 Red Hook 91417511-8229 Plainview 516/ 822-5000 Kenilworth 201 / 272-8410 Beltsville 301 / 937-5085 Cleveland 216 / 641-2800 Cincinnati 513/874-5115 South Bend 219/272-2992 Carmel 317/846-2673 Oak Park 313/548-0250 Wyoming 616/ 241-6681 Ft. Lauderdale 305 / 587-2372 Chicago 3121638-4411 Des Plaines 312/298-1420 Milwaukee 414/781-2450 Minneapolis 612 / 331-6350 St. Louis 314 /843-2080 Denver 303/757-3351 Salt Lake City 801 / 486-1048 Dallas 214/271-2511 Houston 7131782-4800 Inglewood 213 / 678-0441 We make the OEM de supplies that only an engineer could love. No fancy front panels , but loaded with everything you need for 90% of your applications off-the-shelf: 15 voltages from . . . . . . . . .~-.::::! 4-28V, adjustable ±5%. Currents to 50A, with no derating to +55°C. ±0.1% IC regulation . 120/240 Vac, 50/60 Hz inputs. And even remote sensing/pro- gramming . All standard for as little as 68¢/W. And all yours from Cramer or Newark. (For more info, use the bingo card or call 714/979-4440.) Elaon PowerSf@.m~~ j~ INFORMATION RETRI EV Al NUMBER 4 84 291 quickad1 New and current products for the electronic designer presented by their manufacturers. Thin-Trim variable capacitors provide a reliable means of adjusting capacitance without abrasive trimming or interchange of fixed capacitors. Series 9401 has high Q's and a range . of capacitance values from 0 .2-0.6 pf to 3.0-12.0 pf and 250 WVDC working voltage. Johanson Manufacturing Corporation. Boonton, New Jersey (201) 334-2676. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 491 Snap Action Switches (zero plus) available with or without integral actuators. Compatible fixing and size dimensions with comparable types. Screw, solder and 3/16" or 1/4" 'faston terminals. Plastic actuator hinge ensures minimum side play. Pye TMC Canada, 15 Sheffield Street, Toronto, Ontario. (416) 2497044. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 492 VCXO Crystal Clock Oscillator at freqs. from .00005 Hz to 50 MHz freq. tol. ±.0005% 0°C to +50°C, control voltage range +4V to -4V changing freq. 20 ppm/V, linearity ±2%, 1.75" sq . x 0.5'', Supply 5Vdc ± 1 %. Sq . wave 2.4V into 200f! at Vdd = 5V, stock to 5 weeks; Connor-Winfield Corp., W. Chicago, Ill. 60185. 312-231-5270 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 493 Overcurrent Protector, manual reset eliminates fuse replacement. Convenient panel mounting. 15 fractional ratings from 0.1 to 3 amp. Other models up to 400 amp. Tripfree and fool-proof, UL and CSA approved. High quality, low cost-$1.12 ea. in 1000 lots. E-T-A Products Co. of America, 6284 N. Cicero Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60646. Tel. (312) 545-1553. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 497 Thick Film Technology-Fundamentals and Applications in Microelectronics, by Jeremy Agnew. From design to finished product, this book details each processing phase, describing what to do and what pitfalls to avoid. 176 pp., 6 x 9, 'illus., cloth, $8.50. Circle number for 15-day examination copy. Hayden Book Company, Rochelle Park, N.J . 07662. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 498 Low cost scanning printer records readouts from several digital data sources (DPM's, counters, machine tool readouts, scales, etc.) sequentially on command. Standard models up to 48 columns per scan. TELSTAR ELECTRONICS CORP., 700 Hummel Ave., Southold, NY 11971. (516) 765-9292 .. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 499 POWlR/ MATf COStlJ Free catalog of 34,500 power supplies from the worlds largest manufacturer of quality Power Supplies. New '74 catalog covers over 34,500 D.C. Power Supplies for every application . All units are UL approved, and meet most military and commercial specs for industrial and computer uses. Power Mate Corp. (201) 343-6294. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 503 The new Computer Labs DRA Seri~s D/A's eliminate harmonic distortion and produce clean "glitchless" pictures for reconstructed TV or other video signals. Input word rate for all models is 15 MHz with accuracies to ±0.05% . Min. settling time to either 8-bit or 10-bit accuracies. Computer Labs, 1109 S. Chapman St.. Greensboro, N.C. 27403. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 504 Complete minicomputer mag tape systems for the PDP-8, PDP-11, and NOVA feature IBM compatibility with low price. Three reel sizes to choose from, and all standard densities, including 1600 bpi phase encoded. These systems incorporate the bestdesigned transports built today. Digi-Data , 8580 Dorsey Run Rd., Jessup, MD 20794, (301) 498-0200. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 505 Advance through continuing education. 5 complete design courses in Digital Circuits, IC Logic, Power Supplies, MOS/FET & J/FET Ckts a~d UJT Ckts. Programmed testing, instructor aided courses help you perform better on the job. Write Gene Presta, V. P., Academic Affairs, The Center For Technical Development, 2876 Culver Ave., Dayton , Oh . 45429. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 494 UDT offers a complete line of silicon photodiodes. Schottky for large area and enhanced UV responsivity, planar diffused for low noise and extended responsivity, photops (detector/amplifier combinations), special arrays and detectors to customer specifications. United Detector Technology, 1732 21st St. , Santa Monica Ca 90404. (213) 829-3357. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 495 IE18cbW: Daslgll24 i Big power supply for little spaces. 115 VAC, 50-500 Hz input. 1 to 6 . isolated & regulated DC outputs. 120 W per output. 3.9 W delivered per cu. in. Modular construction lets you "Design-As-You -Order". 0 v er 1200 configurations using off·theshelf modules. Immediate deliveries! Arnold Magnetics Corp., Culver City, Ca . (213) 870-7014. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 496 Win with EC" s "DIP Series" lumped constant delay lines. Packaged in a low silhouette epoxy encapsulated 14-pin dual in-line configuration, EC' offers over 200 variations of either fixed or tapped delays, from 4 to 150 nanoseconds. Engineered Components Company. 3580 Sacramento Drive, San Luis Obispo, Ca. 93401. 805-544-8000. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 500 A collector's item . . . 20th anniversary issue of Electronic Design (11 / 23/72) salutes 25th anniversary of the transistor, features milestones in design over past quarter century. Rare nostalgic view of industry . Fascinating reading. $2 per copy prepaid . Checks. money orders : Electronic Design , Promotion Mgr., 50 Essex St., Rochelle Park, N .J. 07662 . INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 501 Electrolytic Capacitors with a wide range of capacitance and working voltages in a computer grade electrolytic. Temperature range -40°C to +85°C. Screw terminal solder tag, single ended and axial lead types available. Pye TMC Canada 15 . Sheffield Street. Toronto, on'. tario. (~16) 249-7044. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 502 5 x 20 COAXIAL RELAY MATRIX fea tures thruput connection for indefinite X, Y, expansion. Unit employs high reliability reed switches which may be computer controlled thru plug-in compatible control logic. Dual 5 x 10 unit also available in same package size. MATRIX SYSTEMS CORP., 9411 Lurline Ave. , Chatsworth, Ca . (213) 882-2008. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 506 .;. Quartz Crystal Oscillator Kits for $27. Make bipolar series or CMOS parallel resonant oscillators. Kits in · elude 5 or 6 SX-1 crystals (10 kHz to 240 kHz) , in low profile T0-5 cans, a PC board (1:3" x 1.6") and design note. Statek Corp., 1233 Alvarez Ave., Orange, Calif. 92668. (714) 639-7810. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 507 Digital to synchro converters-14, 12 or 10 bit input, l 1.8/90V, 400 or 60Hz transformer isolated· output, accuracy ±4, ± 15 or ±30 min. Driving IVA, 2VA (2.6" x 3.1" x 82"H module) or 5 VA loads (4lh " x 9114 11 pc card). Price from $350 in qty. Computer Conversions Corp. , East Northport, N.Y. 11731 . (516) 2613300. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 508 Electronic Design Design Data from ELECTRONIC DESIGN'S function is: · To aid progr!!SS in the electronics manufacturing industry by promoting good design. · To give the electronic design engineer concepts and ideas that make his job easier and more productive. · To provide a central source of timely electronics information. · To promote communication among members of the electronics engineering community. Want a subscription? ELECTRONIC DESIGN is sent free to qualified engineers and engineering managers doing design work, supervising design or setting standards in the United States and Western Europe. For a free subscription, use the application form bound in the magazine. If none is included, write to us direct for an application form. If you do not qualify, you may take out a paid subscription for $30 a year in the U.S.A., $40 a year elsewhere. Single copies are $1.50 each. If you change your address, send us an old mailing label and your new address; there is generally a postcard for this bound in the magazine. You will have to requalify to continue receiving ELECTRONIC DESIGN free. The accuracy policy of ELECTRONIC DESIGN is: · To make diligent efforts to ensure the accuracy of editorial matter. · To publish prompt corrections whenever inaccuracies are brought to our attention. Corrections appear in "Across the Desk." · To encourage our readers as responsible members of our business community to report to us misleading or fraudulent advertising. · To refuse any advertisement deemed to be misleading or fraudulent. Microfilm copies are available of complete volumes of ELECTRONIC DESIGN at $19.00 per volume, beginning with Volume 9, 1961. Work is now in process to complete the microfilm edition of Volumes 1-8. Reprints of individual articles may be obtained for $2.00 each, prepaid ($.50 for each additional copy of the same article) no matter how long the article. For further details and . to place orders, contact the Customer Services Department, University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 telephone ( 313) 761-4700. Want to contact us? If you have any comments or wish to submit a manuscript or article outline, addre·ss your correspondence to: Editor ELECTRONIC DESIGN 50 Essex Street Rochelle Park, N.J. 07662 294 HOW REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYSIS PINPOINTS THE CAUSES OF FLUTTER & WOW IN TAPE RECORDERS. I HO~·=~· THE ORIGIN OF TAPE RECOROER FLUTTER AND WOW Even the finest magnetic tape recorders/ reproducers exhibit some unwanted tape-speed fluctuations due to flutter, wow, stiction, & imperfections in tape itself. 4-page technical paper presents actual data which illustrates the diagnostic value of on-line high- resolution spectrum analysis in the maintenance & evaluation of tape transports. A fine-resolution (500-linel spectrum analyzer easily resolves otherwise-missed flutter & wow contributions due to unbalance in reels, capstans, idlers, etc. In contrast, measure- ments taken with commercia I flutter & wow meters lump together the effects of these disturbances, thereby greatly diminishing the diagnostic value of these measurements. Also shows how to convert flutter data, obtained with a high-resolution spectrum analyzer, to percentage peak-to-peak flutter, & how to make an on-line measurement set-up. CIRCLE NO. 171 Federal Scientific Corporation An Affiliate of Nicolet Instrument 615West131st St., New York, N.Y. 10027 (212) 286-4400 TWX: 710 581 4059 Low-Noise High-Gain Preamplification -....,I p LOW-NQISt, l'l'.tAMl'UJlf.I. A ,R .: ..'. I I - _) Complete specifications of a variable-bandwidth highgain preamplifier are contained in the Model 113 data sheet, T-224 . Included are typical noise figure contours illustrating the amplifier's exceptionally low noise, which is as low as .05 dB at mid frequencies with a 1 megohm source. Other illustrations include typical plots of the equivalent input noise and common mode rejection, which exceeds 100 dB at 60 Hz at all gain settings. The data contained in the specifi cation sheet will be of interest to all engineers and researchers looking for a preamplifier with calibrated gain and rolloffs from de to 300 kHz. CIRCLE NO. 172 Princeton Applied Research Corporation Box 2565, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 - (609) 452-2111 SEMINARS ABOUT INTEL MICROPROCESSORS PHILAOELPHlA WASHINGTON NEW YORK BOSTON INTRODUCTORY WORKSHOP In this twe>-day progr1m yau II be int1oduced IO Ille Intel MCS-ol MCs-8 II"<! BOBO w1tn l'landl·Cln ..perience in wnbng ··mbhng and CIOOuggmg of '"111111 programs (2 my. M~ & Tu.o.y S325 or S30CIJ' PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND SOFTWME For 811.pen9nC«t - · or lhoA who .... lll9r'ldecl me worklhop . Cho· Mll'nl'*" pro- lottw··· vldH ut1den!Md1ng ol lhl progtM'lfl'lllfl tool· How ID ..ploot lhe ·Mmblets slCI 11mulator1. the proper UM ot dl!C>uggtng and programmng 1n P\.IM will beooveu1d 1109y, Weclneti»y. Sl50orS125) INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS For !hose IDO l;)./l'f IO lll«ld Che wotklhop we on. this Ol'le·ds'f coMer!MCI _,..IW' ~at whlcn lhelellutesot !he MCS.4, MCs-8 II"<! l!IOllO ·e 1111 oescttbed Thi· tltMr· no hanrfs..D'IPP9'"'1Ce ( 1Gay . W«l~'f . S150orS125) DESIGNING WITH MaOPROCEUOAI ""°' Thi· stwrllllllf II.,,,., at lhl ·ystem dellgner Who Undefltands the Ollerall IU1u1n ol lhe MCS-4. MCs-8 II"<! 8000. 1).11 10 know how lo mterllee lo TTL and CMOS. II"<! how 10 fTllk· the lleSI hltdw·e.-.oltw·e lrlde-Olfl (2cs.p. Thu~&Fnoa.,. S225orS200) May 13-14 May 15 May 15 May 16-17 June 3-4 June 5 June 5 June 6-7 July 8-9 July 10 August 19-20 Aug 21 July 10 Aug. 21 July 11-12 Aug. 22-23 SEMINARS ABOUT NATIONAL MICROPROCESSORS WASHINGTON NEW YORK PHILADELPHlA ATLANTA APPUCAOON OF NAT10NA1.."I MICROPROCESSORS Th1 ~1-cour· II ., lnter11rwt mt·oduci°' to Nauon·I Semioonductor · IMP.a .IMP-16 II"<! GPCrP Emprmil Wiii be on how lo use these p!oduClt lf'I lySleml. how 10 onlsf&tl , and how IO progr.,,. them L'""!ed lwinoh-on O!lpot>enc:O wtll bo ~- (3days, "4on-W.:1 O!Wed·Ffl.· Sl500fS3251 ,.....Ht If,_, ·n. lower pr1c9111w.,.1 lltt.nd MOtherof our .-nlMn In lhl· ..n.. May 29-30-31 June 17-18-19 July 24-25-26 July 31 Augusl 1-2 MICROCOMPUTER TECHNIQUE, INC. 11227 Handlebar Ad . Reston , Va. 22091 (703) 620-9676 CIRCLE NO. 173 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Manufacturers Advertisements of booklets, brochures, catalogs and data sheets. To order use Reader-Service Card (Advertisem"nt l FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM PROCESSOR FOR $6,000 The 306/MFFT Fast Fourier Transform Processor is delivered with all control programs and plugs directly into any Data General Nova computer. It offers a complete Fourier Transform capability including For- ward and Inverse FFT, Spectral magnitude, Hanning Weighting, and Complex Multiplication. Arrays from 16 to 16,384 real samples can be processed . An array of 1024 real samples is transformed in only 139 ms. Time domain signal processing functions, such as correlation and convolution , can be calculated utiliz- ing the high speed array operations X, +, +, - , v and ~. Call or write today for brochures on 306/MFFT or Elsytec's complete line of Fourier Spectrum Analyzers and Higher Speed Hardware Fast Fourier Transform ELSYTEC INC. Processors. CIRCLE NO. 174 212 Michael Drive, Syosset, New York 11791 (516) 364-0560 NEW, LOW COST COMPUTERIZED CARD TESTER New 8-page brochure details low priced, automatic system for Production or R ·& D testing of p.c. cards and other assemblies. Available in 80- or 160-pin versions. Requires no software or special computer ·..for hioo-voklne. low-cost productioo testily programming skills. Ideally suited for go-no-go testing, depot troubleshooting and fault isolation. Recording and reloading of test procedures through magnetic cards. Exceptional- ly easy to operate. Request Bulletin 2000 describing the Series 2000 Tester from Technology Marketing Incorporated, 3170 Red Hill Ave ., Costa Mesa, CA. 92626. Technology Marketing Incorporated CIRCLE NO. 175 3170 Red Hill Ave., Costa Mesa, CA. 92626 It illls the 111tre envimrert witlWi the reach of the cmµrter. LOW POWER CASSETTE DATA ACBUISITION AND LOGGING SYSTEM · Sixteen channel analog input · Digital input for timing information · 12 bit A/ D resolution · 12VDC battery operated · 900 milliwatts maximum power consumption · C/MOS logic throughout · True incremental recording · Certified Phillips cassette · 2.2 million bit capacity · Total weight 2 lbs. · Cassette reader for computer entry @DAJEL ~ SYSTEMS, INC. CIRCLE NO. 176 DA"Dl L.Dl3l3EH 1020 Turnpike Street, Canton, Mass. 02021 Electronic Design Advertising Sales Staff Tom W. Carr Vice President & Sales Manager Rochelle Park, N.J. 07662 Robert W. Gascoigne Daniel J. Rowland (Recruitment, Quick Ads, Classified) 50 Essex Street (201) 843-0550 TWX : 710-990-5071 Philadelphia Thomas P. Barth 50 Essex Street Rochelle Park, N.J . 07662 (201) 843-0550 Boston 02178 Gene Pritchard P.O. Box 379 Belmont, Mass. 02178 (617) 489-2340 Chicago 60611 Thomas P. Kavooras Berry Conner, Jr. 200 East Ontario (312) 337-0588 Cleveland Thomas P. Kavooras (Chicago) (312) 337-0588 (call collect) Los Angeles 90303 Stanley I. Ehrenclou Burt Underwood 2930 Imperial Highway Inglewood, Calif. (213) 757-0183 San Francisco 94022 Jerry D. Latta P.O. Box 1248 Los Altos, Calif. (415) 965-2636 London For United Kingdom and Europe John Ashcraft John Ashcraft & Co. 12, Bear St. Leicester Square London WC2H 7AS England Phone: 01-930-0525 W. J. M. Sanders John Ashcraft & Co . Herengracht 365 Amsterdam C., Holland Phone: 020-24 -09-08 Tokyo Haruki Hirayama Electronic Media Service 5th Floor, Lila Bldg.. 4 -9-8 Roppong Minato -ku Phone: 402-4556 Cable: Electronicmedia, Tokyo tfABP ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 295 advertiser's index Advertiser Page ACDC Electronics, Inc. .................... 86 AMP, Incorporated ........ 17, 18, 19, 20 AVX Ceramics .................................. 134 Abbott Transistor Laboratories, Inc. 6 Acopian Corp. ........ ............................203 Aerodyne Industries, Inc. ................261 Addmaster Corporation ....................234 Advanced Memory Systems, Inc. ....273 Ailtech, A Cutler-Hammer Company ..................... .......... .282, 283 Airpax Electronics, Controls Division ...................................... ......229 Alco Electronic Products, Inc. ........26.2 Allen Bradley Co. ....................Cover III Analog Devices, Inc. .......................... 47 Analogic Corporation ........................ 37 Arnold Magnetics Corp. ....................293 Augat, Inc. ................ ..........................205 Bead Electronics ................................258 Beckman instruments, Inc. Helipot Division ..................212, 213 Belden Corporation ............................ 8, 9 Bell _Ip~ustries/ J . W. Miller D1v1s1on ........ ............... ..................... 135 Biomation ............................................257 Bivar, Inc. ................................ ..........288 Bodine Electric Company ................269 Bourns, Inc., Trimpot Products Division ............................................ 23 Bowmar instrument Corporation ......231 Burroughs Corporation ...................... 28 CTS Corporation ................................245 Cabtron Systems, Inc. ........................266 California Instruments, A Division of Aiken Industries, Inc................. 46 Cambridge Thermionic Corporation ................................96, 97 Center for Technical Development ..293 Centralab, The Electronics Division of Globe-Union, Inc. ............216, 217 Cherry Electrical Products Corp .....223 Chicago Dyna mics Industries, Inc ....254 Clare-Pendar ........................................ 1l7 Colorado Video, Incorporated ........ 189 Computer Automation, Inc. ............ 11 Computer Conversions Corp. ............293 Computer Labs, Inc................... .... ....292 Computer Operations, Inc.................278 Concord E:lectronics Corporation ....270 Conner-Winfield Corp.......................292 Continental Connector Corporation.. 52 Continental Specialties Corporation..284 Control Data Corporation ............ l 40D Corning Glass Works, Electronic Products Division ................53 thru 60 Coto Coil Company, Inc.................266 Crydom Controls, Division of International Rectifier ................... .263 Dale Electronics, Inc. ...... ....... .Cover II D ata Display Products ......................260 Datacraft, A Subsidiary of H arri s- lntertype Corporation ...... 99 Datascan Electronic Products .......... 195 Date! Systems, Inc. ............................295 Decitek, A Division of Jamesbury Corp. ............................267 Delta Products, Inc. ............................249 Dialight Corporation .. ........................ 173 Digi-Data Corporation ......................292 296 Advertiser Page Digital Development Corporation .... 48 Digital Equipment Corporation .......................... ..174, 175 Disc Instruments, Inc..... ................. ...276 Dit Meo ..............................................238 Diva, Inc............................................. 72 Dynage Inc.........................................253 Dynascan Corporation ......................228 ECCO .................................................. 36 E-T-A Products Co. of America ....292 Elco Coiporation .............................. 15 Electro Scientific Industries ............240 Electronic Design ....................220, 293 Electronic Memories & Magnetics Corporation .................................... 22 E:lexon Power Systems ....287, 289, 291 Elsytec, Inc. ... .....................................295 Engineered Components Company ..293 Erie Technological Products, Inc. ....211 Exact Electronics, Inc. ......................209 Facit-Addo, Inc. ................................261 Federal Scientific Corporation ........294 Fuji Electrochemical Co., Ltd.........239 Futaba Industries ......... .... ................... 45 General Automation, Inc. ........166, 167 General Electric Company ..............269 Gold Book, The .................... ..280, 281 Hamamatsu Corp. ............ ..................282 Hamlin, Inc. ........................................ 124 *Hayden Book Company, Inc.............................58, 59, 251, 292 Hewlett-Packard .. ........ .. !, 34, 172, 247 Hughes Aircraft Company, Connecting Devices ........................ 62 Hughes Aircraft Company, Industrial Products Division .......... 185 Hutson Industries ...... ........................230 Hycom ............................. .....................276 IMC Magnetics Corporation ............234 ISE Electronics Corp. ................. .....23 7 ITT Semiconductor, A Division of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation ..................233 Indiana General ..... .. ..... .. .................... 165 Industrial Timer, A Unit of Esterline Corporation ....................273 Ingersoll Products, Division of Borg Warner ........... .. ..................... 141 Inl and Motor Division, Kollmorgen Corporation .............. 183 Instruments for Industry, Inc.........266 Intech, Incorporated ..........................244 Interdata ···· ···-··························· 156, 157 Interdesign, Inc. ................................273 International Teleprinter Corporation, The Singer C ompany ........................................ 84 Intersil .............. .......................... 196, 197 Interstate Electronics Corporation .... 140 Johanson Manufacturing Corp.........292 Johnson Company, E. F . ................ ..219 Advertiser Page Keystone Carbon Company ..............248 Kurz-Kasch, Inc. ................................ 261 Kyodo Electronic La boratories, Inc. 190 Lambda Electronics Corp......... 122, 123 Ledex, Inc. .............................. ............235 Licon, Division of Illinois Tool Works, Inc.....,.............. ...... .. .......... .275 Littelfuse, Subsidiary of Tracor ......215 London Company, The ......................284 Magnetics, A Division of Spang Industries, Inc. ................................ 26 Matrix Systems Corp. ........................293 Maxi-Switc.h Co. ..... ................. .......... l 84 Megatek ................... ...........................232 Mepco/ Electra, Inc. .......................... 149 Met-L-Wood Co~po11ation .. ................ 154 Microcomputer Technique Inc. ........294 Microdata Corporation ... ... ................270 Microswitch, A Division of Honeywell ......................................207 Mini-Circuits Laboratory ..................285 Mohawk Data Sciences Corp. ........ 88 Monolithic Systems Corp................... 19 l Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc. ............................ 32, 33 , 36A-I,.. National Electronics, A Varian Division ................. ...........................250 National Semiconductor Corporation ............73 , 74, 75 , 76, 77 Neff Instrument Corporation ..... ....... 133 Newark Electronics ............................264 North American Philips Controls Corp. ................................................253 Nortronics Company, Inc.................226 Optima Enclosures ···-················ ··· ··· ·125 Optron, Inc. ............ ............................ 7 Otto Controls Division, Otto Engineering, Inc. .................. ..........273 Panduit Corp . ................................. ... 107 *Philips Industries, Electronic Components and Material Division ................................... ....... 57 Pittman Corporation, The ................275 Pomona Electronics Co., Inc............. 146 Power/ Mate Corp. ............................292 Powertec, Inc., An Airtronics Company ...................................... l 40C Prime Computer, Inc. ....... ....... 104, 105 Princeton Applied Research Corp. ..294 Process Computer Systems, Inc...277, 279 Pye TMC Canada .. ......... ........ ...292, 293 Quan-Tech, Division of Scientific Atlanta, Inc...................256 RCA Solid State .... 85, 87, 89, Cover IV Raymond Engineering, Inc. ............ 190 Remex, A Unit of Ex--Ce!Jo Corporation ............................ 114, 115 Rental Electronics, Inc. ...................... 14 Rhombus Industries, Inc ....................290 Rtron Corporation ................ .. ......... .274 Rockland Systems Corporation ........221 Rogers Corporation ..........................269 Rolm Corporation .............................. 38 Rotron , Inc. ............................... ......... 227 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Advertiser Page Signetics Co rporation .................. 12, 13 Siliconix, Incorporated ..................... . 50 Singer Company, Inc., Kearfott Division ........ .................................. 106 Solitron Devices, Inc......... .................. 39 Sorensen Company, A Unit of R aytheon Company ......... ............. ..255 Southwest Technical Products ........275 South Bay · Cable Corp. ..................253 Spectrum Control, Inc. .................. ..271 Spectronics, Incorporated ..................272 Sprague Electric Company .............. 16 Sprague Electric Company, Dearborn Electronics Division .... 49 Statek Corp. ........................................293 Standard Logic, lnc.............................268 Systron-Donner .............. ......................278 Sycor, Inc. .......................................... 116 T-Bar, Inc.......'.... ................................286 TDK Electronics Co., Ltd. ..............243 TEC, Incorporated ............................252 TRW Capacitors, an Electronic Components Division of T RW, Inc. ...................................... 10 Advertiser Page TRW Electronic Components ....24, 25 Tailey Corporation ............ ................236 Tau-Tron, Inc. ............ ......................258 Technical Materials, Inc...................132 Technology Marketi ng Incorporated 295 Tektronix, Inc.................................31, 43 Tele-Dynamics/ Wanlass Division of Ambac ...................................... 184 Teled yne Rel ays, A Teledyne Company ............ .. .......................... 2 Teletype Corporation ...................... .. 27 Telonic Altair ....................................242 Telstar Electronics Corporation ......292 Texas Instruments, Incorporated ...... 155 Texas Instruments, Incorporated, Digital Systems Division ..............241 Texscan Corporation ........................262 ThermoMetrics, Inc. ..... .....................270 Thomas & Betts Company, The........ 35 Toko, Inc............................... ....... ..... 148 Topaz Electronics ..............................261 Triplett Corporation ·······-················ ·201 Trygon Electronics ............................259 USCC/ Centralab Electronics Division, Globe-Union, Inc. ........4, 5 Advertiser Page Unimax Switch Corporation.............. 147 Unitrack Division, Calabro Plastics, Inc. ........ ..........................................283 United Detector Technology, Inc. ....293 United Systems Corporation .......:.... 40 Varo Semiconductor, Inc................... 98 Vectrol, Inc. .. ....................................246 Vernitron Piezoelectric Division ......265 Victoreen Instruments, Div. of VLN Corp..................................... 21 Wagner Electric Corporation ...... ... . 44 Wavetek Indiana Incorporated ........224 Weber Technical Products ................ 182 Zeltex, Inc. ................................... .....300 *Advertisers in non-U.S . edition. recruitment and classified ads IMMEDIATE DELIVERY Minis & Peripherals DEC- HIS - NOVA SEL - HP - MOHAWK CPU, Card, Printer, Tape, Disk NEW · MOHAWK 4320 PRINTERS PDPll PE~lPHERALS CPU, MEMORY PDP 8 CPU $1500 $750 Minis TELETYPE 35 & 37 DEC & HONEYWELL Modules 617 /261-1100 Send for Free Report " Maintenance of Computers" AMERICAN USED COMPUTER CORP. P.O. 801 68, Kenmore Sta . Boston, MA 02215 .. Members Com ter D ea lers Association " CIRCLE NO. 242 ENGINEERS Over 15 years of Engneering and Pro· fessonal placement coast to coast. Entry level to Management with open ings cutting the spectrum of the engi neering disciplines. All fees paid. E. 8. HENDRICK ASSOCIATES , INC. "The Village Mall", Vine Street Liverpool, NY 13088 Phone: 315-451 -0121 Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Now E Bonds pay Sl.i3 interest when held to maturity of 5 years, 10 months «·CZ. the ~~~e!:::~~~Wdhe:r~e:f~c~e~ !~~·.=oleo, cashed at your bank. Interest is not subject lo state or local income tu.es, and fed eral lax may be deferred until redemption. ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 19\4 NUCLEAR INSTRUMENT & CIRCUIT DESIGN ENGINEERS Analog circuit design and instrument engineers needed for the development and design of nuclear reactor instrumentation. The work will include a mixture of analog and digital approaches to the solutions of light water heavy water, and High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor instrumentation probl~ms. MSEE and 5 years experience in analoy circuit design required. To apply, please send resume in confidence to Manager of Employment, Dept. 583, General Atomic Company, P.O. Box 81608, San Diego, CA 92138. GENERAL ATOMIC COMPANY An equal opportunity M/ F employer 297 J (product index Information Retrieval Service. New Products, Evaluation Samples (ES), Design Aids (DA), Application Notes (AN), and New Literature (NL) in this issue are listed here 'h'.ith page and Information Retrieval numbers. Reader requests will be promptly processed by computer and mailed to the manufacturer within three days. Category Page IRN Category Page IRN Category Page Components attenuators audible-signal source bar graph display capacitor capacitors capacitors capacitors, ceramic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, film catalog (NL) clutch-brake coils, rt components, resistive controls delay lines displays, liquid crystal encoder, shaft ferrites gearmotors keyboards keyboards keyboards keyswitch arrays liquid-crystal displays (NL) magnetic circuit breakers (NL) miniature reed relays (NL) motor motors motors, stepper neon lamps opener, door photomultiplier tubes (NL) potentiometers pressure transducer proximity switch Radio Shack catalog (NL) reading head, card readout readout readouts readouts relays relays relays relays resistor lletworks resistor networks solenoids speakers switch switch switch, keyboard switch, matrix switches switches 242 262 258 5 10 219 16 134 149 49 264 260 135 Ill 271 290 124 278 243 275 184 207 231 262 289 286 288 183 269 106 258 259 287 213 263 263 287 259 44 36 45 237 2 253 263 266 23 245 235 260 173 286 223 260 117 252 118 350 342 4 8 96 13 61 68 36 152 349 62 247 165 483 57 469 119 463 79 91 106 352 433 411 422 78 150 51 343 345 415 94 354 353 417 344 31 25 32 113 3 133 151 155 16 122 111 346 75 479 98 347 55 129 switches 262 switches 275 switches, ·custom 254 switches key 262 switches, rocker 215 switches, rotary 254 switches, subminiature 273 thermistors 270 thermistors, chip 260 timers 273 tube drivers 190 Data Processing calculator 31 cassette drive 222 cassette tape system 190 compressor, video 189 computer 105 computer, OEM 11 computer system 99 computers 27 controller, display 225 controller, format 214 converter, card/types 228 cores, tape 26 data acquisition system 133 data communications 287 data-link, optical 226 digital heads 226 digitizer, coordinate 225 disc and drum memories 48 disc drive 218 disc drives 72 disc drives 191 disc drives 270 display, graphics 225 drive, floppy disc 222 heads, recording 214 image processors 185 interactive terminal 219 interactive terminal 221 interface, g-p 277 interfaces 232 key entry system 234 keyboard encoder 275 mass memory 276 memory, bipolar 221 memory, core 218 memory, core 229 memory, semicon 218 memory system (NL) 288 memory, tape 214 minicomputer 157 minicomputers 88 modem, data 228 modem, data 228 modems 222 modules, memory 232 monitor, data 235 OEM rotating memories (NL) 289 peripherals 115 149 464 135 ·351 95 134 168 1·64 348 167 84 21 275 83 82 50 9 49 19 280 262 283 18 60 414 256 100 281 35 266 40 85 ·162 254 274 258 81 270 272 467 107 291 462 466 273 265 286 264 425 263 70 45 284 282 279 288 293 431 53 peripherals 214 peripherals, data 214 plotter, graphic 222 printer, electrostat 234 printer mechanisms 84 printer, page 261 printer, strip 214 processor, 16-bit 38 reader, card 219 reader, card 232 reader, tape 218 reader, tape 230 recorder, cassette 116 semi memory system 191 switches, lighted 272 system, computer 232 systems, computer 218 TIL interface 234 TV cameras (NL) 288 tape reader 267 terminal, CRT 222 terminal, CRT 235 terminal, intelligent 218 terminal, intelligent 229 Discrete Semiconductors arrays, transistor 266 detector 282 diodes 272 diodes, laser 268 diodes, ultra low I 268 diodes, vhf tuning 268 displays 1 FET kits replace tubes 267 LED products (NL) 289 LEDs 260 LEDs, green 27.0 LEDs, infrared 266 optoelectronics 7 recHfier 98 rectifiers 267 SCR, high power 270 SCRs 250 SCRs (NL) 286 SCRs and triacs 230 transistors 249 transistors, stripline 268 zener and TC diodes (NL) 289 Integrated Circuits CMOS RAM 197 COS/ MOS 87 calculator chip set 255 converters subsystem 33 counter, divide-by-N 255 ICs 13 ICs 233 ICs, linear IV latch, 8-bit 256 linear IC TV circuits (NL) 286 IRN 259 261 277 290 41 146 260 27 271 289 269 252 54 85 276 287 268 109 421 157 278 292 267 285 364 472 166 367 368 370 2 364 427 142 372 363 6 48 366 371 250 407 105 126 369 428 87 44 333 22 334 10 108 248 339 406 298 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 9, April 26. 1974 Category Page IRN MOS IC memories 239 115 MOS chip 254 329 memories, serial analog 255 332 memory, NMOS 22 15 monochip 273 168 NMOS RAM 273 170 PLL processor, sos 256 338 167 73 RAM , bipolar 256 336 RAM , McMOS static 256 335 RO Ms 257 341 ROMs, bipolar 257 340 receiver subsystem, linear 256 337 register file, multlport 254 331 semiconductors 36A 211 watch set, digital 254 330 Instrumentation analyzers 238 114 analyze rs, wave 256 137 angle indicator 240 298 backplane tester 242 300 control meter 229 104 counter, 5-digit 283 474 DPM 195 86 DPM , 3 -1 / 2 digit 47 236 data communication tester 238 295 decoder and receivers (NL) 289 430 digital logic recorder 257 138 digital test equipment 258 139 filter 238 294 filters , analog 221 97 frequency counters 40 205 generator, function 282 471 generator, pulse 140 63 generators , sweep 262 147 indicator, bite 253 131 instrumentation (NL) 286 410 instrumentation (NL) 287 416 instruments, panel 201 88 isolator, mobile process 182 77 logic checker 262 148 meter, modulation 284 476 multiprogrammer 172 74 multimeter, 5-1/ 2 digit 46 33 osci Iloscope 228 102 oscilloscope 242 303 oscilloscopes 34 23 oscilloscopes, miniature 43 30 printer, alphanumeric 278 468 printer, line 236 112 probe, electronic 238 296 probe, logic 261 144 processor, industrial 279 470 recorder 240 299 signal generator 228 103 spectrum analyzer 236 250 sweeper 224 99 sweeper 240 297 synthesizer 242 302 test clip 154 69 test' intruments 247 124 tester, converter 242 302 tester, op amp 240 116 Microwaves & Lasers attenuators, coax 265 361 bridge, SWR 264 358 capacitors, chip 264 359 joint, rotary 265 362 laser t rimmer (NL) 289 432 mi xers, double-balanced 285 477 modulators, diode 264 355 multiplexer, 5-channel 265 360 oscillator, Gunn 264 357 oscillator, Ku-band 264 3·56 ELECTRONIC D ESIGN 9, April 26, 1974 Category Page IRN Modules & Subassemblies amp, instrumentation 248 321 amplifier, power 266 154 amplifier, rt 252 326 controller, motor 250 323 converter, sine/ cos 248 309 converters 244 121 filters , rfi / emi 274 461 filters, active 248 310 filters, active notch 246 306 filters , low-frequency 265 153 generators, tone 252 328 monitor, data line 246 308 oscillator, clock 250 324 oscillator, tunable 246 307 programmer, timing 248 320 resolver, d I a 252 327 SCR power controllers 246 208 s / d converters (NL) 288 420 system , acquisition 244 317 system, data acquis 250 322 system, data acquis 252 325 timer mechanical 246 305 Packaging & Materials adhesive, glass -to-metal 282 393 axial fans ~ 287 412 benches 266 156 bus 269 160 cable, ribbon 62 39 cables 253 130 clad metals 132 59 connector, high volt . 282 394 connectors (NL) 288 423 connectors, PC 52 38 contact pin 258 140 contactor, T0-5 282 392 dielectric ceramics (NL) 286 408 edgeboard II 246 enclosures 125 58 enclosures, custom 141 64 fan 234 110 fans and blowers 227 101 heat sink, T0-5 283 395 heat-transfer fluid (NL) 289 426 heater 278 387 jacks, pins 270 163 PC boards, flexible 283 396 PC breadboard (NL) 289 429 PC card 37 26 PC card cages 283 473 PC connectors 288 424 panels 146 66 panels, back 15 12 plastic fabrications 283 397 pneumatic tool 35 24 protoboards 284 475 rental equipment 14 11 ruler 279 391 sockets 205 90 stripper, wire 276 465 tapes, Teflon 278 388 temperature sensors 248 125 terminal strip 279 390 tool , cable tie 107 52 vibratory feeders 289 413 wire, cable & cord 9 234 wiring kit 279 389 Power Sources ac source 272 ac voltage regulators (NL) 288 de / de converter 271 drives , CRT 21 educational equipment 276 inverter, sine wave 291 power converters (NL) 286 power supplies 123 377 .419 374 14 383 145 409 56 Category power supplies power supplies power supplies power supplies power supplies power supplies power supply power supply power supply power supply power supply, de power system precision voltage pulse magnetizing system (NL) supplies, dual-output supplies, dual -output supplies, open frames supplies, switching supply, ac-to-dc card supply, high voltage supply, high voltage supply, laboratory supply, laboratory supply, single-output Page 165 184 203 211 289 291 6 255 261 287 86 272 268 286 271 27.4 276 274 272 274 277 277 277 274 IRN 71 80 89 93 482 484 5 136 143 480 43 375 158 405 373 378 382 379 376 381 384 385 386 380 new literature ac voltage regulators 288 419 axial fans 287 412 catalog 264 152 connectors 288 423 data communications 287 414 decoder and receivers 289 430 dielectric ceramics 286 408 heat-transfer fluid instrumentation 289 426 286 410 instrumentation 287 416 LED products 289 427 laser trimmer 289 432 linear IC TV circuits 286 406 liquid-crystal displays 289 433 magnetic circuit breakers 286 411 memory system 288 425 miniature reed relays 288 422 OEM rotating memories 289 431 PC breadboards 289 429 PC connectors 288 424 photomultiplier tubes 287 415 power converters 286 409 pulse magnetizing system 286 405 Radio Shack catalog 287 417 SC Rs s Id converters TV cameras vibratory feeders zener and TC diodes 286 407 288 420 288 421 289 413 289 428 application notes epoxy adhesives 285 403 FET basics · 285 402 tangential sensitivity 285 404 design aids Darlington transistors 284 399 photographic glass plates 284 398 silicon power transistors 284 400 switches 284 401 299 ZEL I t:X' I ".l. ljlfI I 0 µs-ec 7Ji. DC: IS rosT one OT 00 I . . .11verter elfel r' TM ZAD1012 72... BIT I MSB ,... 3 65... 4 AOC 5 DIA ' CONTROL 6 7 8 9 52. . 10 50. . 11 And, aside from performance like 8 its at 3,µ.seconds up to 12 bits at 10 or 20 seconds, you get: 0 lowest oise/repeatability error of any ADCs on he market 0 Zeltex' unique thick film small size packaging D Fully monotonic over their full specified temperature range . 0 All fully specified to± 1/:i LSB linearity 0 Models pin 'nterchangeable for upgrading specs. Plus they truly meet their pecifications so you are getting a lot of onverter for y~ur money. The new ZAD 1000 Series is a result of eltex' unique product design and manufacturing technologies wh_ich have produced a comprehensive line of DIA and AID onverter problem solvers. So phone (415) 686-6660 to find out ow you can put Zeltex' great Micro iants to work solving your systems esign problems. ZELTEX, INC. 40 Detroit, Concord California 94518 415) 686-6660 TWX 910-481-9477 The Micro Giants. CIRC LE NUMBER 485 There's more to resistors than resistance If you're really serious about cost, be serious about quality. If you think all resistive components are the same , listen to what these users have to say about AllenBradley fixed composition resistors: Buyer-"A-B has shipped nearly four million parts without a single reject or problem. The quality is superb. I've spent 12 years in production control and purchasing . I've seen the amount of down-time , rework and field retrofit caused by others'.' President-"We have used many millions of Allen-Bradley hot-molded resistors . The uniformity of quality from one shipment to the next is truly outstanding '.' Engineer-"When we use A-B resistors instead of some other make , it's one less component we have to worry about:' "We learned the hard way. The ·subtle things make the difference. They all add up to the top quality we want in our products'.' Purchasing Agent-"We wish we had more Allen-Bradleys'.' Write for Publication RD . AllenBo=1.dley Electronics Division , 1201 South Second Street, Milwaukee, WI 53204.Export: Bloomfield,NJ 07003. Canada: Allen-Bradley Canada Limited, Cambridge, Ontario. United King~ dom : Jarrow,Co. Durham NE32 3EN. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 247 Allen-Bradley Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204 i I The flat-as-a-pancake TV. If you want to design one tomorro~ we're ready with your linear IC~ today. Whatever the idea you put on paper, we can probably help bring it to life. Whether you want to design the world's flattest TV or the world 's most advanced oscilloscope, chances are we've got the devices for the circuit functions you need to achieve your goals. Ready now to help your product perform the way you design it. And supply your needs in numbers from one to one million and beyond. We're a full house in linear IC's offering standard as well as custom and proprietary types; a commodity supplier of power transistors; a recognized leader in CMOS building blocks; developers of liquid crystal displays; technology innovators of RF power components; and a major supplier of thyristors. In addition to comprehensive technical product data, RCA gives you professional and experienced field engineering and applications support. As well as a commitment to excellence in everything from research to manufacturing. So whatever you're into, and whatever you need, we're here when you need us. With products that can anticipate your needs. And service that can meet your demands. A good place to start is to check our handy product line guide. Write RCA Solid State, Section 57026, Box 3200, Somerville, N. J. 08876. R e l l Solid State lnternotionol: RCA, Sunbury-on-Thomes, U.K., or Fuji Building, 7-4 Kosum igoseki, 3-Chome, Chiyodo-Ku, Tokyo, Jopon. In Conodo: RCA limited, Ste. Anne de Bellevue 810, Conodo. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL NUMBER 248