SDS / TDS
433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
MG Chemicals UK Limited
Version No: A-1.01 Safety Data Sheet (Conforms to Regulation (EU) No 2015/830)
Issue Date:29/03/2018
Revision Date: 16/03/2020 L.REACH.GBR.EN
SECTION 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE / MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY / UNDERTAKING
1.1. Product Identifier Product name Synonyms
Other means of identification
433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade SDS Code: 433-Liquid; 433-1L, 433-4L Not Applicable
1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Relevant identified uses Uses advised against
solvent Not Applicable
1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Registered company name Address
MG Chemicals UK Limited
Heame House, 23 Bilston Street, Sedgely Dudley DY3 1JA United Kingdom
Telephone Fax
Website
+(44) 1663 362888 Not Available Not Available
Email sales@mgchemicals.com
MG Chemicals (Head office)
9347 - 193 Street Surrey V4N 4E7 British Columbia Canada
+(1) 800-201-8822 +(1) 800-708-9888 www.mgchemicals.com Info@mgchemicals.com
1.4. Emergency telephone number
Association / Organisation
Emergency telephone numbers
Other emergency telephone numbers
Verisk 3E (Access code: 335388) +(44) 20 35147487
+(0) 800 680 0425
Not Available Not Available Not Available
SECTION 2 HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification according to regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
[CLP] [1]
Legend:
H226 - Flammable Liquid Category 3, H315 - Skin Corrosion/Irritation Category 2, H317 - Skin Sensitizer Category 1, H304 - Aspiration Hazard Category 1, H410 - Chronic Aquatic Hazard Category 1
1. Classified by Chemwatch; 2. Classification drawn from EC Directive 67/548/EEC - Annex I ; 3. Classification drawn from EC Directive 1272/2008 Annex VI
2.2. Label elements
Hazard pictogram(s)
SIGNAL WORD DANGER
Hazard statement(s)
H226 H315 H317 H304 H410
Flammable liquid and vapour. Causes skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Supplementary statement(s) EUH019
May form explosive peroxides.
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Precautionary statement(s) Prevention
P210 P233 P280
Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Keep container tightly closed. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P240 P241 P242
Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/intrinsically safe equipment. Use only non-sparking tools.
P243 P261 P273 P272
Take precautionary measures against static discharge. Avoid breathing mist/vapours/spray. Avoid release to the environment. Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
Precautionary statement(s) Response
P301+P310 IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor/physician/first aider.
P331 P370+P378 P302+P352
Do NOT induce vomiting. In case of fire: Use alcohol resistant foam or normal protein foam to extinguish. IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water and soap.
P333+P313 P362+P364
P391 P303+P361+P353
If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. Collect spillage. IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.
Precautionary statement(s) Storage P403+P235 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. P405 Store locked up.
Precautionary statement(s) Disposal P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local regulations.
2.3. Other hazards Inhalation, skin contact and/or ingestion may produce health damage*. Cumulative effects may result following exposure*. May produce discomfort of the eyes and respiratory tract*.
Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect*. Possible respiratory sensitizer*. Repeated exposure potentially causes skin dryness and cracking*. REACh - Art.57-59: The mixture does not contain Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) at the SDS print date.
SECTION 3 COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
3.1.Substances See 'Composition on ingredients' in Section 3.2
3.2.Mixtures
1.CAS No 2.EC No 3.Index No 4.REACH No
1.8028-48-6 2.232-433-8 3.Not Available 4.01-2119493353-35-XXXX
Legend:
%[weight] Name
Classification according to regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 [CLP]
orange,
Flammable Liquid Category 3, Skin Corrosion/Irritation Category 2, Skin Sensitizer Category 1, Specific target organ
100
sweet,
toxicity - single exposure Category 3 (narcotic effects), Acute Aquatic Hazard Category 1, Chronic Aquatic Hazard
extract
Category 1; H226, H315, H317, H336, H410, EUH019 [1]
1. Classified by Chemwatch; 2. Classification drawn from EC Directive 67/548/EEC - Annex I ; 3. Classification drawn from EC Directive 1272/2008 Annex VI 4. Classification drawn from C&L
SECTION 4 FIRST AID MEASURES
4.1. Description of first aid measures
Eye Contact
If this product comes in contact with the eyes: Wash out immediately with fresh running water. Ensure complete irrigation of the eye by keeping eyelids apart and away from eye and moving the eyelids by occasionally lifting the upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention without delay; if pain persists or recurs seek medical attention.
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Skin Contact Inhalation Ingestion
Removal of contact lenses after an eye injury should only be undertaken by skilled personnel.
If skin contact occurs: Immediately remove all contaminated clothing, including footwear. Flush skin and hair with running water (and soap if available). Seek medical attention in event of irritation.
If fumes or combustion products are inhaled remove from contaminated area. Lay patient down. Keep warm and rested. Prostheses such as false teeth, which may block airway, should be removed, where possible, prior to initiating first aid procedures. Apply artificial respiration if not breathing, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Transport to hospital, or doctor.
If swallowed do NOT induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain open airway and prevent aspiration. Observe the patient carefully. Never give liquid to a person showing signs of being sleepy or with reduced awareness; i.e. becoming unconscious. Give water to rinse out mouth, then provide liquid slowly and as much as casualty can comfortably drink. Seek medical advice.
4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed See Section 11
4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
Any material aspirated during vomiting may produce lung injury. Therefore emesis should not be induced mechanically or pharmacologically. Mechanical means should be used if it is considered necessary to evacuate the stomach contents; these include gastric lavage after endotracheal intubation. If spontaneous vomiting has occurred after ingestion, the patient should be monitored for difficult breathing, as adverse effects of aspiration into the lungs may be delayed up to 48 hours.
In acute poisonings by essential oils the stomach should be emptied by aspiration and lavage. Give a saline purgative such as sodium sulfate (30 g in 250 ml water) unless catharsis is already present. Demulcent drinks may also be given. Large volumes of fluid should be given provided renal function is adequate. [MARTINDALE: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th Ed.] Following oral administration of d-limonene, 75-90% is excreted in the urine and less than 10% in 2 to 3 days. The major urinary metabolites are perillic acid-8,9-diol (rats and rabbits), perillylbeta-d-gluco-pyranosiduronic acid (hamsters), p-mentha-1-ene-8,9-diol (dogs) and 8-hydroxy-p-menth-1-en-9-yl-beta-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid (humans and guinea pigs).
SECTION 5 FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
5.1. Extinguishing media
Foam. Dry chemical powder. BCF (where regulations permit). Carbon dioxide. Water spray or fog - Large fires only.
5.2. Special hazards arising from the substrate or mixture
Fire Incompatibility
Avoid contamination with oxidising agents i.e. nitrates, oxidising acids, chlorine bleaches, pool chlorine etc. as ignition may result
5.3. Advice for firefighters Fire Fighting
Fire/Explosion Hazard
Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard. May be violently or explosively reactive. Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves. Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course. If safe, switch off electrical equipment until vapour fire hazard removed. Use water delivered as a fine spray to control fire and cool adjacent area. Avoid spraying water onto liquid pools. DO NOT approach containers suspected to be hot. Cool fire exposed containers with water spray from a protected location. If safe to do so, remove containers from path of fire.
Liquid and vapour are flammable. Moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Vapour forms an explosive mixture with air. Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Vapour may travel a considerable distance to source of ignition. Heating may cause expansion or decomposition leading to violent rupture of containers. On combustion, may emit toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (CO). Combustion products include: carbon monoxide (CO) carbon dioxide (CO2) other pyrolysis products typical of burning organic material. WARNING: Long standing in contact with air and light may result in the formation of potentially explosive peroxides. CARE: Water in contact with hot liquid may cause foaming and a steam explosion with wide scattering of hot oil and possible severe burns. Foaming may cause overflow of containers and may result in possible fire.
SECTION 6 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures See section 8
6.2. Environmental precautions
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
See section 12
6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
Minor Spills Major Spills
Remove all ignition sources. Clean up all spills immediately. Avoid breathing vapours and contact with skin and eyes. Control personal contact with the substance, by using protective equipment. Contain and absorb small quantities with vermiculite or other absorbent material. Wipe up. Collect residues in a flammable waste container.
CARE: Absorbent materials wetted with occluded oil must be moistened with water as they may auto-oxidize, become self heating and ignite. Some oils slowly oxidise when spread in a film and oil on cloths, mops, absorbents may autoxidise and generate heat, smoulder, ignite and burn. In the workplace oily rags should be collected and immersed in water.
Clear area of personnel and move upwind. Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard. May be violently or explosively reactive. Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves. Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course. Consider evacuation (or protect in place). No smoking, naked lights or ignition sources. Increase ventilation. Stop leak if safe to do so. Water spray or fog may be used to disperse /absorb vapour. Contain spill with sand, earth or vermiculite. Use only spark-free shovels and explosion proof equipment. Collect recoverable product into labelled containers for recycling. Absorb remaining product with sand, earth or vermiculite. Collect solid residues and seal in labelled drums for disposal. Wash area and prevent runoff into drains. If contamination of drains or waterways occurs, advise emergency services.
6.4. Reference to other sections Personal Protective Equipment advice is contained in Section 8 of the SDS.
SECTION 7 HANDLING AND STORAGE
7.1. Precautions for safe handling
Safe handling Fire and explosion protection
Other information
Containers, even those that have been emptied, may contain explosive vapours. Do NOT cut, drill, grind, weld or perform similar operations on or near containers. Avoid all personal contact, including inhalation. Wear protective clothing when risk of overexposure occurs. Use in a well-ventilated area. Prevent concentration in hollows and sumps. DO NOT enter confined spaces until atmosphere has been checked. Avoid smoking, naked lights or ignition sources. Avoid generation of static electricity. DO NOT use plastic buckets. Earth all lines and equipment. Use spark-free tools when handling. Avoid contact with incompatible materials. When handling, DO NOT eat, drink or smoke. Keep containers securely sealed when not in use. Avoid physical damage to containers. Always wash hands with soap and water after handling. Work clothes should be laundered separately. Use good occupational work practice. Observe manufacturer's storage and handling recommendations contained within this SDS. Atmosphere should be regularly checked against established exposure standards to ensure safe working conditions. DO NOT allow clothing wet with material to stay in contact with skin
See section 5
Store in original containers in approved flammable liquid storage area. Store away from incompatible materials in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. DO NOT store in pits, depressions, basements or areas where vapours may be trapped. No smoking, naked lights, heat or ignition sources. Storage areas should be clearly identified, well illuminated, clear of obstruction and accessible only to trained and authorised personnel - adequate security must be provided so that unauthorised personnel do not have access. Store according to applicable regulations for flammable materials for storage tanks, containers, piping, buildings, rooms, cabinets, allowable quantities and minimum storage distances. Use non-sparking ventilation systems, approved explosion proof equipment and intrinsically safe electrical systems. Have appropriate extinguishing capability in storage area (e.g. portable fire extinguishers - dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide) and flammable gas detectors. Keep adsorbents for leaks and spills readily available. Protect containers against physical damage and check regularly for leaks. Observe manufacturer's storage and handling recommendations contained within this SDS. In addition, for tank storages (where appropriate): Store in grounded, properly designed and approved vessels and away from incompatible materials. For bulk storages, consider use of floating roof or nitrogen blanketed vessels; where venting to atmosphere is possible, equip storage tank vents with flame arrestors; inspect tank vents during winter conditions for vapour/ ice build-up. Storage tanks should be above ground and diked to hold entire contents.
7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Suitable container Storage incompatibility
Packing as supplied by manufacturer. Plastic containers may only be used if approved for flammable liquid. Check that containers are clearly labelled and free from leaks. For low viscosity materials (i) : Drums and jerry cans must be of the non-removable head type. (ii) : Where a can is to be used as an inner package, the can must have a screwed enclosure. For materials with a viscosity of at least 2680 cSt. (23 deg. C) For manufactured product having a viscosity of at least 250 cSt. (23 deg. C) Manufactured product that requires stirring before use and having a viscosity of at least 20 cSt (25 deg. C): (i) Removable head packaging; (ii) Cans with friction closures and (iii) low pressure tubes and cartridges may be used. Where combination packages are used, and the inner packages are of glass, there must be sufficient inert cushioning material in contact with inner and outer packages In addition, where inner packagings are glass and contain liquids of packing group I there must be sufficient inert absorbent to absorb any spillage, unless the outer packaging is a close fitting moulded plastic box and the substances are not incompatible with the plastic.
d-Limonene: forms unstable peroxides in storage, unless inhibited; may polymerise reacts with strong oxidisers and may explode or combust is incompatible with strong acids, including acidic clays, peroxides, halogens, vinyl chloride and iodine pentafluoride flow or agitation may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity The various oxides of nitrogen and peroxyacids may be dangerously reactive in the presence of alkenes. BRETHERICK L.: Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards Avoid reaction with strong Lewis or mineral acids. Reaction with halogens requires carefully controlled conditions. Free radical initiators should be avoided.
· The interaction of alkenes and alkynes with nitrogen oxides and oxygen may produce explosive addition products; these may form at very low temperatures and explode on heating to higher temperatures (the addition products from 1,3-butadiene and cyclopentadiene form rapidly at -150 C and ignite or explode on warming to -35 to -15 C). These derivatives ('pseudo- nitrosites') were formerly used to characterise terpene hydrocarbons. · Exposure to air must be kept to a minimum so as to limit the build-up of peroxides which will concentrate in bottoms if the product is distilled. The product must not be distilled to dryness if the peroxide concentration is substantially above 10 ppm (as active oxygen) since explosive decomposition may occur. Distillate must be immediately inhibited to prevent peroxide formation. The effectiveness of the antioxidant is limited once the peroxide levels exceed 10 ppm as active oxygen. Addition of more inhibitor at this point is generally ineffective. Prior to distillation it is recommended that the product should be washed with aqueous ferrous ammonium sulfate to destroy peroxides; the washed product should be immediately re-inhibited. · A range of exothermic decomposition energies for double bonds is given as 40-90 kJ/mol. The relationship between energy of decomposition and processing hazards has been the subject of discussion; it is suggested that values of energy released per unit of mass, rather than on a molar basis (J/g) be used in the assessment. For example, in 'open vessel processes' (with man-hole size openings, in an industrial setting), substances with exothermic decomposition energies below 500 J/g are unlikely to present a danger, whilst those in 'closed vessel processes' (opening is a safety valve or bursting disk) present some danger where the decomposition energy exceeds 150 J/g. BRETHERICK: Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 4th Edition · The reaction of ozone with alkenes is believed to proceed via the formation of a vibrationally excited Primary Ozonide (POZ) which falls apart to give a vibrationally excited Criegee Intermediate (CI) The CI can decompose to give OH radicals, or be stabilised. This may be of relevance in atmospheric chemistry. · Violent explosions at low temperatures in ammonia synthesis gas units have been traced to the addition products of dienes and nitrogen dioxide HAZARD:
Although anti-oxidants may be present, in the original formulation, these may deplete over time as they come into contact with air. Rags wet / soaked with unsaturated hydrocarbons / drying oils may auto-oxidise; generate heat and, in-time, smoulder and ignite. This is especially the case where oil-soaked materials are folded, bunched, compressed, or piled together - this allows the heat to accumulate or even accelerate the reaction Oily cleaning rags should be collected regularly and immersed in water, or spread to dry in safe-place away from direct sunlight.or stored, immersed, in solvents in suitably closed containers.
Avoid reaction with oxidising agents
7.3. Specific end use(s) See section 1.2
SECTION 8 EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
8.1. Control parameters
DERIVED NO EFFECT LEVEL (DNEL) Not Available
PREDICTED NO EFFECT LEVEL (PNEC) Not Available
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS (OEL)
INGREDIENT DATA
Source
Ingredient
Not Available
Not Available
EMERGENCY LIMITS Ingredient 433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Material name Not Available
Material name Not Available
TWA Not Available
TEEL-1 Not Available
STEL Not Available
TEEL-2 Not Available
Peak Not Available
Notes Not Available
TEEL-3 Not Available
Ingredient orange, sweet, extract
Original IDLH Not Available
Revised IDLH Not Available
MATERIAL DATA
for d-Limonene: CEL TWA: 30 ppm, 165.6 mg/m3 (compare WEEL-TWA*) (CEL = Chemwatch Exposure Limit) A Workplace Environmental Exposure Level* has been established by AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association) who have produced the following rationale:
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
d-Limonene is not acutely toxic. In its pure form it is not a sensitiser but is irritating to the skin. Although there is clear evidence of carcinogenicity in male rats, the effect has been attributed to an alpha-2u-globin (a2u-G) renal toxicity which is both species and gender specific. Humans do not synthesise a2u-G, and metabolism studies indicate that 75% to 95% of d-limonene is excreted in 2-3 days with different metabolites identified between humans and rats. In a 2-year study, liver effects were noted in male mice at 500 mg/kg and reduced survival was noted in female rats at 600 mg/kg. The no observable effect levels (NOELs) were 250 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. A WEEL of 30 ppm is recommended to protect against these effects.
8.2. Exposure controls
Care: Atmospheres in bulk storages and even apparently empty tanks may be hazardous by oxygen depletion. Atmosphere must be checked before entry.
Requirements of State Authorities concerning conditions for tank entry must be met. Particularly with regard to training of crews for tank entry; work permits; sampling of atmosphere; provision of rescue harness and protective gear as needed Engineering controls are used to remove a hazard or place a barrier between the worker and the hazard. Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers and will typically be independent of worker interactions to provide this high level of protection. The basic types of engineering controls are: Process controls which involve changing the way a job activity or process is done to reduce the risk. Enclosure and/or isolation of emission source which keeps a selected hazard 'physically' away from the worker and ventilation that strategically 'adds' and 'removes' air in the work environment. Ventilation can remove or dilute an air contaminant if designed properly. The design of a ventilation system must match the particular process and chemical or contaminant in use. Employers may need to use multiple types of controls to prevent employee overexposure.
For flammable liquids and flammable gases, local exhaust ventilation or a process enclosure ventilation system may be required. Ventilation equipment should be explosion-resistant. Air contaminants generated in the workplace possess varying 'escape' velocities which, in turn, determine the 'capture velocities' of fresh circulating air required to effectively remove the contaminant.
8.2.1. Appropriate engineering controls
Type of Contaminant:
solvent, vapours, degreasing etc., evaporating from tank (in still air).
aerosols, fumes from pouring operations, intermittent container filling, low speed conveyer transfers, welding, spray drift, plating acid fumes, pickling (released at low velocity into zone of active generation)
direct spray, spray painting in shallow booths, drum filling, conveyer loading, crusher dusts, gas discharge (active generation into zone of rapid air motion)
Air Speed:
0.25-0.5 m/s (50-100 f/min.)
0.5-1 m/s (100-200 f/min.)
1-2.5 m/s (200-500 f/min.)
Within each range the appropriate value depends on:
Lower end of the range 1: Room air currents minimal or favourable to capture 2: Contaminants of low toxicity or of nuisance value only. 3: Intermittent, low production. 4: Large hood or large air mass in motion
Upper end of the range 1: Disturbing room air currents 2: Contaminants of high toxicity 3: High production, heavy use 4: Small hood-local control only
Simple theory shows that air velocity falls rapidly with distance away from the opening of a simple extraction pipe. Velocity generally decreases with the square of distance from the extraction point (in simple cases). Therefore the air speed at the extraction point should be adjusted, accordingly, after reference to distance from the contaminating source. The air velocity at the extraction fan, for example, should be a minimum of 1-2 m/s (200-400 f/min.) for extraction of solvents generated in a tank 2 meters distant from the extraction point. Other mechanical considerations, producing performance deficits within the extraction apparatus, make it essential that theoretical air velocities are multiplied by factors of 10 or more when extraction systems are installed or used.
8.2.2. Personal protection
Eye and face protection Skin protection
Hands/feet protection
Safety glasses with side shields. Chemical goggles. Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses may absorb and concentrate irritants. A written policy document, describing the wearing of lenses or restrictions on use, should be created for each workplace or task. This should include a review of lens absorption and adsorption for the class of chemicals in use and an account of injury experience. Medical and first-aid personnel should be trained in their removal and suitable equipment should be readily available. In the event of chemical exposure, begin eye irrigation immediately and remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens should be removed at the first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens should be removed in a clean environment only after workers have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 59], [AS/NZS 1336 or national equivalent]
See Hand protection below
Wear chemical protective gloves, e.g. PVC. Wear safety footwear or safety gumboots, e.g. Rubber NOTE: The material may produce skin sensitisation in predisposed individuals. Care must be taken, when removing gloves and other protective equipment, to avoid all possible skin contact. Contaminated leather items, such as shoes, belts and watch-bands should be removed and destroyed. The selection of suitable gloves does not only depend on the material, but also on further marks of quality which vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Where the chemical is a preparation of several substances, the resistance of the glove material can not be calculated in advance and has therefore to be checked prior to the application. The exact break through time for substances has to be obtained from the manufacturer of the protective gloves and has to be observed when making a final choice. Personal hygiene is a key element of effective hand care. Gloves must only be worn on clean hands. After using gloves, hands should be washed and dried thoroughly. Application of a non-perfumed moisturizer is recommended. Suitability and durability of glove type is dependent on usage. Important factors in the selection of gloves include: · frequency and duration of contact, · chemical resistance of glove material, · glove thickness and
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Body protection Other protection Thermal hazards
· dexterity Select gloves tested to a relevant standard (e.g. Europe EN 374, US F739, AS/NZS 2161.1 or national equivalent). · When prolonged or frequently repeated contact may occur, a glove with a protection class of 5 or higher (breakthrough time greater than 240 minutes according to EN 374, AS/NZS 2161.10.1 or national equivalent) is recommended. · When only brief contact is expected, a glove with a protection class of 3 or higher (breakthrough time greater than 60 minutes according to EN 374, AS/NZS 2161.10.1 or national equivalent) is recommended. · Some glove polymer types are less affected by movement and this should be taken into account when considering gloves for long-term use. · Contaminated gloves should be replaced. For general applications, gloves with a thickness typically greater than 0.35 mm, are recommended. It should be emphasised that glove thickness is not necessarily a good predictor of glove resistance to a specific chemical, as the permeation efficiency of the glove will be dependent on the exact composition of the glove material. Therefore, glove selection should also be based on consideration of the task requirements and knowledge of breakthrough times. Glove thickness may also vary depending on the glove manufacturer, the glove type and the glove model. Therefore, the manufacturers' technical data should always be taken into account to ensure selection of the most appropriate glove for the task. Note: Depending on the activity being conducted, gloves of varying thickness may be required for specific tasks. For example: · Thinner gloves (down to 0.1 mm or less) may be required where a high degree of manual dexterity is needed. However, these gloves are only likely to give short duration protection and would normally be just for single use applications, then disposed of. · Thicker gloves (up to 3 mm or more) may be required where there is a mechanical (as well as a chemical) risk i.e. where there is abrasion or puncture potential Gloves must only be worn on clean hands. After using gloves, hands should be washed and dried thoroughly. Application of a non-perfumed moisturiser is recommended.
See Other protection below
Overalls. PVC Apron. PVC protective suit may be required if exposure severe. Eyewash unit. Ensure there is ready access to a safety shower. · Some plastic personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g. gloves, aprons, overshoes) are not recommended as they may produce static electricity. · For large scale or continuous use wear tight-weave non-static clothing (no metallic fasteners, cuffs or pockets). · Non sparking safety or conductive footwear should be considered. Conductive footwear describes a boot or shoe with a sole made from a conductive compound chemically bound to the bottom components, for permanent control to electrically ground the foot an shall dissipate static electricity from the body to reduce the possibility of ignition of volatile compounds. Electrical resistance must range between 0 to 500,000 ohms. Conductive shoes should be stored in lockers close to the room in which they are worn. Personnel who have been issued conductive footwear should not wear them from their place of work to their homes and return.
Not Available
Respiratory protection
Cartridge respirators should never be used for emergency ingress or in areas of unknown vapour concentrations or oxygen content. The wearer must be warned to leave the contaminated area immediately on detecting any odours through the respirator. The odour may indicate that the mask is not functioning properly, that the vapour concentration is too high, or that the mask is not properly fitted. Because of these limitations, only restricted use of cartridge respirators is considered appropriate. Selection of the Class and Type of respirator will depend upon the level of breathing zone contaminant and the chemical nature of the contaminant. Protection Factors (defined as the ratio of contaminant outside and inside the mask) may also be important.
Required minimum protection factor up to 10 up to 50 up to 50 up to 100 up to 100 100+
Maximum gas/vapour concentration present in air p.p.m. (by volume) 1000 1000 5000 5000 10000
Half-face Respirator A-AUS / Class 1 Airline * -
Full-Face Respirator A-AUS / Class 1 A-2 A-3 Airline**
* - Continuous Flow ** - Continuous-flow or positive pressure demand. A(All classes) = Organic vapours, B AUS or B1 = Acid gases, B2 = Acid gas or hydrogen cyanide(HCN), B3 = Acid gas or hydrogen cyanide(HCN), E = Sulfur dioxide(SO2), G = Agricultural chemicals, K = Ammonia(NH3), Hg = Mercury, NO = Oxides of nitrogen, MB = Methyl bromide, AX = Low boiling point organic compounds(below 65 deg C)
8.2.3. Environmental exposure controls See section 12
SECTION 9 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties Appearance Colorless or very pale yellow
Physical state Liquid
Odour Not Available
Odour threshold pH (as supplied) Melting point / freezing point
(°C) Initial boiling point and boiling
range (°C) Flash point (°C) Evaporation rate
Flammability
Not Available Not Available -96
176 43 Not Available Flammable.
Upper Explosive Limit (%) 6.1
Relative density (Water = 1) Partition coefficient n-octanol /
water Auto-ignition temperature (°C)
Decomposition temperature
0.840 Not Available 237 Not Available
Viscosity (cSt) <20.5
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Taste Explosive properties Oxidising properties Surface Tension (dyn/cm or
mN/m)
Not Available Not Available Not Available Not Available Not Available
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Lower Explosive Limit (%) Vapour pressure (kPa) Solubility in water (g/L) Vapour density (Air = 1)
0.7 0.27 Partly miscible 4.7
9.2. Other information Not Available
Volatile Component (%vol) Gas group
pH as a solution (1%) VOC g/L
Not Available Not Available Not Available Not Available
SECTION 10 STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
10.1.Reactivity
10.2. Chemical stability
10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions
10.4. Conditions to avoid 10.5. Incompatible materials 10.6. Hazardous decomposition
products
See section 7.2 Unstable in the presence of incompatible materials. Product is considered stable. Hazardous polymerisation will not occur.
See section 7.2
See section 7.2 See section 7.2
See section 5.3
SECTION 11 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
11.1. Information on toxicological effects
Inhaled
Inhalation of vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. This may be accompanied by narcosis, reduced alertness, loss of reflexes, lack of coordination and vertigo. Inhalation of vapours or aerosols (mists, fumes), generated by the material during the course of normal handling, may be damaging to the health of the individual. Limited evidence or practical experience suggests that the material may produce irritation of the respiratory system, in a significant number of individuals, following inhalation. In contrast to most organs, the lung is able to respond to a chemical insult by first removing or neutralising the irritant and then repairing the damage. The repair process, which initially evolved to protect mammalian lungs from foreign matter and antigens, may however, produce further lung damage resulting in the impairment of gas exchange, the primary function of the lungs. Respiratory tract irritation often results in an inflammatory response involving the recruitment and activation of many cell types, mainly derived from the vascular system.
Ingestion
Swallowing of the liquid may cause aspiration of vomit into the lungs with the risk of haemorrhaging, pulmonary oedema, progressing to chemical pneumonitis; serious consequences may result. Signs and symptoms of chemical (aspiration) pneumonitis may include coughing, gasping, choking, burning of the mouth, difficult breathing, and bluish coloured skin (cyanosis). Accidental ingestion of the material may be damaging to the health of the individual. Taken internally the essential oils exert a mild irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the mouth and digestive tract which induces a feeling of warmth and increases salivation. Taken by mouth, many essential oils can be dangerous in high concentrations. Typical effects begin with a burning feeling, followed by salivation. In the stomach, the effect is carminative (relieve flatulence), relaxing the gastric sphincter and encouraging eructation (belching). Further down the gut, the effect typically is antispasmodic, Excessive oral doses irritate the gastro-intestinal tract and may cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Occasional irritation of the urinary tract and aggravation of pre-existing inflammatory conditions have been reported. Other effects include dysuria, haematuria, unconsciousness and shallow respiration. Complications arising from ingestion of volatile oils include anuria, pulmonary oedema, and bronchial pneumonia. Central nervous system depression may lead to stupor and possible respiratory failure whilst central system stimulation may lead to excitement and convulsions. Pathologic findings include renal degeneration and intense congestion and oedema in the lungs, brain and gastric mucosa. Excretion takes place through the lungs, skin and kidneys. Most essential oils are reported to be ecbolic (inducing contractions of the uterus leading to expulsion of a fetus). but abortions cannot be induced at safe doses.
Skin Contact Eye
Chronic
Evidence exists, or practical experience predicts, that the material either produces inflammation of the skin in a substantial number of individuals following direct contact, and/or produces significant inflammation when applied to the healthy intact skin of animals, for up to four hours, such inflammation being present twenty-four hours or more after the end of the exposure period. Skin irritation may also be present after prolonged or repeated exposure; this may result in a form of contact dermatitis (nonallergic). The dermatitis is often characterised by skin redness (erythema) and swelling (oedema) which may progress to blistering (vesiculation), scaling and thickening of the epidermis. At the microscopic level there may be intercellular oedema of the spongy layer of the skin (spongiosis) and intracellular oedema of the epidermis. The material may accentuate any pre-existing dermatitis condition Skin contact with the material may damage the health of the individual; systemic effects may result following absorption. Open cuts, abraded or irritated skin should not be exposed to this material Entry into the blood-stream through, for example, cuts, abrasions, puncture wounds or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Examine the skin prior to the use of the material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected.
Limited evidence exists, or practical experience suggests, that the material may cause eye irritation in a substantial number of individuals and/or is expected to produce significant ocular lesions which are present twenty-four hours or more after instillation into the eye(s) of experimental animals. Repeated or prolonged eye contact may cause inflammation characterised by temporary redness (similar to windburn) of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis); temporary impairment of vision and/or other transient eye damage/ulceration may occur.
Practical experience shows that skin contact with the material is capable either of inducing a sensitisation reaction in a substantial number of individuals, and/or of producing a positive response in experimental animals. On the basis, primarily, of animal experiments, concern has been expressed by at least one classification body that the material may produce carcinogenic or mutagenic effects; in respect of the available information, however, there presently exists inadequate data for making a satisfactory assessment. Limited evidence suggests that repeated or long-term occupational exposure may produce cumulative health effects involving organs or biochemical systems. Limited evidence shows that inhalation of the material is capable of inducing a sensitisation reaction in a significant number of individuals at a greater frequency than would be expected from the response of a normal population. Pulmonary sensitisation, resulting in hyperactive airway dysfunction and pulmonary allergy may be accompanied by fatigue, malaise and aching. Significant symptoms of exposure may persist for extended periods, even after exposure ceases. Symptoms can be activated by a variety of nonspecific environmental stimuli such as automobile exhaust, perfumes and passive smoking.
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
In the presence of air, a number of common flavour and fragrance chemicals can form peroxides surprisingly fast. Antioxidants can in most cases minimise the oxidation.
Fragrance terpenes are generally easily oxidised in air. Non-oxidised limonene, linalool and caryophyllene turned out to be very weak sensitizers, however after oxidation limonene hydroperoxide and linalool hydroperoxide are strong sensitizers. Of the patients tested 2.6% showed positive reaction to oxidised limonene, 1.3% to oxidised linalool, 1.1% to linalool hydroperoxide, 0.5% to oxidised caryophyllene, while testing with caryophyllene oxide and oxidised myrcene resulted in few positive patch tests. 2/3 of the patients reacting positive to oxidised terpenes had fragrance related contact allergy and/or positive history for adverse reactions to fragrances.
As well as the hydroperoxides produced by linalol, limonene and delta-3-carene other oxidation and resinification effects progressively causes other fairly major changes in essential oil quality over time. Autoxidation of fragrance terpenes contributes greatly to fragrance allergy, which emphasizes the need of testing with compounds that patients are actually exposed to and not only with the ingredients originally applied in commercial formulations.
Hydroperoxides of d-limonene are potent contact allergens when studied in guinea pigs. They may result when d-limonene is unstabilised against oxidation, or upon prolonged standing at room temperature and/ or upon exposure to light, or when stabiliser levels diminish. The two major hydroperoxides in auto-oxidised d-limonene, are cis- and trans- limonene-2-hydroperoxide (2-hydroperoxy-p-mentha-6,8-diene). In photo-oxidised d-limonene, they represent a minor fraction. Hydroperoxides may bind to proteins of the skin to make antigens either via a radical mechanism or after reactions to give epoxides. The cross-reactivity between the epoxide limonene-1,2-oxide, a potent contact allergen, and the hydroperoxides is NOT significant, indicating different mechanisms of sensitisation.
d-Limonene was considered to be weakly carcinogenic for the mouse fore-stomach epithelium, but not tumour producing. In 13-week and 2-year gavagestudies, male rats showed a range of compound-related kidney lesions including exacerbation of age-related nephropathy, mineralisation in the renal medulla, hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium overlying the renal papilla and proliferation of the renal tubular epithelium. Neoplasms were believed to be caused by progression to tubular cell hyperplasia to tubular cell adenomas and, with increasing size, to adenocarcinomas or carcinomas. The similarity of the nephrotoxicity caused by trichloroethylene and N-(4'-fluoro-4-biphenyl)acetamide, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate in rats and the species specific nature of the response suggests that degeneration and necrosis of convoluted tubules may be associated with the accumulation of alpha-2u-globin (a2u-G). Since a2u-G is a species and gender-specific protein that is causal for both the cytotoxic and carcinogenic response in male rats, extrapolation of d-limonene carcinogenicity data from rat studies to other species (including humans) is probably not warranted. Humans do not synthesise a2u-G; they do however produce other related low molecular weight proteins capable of binding chemicals that cause a2u-G nephropathy in rats but this does not necessarily connote human risk. The Risk Assessment Forum of the USA EPA concluded;
Male renal rat tumours arising as a result of a process involving a2u-G accumulation do not contribute to the qualitative weight-of-evidence that the chemical poses a human carcinogenic hazard. Such tumours are included in dose-response extrapolations for the estimation of human carcinogenic risk. If the chemical induces a2u-G accumulation in male rats, the associated nephropathy is not to be used as an end-point for determining non-carcinogenic hazard. Peroxidisable terpenes and terpenoids should only be used when the level of peroxides is kept to the lowest practicable level, for instance by adding antioxidants at the time of production. Such products should have a peroxide value of less than 10 millimoles peroxide per liter. This requirement is based on the published literature mentioning sensitising properties when containing peroxides. In one study with citrus oils, the authors concluded that a common component was capable of promoting skin tumour development in previously initiated mice. Roe F.J.C. & Pierce W.E.I.; Jnl Nat Cancer Inst. 24, 1389-1403, 1960 Citrus spp. oils and other furocoumarins containing essential oils must be used so that the total level of bergapten (5-MOP) will not exceed : (a) 15 ppm in the finished cosmetic products, intended for application on skin areas likely to be exposed to sunshine, excluding rinse-off products. (b) 1 ppm in sun protection and in bronzing products. In the presence of other phototoxic ingredients, the sum of their concentrations (expressed as % of the of the respective maximum levels) shall not exceed 100%. The Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-food Products intended for Consumers (SCCNFP): Section II: Perfume and Aromatic Raw Materials October 2000
433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
TOXICITY Not Available
IRRITATION Not Available
orange, sweet, extract
TOXICITY Dermal (rabbit) LD50: >5000 mg/kg[2] Oral (rabbit) LD50: >5000 mg/kg[2]
IRRITATION Skin (rabbit): 500mg/24h moderate
Legend:
1. Value obtained from Europe ECHA Registered Substances - Acute toxicity 2.* Value obtained from manufacturer's SDS. Unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effect of chemical Substances
ORANGE, SWEET, EXTRACT
The essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) derived from citrus fruits are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for their intended use in foods for human consumption. Botanicals such as citrus are comprised of hundreds of constituents, some of which have the potential to cause toxic effects;for example, bergapten (aka 5-methoxysporalen or 5-MOP) is a naturally occurring furanocoumarin (psoralen) in bergamot oil that causes phototoxicity. Under the rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union , citrus-derived ingredients must have furocoumarin content below 1 mg/kg in sun-protection and bronzing products. Acute toxicity: The dermal LD50 of undiluted either bitter orange or citrus reticulata (tangerine) leaf oil (described as "petitgrain bigarade oil") was reported as greater than 2000 mg/kg in rabbits. The dermal LD50 of undiluted mandarin peel oil (Citrus reticulata) was greater than 5000 mg/kg in rabbits Dermal irritation: Varying degrees of irritation were observed in animals treated with undiluted citrus aurantium amara (bitter orange) flower wax, unreported concentrations of either bitter orange or citrus reticulata (tangerine) leaf oil (described as "petitgrain bigarade oil"), or unreported concentrations of mandarin peel oil. In human subjects, no irritation was observed after topical exposure to citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) peel wax (100%), bergamot oil (up to 15%), either bitter orange or citrus reticulata (tangerine) leaf oil (described as "petitgrain bigarade oil"; up to 8%), lemon oil (up to 20%), or mandarin peel oil (8%). Ocular irritation: The eye tolerance of citrus aurantium amara (bitter orange) flower wax (> 50%) was tested in vitro using the SIRC cell strain.Tolerance was evaluated by measuring cytotoxicity. Negative controls solutions were physiological serum or sample diluent and the positive control solutions were 0.01% to 0.2% SDS. Negligible cytotoxicity was observed. Sensitisation: Bitter orange or citrus reticulata (tangerine) leaf oil (described as "petitgrain bigarade oil") and mandarin peel oil were not sensitising in human maximization tests. In studies of 250 dermatitic patients, less than 2.5% had positive reactions to bergamot oil, bitter orange oil, lemon oil, or sweet orange
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade & ORANGE, SWEET, EXTRACT
433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade & ORANGE, SWEET, EXTRACT
oil tested at 2% in paraffin. In a retrospective study (2001-2010) of professional food handlers in Denmark, 8.5% (16/188) of the patients had positive reactions to orange peel and 7.9% (15/191) of the patients had positive reactions to lemon peel Phototoxicity and Photosensitisation: Citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) peel wax (100%) was not photosensitising in a human study. Mixed results were observed in non-human and human phototoxicity and photosensitisation studies of diluted and undiluted bergamot oil, either bitter orange or citrus reticulata (tangerine) leaf oil (described as "petitgrain bigarade oil"), lime oil, lemon oil, lemon fruit and peel juice, grapefruit oil, mandarin oil, tangerine oil, bitter orange oil, bitter orange peel oil, orange peel, orange mesocarp, and orange fruit. Many of the citrus-derived ingredients contain constituents that are photoactive agents, although those noted to be furocoumarin free tended not to induce photosensitisation. Phototoxicity and photosensitisation were noted in several patients exposed to bergamot oil or limes/lime juice Carcinogenicity: Tumour-promoting activity was observed in mouse skin exposed to essential oils of orange (sweet), lemon, grapefruit, or lime. Groups of mice received weekly applications of 0.25 ml of the test substances 3 weeks after the application of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) a tumour initiator. By the fifth week, papillomas were observed in mice exposed to lemon oil, grapefruit oil, and lime oil. Papillomas were observed in the orange oil group by the 12 th week. After 33 weeks, 10/20 mice in the lemon oil and lime oil treatment groups and 13/20 mice in the grapefruit oil and orange oil groups had papillomas. No malignant skin tumours were observed in the orange oil group: treatment was stopped after 42 weeks. Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were observed in 2 mice from the lemon oil group and 2 mice of the grapefruit oil group between weeks 36 and 55. Non-dermal tumors during the treatment period were observed in 1 mouse of the orange oil group (a haemangioma of the subcutaneous tissue starting at week 7) and in 1 mouse of the grapefruit oil group (a spindle cell sarcoma of the subcutaneous tissues). No tumours of the internal organs were observed. The survival of all the mice in this experiment was poor due to a very high incidence of renal disease. No significant acute toxicological data identified in literature search. for cold-pressed oil
The following information refers to contact allergens as a group and may not be specific to this product. Contact allergies quickly manifest themselves as contact eczema, more rarely as urticaria or Quincke's oedema. The pathogenesis of contact eczema involves a cell-mediated (T lymphocytes) immune reaction of the delayed type. Other allergic skin reactions, e.g. contact urticaria, involve antibody-mediated immune reactions. The significance of the contact allergen is not simply determined by its sensitisation potential: the distribution of the substance and the opportunities for contact with it are equally important. A weakly sensitising substance which is widely distributed can be a more important allergen than one with stronger sensitising potential with which few individuals come into contact. From a clinical point of view, substances are noteworthy if they produce an allergic test reaction in more than 1% of the persons tested.
d-Limonene is readily absorbed by inhalation and ingestion. Dermal absorption is reported to be lower than by the inhalation route. d-Limonene is rapidly distributed to different tissues in the body, readily metabolised and eliminated primarily through the urine. Limonene exhibits low acute toxicity by all three routes in animals. Limonene is a skin irritant in both experimental animals and humans. Limited data are available on the potential to cause eye and respiratory irritation. Autooxidised products of d-limonene have the potential to be skin sensitisers. Limited data are available in humans on the potential to cause respiratory sensitisation. Autooxidation of limonene occurs readily in the presence of light and air forming a variety of oxygenated monocyclic terpenes. Risk of skin sensitisation is high in situations where contact with oxidation products of limonene occurs. Renal tumours induced by limonene in male rats is though to be sex and species specific and are not considered relevant to humans. Repeated exposure affects the amount and activity of liver enzymes, liver weight, blood cholesterol levels and bile flow in animals. Increase in liver weight is considered a physiological adaption as no toxic effects on the liver have been reported. From available data it is not possible to identify an NOAEL for these effects. Limonene is neither genotoxic or teratogenic nor toxic to the reproductive system.
Acute Toxicity Skin Irritation/Corrosion Serious Eye Damage/Irritation
Respiratory or Skin sensitisation Mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity Reproductivity STOT - Single Exposure
STOT - Repeated Exposure
Aspiration Hazard
Legend:
Data available but does not fill the criteria for classification Data available to make classification Data Not Available to make classification
SECTION 12 ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
12.1. Toxicity
433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
ENDPOINT Not Available
TEST DURATION (HR) Not Available
SPECIES Not Available
VALUE Not Available
SOURCE Not Available
orange, sweet, extract
ENDPOINT Not Available
TEST DURATION (HR) Not Available
SPECIES Not Available
VALUE Not Available
SOURCE Not Available
Legend:
Extracted from 1. IUCLID Toxicity Data 2. Europe ECHA Registered Substances - Ecotoxicological Information - Aquatic Toxicity 3. EPIWIN Suite V3.12 (QSAR) - Aquatic Toxicity Data (Estimated) 4. US EPA, Ecotox database - Aquatic Toxicity Data 5. ECETOC Aquatic Hazard Assessment Data 6. NITE (Japan) - Bioconcentration Data 7. METI (Japan) - Bioconcentration Data 8. Vendor Data
Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Do NOT allow product to come in contact with surface waters or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment wash-waters. Wastes resulting from use of the product must be disposed of on site or at approved waste sites. Monomethyltin chloride, thioglycolate esters, and tall oil ester reaction product Monomethyltin trichloride (MMTC, CAS RN: 993-16-8), monomethyltin tris[2-ethylhexylmercaptoacetate (MMT (EHTG; MMT (2-EHMA)), CAS RN: 57583-34-3), monomethyltin tris[isooctylmercaptoacetate (MMT(IOTG), CAS RN: 54849-38-6), CAS RN: 57583-34-3) and methyltin reverse ester tallate reaction product (TERP, CAS RNs: 201687-58-3, 201687-57-2, 68442-12-6, 151436-98-5) are considered as a single category of compounds for the purpose of an environmental assessment. All share a MMTC as a building block. Environmental fate: MMT(IOTG), MMT(EHTG), and TERP are sparingly soluble in water (0.6-10.7 mg/L). In water, these monomethyltin compounds undergo rapid degradation by hydrolysis. Although there is no stability data for MMT(EHTG)/(IOTG) or TERP, data for other organotins [DOTC, DBTL and DBT(EHTG)] indicate that the monomethyltin compounds are expected to hydrolyze within minutes to hours in water. The thioester ligands on MMT(EHTG)/(IOTG) will be rapidly displaced to form mono-methyltin hydroxide which eventually precipitates as the oxide. It is also possible that the labile ligands can be displaced by other anions in the medium. The displaced thioester ligands, EHTG/IOTG, can also undergo further hydrolysis of the ester linkage to form thioglycolic acid and
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ethylhexanol or isooctanol, respectively.
MMTC is a solid at room temperature and melts at 43 deg C, boils at 171 deg C, has a calculated vapour pressure of 1.7 hPa at 25 deg C, and is soluble in water (1038 g/L at 20 deg C). The measured log Kow is -0.9 and MMTC is not readily biodegradable. Atmospheric degradation occurs by photochemical induced hydroxyl radicals, with a half-life of 15.7 days. A Henry's Law constant of 3.83 × 10-7 atm-m3/mol predicts MMTC will volatilize from surface water (t1/2 = 99 days and 3 years for model river and lake, respectively). If released to the environment, MMTC is expected to partition primarily into water (54%) and soil (43%).
In water, MMTC undergoes rapid degradation by hydrolysis and is expected to hydrolyze within minutes. It is expected that the chlorines in MMTC will be displaced to form mono-methyltin hydroxide which eventually precipitates as the oxide (the alkyltin moiety (MMT) was hydrolytically stable at pH 4, 7, and 9 (t1/2 > 1 year at 25 deg C)).
TERP is a liquid at room temperature, boils at 216 deg C, and has a calculated vapour pressure of 0.2 hPa at 25 deg C. TERP is slightly soluble in water (4.4 mg/L), highly hydrophobic (log Kow = 25.5), has low potential for bioaccumulation (log BCF = 2.0), and is readily biodegradable. It is degraded atmospherically by hydroxyl radicals and ozone, with a half-life of 0.5 hours. If released to the environment, TERP is predicted to partition primarily to sediment (99%).
MMT(EHTG) is a liquid at room temperature and has a freezing point of -85 to -65 deg C, decomposes at 260 deg C has a derived vapour pressure of 0.02 hPa at 25 deg C, a calculated log Kow of 10.98, is slightly soluble in water (1.8-6 mg/L), and is readily biodegradable. MMT(EHTG) is also degraded atmospherically, with a half-life of 6.3 hours. A Henry's Law constant of 3.18×10+4 atm-m3/mol predicts MMT(EHTG) will volatilize from surface water (t1/2 = 8 hours and 11 days for a model river and lake, respectively). If released to the environment, MMT(EHTG) is expected to partition primarily into sediment (71%) and soil (25%).
Bioavailability:
The considerable difference in the structures of the labile ligands causes differences in water solubility between the alkyltin chloride and thioesters affecting their respective bioavailabilities and
distribution in the environment. Furthermore, MMT(EHTG) and MMT(IOTG) will degrade in aqueous solution such that organisms will be exposed to the parent material and their different
degradation products. MMTC is not an appropriate surrogate for the thioesters or TERP for the ecotoxicity and environmental fate endpoints.
Ecotoxicity:
In the ecotoxicity tests the organisms were most likely exposed to parent substance as well as hydrolysis/degradation products.
MMTC was not acutely toxic to zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) (96-h LC50 > 102 mg/L) or Daphnia magna (48-h EC50 > 101 mg/L). MMTC inhibited the growth (72-h EC50 = 0.03 mg/L) and
biomass (72-h EC50 = 0.02 mg/L) of the green alga Scenedesmus subspicatus (NOEC = 0.007 mg/L). MMTC was not acutely toxic to earthworms at nominal concentrations up to 1000 mg/kg.
TERP was not acutely toxic to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (96-hr LC50 >4.4 mg/L), inhibited D. magna survival and mobility (48-h EC50 = 0.27 mg/L), and inhibited growth of the
freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was (72-h EC50 = 0.64 mg/L; NOEC = 0.28 mg/L).
MMT(EHTG) was not acutely toxic to B. rerio (LC50 > 6 mg/L; NOEC = 3.6 mg/L) and did not inhibit the growth of S. subspicatus (72-h EC50 > 1.84 mg/L; NOEC = 0.6 mg/L). The 21-d EC50
for reproduction in a chronic Daphnia magna study was > 0.134 mg/L (NOEC = 0.134 mg/L).
Substances containing unsaturated carbons are ubiquitous in indoor environments. They result from many sources (see below). Most are reactive with environmental ozone and many produce
stable products which are thought to adversely affect human health.The potential for surfaces in an enclosed space to facilitate reactions should be considered.
Source of unsaturated substances Unsaturated substances (Reactive Emissions)
Major Stable Products produced following reaction with ozone.
Occupants (exhaled breath, ski oils, personal care products)
Isoprene, nitric oxide, squalene, unsaturated sterols, oleic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated oxidation products
Methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, nitrogen dioxide, acetone, 6MHQ, geranyl acetone, formaldehyde, nonanol, decanal, 9-oxo-nonanoic acid, azelaic acid, nonanoic acid.
4OPA,
Soft woods, wood flooring, including cypress, cedar and silver fir boards, houseplants
Isoprene, limonene, alpha-pinene, other terpenes and sesquiterpenes
Formaldehyde, 4-AMC, pinoaldehyde, pinic acid, pinonic acid, formic acid, methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, SOAs including ultrafine particles
Carpets and carpet backing
4-Phenylcyclohexene, 4-vinylcyclohexene, styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, unsaturated fatty acids and esters
Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, hexanal, nonanal, 2-nonenal
Linoleum and paints/polishes containing linseed oil
Linoleic acid, linolenic acid
Propanal, hexanal, nonanal, 2-heptenal, 2-nonenal, 2-decenal, 1-pentene-3-one, propionic acid, n-butyric acid
Latex paint
Residual monomers
Formaldehyde
Certain cleaning products, polishes, waxes, air fresheners
Limonene, alpha-pinene, terpinolene, alpha-terpineol,
Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycoaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen and organic
linalool, linalyl acetate and other terpenoids, longifolene andperoxides, acetone, benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-hexen-1-al, 5-ethenyl-dihydro-5-methyl-
other sesquiterpenes
2(3H)-furanone, 4-AMC, SOAs including ultrafine particles
Natural rubber adhesive
Isoprene, terpenes
Formaldehyde, methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone
Photocopier toner, printed paper, styrene polymers
Styrene
Formaldehyde, benzaldehyde
Environmental tobacco smoke
Styrene, acrolein, nicotine
Formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, hexanal, glyoxal, N-methylformamide, nicotinaldehyde, cotinine
Soiled clothing, fabrics, bedding
Squalene, unsaturated sterols, oleic acid and other saturated fatty acids
Acetone, geranyl acetone, 6MHO, 40PA, formaldehyde, nonanal, decanal, 9-oxo-nonanoic acid, azelaic acid, nonanoic acid
Soiled particle filters
Unsaturated fatty acids from plant waxes, leaf litter, and Formaldehyde, nonanal, and other aldehydes; azelaic acid; nonanoic acid; 9-oxo-nonanoic acid
other vegetative debris; soot; diesel particles
and other oxo-acids; compounds with mixed functional groups (=O, -OH, and -COOH)
Ventilation ducts and duct liners
Unsaturated fatty acids and esters, unsaturated oils, neoprene
C5 to C10 aldehydes
'Urban grime'
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Perfumes, colognes, essential oils Limonene, alpha-pinene, linalool, linalyl acetate,
Formaldehyde, 4-AMC, acetone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-hexen-1-al, 5-ethenyl-dihydro-
(e.g. lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree) terpinene-4-ol, gamma-terpinene
5-methyl-2(3H) furanone, SOAs including ultrafine particles
Overall home emissions
Limonene, alpha-pinene, styrene
Formaldehyde, 4-AMC, pinonaldehyde, acetone, pinic acid, pinonic acid, formic acid, benzaldehyde, SOAs including ultrafine particles
Abbreviations: 4-AMC, 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene; 6MHQ, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, 4OPA, 4-oxopentanal, SOA, Secondary Organic Aerosols
Reference: Charles J Weschler; Environmental Helath Perspectives, Vol 114, October 2006
For limonenes
Atmospheric fate: Due to the high volatility of limonene the atmosphere is expected to be the major environmental sink for this chemical where it is expected to undergo gas-phase reactions with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrate radicals. Calculated lifetimes for the reaction of d-limonene with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals range from 0.3-2 h
based on experimentally determined rate constants. The oxidation of limonene may contribute to aerosol and photochemical smog formation.
Calculated lifetimes for the night-time reaction of d-limonene with nitrate radicals range form 0.9 to 9 minutes. The daytime atmospheric lifetime of d-limonene is estimated to range from 12 to 48
min. depending upon local hydroxyl rate and ozone concentrations. Products produced from hydroxy radical reaction with limonene are 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene, a keto-aldehyde, formaldehyde,
3-oxobutanal, glyoxal and a C10 dicarbonyl. The same carbonyls, along with formic acid and C8 and C9 carboxylic acids, may form in reactions with ozone. Ozonolysis of limonene may also lead to
the formation of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides, which have various toxic effects on plant cells and may damage forests.
Products of ozonolysis include bis(hydroxmethyl)peroxide, a precursor to hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction of d-limonene with ozone in the dark results in the
formation of 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene and formaldehyde. Reactions with nitrogen oxides produce aerosol formation as well as lower molecular weight products such as formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
Terrestrial fate: When released to the ground limonene is expected to have low to very low mobility in soil based on its physicochemical properties. The soil adsorption coefficient (Koc) calculated
on the basis of solubility (13.8 mg/l, 25 C) and the log octanol/ water partition coefficient (4.23) ranges from 1030 and 4780. The Henry's law constant indicates that limonene will rapidly volatilise
from both dry and moist soil; however its absorption to soil may slow the process.
Aquatic fate: In the aquatic environment, limonene is expected to evaporate to a significant extent owing to its high volatility. The estimated half-life for volatilisation of limonene from a model river
( 1 m deep, flow 1 m/s and wind speed 3 m/s) is 3.4 h. Some limonene is expected to absorb to sediment and suspended organic matter.
Biodegradation and bioaccumulation: Limonene does not have functional groups for hydrolysis and its cyclohexene ring and ethylene group are known to resist hydrolysis. Therefore,
hydrolysis of limonene is not expected in terrestrial or in aquatic environments. The hydrolytic half-life of d-limonene is estimated to be >1000 days. Biotic degradation of limonene has been shown
with some species of microorganisms such as Penicillium digitatum, Corynespora cassiicola, Diplodia gossyppina and a soil strain of Pseudomonans sp (SL strain). Limonene is readily
biodegradable (41-98% degradation by biological oxygen demand in 14 d) under aerobic conditions in a standard test (OECD 301 C 'Modified MITI Test (1)', OECD, 1981a; MITI, 1992). Also in a
test simulating aerobic sewage treatment (OECD 303 A 'Simulation Test - Aerobic Sewage Treatment: Coupled Units Test'; OECD, 1981b), limonene disappeared almost completely (>93.8%)
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
during 14 days of incubation. Biodegradation has been assessed under anaerobic conditions; there was no indication of any metabolisms, possibly because of the toxicity to micro-organisms. The bioconcentration factor, calculated on the basis of water solubility and the log octanol/ water partition coefficient (log Kow) is 246-262, suggesting that limonene may bioaccumulate in fish and other aquatic species. Ecotoxicity: Technical limonene is practically nontoxic to birds on a subacute dietary basis, and is slightly toxic to freshwater fish and invertebrates on an acute basis. for d-limonene: LD50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, 16 weeks old) oral >2000 mg/kg LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, 10 day old) dietary >5620 ppm/8 days LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, 14 day old) dietary >5000 ppm/8 days LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, 14 day old) dietary >5000 ppm/8 days LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 80 ppm/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 71.4-88.7 ppm); static /92% AI formulated product LC50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 568 ppm/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 437-852 ppm); static /4.0% AI formulated product EC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea,<24 hr old; intoxication, immobilization) 17 ppm 8 hr (95% confidence limit: 11-33 ppm); static .0% ai formulated product< ont> LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 966 ppm/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 740-1652 ppm); static /4.0% AI formulated product LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 38.5 mg/L/96 hr; flow through /from table/ LC50 Leuciscus idus (Golden orfe) 32 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined The acute toxicity of d-limonene ranges from slight to high for aquatic organisms. The lowest acute toxicity values (EC50 or LC50) identified were approximately 0.4 mg/litre for Daphnia (US EPA, 1990b) and 0.7 mg/litre for fish (US EPA, 1990a,b). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for green algae is approximately 4 mg/litre (US EPA, 1990a). The acute toxicity (EC50 or LC50) of dipentene to Daphnia and fish is about 50-70 times lower than that for d-limonene (US EPA, 1990b). No studies were identified on the chronic toxicity of limonene to aquatic organisms. DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
12.2. Persistence and degradability
Ingredient
Persistence: Water/Soil
orange, sweet, extract
HIGH
Persistence: Air HIGH
12.3. Bioaccumulative potential
Ingredient
Bioaccumulation
orange, sweet, extract
HIGH (LogKOW = 5.6842)
12.4. Mobility in soil Ingredient orange, sweet, extract
Mobility LOW (KOC = 2899)
12.5.Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
P
Relevant available data
Not Available
PBT Criteria fulfilled?
Not Available
B Not Available Not Available
T Not Available Not Available
12.6. Other adverse effects No data available
SECTION 13 DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
13.1. Waste treatment methods
Product / Packaging disposal
Waste treatment options Sewage disposal options
Containers may still present a chemical hazard/ danger when empty. Return to supplier for reuse/ recycling if possible. Otherwise: If container can not be cleaned sufficiently well to ensure that residuals do not remain or if the container cannot be used to store the same product, then puncture containers, to prevent re-use, and bury at an authorised landfill. Where possible retain label warnings and SDS and observe all notices pertaining to the product. Legislation addressing waste disposal requirements may differ by country, state and/ or territory. Each user must refer to laws operating in their area. In some areas, certain wastes must be tracked. A Hierarchy of Controls seems to be common - the user should investigate: Reduction Reuse Recycling Disposal (if all else fails) This material may be recycled if unused, or if it has not been contaminated so as to make it unsuitable for its intended use. If it has been contaminated, it may be possible to reclaim the product by filtration, distillation or some other means. Shelf life considerations should also be applied in making decisions of this type. Note that properties of a material may change in use, and recycling or reuse may not always be appropriate. DO NOT allow wash water from cleaning or process equipment to enter drains. It may be necessary to collect all wash water for treatment before disposal. In all cases disposal to sewer may be subject to local laws and regulations and these should be considered first. Where in doubt contact the responsible authority. Recycle wherever possible. Consult manufacturer for recycling options or consult local or regional waste management authority for disposal if no suitable treatment or disposal facility can be identified. Dispose of by: burial in a land-fill specifically licensed to accept chemical and / or pharmaceutical wastes or Incineration in a licensed apparatus (after admixture with suitable combustible material). Decontaminate empty containers. Observe all label safeguards until containers are cleaned and destroyed.
Not Available
Not Available
SECTION 14 TRANSPORT INFORMATION
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Labels Required
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
Limited Quantity: 433-1L, 433-4L
Land transport (ADR) 14.1.UN number
14.2.UN proper shipping name
2319 TERPENE HYDROCARBONS, N.O.S. (contains orange, sweet, extract)
14.3. Transport hazard class(es)
Class 3 Subrisk Not Applicable
14.4.Packing group 14.5.Environmental hazard
III Environmentally hazardous
14.6. Special precautions for user
Hazard identification (Kemler) 30
Classification code
F1
Hazard Label
3
Special provisions
Not Applicable
Limited quantity
5 L
Air transport (ICAO-IATA / DGR)
14.1. UN number 14.2. UN proper shipping name
2319 Terpene hydrocarbons, n.o.s. (contains orange, sweet, extract)
14.3. Transport hazard class(es)
ICAO/IATA Class 3
ICAO / IATA Subrisk Not Applicable
ERG Code
3L
14.4. Packing group 14.5. Environmental hazard
III Environmentally hazardous
14.6. Special precautions for user
Special provisions
Not Applicable
Cargo Only Packing Instructions
366
Cargo Only Maximum Qty / Pack
220 L
Passenger and Cargo Packing Instructions
355
Passenger and Cargo Maximum Qty / Pack
60 L
Passenger and Cargo Limited Quantity Packing Instructions Y344
Passenger and Cargo Limited Maximum Qty / Pack
10 L
Sea transport (IMDG-Code / GGVSee) 14.1. UN number 2319
14.2. UN proper shipping name TERPENE HYDROCARBONS, N.O.S. (contains orange, sweet, extract)
14.3. Transport hazard class(es)
IMDG Class 3 IMDG Subrisk Not Applicable
14.4. Packing group 14.5. Environmental hazard
III Marine Pollutant
14.6. Special precautions for user
EMS Number
F-E , S-D
Special provisions Not Applicable
Limited Quantities 5 L
Inland waterways transport (ADN)
14.1. UN number 14.2. UN proper shipping name
2319 TERPENE HYDROCARBONS, N.O.S. (contains orange, sweet, extract)
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
14.3. Transport hazard class(es)
3 Not Applicable
14.4. Packing group 14.5. Environmental hazard
III Environmentally hazardous
14.6. Special precautions for user
Classification code F1
Special provisions Not Applicable
Limited quantity
5 L
Equipment required PP, EX, A
Fire cones number 0
14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL and the IBC code Not Applicable
SECTION 15 REGULATORY INFORMATION
15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations / legislation specific for the substance or mixture
ORANGE, SWEET, EXTRACT(8028-48-6) IS FOUND ON THE FOLLOWING REGULATORY LISTS European Union - European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) (English)
This safety data sheet is in compliance with the following EU legislation and its adaptations - as far as applicable - : 98/24/EC, 92/85/EC, 94/33/EC, 91/689/EEC, 1999/13/EC, Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/830, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and their amendments
15.2. Chemical safety assessment For further information please look at the Chemical Safety Assessment and Exposure Scenarios prepared by your Supply Chain if available.
National Inventory Australia - AICS Canada - DSL Canada - NDSL China - IECSC Europe - EINEC / ELINCS / NLP Japan - ENCS Korea - KECI New Zealand - NZIoC Philippines - PICCS USA - TSCA
Legend:
Status Y Y N (orange, sweet, extract) Y Y N (orange, sweet, extract) Y Y Y N (orange, sweet, extract) Y = All ingredients are on the inventory N = Not determined or one or more ingredients are not on the inventory and are not exempt from listing(see specific ingredients in brackets)
SECTION 16 OTHER INFORMATION
Full text Risk and Hazard codes H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Other information
Classification of the preparation and its individual components has drawn on official and authoritative sources as well as independent review by the Chemwatch Classification committee using available literature references. The SDS is a Hazard Communication tool and should be used to assist in the Risk Assessment. Many factors determine whether the reported Hazards are Risks in the workplace or other settings. Risks may be determined by reference to Exposures Scenarios. Scale of use, frequency of use and current or available engineering controls must be considered. For detailed advice on Personal Protective Equipment, refer to the following EU CEN Standards: EN 166 Personal eye-protection EN 340 Protective clothing EN 374 Protective gloves against chemicals and micro-organisms EN 13832 Footwear protecting against chemicals EN 133 Respiratory protective devices
Definitions and abbreviations
PCTWA: Permissible Concentration-Time Weighted Average PCSTEL: Permissible Concentration-Short Term Exposure Limit IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit TEEL: Temporary Emergency Exposure Limit IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations OSF: Odour Safety Factor NOAEL :No Observed Adverse Effect Level LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
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433 d-Limonene--Pure Grade
TLV: Threshold Limit Value LOD: Limit Of Detection OTV: Odour Threshold Value BCF: BioConcentration Factors BEI: Biological Exposure Index
Reason for Change A-1.01 - Update to the emergency phone number information.
end of SDS
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