Wireshark Developer’s Guide For 2.1 Dg Us

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Wireshark Developer’s Guide
For Wireshark 2.1
Ulf Lamping <ulf.lamping[AT]web.de>
Luis E. Ontanon <luis[AT]ontanon.org>
Graham Bloice <graham.bloice[AT]trihedral.com>
Wireshark Developer’s Guide: For Wireshark 2.1
by Ulf Lamping, Luis E. Ontanon, and Graham Bloice
Copyright © 2004-2014 Ulf Lamping, Luis E. Garcia Ontanon, Graham Bloice
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Version 2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation.
All logos and trademarks in this document are property of their respective owners.
iii
Preface ............................................................................................................................. ix
1. Foreword ............................................................................................................... ix
2. Who should read this document? ............................................................................... ix
3. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. ix
4. About this document ............................................................................................... ix
5. Where to get the latest copy of this document? ............................................................. x
6. Providing feedback about this document ...................................................................... x
I. Wireshark Build Environment ............................................................................................ 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2
1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 2
1.2. What is Wireshark? ....................................................................................... 2
1.3. Supported Platforms ...................................................................................... 2
1.3.1. Unix ................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2. Linux ................................................................................................ 2
1.3.3. Microsoft Windows ............................................................................ 3
1.4. Development and maintenance of Wireshark ...................................................... 3
1.4.1. Programming languages used ................................................................ 3
1.4.2. Open Source Software ......................................................................... 4
1.5. Releases and distributions ............................................................................... 4
1.5.1. Binary distributions ............................................................................. 4
1.5.2. Source code distributions ..................................................................... 5
1.6. Automated Builds (Buildbot) .......................................................................... 5
1.6.1. Advantages ........................................................................................ 5
1.6.2. What does the Buildbot do? ................................................................. 6
1.7. Reporting problems and getting help ................................................................ 6
1.7.1. Website ............................................................................................. 6
1.7.2. Wiki ................................................................................................. 6
1.7.3. FAQ ................................................................................................. 7
1.7.4. Other sources ..................................................................................... 7
1.7.5. Mailing Lists ..................................................................................... 7
1.7.6. Bug database (Bugzilla) ....................................................................... 8
1.7.7. Q&A Site .......................................................................................... 8
1.7.8. Reporting Problems ............................................................................ 8
1.7.9. Reporting Crashes on UNIX/Linux platforms ........................................... 9
1.7.10. Reporting Crashes on Windows platforms ............................................. 9
2. Quick Setup .......................................................................................................... 10
2.1. UNIX: Installation ....................................................................................... 10
2.2. Win32/64: Step-by-Step Guide ...................................................................... 10
2.2.1. Install PowerShell ............................................................................. 10
2.2.2. Optional: Install Chocolatey ................................................................ 10
2.2.3. Install Microsoft C compiler and SDK .................................................. 10
2.2.4. Install Qt ......................................................................................... 11
2.2.5. Install Cygwin .................................................................................. 12
2.2.6. Install Python ................................................................................... 12
2.2.7. Install Git ........................................................................................ 13
2.3. Install CMake ............................................................................................. 13
2.3.1. Install and Prepare Sources ................................................................. 14
2.3.2. Open a Visual Studio Command Prompt ............................................... 14
2.3.3. Generate the build files ...................................................................... 15
2.3.4. Build Wireshark ............................................................................... 16
2.3.5. Debug Environment Setup .................................................................. 16
2.3.6. Optional: Create User’s and Developer’s Guide ...................................... 16
2.3.7. Optional: Create a Wireshark Installer .................................................. 16
3. Work with the Wireshark sources ............................................................................. 18
Wireshark Developer’s Guide
iv
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 18
3.2. The Wireshark Git repository ........................................................................ 18
3.2.1. The web interface to the Git repository ................................................. 18
3.3. Obtain the Wireshark sources ........................................................................ 19
3.3.1. Git over SSH or HTTPS .................................................................... 19
3.3.2. Git web interface .............................................................................. 20
3.3.3. Buildbot Snapshots ............................................................................ 21
3.3.4. Released sources ............................................................................... 21
3.4. Update the Wireshark sources ........................................................................ 21
3.4.1. Update Using Git .............................................................................. 21
3.4.2. Update Using Source Archives ............................................................ 22
3.5. Build Wireshark .......................................................................................... 22
3.5.1. Building on Unix .............................................................................. 22
3.5.2. Win32 native ................................................................................... 23
3.6. Run generated Wireshark .............................................................................. 23
3.6.1. Unix/Linux ...................................................................................... 23
3.6.2. Win32 native ................................................................................... 23
3.7. Debug your generated Wireshark ................................................................... 23
3.7.1. Unix/Linux ...................................................................................... 23
3.7.2. Win32 native ................................................................................... 24
3.8. Make changes to the Wireshark sources .......................................................... 24
3.9. Contribute your changes ............................................................................... 24
3.9.1. Some tips for a good patch ................................................................. 25
3.9.2. Code Requirements ........................................................................... 25
3.9.3. Uploading your changes ..................................................................... 26
3.9.4. Backporting a change ........................................................................ 26
3.10. Apply a patch from someone else ................................................................. 27
3.10.1. Using patch .................................................................................... 27
3.11. Binary packaging ....................................................................................... 28
3.11.1. Debian: .deb packages ...................................................................... 28
3.11.2. Red Hat: .rpm packages .................................................................... 28
3.11.3. OS X: .dmg packages ....................................................................... 29
3.11.4. Win32: NSIS .exe installer ................................................................ 29
3.11.5. Win32: PortableApps .paf.exe package ................................................ 29
4. Tool Reference ...................................................................................................... 31
4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 31
4.2. Windows PowerShell ................................................................................... 31
4.3. Chocolatey ................................................................................................. 31
4.4. Windows: Cygwin ....................................................................................... 32
4.4.1. Installing Cygwin using the Cygwin installer ......................................... 32
4.4.2. Add/Update/Remove Cygwin Packages ................................................. 32
4.4.3. Installing Cygwin using Chocolatey ..................................................... 33
4.5. GNU compiler toolchain (UNIX only) ............................................................ 33
4.5.1. gcc (GNU compiler collection) ............................................................ 33
4.5.2. gdb (GNU project debugger) ............................................................... 33
4.5.3. ddd (GNU Data Display Debugger) ...................................................... 34
4.5.4. make (GNU Make) ........................................................................... 34
4.6. Microsoft compiler toolchain (Windows native) ................................................ 34
4.6.1. Toolchain Package Alternatives ........................................................... 35
4.6.2. cl.exe (C Compiler) ........................................................................... 36
4.6.3. link.exe (Linker) ............................................................................... 36
4.6.4. C-Runtime "Redistributable" Files ....................................................... 36
4.6.5. Windows (Platform) SDK .................................................................. 37
4.6.6. HTML Help ..................................................................................... 38
Wireshark Developer’s Guide
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4.6.7. Debugger ......................................................................................... 38
4.7. bash .......................................................................................................... 39
4.7.1. UNIX and Cygwin: GNU bash ............................................................ 39
4.7.2. Windows native: ............................................................................... 39
4.8. Python ....................................................................................................... 39
4.9. Perl ........................................................................................................... 40
4.9.1. UNIX and Cygwin: Perl ..................................................................... 40
4.10. sed .......................................................................................................... 40
4.10.1. UNIX and Cygwin: sed .................................................................... 40
4.10.2. Windows native: sed ........................................................................ 41
4.11. Bison ....................................................................................................... 41
4.11.1. UNIX or Cygwin: bison ................................................................... 41
4.11.2. Windows Native: Win flex-bison and bison .......................................... 41
4.12. Flex ......................................................................................................... 42
4.12.1. UNIX or Cygwin: flex ..................................................................... 42
4.12.2. Windows Native: Win flex-bison and flex ............................................ 42
4.13. Git client .................................................................................................. 42
4.13.1. UNIX or Cygwin: git ....................................................................... 42
4.13.2. Windows native: git ......................................................................... 43
4.14. Git Powershell Extensions (optional) ............................................................. 43
4.15. Git GUI client (optional) ............................................................................. 43
4.16. patch (optional) ......................................................................................... 43
4.16.1. UNIX and Cygwin: patch ................................................................. 43
4.16.2. Windows native: patch ..................................................................... 44
4.17. Windows: NSIS (optional) .......................................................................... 44
4.18. Windows: PortableApps (optional) ................................................................ 44
5. Library Reference .................................................................................................. 45
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 45
5.2. Binary library formats .................................................................................. 45
5.2.1. Unix ............................................................................................... 45
5.2.2. Win32: MSVC ................................................................................. 45
5.2.3. Win32: cygwin gcc ........................................................................... 45
5.3. Win32: Automated library download .............................................................. 45
5.4. Qt ............................................................................................................. 46
5.4.1. Unix ............................................................................................... 46
5.4.2. Win32 MSVC .................................................................................. 46
5.5. GTK+ / GLib / GDK / Pango / ATK / GNU gettext / GNU libiconv ...................... 46
5.5.1. Unix ............................................................................................... 46
5.5.2. Win32 MSVC .................................................................................. 46
5.6. SMI (optional) ............................................................................................ 46
5.6.1. Unix ............................................................................................... 47
5.6.2. Win32 MSVC .................................................................................. 47
5.7. c-ares (optional) .......................................................................................... 47
5.7.1. Unix ............................................................................................... 47
5.7.2. Win32 MSVC .................................................................................. 47
5.8. zlib (optional) ............................................................................................. 47
5.8.1. Unix ............................................................................................... 47
5.8.2. Win32 MSVC .................................................................................. 47
5.9. libpcap/WinPcap (optional) ........................................................................... 47
5.9.1. Unix: libpcap ................................................................................... 47
5.9.2. Win32 MSVC: WinPcap .................................................................... 48
5.10. GnuTLS (optional) ..................................................................................... 48
5.10.1. Unix ............................................................................................. 48
5.10.2. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 48
Wireshark Developer’s Guide
vi
5.11. Gcrypt (optional) ....................................................................................... 48
5.11.1. Unix ............................................................................................. 48
5.11.2. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 48
5.12. Kerberos (optional) .................................................................................... 48
5.12.1. Unix ............................................................................................. 48
5.12.2. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 48
5.13. LUA (optional) .......................................................................................... 48
5.13.1. Unix ............................................................................................. 49
5.13.2. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 49
5.14. PortAudio (optional) ................................................................................... 49
5.14.1. Unix ............................................................................................. 49
5.14.2. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 49
5.15. GeoIP (optional) ........................................................................................ 49
5.15.1. Unix ............................................................................................. 49
5.15.2. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 49
5.16. WinSparkle (optional) ................................................................................. 49
5.16.1. Win32 MSVC ................................................................................. 49
II. Wireshark Development ................................................................................................. 50
6. How Wireshark Works ........................................................................................... 51
6.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 51
6.2. Overview ................................................................................................... 51
6.3. Capturing packets ........................................................................................ 52
6.4. Capture Files .............................................................................................. 52
6.5. Dissect packets ........................................................................................... 52
7. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 53
7.1. Source overview .......................................................................................... 53
7.2. Coding Style .............................................................................................. 53
7.3. The GLib library ......................................................................................... 53
8. Packet capturing .................................................................................................... 54
8.1. How to add a new capture type to libpcap ....................................................... 54
9. Packet dissection ................................................................................................... 55
9.1. How it works .............................................................................................. 55
9.2. Adding a basic dissector ............................................................................... 55
9.2.1. Setting up the dissector ...................................................................... 55
9.2.2. Dissecting the details of the protocol .................................................... 57
9.2.3. Improving the dissection information .................................................... 60
9.3. How to handle transformed data ..................................................................... 62
9.4. How to reassemble split packets ..................................................................... 63
9.4.1. How to reassemble split UDP packets ................................................... 64
9.4.2. How to reassemble split TCP Packets ................................................... 67
9.5. How to tap protocols ................................................................................... 68
9.6. How to produce protocol stats ....................................................................... 69
9.7. How to use conversations ............................................................................. 70
9.8. idl2wrs: Creating dissectors from CORBA IDL files .......................................... 70
9.8.1. What is it? ....................................................................................... 71
9.8.2. Why do this? ................................................................................... 71
9.8.3. How to use idl2wrs ........................................................................... 71
9.8.4. TODO ............................................................................................. 72
9.8.5. Limitations ...................................................................................... 73
9.8.6. Notes .............................................................................................. 73
10. Lua Support in Wireshark ...................................................................................... 74
10.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 74
10.2. Example of Dissector written in Lua ............................................................. 74
10.3. Example of Listener written in Lua ............................................................... 75
Wireshark Developer’s Guide
vii
11. Wireshark’s Lua API Reference Manual ................................................................... 77
11.1. Saving capture files .................................................................................... 77
11.1.1. Dumper ......................................................................................... 77
11.1.2. PseudoHeader ................................................................................. 78
11.2. Obtaining dissection data ............................................................................ 79
11.2.1. Field ............................................................................................. 79
11.2.2. FieldInfo ........................................................................................ 81
11.2.3. Global Functions ............................................................................. 84
11.3. GUI support .............................................................................................. 84
11.3.1. ProgDlg ......................................................................................... 84
11.3.2. TextWindow ................................................................................... 85
11.3.3. Global Functions ............................................................................. 88
11.4. Post-dissection packet analysis ..................................................................... 90
11.4.1. Listener ......................................................................................... 90
11.5. Obtaining packet information ....................................................................... 92
11.5.1. Address ......................................................................................... 92
11.5.2. Column ......................................................................................... 92
11.5.3. Columns ........................................................................................ 93
11.5.4. NSTime ......................................................................................... 94
11.5.5. Pinfo ............................................................................................. 95
11.5.6. PrivateTable ................................................................................... 99
11.6. Functions for new protocols and dissectors ..................................................... 99
11.6.1. Dissector ........................................................................................ 99
11.6.2. DissectorTable .............................................................................. 101
11.6.3. Pref ............................................................................................. 104
11.6.4. Prefs ............................................................................................ 105
11.6.5. Proto ........................................................................................... 106
11.6.6. ProtoExpert .................................................................................. 108
11.6.7. ProtoField .................................................................................... 109
11.6.8. Global Functions ........................................................................... 119
11.7. Adding information to the dissection tree ..................................................... 120
11.7.1. TreeItem ...................................................................................... 120
11.8. Functions for handling packet data .............................................................. 126
11.8.1. ByteArray .................................................................................... 126
11.8.2. Tvb ............................................................................................. 130
11.8.3. TvbRange ..................................................................................... 132
11.9. Custom file format reading/writing .............................................................. 138
11.9.1. CaptureInfo .................................................................................. 138
11.9.2. CaptureInfoConst ........................................................................... 140
11.9.3. File ............................................................................................. 142
11.9.4. FileHandler ................................................................................... 143
11.9.5. FrameInfo .................................................................................... 147
11.9.6. FrameInfoConst ............................................................................. 149
11.9.7. Global Functions ........................................................................... 151
11.10. Directory handling functions .................................................................... 151
11.10.1. Dir ............................................................................................ 151
11.11. Utility Functions .................................................................................... 154
11.11.1. Global Functions .......................................................................... 154
11.12. Handling 64-bit Integers .......................................................................... 157
11.12.1. Int64 .......................................................................................... 157
11.12.2. UInt64 ....................................................................................... 163
11.13. Binary encode/decode support .................................................................. 169
11.13.1. Struct ......................................................................................... 171
11.14. GLib Regular Expressions ........................................................................ 173
Wireshark Developer’s Guide
viii
11.14.1. GRegex ...................................................................................... 173
12. User Interface .................................................................................................... 181
12.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 181
12.2. The Qt Application Framework .................................................................. 181
12.2.1. Source Code Overview ................................................................... 181
12.2.2. Coding Practices and Naming Conventions ......................................... 182
12.2.3. Other Issues .................................................................................. 183
12.3. The GTK library ...................................................................................... 183
12.3.1. GTK Version 2.x ........................................................................... 183
12.3.2. GTK Version 3.x ........................................................................... 184
12.3.3. Compatibility GTK versions ............................................................ 184
12.3.4. GTK resources on the web .............................................................. 184
12.4. GUI Reference documents ......................................................................... 184
12.5. Adding/Extending Dialogs ......................................................................... 185
12.6. Widget naming ........................................................................................ 185
12.7. Common GTK programming pitfalls ........................................................... 185
12.7.1. Usage of gtk_widget_show() / gtk_widget_show_all() .......................... 185
13. This Document’s License (GPL) ........................................................................... 186
ix
Preface
1. Foreword
This book tries to give you a guide to start your own experiments into the wonderful world of Wireshark
development.
Developers who are new to Wireshark often have a hard time getting their development environment up
and running. This is especially true for Win32 developers, as a lot of the tools and methods used when
building Wireshark are much more common in the UNIX world than on Win32.
The first part of this book will describe how to set up the environment needed to develop Wireshark.
The second part of this book will describe how to change the Wireshark source code.
We hope that you find this book useful, and look forward to your comments.
2. Who should read this document?
The intended audience of this book is anyone going into the development of Wireshark.
This book is not intended to explain the usage of Wireshark in general. Please refer the Wireshark User’s
Guide about Wireshark usage.
By reading this book, you will learn how to develop Wireshark. It will hopefully guide you around
some common problems that frequently appear for new (and sometimes even advanced) developers of
Wireshark.
3. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the whole Wireshark team for their assistance. In particular, the authors
would like to thank:
• Gerald Combs, for initiating the Wireshark project.
• Guy Harris, for many helpful hints and his effort in maintaining the various contributions on the mailing
lists.
• Frank Singleton from whose README.idl2wrs Section 9.8, “idl2wrs: Creating dissectors from
CORBA IDL files” is derived.
The authors would also like to thank the following people for their helpful feedback on this document:
• XXX - Please give feedback :-)
And of course a big thank you to the many, many contributors of the Wireshark development community!
4. About this document
This book was developed by Ulf Lamping and updated for VS2013 by Graham Bloice
It is written in AsciiDoc.
Preface
x
You will find some specially marked parts in this book:
This is a warning
You should pay attention to a warning, as otherwise data loss might occur.
This is a note
A note will point you to common mistakes and things that might not be obvious.
This is a tip
Tips will be helpful for your everyday work developing Wireshark.
5. Where to get the latest copy of this
document?
The latest copy of this documentation can always be found at: https://www.wireshark.org/docs/ in A4 PDF,
US letter PDF, single HTML, and chunked HTML.
6. Providing feedback about this document
Should you have any feedback about this document, please send it to the authors through wireshark-
dev[AT]wireshark.org.
Part I. Wireshark Build Environment
Wireshark Build Environment
The first part describes how to set up the tools, libraries and source needed to generate Wireshark and how to do some
typical development tasks.
2
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
This chapter will provide you with information about Wireshark development in general.
1.2. What is Wireshark?
Well, if you want to start Wireshark development, you might already know what Wireshark is doing. If not,
please have a look at the Wireshark User’s Guide, which will provide a lot of general information about it.
1.3. Supported Platforms
Wireshark currently runs on most UNIX platforms and various Windows platforms. It requires Qt, GLib,
libpcap and some other libraries in order to run.
As Wireshark is developed in a platform independent way and uses libraries (such as the Qt GUI library)
which are available for many different platforms, it’s thus available on a wide variety of platforms.
If a binary package is not available for your platform, you should download the source and try to build it.
Please report your experiences to wireshark-dev[AT]wireshark.org.
Binary packages are available for the following platforms along with many others:
1.3.1. Unix
• Apple OS X
• FreeBSD
• HP-UX
• IBM AIX
• NetBSD
• OpenBSD
• Oracle Solaris
1.3.2. Linux
• Debian GNU/Linux
• Ubuntu
• Gentoo Linux
• IBM S/390 Linux (Red Hat)
• Mandrake Linux
• PLD Linux
Introduction
3
• Red Hat Linux
• Rock Linux
• Slackware Linux
• Suse Linux
1.3.3. Microsoft Windows
Wireshark supports Windows natively via the Windows API. Note that in this documentation and
elsewhere we tend to use the terms “Win32”, “Win”, and “Windows” interchangeably to refer to the
Windows API. Wireshark runs on and can be compiled on the following platforms:
• Windows 10 / Windows Server 2016
• Windows 8.1 / Windows Server 2012 R2
• Windows 8 / Windows Server 2012
• Windows 7 / Windows Server 2008 R2
• Windows Vista / Windows Server 2008
Development on Windows XP, Server 2003, and older versions may be possible but is not supported.
1.4. Development and maintenance of
Wireshark
Wireshark was initially developed by Gerald Combs. Ongoing development and maintenance of Wireshark
is handled by the Wireshark core developers, a loose group of individuals who fix bugs and provide new
functionality.
There have also been a large number of people who have contributed protocol dissectors and other
improvements to Wireshark, and it is expected that this will continue. You can find a list of the people
who have contributed code to Wireshark by checking the About dialog box of Wireshark, or have a look
at the https://www.wireshark.org/about.html#authors page on the Wireshark web site.
The communication between the developers is usually done through the developer mailing list, which can
be joined by anyone interested in the development activities. At the time this document was written, more
than 500 persons were subscribed to this mailing list!
It is strongly recommended to join the developer mailing list, if you are going to do any Wireshark
development. See Section 1.7.5, “Mailing Lists” about the different Wireshark mailing lists available.
1.4.1. Programming languages used
Most of Wireshark is implemented in plain ANSI C. A notable exception is the code in ui/qt, which is
written in C++.
The typical task for a new Wireshark developer is to extend an existing, or write a new dissector for a
specific network protocol. As (almost) any dissector is written in plain old ANSI C, a good knowledge
about ANSI C will be sufficient for Wireshark development in almost any case.
Introduction
4
So unless you are going to change the build process of Wireshark itself, you won’t come in touch with any
other programming language than ANSI C (such as Perl or Python, which are used only in the Wireshark
build process).
Beside the usual tools for developing a program in C (compiler, make, …), the build process uses some
additional helper tools (Perl, Python, Sed, …), which are needed for the build process when Wireshark is to
be build and installed from the released source packages. If Wireshark is installed from a binary package,
none of these helper tools are needed on the target system.
1.4.2. Open Source Software
Wireshark is an open source software (OSS) project, and is released under the GNU General Public License
(GPL). You can freely use Wireshark on any number of computers you like, without worrying about license
keys or fees or such. In addition, all source code is freely available under the GPL. Because of that, it is
very easy for people to add new protocols to Wireshark, either as plugins, or built into the source, and
they often do!
You are welcome to modify Wireshark to suit your own needs, and it would be appreciated if you contribute
your improvements back to the Wireshark community.
You gain three benefits by contributing your improvements back to the community:
• Other people who find your contributions useful will appreciate them, and you will know that you have
helped people in the same way that the developers of Wireshark have helped you and other people.
• The developers of Wireshark might improve your changes even more, as there’s always room for
improvement. Or they may implement some advanced things on top of your code, which can be useful
for yourself too.
• The maintainers and developers of Wireshark will maintain your code as well, fixing it when API
changes or other changes are made, and generally keeping it in tune with what is happening with
Wireshark. So if Wireshark is updated (which is done often), you can get a new Wireshark version from
the website and your changes will already be included without any effort for you.
The Wireshark source code and binary packages for some platforms are all available on the download page
of the Wireshark website: https://www.wireshark.org/download.html.
1.5. Releases and distributions
The officially released files can be found at: https://www.wireshark.org/download.html. A new Wireshark
version is released after significant changes compared to the last release are completed or a serious security
issue is encountered. The typical release schedule is about every 4-8 weeks (although this may vary). There
are two kinds of distributions: binary and source; both have their advantages and disadvantages.
1.5.1. Binary distributions
Binary distributions are usually easy to install (as simply starting the appropriate file is usually the only
thing to do). They are available for the following systems:
• Windows (.exe file). The typical Windows end user is used to getting a setup.exe file which will install
all the required things for him.
• Win32 PAF (.paf.exe file). Another Windows end user method is to get a portable application file which
will install all the required things for him.
Introduction
5
• Debian (.deb file). A user of a Debian Package Manager (DPKG) based system obtains a .deb file from
which the package manager checks the dependencies and installs the software.
• Red Hat (.rpm file). A user of a RPM Package Manager (RPM) based system obtains an .rpm file from
which the package manager checks the dependencies and installs the software.
• OS X (.dmg file). The typical OS X end user is used to getting a .dmg file which will install all the
required things for him.
• Solaris. A Solaris user obtains a file from which the package manager (PKG) checks the dependencies
and installs the software.
However, if you want to start developing with Wireshark, the binary distributions won’t be too helpful,
as you need the source files, of course.
For details about how to build these binary distributions yourself, e.g. if you need a distribution for a
special audience, see Section 3.11, “Binary packaging”.
1.5.2. Source code distributions
It’s still common for UNIX developers to give the end user a source tarball and let the user compile it on
their target machine (configure, make, make install). However, for different UNIX (Linux) distributions
it’s becoming more common to release binary packages (e.g. .deb or .rpm files) these days.
You should use the released sources if you want to build Wireshark from source on your platform for
productive use. However, if you going to develop changes to the Wireshark sources, it might be better
to use the latest GIT sources. For details about the different ways to get the Wireshark source code see
Section 3.3, “Obtain the Wireshark sources”.
Before building Wireshark from a source distribution, make sure you have all the tools and libraries
required to build. The following chapters will describe the required tools and libraries in detail.
1.6. Automated Builds (Buildbot)
The Wireshark Buildbot automatically rebuilds Wireshark on every change of the source code repository
and indicates problematic changes. This frees the developers from repeating (and annoying) work, so time
can be spent on more interesting tasks.
1.6.1. Advantages
• Recognizing (cross platform) build problems - early. Compilation problems can be narrowed down to
a few commits, making a fix much easier.
• "Health status" overview of the sources. A quick look at: https://buildbot.wireshark.org/wireshark-
master/ gives a good "feeling" if the sources are currently "well". On the other hand, if all is "red", an
update of a personal source tree might better be done later …
• "Up to date" binary packages are available. After a change was committed to the repository, a binary
package / installer is usually available within a few hours at: https://www.wireshark.org/download/
automated/. This can be quite helpful, e.g. a bug reporter can easily verify a bugfix by installing a recent
build.
• Automated regression tests. In particular, the fuzz tests often indicate "real life" problems that are
otherwise hard to find.
Introduction
6
1.6.2. What does the Buildbot do?
The Buildbot will do the following (to a different degree on the different platforms):
• Check out from the source repository
• Build
• Create binary packages and installers
• Create source packages and run distribution checks
• Run regression tests
Each step is represented at the status page by a rectangle, green if it succeeded or red if it failed. Most
steps provide a link to the corresponding console logfile, to get additional information.
The Buildbot runs on a platform collection that represents the different "platform specialties" quite well:
• Windows 8.1 x86 (Win32, little endian, Visual Studio 2013)
• Windows 7 x86-64 (Win64, little endian, Visual Studio 2013)
• Ubuntu x86-64 (Linux, little endian, gcc, Clang)
• Solaris SPARC (Solaris, big endian, gcc)
• OS X x86 (BSD, little endian, Clang)
• OS X x86-64 (BSD, little endian, Clang)
and two buildslaves that run static code analysis to help spot coding issues:
• Visual Studio Code Analysis (Win64, little endian, VS 2013)
• Clang Code Analysis (Linux, little endian, Clang)
Each platform is represented at the status page by a single column, the most recent entries are at the top.
1.7. Reporting problems and getting help
If you have problems, or need help with Wireshark, there are several places that may be of interest to you
(well, beside this guide of course).
1.7.1. Website
You will find lots of useful information on the Wireshark homepage at https://www.wireshark.org/.
1.7.2. Wiki
The Wireshark Wiki at https://wiki.wireshark.org/ provides a wide range of information related to
Wireshark and packet capturing in general. You will find a lot of information not part of this developer’s
guide. For example, there is an explanation how to capture on a switched network, an ongoing effort to
build a protocol reference and a lot more.
Introduction
7
And best of all, if you would like to contribute your knowledge on a specific topic (maybe a network
protocol you know well), you can edit the Wiki pages by simply using your webbrowser.
1.7.3. FAQ
The "Frequently Asked Questions" will list often asked questions and the corresponding answers.
Before sending any mail to the mailing lists below, be sure to read the FAQ, as it will often answer any
questions you might have. This will save yourself and others a lot of time. Keep in mind that a lot of people
are subscribed to the mailing lists.
You will find the FAQ inside Wireshark by clicking the menu item Help/Contents and selecting the FAQ
page in the upcoming dialog.
An online version is available at the Wireshark website: https://www.wireshark.org/faq.html. You might
prefer this online version as it’s typically more up to date and the HTML format is easier to use.
1.7.4. Other sources
If you don’t find the information you need inside this book, there are various other sources of information:
• The file doc/README.developer and all the other README.xxx files in the source code. These are
various documentation files on different topics
Read the README
README.developer is packed full with all kinds of details relevant to the developer of
Wireshark source code. Its companion file README.dissector advises you around common
pitfalls, shows you basic layout of dissector code, shows details of the APIs available to the
dissector developer, etc.
• The Wireshark source code
• Tool documentation of the various tools used (e.g. manpages of sed, gcc, etc.)
• The different mailing lists. See Section 1.7.5, “Mailing Lists”
1.7.5. Mailing Lists
There are several mailing lists available on specific Wireshark topics:
wireshark-announce This mailing list will inform you about new program releases, which
usually appear about every 4-8 weeks.
wireshark-users This list is for users of Wireshark. People post questions about building
and using Wireshark, others (hopefully) provide answers.
wireshark-dev This list is for Wireshark developers. People post questions about the
development of Wireshark, others (hopefully) provide answers. If you
want to start developing a protocol dissector, join this list.
wireshark-bugs This list is for Wireshark developers. Every time a change to the bug
database occurs, a mail to this mailing list is generated. If you want to be
notified about all the changes to the bug database, join this list. Details
about the bug database can be found in Section 1.7.6, “Bug database
(Bugzilla)”.
Introduction
8
wireshark-commits This list is for Wireshark developers. Every time a change to the GIT
repository is checked in, a mail to this mailing list is generated. If you
want to be notified about all the changes to the GIT repository, join this
list. Details about the GIT repository can be found in Section 3.2, “The
Wireshark Git repository”.
You can subscribe to each of these lists from the Wireshark web site: https://www.wireshark.org/lists/.
From there, you can choose which mailing list you want to subscribe to by clicking on the Subscribe/
Unsubscribe/Options button under the title of the relevant list. The links to the archives are included on
that page as well.
The archives are searchable
You can search in the list archives to see if someone previously asked the same question
and maybe already got an answer. That way you don’t have to wait until someone answers
your question.
1.7.6. Bug database (Bugzilla)
The Wireshark community collects bug reports in a Bugzilla database at https://bugs.wireshark.org/. This
database is filled with manually filed bug reports, usually after some discussion on wireshark-dev, and
automatic bug reports from the Buildbot tools.
1.7.7. Q&A Site
The Wireshark Q and A site at https://ask.wireshark.org/ offers a resource where questions and answers
come together. You have the option to search what questions were asked before and what answers were
given by people who knew about the issue. Answers are graded, so you can pick out the best ones easily.
If your issue isn’t discussed before you can post one yourself.
1.7.8. Reporting Problems
Test with the latest version
Before reporting any problems, please make sure you have installed the latest version of
Wireshark. Reports on older maintenance releases are usually met with an upgrade request.
If you report problems, provide as much information as possible. In general, just think about what you
would need to find that problem, if someone else sends you such a problem report. Also keep in mind that
people compile/run Wireshark on a lot of different platforms.
When reporting problems with Wireshark, it is helpful if you supply the following information:
1. The version number of Wireshark and the dependent libraries linked with it, e.g. Qt, GTK+, etc. You
can obtain this with the command wireshark -v.
2. Information about the platform you run Wireshark on.
3. A detailed description of your problem.
4. If you get an error/warning message, copy the text of that message (and also a few lines before and
after it, if there are some), so others may find the build step where things go wrong. Please don’t give
something like: "I get a warning when compiling x" as this won’t give any direction to look at.
Introduction
9
Don’t send large files
Do not send large files (>100KB) to the mailing lists, just place a note that further data
is available on request. Large files will only annoy a lot of people on the list who are not
interested in your specific problem. If required, you will be asked for further data by the
persons who really can help you.
Don’t send confidential information
If you send captured data to the mailing lists, or add it to your bug report, be sure it doesn’t
contain any sensitive or confidential information, such as passwords. Visibility of such files
can be limited to certain groups in the Bugzilla database though.
1.7.9. Reporting Crashes on UNIX/Linux platforms
When reporting crashes with Wireshark, it is helpful if you supply the traceback information (besides the
information mentioned in Section 1.7.8, “Reporting Problems”).
You can obtain this traceback information with the following commands:
$ gdb `whereis wireshark | cut -f2 -d: | cut -d' ' -f2` core >& bt.txt
backtrace
^D
$
Using GDB
Type the characters in the first line verbatim. Those are back-tics there.
backtrace is a gdb command. You should enter it verbatim after the first line shown
above, but it will not be echoed. The ^D (Control-D, that is, press the Control key and the D
key together) will cause gdb to exit. This will leave you with a file called bt.txt in the current
directory. Include the file with your bug report.
If you do not have gdb available, you will have to check out your operating system’s
debugger.
You should mail the traceback to the wireshark-dev mailing list, or attach it to your bug report.
1.7.10. Reporting Crashes on Windows platforms
You can download Windows debugging symbol files (.pdb) from the following locations:
• 32-bit Windows: https://www.wireshark.org/download/win32/all-versions/
• 64-bit Windows: https://www.wireshark.org/download/win64/all-versions/
Files are named "Wireshark-pdb-winbits-x.y.z.zip" to match their corresponding "Wireshark-winbits-
x.y.z.exe" installer packages.
10
Chapter 2. Quick Setup
2.1. UNIX: Installation
All the tools required are usually installed on a UNIX developer machine.
If a tool is not already installed on your system, you can usually install it using the package in your
distribution: aptitude, yum, Synaptic, etc.
If an install package is not available or you have a reason not to use it (maybe because it’s simply too
old), you can install that tool from source code. The following sections will provide you with the webpage
addresses where you can get these sources.
2.2. Win32/64: Step-by-Step Guide
A quick setup guide for Win32 and Win64 with recommended configuration.
Warning
Unless you know exactly what you are doing, you should strictly follow the recommendations
below. They are known to work and if the build breaks, please re-read this guide carefully.
Known traps are:
1. Not using the correct (x86 or x64) version of the Visual Studio command prompt.
2. Not copying/downloading the correct version of vcredist_xYY.exe.
2.2.1. Install PowerShell
PowerShell 2.0 or later is required for building Wireshark and the NSIS package. Windows 7 and later
include compatible versions. It is also required by Chocolatey.
If you are running Windows Vista and have thus far managed to not install PowerShell 2.0, either directly
or via anything that requires it, you must now install PowerShell 2.0. You can download it from https://
www.microsoft.com/powershell
2.2.2. Optional: Install Chocolatey
Chocolatey is a native package manager for Windows. There are packages for most of the software listed
below. Along with traditional Windows packages it supports Cygwin and the Python Package Index.
2.2.3. Install Microsoft C compiler and SDK
You need to install, in exactly this order:
1. C compiler: Download and install "Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 Community Edition." This is a small
download that then downloads all the other required parts (which are quite large).
Uncheck all the optional components (unless you want to use them for purposes other than Wireshark).
Quick Setup
11
You can use Chocolatey to install Visual Studio:
PS$>choco install VisualStudioCommunity2013
You can use other Microsoft C compiler variants, but VS2013 is used to build the development releases
and is the preferred option. It’s possible to compile Wireshark with a wide range of Microsoft C compiler
variants. For details see Section 4.6, “Microsoft compiler toolchain (Windows native)”.
You may have to do this as Administrator.
Compiling with gcc or Clang is not recommended and will certainly not work (at least not without a lot of
advanced tweaking). For further details on this topic, see Section 4.5, “GNU compiler toolchain (UNIX
only)”. This may change in future as releases of Visual Studio add more cross-platform support.
Why is this recommended? While this is a huge download, Visual Studio 2013 Community Edition is the
only free (as in beer) versions that includes the Visual Studio integrated debugger. Visual Studio 2013 is
also used to create official Wireshark builds, so it will likely have fewer development-related problems.
For VS2010 You will need some extra items:
1. Windows SDK for Windows 7, if you want to build 64-bit binaries for Windows 7: Download and
install "Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7."
In case the install of the SDK fails go to software management and remove the VC++ 2010 runtime
and redist packages (don’t worry, they will be added back via the service pack later). If installation of
the SDK still fails, there may be a permission problem. See here for a solution.
2. C compiler service pack: Download and install "Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1." This
is a very large download.
3. Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Service Pack 1 Compiler Update for the Windows SDK 7.1, if you want to
build 64-bit binaries for Windows 7: Download and install "Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Service Pack
1 Compiler Update for the Windows SDK 7.1."
4. If you will be building 64-bit binaries those items must be installed in that order as installing the
Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1 can, if you’ve installed the Microsoft Windows SDK
for Windows 7, remove the 64-bit compilers, as per http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=2519277 the
Microsoft Knowledge Base article "FIX: Visual C++ compilers are removed when you upgrade Visual
Studio 2010 Professional or Visual Studio 2010 Express to Visual Studio 2010 SP1 if Windows SDK
v7.1 is installed". The release notes for the Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Service Pack 1 Compiler Update
for the Windows SDK 7.1 say that, to ensure that your system has a supported configuration, you
must install the items in the order specified above. If you have Microsoft Update installed, so that the
Windows update process will update software other than components of Windows, and thus will update
Visual Studio, you may need to disable it until after all of the above are installed, to make sure it doesn’t
install Visual Studio 2010 SP1 out of order.
2.2.4. Install Qt
The main Wireshark application uses the Qt windowing toolkit. To install Qt download the Online
Installer from the Qt Project download page and select a component that matches your target system and
compiler. For example, the “msvc2013 64-bit OpenGL” component is used to build the official 64-bit
packages.
Note that separate installations (into different directories) of Qt are required for 32 bit and 64 bit builds.
The environment variable QT5_BASE_DIR should be set as appropriate for your environment and should
point to the Qt directory that contains the bin directory, e.g. C:\Qt\Qt5.5.0\5.5\msvc2013
Quick Setup
12
2.2.5. Install Cygwin
On 32-bit Windows, download the 32-bit Cygwin installer and start it. On 64-bit Windows, download the
64-bit Cygwin installer and start it.
At the "Select Packages" page, you’ll need to select some additional packages which are not installed by
default. Navigate to the required Category/Package row and, if the package has a "Skip" item in the "New"
column, click on the "Skip" item so it shows a version number for:
• Archive/unzip (not needed if using CMake)
• Devel/bison (or install Win flex-bison - see Chocolatey below)
• Devel/flex (or install Win flex-bison - see Chocolatey below)
• Devel/git (recommended - see discussion about using Git below)
• Interpreters/perl
• Utils/patch (only if needed) (may be Devel/patch instead)
• Web/wget (not needed if using CMake)
• Text/asciidoc
• Text/docbook-xml45
You might also have to install
• Interpreters/m4
if installing Devel/bison doesn’t provide a working version of Bison. If m4 is missing bison will fail.
After clicking the Next button several times, the setup will then download and install the selected packages
(this may take a while).
Why is this recommended? Cygwin’s bash version is required, as no native Win32 version is available.
As additional packages can easily be added, Perl and other packages are also used.
Alternatively you can install Cygwin and its packages using Chocolatey:
PS$>choco install cygwin
PS$>choco install cyg-get
PS$>choco install sed asciidoc [...] -source cygwin
Chocolatey installs Cygwin in C:\tools\cygwin by default.
You can use Chocolatey’s Win flex-bison packages rather than the Cygwin Bison and Flex package:
PS$>choco install winflexbison
2.2.6. Install Python
Get the Python 2.7 installer from http://python.org/download/ and install Python into the default location
(C:\Python27).
Why is this recommended? Cygwin’s Python package doesn’t work on some machines, so the Win32
native package is recommended (and it’s faster). Note that Python 3.x isn’t currently supported.
Quick Setup
13
Alternatively you can install Python using Chocolatey:
PS$>choco install python2
Chocolatey installs Python 2 in C:\tools\python2 by default.
2.2.7. Install Git
Please note that the following is not required to build Wireshark but can be quite helpful when working
with the sources.
Working with the Git source repositories is highly recommended, see Section 3.3, “Obtain the Wireshark
sources”. It is much easier to update a personal source tree (local repository) with Git rather than
downloading a zip file and merging new sources into a personal source tree by hand. It also makes first-
time setup easy and enables the Wireshark build process to determine your current source code revision.
There are several ways in which Git can be installed. Most packages are available at the URLs below or
via Chocolatey. Note that many of the GUI interfaces depend on the command line version.
2.2.7.1. The Official Windows Installer
The official command-line installer is available at http://msysgit.github.io/.
2.2.7.2. Git Extensions
Git Extensions is a native Windows graphical Git client for Windows. You can download the installer
from http://code.google.com/p/gitextensions/.
2.2.7.3. TortoiseGit
TortoiseGit is a native Windows graphical Git similar to TortoiseSVN. You can download the installer
from http://code.google.com/p/tortoisegit/.
2.2.7.4. Command Line client via Chocolatey
The command line client can be installed (and updated) using Chocolatey:
PS$> choco install git
2.2.7.5. Others
A list of other GUI interfaces for Git can be found at http://git-scm.com/downloads/guis
2.3. Install CMake
Get the CMake installer from https://cmake.org/download/ and install CMake into the default location.
Ensure the directory containing cmake.exe is added to your path.
Alternatively you can install CMake using Chocolatey:
PS$>choco install cmake.portable
Chocolatey ensures cmake.exe is on your path.
Quick Setup
14
2.3.1. Install and Prepare Sources
Make sure everything works
It’s a good idea to make sure Wireshark compiles and runs at least once before you start
hacking the Wireshark sources for your own project. This example uses Git Extensions but
any other Git client should work as well.
Download sources Download Wireshark sources into C:\Development\wireshark using either the
command line or Git Extensions:
Using the command line:
>cd C:\Development
>git clone https://code.wireshark.org/review/wireshark
Using Git extensions:
1. Open the Git Extensions application. By default Git Extensions will show a validation checklist at
startup. If anything needs to be fixed do so now. You can bring up the checklist at any time via Tools
# Settings.
2. In the main screen select Clone repository. Fill in the following:
Repository to clone: https://code.wireshark.org/review/wireshark
Destination: Your top-level development directory, e.g. C:\Development.
Subdirectory to create: Anything you’d like. Usually wireshark.
Check your paths
Make sure your repository path doesn’t contain spaces.
3. Click the Clone button. Git Extensions should start cloning the Wireshark repository.
2.3.2. Open a Visual Studio Command Prompt
From the Start Menu (or Start Screen), navigate to the Visual Studio 2013 → Visual Studio Tools directory
and choose the Command Prompt appropriate for the build you wish to make, e.g. VS2013 x86 Native
Tools Command Prompt for a 32-bit version, VS2013 x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for a 64-bit
version.
Pin the items to the Task Bar
Pin the Command Prompt you use to the Task Bar for easy access.
All subsequent operations take place in this Command Prompt window.
1. Set environment variables to control the build.
Set the following environment variables, using paths and values suitable for your installation:
> set CYGWIN=nodosfilewarning
> set WIRESHARK_BASE_DIR=C:\Development or set WIRESHARK_LIB_DIR to the appropriate library directory for your build.
> set WIRESHARK_TARGET_PLATFORM=win32 or win64 as required
Quick Setup
15
> set QT5_BASE_DIR=C:\Qt\Qt5.5.0\5.5\msvc2013
> set WIRESHARK_VERSION_EXTRA=-YourExtraVersionInfo
If your Cygwin installation path is not automatically detected by CMake, you can explicitly specify it
with the following environment variable:
> set WIRESHARK_CYGWIN_INSTALL_PATH=c:\cygwin or whatever other path that is applicable to your setup
If you are using a version of Visual Studio earlier than VS2012 then you must set an additional env
var, e.g. for VS2010 set the following:
> set VisualStudioVersion=10.0
Setting these variables could be added to a batch file to be run after you open the Visual Studio Tools
Command Prompt.
2. Create and change to the correct build directory. CMake is best used in an out-of-tree build configuration
where the build is done in a separate directory to the source tree, leaving the source tree in a pristine
state. 32 and 64 bit builds require a separate build directory. Create (if required) and change to the
appropriate build directory.
> mkdir C:\Development\wsbuild32
> cd C:\Development\wsbuild32
to create and jump into the build directory.
The build directory can be deleted at any time and the build files regenerated as detailed in Section 2.3.3,
“Generate the build files”.
2.3.3. Generate the build files
CMake is used to process the CMakeLists.txt files in the source tree and produce build files appropriate
for your system.
You can generate Visual Studio solution files to build either from within Visual Studio, or from the
command line with MSBuild. CMake can also generate other build types but they aren’t supported.
The initial generation step is only required the first time a build directory is created. Subsequent builds
will regenerate the build files as required.
If you’ve closed the Visual Studio Command Prompt prepare it again.
To generate the build files enter the following at the Visual Studio command prompt:
> cmake -DENABLE_CHM_GUIDES=on -G "Visual Studio 12" ..\wireshark
Adjusting the paths as required to Python and the wireshark source tree. To use a different generator modify
the -G parameter, cmake -G lists all the CMake supported generators, but only Visual Studio is supported
for Wireshark builds.
To build an x64 version, the -G parameter must have a Win64 suffix, e.g. -G "Visual Studio 12 Win64"
The CMake generation process will download the required 3rd party libraries (apart from Qt) as required,
then test each library for usability before generating the build files.
At the end of the CMake generation process the following should be displayed:
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
Quick Setup
16
-- Build files have been written to: C:/Development/wsbuild32
If you get any other output, there is an issue in your envirnment that must be rectified before building.
Check the parameters passed to CMake, especially the -G option and the path to the Wireshark sources
and the environment variables WIRESHARK_BASE_DIR, WIRESHARK_TARGET_PLATFORM and
QT5_BASE_DIR.
2.3.4. Build Wireshark
Now it’s time to build Wireshark!
1. If you’ve closed the Visual Studio Command Prompt prepare it again.
2. Run
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo Wireshark.sln
to build Wireshark.
3. Wait for Wireshark to compile. This will take a while, and there will be a lot of text output in the
command prompt window
4. For the QT version run C:\Development\wsbuild32\run\RelWithDebInfo
\Wireshark.exe and make sure it starts.
5. For the older GTK version run C:\Development\wsbuild32\run\RelWithDebInfo
\wireshark-gtk.exe.
6. Open Help # About. If it shows your "private" program version, e.g.: Version 2.1.x-myprotocol123
congratulations! You have compiled your own version of Wireshark!
You may also open the Wireshark solution file (Wireshark.sln) in the Visual Studio IDE and build there.
Tip
If compilation fails for suspicious reasons after you changed some source files try to clean the
build files by running msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo Wireshark.sln /t:Clean
and then building the solution again.
The build files produced by CMake will regenerate themselves if required by changes in the source tree.
2.3.5. Debug Environment Setup
You can debug using the Visual Studio Debugger or WinDbg. See the section on using the Debugger Tools.
2.3.6. Optional: Create User’s and Developer’s Guide
Detailed information to build these guides can be found in the file docbook\README.txt in the Wireshark
sources.
2.3.7. Optional: Create a Wireshark Installer
Note: You should have successfully built Wireshark before doing the following.
If you want to build your own wireshark-win32-2.1.x-myprotocol123.exe, you’ll need NSIS.
Quick Setup
17
1. NSIS: Download and install NSIS
Note that the 32-bit version of NSIS will work for both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Wireshark.
Note: If you do not yet have a copy of vcredist_x86.exe or vcredist_x64.exe in ./wireshark-winXX-libs
(where XX is 32 or 64) you will need to download the appropriate file and place it in ./wireshark-winXX-
libs before starting this step.
If building an x86 version using a Visual Studio "Express" edition or an x64 version with any edition,
then you must have the appropriate vcredist file for your compiler in the support libraries directory
(vcredist_x86.exe in wireshark-32-libs or vcredist_x64.exe in wireshark-win64-libs).
The files can be located in the Visual Studio install directory for non-Express edition builds, or downloaded
from Microsoft for Expresss edition builds.
Note you must use the correct version of vcredist for your compiler, unfortunately they all have the same
name (vcredist_x86.exe or vcredist_x64.exe). You can use Windows Explorer and examine the Properties
>> Details tab for a vcredist file to determine which compiler version the file is for use with.
1. If you’ve closed the Visual Studio Command Prompt prepare it again.
2. Run
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo nsis_package_prep.vcxproj
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo nsis_package.vcxproj
to build a Wireshark installer.
3. Run
> C:\Development\wireshark\packaging\nsis\wireshark-win32-wireshark-major-minor-version:[].x-myprotocol123.exe
to test your new installer. It’s a good idea to test on a different machine than the developer machine.
Note that if you’ve built an x64 version, the installer will be named accordingly.
18
Chapter 3. Work with the Wireshark
sources
3.1. Introduction
This chapter will explain how to work with the Wireshark source code. It will show you how to:
• Get the source
• Compile it on your machine
• Submit changes for inclusion in the official release
This chapter will not explain the source file contents in detail, such as where to find specific functionality.
This is done in Section 7.1, “Source overview”.
3.2. The Wireshark Git repository
Git is used to keep track of the changes made to the Wireshark source code. The code is stored inside
Wireshark project’s Git repository located at a server at the wireshark.org domain.
Changes to the official repository are managed using the Gerrit code review system. Gerrit makes it easy
to test and discuss changes before they are pushed to the main repository. For an overview of Gerrit see
the Quick Introduction.
Why Git? Git is a fast, flexible way of managing source code. It allows large scale distributed
development and ensures data integrity.
Why Gerrit? Gerrit makes it easy to contribute. You can sign in with any OpenID provider and push
your changes. It’s usable from both the web and command line and is integrated with many popular tools.
Git is our third revision control system
Wireshark originally used Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and migrated to Subversion
in July 2004. The Subversion repository was subsequently migrated to Git in January 2014.
Using Wireshark’s Git repository you can:
• Keep your private sources up to date with very little effort
• Get a mail notification when the official source code changes
• Get the source files from any previous release (or any other point in time)
• Have a quick look at the sources using a web interface
• See which person changed a specific piece of code
• and much more
3.2.1. The web interface to the Git repository
If you need a quick look at the Wireshark source code you can browse the most recent file versions in
the master branch using Gitweb:
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https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git;a=tree
You can also view commit logs, branches, tags, and past revisions:
https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git
Like most revision control systems, Git uses branching to manage different copies of the source code and
allow parallel development. Wireshark uses the following branches for official releases:
•master: Main feature development and odd-numbered "feature" releases.
•master-x.y: Stable release maintenance. For example, master-1.10 is used to manage the 1.10.x official
releases.
3.3. Obtain the Wireshark sources
There are several ways to obtain the sources from Wireshark’s Git repository.
Check out from the master branch using Git.
Using Git is much easier than synchronizing your source tree by hand using any of the
snapshot methods mentioned below. Git merges changes into your personal source tree in
a very comfortable and quick way. So you can update your source tree several times a day
without much effort.
Keep your sources up to date
The following ways to retrieve the Wireshark sources are sorted in decreasing source
timeliness. If you plan to commit changes you’ve made to the sources, it’s a good idea to
keep your private source tree as current as possible.
The age mentioned in the following sections indicates the age of the most recent change in that set of
the sources.
3.3.1. Git over SSH or HTTPS
Recommended for development purposes.
Age: a few minutes.
You can use a Git client to download the source code from Wireshark’s code review system. Anyone can
clone from the anonymous git URL:
•https://code.wireshark.org/review/wireshark
If you create a Gerrit account you can clone from an authenticated URL:
• ssh://your.username@code.wireshark.org:29418/wireshark
•https://your.username@code.wireshark.org/review/wireshark
SSH lets you use Gerrit on the command line. HTTP lets you access the repository in environments that
block the Gerrit SSH port (29418). At the time of this writing (early 2014) we recommend that you use
the SSH interface. However, this may change as more tools take advantage of Gerrit’s HTTP REST API.
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20
The following example shows how to get up and running on the command line. See Section 4.13, “Git
client” for information on installing and configuring graphical Git and Gerrit clients.
1. Sign in to https://code.wireshark.org/review using OpenID (click Register or Sign In in the upper right
corner of the web page). Follow the login instructions.
2. In the upper right corner of the web page, click on your account name and select Settings.
3. Under Profile set a username. This will be the username that you use for SSH access. For the steps
below we’ll assume that your username is henry.perry.
4. Select SSH Public Keys and add one or more keys. You will typically upload a key for each computer
that you use.
5. Install git-review. This is an installable package in many Linux distributions. You can also install it as
a Python package. (This step isn’t strictly necessary but it makes working with Gerrit much easier.) To
install it from Chocolatey run
# Make sure "Scripts" is in our path
PS$>$env:path += ";C:\tools\python2\Scripts"
PS$>choco install pip
PS$>choco install git-review -source python
6. Now on to the command line. First, make sure git works:
$ git --version
7. If this is your first time using Git, make sure your username and email address are configured. This is
particularly important if you plan on uploading changes.
$ git config --global user.name "Henry Perry"
$ git config --global user.email henry.perry@example.com
8. Next, clone the Wireshark master:
$ git clone ssh://henry.perry@code.wireshark.org:29418/wireshark
The checkout only has to be done once. This will copy all the sources of the latest version (including
directories) from the server to your machine. This may take some time depending on the speed of your
internet connection.
9. Then set up the git pre-commit hook and the push address:
$ cd wireshark
$ cp tools/pre-commit .git/hooks/
$ git config --add remote.origin.push HEAD:refs/for/master
This will run a few basic checks on commit to make sure that the code does not contain trivial errors.
It will also warn if it is out of sync with its master copy in the tools/ directory. The change in the push
address is necessary: We have an asymmetric process for pulling and pushing because of gerrit.
10.Initialize git-review.
$ git review -s
This prepares your local repository for use with Gerrit, including installing the commit-msg hook
script.
3.3.2. Git web interface
Recommended for informational purposes only, as only individual files can be downloaded.
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Age: a few minutes (same as anonymous Git access).
The entire source tree of the Git repository is available via a web interface at https://code.wireshark.org/
review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git. You can view each revision of a particular file, as well as diffs between
different revisions. You can also download individual files but not entire directories.
3.3.3. Buildbot Snapshots
Recommended for development purposes, if direct Git access isn’t possible (e.g. because of a restrictive
firewall).
Age: some number of minutes (a bit older than the Git access).
The Buildbot server will automatically start to generate a snapshot of Wireshark’s source tree after a
source code change is committed. These snapshots can be found at https://www.wireshark.org/download/
automated/src/.
If Git access isn’t possible, e.g. if the connection to the server isn’t possible because of a corporate firewall,
the sources can be obtained by downloading the Buildbot snapshots. However, if you are going to maintain
your sources in parallel to the "official" sources for some time, it’s recommended to use the anonymous
(or authenticated) Git access if possible (believe it, it will save you a lot of time).
3.3.4. Released sources
Recommended for building pristine packages.
Age: from days to weeks.
The official source releases can be found at https://www.wireshark.org/download.html. You should use
these sources if you want to build Wireshark on your platform for with minimal or no changes, such Linux
distribution packages.
The differences between the released sources and the sources in the Git repository will keep on growing
until the next release is made. (At the release time, the released and latest Git repository versions are
identical again :-).
3.4. Update the Wireshark sources
After you’ve obtained the Wireshark sources for the first time, you might want to keep them in sync with
the sources at the upstream Git repository.
Take a look at the Buildbot first
As development evolves, the Wireshark sources are compilable most of the time — but
not always. You should take a look at https://buildbot.wireshark.org/trunk/waterfall before
fetching or pulling to make sure the builds are in good shape.
3.4.1. Update Using Git
After you clone Wireshark’s Git repository you can update by running
$ git status
$ git pull
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Depending on your preferences and work habits you might want to run git pull --rebase or git
checkout -b my-topic-branch origin/master instead.
Fetching should only take a few seconds, even on a slow internet connection. It will update your local
repository history with changes from the official repository. If you and someone else have changed
the same file since the last update, Git will try to merge the changes into your private file (this works
remarkably well).
3.4.2. Update Using Source Archives
There are several ways to download the Wireshark source code (as described in Section 3.3, “Obtain the
Wireshark sources”), but bringing the changes from the official sources into your personal source tree is
identical.
First of all, you will download the new .tar.bz2 file of the official sources the way you did it the first
time.
If you haven’t changed anything in the sources, you could simply throw away your old sources and reinstall
everything just like the first time. But be sure, that you really haven’t changed anything. It might be a good
idea to simply rename the "old" dir to have it around, just in case you remember later that you really did
change something before.
If you have changed your source tree, you have to merge the official changes since the last update into
your source tree. You will install the content of the .tar.bz2 file into a new directory and use a good
merge tool (e.g. http://winmerge.sourceforge.net/for Win32) to bring your personal source tree in sync
with the official sources again.
This method can be problematic and can be much more difficult and error-prone than using Git.
3.5. Build Wireshark
The sources contain several documentation files. It’s a good idea to read these files first. After obtaining
the sources, tools and libraries, the first place to look at is doc/README.developer. Inside you will find
the latest information for Wireshark development for all supported platforms.
Build Wireshark before changing anything
It is a very good idea to first test your complete build environment (including running and
debugging Wireshark) before making any changes to the source code (unless otherwise
noted).
Building Wireshark for the first time depends on your platform.
3.5.1. Building on Unix
Run the autogen.sh script at the top-level wireshark directory to configure your build directory.
$ ./autogen.sh
$ ./configure
$ make
If you need to build with a non-standard configuration, you can run
$ ./configure --help
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to see what options you have.
3.5.2. Win32 native
Follow the build procedure in Section 2.3.4, “Build Wireshark” to build Wireshark.
After the build process has successfully finished, you should find a Wireshark.exe and some other
files in the run\RelWithDebInfo directory.
3.6. Run generated Wireshark
Tip!
An already installed Wireshark may interfere with your newly generated version in various
ways. If you have any problems getting your Wireshark running the first time, it might be a
good idea to remove the previously installed version first.
3.6.1. Unix/Linux
After a successful build you can run Wireshark right from the build directory. Still the program would need
to know that it’s being run from the build directory and not from its install location. This has an impact on
the directories where the program can find the other parts and relevant data files.
In order to run the Wireshark from the build directory set the environment variable
WIRESHARK_RUN_FROM_BUILD_DIRECTORY and run Wireshark. If your platform is properly setup,
your build directory and current working directory are not in your PATH, so the command line to launch
Wireshark would be:
$ WIRESHARK_RUN_FROM_BUILD_DIRECTORY=1 ./wireshark
There’s no need to run Wireshark as root user, you just won’t be able to capture. When you opt to run
Wireshark this way, your terminal output can be informative when things don’t work as expected.
3.6.2. Win32 native
During the build all relevant program files are collected in a subdirectory run\RelWithDebInfo. You
can run the program from there by launching the Wireshark.exe executable.
The older GTK based version is also available in the same subdirectory. You can run the program from
there by launching the wireshark-gtk.exe executable.
3.7. Debug your generated Wireshark
3.7.1. Unix/Linux
When you want to investigate a problem with Wireshark you want to load the program into your debugger.
But loading wireshark into debugger fails because of the libtool build environment. You’ll have to wrap
loading wireshark into a libtool command:
$ libtool --mode=execute gdb wireshark
If you prefer a graphic debugger you can use the Data Display Debugger (ddd) instead of GNU debugger
(gdb).
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Additional traps can be set on GLib by setting the G_DEBUG environment variable:
$ G_DEBUG=fatal_criticals libtool --mode=execute ddd wireshark
See http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/stable/glib-running.html
3.7.2. Win32 native
You can debug using the Visual Studio Debugger or WinDbg. See the section on using the Debugger Tools.
3.8. Make changes to the Wireshark sources
As the Wireshark developers are working on many different platforms, a lot of editors are used to develop
Wireshark (emacs, vi, Microsoft Visual Studio and many, many others). There’s no "standard" or "default"
development environment.
There are several reasons why you might want to change the Wireshark sources:
• Add support for a new protocol (a new dissector)
• Change or extend an existing dissector
• Fix a bug
• Implement a glorious new feature
The internal structure of the Wireshark sources will be described in Part II, “Wireshark Development”.
Ask the wireshark-dev mailing list before you start a new
development task.
If you have an idea what you want to add or change it’s a good idea to contact the developer
mailing list (see Section 1.7.5, “Mailing Lists”) and explain your idea. Someone else might
already be working on the same topic, so a duplicated effort can be reduced. Someone might
also give you tips that should be thought about (like side effects that are sometimes very
hard to see).
3.9. Contribute your changes
If you have finished changing the Wireshark sources to suit your needs, you might want to contribute
your changes back to the Wireshark community. You gain the following benefits by contributing your
improvements:
•It’s the right thing to do. Other people who find your contributions useful will appreciate them, and
you will know that you have helped people in the same way that the developers of Wireshark have
helped you.
•You get free enhancements. By making your code public, other developers have a chance to make
improvements, as there’s always room for improvements. In addition someone may implement advanced
features on top of your code, which can be useful for yourself too.
•You save time and effort. The maintainers and developers of Wireshark will maintain your code as well,
updating it when API changes or other changes are made, and generally keeping it in tune with what
is happening with Wireshark. So if Wireshark is updated (which is done often), you can get a new
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Wireshark version from the website and your changes will already be included without any effort for
you.
There’s no direct way to push changes to the Git repository. Only a few people are authorised to actually
make changes to the source code (check-in changed files). If you want to submit your changes, you should
upload them to the code review system at https://code.wireshark.org/review. This requires you to set up
git as described at Section 3.3.1, “Git over SSH or HTTPS”.
3.9.1. Some tips for a good patch
Some tips that will make the merging of your changes into Git much more likely (and you want exactly
that, don’t you?):
•Use the latest Git sources. It’s a good idea to work with the same sources that are used by the other
developers. This usually makes it much easier to apply your patch. For information about the different
ways to get the sources, see Section 3.3, “Obtain the Wireshark sources”.
•Update your sources just before making a patch. For the same reasons as the previous point.
•Inspect your patch carefully. Run git diff and make sure you aren’t adding, removing, or omitting
anything you shouldn’t.
•Find a good descriptive topic name for your patch. Short, specific names are preferred. snowcone-
machine-protocol is good, your name or your company name isn’t.
•Don’t put unrelated things into one large patch. A few smaller patches are usually easier to apply (but
also don’t put every changed line into a separate patch.
In general, making it easier to understand and apply your patch by one of the maintainers will make it
much more likely (and faster) that it will actually be applied.
Please remember
Wireshark is a volunteer effort. You aren’t paying to have your code reviewed and integrated.
3.9.2. Code Requirements
The core maintainers have done a lot of work fixing bugs and making code compile on the various platforms
Wireshark supports.
To ensure Wireshark’s source code quality, and to reduce the workload of the core maintainers, there are
some things you should think about before submitting a patch.
Pay attention to the coding guidelines
Ignoring the code requirements will make it very likely that your patch will be rejected.
•Follow the Wireshark source code style guide. Just because something compiles on your platform, that
doesn’t mean it’ll compile on all of the other platforms for which Wireshark is built. Wireshark runs on
many platforms, and can be compiled with a number of different compilers. See Section 7.2, “Coding
Style”for details.
•Submit dissectors as built-in whenever possible. Developing a new dissector as a plugin is a good idea
because compiling and testing is quicker, but it’s best to convert dissectors to the built-in style before
submitting for check in. This reduces the number of files that must be installed with Wireshark and
ensures your dissector will be available on all platforms.
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This is no hard-and-fast rule though. Many dissectors are straightforward so they can easily be put into
"the big pile", while some are ASN.1 based which takes a different approach, and some multiple source
file dissectors are more suitable to be placed separately as plugins.
•Verify that your dissector code does not use prohibited or deprecated APIs. This can be done as follows:
$ perl <wireshark_root>/tools/checkAPIs.pl <source filename(s)>
•Fuzz test your changes! Fuzz testing is a very effective way to automatically find a lot of dissector
related bugs. You’ll take a capture file containing packets affecting your dissector and the fuzz test will
randomly change bytes in this file, so that unusual code paths in your dissector are checked. There are
tools available to automatically do this on any number of input files, see: https://wiki.wireshark.org/
FuzzTesting for details.
3.9.3. Uploading your changes
When you’re satisfied with your changes (and obtained any necessary approval from your organization)
you can upload them for review at https://code.wireshark.org/review. This requires a Gerrit Code Review
account as described at Section 3.2, “The Wireshark Git repository”.
Changes should be pushed to a magical "refs/for" branch in Gerrit. For example, to upload your new
Snowcone Machine Protocol dissector you could push to refs/for/master with the topic "snowcone-
machine":
$ git push ssh://my.username@code.wireshark.org:29418/wireshark HEAD:refs/for/master/snowcone-machine
The username my.username is the one which was given during registration with the review system.
If you have git-review installed you can upload the change with a lot less typing:
# Note: The "-f" flag deletes your current branch.
$ git review -f
You can push using any Git client. Many clients have support for Gerrit, either built in or via an additional
module.
You might get one of the following responses to your patch request:
• Your patch is checked into the repository. Congratulations!
• You are asked to provide additional information, capture files, or other material. If you haven’t fuzzed
your code, you may be asked to do so.
• Your patch is rejected. You should get a response with the reason for rejection. Common reasons include
not following the style guide, buggy or insecure code, and code that won’t compile on other platforms.
In each case you’ll have to fix each problem and upload another patch.
• You don’t get any response to your patch. Possible reason: All the core developers are busy (e.g., with
their day jobs or family or other commitments) and haven’t had time to look at your patch. Don’t worry,
if your patch is in the review system it won’t get lost.
If you’re concerned, feel free to add a comment to the patch or send an email to the developer’s list asking
for status. But please be patient: most if not all of us do this in our spare time.
3.9.4. Backporting a change
When a bug is fixed in the master branch it might be desirable or necessary to backport the fix to a stable
branch. You can do this in Git by cherry-picking the change from one branch to another. Suppose you
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want to backport change 1ab2c3d4 from the master branch to master-1.10. Using "pure Git" commands
you would do the following:
# Create a new topic branch for the backport.
$ git checkout -b backport-g1ab2c3d4 origin/master-1.10
# Cherry-pick the change. Include a "cherry picked from..." line.
$ git cherry-pick -x 1ab2c3d4
# If there are conflicts, fix them.
# Compile and test the change.
$ make
$ ...
# OPTIONAL: Add entries to docbook/release-notes.asciidoc.
$ $EDITOR docbook/release-notes.asciidoc
# If you made any changes, update your commit:
$ git commit --amend -a
# Upload the change to Gerrit
$ git push ssh://my.username@code.wireshark.org:29418/wireshark HEAD:refs/for/master-1.10/backport-g1ab2c3d4
If you want to cherry-pick a Gerrit change ID (e.g. I5e6f7890) you can use git review -X
I5e6f7890 instead of git cherry-pick and git review instead of git push as described
in the previous chapter.
3.10. Apply a patch from someone else
Sometimes you need to apply a patch to your private source tree. Maybe because you want to try a patch
from someone on the developer mailing list, or you want to check your own patch before submitting.
Beware line endings
If you have problems applying a patch, make sure the line endings (CR/LF) of the patch and
your source files match.
3.10.1. Using patch
Given the file new.diff containing a unified diff, the right way to call the patch tool depends on what the
pathnames in new.diff look like. If they’re relative to the top-level source directory (for example, if a patch
to prefs.c just has prefs.c as the file name) you’d run it as:
$ patch -p0 < new.diff
If they’re relative to a higher-level directory, you’d replace 0 with the number of higher-level directories
in the path, e.g. if the names are wireshark.orig/prefs.c and wireshark.mine/prefs.c, you’d run it with:
$ patch -p1 < new.diff
If they’re relative to a subdirectory of the top-level directory, you’d run patch in that directory and run
it with -p0.
If you run it without -pat all, the patch tool flattens path names, so that if you have a patch file with patches
to Makefile.am and wiretap/Makefile.am, it’ll try to apply the first patch to the top-level Makefile.am and
then apply the wiretap/Makefile.am patch to the top-level Makefile.am as well.
At which position in the filesystem should the patch tool be called?
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If the pathnames are relative to the top-level source directory, or to a directory above that directory, you’d
run it in the top-level source directory.
If they’re relative to a subdirectory — for example, if somebody did a patch to packet-ip.c and ran diff
or git diff in the epan/dissectors directory — you’d run it in that subdirectory. It is preferred that
people not submit patches like that, especially if they’re only patching files that exist in multiple directories
such as Makefile.am.
3.11. Binary packaging
Delivering binary packages makes it much easier for the end-users to install Wireshark on their target
system. This section will explain how the binary packages are made.
3.11.1. Debian: .deb packages
The Debian Package is built using dpkg-buildpackage, based on information found in the source tree under
debian. See http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/336for a more in-depth discussion of the build
process.
In the wireshark directory, type:
$ dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc
to build the Debian Package.
3.11.2. Red Hat: .rpm packages
The RPM is built using rpmbuild (http://www.rpm.org/), which comes as standard on many flavours of
Linux, including Red Hat and Fedora. The process creates a clean build environment in packaging/rpm/
BUILD every time the RPM is built. The settings controlling the build are in packaging/rpm/SPECS/
wireshark.spec.in. After editing the settings in this file, ./configure must be run again in the wireshark
directory to generate the actual specification script.
Careful with that configure setting
The SPEC file contains settings for the configure used to set the RPM build environment.
These are mostly independent of any settings passed to the usual Wireshark ./configure.
The exceptions to this rule are:
• The prefix given to configure --prefix is passed to rpmbuild.
• The selection of the GUI (Qt, Gtk+, or both) is passed to rpmbuild.
• The selection of whether to include Lua support is passed to rpmbuild.
In the wireshark directory, type:
$ make rpm-package
to build the RPM and source RPM. Once it is done, there will be a message stating where the built RPM
can be found.
This might take a while
Because this does a clean build as well as constructing the package this can take quite a long
time. Suggestion: add the following to your ~/.rpmmacros file to allow parallel builds:
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29
%_smp_mflags -j %(grep -c processor /proc/cpuinfo)
Build requirements differ from run requirements
Building the RPM requires building a source distribution which itself requires the Qt
development tools uic and moc. These can usually be obtained by installing the qt-devel
package.
3.11.3. OS X: .dmg packages
The OS X Package is built using OS X packaging tools, based on information found in the source tree
under packaging/macosx.
In the wireshark directory, type:
$ make osx-package
to build the OS X Package.
3.11.4. Win32: NSIS .exe installer
The Nullsoft Install System is a free installer generator for Win32 based systems; instructions how to
install it can be found in Section 4.17, “Windows: NSIS (optional)”. NSIS is script based, you will find
the Wireshark installer generation script at: packaging/nsis/wireshark.nsi.
When building with CMake you must first build the nsis_package_prep target, followed by the
nsis_package target, e.g.
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo nsis_package_prep.vcxproj
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo nsis_package.vcxproj
Splitting the packaging projects in this way allows for code signing.
This might take a while
Please be patient while the package is compressed. It might take some time, even on fast
machines.
If everything went well, you will now find something like: wireshark-setup-2.1.0.exe in the packaging/
nsis directory in the source tree.
3.11.5. Win32: PortableApps .paf.exe package
PortableApps.com is an environment that lets users run popular applications from portable media such as
flash drives and cloud drive services.
Install the PortableApps.com Platform. Install for ``all users``, which will place it in C:
\PortableApps. Add the following apps:
• NSIS Portable (Unicode)
• PortableApps.com Installer
• PortableApps.com Launcher
• PortableApps.com AppCompactor
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When building with CMake you must first build the nsis_package_prep target (which takes care of general
packaging dependencies), followed by the portableapps_package target, e.g.
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo nsis_package_prep.vcxproj
> msbuild /m /p:Configuration=RelWithDebInfo portableapps_package.vcxproj
This might take a while
Please be patient while the package is compressed. It might take some time, even on fast
machines.
If everything went well, you will now find something like: WiresharkPortable_2.1.paf.exe in the
packaging/portableapps directory.
31
Chapter 4. Tool Reference
4.1. Introduction
This chapter will provide you with information about the various tools needed for Wireshark development.
None of the tools mentioned in this chapter are needed to run Wireshark; they are only needed to build it.
Most of these tools have their roots on UNIX like platforms, but Windows ports are also available.
Therefore the tools are available in different "flavours":
• UNIX (or Windows Cygwin): the tools should be commonly available on the supported UNIX
platforms, and for Windows platforms by using the Cygwin UNIX emulation
• Windows native: some tools are available as native Windows tools, no special emulation is required.
Many of these tools can be installed (and updated) using Chocolatey, a Windows package manager
similar to the Linux package managers apt-get or yum.
Follow the directions
Unless you know exactly what you are doing, you should strictly follow the recommendations
given in Chapter 2, Quick Setup.
The following sections give a very brief description of what a particular tool is doing, how it is used in the
Wireshark project and how it can be installed and tested.
Documentation for these tools is outside the scope of this document. If you need further information on
using a specific tool you should find lots of useful information on the web, as these tools are commonly
used. You can also get help for the UNIX based tools with toolname --help or the man page via
man toolname.
You will find explanations of the tool usage for some of the specific development tasks in Chapter 3, Work
with the Wireshark sources.
4.2. Windows PowerShell
PowerShell 2.0 or later is required for building Wireshark and the NSIS package. Windows 7 and later
include compatible versions.
If you are running Windows Vista and have thus far managed to not install PowerShell 2.0, either directly
or via anything that requires it, you must now install PowerShell 2.0. You can download it from https://
www.microsoft.com/powershell
4.3. Chocolatey
Chocolatey is a Windows package manager that can be used to install (and update) many of the packages
required for Wireshark development. Chocolatey can be obtained from the website or from a DOS
command prompt:
C:\>@powershell -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy unrestricted -Command "iex ((new-object net.webclient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))" && SET PATH=%PATH%;%ALLUSERSPROFILE%\chocolatey\bin
or a Powershell prompt:
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PS:\>iex ((new-object net.webclient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))
4.4. Windows: Cygwin
Cygwin provides a lot of UNIX based tools on the Windows platform. It uses a UNIX emulation layer
which might be a bit slower compared to the native Windows tools, but at an acceptable level. The
installation and update is pretty easy and done through a single utility, setup-x86.exe for 32-bit Windows
and setup-x86_64.exe for 64-bit Windows.
The native Windows tools will typically be a bit faster but more complicated to install, as you would have
to download the tools from different web sites and install and configure them individually.
You must have Cygwin installed
As there’s no Windows native bash version available, at least a basic installation of Cygwin
is required in any case. This may change in the future as packaging systems such as NuGet
and Chocolatey mature.
Although Cygwin consists of several separate packages, the installation and update is done through a single
utility, setup-x86.exe or setup-x86_64.exe, which acts similarly to other web based installers. Alternatively
you can install Cygwin and its packages using Chocolatey.
4.4.1. Installing Cygwin using the Cygwin installer
You will find setup-x86.exe, for 32-bit systems, and setup-x86_64.exe, for 64-bit systems, at http://
www.cygwin.com/install.html. Click on the link for the appropriate setup utility to download it. After the
download completes, run it.
All tools will be installed into one base folder. The default is C:\cygwin.
The setup utility will ask you for some settings. The defaults should usually work well, at least initially.
If, at the "Choose A Download Source" page, you use the default "Install from Internet" setting, you will
need to choose a download site at the "Choose A Download Site" page. See the list of mirror sites at http:
//cygwin.com/mirrors.html to choose a download site appropriate to your location.
At the "Select Packages" page, you’ll need to select some additional packages, which are not installed by
default. Navigate to the required Category/Package row and click on the "Skip" item in the "New" column
so it shows a version number for the required package.
After clicking the Next button several times the setup will then download and install the selected packages
(this may take a while, depending on the package size).
Under: Start#Programs#Cygwin#Cygwin Bash Shell you should now be able to start a new Cygwin bash
shell, which is similar to the standard Windows command line interpreters (command.com / cmd.exe) but
much more powerful.
4.4.2. Add/Update/Remove Cygwin Packages
If you want to add, update, or remove packages later you can do so by running the setup utility again.
At the "Select Packages" page, the entry in the "New" column will control what is done (or not) with the
package. If a new version of a package is available, the new version number will be displayed, so it will be
automatically updated. You can change the current setting by simply clicking at it, it will change between:
•A specific version number. This specific package version will be installed.
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•Skip. Not installed, no changes.
•Keep. Already installed, no changes.
•Uninstall. Uninstall this package.
•Reinstall. Reinstall this package.
4.4.3. Installing Cygwin using Chocolatey
Chocolatey supports Cygwin as an external package source. To install Cygwin itself run
PS$>choco install cygwin
# You might also need to install cyg-get:
PS$>choco install cyg-get
Chocolatey installs Cygwin in C:\tools\cygwin by default.
One or more Cygwin packages can be installed using "-source cygwin":
PS$>choco install sed asciidoc -source cygwin
4.5. GNU compiler toolchain (UNIX only)
4.5.1. gcc (GNU compiler collection)
The GCC C compiler is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms.
If GCC isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at: http://
gcc.gnu.org/.
After correct installation, typing at the bash command line prompt:
$ gcc --version
should result in something like
gcc (Ubuntu 4.9.1-16ubuntu6) 4.9.1
Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Your version string may vary, of course.
4.5.2. gdb (GNU project debugger)
GDB is the debugger for the GCC compiler. It is available for many (if not all) UNIX-like platforms.
If you don’t like debugging using the command line there are some GUI frontends for it available, most
notably GNU DDD.
If gdb isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at: http://
www.gnu.org/software/gdb/gdb.html.
After correct installation:
$ gdb --version
should result in something like:
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GNU gdb (Ubuntu 7.8-1ubuntu4) 7.8.0.20141001-cvs
Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux-gnu".
Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
For help, type "help".
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word".
Your version string may vary, of course.
4.5.3. ddd (GNU Data Display Debugger)
The GNU Data Display Debugger is a good GUI frontend for GDB (and a lot of other command line
debuggers), so you have to install GDB first. It is available for many UNIX-like platforms.
If GNU DDD isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at: http:
//www.gnu.org/software/ddd/.
4.5.4. make (GNU Make)
Note
GNU Make is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms.
If GNU Make isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at: http:
//www.gnu.org/software/make/.
After correct installation:
$ make --version
should result in something like:
GNU Make 4.0
Built for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Copyright (C) 1988-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Licence GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Your version string may vary, of course.
4.6. Microsoft compiler toolchain (Windows
native)
To compile Wireshark on Windows using the Microsoft C/C++ compiler, you’ll need:
1. C compiler (cl.exe)
2. Assembler (ml.exe for 32-bit targets and ml64.exe for 64-bit targets)
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3. Linker (link.exe)
4. C runtime headers and libraries (e.g. stdio.h, msvcrt.lib)
5. Windows platform headers and libraries (e.g. windows.h, WSock32.lib)
6. HTML help headers and libraries (htmlhelp.h, htmlhelp.lib)
4.6.1. Toolchain Package Alternatives
The Wireshark 2.0.x releases are compiled using Microsoft Visual C++ 2013. The official Wireshark
1.12.x and 1.10.x releases are compiled using Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 SP1. The official 1.8 releases
were compiled using Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 SP1 as well. The official 1.6, 1.4, and 1.2 releases
were compiled using Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 SP1. Other past releases, including the 1.0 branch, were
compiled using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0.
Using the release compilers is recommended for Wireshark development work.
The older "Express Edition" compilers such as Visual C++ 2010 Express Edition SP1 can be used but
any PortableApps packages you create with them will require the installation of a separate Visual C
++ Redistributable package on any machine on which the PortableApps package is to be used. See
Section 4.6.4, “C-Runtime "Redistributable" Files” below for more details.
However, you might already have a different Microsoft C++ compiler installed. It should be possible to
use any of the following with the considerations listed:
Visual C++ 2013 Community Edition
IDE + Debugger? Yes
Purchase required? Free Download
SDK required for 64-bit builds? No
CMake Generator: Visual Studio 12
Visual C++ 2010 Express Edition
IDE + Debugger? Yes
Purchase required? Free Download
SDK required for 64-bit builds? Yes.
CMake Generator: Visual Studio 10
Remarks Installers created using express editions require a C++ redistributable vcredist_x86.exe
(3MB free download) is required to build Wireshark-win32-2.1.x.exe, and
vcredist_x64.exe is required to build Wireshark-win64-2.1.x.exe. The version of
vcredist_x86.exe or vcredist_x64.exe must match the version for your compiler including
any service packs installed for the compiler.]
Visual Studio 2010
IDE + Debugger? Yes
Purchase required? Yes
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SDK required for 64-bit builds? No
CMake Generator: Visual Studio 10
Remarks Building a 64-bit installer requires a a C++ redistributable
(vcredist_x86.exe).footnoteref[vcredist]
You can use Chocolatey to install Visual Studio, e.g:
PS:\> choco install VisualStudioCommunity2013
4.6.2. cl.exe (C Compiler)
The following table gives an overview of the possible Microsoft toolchain variants and their specific C
compiler versions ordered by release date.
Compiler Package cl.exe _MSC_VER CRT DLL
Visual Studio 2013 12.0 1800 msvcr120.dll
Visual Studio 2010 10.0 1600 msvcr100.dll
After correct installation of the toolchain, typing at the Visual Studio Command line prompt (cmd.exe):
> cl
should result in something like:
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 18.00.31101 for x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
usage: cl [ option... ] filename... [ /link linkoption...
However, the version string may vary.
Documentation on the compiler can be found at Microsoft MSDN
4.6.3. link.exe (Linker)
After correct installation, typing at the Visual Studio Command line prompt (cmd.exe):
> link
should result in something like:
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 12.00.31101.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
usage: LINK [options] [files] [@commandfile]
...
However, the version string may vary.
Documentation on the linker can be found at Microsoft MSDN
4.6.4. C-Runtime "Redistributable" Files
Please note: The following is not legal advice - ask your preferred lawyer instead. It’s the authors view
and this view might be wrong.
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Depending on the Microsoft compiler version you use, some binary files coming from Microsoft might
be required to be installed on Windows machine to run Wireshark. On a developer machine, the compiler
setup installs these files so they are available - but they might not be available on a user machine!
This is especially true for the C runtime DLL (msvcr*.dll), which contains the implementation of ANSI
and alike functions, e.g.: fopen(), malloc(). The DLL is named like: msvcr’version'.dll, an abbreviation for
"MicroSoft Visual C Runtime". For Wireshark to work, this DLL must be available on the users machine.
Starting with MSVC7, it is necessary to ship the C runtime DLL (msvcr’version'.dll) together with the
application installer somehow, as that DLL is possibly not available on the target system.
Make sure you’re allowed to distribute this file
The files to redistribute must be mentioned in the redist.txt file of the compiler package.
Otherwise it can’t be legally redistributed by third parties like us.
The following MSDN link is recommended for the interested reader:
•Redistributing Visual C++ Files
In all cases where vcredist_x86.exe or vcredist_x64.exe is downloaded it should be downloaded to the
directory into which the support libraries for Wireshark have been downloaded and installed. This directory
is specified by the WIRESHARK_BASE_DIR or WIRESHARK_LIB_DIR environment variables. It need
not, and should not, be run after being downloaded.
4.6.4.1. msvcr120.dll / vcredist_x86.exe / vcredist_x64.exe - Version
12.0 (2013)
There are three redistribution methods that MSDN mentions for MSVC 2013 (see: "Choosing a
Deployment Method"):
1. Using Visual C++ Redistributable Package. The Microsoft libraries are installed by copying
vcredist_x64.exe or vcredist_x86.exe to the target machine and executing it on that machine (MSDN
recommends this for applications built with Visual Studio 2013)
2. Using Visual C++ Redistributable Merge Modules. (Loadable modules for building msi installers. Not
suitable for Wireshark’s NSIS based installer)
3. Install a particular Visual C++ assembly as a private assembly for the application. The Microsoft
libraries are installed by copying the folder content of Microsoft.VC120.CRT to the target directory
(e.g. C:\Program Files\Wireshark)
To save installer size, and to make a portable version of Wireshark (which must be completely self-
contained, on a medium such as a flash drive, and not require that an installer be run to install anything
on the target machine) possible, when building 32-bit Wireshark with MSVC2013, method 3 (copying the
content of Microsoft.VC120.CRT) is used (this produces the smallest package).
4.6.5. Windows (Platform) SDK
The Windows Platform SDK (PSDK) or Windows SDK is a free (as in beer) download and contains
platform specific headers and libraries (e.g. windows.h, WSock32.lib, etc.). As new Windows features
evolve in time, updated SDK’s become available that include new and updated APIs.
When you purchase a commercial Visual Studio or use the Community Edition, it will include an SDK. The
free Express (as in beer) downloadable C compiler versions (VC++ 2012 Express, VC++ 2012 Express,
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etc.) do not contain an SDK — you’ll need to download a PSDK in order to have the required C header
files and libraries.
Older versions of the SDK should also work. However, the command to set the environment settings will
be different, try search for SetEnv.* in the SDK directory.
4.6.6. HTML Help
HTML Help is used to create the User’s and Developer’s Guide in .chm format and to show the User’s
Guide as the Wireshark "Online Help".
Both features are currently optional, and might be removed in future versions.
4.6.6.1. HTML Help Compiler (hhc.exe)
This compiler is used to generate a .chm file from a bunch of HTML files — in our case to generate the
User’s and Developer’s Guide in .chm format.
The compiler is only available as the free (as in beer) "HTML Help Workshop" download. If you want to
compile the guides yourself, you need to download and install this. If you don’t install it into the default
directory, you may also have a look at the HHC_DIR setting in the file docbook/Makefile.
4.6.6.2. HTML Help Build Files (htmlhelp.c / htmlhelp.lib)
The files htmlhelp.c and htmlhelp.lib are required to be able to open .chm files from Wireshark and show
the online help. Both files are part of the SDK (standalone (P)SDK or MSVC since 2002).
4.6.7. Debugger
Using a good debugger can save you a lot of development time.
The debugger you use must match the C compiler Wireshark was compiled with, otherwise the debugger
will simply fail or you will only see a lot of garbage.
4.6.7.1. Visual Studio integrated debugger
You can use the integrated debugger of Visual Studio if your toolchain includes it. Open the solution in
your build directory and build and debug as normal with a Visual Studio solution.
The normal build is an optimised release version so debugging can be a bit difficult as variables are
optimised out into registers and the execution order of statements can jump around.
If you require a non-optimised version, then build using a debug configuration.
4.6.7.2. Debugging Tools for Windows
You can also use the Microsoft Debugging Tools for Windows toolkit, which is a standalone GUI
debugger. Although it’s not that comfortable compared to debugging with the Visual Studio integrated
debugger it can be helpful if you have to debug on a machine where an integrated debugger is not available.
You can get it free of charge from Microsoft in several ways, see the Debugging tools for Windows page.
You can also use Chocolatey to install WinDbg:
PS:\> choco install windbg
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To debug Wireshark using WinDbg, open the built copy of Wireshark using the File → Open Executable…
menu, i.e. C:\Development\wsbuild32\run\RelWithDebInfo\Wireshark.exe. To set a breakpoint open the
required source file using the File → Open Source File… menu and then click on the required line and
press F9. To run the program, press F5.
If you require a non-optimised version, then build using a debug configuration, e.g. msbuild /m /
p:Configuration=Debug Wireshark.sln. The build products will be found in C:\Development
\wsbuild32\run\RelWithDebInfo\.
4.7. bash
The bash shell is needed to run several shell scripts.
4.7.1. UNIX and Cygwin: GNU bash
The bash shell is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms and as the bash package from the Cygwin
setup.
If bash isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.gnu.org/software/bash/bash.html.
After correct installation, typing at the bash command line prompt:
$ bash --version
should result in something like:
GNU bash, version 3.1.17(6)-release (i686-pc-cygwin)
Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
However, the version string may vary.
4.7.2. Windows native:
This section not yet written
4.8. Python
Python is an interpreted programming language. The homepage of the Python project is http://python.org/.
It is used to generate some source files. Python 2.5 or later (including Python 3) should work fine but
Python 2.7 is recommended.
Python is either included or available as a package on most UNIX-like platforms. Windows packages and
source are available at http://python.org/download/. The Cygwin Python package is not recommended
since /usr/bin/python is a symbolic link, which causes confusion outside Cygwin.
You can also use Chocolatey to install Python:
PS:\> choco install Python2
Chocolatey installs Python 2 into C:\tools\python2 by default. You can verify your Python version by
running
$ python --version
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on UNIX and Linux and
rem Official package
C:> cd python27
C:Python27> python --version
rem Chocolatey
C:> cd \tools\python2
C:\tools\python2> python --version
on Windows. You should see something like
Python 2.7.9
Your version string may vary of course.
4.9. Perl
Perl is an interpreted programming language. The homepage of the Perl project is http://www.perl.com.
Perl is used to convert various text files into usable source code. Perl version 5.6 and above should work
fine.
4.9.1. UNIX and Cygwin: Perl
Perl is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms and as the perl package from the Cygwin setup.
If perl isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.perl.com/.
After correct installation, typing at the bash command line prompt:
$ perl --version
should result in something like:
This is perl, v5.8.7 built for cygwin-thread-multi-64int
(with 1 registered patch, see perl -V for more detail)
Copyright 1987-2005, Larry Wall
Perl may be copied only under the terms of either the Artistic License or the
GNU General Public License, which may be found in the Perl 5 source kit.
Complete documentation for Perl, including FAQ lists, should be found on
this system using `man perl' or `perldoc perl'. If you have access to the
Internet, point your browser at http://www.perl.com/, the Perl Home Page.
However, the version string may vary.
4.10. sed
Sed it the streaming editor. It makes it easy for example to replace text inside a source code file. The
Wireshark build process uses this to stamp version strings in various places.
4.10.1. UNIX and Cygwin: sed
Sed is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms and as the sed package from the Cygwin setup. It
is also available via Chocolatey:
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PS$>choco install sed -source cygwin
If sed isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
directory.fsf.org/GNU/sed.html
After correct installation, typing at the bash command line prompt:
$ sed --version
should result in something like:
GNU sed version 4.1.5
Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
to the extent permitted by law.
However, the version string may vary.
4.10.2. Windows native: sed
A native Windows sed package can be obtained from http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/. The installation
should be straightforward. A Chocolatey package (devbox-sed) is available but has not been tested.
4.11. Bison
Bison is a parser generator used for some of Wireshark’s file format support.
4.11.1. UNIX or Cygwin: bison
Bison is available for most UNIX-like platforms and as the bison package from Cygwin. See the next
section for native Windows options.
If GNU Bison isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform you can get it at: http://
www.gnu.org/software/bison/bison.html.
After correct installation running the following
$ bison --version
should result in something like:
bison (GNU Bison) 2.3
Written by Robert Corbett and Richard Stallman.
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Your version string may vary.
4.11.2. Windows Native: Win flex-bison and bison
A native Windows version of bison is available in the winflexbison Chocolatey package. Note that the
executable is named win_bison.
Native packages are available from other sources such as GnuWin. They aren’t officially supported but
should work.
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4.12. Flex
Flex is a lexical analyzer generator used for Wireshark’s display filters, some file formats, and other
features.
4.12.1. UNIX or Cygwin: flex
Flex is available for most UNIX-like platforms and as the flex package from Cygwin. See the next section
for native Windows options.
If GNU flex isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform you can get it at http://
www.gnu.org/software/flex/.
After correct installation running the following
$ flex --version
should result in something like:
flex version 2.5.4
Your version string may vary.
4.12.2. Windows Native: Win flex-bison and flex
A native Windows version of flex is available in the winflexbison Chocolatey package. Note that the
executable is named win_flex.
PS:\>choco install winflexbison
Native packages are available from other sources such as GnuWin. They aren’t officially supported but
should work.
4.13. Git client
The Wireshark project uses its own Git repository to keep track of all the changes done to the source code.
Details about the usage of Git in the Wireshark project can be found in Section 3.2, “The Wireshark Git
repository”.
If you want to work with the source code and are planning to commit your changes back to the Wireshark
community, it is recommended to use a Git client to get the latest source files. For detailed information
about the different ways to obtain the Wireshark sources, see Section 3.3, “Obtain the Wireshark sources”.
You will find more instructions in Section 3.3.1, “Git over SSH or HTTPS” on how to use the Git client.
4.13.1. UNIX or Cygwin: git
Git is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms and as the Git package from the Cygwin setup
If Git isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at: http://git-
scm.com/.
After correct installation, typing at the bash command line prompt:
$ git --version
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should result in something like:
git version 1.8.3.4
Your version will likely be different.
4.13.2. Windows native: git
The Git command line tools for Windows can be found at http://git-scm.com/download/win and can also
be installed using Chocolatey:
PS:\> choco install git
After correct installation, typing at the command line prompt (cmd.exe):
$ git --version
should result in something like:
git version 1.8.3.4
However, the version string may vary.
4.14. Git Powershell Extensions (optional)
A useful tool for command line git on Windows is PoshGit. Poshgit provides git command completion
and alters the prompt to indicate the local working copy status. You can install it using Chocolatey:
PS:\>choco install poshgit
4.15. Git GUI client (optional)
Along with the traditional command-line client, several GUI clients are available for a number of platforms.
See http://git-scm.com/downloads/guis for details.
4.16. patch (optional)
The patch utility is used to merge a diff file into your own source tree. This tool is only needed, if you
want to apply a patch (diff file) from someone else (probably from the developer mailing list) to try out
in your own private source tree.
It most cases you may not need the patch tool installed. Git and Gerrit should handle patches for you.
You will find more instructions in Section 3.10, “Apply a patch from someone else”on how to use the
patch tool.
4.16.1. UNIX and Cygwin: patch
Patch is available for most of the UNIX-like platforms and as the patch package from the Cygwin setup.
If GNU patch isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.gnu.org/software/patch/patch.html.
After correct installation, typing at the bash command line prompt:
$ patch --version
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should result in something like:
patch 2.5.8
Copyright (C) 1988 Larry Wall
Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
You may redistribute copies of this program
under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the file named COPYING.
written by Larry Wall and Paul Eggert
However, the version string may vary.
4.16.2. Windows native: patch
The Windows native Git tools provide patch. A native Windows patch package can be obtained from http:
//gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/. The installation should be straightforward.
4.17. Windows: NSIS (optional)
The NSIS (Nullsoft Scriptable Install System) is used to generate wireshark-win32-2.1.x.exe from all the
files needed to be installed, including all required DLLs, plugins, and supporting files.
To install it, download the latest released version (currently 2.46) from http://nsis.sourceforge.net and start
the downloaded installer. You will need NSIS version 2. Version 3 is not yet supported. You can also
install it using Chocolatey:
PS$> choco install nsis
You can find more instructions on using NSIS in Section 3.11.4, “Win32: NSIS .exe installer”.
4.18. Windows: PortableApps (optional)
The PortableApps.com Installer is used to generate WiresharkPortable-2.1.paf.exe from all the files needed
to be installed, including all required DLLs, plugins, and supporting files.
To install it, do the following:
• Download the latest PortableApps.com Platform release from http://portableapps.com/.
• Install the following applications in the PortableApps.com environment:
• PortableApps.com Installer
• PortableApps.com Launcher
• NSIS Portable (Unicode)
• PortableApps.com AppCompactor
You can find more instructions on using the PortableApps.com Installer in Section 3.11.5, “Win32:
PortableApps .paf.exe package”.
45
Chapter 5. Library Reference
5.1. Introduction
Several libraries are needed to build and run Wireshark. Most of them are split into three packages:
1. Runtime. System and third party libraries such as MSVCR110.dll and libglib-2.0-0.dll.
2. Developer. Documentation, header files, import libraries, and other files needed for compilation.
3. Source. Library sources, which are usually not required to build Wireshark.
Our libraries are freely available
All libraries required to build Wireshark on Windows are available for
download at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win32-libs/trunk/packages/ and https:
//anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win64-libs/trunk/packages/. See Section 5.3, “Win32:
Automated library download” for an easier way to install them.
5.2. Binary library formats
Binary libraries are available in different formats, depending on the C compiler used to build it and of
course the platform they were built for.
5.2.1. Unix
If you have installed unix binary libraries on your system, they will match the C compiler. If not already
installed, the libraries should be available as a package from the platform installer, or you can download
and compile the source and then install the binaries.
5.2.2. Win32: MSVC
Most of the Win32 binary libraries you will find on the web are in this format. You will recognize MSVC
libraries by the .lib/.dll file extension.
5.2.3. Win32: cygwin gcc
Cygwin provides most of the required libraries (with file extension .a or .lib) for Wireshark suitable for
cygwin’s gcc compiler.
5.3. Win32: Automated library download
The required libraries (apart from Qt) are automatically downloaded as part of the CMake generation step,
and subsequently as required when libraries are updated.
The libraries are downloaded into the directory indicated by the environment variable
WIRESHARK_BASE_DIR, this must be set appropriately for your environment. The
libraries are downloaded and extracted into WIRESHARK_BASE_DIR\wireshark-win32-libs and
WIRESHARK_BASE_DIR\wireshark-win64-libs for 32 and 64 bit builds respectively.
Library Reference
46
You may also directly set the library directory with the environment variable WIRESHARK_LIB_DIR,
but if you switch between 32 bit and 64 bit builds, the value of this must be set appropriately.
5.4. Qt
The Qt library is used to build the UI for Wireshark and is used to provide a platform independent UI. For
more information on the Qt libraries, see Section 12.2, “The Qt Application Framework”.
5.4.1. Unix
TBD.
5.4.2. Win32 MSVC
Qt5 must be installed manually, from the Qt installers page http://www.qt.io/download-open-source/
#section-2, using the version of Qt appropriate for your compiler. Note that separate installations
(into different directories) of Qt are required for 32 bit and 64 bit builds. The environment variable
QT5_BASE_DIR should be set as appropriate for your environment and should point to the Qt directory
that contains the bin directory, e.g. C:\Qt\Qt5.5.0\5.5\msvc2013
5.5. GTK+ / GLib / GDK / Pango / ATK / GNU
gettext / GNU libiconv
The Glib library is used as a basic platform abstraction library, it’s not related to graphical user interface
(GUI) things. For a detailed description about GLib, see Section 7.3, “The GLib library”.
The GTK and its dependent libraries are used to build the older, deprecated, Wireshark GUI. For a detailed
description of the GTK libraries, see Section 12.3, “The GTK library”.
All other libraries are dependent on the two libraries mentioned above, you will typically not come in
touch with these while doing Wireshark development.
As the requirements for the GLib/GTK libraries have increased in the past, the required additional libraries
depend on the GLib/GTK versions you have. The 2.x versions require all mentioned libs.
5.5.1. Unix
The GLib/GTK+ libraries are available for many unix-like platforms and Cygwin.
If these libraries aren’t already installed and also aren’t available as a package for your platform, you can
get them at http://www.gtk.org/download.html.
5.5.2. Win32 MSVC
You can get the latest version at http://www.gtk.org/download.html.
5.6. SMI (optional)
LibSMI is used for MIB and PIB parsing and for OID resolution.
Library Reference
47
5.6.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de/projects/libsmi/.
5.6.2. Win32 MSVC
Wireshark uses the source libSMI distribution at http://www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de/projects/libsmi/. LibSMI is
cross-compiled using MinGW32. It’s stored in the libsmi zip archive at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/
wireshark-win32-libs/trunk/packages/.
5.7. c-ares (optional)
C-Ares is used for asynchronous DNS resolution. This is the primary name resolution library in Wireshark.
5.7.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
c-ares.haxx.se/.
5.7.2. Win32 MSVC
C-Ares is cross-compiled using MinGW32 and is available at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-
win32-libs/trunk/packages/.
5.8. zlib (optional)
zlib is designed to be a free, general-purpose, legally unencumbered — that is, not
covered by any patents — lossless data-compression library for use on virtually any
computer hardware and operating system. — The zlib web site http://www.zlib.net/
5.8.1. Unix
This library is almost certain to be installed on your system. If it isn’t or you don’t want to use the default
library you can download it from http://www.zlib.net/.
5.8.2. Win32 MSVC
The zlib sources are downloaded from https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win32-libs/trunk/
packages/ and compiled locally.
5.9. libpcap/WinPcap (optional)
Libpcap and WinPcap provide that packet capture capabilities that are central to Wireshark’s core
functionality.
5.9.1. Unix: libpcap
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.tcpdump.org/.
Library Reference
48
5.9.2. Win32 MSVC: WinPcap
You can get the "Windows packet capture library" at: https://www.winpcap.org/install/
5.10. GnuTLS (optional)
The GNU Transport Layer Security Library is used to dissect SSL and TLS protocols (aka: HTTPS).
5.10.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at https://
www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/download.html.
5.10.2. Win32 MSVC
We provide a package cross-compiled using MinGW32 at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-
win32-libs/trunk/packages/.
5.11. Gcrypt (optional)
The Gcrypt Library is a low-level encryption library that provides support for many ciphers, such as DES,
3DES, AES, Blowfish, and others..
5.11.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at https:
//directory.fsf.org/wiki/Libgcrypt.
5.11.2. Win32 MSVC
Part of our GnuTLS package.
5.12. Kerberos (optional)
The Kerberos library is used to dissect Kerberos, sealed DCERPC and secureLDAP protocols.
5.12.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
web.mit.edu/Kerberos/dist/.
5.12.2. Win32 MSVC
We provide a package at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win32-libs/trunk/packages/.
5.13. LUA (optional)
The LUA library is used to add scripting support to Wireshark.
Library Reference
49
5.13.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.lua.org/download.html.
5.13.2. Win32 MSVC
We provide a copy of the official package at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win32-libs/trunk/
packages/.
5.14. PortAudio (optional)
The PortAudio library enables audio output for RTP streams.
5.14.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.portaudio.com/download.html.
5.14.2. Win32 MSVC
The PortAudio sources are downloaded from https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win32-libs/trunk/
packages/ and compiled locally.
5.15. GeoIP (optional)
MaxMind Inc. publishes a GeoIP database for use in open source software. It can be used to map IP
addresses to geographical locations.
5.15.1. Unix
If this library isn’t already installed or available as a package for your platform, you can get it at http://
www.maxmind.com/app/c.
5.15.2. Win32 MSVC
We provide a package cross-compiled using MinGW32 at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-
win32-libs/trunk/packages/.
5.16. WinSparkle (optional)
WinSparkle is an easy-to-use software update library for Windows developers.
5.16.1. Win32 MSVC
We provide a copy of the WinSparkle package at https://anonsvn.wireshark.org/wireshark-win32-libs/
trunk/packages/.
Part II. Wireshark Development
Wireshark Development
The second part describes how the Wireshark sources are structured and how to change the sources such as adding
a new dissector.
51
Chapter 6. How Wireshark Works
6.1. Introduction
This chapter will give you a short overview of how Wireshark works.
6.2. Overview
The following will give you a simplified overview of Wireshark’s function blocks:
Figure 6.1. Wireshark function blocks
This image is out of date. It is missing the utility library in wsutil and the Qt UI in ui/qt.
The function blocks in more detail: GTK+ 2:: Handling of all user input/output (all windows, dialogs and
such). Source code can be found in the ui/gtk directory.
Core Main "glue code" that holds the other blocks together. Source code can
be found in the root directory.
Epan Ethereal Packet ANalyzer — the packet analyzing engine. Source code
can be found in the epan directory. Epan provides the following APIs:
• Protocol Tree. Dissection information for an individual packet.
• Dissectors. The various protocol dissectors in epan/dissectors.
• Dissector Plugins - Support for implementing dissectors as separate
modules. Source code can be found in plugins.
• Display Filters - The display filter engine at epan/dfilter.
Wiretap The wiretap library is used to read and write capture files in libpcap,
pcapng, and many other file formats. Source code is in the wiretap
directory.
Capture The interface with the capture engine. Source code is in the root
directory.
Dumpcap The capture engine itself. This is the only part that is to execute with
elevated privileges. Source code is in the root directory.
WinPcap and libpcap These are separate libraries that provide packet capture and filtering
support on different platforms. The filtering WinPcap and libpcap works
at a much lower level than Wireshark’s display filters and uses a
significantly different mechanism. That’s why we have different display
and capture filter syntaxes.
How Wireshark Works
52
6.3. Capturing packets
Capturing takes packets from a network adapter and saves them to a file on your hard disk.
Since raw network adapter access requires elevated privileges these functions are isolated into the
dumpcap program. It’s only this program that needs these privileges, allowing the main part of the code
(dissectors, user interface, etc) to run with normal user privileges.
To hide all the low-level machine dependent details from Wireshark, the libpcap and WinPcap (see
Section 5.9, “libpcap/WinPcap (optional)”) libraries are used. These libraries provide a general purpose
interface to capture packets and are used by a wide variety of applications.
6.4. Capture Files
Wireshark can read and write capture files in its natural file formats, pcapng and pcap, which are used by
many other network capturing tools, such as tcpdump. In addition to this, as one of its strengths, Wireshark
can read and write files in many different file formats of other network capturing tools. The wiretap library,
developed together with Wireshark, provides a general purpose interface to read and write all the file
formats. If you need to add support for another capture file format this is the place to start.
6.5. Dissect packets
While Wireshark is loading packets from a file each packet is dissected. Wireshark tries to detect the packet
type and gets as much information from the packet as possible. In this run though, only the information
shown in the packet list pane is needed.
As the user selects a specific packet in the packet list pane this packet will be dissected again. This time,
Wireshark tries to get every single piece of information and put it into the packet details pane.
53
Chapter 7. Introduction
7.1. Source overview
Wireshark consists of the following major parts:
• Packet dissection - in the /epan/dissector and /plugin/* directories
• File I/O - using Wireshark’s own wiretap library
• Capture - using the libpcap/winpcap library, in /wiretap
• User interface - using the Qt or GTK+ and associated libraries
• Utilities - miscellaneous helper code
• Help - using an external web browser and GTK text output
7.2. Coding Style
The coding style guides for Wireshark can be found in the "Code style" section of the file doc/
README.developer.
7.3. The GLib library
Glib is used as a basic platform abstraction library. It doesn’t provide any direct GUI functionality.
To quote the Glib Reference Manual:
GLib provides the core application building blocks for libraries and applications written
in C. It provides the core object system used in GNOME, the main loop implementation,
and a large set of utility functions for strings and common data structures.
GLib contains lots of useful things for platform independent development. See https://
developer.gnome.org/glib/ for details about GLib.
54
Chapter 8. Packet capturing
This chapter needs to be reviewed and extended.
8.1. How to add a new capture type to libpcap
The following is an updated excerpt from a developer mailing list mail about adding ISO 9141 and 14230
(simple serial line card diagnostics) to Wireshark:
For libpcap, the first thing you’d need to do would be to get DLT_* values for all the link-layer protocols
you’d need. If ISO 9141 and 14230 use the same link-layer protocol, they might be able to share a DLT_*
value, unless the only way to know what protocols are running above the link layer is to know which link-
layer protocol is being used, in which case you might want separate DLT_* values.
For the rest of the libpcap discussion, I’ll assume you’re working with libpcap 1.0 or later and that this is
on a UN*X platform. You probably don’t want to work with a version older than 1.0, even if whatever
OS you’re using happens to include libpcap - older versions are not as friendly towards adding support
for devices other than standard network interfaces.
Then you’d probably add to the pcap_open_live() routine, for whatever platform or platforms this
code should work, something such as a check for device names that look like serial port names and, if the
check succeeds, a call to a routine to open the serial port.
See, for example, the #ifdef HAVE_DAG_API code in pcap-linux.c and pcap-bpf.c.
The serial port open routine would open the serial port device, set the baud rate and do anything else needed
to open the device. It’d allocate a pcap_t, set its fd member to the file descriptor for the serial device,
set the snapshot member to the argument passed to the open routine, set the linktype member to
one of the DLT_* values, and set the selectable_fd member to the same value as the fd member.
It should also set the dlt_count member to the number of DLT_* values to support, and allocate an
array of dlt_count u_int+s, assign it to the +dlt_list member, and fill in that list
with all the DLT_* values.
You’d then set the various *_op fields to routines to handle the operations in question. read_op is
the routine that’d read packets from the device. inject_op would be for sending packets; if you
don’t care about that, you’d set it to a routine that returns an error indication. setfilter_op can
probably just be set to install_bpf_program. set_datalink would just set the linktype
member to the specified value if it’s one of the values for OBD, otherwise it should return an
error. getnonblock_op can probably be set to pcap_getnonblock_fd. setnonblock_op can
probably be set to pcap_setnonblock_fd. stats_op would be set to a routine that reports statistics.
close_op can probably be set to pcap_close_common.
If there’s more than one DLT_* value, you definitely want a set_datalink routine so that the user
can select the appropriate link-layer type.
For Wireshark, you’d add support for those DLT_* values to wiretap/libpcap.c, which might mean adding
one or more WTAP_ENCAP types to wtap.h and to the encap_table[] table in wiretap/wtap.c. You’d
then have to write a dissector or dissectors for the link-layer protocols or protocols and have them register
themselves with the wtap_encap dissector table, with the appropriate WTAP_ENCAP values by calling
dissector_add_uint().
55
Chapter 9. Packet dissection
9.1. How it works
Each dissector decodes its part of the protocol, and then hands off decoding to subsequent dissectors for
an encapsulated protocol.
Every dissection starts with the Frame dissector which dissects the packet details of the capture file itself
(e.g. timestamps). From there it passes the data on to the lowest-level data dissector, e.g. the Ethernet
dissector for the Ethernet header. The payload is then passed on to the next dissector (e.g. IP) and so on.
At each stage, details of the packet will be decoded and displayed.
Dissection can be implemented in two possible ways. One is to have a dissector module compiled into the
main program, which means it’s always available. Another way is to make a plugin (a shared library or
DLL) that registers itself to handle dissection.
There is little difference in having your dissector as either a plugin or built-in. On the Windows platform
you have limited function access through the ABI exposed by functions declared as WS_DLL_PUBLIC.
The big plus is that your rebuild cycle for a plugin is much shorter than for a built-in one. So starting with
a plugin makes initial development simpler, while the finished code may make more sense as a built-in
dissector.
Read README.dissector
The file doc/README.dissector contains detailed information about implementing a
dissector. In many cases it is more up to date than this document.
9.2. Adding a basic dissector
Let’s step through adding a basic dissector. We’ll start with the made up "foo" protocol. It consists of the
following basic items.
• A packet type - 8 bits, possible values: 1 - initialisation, 2 - terminate, 3 - data.
• A set of flags stored in 8 bits, 0x01 - start packet, 0x02 - end packet, 0x04 - priority packet.
• A sequence number - 16 bits.
• An IPv4 address.
9.2.1. Setting up the dissector
The first decision you need to make is if this dissector will be a built-in dissector, included in the main
program, or a plugin.
Plugins are the easiest to write initially, so let’s start with that. With a little care, the plugin can be made
to run as a built-in easily too so we haven’t lost anything.
Example 9.1. Dissector Initialisation.
#include "config.h"
Packet dissection
56
#include <epan/packet.h>
#define FOO_PORT 1234
static int proto_foo = -1;
void
proto_register_foo(void)
{
proto_foo = proto_register_protocol (
"FOO Protocol", /* name */
"FOO", /* short name */
"foo" /* abbrev */
);
}
Let’s go through this a bit at a time. First we have some boilerplate include files. These will be pretty
constant to start with.
Next we have an int that is initialised to -1 that records our protocol. This will get updated when we register
this dissector with the main program. It’s good practice to make all variables and functions that aren’t
exported static to keep name space pollution down. Normally this isn’t a problem unless your dissector
gets so big it has to span multiple files.
Then a #define for the UDP port that carries foo traffic.
Now that we have the basics in place to interact with the main program, we’ll start with two protocol
dissector setup functions.
First we’ll call proto_register_protocol() which registers the protocol. We can give it three
names that will be used for display in various places. The full and short name are used in e.g.
the "Preferences" and "Enabled protocols" dialogs as well as the generated field name list in the
documentation. The abbreviation is used as the display filter name.
Next we need a handoff routine.
Example 9.2. Dissector Handoff.
void
proto_reg_handoff_foo(void)
{
static dissector_handle_t foo_handle;
foo_handle = create_dissector_handle(dissect_foo, proto_foo);
dissector_add_uint("udp.port", FOO_PORT, foo_handle);
}
What’s happening here? We are initialising the dissector. First we create a dissector handle; It is associated
with the foo protocol and with a routine to be called to do the actual dissecting. Then we associate the
handle with a UDP port number so that the main program will know to call us when it gets UDP traffic
on that port.
The standard Wireshark dissector convention is to put proto_register_foo() and
proto_reg_handoff_foo() as the last two functions in the dissector source.
Now at last we get to write some dissecting code. For the moment we’ll leave it as a basic placeholder.
Example 9.3. Dissection.
static void
Packet dissection
57
dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree)
{
col_set_str(pinfo->cinfo, COL_PROTOCOL, "FOO");
/* Clear out stuff in the info column */
col_clear(pinfo->cinfo,COL_INFO);
}
This function is called to dissect the packets presented to it. The packet data is held in a special buffer
referenced here as tvb. We shall become fairly familiar with this as we get deeper into the details of the
protocol. The packet info structure contains general data about the protocol, and we can update information
here. The tree parameter is where the detail dissection takes place.
For now we’ll do the minimum we can get away with. In the first line we set the text of this to our protocol,
so everyone can see it’s being recognised. The only other thing we do is to clear out any data in the INFO
column if it’s being displayed.
At this point we should have a basic dissector ready to compile and install. It doesn’t do much at present,
other than identify the protocol and label it.
In order to compile this dissector and create a plugin a couple of support files are required, besides the
dissector source in packet-foo.c:
•Makefile.am - The UNIX/Linux makefile template.
•Makefile.common - Contains the file names of this plugin.
•CMakeLists.txt - Contains the CMake file and version info for this plugin.
•moduleinfo.h - Contains plugin version information.
•packet-foo.c - Your dissector source.
•plugin.rc.in - Contains the DLL resource template for Windows.
You can find a good example for these files in the gryphon plugin directory. Makefile.common and
Makefile.am have to be modified to reflect the relevant files and dissector name. CMakeLists.txt has to be
modified with the correct plugin name and version info, along with the relevant files to compile. In the
main top-level source directory, copy CMakeListsCustom.txt.example to CMakeCustomLists.txt and add
the path of your plugin to the list in CUSTOM_PLUGIN_SRC_DIR.
Compile the dissector to a DLL or shared library and either run Wireshark from the build directory as
detailed in Section 3.6, “Run generated Wireshark” or copy the plugin binary into the plugin directory of
your Wireshark installation and run that.
9.2.2. Dissecting the details of the protocol
Now that we have our basic dissector up and running, let’s do something with it. The simplest thing to do
to start with is to just label the payload. This will allow us to set up some of the parts we will need.
The first thing we will do is to build a subtree to decode our results into. This helps to keep things looking
nice in the detailed display. Now the dissector is called in two different cases. In one case it is called to get
a summary of the packet, in the other case it is called to look into details of the packet. These two cases can
be distinguished by the tree pointer. If the tree pointer is NULL, then we are being asked for a summary. If
it is non NULL, we can pick apart the protocol for display. So with that in mind, let’s enhance our dissector.
Example 9.4. Plugin Packet Dissection.
static void
Packet dissection
58
dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree)
{
col_set_str(pinfo->cinfo, COL_PROTOCOL, "FOO");
/* Clear out stuff in the info column */
col_clear(pinfo->cinfo,COL_INFO);
if (tree) { /* we are being asked for details */
proto_item *ti = NULL;
ti = proto_tree_add_item(tree, proto_foo, tvb, 0, -1, ENC_NA);
}
}
What we’re doing here is adding a subtree to the dissection. This subtree will hold all the details of this
protocol and so not clutter up the display when not required.
We are also marking the area of data that is being consumed by this protocol. In our case it’s all that has
been passed to us, as we’re assuming this protocol does not encapsulate another. Therefore, we add the new
tree node with proto_tree_add_item(), adding it to the passed in tree, label it with the protocol,
use the passed in tvb buffer as the data, and consume from 0 to the end (-1) of this data. ENC_NA ("not
applicable") is specified as the "encoding" parameter.
After this change, there should be a label in the detailed display for the protocol, and selecting this will
highlight the remaining contents of the packet.
Now let’s go to the next step and add some protocol dissection. For this step we’ll need to construct a
couple of tables that help with dissection. This needs some additions to the proto_register_foo()
function shown previously.
Two statically allocated arrays are added at the beginning of proto_register_foo(). The arrays are
then registered after the call to proto_register_protocol().
Example 9.5. Registering data structures.
void
proto_register_foo(void)
{
static hf_register_info hf[] = {
{ &hf_foo_pdu_type,
{ "FOO PDU Type", "foo.type",
FT_UINT8, BASE_DEC,
NULL, 0x0,
NULL, HFILL }
}
};
/* Setup protocol subtree array */
static gint *ett[] = {
&ett_foo
};
proto_foo = proto_register_protocol (
"FOO Protocol", /* name */
"FOO", /* short name */
"foo" /* abbrev */
);
proto_register_field_array(proto_foo, hf, array_length(hf));
proto_register_subtree_array(ett, array_length(ett));
}
The variables hf_foo_pdu_type and ett_foo also need to be declared somewhere near the top of
the file.
Packet dissection
59
Example 9.6. Dissector data structure globals.
static int hf_foo_pdu_type = -1;
static gint ett_foo = -1;
Now we can enhance the protocol display with some detail.
Example 9.7. Dissector starting to dissect the packets.
if (tree) { /* we are being asked for details */
proto_item *ti = NULL;
proto_tree *foo_tree = NULL;
ti = proto_tree_add_item(tree, proto_foo, tvb, 0, -1, ENC_NA);
foo_tree = proto_item_add_subtree(ti, ett_foo);
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_pdu_type, tvb, 0, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
}
Now the dissection is starting to look more interesting. We have picked apart our first bit of the protocol.
One byte of data at the start of the packet that defines the packet type for foo protocol.
The proto_item_add_subtree() call has added a child node to the protocol tree which is where
we will do our detail dissection. The expansion of this node is controlled by the ett_foo variable. This
remembers if the node should be expanded or not as you move between packets. All subsequent dissection
will be added to this tree, as you can see from the next call. A call to proto_tree_add_item() in the
foo_tree, this time using the hf_foo_pdu_type to control the formatting of the item. The pdu type is
one byte of data, starting at 0. We assume it is in network order (also called big endian), so that is why we
use ENC_BIG_ENDIAN. For a 1-byte quantity, there is no order issue, but it is good practice to make this
the same as any multibyte fields that may be present, and as we will see in the next section, this particular
protocol uses network order.
If we look in detail at the hf_foo_pdu_type declaration in the static array we can see the details of
the definition.
•hf_foo_pdu_type - The index for this node.
•FOO PDU Type - The label for this item.
•foo.type - This is the filter string. It enables us to type constructs such as foo.type=1 into the filter
box.
•FT_UINT8 - This specifies this item is an 8bit unsigned integer. This tallies with our call above where
we tell it to only look at one byte.
•BASE_DEC - Tor an integer type, this tells it to be printed as a decimal number. It could be hexadecimal
(BASE_HEX) or octal (BASE_OCT) if that made more sense.
We’ll ignore the rest of the structure for now.
If you install this plugin and try it out, you’ll see something that begins to look useful.
Now let’s finish off dissecting the simple protocol. We need to add a few more variables to the hfarray,
and a couple more procedure calls.
Example 9.8. Wrapping up the packet dissection.
...
static int hf_foo_flags = -1;
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static int hf_foo_sequenceno = -1;
static int hf_foo_initialip = -1;
...
static void
dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree)
{
gint offset = 0;
...
if (tree) { /* we are being asked for details */
proto_item *ti = NULL;
proto_tree *foo_tree = NULL;
ti = proto_tree_add_item(tree, proto_foo, tvb, 0, -1, ENC_NA);
foo_tree = proto_item_add_subtree(ti, ett_foo);
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_pdu_type, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
offset += 1;
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_flags, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
offset += 1;
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_sequenceno, tvb, offset, 2, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
offset += 2;
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_initialip, tvb, offset, 4, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
offset += 4;
}
...
}
void
proto_register_foo(void) {
...
...
{ &hf_foo_flags,
{ "FOO PDU Flags", "foo.flags",
FT_UINT8, BASE_HEX,
NULL, 0x0,
NULL, HFILL }
},
{ &hf_foo_sequenceno,
{ "FOO PDU Sequence Number", "foo.seqn",
FT_UINT16, BASE_DEC,
NULL, 0x0,
NULL, HFILL }
},
{ &hf_foo_initialip,
{ "FOO PDU Initial IP", "foo.initialip",
FT_IPv4, BASE_NONE,
NULL, 0x0,
NULL, HFILL }
},
...
...
}
...
This dissects all the bits of this simple hypothetical protocol. We’ve introduced a new variable offsetinto
the mix to help keep track of where we are in the packet dissection. With these extra bits in place, the
whole protocol is now dissected.
9.2.3. Improving the dissection information
We can certainly improve the display of the protocol with a bit of extra data. The first step is to add some
text labels. Let’s start by labeling the packet types. There is some useful support for this sort of thing by
adding a couple of extra things. First we add a simple table of type to name.
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Example 9.9. Naming the packet types.
static const value_string packettypenames[] = {
{ 1, "Initialise" },
{ 2, "Terminate" },
{ 3, "Data" },
{ 0, NULL }
};
This is a handy data structure that can be used to look up a name for a value. There are routines to directly
access this lookup table, but we don’t need to do that, as the support code already has that added in. We
just have to give these details to the appropriate part of the data, using the VALS macro.
Example 9.10. Adding Names to the protocol.
{ &hf_foo_pdu_type,
{ "FOO PDU Type", "foo.type",
FT_UINT8, BASE_DEC,
VALS(packettypenames), 0x0,
NULL, HFILL }
}
This helps in deciphering the packets, and we can do a similar thing for the flags structure. For this we
need to add some more data to the table though.
Example 9.11. Adding Flags to the protocol.
#define FOO_START_FLAG 0x01
#define FOO_END_FLAG 0x02
#define FOO_PRIORITY_FLAG 0x04
static int hf_foo_startflag = -1;
static int hf_foo_endflag = -1;
static int hf_foo_priorityflag = -1;
static void
dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree)
{
...
...
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_flags, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_startflag, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_endflag, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_priorityflag, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
offset += 1;
...
...
}
void
proto_register_foo(void) {
...
...
{ &hf_foo_startflag,
{ "FOO PDU Start Flags", "foo.flags.start",
FT_BOOLEAN, 8,
NULL, FOO_START_FLAG,
NULL, HFILL }
},
{ &hf_foo_endflag,
{ "FOO PDU End Flags", "foo.flags.end",
FT_BOOLEAN, 8,
NULL, FOO_END_FLAG,
NULL, HFILL }
},
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{ &hf_foo_priorityflag,
{ "FOO PDU Priority Flags", "foo.flags.priority",
FT_BOOLEAN, 8,
NULL, FOO_PRIORITY_FLAG,
NULL, HFILL }
},
...
...
}
...
Some things to note here. For the flags, as each bit is a different flag, we use the type FT_BOOLEAN, as
the flag is either on or off. Second, we include the flag mask in the 7th field of the data, which allows the
system to mask the relevant bit. We’ve also changed the 5th field to 8, to indicate that we are looking at
an 8 bit quantity when the flags are extracted. Then finally we add the extra constructs to the dissection
routine. Note we keep the same offset for each of the flags.
This is starting to look fairly full featured now, but there are a couple of other things we can do to make
things look even more pretty. At the moment our dissection shows the packets as "Foo Protocol" which
whilst correct is a little uninformative. We can enhance this by adding a little more detail. First, let’s get
hold of the actual value of the protocol type. We can use the handy function tvb_get_guint8() to do
this. With this value in hand, there are a couple of things we can do. First we can set the INFO column of
the non-detailed view to show what sort of PDU it is - which is extremely helpful when looking at protocol
traces. Second, we can also display this information in the dissection window.
Example 9.12. Enhancing the display.
static void
dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree)
{
guint8 packet_type = tvb_get_guint8(tvb, 0);
col_set_str(pinfo->cinfo, COL_PROTOCOL, "FOO");
/* Clear out stuff in the info column */
col_clear(pinfo->cinfo,COL_INFO);
col_add_fstr(pinfo->cinfo, COL_INFO, "Type %s",
val_to_str(packet_type, packettypenames, "Unknown (0x%02x)"));
if (tree) { /* we are being asked for details */
proto_item *ti = NULL;
proto_tree *foo_tree = NULL;
gint offset = 0;
ti = proto_tree_add_item(tree, proto_foo, tvb, 0, -1, ENC_NA);
proto_item_append_text(ti, ", Type %s",
val_to_str(packet_type, packettypenames, "Unknown (0x%02x)"));
foo_tree = proto_item_add_subtree(ti, ett_foo);
proto_tree_add_item(foo_tree, hf_foo_pdu_type, tvb, offset, 1, ENC_BIG_ENDIAN);
offset += 1;
}
}
So here, after grabbing the value of the first 8 bits, we use it with one of the built-in utility routines
val_to_str(), to lookup the value. If the value isn’t found we provide a fallback which just prints the
value in hex. We use this twice, once in the INFO field of the columns — if it’s displayed, and similarly
we append this data to the base of our dissecting tree.
9.3. How to handle transformed data
Some protocols do clever things with data. They might possibly encrypt the data, or compress data, or part
of it. If you know how these steps are taken it is possible to reverse them within the dissector.
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As encryption can be tricky, let’s consider the case of compression. These techniques can also work for
other transformations of data, where some step is required before the data can be examined.
What basically needs to happen here, is to identify the data that needs conversion, take that data and
transform it into a new stream, and then call a dissector on it. Often this needs to be done "on-the-fly"
based on clues in the packet. Sometimes this needs to be used in conjunction with other techniques, such
as packet reassembly. The following shows a technique to achieve this effect.
Example 9.13. Decompressing data packets for dissection.
guint8 flags = tvb_get_guint8(tvb, offset);
offset ++;
if (flags & FLAG_COMPRESSED) { /* the remainder of the packet is compressed */
guint16 orig_size = tvb_get_ntohs(tvb, offset);
guchar *decompressed_buffer = (guchar*)g_malloc(orig_size);
offset += 2;
decompress_packet(tvb_get_ptr(tvb, offset, -1),
tvb_captured_length_remaining(tvb, offset),
decompressed_buffer, orig_size);
/* Now re-setup the tvb buffer to have the new data */
next_tvb = tvb_new_child_real_data(tvb, decompressed_buffer, orig_size, orig_size);
tvb_set_free_cb(next_tvb, g_free);
add_new_data_source(pinfo, next_tvb, "Decompressed Data");
} else {
next_tvb = tvb_new_subset_remaining(tvb, offset);
}
offset = 0;
/* process next_tvb from here on */
The first steps here are to recognise the compression. In this case a flag byte alerts us to the fact the
remainder of the packet is compressed. Next we retrieve the original size of the packet, which in this case
is conveniently within the protocol. If it’s not, it may be part of the compression routine to work it out for
you, in which case the logic would be different.
So armed with the size, a buffer is allocated to receive the uncompressed data using g_malloc(), and
the packet is decompressed into it. The tvb_get_ptr() function is useful to get a pointer to the raw
data of the packet from the offset onwards. In this case the decompression routine also needs to know the
length, which is given by the tvb_captured_length_remaining() function.
Next we build a new tvb buffer from this data, using the tvb_new_child_real_data() call. This
data is a child of our original data, so calling this function also acknowledges that. One procedural step is
to add a callback handler to free the data when it’s no longer needed via a call to tvb_set_free_cb().
In this case g_malloc() was used to allocate the memory, so g_free() is the appropriate callback
function. Finally we add this tvb as a new data source, so that the detailed display can show the
decompressed bytes as well as the original.
After this has been set up the remainder of the dissector can dissect the buffer next_tvb, as it’s a new
buffer the offset needs to be 0 as we start again from the beginning of this buffer. To make the rest of the
dissector work regardless of whether compression was involved or not, in the case that compression was
not signaled, we use tvb_new_subset_remaining() to deliver us a new buffer based on the old
one but starting at the current offset, and extending to the end. This makes dissecting the packet from this
point on exactly the same regardless of compression.
9.4. How to reassemble split packets
Some protocols have times when they have to split a large packet across multiple other packets. In this
case the dissection can’t be carried out correctly until you have all the data. The first packet doesn’t have
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enough data, and the subsequent packets don’t have the expect format. To dissect these packets you need
to wait until all the parts have arrived and then start the dissection.
9.4.1. How to reassemble split UDP packets
As an example, let’s examine a protocol that is layered on top of UDP that splits up its own data stream. If a
packet is bigger than some given size, it will be split into chunks, and somehow signaled within its protocol.
To deal with such streams, we need several things to trigger from. We need to know that this packet is
part of a multi-packet sequence. We need to know how many packets are in the sequence. We also need
to know when we have all the packets.
For this example we’ll assume there is a simple in-protocol signaling mechanism to give details. A flag
byte that signals the presence of a multi-packet sequence and also the last packet, followed by an ID of
the sequence and a packet sequence number.
msg_pkt ::= SEQUENCE {
.....
flags ::= SEQUENCE {
fragment BOOLEAN,
last_fragment BOOLEAN,
.....
}
msg_id INTEGER(0..65535),
frag_id INTEGER(0..65535),
.....
}
Example 9.14. Reassembling fragments - Part 1
#include <epan/reassemble.h>
...
save_fragmented = pinfo->fragmented;
flags = tvb_get_guint8(tvb, offset); offset++;
if (flags & FL_FRAGMENT) { /* fragmented */
tvbuff_t* new_tvb = NULL;
fragment_data *frag_msg = NULL;
guint16 msg_seqid = tvb_get_ntohs(tvb, offset); offset += 2;
guint16 msg_num = tvb_get_ntohs(tvb, offset); offset += 2;
pinfo->fragmented = TRUE;
frag_msg = fragment_add_seq_check(tvb, offset, pinfo,
msg_seqid, /* ID for fragments belonging together */
msg_fragment_table, /* list of message fragments */
msg_reassembled_table, /* list of reassembled messages */
msg_num, /* fragment sequence number */
tvb_captured_length_remaining(tvb, offset), /* fragment length - to the end */
flags & FL_FRAG_LAST); /* More fragments? */
We start by saving the fragmented state of this packet, so we can restore it later. Next comes some protocol
specific stuff, to dig the fragment data out of the stream if it’s present. Having decided it is present, we
let the function fragment_add_seq_check() do its work. We need to provide this with a certain
amount of data.
• The tvb buffer we are dissecting.
• The offset where the partial packet starts.
• The provided packet info.
• The sequence number of the fragment stream. There may be several streams of fragments in flight, and
this is used to key the relevant one to be used for reassembly.
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• The msg_fragment_table and the msg_reassembled_table are variables we need to
declare. We’ll consider these in detail later.
• msg_num is the packet number within the sequence.
• The length here is specified as the rest of the tvb as we want the rest of the packet data.
• Finally a parameter that signals if this is the last fragment or not. This might be a flag as in this case,
or there may be a counter in the protocol.
Example 9.15. Reassembling fragments part 2
new_tvb = process_reassembled_data(tvb, offset, pinfo,
"Reassembled Message", frag_msg, &msg_frag_items,
NULL, msg_tree);
if (frag_msg) { /* Reassembled */
col_append_str(pinfo->cinfo, COL_INFO,
" (Message Reassembled)");
} else { /* Not last packet of reassembled Short Message */
col_append_fstr(pinfo->cinfo, COL_INFO,
" (Message fragment %u)", msg_num);
}
if (new_tvb) { /* take it all */
next_tvb = new_tvb;
} else { /* make a new subset */
next_tvb = tvb_new_subset(tvb, offset, -1, -1);
}
}
else { /* Not fragmented */
next_tvb = tvb_new_subset(tvb, offset, -1, -1);
}
.....
pinfo->fragmented = save_fragmented;
Having passed the fragment data to the reassembly handler, we can now check if we have the whole
message. If there is enough information, this routine will return the newly reassembled data buffer.
After that, we add a couple of informative messages to the display to show that this is part of a sequence.
Then a bit of manipulation of the buffers and the dissection can proceed. Normally you will probably
not bother dissecting further unless the fragments have been reassembled as there won’t be much to find.
Sometimes the first packet in the sequence can be partially decoded though if you wish.
Now the mysterious data we passed into the fragment_add_seq_check().
Example 9.16. Reassembling fragments - Initialisation
static GHashTable *msg_fragment_table = NULL;
static GHashTable *msg_reassembled_table = NULL;
static void
msg_init_protocol(void)
{
fragment_table_init(&msg_fragment_table);
reassembled_table_init(&msg_reassembled_table);
}
First a couple of hash tables are declared, and these are initialised in the protocol initialisation routine.
Following that, a fragment_items structure is allocated and filled in with a series of ett items, hf data
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items, and a string tag. The ett and hf values should be included in the relevant tables like all the other
variables your protocol may use. The hf variables need to be placed in the structure something like the
following. Of course the names may need to be adjusted.
Example 9.17. Reassembling fragments - Data
...
static int hf_msg_fragments = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment_overlap = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment_overlap_conflicts = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment_multiple_tails = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment_too_long_fragment = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment_error = -1;
static int hf_msg_fragment_count = -1;
static int hf_msg_reassembled_in = -1;
static int hf_msg_reassembled_length = -1;
...
static gint ett_msg_fragment = -1;
static gint ett_msg_fragments = -1;
...
static const fragment_items msg_frag_items = {
/* Fragment subtrees */
&ett_msg_fragment,
&ett_msg_fragments,
/* Fragment fields */
&hf_msg_fragments,
&hf_msg_fragment,
&hf_msg_fragment_overlap,
&hf_msg_fragment_overlap_conflicts,
&hf_msg_fragment_multiple_tails,
&hf_msg_fragment_too_long_fragment,
&hf_msg_fragment_error,
&hf_msg_fragment_count,
/* Reassembled in field */
&hf_msg_reassembled_in,
/* Reassembled length field */
&hf_msg_reassembled_length,
/* Tag */
"Message fragments"
};
...
static hf_register_info hf[] =
{
...
{&hf_msg_fragments,
{"Message fragments", "msg.fragments",
FT_NONE, BASE_NONE, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment,
{"Message fragment", "msg.fragment",
FT_FRAMENUM, BASE_NONE, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment_overlap,
{"Message fragment overlap", "msg.fragment.overlap",
FT_BOOLEAN, 0, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment_overlap_conflicts,
{"Message fragment overlapping with conflicting data",
"msg.fragment.overlap.conflicts",
FT_BOOLEAN, 0, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment_multiple_tails,
{"Message has multiple tail fragments",
"msg.fragment.multiple_tails",
FT_BOOLEAN, 0, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment_too_long_fragment,
{"Message fragment too long", "msg.fragment.too_long_fragment",
FT_BOOLEAN, 0, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment_error,
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{"Message defragmentation error", "msg.fragment.error",
FT_FRAMENUM, BASE_NONE, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_fragment_count,
{"Message fragment count", "msg.fragment.count",
FT_UINT32, BASE_DEC, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_reassembled_in,
{"Reassembled in", "msg.reassembled.in",
FT_FRAMENUM, BASE_NONE, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
{&hf_msg_reassembled_length,
{"Reassembled length", "msg.reassembled.length",
FT_UINT32, BASE_DEC, NULL, 0x00, NULL, HFILL } },
...
static gint *ett[] =
{
...
&ett_msg_fragment,
&ett_msg_fragments
...
These hf variables are used internally within the reassembly routines to make useful links, and to add data
to the dissection. It produces links from one packet to another, such as a partial packet having a link to the
fully reassembled packet. Likewise there are back pointers to the individual packets from the reassembled
one. The other variables are used for flagging up errors.
9.4.2. How to reassemble split TCP Packets
A dissector gets a tvbuff_t pointer which holds the payload of a TCP packet. This payload contains
the header and data of your application layer protocol.
When dissecting an application layer protocol you cannot assume that each TCP packet contains exactly
one application layer message. One application layer message can be split into several TCP packets.
You also cannot assume that a TCP packet contains only one application layer message and that the
message header is at the start of your TCP payload. More than one messages can be transmitted in one
TCP packet, so that a message can start at an arbitrary position.
This sounds complicated, but there is a simple solution. tcp_dissect_pdus() does all this tcp packet
reassembling for you. This function is implemented in epan/dissectors/packet-tcp.h.
Example 9.18. Reassembling TCP fragments
#include "config.h"
#include <epan/packet.h>
#include <epan/prefs.h>
#include "packet-tcp.h"
...
#define FRAME_HEADER_LEN 8
/* This method dissects fully reassembled messages */
static int
dissect_foo_message(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree, void *data _U_)
{
/* TODO: implement your dissecting code */
return tvb_captured_length(tvb);
}
/* determine PDU length of protocol foo */
static guint
get_foo_message_len(packet_info *pinfo _U_, tvbuff_t *tvb, int offset, void *data _U_)
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{
/* TODO: change this to your needs */
return (guint)tvb_get_ntohl(tvb, offset+4); /* e.g. length is at offset 4 */
}
/* The main dissecting routine */
static int
dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree, void *data)
{
tcp_dissect_pdus(tvb, pinfo, tree, TRUE, FRAME_HEADER_LEN,
get_foo_message_len, dissect_foo_message, data);
return tvb_captured_length(tvb);
}
...
As you can see this is really simple. Just call tcp_dissect_pdus() in your main dissection routine
and move you message parsing code into another function. This function gets called whenever a message
has been reassembled.
The parameters tvb, pinfo, tree and data are just handed over to tcp_dissect_pdus(). The 4th
parameter is a flag to indicate if the data should be reassembled or not. This could be set according to a
dissector preference as well. Parameter 5 indicates how much data has at least to be available to be able
to determine the length of the foo message. Parameter 6 is a function pointer to a method that returns
this length. It gets called when at least the number of bytes given in the previous parameter is available.
Parameter 7 is a function pointer to your real message dissector. Parameter 8 is the data passed in from
parent dissector.
Protocols which need more data before the message length can be determined can return zero. Other values
smaller than the fixed length will result in an exception.
9.5. How to tap protocols
Adding a Tap interface to a protocol allows it to do some useful things. In particular you can produce
protocol statistics from the tap interface.
A tap is basically a way of allowing other items to see what’s happening as a protocol is dissected. A tap
is registered with the main program, and then called on each dissection. Some arbitrary protocol specific
data is provided with the routine that can be used.
To create a tap, you first need to register a tap. A tap is registered with an integer handle, and registered
with the routine register_tap(). This takes a string name with which to find it again.
Example 9.19. Initialising a tap
#include <epan/packet.h>
#include <epan/tap.h>
static int foo_tap = -1;
struct FooTap {
gint packet_type;
gint priority;
...
};
void proto_register_foo(void)
{
...
foo_tap = register_tap("foo");
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Whilst you can program a tap without protocol specific data, it is generally not very useful. Therefore it’s
a good idea to declare a structure that can be passed through the tap. This needs to be a static structure as
it will be used after the dissection routine has returned. It’s generally best to pick out some generic parts
of the protocol you are dissecting into the tap data. A packet type, a priority or a status code maybe. The
structure really needs to be included in a header file so that it can be included by other components that
want to listen in to the tap.
Once you have these defined, it’s simply a case of populating the protocol specific structure and then
calling tap_queue_packet, probably as the last part of the dissector.
Example 9.20. Calling a protocol tap
void dissect_foo(tvbuff_t *tvb, packet_info *pinfo, proto_tree *tree)
{
...
fooinfo = wmem_alloc(wmem_packet_scope(), sizeof(struct FooTap));
fooinfo->packet_type = tvb_get_guint8(tvb, 0);
fooinfo->priority = tvb_get_ntohs(tvb, 8);
...
tap_queue_packet(foo_tap, pinfo, fooinfo);
}
This now enables those interested parties to listen in on the details of this protocol conversation.
9.6. How to produce protocol stats
Given that you have a tap interface for the protocol, you can use this to produce some interesting statistics
(well presumably interesting!) from protocol traces.
This can be done in a separate plugin, or in the same plugin that is doing the dissection. The latter scheme
is better, as the tap and stats module typically rely on sharing protocol specific data, which might get out
of step between two different plugins.
Here is a mechanism to produce statistics from the above TAP interface.
Example 9.21. Initialising a stats interface
/* register all http trees */
static void register_foo_stat_trees(void) {
stats_tree_register("foo", "foo", "Foo/Packet Types",
foo_stats_tree_packet, foo_stats_tree_init, NULL);
}
WS_DLL_PUBLIC_DEF const gchar version[] = "0.0";
WS_DLL_PUBLIC_DEF void plugin_register_tap_listener(void)
{
register_foo_stat_trees();
}
#endif
Working from the bottom up, first the plugin interface entry point is defined,
plugin_register_tap_listener(). This simply calls the initialisation function
register_foo_stat_trees().
This in turn calls the stats_tree_register() function, which takes three strings, and three
functions.
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1. This is the tap name that is registered.
2. An abbreviation of the stats name.
3. The name of the stats module. A '/' character can be used to make sub menus.
4. The function that will called to generate the stats.
5. A function that can be called to initialise the stats data.
6. A function that will be called to clean up the stats data.
In this case we only need the first two functions, as there is nothing specific to clean up.
Example 9.22. Initialising a stats session
static const guint8* st_str_packets = "Total Packets";
static const guint8* st_str_packet_types = "FOO Packet Types";
static int st_node_packets = -1;
static int st_node_packet_types = -1;
static void foo_stats_tree_init(stats_tree* st)
{
st_node_packets = stats_tree_create_node(st, st_str_packets, 0, TRUE);
st_node_packet_types = stats_tree_create_pivot(st, st_str_packet_types, st_node_packets);
}
In this case we create a new tree node, to handle the total packets, and as a child of that we create a pivot
table to handle the stats about different packet types.
Example 9.23. Generating the stats
static int foo_stats_tree_packet(stats_tree* st, packet_info* pinfo, epan_dissect_t* edt, const void* p)
{
struct FooTap *pi = (struct FooTap *)p;
tick_stat_node(st, st_str_packets, 0, FALSE);
stats_tree_tick_pivot(st, st_node_packet_types,
val_to_str(pi->packet_type, msgtypevalues, "Unknown packet type (%d)"));
return 1;
}
In this case the processing of the stats is quite simple. First we call the tick_stat_node for the
st_str_packets packet node, to count packets. Then a call to stats_tree_tick_pivot() on
the st_node_packet_types subtree allows us to record statistics by packet type.
9.7. How to use conversations
Some info about how to use conversations in a dissector can be found in the file doc/README.dissector,
chapter 2.2.
9.8. idl2wrs: Creating dissectors from CORBA
IDL files
Many of Wireshark’s dissectors are automatically generated. This section shows how to generate one from
a CORBA IDL file.
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9.8.1. What is it?
As you have probably guessed from the name, idl2wrs takes a user specified IDL file and attempts to
build a dissector that can decode the IDL traffic over GIOP. The resulting file is “C” code, that should
compile okay as a Wireshark dissector.
idl2wrs parses the data struct given to it by the omniidl compiler, and using the GIOP API available
in packet-giop.[ch], generates get_CDR_xxx calls to decode the CORBA traffic on the wire.
It consists of 4 main files.
README.idl2wrs This document
wireshark_be.py The main compiler backend
wireshark_gen.py A helper class, that generates the C code.
idl2wrs A simple shell script wrapper that the end user should use to generate the
dissector from the IDL file(s).
9.8.2. Why do this?
It is important to understand what CORBA traffic looks like over GIOP/IIOP, and to help build a tool
that can assist in troubleshooting CORBA interworking. This was especially the case after seeing a lot of
discussions about how particular IDL types are represented inside an octet stream.
I have also had comments/feedback that this tool would be good for say a CORBA class when teaching
students what CORBA traffic looks like “on the wire”.
It is also COOL to work on a great Open Source project such as the case with “Wireshark” (https://
www.wireshark.org/ )
9.8.3. How to use idl2wrs
To use the idl2wrs to generate Wireshark dissectors, you need the following:
• Python must be installed. See http://python.org/
•omniidl from the omniORB package must be available. See http://omniorb.sourceforge.net/
• Of course you need Wireshark installed to compile the code and tweak it if required. idl2wrs is part of
the standard Wireshark distribution
To use idl2wrs to generate an Wireshark dissector from an idl file use the following procedure:
• To write the C code to stdout.
$ idl2wrs <your_file.idl>
e.g.:
$ idl2wrs echo.idl
• To write to a file, just redirect the output.
$ idl2wrs echo.idl > packet-test-idl.c
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You may wish to comment out the register_giop_user_module() code and that will leave you with
heuristic dissection.
If you don’t want to use the shell script wrapper, then try steps 3 or 4 instead.
• To write the C code to stdout.
$ omniidl -p ./ -b wireshark_be <your file.idl>
e.g.:
$ omniidl -p ./ -b wireshark_be echo.idl
• To write to a file, just redirect the output.
$ omniidl -p ./ -b wireshark_be echo.idl > packet-test-idl.c
You may wish to comment out the register_giop_user_module() code and that will leave you with
heuristic dissection.
• Copy the resulting C code to subdirectory epan/dissectors/ inside your Wireshark source directory.
$ cp packet-test-idl.c /dir/where/wireshark/lives/epan/dissectors/
The new dissector has to be added to Makefile.common in the same directory. Look for the declaration
CLEAN_DISSECTOR_SRC and add the new dissector there. For example,
CLEAN_DISSECTOR_SRC = \
packet-2dparityfec.c \
packet-3com-njack.c \
...
becomes
CLEAN_DISSECTOR_SRC = \
packet-test-idl.c \
packet-2dparityfec.c \
packet-3com-njack.c \
...
For the next steps, go up to the top of your Wireshark source directory.
• Run configure
$ ./configure (or ./autogen.sh)
• Compile the code
$ make
• Good Luck !!
9.8.4. TODO
• Exception code not generated (yet), but can be added manually.
• Enums not converted to symbolic values (yet), but can be added manually.
• Add command line options etc
• More I am sure :-)
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9.8.5. Limitations
See the TODO list inside packet-giop.c
9.8.6. Notes
The -p ./ option passed to omniidl indicates that the wireshark_be.py and wireshark_gen.py are residing
in the current directory. This may need tweaking if you place these files somewhere else.
If it complains about being unable to find some modules (e.g. tempfile.py), you may want to check if
PYTHONPATH is set correctly. On my Linux box, it is PYTHONPATH=/usr/lib/python2.4/
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Chapter 10. Lua Support in Wireshark
10.1. Introduction
Wireshark has an embedded Lua interpreter. Lua is a powerful light-weight programming language
designed for extending applications. Lua is designed and implemented by a team at PUC-Rio, the Pontifical
Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Lua was born and raised at Tecgraf, the Computer Graphics
Technology Group of PUC-Rio, and is now housed at Lua.org. Both Tecgraf and Lua.org are laboratories
of the Department of Computer Science.
In Wireshark Lua can be used to write dissectors, taps, and capture file readers and writers.
Wireshark’s Lua interpreter starts by loading init.lua that is located in the global configuration
directory of Wireshark. Lua is enabled by default. To disable Lua the line variable disable_lua should be
set to true in init.lua.
After loading init.lua from the data directory if Lua is enabled Wireshark will try to load a file named
init.lua in the user’s directory.
Wireshark will also load all files with .lua suffix from both the global and the personal plugins directory.
The command line option -X lua_script:file.lua can be used to load Lua scripts as well.
The Lua code will be executed once after all the protocol dissectors have being initialized and before
reading any file.
10.2. Example of Dissector written in Lua
local p_multi = Proto("multi","MultiProto");
local vs_protos = {
[2] = "mtp2",
[3] = "mtp3",
[4] = "alcap",
[5] = "h248",
[6] = "ranap",
[7] = "rnsap",
[8] = "nbap"
}
local f_proto = ProtoField.uint8("multi.protocol","Protocol",base.DEC,vs_protos)
local f_dir = ProtoField.uint8("multi.direction","Direction",base.DEC,{ [1] = "incoming", [0] = "outgoing"})
local f_text = ProtoField.string("multi.text","Text")
p_multi.fields = { f_proto, f_dir, f_text }
local data_dis = Dissector.get("data")
local protos = {
[2] = Dissector.get("mtp2"),
[3] = Dissector.get("mtp3"),
[4] = Dissector.get("alcap"),
[5] = Dissector.get("h248"),
[6] = Dissector.get("ranap"),
[7] = Dissector.get("rnsap"),
[8] = Dissector.get("nbap"),
[9] = Dissector.get("rrc"),
[10] = DissectorTable.get("sctp.ppi"):get_dissector(3), -- m3ua
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[11] = DissectorTable.get("ip.proto"):get_dissector(132), -- sctp
}
function p_multi.dissector(buf,pkt,root)
local t = root:add(p_multi,buf(0,2))
t:add(f_proto,buf(0,1))
t:add(f_dir,buf(1,1))
local proto_id = buf(0,1):uint()
local dissector = protos[proto_id]
if dissector ~= nil then
dissector:call(buf(2):tvb(),pkt,root)
elseif proto_id < 2 then
t:add(f_text,buf(2))
-- pkt.cols.info:set(buf(2,buf:len() - 3):string())
else
data_dis:call(buf(2):tvb(),pkt,root)
end
end
local wtap_encap_table = DissectorTable.get("wtap_encap")
local udp_encap_table = DissectorTable.get("udp.port")
wtap_encap_table:add(wtap.USER15,p_multi)
wtap_encap_table:add(wtap.USER12,p_multi)
udp_encap_table:add(7555,p_multi)
10.3. Example of Listener written in Lua
-- This program will register a menu that will open a window with a count of occurrences
-- of every address in the capture
local function menuable_tap()
-- Declare the window we will use
local tw = TextWindow.new("Address Counter")
-- This will contain a hash of counters of appearances of a certain address
local ips = {}
-- this is our tap
local tap = Listener.new();
function remove()
-- this way we remove the listener that otherwise will remain running indefinitely
tap:remove();
end
-- we tell the window to call the remove() function when closed
tw:set_atclose(remove)
-- this function will be called once for each packet
function tap.packet(pinfo,tvb)
local src = ips[tostring(pinfo.src)] or 0
local dst = ips[tostring(pinfo.dst)] or 0
ips[tostring(pinfo.src)] = src + 1
ips[tostring(pinfo.dst)] = dst + 1
end
-- this function will be called once every few seconds to update our window
function tap.draw(t)
tw:clear()
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for ip,num in pairs(ips) do
tw:append(ip .. "\t" .. num .. "\n");
end
end
-- this function will be called whenever a reset is needed
-- e.g. when reloading the capture file
function tap.reset()
tw:clear()
ips = {}
end
end
-- using this function we register our function
-- to be called when the user selects the Tools->Test->Packets menu
register_menu("Test/Packets", menuable_tap, MENU_TOOLS_UNSORTED)
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Chapter 11. Wireshark’s Lua API
Reference Manual
This Part of the User Guide describes the Wireshark specific functions in the embedded Lua.
11.1. Saving capture files
The classes/functions defined in this module are for using a Dumper object to make Wireshark
save a capture file to disk. Dumper represents Wireshark’s built-in file format writers (see the
wtap_filetypes table in init.lua).
To have a Lua script create its own file format writer, see the chapter titled "Custom file format reading/
writing".
11.1.1. Dumper
11.1.1.1. Dumper.new(filename, [filetype], [encap])
Creates a file to write packets. Dumper:new_for_current() will probably be a better choice.
Arguments
filename The name of the capture file to be created.
filetype (optional) The type of the file to be created - a number entry from the
wtap_filetypes table in init.lua.
encap (optional) The encapsulation to be used in the file to be created - a number entry
from the wtap_encaps table in init.lua.
Returns
The newly created Dumper object
11.1.1.2. dumper:close()
Closes a dumper.
Errors
• Cannot operate on a closed dumper
11.1.1.3. dumper:flush()
Writes all unsaved data of a dumper to the disk.
11.1.1.4. dumper:dump(timestamp, pseudoheader, bytearray)
Dumps an arbitrary packet.
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Note
Dumper:dump_current() will fit best in most cases.
Arguments
timestamp The absolute timestamp the packet will have.
pseudoheader The PseudoHeader to use.
bytearray The data to be saved
11.1.1.5. dumper:new_for_current([filetype])
Creates a capture file using the same encapsulation as the one of the current packet.
Arguments
filetype (optional) The file type. Defaults to pcap.
Returns
The newly created Dumper Object
Errors
• Cannot be used outside a tap or a dissector
11.1.1.6. dumper:dump_current()
Dumps the current packet as it is.
Errors
• Cannot be used outside a tap or a dissector
11.1.2. PseudoHeader
A pseudoheader to be used to save captured frames.
11.1.2.1. PseudoHeader.none()
Creates a "no" pseudoheader.
Returns
A null pseudoheader
11.1.2.2. PseudoHeader.eth([fcslen])
Creates an ethernet pseudoheader.
Arguments
fcslen (optional) The fcs length
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Returns
The ethernet pseudoheader
11.1.2.3. PseudoHeader.atm([aal], [vpi], [vci], [channel], [cells],
[aal5u2u], [aal5len])
Creates an ATM pseudoheader.
Arguments
aal (optional) AAL number
vpi (optional) VPI
vci (optional) VCI
channel (optional) Channel
cells (optional) Number of cells in the PDU
aal5u2u (optional) AAL5 User to User indicator
aal5len (optional) AAL5 Len
Returns
The ATM pseudoheader
11.1.2.4. PseudoHeader.mtp2([sent], [annexa], [linknum])
Creates an MTP2 PseudoHeader.
Arguments
sent (optional) True if the packet is sent, False if received.
annexa (optional) True if annex A is used.
linknum (optional) Link Number.
Returns
The MTP2 pseudoheader
11.2. Obtaining dissection data
11.2.1. Field
A Field extractor to to obtain field values. A Field object can only be created outside of the callback
functions of dissectors, post-dissectors, heuristic-dissectors, and taps.
Once created, it is used inside the callback functions, to generate a FieldInfo object.
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11.2.1.1. Field.new(fieldname)
Create a Field extractor.
Arguments
fieldname The filter name of the field (e.g. ip.addr)
Returns
The field extractor
Errors
• A Field extractor must be defined before Taps or Dissectors get called
11.2.1.2. Field.list()
Gets a Lua array table of all registered field filter names.
Note
this is an expensive operation, and should only be used for troubleshooting.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The array table of field filter names
11.2.1.3. field:__call()
Obtain all values (see FieldInfo) for this field.
Returns
All the values of this field
Errors
• Fields cannot be used outside dissectors or taps
11.2.1.4. field:__tostring()
Obtain a string with the field filter name.
11.2.1.5. field.name
Mode: Retrieve only.
The filter name of this field, or nil.
Since: 1.99.8
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11.2.1.6. field.display
Mode: Retrieve only.
The full display name of this field, or nil.
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.1.7. field.type
Mode: Retrieve only.
The ftype of this field, or nil.
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2. FieldInfo
An extracted Field from dissected packet data. A FieldInfo object can only be used within the callback
functions of dissectors, post-dissectors, heuristic-dissectors, and taps.
A FieldInfo can be called on either existing Wireshark fields by using either Field.new() or
Field() before-hand, or it can be called on new fields created by Lua from a ProtoField.
11.2.2.1. fieldinfo:__len()
Obtain the Length of the field
11.2.2.2. fieldinfo:__unm()
Obtain the Offset of the field
11.2.2.3. fieldinfo:__call()
Obtain the Value of the field.
Previous to 1.11.4, this function retrieved the value for most field types, but for ftypes.UINT_BYTES
it retrieved the ByteArray of the field’s entire TvbRange. In other words, it returned a ByteArray
that included the leading length byte(s), instead of just the value bytes. That was a bug, and has been
changed in 1.11.4. Furthermore, it retrieved an ftypes.GUID as a ByteArray, which is also incorrect.
If you wish to still get a ByteArray of the TvbRange, use FieldInfo:get_range() to get the
TvbRange, and then use Tvb:bytes() to convert it to a ByteArray.
11.2.2.4. fieldinfo:__tostring()
The string representation of the field.
11.2.2.5. fieldinfo:__eq()
Checks whether lhs is within rhs.
11.2.2.6. fieldinfo:__le()
Checks whether the end byte of lhs is before the end of rhs.
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Errors
• Data source must be the same for both fields
11.2.2.7. fieldinfo:__lt()
Checks whether the end byte of rhs is before the beginning of rhs.
Errors
• Data source must be the same for both fields
11.2.2.8. fieldinfo.len
Mode: Retrieve only.
The length of this field.
11.2.2.9. fieldinfo.offset
Mode: Retrieve only.
The offset of this field.
11.2.2.10. fieldinfo.value
Mode: Retrieve only.
The value of this field.
11.2.2.11. fieldinfo.label
Mode: Retrieve only.
The string representing this field.
11.2.2.12. fieldinfo.display
Mode: Retrieve only.
The string display of this field as seen in GUI.
11.2.2.13. fieldinfo.type
Mode: Retrieve only.
The internal field type, a number which matches one of the ftype values in init.lua.
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2.14. fieldinfo.source
Mode: Retrieve only.
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The source Tvb object the FieldInfo is derived from, or nil if there is none.
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2.15. fieldinfo.range
Mode: Retrieve only.
The TvbRange covering this field.
11.2.2.16. fieldinfo.generated
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether this field was marked as generated (boolean).
11.2.2.17. fieldinfo.hidden
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether this field was marked as hidden (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2.18. fieldinfo.is_url
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether this field was marked as being a URL (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2.19. fieldinfo.little_endian
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether this field is little-endian encoded (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2.20. fieldinfo.big_endian
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether this field is big-endian encoded (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.2.2.21. fieldinfo.name
Mode: Retrieve only.
The filter name of this field.
Since: 1.99.8
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11.2.3. Global Functions
11.2.3.1. all_field_infos()
Obtain all fields from the current tree. Note this only gets whatever fields the underlying dissectors have
filled in for this packet at this time - there may be fields applicable to the packet that simply aren’t being
filled in because at this time they’re not needed for anything. This function only gets what the C-side code
has currently populated, not the full list.
Errors
• Cannot be called outside a listener or dissector
11.3. GUI support
11.3.1. ProgDlg
Manages a progress bar dialog.
11.3.1.1. ProgDlg.new([title], [task])
Creates a new ProgDlg progress dialog.
Arguments
title (optional) Title of the new window, defaults to "Progress".
task (optional) Current task, defaults to "".
Returns
The newly created ProgDlg object.
11.3.1.2. progdlg:update(progress, [task])
Appends text.
Arguments
progress Part done ( e.g. 0.75 ).
task (optional) Current task, defaults to "".
Errors
• GUI not available
• Cannot be called for something not a ProgDlg
• Progress value out of range (must be between 0.0 and 1.0)
11.3.1.3. progdlg:stopped()
Checks whether the user has pressed the stop button.
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Returns
true if the user has asked to stop the progress.
11.3.1.4. progdlg:close()
Closes the progress dialog.
Returns
A string specifying whether the Progress Dialog has stopped or not.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2. TextWindow
Manages a text window.
11.3.2.1. TextWindow.new([title])
Creates a new TextWindow text window.
Arguments
title (optional) Title of the new window.
Returns
The newly created TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.2. textwindow:set_atclose(action)
Set the function that will be called when the text window closes.
Arguments
action A Lua function to be executed when the user closes the text window.
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.3. textwindow:set(text)
Sets the text.
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Arguments
text The text to be used.
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.4. textwindow:append(text)
Appends text
Arguments
text The text to be appended
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.5. textwindow:prepend(text)
Prepends text
Arguments
text The text to be appended
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.6. textwindow:clear()
Erases all text in the window.
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
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11.3.2.7. textwindow:get_text()
Get the text of the window
Returns
The `TextWindow’s text.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.8. textwindow:close()
Close the window
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.9. textwindow:set_editable([editable])
Make this text window editable.
Arguments
editable (optional) A boolean flag, defaults to true.
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
11.3.2.10. textwindow:add_button(label, function)
Adds a button to the text window.
Arguments
label The label of the button
function The Lua function to be called when clicked
Returns
The TextWindow object.
Errors
• GUI not available
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11.3.3. Global Functions
11.3.3.1. gui_enabled()
Checks whether the GUI facility is enabled.
Returns
A boolean: true if it is enabled, false if it isn’t.
11.3.3.2. register_menu(name, action, [group])
Register a menu item in one of the main menus.
Arguments
name The name of the menu item. The submenus are to be separated by '`/’s.
(string)
action The function to be called when the menu item is invoked. (function taking
no arguments and returning nothing)
group (optional) The menu group into which the menu item is to be inserted. If omitted,
defaults to MENU_STAT_GENERIC. One of:
• MENU_STAT_UNSORTED (Statistics),
• MENU_STAT_GENERIC (Statistics, first section),
• MENU_STAT_CONVERSATION (Statistics/Conversation List),
• MENU_STAT_ENDPOINT (Statistics/Endpoint List),
• MENU_STAT_RESPONSE (Statistics/Service Response Time),
• MENU_STAT_TELEPHONY (Telephony),
• MENU_STAT_TELEPHONY_GSM (Telephony/GSM),
• MENU_STAT_TELEPHONY_LTE (Telephony/LTE),
• MENU_STAT_TELEPHONY_SCTP (Telephony/SCTP),
• MENU_ANALYZE (Analyze),
• MENU_ANALYZE_CONVERSATION (Analyze/Conversation Filter),
• MENU_TOOLS_UNSORTED (Tools). (number)
11.3.3.3. new_dialog(title, action, …)
Pops up a new dialog
Arguments
title Title of the dialog’s window.
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action Action to be performed when OK’d.
… A series of strings to be used as labels of the dialog’s fields.
Errors
• GUI not available
• At least one field required
• All fields must be strings
11.3.3.4. retap_packets()
Rescan all packets and just run taps - don’t reconstruct the display.
11.3.3.5. copy_to_clipboard(text)
Copy a string into the clipboard.
Arguments
text The string to be copied into the clipboard.
11.3.3.6. open_capture_file(filename, filter)
Open and display a capture file.
Arguments
filename The name of the file to be opened.
filter A filter to be applied as the file gets opened.
11.3.3.7. get_filter()
Get the main filter text.
11.3.3.8. set_filter(text)
Set the main filter text.
Arguments
text The filter’s text.
11.3.3.9. set_color_filter_slot(row, text)
Set packet-coloring rule for the current session.
Arguments
row The index of the desired color in the temporary coloring rules list.
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text Display filter for selecting packets to be colorized.
11.3.3.10. apply_filter()
Apply the filter in the main filter box.
11.3.3.11. reload()
Reload the current capture file.
11.3.3.12. browser_open_url(url)
Open an url in a browser.
Arguments
url The url.
11.3.3.13. browser_open_data_file(filename)
Open a file in a browser.
Arguments
filename The file name.
11.4. Post-dissection packet analysis
11.4.1. Listener
A Listener is called once for every packet that matches a certain filter or has a certain tap. It can read
the tree, the packet’s Tvb buffer as well as the tapped data, but it cannot add elements to the tree.
11.4.1.1. Listener.new([tap], [filter], [allfields])
Creates a new Listener listener object.
Arguments
tap (optional) The name of this tap.
filter (optional) A filter that when matches the tap.packet function gets called (use
nil to be called for every packet).
allfields (optional) Whether to generate all fields. (default=false)
Note
this impacts performance.
Returns
The newly created Listener listener object
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Errors
• tap registration error
11.4.1.2. Listener.list()
Gets a Lua array table of all registered Listener tap names.
Note
this is an expensive operation, and should only be used for troubleshooting.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The array table of registered tap names
11.4.1.3. listener:remove()
Removes a tap Listener.
11.4.1.4. listener:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the tap Listener.
11.4.1.5. listener.packet
Mode: Assign only.
A function that will be called once every packet matches the Listener listener filter.
When later called by Wireshark, the packet function will be given:
1. A Pinfo object
2. A Tvb object
3. A tapinfo table
function tap.packet(pinfo,tvb,tapinfo) ... end
Note
tapinfo is a table of info based on the `Listener’s type, or nil.
11.4.1.6. listener.draw
Mode: Assign only.
A function that will be called once every few seconds to redraw the GUI objects; in Tshark this funtion
is called only at the very end of the capture file.
When later called by Wireshark, the draw function will not be given any arguments.
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function tap.draw() ... end
11.4.1.7. listener.reset
Mode: Assign only.
A function that will be called at the end of the capture run.
When later called by Wireshark, the reset function will not be given any arguments.
function tap.reset() ... end
11.5. Obtaining packet information
11.5.1. Address
Represents an address.
11.5.1.1. Address.ip(hostname)
Creates an Address Object representing an IP address.
Arguments
hostname The address or name of the IP host.
Returns
The Address object.
11.5.1.2. address:__tostring()
Returns
The string representing the address.
11.5.1.3. address:__eq()
Compares two Addresses.
11.5.1.4. address:__le()
Compares two Addresses.
11.5.1.5. address:__lt()
Compares two Addresses.
11.5.2. Column
A Column in the packet list.
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11.5.2.1. column:__tostring()
Returns
The column’s string text (in parenthesis if not available).
11.5.2.2. column:clear()
Clears a Column.
11.5.2.3. column:set(text)
Sets the text of a Column.
Arguments
text The text to which to set the Column.
11.5.2.4. column:append(text)
Appends text to a Column.
Arguments
text The text to append to the Column.
11.5.2.5. column:prepend(text)
Prepends text to a Column.
Arguments
text The text to prepend to the Column.
11.5.2.6. column:fence()
Sets Column text fence, to prevent overwriting.
Since: 1.10.6
11.5.2.7. column:clear_fence()
Clear Column text fence.
Since: 1.11.3
11.5.3. Columns
The Columns of the packet list.
11.5.3.1. columns:__tostring()
Returns
The string "Columns", no real use, just for debugging purposes.
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11.5.3.2. columns:__newindex(column, text)
Sets the text of a specific column.
Arguments
column The name of the column to set.
text The text for the column.
11.5.3.3. columns:__index()
Gets a specific Column.
11.5.4. NSTime
NSTime represents a nstime_t. This is an object with seconds and nanoseconds.
11.5.4.1. NSTime.new([seconds], [nseconds])
Creates a new NSTime object.
Arguments
seconds (optional) Seconds.
nseconds (optional) Nano seconds.
Returns
The new NSTime object.
11.5.4.2. nstime:__call([seconds], [nseconds])
Creates a NSTime object.
Arguments
seconds (optional) Seconds.
nseconds (optional) Nanoseconds.
Returns
The new NSTime object.
11.5.4.3. nstime:__tostring()
Returns
The string representing the nstime.
11.5.4.4. nstime:__add()
Calculates the sum of two NSTimes.
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11.5.4.5. nstime:__sub()
Calculates the diff of two NSTimes.
11.5.4.6. nstime:__unm()
Calculates the negative NSTime.
11.5.4.7. nstime:__eq()
Compares two NSTimes.
11.5.4.8. nstime:__le()
Compares two NSTimes.
11.5.4.9. nstime:__lt()
Compares two NSTimes.
11.5.4.10. nstime.secs
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The NSTime seconds.
11.5.4.11. nstime.nsecs
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The NSTime nano seconds.
11.5.5. Pinfo
Packet information.
11.5.5.1. pinfo.visited
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether this packet has been already visited.
11.5.5.2. pinfo.number
Mode: Retrieve only.
The number of this packet in the current file.
11.5.5.3. pinfo.len
Mode: Retrieve only.
The length of the frame.
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11.5.5.4. pinfo.caplen
Mode: Retrieve only.
The captured length of the frame.
11.5.5.5. pinfo.abs_ts
Mode: Retrieve only.
When the packet was captured.
11.5.5.6. pinfo.rel_ts
Mode: Retrieve only.
Number of seconds passed since beginning of capture.
11.5.5.7. pinfo.delta_ts
Mode: Retrieve only.
Number of seconds passed since the last captured packet.
11.5.5.8. pinfo.delta_dis_ts
Mode: Retrieve only.
Number of seconds passed since the last displayed packet.
11.5.5.9. pinfo.circuit_id
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
For circuit based protocols.
11.5.5.10. pinfo.curr_proto
Mode: Retrieve only.
Which Protocol are we dissecting.
11.5.5.11. pinfo.can_desegment
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Set if this segment could be desegmented.
11.5.5.12. pinfo.desegment_len
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Estimated number of additional bytes required for completing the PDU.
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11.5.5.13. pinfo.desegment_offset
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Offset in the tvbuff at which the dissector will continue processing when next called.
11.5.5.14. pinfo.fragmented
Mode: Retrieve only.
If the protocol is only a fragment.
11.5.5.15. pinfo.in_error_pkt
Mode: Retrieve only.
If we’re inside an error packet.
11.5.5.16. pinfo.match_uint
Mode: Retrieve only.
Matched uint for calling subdissector from table.
11.5.5.17. pinfo.match_string
Mode: Retrieve only.
Matched string for calling subdissector from table.
11.5.5.18. pinfo.port_type
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Type of Port of .src_port and .dst_port.
11.5.5.19. pinfo.src_port
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Source Port of this Packet.
11.5.5.20. pinfo.dst_port
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Source Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.21. pinfo.dl_src
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Data Link Source Address of this Packet.
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11.5.5.22. pinfo.dl_dst
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Data Link Destination Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.23. pinfo.net_src
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Network Layer Source Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.24. pinfo.net_dst
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Network Layer Destination Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.25. pinfo.src
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Source Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.26. pinfo.dst
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Destination Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.27. pinfo.match
Mode: Retrieve only.
Port/Data we are matching.
11.5.5.28. pinfo.columns
Mode: Retrieve only.
Accesss to the packet list columns.
11.5.5.29. pinfo.cols
Mode: Retrieve only.
Accesss to the packet list columns (equivalent to pinfo.columns).
11.5.5.30. pinfo.private
Mode: Retrieve only.
Access to the private table entries.
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11.5.5.31. pinfo.hi
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Higher Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.32. pinfo.lo
Mode: Retrieve only.
Lower Address of this Packet.
11.5.5.33. pinfo.conversation
Mode: Assign only.
Sets the packet conversation to the given Proto object.
11.5.6. PrivateTable
PrivateTable represents the pinfo#private_table.
11.5.6.1. privatetable:__tostring()
Gets debugging type information about the private table.
Returns
A string with all keys in the table, mostly for debugging.
11.6. Functions for new protocols and
dissectors
The classes and functions in this chapter allow Lua scripts to create new protocols for Wireshark.
Proto protocol objects can have Pref preferences, ProtoField fields for filterable values that can
be displayed in a details view tree, functions for dissecting the new protocol, and so on.
The dissection function can be hooked into existing protocol tables through DissectorTables so that
the new protocol dissector function gets called by that protocol, and the new dissector can itself call on
other, already existing protocol dissectors by retrieving and calling the Dissector object. A Proto
dissector can also be used as a post-dissector, at the end of every frame’s dissection, or as a heuristic
dissector.
11.6.1. Dissector
A refererence to a dissector, used to call a dissector against a packet or a part of it.
11.6.1.1. Dissector.get(name)
Obtains a dissector reference by name.
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Arguments
name The name of the dissector.
Returns
The Dissector reference.
11.6.1.2. Dissector.list()
Gets a Lua array table of all registered Dissector names.
Note
this is an expensive operation, and should only be used for troubleshooting.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The array table of registered dissector names.
11.6.1.3. dissector:call(tvb, pinfo, tree)
Calls a dissector against a given packet (or part of it).
Arguments
tvb The buffer to dissect.
pinfo The packet info.
tree The tree on which to add the protocol items.
Returns
Number of bytes dissected. Note that some dissectors always return number of bytes in incoming buffer,
so be aware.
11.6.1.4. dissector:__call(tvb, pinfo, tree)
Calls a dissector against a given packet (or part of it).
Arguments
tvb The buffer to dissect.
pinfo The packet info.
tree The tree on which to add the protocol items.
11.6.1.5. dissector:__tostring()
Gets the Dissector’s protocol short name.
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Returns
A string of the protocol’s short name.
11.6.2. DissectorTable
A table of subdissectors of a particular protocol (e.g. TCP subdissectors like http, smtp, sip are added to
table "tcp.port").
Useful to add more dissectors to a table so that they appear in the Decode As… dialog.
11.6.2.1. DissectorTable.new(tablename, [uiname], [type], [base])
Creates a new DissectorTable for your dissector’s use.
Arguments
tablename The short name of the table.
uiname (optional) The name of the table in the User Interface (defaults to the name given).
type (optional) Either ftypes.UINT8, ftypes.UINT16, ftypes.UINT24,
ftypes.UINT32, or ftypes.STRING (defaults to
ftypes.UINT32).
base (optional) Either base.NONE, base.DEC, base.HEX, base.OCT,
base.DEC_HEX or base.HEX_DEC (defaults to base.DEC).
Returns
The newly created DissectorTable.
11.6.2.2. DissectorTable.list()
Gets a Lua array table of all DissectorTable names - i.e., the string names you can use for the first argument
to DissectorTable.get().
Note
this is an expensive operation, and should only be used for troubleshooting.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The array table of registered DissectorTable names.
11.6.2.3. DissectorTable.heuristic_list()
Gets a Lua array table of all heuristic list names - i.e., the string names you can use for the first argument
in Proto:register_heuristic().
Note
this is an expensive operation, and should only be used for troubleshooting.
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Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The array table of registered heuristic list names
11.6.2.4. DissectorTable.get(tablename)
Obtain a reference to an existing dissector table.
Arguments
tablename The short name of the table.
Returns
The DissectorTable.
11.6.2.5. dissectortable:add(pattern, dissector)
Add a Proto with a dissector function, or a Dissector object, to the dissector table.
Arguments
pattern The pattern to match (either an integer, a integer range or a string depending on the
table’s type).
dissector The dissector to add (either a Proto or a Dissector).
11.6.2.6. dissectortable:set(pattern, dissector)
Remove existing dissectors from a table and add a new or a range of new dissectors.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
pattern The pattern to match (either an integer, a integer range or a string depending on the
table’s type).
dissector The dissector to add (either a Proto or a Dissector).
11.6.2.7. dissectortable:remove(pattern, dissector)
Remove a dissector or a range of dissectors from a table
Arguments
pattern The pattern to match (either an integer, a integer range or a string depending on the
table’s type).
dissector The dissector to remove (either a Proto or a Dissector).
11.6.2.8. dissectortable:remove_all(dissector)
Remove all dissectors from a table.
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Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
dissector The dissector to remove (either a Proto or a Dissector).
11.6.2.9. dissectortable:try(pattern, tvb, pinfo, tree)
Try to call a dissector from a table
Arguments
pattern The pattern to be matched (either an integer or a string depending on the table’s type).
tvb The buffer to dissect.
pinfo The packet info.
tree The tree on which to add the protocol items.
Returns
Number of bytes dissected. Note that some dissectors always return number of bytes in incoming buffer,
so be aware.
11.6.2.10. dissectortable:get_dissector(pattern)
Try to obtain a dissector from a table.
Arguments
pattern The pattern to be matched (either an integer or a string depending on the table’s type).
Returns
The dissector handle if found.
nil if not found.
11.6.2.11. dissectortable:add_for_decode_as(proto)
Add the given Proto to the "Decode as…" list for this DissectorTable. The passed-in Proto object’s
dissector() function is used for dissecting.
Since: 1.99.1
Arguments
proto The Proto to add.
11.6.2.12. dissectortable:__tostring()
Gets some debug information about the DissectorTable.
Returns
A string of debug information about the DissectorTable.
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11.6.3. Pref
A preference of a Protocol.
11.6.3.1. Pref.bool(label, default, descr)
Creates a boolean preference to be added to a Proto.prefs Lua table.
Arguments
label The Label (text in the right side of the preference input) for this preference.
default The default value for this preference.
descr A description of what this preference is.
11.6.3.2. Pref.uint(label, default, descr)
Creates an (unsigned) integer preference to be added to a Proto.prefs Lua table.
Arguments
label The Label (text in the right side of the preference input) for this preference.
default The default value for this preference.
descr A description of what this preference is.
11.6.3.3. Pref.string(label, default, descr)
Creates a string preference to be added to a Proto.prefs Lua table.
Arguments
label The Label (text in the right side of the preference input) for this preference.
default The default value for this preference.
descr A description of what this preference is.
11.6.3.4. Pref.enum(label, default, descr, enum, radio)
Creates an enum preference to be added to a Proto.prefs Lua table.
Arguments
label The Label (text in the right side of the preference input) for this preference.
default The default value for this preference.
descr A description of what this preference is.
enum An enum Lua table.
radio Radio button (true) or Combobox (false).
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11.6.3.5. Pref.range(label, default, descr, max)
Creates a range preference to be added to a Proto.prefs Lua table.
Arguments
label The Label (text in the right side of the preference input) for this preference.
default The default value for this preference, e.g., "53", "10-30", or "10-30,53,55,100-120".
descr A description of what this preference is.
max The maximum value.
11.6.3.6. Pref.statictext(label, descr)
Creates a static text string to be added to a Proto.prefs Lua table.
Arguments
label The static text.
descr The static text description.
11.6.4. Prefs
The table of preferences of a protocol.
11.6.4.1. prefs:__newindex(name, pref)
Creates a new preference.
Arguments
name The abbreviation of this preference.
pref A valid but still unassigned Pref object.
Errors
• Unknow Pref type
11.6.4.2. prefs:__index(name)
Get the value of a preference setting.
Arguments
name The abbreviation of this preference.
Returns
The current value of the preference.
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Errors
• Unknow Pref type
11.6.5. Proto
A new protocol in Wireshark. Protocols have more uses, the main one is to dissect a protocol. But they
can also be just dummies used to register preferences for other purposes.
11.6.5.1. Proto.new(name, desc)
Arguments
name The name of the protocol.
desc A Long Text description of the protocol (usually lowercase).
Returns
The newly created protocol.
11.6.5.2. proto:__call(name, desc)
Creates a Proto object.
Arguments
name The name of the protocol.
desc A Long Text description of the protocol (usually lowercase).
Returns
The new Proto object.
11.6.5.3. proto:register_heuristic(listname, func)
Registers a heuristic dissector function for this Proto protocol, for the given heuristic list name.
When later called, the passed-in function will be given:
1. A Tvb object
2. A Pinfo object
3. A TreeItem object
The function must return true if the payload is for it, else false.
The function should perform as much verification as possible to ensure the payload is for it, and dissect the
packet (including setting TreeItem info and such) only if the payload is for it, before returning true or false.
Since version 1.99.1, this function also accepts a Dissector object as the second argument, to allow re-
using the same Lua code as the function proto.dissector(...). In this case, the Dissector
must return a Lua number of the number of bytes consumed/parsed: if 0 is returned, it will be treated the
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same as a false return for the heuristic; if a positive or negative number is returned, then the it will be
treated the same as a true return for the heuristic, meaning the packet is for this protocol and no other
heuristic will be tried.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
listname The heuristic list name this function is a heuristic for (e.g., "udp" or
"infiniband.payload").
func A Lua function that will be invoked for heuristic dissection.
11.6.5.4. proto.dissector
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The protocol’s dissector, a function you define.
When later called, the function will be given:
1. A Tvb object
2. A Pinfo object
3. A TreeItem object
11.6.5.5. proto.prefs
Mode: Retrieve only.
The preferences of this dissector.
11.6.5.6. proto.prefs_changed
Mode: Assign only.
The preferences changed routine of this dissector, a Lua function you define.
11.6.5.7. proto.init
Mode: Assign only.
The init routine of this dissector, a function you define.
The called init function is passed no arguments.
11.6.5.8. proto.name
Mode: Retrieve only.
The name given to this dissector.
11.6.5.9. proto.description
Mode: Retrieve only.
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The description given to this dissector.
11.6.5.10. proto.fields
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The `ProtoField`s Lua table of this dissector.
11.6.5.11. proto.experts
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The expert info Lua table of this Proto.
Since: 1.11.3
11.6.6. ProtoExpert
A Protocol expert info field, to be used when adding items to the dissection tree.
Since: 1.11.3
11.6.6.1. ProtoExpert.new(abbr, text, group, severity)
Creates a new ProtoExpert object to be used for a protocol’s expert information notices.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
abbr Filter name of the expert info field (the string that is used in filters).
text The default text of the expert field.
group Expert group type: one of: expert.group.CHECKSUM,
expert.group.SEQUENCE, expert.group.RESPONSE_CODE,
expert.group.REQUEST_CODE, expert.group.UNDECODED,
expert.group.REASSEMBLE, expert.group.MALFORMED,
expert.group.DEBUG, expert.group.PROTOCOL,
expert.group.SECURITY, expert.group.COMMENTS_GROUP or
expert.group.DECRYPTION.
severity Expert severity type: one of: expert.severity.COMMENT,
expert.severity.CHAT, expert.severity.NOTE,
expert.severity.WARN, or expert.severity.ERROR.
Returns
The newly created ProtoExpert object.
11.6.6.2. protoexpert:__tostring()
Returns a string with debugging information about a ProtoExpert object.
Since: 1.11.3
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11.6.7. ProtoField
A Protocol field (to be used when adding items to the dissection tree).
11.6.7.1. ProtoField.new(name, abbr, type, [valuestring], [base],
[mask], [descr])
Creates a new ProtoField object to be used for a protocol field.
Arguments
name Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
abbr Filter name of the field (the string that is used in filters).
type Field Type: one of: ftypes.BOOLEAN, ftypes.UINT8,
ftypes.UINT16, ftypes.UINT24, ftypes.UINT32,
ftypes.UINT64, ftypes.INT8, ftypes.INT16,
ftypes.INT24, ftypes.INT32, ftypes.INT64,
ftypes.FLOAT, ftypes.DOUBLE ,
ftypes.ABSOLUTE_TIME, ftypes.RELATIVE_TIME,
ftypes.STRING, ftypes.STRINGZ,
ftypes.UINT_STRING, ftypes.ETHER, ftypes.BYTES,
ftypes.UINT_BYTES, ftypes.IPv4, ftypes.IPv6,
ftypes.IPXNET, ftypes.FRAMENUM, ftypes.PCRE,
ftypes.GUID, ftypes.OID, ftypes.PROTOCOL,
ftypes.REL_OID, ftypes.SYSTEM_ID, ftypes.EUI64
or ftypes.NONE.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the
values, or one of frametype.NONE, frametype.REQUEST,
frametype.RESPONSE, frametype.ACK or
frametype.DUP_ACK if field type is ftypes.FRAMENUM.
base (optional) The representation, one of: base.NONE, base.DEC,
base.HEX, base.OCT, base.DEC_HEX, or base.HEX_DEC.
mask (optional) The bitmask to be used.
descr (optional) The description of the field.
Returns
The newly created ProtoField object.
11.6.7.2. ProtoField.uint8(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring], [mask],
[desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an unsigned 8-bit integer (i.e., a byte).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
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base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.3. ProtoField.uint16(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an unsigned 16-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.4. ProtoField.uint24(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an unsigned 24-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
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11.6.7.5. ProtoField.uint32(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an unsigned 32-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.6. ProtoField.uint64(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an unsigned 64-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.7. ProtoField.int8(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring], [mask],
[desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a signed 8-bit integer (i.e., a byte).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
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base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.8. ProtoField.int16(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring], [mask],
[desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a signed 16-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.9. ProtoField.int24(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring], [mask],
[desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a signed 24-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
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11.6.7.10. ProtoField.int32(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a signed 32-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.11. ProtoField.int64(abbr, [name], [base], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a signed 64-bit integer.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.DEC, base.HEX or base.OCT.
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.12. ProtoField.framenum(abbr, [name], [base], [frametype],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for a frame number (for hyperlinks between frames).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
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name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) Only base.NONE is supported for framenum.
frametype (optional) One of frametype.NONE, frametype.REQUEST,
frametype.RESPONSE, frametype.ACK or
frametype.DUP_ACK.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field, which must be 0 for framenum.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.13. ProtoField.bool(abbr, [name], [display], [valuestring],
[mask], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for a boolean true/false value.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
display (optional) How wide the parent bitfield is (base.NONE is used for NULL-
value).
valuestring (optional) A table containing the text that corresponds to the values.
mask (optional) Integer mask of this field.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.14. ProtoField.absolute_time(abbr, [name], [base], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a time_t structure value.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
base (optional) One of base.LOCAL, base.UTC or base.DOY_UTC.
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
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11.6.7.15. ProtoField.relative_time(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a time_t structure value.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.16. ProtoField.none(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an unstructured type.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.17. ProtoField.ipv4(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an IPv4 address (4 bytes).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.18. ProtoField.ipv6(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an IPv6 address (16 bytes).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
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name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.19. ProtoField.ether(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of an Ethernet address (6 bytes).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.20. ProtoField.float(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a floating point number (4 bytes).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.21. ProtoField.double(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a double-precision floating point (8 bytes).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
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11.6.7.22. ProtoField.string(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a string value.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.23. ProtoField.stringz(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField of a zero-terminated string value.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.24. ProtoField.bytes(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for an arbitrary number of bytes.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.25. ProtoField.ubytes(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for an arbitrary number of unsigned bytes.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
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desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.26. ProtoField.guid(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for a Globally Unique IDentifier (GUID).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.27. ProtoField.oid(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for an ASN.1 Organizational IDentified (OID).
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.28. ProtoField.protocol(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for a sub-protocol. Since 1.99.9.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.29. ProtoField.rel_oid(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for an ASN.1 Relative-OID.
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Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.30. ProtoField.systemid(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for an OSI System ID.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.31. ProtoField.eui64(abbr, [name], [desc])
Creates a ProtoField for an EUI64.
Arguments
abbr Abbreviated name of the field (the string used in filters).
name (optional) Actual name of the field (the string that appears in the tree).
desc (optional) Description of the field.
Returns
A ProtoField object to be added to a table set to the Proto.fields attribute.
11.6.7.32. protofield:__tostring()
Returns a string with info about a protofield (for debugging purposes).
11.6.8. Global Functions
11.6.8.1. register_postdissector(proto, [allfields])
Make a Proto protocol (with a dissector function) a post-dissector. It will be called for every frame after
dissection.
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Arguments
proto The protocol to be used as post-dissector.
allfields (optional) Whether to generate all fields.
Note
this impacts performance (default=false).
11.6.8.2. dissect_tcp_pdus(tvb, tree, size, func, func, [desegment])
Make the TCP-layer invoke the given Lua dissection function for each PDU in the TCP segment, of the
length returned by the given get_len_func function.
This function is useful for protocols that run over TCP and that are either a fixed length always, or have a
minimum size and have a length field encoded within that minimum portion that identifies their full length.
For such protocols, their protocol dissector function can invoke this dissect_tcp_pdus() function
to make it easier to handle dissecting their protocol’s messages (i.e., their protocol data unit (PDU)). This
function shouild not be used for protocols whose PDU length cannot be determined from a fixed minimum
portion, such as HTTP or Telnet.
Since: 1.99.2
Arguments
tvb The Tvb buffer to dissect PDUs from.
tree The Tvb buffer to dissect PDUs from.
size The number of bytes in the fixed-length part of the PDU.
func A Lua function that will be called for each PDU, to dissect the PDU.
The called function will be given (1) the Tvb object of the PDU’s Tvb
(possibly reassembled), (2) the Pinfo object, and (3) the TreeItem
object. The Lua function must return a Lua number of the number of
bytes read/handled, which would typically be the Tvb:len().
func A Lua function that will be called for each PDU, to dissect the PDU.
The called function will be given (1) the Tvb object of the PDU’s Tvb
(possibly reassembled), (2) the Pinfo object, and (3) the TreeItem
object. The Lua function must return a Lua number of the number of
bytes read/handled, which would typically be the Tvb:len().
desegment (optional) Whether to reassemble PDUs crossing TCP segment boundaries or
not. (default=true)
11.7. Adding information to the dissection tree
11.7.1. TreeItem
TreeItems represent information in the packet-details pane of Wireshark, and the packet details view
of Tshark. A TreeItem represents a node in the tree, which might also be a subtree and have a list of
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children. The children of a subtree have zero or more siblings: other children of the same TreeItem
subtree.
During dissection, heuristic-dissection, and post-dissection, a root TreeItem is passed to dissectors as
the third argument of the function callback (e.g., myproto.dissector(tvbuf,pktinfo,root)).
In some cases the tree is not truly added to, in order to improve performance. For example for packets
not currently displayed/selected in Wireshark’s visible window pane, or if Tshark isn’t invoked with the
-V switch. However the "add" type TreeItem functions can still be called, and still return TreeItem
objects - but the info isn’t really added to the tree. Therefore you do not typically need to worry about
whether there’s a real tree or not. If, for some reason, you need to know it, you can use the tree.visible
attribute getter to retrieve the state.
11.7.1.1. treeitem:add_packet_field(protofield, [tvbrange], encoding,
[label])
Adds a new child tree for the given ProtoField object to this tree item, returning the new child
TreeItem.
Unlike TreeItem:add() and TreeItem:add_le(), the ProtoField argument is not optional,
and cannot be a Proto object. Instead, this function always uses the ProtoField to determine the type
of field to extract from the passed-in TvbRange, highlighting the relevant bytes in the Packet Bytes pane
of the GUI (if there is a GUI), etc. If no TvbRange is given, no bytes are highlighted and the field’s value
cannot be determined; the ProtoField must have been defined/created not to have a length in such
a case, or an error will occur. For backwards-compatibility reasons the encoding argument, however,
must still be given.
Unlike TreeItem:add() and TreeItem:add_le(), this function performs both big-endian
and little-endian decoding, by setting the encoding argument to be ENC_BIG_ENDIAN or
ENC_LITTLE_ENDIAN.
The signature of this function:
tree_item:add_packet_field(proto_field [,tvbrange], encoding, ...)
In Wireshark version 1.11.3, this function was changed to return more than just the new child TreeItem.
The child is the first return value, so that function chaining will still work as before; but it now also returns
the value of the extracted field (i.e., a number, UInt64, Address, etc.). If the value could not be extracted
from the TvbRange, the child TreeItem is still returned, but the second returned value is nil.
Another new feature added to this function in Wireshark version 1.11.3 is the ability to extract native
number ProtoField`s from string encoding in the `TvbRange, for ASCII-based and
similar string encodings. For example, a ProtoField of as ftypes.UINT32 type can be extracted
from a TvbRange containing the ASCII string "123", and it will correctly decode the ASCII to the number
123, both in the tree as well as for the second return value of this function. To do so, you must set
the encoding argument of this function to the appropriate string ENC_* value, bitwise-or’d with the
ENC_STRING value (see init.lua). ENC_STRING is guaranteed to be a unique bit flag, and thus it
can added instead of bitwise-or’ed as well. Only single-byte ASCII digit string encoding types can be used
for this, such as ENC_ASCII and ENC_UTF_8.
For example, assuming the Tvb named "tvb" contains the string "123":
-- this is done earlier in the script
local myfield = ProtoField.new("Transaction ID", "myproto.trans_id", ftypes.UINT16)
-- this is done inside a dissector, post-dissector, or heuristic function
-- child will be the created child tree, and value will be the number 123 or nil on failure
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local child, value = tree:add_packet_field(myfield, tvb:range(0,3), ENC_UTF_8 + ENC_STRING)
Arguments
protofield The ProtoField field object to add to the tree.
tvbrange (optional) The TvbRange of bytes in the packet this tree item covers/represents.
encoding The field’s encoding in the TvbRange.
label (optional) One or more strings to append to the created TreeItem.
Returns
The new child TreeItem, the field’s extracted value or nil, and offset or nil.
11.7.1.2. treeitem:add([protofield], [tvbrange], [value], [label])
Adds a child item to this tree item, returning the new child TreeItem.
If the ProtoField represents a numeric value (int, uint or float), then it’s treated as a Big Endian
(network order) value.
This function has a complicated form: treeitem:add([protofield,] [tvbrange,] value], label), such that if
the first argument is a ProtoField or a Proto, the second argument is a TvbRange, and a third
argument is given, it’s a value; but if the second argument is a non-TvbRange, then it’s the value (as
opposed to filling that argument with nil, which is invalid for this function). If the first argument is a
non-ProtoField and a non-Proto then this argument can be either a TvbRange or a label, and the
value is not in use.
Arguments
protofield (optional) The ProtoField field or Proto protocol object to add to the tree.
tvbrange (optional) The TvbRange of bytes in the packet this tree item covers/represents.
value (optional) The field’s value, instead of the ProtoField/Proto one.
label (optional) One or more strings to use for the tree item label, instead of the
ProtoField/Proto one.
Returns
The new child TreeItem.
11.7.1.3. treeitem:add_le([protofield], [tvbrange], [value], [label])
Adds a child item to this tree item, returning the new child TreeItem.
If the ProtoField represents a numeric value (int, uint or float), then it’s treated as a Little Endian value.
This function has a complicated form: treeitem:add_le([protofield,] [tvbrange,] value], label), such that
if the first argument is a ProtoField or a Proto, the second argument is a TvbRange, and a third
argument is given, it’s a value; but if the second argument is a non-TvbRange, then it’s the value (as
opposed to filling that argument with nil, which is invalid for this function). If the first argument is a
non-ProtoField and a non-Proto then this argument can be either a TvbRange or a label, and the
value is not in use.
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Arguments
protofield (optional) The ProtoField field or Proto protocol object to add to the tree.
tvbrange (optional) The TvbRange of bytes in the packet this tree item covers/represents.
value (optional) The field’s value, instead of the ProtoField/Proto one.
label (optional) One or more strings to use for the tree item label, instead of the
ProtoField/Proto one.
Returns
The new child TreeItem.
11.7.1.4. treeitem:set_text(text)
Sets the text of the label.
This used to return nothing, but as of 1.11.3 it returns the same tree item to allow chained calls.
Arguments
text The text to be used.
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.5. treeitem:append_text(text)
Appends text to the label.
This used to return nothing, but as of 1.11.3 it returns the same tree item to allow chained calls.
Arguments
text The text to be appended.
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.6. treeitem:prepend_text(text)
Prepends text to the label.
This used to return nothing, but as of 1.11.3 it returns the same tree item to allow chained calls.
Arguments
text The text to be prepended.
Returns
The same TreeItem.
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11.7.1.7. treeitem:add_expert_info([group], [severity], [text])
Sets the expert flags of the item and adds expert info to the packet.
This function does not create a truly filterable expert info for a protocol. Instead you should use
TreeItem.add_proto_expert_info().
Note
This function is provided for backwards compatibility only, and should not be
used in new Lua code. It may be removed in the future. You should only use
TreeItem.add_proto_expert_info().
Arguments
group (optional) One of PI_CHECKSUM, PI_SEQUENCE, PI_RESPONSE_CODE,
PI_REQUEST_CODE, PI_UNDECODED, PI_REASSEMBLE,
PI_MALFORMED or PI_DEBUG.
severity (optional) One of PI_CHAT, PI_NOTE, PI_WARN, or PI_ERROR.
text (optional) The text for the expert info display.
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.8. treeitem:add_proto_expert_info(expert, [text])
Sets the expert flags of the tree item and adds expert info to the packet.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
expert The ProtoExpert object to add to the tree.
text (optional) Text for the expert info display (default is to use the registered text).
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.9. treeitem:add_tvb_expert_info(expert, tvb, [text])
Sets the expert flags of the tree item and adds expert info to the packet associated with the Tvb or
TvbRange bytes in the packet.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
expert The ProtoExpert object to add to the tree.
tvb The Tvb or TvbRange object bytes to associate the expert info with.
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text (optional) Text for the expert info display (default is to use the registered text).
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.10. treeitem:set_generated([bool])
Marks the TreeItem as a generated field (with data inferred but not contained in the packet).
This used to return nothing, but as of 1.11.3 it returns the same tree item to allow chained calls.
Arguments
bool (optional) A Lua boolean, which if true sets the TreeItem generated flag, else clears
it (default=true)
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.11. treeitem:set_hidden([bool])
Marks the TreeItem as a hidden field (neither displayed nor used in filters).
This used to return nothing, but as of 1.11.3 it returns the same tree item to allow chained calls.
Arguments
bool (optional) A Lua boolean, which if true sets the TreeItem hidden flag, else clears
it (default=true)
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.12. treeitem:set_len(len)
Set `TreeItem’s length inside tvb, after it has already been created.
This used to return nothing, but as of 1.11.3 it returns the same tree item to allow chained calls.
Arguments
len The length to be used.
Returns
The same TreeItem.
11.7.1.13. treeitem:__tostring()
Returns string debug information about the TreeItem.
Since: 1.99.8
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11.7.1.14. treeitem.text
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Set/get the `TreeItem’s display string (string).
For the getter, if the TreeItem has no display string, then nil is returned.
Since: 1.99.3
11.7.1.15. treeitem.visible
Mode: Retrieve only.
Get the `TreeItem’s subtree visibility status (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.7.1.16. treeitem.generated
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Set/get the `TreeItem’s generated state (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.7.1.17. treeitem.hidden
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Set/get `TreeItem’s hidden state (boolean).
Since: 1.99.8
11.7.1.18. treeitem.len
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Set/get `TreeItem’s length inside tvb, after it has already been created.
Since: 1.99.8
11.8. Functions for handling packet data
11.8.1. ByteArray
11.8.1.1. ByteArray.new([hexbytes], [separator])
Creates a ByteArray object.
Starting in version 1.11.3, if the second argument is a boolean true, then the first argyument is treated
as a raw Lua string of bytes to use, instead of a hexadecimal string.
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Arguments
hexbytes (optional) A string consisting of hexadecimal bytes like "00 B1 A2" or
"1a2b3c4d".
separator (optional) A string separator between hex bytes/words (default=" "), or if the
boolean value true is used, then the first argument is treated as raw
binary data
Returns
The new ByteArray object.
11.8.1.2. ByteArray.tvb(name)
Creates a new Tvb from a ByteArray (it gets added to the current frame too).
Arguments
name The name to be given to the new data-source.
Returns
The created Tvb.
11.8.1.3. bytearray:__concat(first, second)
Concatenate two ByteArrays.
Arguments
first First array.
second Second array.
Returns
The new composite ByteArray.
11.8.1.4. bytearray:__eq(first, second)
Compares two ByteArray values.
Since: 1.11.4
Arguments
first First array.
second Second array.
11.8.1.5. bytearray:prepend(prepended)
Prepend a ByteArray to this ByteArray.
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Arguments
prepended ByteArray to be prepended.
11.8.1.6. bytearray:append(appended)
Append a ByteArray to this ByteArray.
Arguments
appended ByteArray to be appended.
11.8.1.7. bytearray:set_size(size)
Sets the size of a ByteArray, either truncating it or filling it with zeros.
Arguments
size New size of the array.
Errors
• ByteArray size must be non-negative
11.8.1.8. bytearray:set_index(index, value)
Sets the value of an index of a ByteArray.
Arguments
index The position of the byte to be set.
value The char value to set [0-255].
11.8.1.9. bytearray:get_index(index)
Get the value of a byte in a ByteArray.
Arguments
index The position of the byte to get.
Returns
The value [0-255] of the byte.
11.8.1.10. bytearray:len()
Obtain the length of a ByteArray.
Returns
The length of the ByteArray.
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11.8.1.11. bytearray:subset(offset, length)
Obtain a segment of a ByteArray, as a new ByteArray.
Arguments
offset The position of the first byte (0=first).
length The length of the segment.
Returns
A ByteArray containing the requested segment.
11.8.1.12. bytearray:base64_decode()
Obtain a base64 decoded ByteArray.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The created ByteArray.
11.8.1.13. bytearray:raw([offset], [length])
Obtain a Lua string of the binary bytes in a ByteArray.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
offset (optional) The position of the first byte (default=0/first).
length (optional) The length of the segment to get (default=all).
Returns
A Lua string of the binary bytes in the ByteArray.
11.8.1.14. bytearray:tohex([lowercase], [separator])
Obtain a Lua string of the bytes in a ByteArray as hex-ascii, with given separator
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
lowercase (optional) True to use lower-case hex characters (default=false).
separator (optional) A string separator to insert between hex bytes (default=nil).
Returns
A hex-ascii string representation of the ByteArray.
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11.8.1.15. bytearray:__tostring()
Obtain a Lua string containing the bytes in a ByteArray so that it can be used in display filters (e.g.
"01FE456789AB").
Returns
A hex-ascii string representation of the ByteArray.
11.8.2. Tvb
A Tvb represents the packet’s buffer. It is passed as an argument to listeners and dissectors, and can be
used to extract information (via TvbRange) from the packet’s data.
To create a TvbRange the Tvb must be called with offset and length as optional arguments; the offset
defaults to 0 and the length to tvb:len().
Warning
Tvbs are usable only by the current listener or dissector call and are destroyed as soon as the
listener/dissector returns, so references to them are unusable once the function has returned.
11.8.2.1. tvb:__tostring()
Convert the bytes of a Tvb into a string, to be used for debugging purposes, as … will be appended if
the string is too long.
Returns
The string.
11.8.2.2. tvb:reported_len()
Obtain the reported (not captured) length of a Tvb.
Returns
The reported length of the Tvb.
11.8.2.3. tvb:len()
Obtain the actual (captured) length of a Tvb.
Returns
The captured length of the Tvb.
11.8.2.4. tvb:reported_length_remaining()
Obtain the reported (not captured) length of packet data to end of a Tvb or -1 if the offset is beyond the
end of the Tvb.
Returns
The captured length of the Tvb.
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11.8.2.5. tvb:bytes([offset], [length])
Obtain a ByteArray from a Tvb.
Since: 1.99.8
Arguments
offset (optional) The offset (in octets) from the beginning of the Tvb. Defaults to 0.
length (optional) The length (in octets) of the range. Defaults to until the end of the Tvb.
Returns
The ByteArray object or nil.
11.8.2.6. tvb:offset()
Returns the raw offset (from the beginning of the source Tvb) of a sub Tvb.
Returns
The raw offset of the Tvb.
11.8.2.7. tvb:__call()
Equivalent to tvb:range(…)
11.8.2.8. tvb:range([offset], [length])
Creates a TvbRange from this Tvb.
Arguments
offset (optional) The offset (in octets) from the beginning of the Tvb. Defaults to 0.
length (optional) The length (in octets) of the range. Defaults to until the end of the Tvb.
Returns
The TvbRange
11.8.2.9. tvb:raw([offset], [length])
Obtain a Lua string of the binary bytes in a Tvb.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
offset (optional) The position of the first byte (default=0/first).
length (optional) The length of the segment to get (default=all).
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Returns
A Lua string of the binary bytes in the Tvb.
11.8.2.10. tvb:__eq()
Checks whether the two Tvb contents are equal.
Since: 1.99.8
11.8.3. TvbRange
A TvbRange represents a usable range of a Tvb and is used to extract data from the Tvb that generated it.
TvbRange`s are created by calling a `Tvb (e.g. tvb(offset,length)). If the TvbRange
span is outside the `Tvb’s range the creation will cause a runtime error.
11.8.3.1. TvbRange.tvb(range)
Creates a (sub)Tvb from a TvbRange.
Arguments
range The TvbRange from which to create the new Tvb.
11.8.3.2. tvbrange:uint()
Get a Big Endian (network order) unsigned integer from a TvbRange. The range must be 1, 2, 3 or 4
octets long.
Returns
The unsigned integer value.
11.8.3.3. tvbrange:le_uint()
Get a Little Endian unsigned integer from a TvbRange. The range must be 1, 2, 3 or 4 octets long.
Returns
The unsigned integer value
11.8.3.4. tvbrange:uint64()
Get a Big Endian (network order) unsigned 64 bit integer from a TvbRange, as a UInt64 object. The
range must be 1-8 octets long.
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.8.3.5. tvbrange:le_uint64()
Get a Little Endian unsigned 64 bit integer from a TvbRange, as a UInt64 object. The range must be
1-8 octets long.
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Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.8.3.6. tvbrange:int()
Get a Big Endian (network order) signed integer from a TvbRange. The range must be 1, 2 or 4 octets
long.
Returns
The signed integer value
11.8.3.7. tvbrange:le_int()
Get a Little Endian signed integer from a TvbRange. The range must be 1, 2 or 4 octets long.
Returns
The signed integer value.
11.8.3.8. tvbrange:int64()
Get a Big Endian (network order) signed 64 bit integer from a TvbRange, as an Int64 object. The range
must be 1, 2, 4 or 8 octets long.
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.8.3.9. tvbrange:le_int64()
Get a Little Endian signed 64 bit integer from a TvbRange, as an Int64 object. The range must be 1,
2, 4 or 8 octets long.
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.8.3.10. tvbrange:float()
Get a Big Endian (network order) floating point number from a TvbRange. The range must be 4 or 8
octets long.
Returns
The floating point value.
11.8.3.11. tvbrange:le_float()
Get a Little Endian floating point number from a TvbRange. The range must be 4 or 8 octets long.
Returns
The floating point value.
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11.8.3.12. tvbrange:ipv4()
Get an IPv4 Address from a TvbRange, as an Address object.
Returns
The IPv4 Address object.
11.8.3.13. tvbrange:le_ipv4()
Get an Little Endian IPv4 Address from a TvbRange, as an Address object.
Returns
The IPv4 Address object.
11.8.3.14. tvbrange:ether()
Get an Ethernet Address from a TvbRange, as an Address object.
Returns
The Ethernet Address object.
Errors
• The range must be 6 bytes long
11.8.3.15. tvbrange:nstime([encoding])
Obtain a time_t structure from a TvbRange, as an NSTime object.
Arguments
encoding (optional) An optional ENC_* encoding value to use
Returns
The NSTime object and number of bytes used, or nil on failure.
Errors
• The range must be 4 or 8 bytes long
11.8.3.16. tvbrange:le_nstime()
Obtain a nstime from a TvbRange, as an NSTime object.
Returns
The NSTime object.
Errors
• The range must be 4 or 8 bytes long
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11.8.3.17. tvbrange:string([encoding])
Obtain a string from a TvbRange.
Arguments
encoding (optional) The encoding to use. Defaults to ENC_ASCII.
Returns
The string
11.8.3.18. tvbrange:ustring()
Obtain a Big Endian (network order) UTF-16 encoded string from a TvbRange.
Returns
The string.
11.8.3.19. tvbrange:le_ustring()
Obtain a Little Endian UTF-16 encoded string from a TvbRange.
Returns
The string.
11.8.3.20. tvbrange:stringz([encoding])
Obtain a zero terminated string from a TvbRange.
Arguments
encoding (optional) The encoding to use. Defaults to ENC_ASCII.
Returns
The zero terminated string.
11.8.3.21. tvbrange:strsize([encoding])
Find the size of a zero terminated string from a TvbRange. The size of the string includes the terminating
zero.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
encoding (optional) The encoding to use. Defaults to ENC_ASCII.
Returns
Length of the zero terminated string.
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11.8.3.22. tvbrange:ustringz()
Obtain a Big Endian (network order) UTF-16 encoded zero terminated string from a TvbRange.
Returns
Two return values: the zero terminated string, and the length.
11.8.3.23. tvbrange:le_ustringz()
Obtain a Little Endian UTF-16 encoded zero terminated string from a TvbRange
Returns
Two return values: the zero terminated string, and the length.
11.8.3.24. tvbrange:bytes([encoding])
Obtain a ByteArray from a TvbRange.
Starting in 1.11.4, this function also takes an optional encoding argument, which can be set to
ENC_STR_HEX to decode a hex-string from the TvbRange into the returned ByteArray. The
encoding can be bitwise-or’ed with one or more separator encodings, such as ENC_SEP_COLON, to
allow separators to occur between each pair of hex characters.
The return value also now returns the number of bytes used as a second return value.
On failure or error, nil is returned for both return values.
Note
The encoding type of the hex string should also be set, for example ENC_ASCII or
ENC_UTF_8, along with ENC_STR_HEX.
Arguments
encoding (optional) An optional ENC_* encoding value to use
Returns
The ByteArray object or nil, and number of bytes consumed or nil.
11.8.3.25. tvbrange:bitfield([position], [length])
Get a bitfield from a TvbRange.
Arguments
position (optional) The bit offset from the beginning of the TvbRange. Defaults to 0.
length (optional) The length (in bits) of the field. Defaults to 1.
Returns
The bitfield value
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11.8.3.26. tvbrange:range([offset], [length])
Creates a sub-TvbRange from this TvbRange.
Arguments
offset (optional) The offset (in octets) from the beginning of the TvbRange. Defaults to 0.
length (optional) The length (in octets) of the range. Defaults to until the end of the
TvbRange.
Returns
The TvbRange
11.8.3.27. tvbrange:uncompress(name)
Obtain an uncompressed TvbRange from a TvbRange
Arguments
name The name to be given to the new data-source.
Returns
The TvbRange
11.8.3.28. tvbrange:len()
Obtain the length of a TvbRange.
11.8.3.29. tvbrange:offset()
Obtain the offset in a TvbRange.
11.8.3.30. tvbrange:raw([offset], [length])
Obtain a Lua string of the binary bytes in a TvbRange.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
offset (optional) The position of the first byte (default=0/first).
length (optional) The length of the segment to get (default=all).
Returns
A Lua string of the binary bytes in the TvbRange.
11.8.3.31. tvbrange:__eq()
Checks whether the two TvbRange contents are equal.
Since: 1.99.8
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11.8.3.32. tvbrange:__tostring()
Converts the TvbRange into a string. Since the string gets truncated, you should use this only for
debugging purposes or if what you want is to have a truncated string in the format 67:89:AB:…
Returns
A Lua hex string of the first 24 binary bytes in the TvbRange.
11.9. Custom file format reading/writing
The classes/functions defined in this section allow you to create your own custom Lua-based "capture"
file reader, or writer, or both.
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.1. CaptureInfo
A CaptureInfo object, passed into Lua as an argument by FileHandler callback function
read_open(), read(), seek_read(), seq_read_close(), and read_close(). This object
represents capture file data and meta-data (data about the capture file) being read into Wireshark/Tshark.
This object’s fields can be written-to by Lua during the read-based function callbacks. In other words,
when the Lua plugin’s FileHandler.read_open() function is invoked, a CaptureInfo object
will be passed in as one of the arguments, and its fields should be written to by your Lua code to tell
Wireshark about the capture.
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.1.1. captureinfo:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the CaptureInfo
Returns
String of debug information.
11.9.1.2. captureinfo.encap
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The packet encapsulation type for the whole file.
See wtap_encaps in init.lua for available types. Set to wtap_encaps.PER_PACKET if
packets can have different types, then later set FrameInfo.encap for each packet during read()/
seek_read().
11.9.1.3. captureinfo.time_precision
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The precision of the packet timestamps in the file.
See wtap_file_tsprec in init.lua for available precisions.
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11.9.1.4. captureinfo.snapshot_length
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The maximum packet length that could be recorded.
Setting it to 0 means unknown. Wireshark cannot handle anything bigger than 65535 bytes.
11.9.1.5. captureinfo.comment
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A string comment for the whole capture file, or nil if there is no comment.
11.9.1.6. captureinfo.hardware
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A string containing the description of the hardware used to create the capture, or nil if there is no
hardware string.
11.9.1.7. captureinfo.os
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A string containing the name of the operating system used to create the capture, or nil if there is no os
string.
11.9.1.8. captureinfo.user_app
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A string containing the name of the application used to create the capture, or nil if there is no user_app
string.
11.9.1.9. captureinfo.hosts
Mode: Assign only.
Sets resolved ip-to-hostname information.
The value set must be a Lua table of two key-ed names: ipv4_addresses and ipv6_addresses.
The value of each of these names are themselves array tables, of key-ed tables, such that the inner table has
a key addr set to the raw 4-byte or 16-byte IP address Lua string and a name set to the resolved name.
For example, if the capture file identifies one resolved IPv4 address of 1.2.3.4 to foo.com, then you must
set CaptureInfo.hosts to a table of:
{ ipv4_addresses = { { addr = "\01\02\03\04", name = "foo.com" } } }
Note that either the ipv4_addresses or the ipv6_addresses table, or both, may be empty or nil.
11.9.1.10. captureinfo.private_table
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
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A private Lua value unique to this file.
The private_table is a field you set/get with your own Lua table. This is provided so that a Lua script
can save per-file reading/writing state, because multiple files can be opened and read at the same time.
For example, if the user issued a reload-file command, or Lua called the reload() function, then
the current capture file is still open while a new one is being opened, and thus Wireshark will invoke
read_open() while the previous capture file has not caused read_close() to be called; and if the
read_open() succeeds then read_close() will be called right after that for the previous file, rather
than the one just opened. Thus the Lua script can use this private_table to store a table of values
specific to each file, by setting this private_table in the read_open() function, which it can then
later get back inside its read(), seek_read(), and read_close() functions.
11.9.2. CaptureInfoConst
A CaptureInfoConst object, passed into Lua as an argument to the FileHandler callback function
write_open().
This object represents capture file data and meta-data (data about the capture file) for the current capture
in Wireshark/Tshark.
This object’s fields are read-from when used by write_open function callback. In other words, when
the Lua plugin’s FileHandler write_open function is invoked, a CaptureInfoConst object will be
passed in as one of the arguments, and its fields should be read from by your Lua code to get data about
the capture that needs to be written.
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.2.1. captureinfoconst:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the CaptureInfoConst
Returns
String of debug information.
11.9.2.2. captureinfoconst.type
Mode: Retrieve only.
The file type.
11.9.2.3. captureinfoconst.snapshot_length
Mode: Retrieve only.
The maximum packet length that is actually recorded (vs. the original length of any given packet on-the-
wire). A value of 0 means the snapshot length is unknown or there is no one such length for the whole file.
11.9.2.4. captureinfoconst.encap
Mode: Retrieve only.
The packet encapsulation type for the whole file.
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See wtap_encaps in init.lua for available types. It is set to wtap_encaps.PER_PACKET if packets
can have different types, in which case each Frame identifies its type, in FrameInfo.packet_encap.
11.9.2.5. captureinfoconst.comment
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A comment for the whole capture file, if the wtap_presence_flags.COMMENTS was set in the
presence flags; nil if there is no comment.
11.9.2.6. captureinfoconst.hardware
Mode: Retrieve only.
A string containing the description of the hardware used to create the capture, or nil if there is no hardware
string.
11.9.2.7. captureinfoconst.os
Mode: Retrieve only.
A string containing the name of the operating system used to create the capture, or nil if there is no os string.
11.9.2.8. captureinfoconst.user_app
Mode: Retrieve only.
A string containing the name of the application used to create the capture, or nil if there is no user_app
string.
11.9.2.9. captureinfoconst.hosts
Mode: Retrieve only.
A ip-to-hostname Lua table of two key-ed names: ipv4_addresses and ipv6_addresses. The
value of each of these names are themselves array tables, of key-ed tables, such that the inner table has a
key addr set to the raw 4-byte or 16-byte IP address Lua string and a name set to the resolved name.
For example, if the current capture has one resolved IPv4 address of 1.2.3.4 to foo.com, then getting
CaptureInfoConst.hosts will get a table of:
{ ipv4_addresses = { { addr = "\01\02\03\04", name = "foo.com" } }, ipv6_addresses = { } }
Note that either the ipv4_addresses or the ipv6_addresses table, or both, may be empty,
however they will not be nil.
11.9.2.10. captureinfoconst.private_table
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A private Lua value unique to this file.
The private_table is a field you set/get with your own Lua table. This is provided so that a Lua script
can save per-file reading/writing state, because multiple files can be opened and read at the same time.
For example, if two Lua scripts issue a Dumper:new_for_current() call and the current file
happens to use your script’s writer, then the Wireshark will invoke write_open() while the previous
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capture file has not had write_close() called. Thus the Lua script can use this private_table to
store a table of values specific to each file, by setting this private_table in the write_open() function,
which it can then later get back inside its write(), and write_close() functions.
11.9.3. File
A File object, passed into Lua as an argument by FileHandler callback functions (e.g., read_open,
read, write, etc.). This behaves similarly to the Lua io library’s file object, returned when
calling io.open(), except in this case you cannot call file:close(), file:open(), nor
file:setvbuf(), since Wireshark/tshark manages the opening and closing of files. You also cannot
use the io library itself on this object, i.e. you cannot do io.read(file, 4). Instead, use this File
with the object-oriented style calling its methods, i.e. myfile:read(4). (see later example)
The purpose of this object is to hide the internal complexity of how Wireshark handles files, and instead
provide a Lua interface that is familiar, by mimicking the io library. The reason true/raw io files cannot
be used is because Wireshark does many things under the hood, such as compress the file, or write to
stdout, or various other things based on configuration/commands.
When a File object is passed in through reading-based callback functions, such as read_open(),
read(), and read_close(), then the File object’s write() and flush() functions are not usable
and will raise an error if used.
When a File object is passed in through writing-based callback functions, such as write_open(),
write(), and write_close(), then the File object’s read() and lines() functions are not usable
and will raise an error if used.
Note
a File object should never be stored/saved beyond the scope of the callback function it is
passed in to.
For example:
function myfilehandler.read_open(file, capture)
local position = file:seek()
-- read 24 bytes
local line = file:read(24)
-- do stuff
-- it's not our file type, seek back (unnecessary but just to show it...)
file:seek("set",position)
-- return false because it's not our file type
return false
end
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.3.1. file:read()
Reads from the File, similar to Lua’s file:read(). See Lua 5.x ref manual for file:read().
11.9.3.2. file:seek()
Seeks in the File, similar to Lua’s file:seek(). See Lua 5.x ref manual for file:seek().
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Returns
The current file cursor position as a number.
11.9.3.3. file:lines()
Lua iterator function for retrieving ASCII File lines, similar to Lua’s file:lines(). See Lua 5.x ref
manual for file:lines().
11.9.3.4. file:write()
Writes to the File, similar to Lua’s file:write(). See Lua 5.x ref manual for file:write().
11.9.3.5. file:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the File object
Returns
String of debug information.
11.9.3.6. file.compressed
Mode: Retrieve only.
Whether the File is compressed or not.
See wtap_encaps in init.lua for available types. Set to wtap_encaps.PER_PACKET if packets can
have different types, then later set FrameInfo.encap for each packet during read()/seek_read().
11.9.4. FileHandler
A FileHandler object, created by a call to FileHandler.new(arg1, arg2, …). The FileHandler object lets
you create a file-format reader, or writer, or both, by setting your own read_open/read or write_open/write
functions.
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.4.1. FileHandler.new(name, shortname, description, type)
Creates a new FileHandler
Arguments
name The name of the file type, for display purposes only. E.g., "Wireshark - pcapng"
shortname The file type short name, used as a shortcut in various places. E.g., "pcapng". Note:
the name cannot already be in use.
description Descriptive text about this file format, for display purposes only
type The type of FileHandler, "r"/"w"/"rw" for reader/writer/both, include "m" for magic,
"s" for strong heuristic
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Returns
The newly created FileHandler object
11.9.4.2. filehandler:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the FileHandler
Returns
String of debug information.
11.9.4.3. filehandler.read_open
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark opens a file for reading.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfo object
The purpose of the Lua function set to this read_open field is to check if the file Wireshark is opening
is of its type, for example by checking for magic numbers or trying to parse records in the file, etc. The
more can be verified the better, because Wireshark tries all file readers until it finds one that accepts the
file, so accepting an incorrect file prevents other file readers from reading their files.
The called Lua function should return true if the file is its type (it accepts it), false if not. The Lua function
must also set the File offset position (using file:seek()) to where it wants it to be for its first read()
call.
11.9.4.4. filehandler.read
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to read a packet from the file.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfo object
3. A FrameInfo object
The purpose of the Lua function set to this read field is to read the next packet from the file,
and setting the parsed/read packet into the frame buffer using FrameInfo.data = foo or
FrameInfo:read_data().
The called Lua function should return the file offset/position number where the packet begins, or false
if it hit an error. The file offset will be saved by Wireshark and passed into the set seek_read() Lua
function later.
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11.9.4.5. filehandler.seek_read
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to read a packet from the file at the given offset.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfo object
3. A FrameInfo object
4. The file offset number previously set by the read() function call
11.9.4.6. filehandler.read_close
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to close the read file completely.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfo object
It is not necessary to set this field to a Lua function - FileHandler can be registered without doing so - it
is available in case there is memory/state to clear in your script when the file is closed.
11.9.4.7. filehandler.seq_read_close
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to close the sequentially-read file.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfo object
It is not necessary to set this field to a Lua function - FileHandler can be registered without doing so - it
is available in case there is memory/state to clear in your script when the file is closed for the sequential
reading portion. After this point, there will be no more calls to read(), only seek_read().
11.9.4.8. filehandler.can_write_encap
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to write a file, by checking if this file writer can
handle the wtap packet encapsulation(s).
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given a Lua number, which matches one of
the encapsulations in the Lua wtap_encaps table. This might be the wtap_encap.PER_PACKET
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number, meaning the capture contains multiple encapsulation types, and the file reader should only return
true if it can handle multiple encap types in one file. The function will then be called again, once for each
encap type in the file, to make sure it can write each one.
If the Lua file writer can write the given type of encapsulation into a file, then it returns the boolean true,
else false.
11.9.4.9. filehandler.write_open
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark opens a file for writing.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfoConst object
The purpose of the Lua function set to this write_open field is similar to the read_open callback
function: to initialize things necessary for writing the capture to a file. For example, if the output file format
has a file header, then the file header should be written within this write_open function.
The called Lua function should return true on success, or false if it hit an error.
Also make sure to set the FileHandler.write (and potentially FileHandler.write_finish)
functions before returning true from this function.
11.9.4.10. filehandler.write
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to write a packet to the file.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfoConst object
3. A FrameInfoConst object of the current frame/packet to be written
The purpose of the Lua function set to this write field is to write the next packet to the file.
The called Lua function should return true on success, or false if it hit an error.
11.9.4.11. filehandler.write_finish
Mode: Assign only.
The Lua function to be called when Wireshark wants to close the written file.
When later called by Wireshark, the Lua function will be given:
1. A File object
2. A CaptureInfoConst object
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It is not necessary to set this field to a Lua function - FileHandler can be registered without doing so
- it is available in case there is memory/state to clear in your script when the file is closed.
11.9.4.12. filehandler.type
Mode: Retrieve only.
The internal file type. This is automatically set with a new number when the FileHandler is registered.
11.9.4.13. filehandler.extensions
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
One or more file extensions that this file type usually uses.
For readers using heuristics to determine file type, Wireshark will try the readers of the file’s extension
first, before trying other readers. But ultimately Wireshark tries all file readers for any file extension, until
it finds one that accepts the file.
11.9.4.14. filehandler.writing_must_seek
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
True if the ability to seek is required when writing this file format, else false.
This will be checked by Wireshark when writing out to compressed file formats, because seeking is not
possible with compressed files. Usually a file writer only needs to be able to seek if it needs to go back in
the file to change something, such as a block or file length value earlier in the file.
11.9.4.15. filehandler.writes_name_resolution
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
True if the file format supports name resolution records, else false.
11.9.4.16. filehandler.supported_comment_types
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
Set to the bit-wise OR’ed number representing the type of comments the file writer supports writing, based
on the numbers in the wtap_comments table.
11.9.5. FrameInfo
A FrameInfo object, passed into Lua as an argument by FileHandler callback functions (e.g., read,
seek_read, etc.).
This object represents frame data and meta-data (data about the frame/packet) for a given read/
seek_read/`write’s frame.
This object’s fields are written-to/set when used by read function callbacks, and read-from/get when used
by file write function callbacks. In other words, when the Lua plugin’s FileHandler read/seek_read/
etc. functions are invoked, a FrameInfo object will be passed in as one of the arguments, and its fields
should be written-to/set based on the frame information read from the file; whereas when the Lua plugin’s
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FileHandler.write() function is invoked, the FrameInfo object passed in should have its fields
read-from/get, to write that frame information to the file.
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.5.1. frameinfo:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the FrameInfo
Returns
String of debug information.
11.9.5.2. frameinfo:read_data(file, length)
Tells Wireshark to read directly from given file into frame data buffer, for length bytes. Returns true if
succeeded, else false.
Arguments
file The File object userdata, provided by Wireshark previously in a reading-based callback.
length The number of bytes to read from the file at the current cursor position.
Returns
True if succeeded, else returns false along with the error number and string error description.
A Lua string of the frame buffer’s data.
11.9.5.3. frameinfo.time
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The packet timestamp as an NSTime object.
Note
Set the FileHandler.time_precision to the appropriate wtap_file_tsprec
value as well.
11.9.5.4. frameinfo.data
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The data buffer containing the packet.
Note
This cannot be cleared once set.
11.9.5.5. frameinfo.rec_type
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The record type of the packet frame
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See wtap_rec_types in init.lua for values.
11.9.5.6. frameinfo.flags
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The presence flags of the packet frame.
See wtap_presence_flags in init.lua for bit values.
11.9.5.7. frameinfo.captured_length
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The captured packet length, and thus the length of the buffer passed to the FrameInfo.data field.
11.9.5.8. frameinfo.original_length
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The on-the-wire packet length, which may be longer than the captured_length.
11.9.5.9. frameinfo.encap
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
The packet encapsulation type for the frame/packet, if the file supports per-packet types. See
wtap_encaps in init.lua for possible packet encapsulation types to use as the value for this field.
11.9.5.10. frameinfo.comment
Mode: Retrieve or assign.
A string comment for the packet, if the wtap_presence_flags.COMMENTS was set in the presence
flags; nil if there is no comment.
11.9.6. FrameInfoConst
A constant FrameInfo object, passed into Lua as an argument by the FileHandler write callback function.
This has similar attributes/properties as FrameInfo, but the fields can only be read from, not written to.
Since: 1.11.3
11.9.6.1. frameinfoconst:__tostring()
Generates a string of debug info for the FrameInfo
Returns
String of debug information.
11.9.6.2. frameinfoconst:write_data(file, [length])
Tells Wireshark to write directly to given file from the frame data buffer, for length bytes. Returns true
if succeeded, else false.
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Arguments
file The File object userdata, provided by Wireshark previously in a writing-
based callback.
length (optional) The number of bytes to write to the file at the current cursor position, or
all if not supplied.
Returns
True if succeeded, else returns false along with the error number and string error description.
11.9.6.3. frameinfoconst.time
Mode: Retrieve only.
The packet timestamp as an NSTime object.
11.9.6.4. frameinfoconst.data
Mode: Retrieve only.
The data buffer containing the packet.
11.9.6.5. frameinfoconst.rec_type
Mode: Retrieve only.
The record type of the packet frame - see wtap_presence_flags in init.lua for values.
11.9.6.6. frameinfoconst.flags
Mode: Retrieve only.
The presence flags of the packet frame - see wtap_presence_flags in init.lua for bits.
11.9.6.7. frameinfoconst.captured_length
Mode: Retrieve only.
The captured packet length, and thus the length of the buffer in the FrameInfoConst.data field.
11.9.6.8. frameinfoconst.original_length
Mode: Retrieve only.
The on-the-wire packet length, which may be longer than the captured_length.
11.9.6.9. frameinfoconst.encap
Mode: Retrieve only.
The packet encapsulation type, if the file supports per-packet types.
See wtap_encaps in init.lua for possible packet encapsulation types to use as the value for this
field.
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11.9.6.10. frameinfoconst.comment
Mode: Retrieve only.
A comment for the packet; nil if there is none.
11.9.7. Global Functions
11.9.7.1. register_filehandler(filehandler)
Register the FileHandler into Wireshark/tshark, so they can read/write this new format. All functions and
settings must be complete before calling this registration function. This function cannot be called inside
the reading/writing callback functions.
Arguments
filehandler The FileHandler object to be registered
Returns
the new type number for this file reader/write
11.9.7.2. deregister_filehandler(filehandler)
De-register the FileHandler from Wireshark/tshark, so it no longer gets used for reading/writing/display.
This function cannot be called inside the reading/writing callback functions.
Arguments
filehandler The FileHandler object to be de-registered
11.10. Directory handling functions
11.10.1. Dir
A Directory object, as well as associated functions.
11.10.1.1. Dir.make(name)
Creates a directory.
The created directory is set for permission mode 0755 (octal), meaning it is read+write+execute by owner,
but only read+execute by group and others.
IF the directory was created successfully, a boolean true is returned. If the directory cannot be made
because it already exists, false is returned. If the directory cannot be made because an error occurred,
nil is returned.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
name The name of the directory, possibly including path.
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Returns
Boolean true on success, false if already exists, nil on error.
11.10.1.2. Dir.exists(name)
Returns true if the given directory name exists.
If the directory exists, a boolean true is returned. If the path is a file instead, false is returned. If the
path does not exist or an error occurred, nil is returned.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
name The name of the directory, possibly including path.
Returns
Boolean true if the directory exists, false if it’s a file, nil on error/not-exist.
11.10.1.3. Dir.remove(name)
Removes an empty directory.
If the directory was removed successfully, a boolean true is returned. If the directory cannot be removed
because it does not exist, false is returned. If the directory cannot be removed because an error occurred,
nil is returned.
This function only removes empty directories. To remove a directory regardless, use
Dir.remove_all().
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
name The name of the directory, possibly including path.
Returns
Boolean true on success, false if does not exist, nil on error.
11.10.1.4. Dir.remove_all(name)
Removes an empty or non-empty directory.
If the directory was removed successfully, a boolean true is returned. If the directory cannot be removed
because it does not exist, false is returned. If the directory cannot be removed because an error occurred,
nil is returned.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
name The name of the directory, possibly including path.
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Returns
Boolean true on success, false if does not exist, nil on error.
11.10.1.5. Dir.open(pathname, [extension])
Opens a directory and returns a Dir object representing the files in the directory.
for filename in Dir.open(path) do ... end
Arguments
pathname The pathname of the directory.
extension (optional) If given, only files with this extension will be returned.
Returns
the Dir object.
11.10.1.6. Dir.personal_config_path([filename])
Gets the personal configuration directory path, with filename if supplied.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
filename (optional) A filename.
Returns
The full pathname for a file in the personal configuration directory.
11.10.1.7. Dir.global_config_path([filename])
Gets the global configuration directory path, with filename if supplied.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
filename (optional) A filename
Returns
The full pathname for a file in wireshark’s configuration directory.
11.10.1.8. Dir.personal_plugins_path()
Gets the personal plugins directory path.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The pathname for the personal plugins directory.
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11.10.1.9. Dir.global_plugins_path()
Gets the global plugins directory path.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The pathname for the global plugins directory.
11.10.1.10. dir:__call()
At every invocation will return one file (nil when done).
11.10.1.11. dir:close()
Closes the directory.
11.11. Utility Functions
11.11.1. Global Functions
11.11.1.1. get_version()
Gets a string of the Wireshark version.
Returns
version string
11.11.1.2. set_plugin_info(table)
Set a Lua table with meta-data about the plugin, such as version.
The passed-in Lua table entries need to be keyed/indexed by the following:
• "version" with a string value identifying the plugin version (required)
• "description" with a string value describing the plugin (optional)
• "author" with a string value of the author’s name(s) (optional)
• "repository" with a string value of a URL to a repository (optional)
Not all of the above key entries need to be in the table. The version entry is required, however. The others
are not currently used for anything, but might be in the future and thus using them might be useful. Table
entries keyed by other strings are ignored, and do not cause an error.
Example:
local my_info = {
version = "1.0.1",
author = "Jane Doe",
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repository = "https://github.com/octocat/Spoon-Knife"
}
set_plugin_info(my_info)
Since: 1.99.8
Arguments
table The Lua table of information.
11.11.1.3. format_date(timestamp)
Formats an absolute timestamp into a human readable date.
Arguments
timestamp A timestamp value to convert.
Returns
A string with the formated date
11.11.1.4. format_time(timestamp)
Formats a relative timestamp in a human readable form.
Arguments
timestamp A timestamp value to convert.
Returns
A string with the formated time
11.11.1.5. report_failure(text)
Reports a failure to the user.
Arguments
text Message text to report.
11.11.1.6. critical(…)
Will add a log entry with critical severity.
Arguments
… Objects to be printed
11.11.1.7. warn(…)
Will add a log entry with warn severity.
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Arguments
… Objects to be printed
11.11.1.8. message(…)
Will add a log entry with message severity.
Arguments
… Objects to be printed
11.11.1.9. info(…)
Will add a log entry with info severity.
Arguments
… Objects to be printed
11.11.1.10. debug(…)
Will add a log entry with debug severity.
Arguments
… Objects to be printed
11.11.1.11. loadfile(filename)
Lua’s loadfile() has been modified so that if a file does not exist in the current directory it will look for
it in wireshark’s user and system directories.
Arguments
filename Name of the file to be loaded.
11.11.1.12. dofile(filename)
Lua’s dofile() has been modified so that if a file does not exist in the current directory it will look for it
in wireshark’s user and system directories.
Arguments
filename Name of the file to be run.
11.11.1.13. register_stat_cmd_arg(argument, [action])
Register a function to handle a -z option
Arguments
argument Argument
action (optional) Action
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11.12. Handling 64-bit Integers
Lua uses one single number representation which can be chosen at compile time and since it is often set
to IEEE 754 double precision floating point, one cannot store a 64 bit integer with full precision.
For details, see https://wiki.wireshark.org/LuaAPI/Int64.
11.12.1. Int64
Int64 represents a 64 bit signed integer.
For details, see https://wiki.wireshark.org/LuaAPI/Int64.
11.12.1.1. Int64.decode(string, [endian])
Decodes an 8-byte Lua string, using given endianness, into a new Int64 object.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
string The Lua string containing a binary 64-bit integer.
endian (optional) If set to true then little-endian is used, if false then big-endian; if missing/
nil, native host endian.
Returns
The Int64 object created, or nil on failure.
11.12.1.2. Int64.new([value], [highvalue])
Creates a Int64 Object.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
value (optional) A number, UInt64, Int64, or string of ASCII digits to assign the
value of the new Int64 (default=0).
highvalue (optional) If this is a number and the first argument was a number, then the first
will be treated as a lower 32-bits, and this is the high-order 32 bit
number.
Returns
The new Int64 object.
11.12.1.3. Int64.max()
Gets the max possible value.
Since: 1.11.3
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Returns
The new Int64 object of the max value.
11.12.1.4. Int64.min()
Gets the min possible value.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The new Int64 object of the min value.
11.12.1.5. Int64.fromhex(hex)
Creates an Int64 object from the given hex string.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
hex The hex-ascii Lua string.
Returns
The new Int64 object.
11.12.1.6. int64:encode([endian])
Encodes the Int64 number into an 8-byte Lua string, using given endianness.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
endian (optional) If set to true then little-endian is used, if false then big-endian; if missing/
nil, native host endian.
Returns
The Lua string.
11.12.1.7. int64:__call()
Creates a Int64 Object.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The new Int64 object.
11.12.1.8. int64:tonumber()
Returns a Lua number of the Int64 value - this may lose precision.
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Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Lua number.
11.12.1.9. int64:tohex([numbytes])
Returns a hex string of the Int64 value.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbytes (optional) The number of hex-chars/nibbles to generate, negative means uppercase
(default=16).
Returns
The string hex.
11.12.1.10. int64:higher()
Returns a Lua number of the higher 32-bits of the Int64 value. (negative Int64 will return a negative
Lua number).
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Lua number.
11.12.1.11. int64:lower()
Returns a Lua number of the lower 32-bits of the Int64 value. (always positive).
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Lua number.
11.12.1.12. int64:__tostring()
Converts the Int64 into a string of decimal digits.
Returns
The Lua string.
11.12.1.13. int64:__unm()
Returns the negative of the Int64, in a new Int64.
Since: 1.11.3
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Returns
The new Int64.
11.12.1.14. int64:__add()
Adds two Int64 together and returns a new one (this may wrap the value).
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.1.15. int64:__sub()
Subtracts two Int64 and returns a new one (this may wrap the value).
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.1.16. int64:__mul()
Multiplies two Int64 and returns a new one (this may truncate the value).
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.1.17. int64:__div()
Divides two Int64 and returns a new one (integer divide, no remainder). Trying to divide by zero results
in a Lua error.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.18. int64:__mod()
Divides two Int64 and returns a new one of the remainder. Trying to modulo by zero results in a Lua
error.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.19. int64:__pow()
The first Int64 is taken to the power of the second Int64, returning a new one (this may truncate the
value).
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
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11.12.1.20. int64:__eq()
Returns true if both Int64 are equal.
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.1.21. int64:__lt()
Returns true if first Int64 < second.
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.1.22. int64:__le()
Returns true if first Int64 ⇐ second.
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.1.23. int64:bnot()
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise not operation.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.24. int64:band()
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise and operation, with the given number/Int64/UInt64. Note that multiple
arguments are allowed.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.25. int64:bor()
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise or operation, with the given number/Int64/UInt64. Note that multiple
arguments are allowed.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.26. int64:bxor()
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise xor operation, with the given number/Int64/UInt64. Note that multiple
arguments are allowed.
Since: 1.11.3
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Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.27. int64:lshift(numbits)
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise logical left-shift operation, by the given number of bits.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to left-shift by.
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.28. int64:rshift(numbits)
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise logical right-shift operation, by the given number of bits.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to right-shift by.
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.29. int64:arshift(numbits)
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise arithmetic right-shift operation, by the given number of bits.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to right-shift by.
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.30. int64:rol(numbits)
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise left rotation operation, by the given number of bits (up to 63).
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to roll left by.
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Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.31. int64:ror(numbits)
Returns a Int64 of the bitwise right rotation operation, by the given number of bits (up to 63).
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to roll right by.
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.1.32. int64:bswap()
Returns a Int64 of the bytes swapped. This can be used to convert little-endian 64-bit numbers to big-
endian 64 bit numbers or vice versa.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Int64 object.
11.12.2. UInt64
UInt64 represents a 64 bit unsigned integer, similar to Int64.
For details, see: https://wiki.wireshark.org/LuaAPI/Int64.
11.12.2.1. UInt64.decode(string, [endian])
Decodes an 8-byte Lua binary string, using given endianness, into a new UInt64 object.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
string The Lua string containing a binary 64-bit integer.
endian (optional) If set to true then little-endian is used, if false then big-endian; if missing/
nil, native host endian.
Returns
The UInt64 object created, or nil on failure.
11.12.2.2. UInt64.new([value], [highvalue])
Creates a UInt64 Object.
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Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
value (optional) A number, UInt64, Int64, or string of digits to assign the value of
the new UInt64 (default=0).
highvalue (optional) If this is a number and the first argument was a number, then the first
will be treated as a lower 32-bits, and this is the high-order 32-bit
number.
Returns
The new UInt64 object.
11.12.2.3. UInt64.max()
Gets the max possible value.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The max value.
11.12.2.4. UInt64.min()
Gets the min possible value (i.e., 0).
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The min value.
11.12.2.5. UInt64.fromhex(hex)
Creates a UInt64 object from the given hex string.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
hex The hex-ascii Lua string.
Returns
The new UInt64 object.
11.12.2.6. uint64:encode([endian])
Encodes the UInt64 number into an 8-byte Lua binary string, using given endianness.
Since: 1.11.3
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Arguments
endian (optional) If set to true then little-endian is used, if false then big-endian; if missing/
nil, native host endian.
Returns
The Lua binary string.
11.12.2.7. uint64:__call()
Creates a UInt64 Object.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The new UInt64 object.
11.12.2.8. uint64:tonumber()
Returns a Lua number of the UInt64 value - this may lose precision.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The Lua number.
11.12.2.9. uint64:__tostring()
Converts the UInt64 into a string.
Returns
The Lua string.
11.12.2.10. uint64:tohex([numbytes])
Returns a hex string of the UInt64 value.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbytes (optional) The number of hex-chars/nibbles to generate, negative means uppercase
(default=16).
Returns
The string hex.
11.12.2.11. uint64:higher()
Returns a Lua number of the higher 32-bits of the UInt64 value.
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Returns
The Lua number.
11.12.2.12. uint64:lower()
Returns a Lua number of the lower 32-bits of the UInt64 value.
Returns
The Lua number.
11.12.2.13. uint64:__unm()
Returns the UInt64, in a new UInt64, since unsigned integers can’t be negated.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.14. uint64:__add()
Adds two UInt64 together and returns a new one (this may wrap the value).
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.2.15. uint64:__sub()
Subtracts two UInt64 and returns a new one (this may wrap the value).
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.2.16. uint64:__mul()
Multiplies two UInt64 and returns a new one (this may truncate the value).
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.2.17. uint64:__div()
Divides two UInt64 and returns a new one (integer divide, no remainder). Trying to divide by zero results
in a Lua error.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 result.
11.12.2.18. uint64:__mod()
Divides two UInt64 and returns a new one of the remainder. Trying to modulo by zero results in a Lua
error.
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Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 result.
11.12.2.19. uint64:__pow()
The first UInt64 is taken to the power of the second UInt64/number, returning a new one (this may
truncate the value).
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.20. uint64:__eq()
Returns true if both UInt64 are equal.
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.2.21. uint64:__lt()
Returns true if first UInt64 < second.
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.2.22. uint64:__le()
Returns true if first UInt64 ⇐ second.
Since: 1.11.3
11.12.2.23. uint64:bnot()
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise not operation.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.24. uint64:band()
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise and operation, with the given number/Int64/UInt64. Note that
multiple arguments are allowed.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
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11.12.2.25. uint64:bor()
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise or operation, with the given number/Int64/UInt64. Note that multiple
arguments are allowed.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.26. uint64:bxor()
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise xor operation, with the given number/Int64/UInt64. Note that
multiple arguments are allowed.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.27. uint64:lshift(numbits)
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise logical left-shift operation, by the given number of bits.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to left-shift by.
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.28. uint64:rshift(numbits)
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise logical right-shift operation, by the given number of bits.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to right-shift by.
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.29. uint64:arshift(numbits)
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise arithmetic right-shift operation, by the given number of bits.
Since: 1.11.3
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Arguments
numbits The number of bits to right-shift by.
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.30. uint64:rol(numbits)
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise left rotation operation, by the given number of bits (up to 63).
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to roll left by.
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.31. uint64:ror(numbits)
Returns a UInt64 of the bitwise right rotation operation, by the given number of bits (up to 63).
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
numbits The number of bits to roll right by.
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.12.2.32. uint64:bswap()
Returns a UInt64 of the bytes swapped. This can be used to convert little-endian 64-bit numbers to big-
endian 64 bit numbers or vice versa.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The UInt64 object.
11.13. Binary encode/decode support
The Struct class offers basic facilities to convert Lua values to and from C-style structs in binary Lua
strings. This is based on Roberto Ierusalimschy’s Lua struct library found in http://www.inf.puc-rio.br/
~roberto/struct/, with some minor modifications as follows:
• Added support for Int64/UInt64 being packed/unpacked, using e/E.
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• Can handle long long integers (i8 / I8); though they’re converted to doubles.
• Can insert/specify padding anywhere in a struct. (X eg. when a string is following a union).
• Can report current offset in both pack and unpack (=).
• Can mask out return values when you only want to calculate sizes or unmarshal pascal-style strings
using ( & ).
All but the first of those changes are based on an email from Flemming Madsen, on the lua-users mailing
list, which can be found here.
The main functions are Struct.pack, which packs multiple Lua values into a struct-like Lua binary
string; and Struct.unpack, which unpacks multiple Lua values from a given struct-like Lua binary
string. There are some additional helper functions available as well.
All functions in the Struct library are called as static member functions, not object methods, so they are
invoked as "Struct.pack(…)" instead of "object:pack(…)".
The fist argument to several of the Struct functions is a format string, which describes the layout of the
structure. The format string is a sequence of conversion elements, which respect the current endianness and
the current alignment requirements. Initially, the current endianness is the machine’s native endianness
and the current alignment requirement is 1 (meaning no alignment at all). You can change these settings
with appropriate directives in the format string.
The supported elements in the format string are as follows:
• ‘ ’ (empty space) ignored.
• ‘!n’ flag to set the current alignment requirement to n (necessarily a power of 2); an absent n means
the machine’s native alignment.
• ‘>’ flag to set mode to big endian (i.e., network-order).
• ‘<’ flag to set mode to little endian.
• ‘x’ a padding zero byte with no corresponding Lua value.
• ‘b’ a signed char.
• ‘B’ an unsigned char.
• ‘h’ a signed short (native size).
• ‘H’ an unsigned short (native size).
• ‘l’ a signed long (native size).
• ‘L’ an unsigned long (native size).
• ‘T’ a size_t (native size).
• ‘in’ a signed integer with n bytes. An absent n means the native size of an int.
• ‘In’ like ‘in’ but unsigned.
• ‘e’ signed 8-byte Integer (64-bits, long long), to/from a Int64 object.
• ‘E’ unsigned 8-byte Integer (64-bits, long long), to/from a UInt64 object.
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• ‘f’ a float (native size).
• ‘d’ a double (native size).
• ‘s’ a zero-terminated string.
• ‘cn’ a sequence of exactly n chars corresponding to a single Lua string. An absent n means 1. When
packing, the given string must have at least n characters (extra characters are discarded).
• ‘c0’ this is like ‘cn’, except that the n is given by other means: When packing, n is the length of the
given string; when unpacking, n is the value of the previous unpacked value (which must be a number).
In that case, this previous value is not returned.
• ‘xn’ pad to n number of bytes, default 1.
• ‘Xn’ pad to n alignment, default MAXALIGN.
• ‘(’ to stop assigning items, and ‘)’ start assigning (padding when packing).
• ‘=’ to return the current position / offset.
Note
Using i, I, h, H, l, L, f, and T is strongly discouraged, as those sizes are system-dependent.
Use the explicitly sized variants instead, such as i4 or E.
Note
Unpacking of i/I is done to a Lua number, a double-precision floating point, so unpacking a
64-bit field (i8/I8) will lose precision. Use e/E to unpack into a Wireshark Int64/UInt64
object instead.
Since: 1.11.3
11.13.1. Struct
11.13.1.1. Struct.pack(format, value)
Returns a string containing the values arg1, arg2, etc. packed/encoded according to the format string.
Arguments
format The format string
value One or more Lua value(s) to encode, based on the given format.
Returns
The packed binary Lua string, plus any positions due to = being used in format.
11.13.1.2. Struct.unpack(format, struct, [begin])
Unpacks/decodes multiple Lua values from a given struct-like binary Lua string. The number of returned
values depends on the format given, plus an additional value of the position where it stopped reading is
returned.
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Arguments
format The format string
struct The binary Lua string to unpack
begin (optional) The position to begin reading from (default=1)
Returns
One or more values based on format, plus the position it stopped unpacking.
11.13.1.3. Struct.size(format)
Returns the length of a binary string that would be consumed/handled by the given format string.
Arguments
format The format string
Returns
The size number
11.13.1.4. Struct.values(format)
Returns the number of Lua values contained in the given format string. This will be the number of
returned values from a call to Struct.unpack() not including the extra return value of offset position.
(i.e., Struct.values() does not count that extra return value) This will also be the number of arguments
Struct.pack() expects, not including the format string argument.
Arguments
format The format string
Returns
The number of values
11.13.1.5. Struct.tohex(bytestring, [lowercase], [separator])
Converts the passed-in binary string to a hex-ascii string.
Arguments
bytestring A Lua string consisting of binary bytes
lowercase (optional) True to use lower-case hex characters (default=false).
separator (optional) A string separator to insert between hex bytes (default=nil).
Returns
The Lua hex-ascii string
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11.13.1.6. Struct.fromhex(hexbytes, [separator])
Converts the passed-in hex-ascii string to a binary string.
Arguments
hexbytes A string consisting of hexadecimal bytes like "00 B1 A2" or
"1a2b3c4d"
separator (optional) A string separator between hex bytes/words (default=" ").
Returns
The Lua binary string
11.14. GLib Regular Expressions
Lua has its own native pattern syntax in the string library, but sometimes a real regex engine is more
useful. Wireshark comes with GLib’s Regex implementation, which itself is based on Perl Compatible
Regular Expressions (PCRE). This engine is exposed into Wireshark’s Lua engine through the well-known
Lrexlib library, following the same syntax and semantics as the Lrexlib PCRE implementation, with a few
differences as follows:
• There is no support for using custom locale/chartables
•dfa_exec() doesn’t take ovecsize nor wscount arguments
•dfa_exec() returns boolean true for partial match, without subcapture info
• Named subgroups do not return name-keyed entries in the return table (i.e., in match/tfind/exec)
• The flags() function still works, returning all flags, but two new functions compile_flags() and
match_flags() return just their respective flags, since GLib has a different and smaller set of such flags,
for regex compile vs. match functions
• Using some assertions and POSIX character classes against strings with non-ASCII characters might
match high-order characters, because glib always sets PCRE_UCP even if G_REGEX_RAW is set. For
example, [:alpha;] matches certain non-ASCII bytes. The following assertions have this issue: \b, \B,
\s, \S, \w, \W. The following character classes have this issue: [:alpha:], [:alnum:], [:lower:], [:upper:],
[:space:], [:word:], and [:graph:].
• The compile flag G_REGEX_RAW is always set/used, even if you didn’t specify it. This is because
GLib runs PCRE in UTF-8 mode by default, whereas Lua strings are not UTF-aware.
Since: 1.11.3
This page is based on the full documentation for Lrexlib at http://rrthomas.github.io/lrexlib/manual.html
The GLib Regular expression syntax (which is essentially PCRE syntax) can be found at https://
developer.gnome.org/glib/2.38/glib-regex-syntax.html
11.14.1. GRegex
GLib Regular Expressions based on PCRE.
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Since: 1.11.3
11.14.1.1. Notes
All functions that take a regular expression pattern as an argument will generate an error if that pattern
is found invalid by the regex library.
All functions that take a string-type regex argument accept a compiled regex too. In this case, the compile
flags argument is ignored (should be either supplied as nils or omitted).
The capture flag argument cf may also be supplied as a string, whose characters stand for compilation
flags. Combinations of the following characters (case sensitive) are supported:
• i = G_REGEX_CASELESS - Letters in the pattern match both upper- and lowercase letters. This option
can be changed within a pattern by a “(?i)” option setting.
• m = G_REGEX_MULTILINE - By default, GRegex treats the strings as consisting of a single line
of characters (even if it actually contains newlines). The “start of line” metacharacter (“^”) matches
only at the start of the string, while the “end of line” metacharacter (“$”) matches only at the end of
the string, or before a terminating newline (unless G_REGEX_DOLLAR_ENDONLY is set). When
G_REGEX_MULTILINE is set, the “start of line” and “end of line” constructs match immediately
following or immediately before any newline in the string, respectively, as well as at the very start and
end. This can be changed within a pattern by a “(?m)” option setting.
• s = G_REGEX_DOTALL - A dot metacharater (“.”) in the pattern matches all characters, including
newlines. Without it, newlines are excluded. This option can be changed within a pattern by a ("?s")
option setting.
• x = G_REGEX_EXTENDED - Whitespace data characters in the pattern are totally ignored except
when escaped or inside a character class. Whitespace does not include the VT character (code 11). In
addition, characters between an unescaped “#” outside a character class and the next newline character,
inclusive, are also ignored. This can be changed within a pattern by a “(?x)” option setting.
• U = G_REGEX_UNGREEDY - Inverts the “greediness” of the quantifiers so that they are not greedy
by default, but become greedy if followed by “?”. It can also be set by a “(?U)” option setting within
the pattern.
11.14.1.2. GRegex.new(pattern)
Compiles regular expression pattern into a regular expression object whose internal representation is
corresponding to the library used. The returned result then can be used by the methods, e.g. match, exec,
etc. Regular expression objects are automatically garbage collected.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
pattern A Perl-compatible regular expression pattern string
Returns
The compiled regular expression (a userdata object)
Errors
• A malformed pattern generates a Lua error
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11.14.1.3. GRegex.flags([table])
Returns a table containing the numeric values of the constants defined by the regex library, with the keys
being the (string) names of the constants. If the table argument is supplied then it is used as the output
table, otherwise a new table is created. The constants contained in the returned table can then be used in
most functions and methods where compilation flags or execution flags can be specified. They can also be
used for comparing with return codes of some functions and methods for determining the reason of failure.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
table (optional) A table for placing results into
Returns
A table filled with the results.
11.14.1.4. GRegex.compile_flags([table])
Returns a table containing the numeric values of the constants defined by the regex library for compile
flags, with the keys being the (string) names of the constants. If the table argument is supplied then it is
used as the output table, otherwise a new table is created.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
table (optional) A table for placing results into
Returns
A table filled with the results.
11.14.1.5. GRegex.match_flags([table])
Returns a table containing the numeric values of the constants defined by the regex library for match flags,
with the keys being the (string) names of the constants. If the table argument is supplied then it is used as
the output table, otherwise a new table is created.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
table (optional) A table for placing results into
Returns
A table filled with the results.
11.14.1.6. GRegex.match(subject, pattern, [init], [cf], [ef])
Searches for the first match of the regexp pattern in the string subject, starting from offset init, subject to
flags cf and ef. The pattern is compiled each time this is called, unlike the class method match function.
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Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
pattern A Perl-compatible regular expression pattern string or GRegex object
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
cf (optional) compilation flags (bitwise OR)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns all substring matches ("captures"), in the order they appear in the pattern. false is
returned for sub-patterns that did not participate in the match. If the pattern specified no captures then the
whole matched substring is returned. On failure, returns nil.
11.14.1.7. GRegex.find(subject, pattern, [init], [cf], [ef])
Searches for the first match of the regexp pattern in the string subject, starting from offset init, subject to
flags ef. The pattern is compiled each time this is called, unlike the class method find function.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
pattern A Perl-compatible regular expression pattern string or GRegex object
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
cf (optional) compilation flags (bitwise OR)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns the start point of the match (a number), the end point of the match (a number), and all
substring matches ("captures"), in the order they appear in the pattern. false is returned for sub-patterns
that did not participate in the match. On failure, returns nil.
11.14.1.8. GRegex.gmatch(subject, pattern, [init], [cf], [ef])
Returns an iterator for repeated matching of the pattern patt in the string subj, subject to flags cf and ef.
The function is intended for use in the generic for Lua construct. The pattern can be a string or a GRegex
object previously compiled with GRegex.new().
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
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pattern A Perl-compatible regular expression pattern string or GRegex object
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
cf (optional) compilation flags (bitwise OR)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
The iterator function is called by Lua. On every iteration (that is, on every match), it returns all captures in
the order they appear in the pattern (or the entire match if the pattern specified no captures). The iteration
will continue till the subject fails to match.
11.14.1.9. GRegex.gsub(subject, pattern, [repl], [max], [cf], [ef])
Searches for all matches of the pattern in the string subject and replaces them according to the parameters
repl and max. The pattern can be a string or a GRegex object previously compiled with GRegex.new().
Since: 1.11.3
For details see: http://rrthomas.github.io/lrexlib/manual.html#gsub
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
pattern A Perl-compatible regular expression pattern string or GRegex object
repl (optional) Substitution source string, function, table, false or nil
max (optional) Maximum number of matches to search for, or control function, or nil
cf (optional) Compilation flags (bitwise OR)
ef (optional) Match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns the subject string with the substitutions made, the number of matches found, and the
number of substitutions made.
11.14.1.10. GRegex.split(subject, sep, [cf], [ef])
Splits a subject string subj into parts (sections). The sep parameter is a regular expression pattern
representing separators between the sections. The function is intended for use in the generic for Lua
construct. The function returns an iterator for repeated matching of the pattern sep in the string subj,
subject to flags cf and ef. The sep pattern can be a string or a GRegex object previously compiled with
GRegex.new(). Unlike gmatch, there will always be at least one iteration pass, even if there are no matches
in the subject.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
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sep A Perl-compatible regular expression pattern string or GRegex object
cf (optional) compilation flags (bitwise OR)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
The iterator function is called by Lua. On every iteration, it returns a subject section (can be an empty
string), followed by all captures in the order they appear in the sep pattern (or the entire match if the sep
pattern specified no captures). If there is no match (this can occur only in the last iteration), then nothing
is returned after the subject section. The iteration will continue till the end of the subject.
11.14.1.11. GRegex.version()
Returns a returns a string containing the version of the used library.
Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The version string
11.14.1.12. gregex:match(subject, [init], [ef])
Searches for the first match of the regexp pattern in the string subject, starting from offset init, subject
to flags ef.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns all substring matches (“captures”), in the order they appear in the pattern. false is
returned for sub-patterns that did not participate in the match. If the pattern specified no captures then the
whole matched substring is returned. nil is returned if the pattern did not match.
11.14.1.13. gregex:find(subject, [init], [ef])
Searches for the first match of the regexp pattern in the string subject, starting from offset init, subject
to flags ef.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
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ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns the start point of the match (a number), the end point of the match (a number), and all
substring matches ("captures"), in the order they appear in the pattern. false is returned for sub-patterns
that did not participate in the match. On failure, returns nil.
11.14.1.14. gregex:exec(subject, [init], [ef])
Searches for the first match of the compiled GRegex object in the string subject, starting from offset init,
subject to the execution match flags ef.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns the start point of the first match (a number), the end point of the first match (a number),
and the offsets of substring matches (“captures” in Lua terminology) are returned as a third result, in a
table. This table contains false in the positions where the corresponding sub-pattern did not participate in
the match. On failure, returns nil. Example: If the whole match is at offsets 10,20 and substring matches
are at offsets 12,14 and 16,19 then the function returns the following: 10, 20, { 12,14,16,19 }.
11.14.1.15. gregex:dfa_exec(subject, [init], [ef])
Matches a compiled regular expression GRegex object against a given subject string subj, using a DFA
matching algorithm.
Since: 1.11.3
Arguments
subject Subject string to search
init (optional) start offset in the subject (can be negative)
ef (optional) match execution flags (bitwise OR)
Returns
On success, returns the start point of the matches found (a number), a table containing the end points of
the matches found, the longer matches first, and the number of matches found as the third return value.
On failure, returns nil. Example: If there are 3 matches found starting at offset 10 and ending at offsets 15,
20 and 25 then the function returns the following: 10, { 25,20,15 }, 3
11.14.1.16. gregex:__tostring()
Returns a string containing debug information about the GRegex object.
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Since: 1.11.3
Returns
The debug string
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Chapter 12. User Interface
12.1. Introduction
Wireshark can be logically separated into the backend (dissecting protocols, file loading and saving,
capturing, etc.) and the frontend (the user interface).
The following frontends are currently maintained by the Wireshark development team:
• Wireshark, Qt based (Wireshark 1.11 and newer)
• Wireshark, GTK 2.x based
• Wireshark, GTK 3.x based (Wireshark 1.10 and newer)
• TShark, console based
There are other Wireshark frontends which are not developed nor maintained by the Wireshark
development team:
• Packetyzer (Win32 native interface, written in Delphi and released under the GPL, see: http://
www.paglo.com/opensource/packetyzer)
• hethereal (web based frontend, not actively maintained and not finished)
This chapter is focused on the Wireshark frontend, and especially on the Qt interface.
12.2. The Qt Application Framework
Qt is a cross-platform application development framework. While we mainly use the core (QtCore) and
user interface (QtWidgets) modules, it also supports a number of other modules for specialized application
development, such as networking (QtNetwork) and web browsing (QtWebKit).
At the time of this writing (February 2015) we are in the process of porting the main Wireshark application
to Qt. The sections below provide an overview of the application and tips for Qt development in our
environment.
12.2.1. Source Code Overview
Wireshark’s main entry point is in wireshark-qt.cpp. Command-line arguments are processed there and
the main application class (WiresharkApplication) instance is created there along with the main
window.
The main window along with the rest of the application resides in ui/qt. Due to its size the main window
code is split into two modules, main_window.cpp and main_window_slots.cpp.
Most of the modules in ui/qt are dialogs. Although we follow Qt naming conventions for class
names, we follow our own conventions by separating file name components with underscores. For
example, ColoringRulesDialog is defined in coloring_rules_dialog.cpp, coloring_rules_dialog.h, and
coloring_rules_dialog.ui.
General-purpose dialogs are subclasses of QDialog. Dialogs that rely on the current capture file can
subclass WiresharkDialog, which provides methods and members that make it easier to access the
capture file and to keep the dialog open when the capture file closes.
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12.2.2. Coding Practices and Naming Conventions
12.2.2.1. Names
The code in ui/qt directory uses three APIs: Qt (which uses InterCapConvention), GLib (which uses
underscore_convention), and the Wireshark API (which also uses underscore_convention). As a general
rule Wireshark’s Qt code uses InterCapConvention for class names, interCapConvention for methods, and
underscore_convention for variables, with a trailing_underscore_ for member variables.
12.2.2.2. Dialogs
Dialogs that work with capture file information shouldn’t close just because the capture file closes.
Subclassing WiresharkDialog as described above can make it easier to persist across capture files.
When you create a window with a row of standard “OK” and “Close” buttons at the bottom using Qt
Creator you will end up with a subclass of QDialog. This is fine for traditional modal dialogs, but many
times the “dialog” needs to behave like a QWindow instead.
Modal dialogs should be constructed with QDialog(parent). Modeless dialogs (windows)
should be constructed with QDialog(NULL, Qt::Window). Other combinations (particularly
QDialog(parent, Qt::Window)) can lead to odd and inconsistent behavior. Again, subclassing
WiresharkDialog will take care of this for you.
Most of the dialogs in ui/qt share many similarities, including method names, widget names, and behavior.
Most dialogs should have the following, although it’s not strictly required:
• An updateWidgets() method, which enables and disables widgets depending on the current state
and constraints of the dialog. For example, the Coloring Rules dialog disables the Save button if the
user has entered an invalid display filter.
• A hintLabel() widget subclassed from QLabel or ElidedLabel, placed just above the dialog
button box. The hint label provides guidance and feedback to the user.
• A context menu (ctx_menu_) for additional actions not present in the button box.
• If the dialog box contains a QTreeWidget you might want to add your own QTreeWidgetItem
subclass with the following methods:
drawData() Draws column data with any needed formatting.
colData() Returns the data for each column as a QVariant. Used for copying as CSV, YAML,
etc.
operator<()Allows sorting columns based on their raw data.
12.2.2.3. Strings
If you’re using GLib string functions or plain old C character array idioms in Qt-only code you’re probably
doing something wrong. QStrings are generally much safer and easier to use. They also make translations
easier.
If you need to pass strings between Qt and GLib you can use a number of convenience routines which
are defined in ui/qt/qt_ui_utils.h.
If you’re calling a function that returns wmem-allocated memory it might make more sense to add a
wrapper function to qt_ui_utils than to call wmem_free in your code.
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12.2.2.4. Mixing C and C++
Sometimes we have to call C functions from one of Wireshark’s C callbacks and
pass C objects to or from C. Tap listeners are a common example. The C++ FAQ describes how to
do this safely.
Tapping usually involves declaring static methods for callbacks, passing this as the tap data.
12.2.2.5. Internationalization and Translation
Qt provides a convenient method for translating text: Qobject::tr(), usually available as tr().
However, please avoid using tr() for static strings and define them in *.ui files instead. tr() on
manually created objects like QMenu are not automatically retranslated and must instead be manually
translated using changeEvent() and retranslateUi(). See summary_dialog.[ch] for an example
of this.
Note
If your object life is short and your components are (re)created dynamically then it is ok to
use tr().
In most cases you should handle the changeEvent in order to catch QEvent::LanguageChange.
12.2.3. Other Issues
The main window has many QActions which are shared with child widgets. See ui/qt/proto_tree.cpp for
an example of this.
12.3. The GTK library
We’re switching to Qt
This chapter describes the state of our stable release, which is based on GTK+. A major effort
is underway to migrate Wireshark to Qt. If you would like to add a new interface feature you
should use it and not GTK+.
Wireshark was initially based on the GTK toolkit. See http://www.gtk.org for details. GTK is designed
to hide the details of the underlying GUI in a platform independent way. As GTK is intended to be a
multiplatform tool, there are some drawbacks, as the result is a somewhat "non native" look and feel.
GTK is available for many different platforms including, but not limited to: Unix/Linux, OS X and Win32.
It’s the foundation of the famous GNOME desktop, so the future development of GTK should be certain.
GTK is implemented in plain C (as is Wireshark itself), and available under the LGPL (Lesser General
Public License), making it free to used by commercial and noncommercial applications.
There are other similar toolkits like wxWidgets which could also be used for Wireshark. There’s no "one
and only" reason for or against any of these toolkits. However, the decision towards GTK was made a
long time ago :-)
As of 2013 there are two major GTK versions available:
12.3.1. GTK Version 2.x
GTK 2.x depends on the following libraries:
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184
• GObject (Object library. Basis for GTK and others)
• GLib (A general-purpose utility library, not specific to graphical user interfaces. GLib provides many
useful data types, macros, type conversions, string utilities, file utilities, a main loop abstraction, and
so on.)
• Pango (Pango is a library for internationalized text handling. It centers around the PangoLayout object,
representing a paragraph of text. Pango provides the engine for GtkTextView, GtkLabel, GtkEntry, and
other widgets that display text.)
• ATK (ATK is the Accessibility Toolkit. It provides a set of generic interfaces allowing accessibility
technologies to interact with a graphical user interface. For example, a screen reader uses ATK to
discover the text in an interface and read it to blind users. GTK+ widgets have built-in support for
accessibility using the ATK framework.)
• GdkPixbuf (This is a small library which allows you to create GdkPixbuf ("pixel buffer") objects from
image data or image files. Use a GdkPixbuf in combination with GtkImage to display images.)
• GDK (GDK is the abstraction layer that allows GTK+ to support multiple windowing systems. GDK
provides drawing and window system facilities on X11, Windows, and the Linux framebuffer device.)
12.3.2. GTK Version 3.x
Wireshark (as of version 1.10) has been ported to use the GTK3 library.
GTK 3.x depends on the following libraries:
(See GTK 2.x)
12.3.3. Compatibility GTK versions
The GTK library itself defines some values which makes it easy to distinguish between the versions, e.g.
GTK_MAJOR_VERSION and GTK_MINOR_VERSION will be set to the GTK version at compile time
inside the gtkversion.h header.
12.3.4. GTK resources on the web
You can find several resources about GTK.
First of all, have a look at http://www.gtk.org. This will be the first place to look at. If you want to develop
GTK related things for Wireshark, the most important place might be the GTK API documentation at http:
//library.gnome.org/devel/gtk/stable/.
Several mailing lists are available about GTK development, see http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo,
the gtk-app-devel-list may be your friend.
As it’s often done wrong: You should post a mail to help the developers there instead of only complaining.
Posting such a thing like "I don’t like your dialog, it looks ugly" won’t be of much help. You might think
about what you dislike and describe why you dislike it and provide a suggestion for a better way.
12.4. GUI Reference documents
Although the GUI development of Wireshark is platform independent, the Wireshark development team
tries to follow the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG) where appropriate. This is the case, because
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185
both GNOME and Wireshark are based on the GTK+ toolkit and the GNOME HIG is excellently written
and easy to understand.
For further reference, see the following documents:
• Android Design: http://developer.android.com/design/index.html (Wireshark doesn’t have a mobile
frontend but there is still useful information here)
• GNOME Human Interface Guidelines: http://library.gnome.org/devel/hig-book/stable/
• The KDE Usability/HIG project: http://techbase.kde.org/Projects/Usability/HIG
• OS X Human Interface Guidelines: https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/
UserExperience/Conceptual/AppleHIGuidelines/Intro/Intro.html
• Design apps for the Windows desktop: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Aa511258.aspx
12.5. Adding/Extending Dialogs
This is usually the main area for contributing new user interface features.
XXX: add the various functions from gtk/dlg_utils.h
12.6. Widget naming
It seems to be common sense to name the widgets with some descriptive trailing characters, like:
• xy_lb = gtk_label_new();
• xy_cb = gtk_checkbox_new();
• XXX: add more examples
However, this schema isn’t used at all places inside the code.
12.7. Common GTK programming pitfalls
There are some common pitfalls in GTK programming.
12.7.1. Usage of gtk_widget_show() /
gtk_widget_show_all()
When a GTK widget is created it will be hidden by default. In order to show it, a call to gtk_widget_show()
has to be done.
It isn’t necessary to do this for each and every widget created. A call to gtk_widget_show_all() on the
parent of all the widgets in question (e.g. a dialog window) can be done, so all of its child widgets will
be shown too.
186
Chapter 13. This Document’s License
(GPL)
As with the original license and documentation distributed with Wireshark, this document is covered by
the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL).
If you haven’t read the GPL before, please do so. It explains all the things that you are allowed to do with
this code and documentation.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
This Document’s License (GPL)
187
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
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this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
This Document’s License (GPL)
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
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of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
&lt;one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
This Document’s License (GPL)
191
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
&lt;signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.

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