4RF N2500AAAA0200A Fixed point to point digital radio terminal User Manual Manual
4RF Limited Fixed point to point digital radio terminal Manual
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Contents
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Manual
Aprisa XE User Manual
Version 7.3.1
September 2006
Copyright
Copyright © 2001-2005 4RF Communications Ltd. All rights reserved.
This document is protected by copyright belonging to 4RF Communications Ltd and may not be
reproduced or republished in whole or part in any form without the prior written permission of 4RF
Communications Ltd.
Trademarks
The 4RF, Aprisa, Aprisa XE, SuperVisor and Surveyor names and logotypes are trademarks or
registered trademarks of 4RF Communications Ltd.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.
Java and all Java-related trademarks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems,
Inc. in the United States and other countries. All other marks are the property of their respective
owners.
GoAhead WebServer. Copyright © 2000 GoAhead Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer
Although every precaution has been taken preparing this information, 4RF Communications Ltd
assumes no liability for errors and omissions, or any damages resulting from use of this information.
This document or the equipment may change, without notice, in the interests of improving the product.
RoHS and WEEE compliance
The Aprisa XE is fully compliant with the European Commission’s RoHS (Restriction of Certain
Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment) and WEEE (Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment) environmental directives.
Restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS)
The RoHS Directive prohibits the sale in the European Union of electronic equipment containing these
hazardous substances: lead*, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls
(PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
4RF Communications has worked with its component suppliers to ensure compliance with the RoHS
Directive which came into effect on the 1st July 2006.
*The European Commission Technical Adaptation Committee (TAC) has exempted lead in solder for
high-reliability applications for which viable lead-free alternatives have not yet been identified. The
exemption covers communications network infrastructure equipment, which includes 4RF
Communications’ Aprisa XE microwave radios.
End-of-life recycling programme (WEEE)
The WEEE Directive concerns the recovery, reuse, and recycling of electronic and electrical
equipment. Under the Directive, used equipment must be marked, collected separately, and disposed
of properly.
4RF Communications has instigated a programme to manage the reuse, recycling, and recovery of
waste in an environmentally safe manner using processes that comply with the WEEE Directive (EU
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 2002/96/EC).
4RF Communications invites questions from customers and partners on its environmental
programmes and compliance with the European Commission’s Directives (sales@4RF.com).
Compliance ETSI
The terminal is designed to comply with the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
specifications as follows:
Radio performance EN 302 217 Parts 1, 2.1, and 2.2
EMC EN 301 489 Parts 1 & 4
Environmental EN 300 019, Class 3.2
Safety EN 60950
A terminal operating in the following frequency bands / channel sizes has been tested
and is compliant to the ETSI radio specifications and suitably displays the CE logo.
Other bands are compliant to the same radio performance specifications as adapted by
4RF and therefore may be used in regions where compliance requirements demand
CE performance at other frequencies.
Frequency band Channel size Power input Notified
body
300 MHz
400 MHz
25 kHz, 50 kHz, 75 kHz, 150 kHz,
250 kHz, 500 kHz, 1.0 MHz,
1.75 MHz, 3.50 MHz
12 VDC, 24 VDC,
48 VDC, 115/230 VAC
Notified
Body 0678
600 MHz
700 MHz
800 MHz
900 MHz
500 kHz 12 VDC, 24 VDC,
48 VDC, 115/230 VAC
Notified
Body 0678
1400 MHz 75 kHz, 150 kHz, 250 kHz,
500 kHz, 1.0 MHz, 1.75 MHz,
3.50 MHz
12 VDC, 24 VDC,
48 VDC, 115/230 VAC
2000 MHz
2500 MHz
250 kHz, 500 kHz, 1.0 MHz,
1.75 MHz, 3.50 MHz, 7 MHz,
14 MHz
12 VDC, 24 VDC,
48 VDC, 115/230 VAC
Compliance FCC
The terminal is designed to comply with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
specifications as follows:
Radio performance / EMC
(dependant on variant)
47CFR part 90 Private Land Mobile Radio Services
47CFR part 101 Fixed Microwave Services
47CFR part 15 Radio Frequency Devices
Safety EN 60950
Available in 1Q 2007
Frequency band Channel size Power input FCC ID
400 MHz 25 kHz 48 VDC
900 MHz 100 kHz 48 VDC
900 MHz 200 kHz 48 VDC Verified part
101
Informal declaration of conformity
Dansk Undertegnede 4RF Communications Ltd erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr
Aprisa™ Radio overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i
direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Deutsch Hiermit erklärt 4RF Communications Ltd, dass sich dieses Aprisa™ Radio in
Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den anderen
relevanten Vorschriften der Richtlinie 1999/5/EG befindet. (BMWi)
Dutch Hierbij verklaart 4RF Communications Ltd dat het toestel Aprisa™ Radio in
overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante
bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EG.
English Hereby, 4RF Communications Ltd, declares that this Aprisa™ Radio equipment
is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions
of Directive 1999/5/EC.
Español Por medio de la presente 4RF Communications Ltd declara que el Aprisa™
Radio cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones
aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.
Σλληνας 4RF Communications Ltd Aprisa™ Radio
1995/5/.
Français Par la présente 4RF Communications Ltd déclare que l'appareil Aprisa Radio
est conformé aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes
de la directive 1999/5/CE.
Italiano Con la presente 4RF Communications Ltd dichiara che questo Aprisa™ Radio
è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite
dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
Português 4RF Communications Ltd declara que este Aprisa™ Radio está conforme com
os requisitos essenciais e outras provisões da Directiva 1999/5/CE.
Suomalainen 4RF Communications Ltd vakuuttaa täten että Aprisa™ Radio tyyppinen laite
on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin
muiden ehtojen mukainen.
Svensk Härmed intygar 4RF Communications Ltd att denna Aprisa™ Radio står I
överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta
bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EG.
A formal Declaration of Conformity document is shipped with each Aprisa XE terminal.
Contents | v
Contents
1. Getting started ................................................................................................11
2. Introduction.....................................................................................................15
About this manual..........................................................................................................15
What it covers ......................................................................................................15
Who should read it ...............................................................................................15
Contact us............................................................................................................15
What's in the box...........................................................................................................15
Aprisa CD contents ..............................................................................................16
Accessory kit ........................................................................................................17
3. Preparation......................................................................................................19
Path planning ................................................................................................................19
Antenna selection and siting ................................................................................19
Coaxial feeder cables...........................................................................................22
Link budget...........................................................................................................22
Site requirements ..........................................................................................................23
Power supply........................................................................................................23
Equipment cooling................................................................................................23
Earthing and lightning protection..........................................................................24
4. About the terminal ..........................................................................................25
Introduction....................................................................................................................25
Modules.........................................................................................................................26
Front panel connections and indicators.........................................................................27
Interface card types.......................................................................................................28
5. Mounting and installing the terminal ............................................................29
Required tools ...............................................................................................................29
Installing the terminal ....................................................................................................29
Installing the antenna and feeder cable ........................................................................30
External alarms .............................................................................................................31
Alarm circuit setup................................................................................................31
Interface cabling ............................................................................................................32
Power supplies ..............................................................................................................32
DC power supply..................................................................................................32
AC power supply ..................................................................................................35
Safety earth..........................................................................................................36
Bench setup ..................................................................................................................37
6. Connecting to the terminal.............................................................................39
Connecting to the terminal's setup port.........................................................................39
Connecting to the terminal's ethernet interface.............................................................42
PC requirements for SuperVisor ..........................................................................43
PC settings for SuperVisor...................................................................................44
IP addressing of terminals.............................................................................................47
Network IP addressing ..................................................................................................48
Same subnet as local PC.....................................................................................48
Different subnet as local PC.................................................................................49
Contents | vi
7. Managing the terminal....................................................................................51
The setup menu ............................................................................................................51
4RF SuperVisor.............................................................................................................53
Logging in.............................................................................................................54
Logging out ..........................................................................................................54
SuperVisor opening page..............................................................................................55
Changing the terminal’s IP address ..............................................................................56
Setting up users ............................................................................................................57
User groups..........................................................................................................57
Adding a user .......................................................................................................57
Disabling a user ...................................................................................................58
Deleting a user.....................................................................................................58
Saving user information .......................................................................................58
Changing passwords............................................................................................59
Viewing user session details................................................................................59
8. Configuring the terminal ................................................................................61
Configuring the RF settings...........................................................................................61
Modem Performance Settings..............................................................................63
Entering terminal information ........................................................................................64
Configuring the IP settings ............................................................................................65
Saving the terminal's configuration................................................................................66
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) ...........................................................67
SNMP access controls .........................................................................................68
SNMP trap destinations .......................................................................................69
Viewing the SNMP traps ......................................................................................70
Viewing the SNMP MIB details ............................................................................70
Setting the terminal clock sources.................................................................................71
Configuring the RSSI alarm threshold...........................................................................73
Configuring the external alarms ....................................................................................74
Configuring the external alarm inputs ..................................................................74
Configuring the external alarm outputs ................................................................76
9. Configuring the traffic interfaces ..................................................................77
Viewing a summary of the interfaces ............................................................................77
Configuring the traffic interfaces....................................................................................79
Ethernet.........................................................................................................................80
VLAN tagging .......................................................................................................80
Quality of Service .................................................................................................82
Viewing the status of the ethernet ports...............................................................86
Resetting the Ethernet settings............................................................................86
QJET port settings.........................................................................................................87
Q4EM port settings........................................................................................................89
DFXO / DFXS loop interface circuits .............................................................................91
DFXS port settings ...............................................................................................94
DFXO port settings.............................................................................................101
QV24 port settings.......................................................................................................108
HSS port settings ........................................................................................................109
HSS handshaking and clocking...................................................................................111
HSS handshaking and control line function .......................................................111
HSS synchronous clock selection modes ..........................................................114
10. Cross Connections .......................................................................................121
Embedded cross connect switch.................................................................................121
Link Capacity Utilization.....................................................................................121
The Cross Connections application.............................................................................121
The Cross Connections system requirements ...................................................121
Installing the Cross Connections application .....................................................122
Contents | vii
Opening the Cross Connections application ......................................................122
The Cross Connections page.............................................................................123
Setting the terminal's address............................................................................125
Management and user ethernet capacity...........................................................125
Setting card types ..............................................................................................126
Getting cross connection configuration from the terminals ................................126
Creating cross connections................................................................................127
Sending cross connection configuration to the terminals...................................130
Saving cross connection configurations.............................................................130
Using existing cross connection configurations .................................................130
Printing the cross connection configuration .......................................................131
Deleting cross connections ................................................................................132
Configuring the traffic cross connections ....................................................................133
Compatible interfaces ........................................................................................133
QJET cross connections ....................................................................................134
Selecting and mapping bits and timeslots..........................................................139
Q4EM cross connections ...................................................................................143
DFXS & DFXO cross connections .....................................................................144
QV24 cross connections ....................................................................................145
HSS cross connections ......................................................................................146
Cross connection example ..........................................................................................147
Symmetrical Connection Wizard .................................................................................148
Starting the wizard .............................................................................................148
Wizard Navigation ..............................................................................................148
Setting the IP address........................................................................................149
Setting the bandwidth.........................................................................................149
Card Selection....................................................................................................150
Interface configurations......................................................................................151
Symmetrical connection summary .....................................................................152
Send symmetrical connection configuration.......................................................152
11. Protected terminals ......................................................................................153
Monitored Hot Stand By (MHSB) ................................................................................153
Tributary switch front panel ................................................................................154
RF switch front panel .........................................................................................155
MHSB cabling ....................................................................................................157
MHSB power supply...........................................................................................157
Configuring the radios for protected mode.........................................................158
12. In-service commissioning............................................................................163
Before you start ...........................................................................................................163
What you will need .............................................................................................163
Applying power to the terminals ..................................................................................164
Review the link configurations using SuperVisor.........................................................164
Antenna alignment ......................................................................................................165
Checking the antenna polarization.....................................................................165
Visually aligning antennas..................................................................................166
Accurately aligning the antennas .......................................................................167
Synchronizing the terminals ...............................................................................169
Checking performance .......................................................................................169
Checking the receive input level ........................................................................169
Checking the fade margin ..................................................................................170
Checking long-term BER....................................................................................171
Bit Error Rate tests.............................................................................................171
Additional tests...................................................................................................172
Checking the link performance...........................................................................173
Viewing a summary of the link performance ......................................................174
Contents | viii
13. Maintenance ..................................................................................................175
Routine maintenance ..................................................................................................175
Terminal upgrades ......................................................................................................176
Upgrade process................................................................................................176
Installing RF synthesizer configuration files.......................................................176
Upgrading the terminal using TFTP ...................................................................177
Upgrading the terminal by uploading system files..............................................182
Viewing the image table .....................................................................................187
Changing the status of an image file..................................................................188
Rebooting the terminal ................................................................................................189
Support summary ........................................................................................................190
Installing interface cards..............................................................................................191
Preparing the terminal for new interface cards ..................................................192
Installing an interface card .................................................................................194
Configuring a slot ...............................................................................................196
14. Troubleshooting............................................................................................197
Loopbacks ...................................................................................................................197
RF radio loopback..............................................................................................197
Interface loopbacks............................................................................................198
Timeslot loopbacks ............................................................................................198
Alarms .........................................................................................................................199
Diagnosing alarms .............................................................................................199
Viewing the alarm history ...................................................................................201
Viewing interface alarms ....................................................................................202
Clearing alarms ..................................................................................................203
Identifying causes of alarms...............................................................................204
E1 / T1 alarm conditions ....................................................................................206
System log...................................................................................................................207
Checking the syslog...........................................................................................207
Setting up for remote logging .............................................................................209
15. Interface connections...................................................................................211
RJ-45 connector pin assignments ...............................................................................211
Interface traffic direction ..............................................................................................211
QJET Interface connections ........................................................................................212
Ethernet interface connections....................................................................................213
Q4EM Interface connections .......................................................................................214
E&M Signalling types .........................................................................................215
DFXS Interface connections........................................................................................217
DFXO Interface connections .......................................................................................218
HSS Interface connections..........................................................................................219
Synchronous cable assemblies..........................................................................220
Cable WAN connectors......................................................................................227
QV24 Interface connections ........................................................................................228
16. Alarm types and sources .............................................................................229
Alarm types .................................................................................................................229
Transmitter alarms .............................................................................................229
Receiver alarms .................................................................................................230
MUX alarms .......................................................................................................230
Modem alarms ...................................................................................................230
Motherboard alarms ...........................................................................................231
QJET alarms ......................................................................................................231
DFXO alarms .....................................................................................................232
DFXS alarms......................................................................................................232
HSS alarms ........................................................................................................232
QV24 alarms ......................................................................................................232
Contents | ix
External alarm inputs .........................................................................................233
Remote terminal alarms .....................................................................................233
Cross connect alarms ........................................................................................233
MHSB alarms .....................................................................................................233
17. Country specific settings .............................................................................235
18. Specifications................................................................................................237
RF specifications .........................................................................................................237
System performance specifications.............................................................................238
Interface specifications................................................................................................244
Ethernet interface...............................................................................................244
QJET Quad E1 / T1 interface.............................................................................244
Q4EM Quad 4 wire E&M interface .....................................................................245
DFXO Dual foreign exchange office interface....................................................246
DFXS Dual foreign exchange subscriber interface ............................................248
QV24 Quad V.24 asynchronous data interface..................................................250
HSS Single high speed synchronous data interface ..........................................250
External alarm interfaces ...................................................................................251
Auxiliary interfaces .............................................................................................251
Power specifications....................................................................................................252
AC Power supply................................................................................................252
DC Power supply ...............................................................................................252
Power consumption............................................................................................252
MHSB specifications ...................................................................................................253
MHSB protection ................................................................................................253
General specifications .................................................................................................253
Environmental ....................................................................................................253
Mechanical.........................................................................................................253
ETSI performance ..............................................................................................253
19. Product end of life ........................................................................................255
End-of-life recycling programme (WEEE)....................................................................255
The WEEE symbol explained.............................................................................255
WEEE must be collected separately ..................................................................255
Return and collection programmes in your area ................................................255
Your role in the recovery of WEEE ....................................................................255
EEE waste impacts the environment and health................................................255
20. Abbreviations ................................................................................................257
21. Acknowledgments and licensing ................................................................259
22. Commissioning Forms .................................................................................265
23. Index ..............................................................................................................267
Getting started | 11
1. Getting started
This section is an overview of the steps required to commission a link in the field.
Phase 1: Pre-installation
1. Confirm path planning. Page 19
2. Ensure that the site preparation is complete:
Power requirements
Tower requirements
Environmental considerations, for example, temperature control
Rack space
Page 22
3. Confirm the interface card configuration.
Phase 2: Installing the terminals
1. Before installing the terminal into the rack, check that all the required
interface cards are fitted.
Position and mount the terminal in the rack. Page 29
2. Connect earthing to the terminal. Page 24
3. Confirm that the:
Antenna is mounted and visually aligned.
Feeder cable is connected to the antenna.
Feeder connections are tightened to recommended level.
Tower earthing is complete.
4. Install lightning protection. Page 24
5. Connect the coaxial jumper cable between the lightning protection and the
terminal duplexer.
6. Connect the power supply to the terminal and apply power. Page 31
Getting started | 12
Phase 3: Establishing the link
1. If you don't know the terminal's IP address :
Connect the setup cable between the terminal's Setup port and the PC
using accessory kit adaptor.
Use HyperTerminal to confirm the IP settings for the terminal:
Local IP address
Local subnet mask
Remote terminal IP address
Reboot the terminal
Page 52
2. Connect the Ethernet cable between the terminal's 4-port Ethernet switch
and the PC.
3. Confirm that the PC IP settings are correct for the 4-port Ethernet switch:
IP address
subnet mask
Page 44
4. Confirm that Java is installed on the PC. Page 43
5. Start the web browser, and log into the terminal. Page 54
6. Set or confirm the RF characteristics:
TX and RX frequencies
Modulation type
TX output power
Page 61
7. Compare the actual RSSI to the expected RSSI value (from your path
planning).
8. Fine-align the antennas. Page 167
9. Confirm that the terminal clock sources are set correctly. Page 63
10. Confirm that the TX and RX LEDs are green. Disregard the OK LED
status for now.
Getting started | 13
Phase 4: Configuring the traffic
1. Confirm that the interface hardware and software slot configurations
match.
2. Confirm the interface card settings. Page 79
3. Open the Cross Connections application and configure the cross
connections:
Download the configuration.
Confirm or modify the traffic cross connections.
Save the configuration to the terminal.
Activate the configuration.
Page 122
4. Save the configuration to disk and close the Cross Connections
application.
Page 130
5. Connect the connection of interface cables.
6. Confirm or adjust the terminal clocking for network synchronization, if
required.
7. Test that the traffic is passing over the link as configured.
8. Confirm or configure the external alarm settings in SuperVisor. Page 74
9. Setup an external alarm connection cable, if required.
10. Reset any alarms and error counters. Page 199
11. Perform traffic pre-commissioning tests (optional)
12. Complete the commissioning form (at the back of the manual) and file. Page 265
Introduction | 15
2. Introduction
About this manual
What it covers
This user manual describes how to install and configure Aprisa XE™ fixed point-to-point digital radio
links.
It specifically documents an Aprisa XE terminal running system software version 7.3.1.
It is recommended that you read the relevant sections of this manual before installing or operating the
terminal.
Who should read it
This manual has been written for professional field technicians and engineers who have an
appropriate level of education and experience.
Contact us
If you experience any difficulty installing or using Aprisa XE after reading this manual, please contact
Customer Support or your local 4RF representative.
Our area representative contact details are available from our website:
4RF Communications Ltd
26 Glover Street, Ngauranga
PO Box 13-506
Wellington 6032
New Zealand
E-mail support@4rf.com
Web site www.4rf.com
Telephone +64 4 499 6000
Facsimile +64 4 473 4447
Attention Customer Services
What's in the box
Inside the box you will find:
Aprisa XE terminal
Accessory kit
Aprisa CD
Aprisa XE Quick Start Guide
Commissioning Form
Configuration sheet
Introduction | 16
Aprisa CD contents
The Aprisa CD contains the following:
Software
The latest version of the terminal software (see "Terminal upgrades” on page 176)
The Cross Connections application - required if you want to use the Cross Connections
application offline (see "Installing Cross Connections application" on page 122).
Java VM - Java plug-in needed to run the Supervisor software.
Web browsers - Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer are included for your convenience.
Adobe™ Acrobat® Reader® which you need to view the PDF files on the Aprisa CD.
Documentation
User manual — an electronic (PDF) version for you to view online or print.
Product collateral — application overviews, product description, case studies, and white
papers.
Tools
Surveyor - a path propagation calculator developed by 4RF (see "Path planning" on page 19).
Introduction | 17
Accessory kit
The accessory kit contains the following items:
Setup cable (RJ-45) and adaptor
Mounting brackets and screws
Hardware kit
(includes Allen key for fascia
screws)
Alarm cable (RJ-45)
Introduction | 18
Ground cable
DC power cable
(for use with the -48 VDC and -24
VDC power supplies)
AC power cable
(for use with the 110 / 230 VAC
power supply)
Preparation | 19
3. Preparation
Path planning
Proper path planning is essential. When considering the components of your radio system, think
about:
antenna selection and siting
coaxial cable selection
link budget
You can also use Surveyor to help you with path feasibility planning.
Surveyor is a path propagation calculator developed by 4RF to assist path planners quickly and
efficiently verify the viability of point-to-point transmission links deploying the Aprisa™ microwave radio
systems.
The software program calculates the anticipated link performance for the transmission system
elements you have selected. However, it is not a substitute for in-depth path planning.
You will find Surveyor a valuable addition to your planning toolbox.
A copy of Surveyor is provided on the Aprisa CD supplied with this manual. You can download
updates from www.4rf.com.
Antenna selection and siting
Selecting and siting antennas are important considerations in your system design.
There are three main types of directional antenna that are commonly used with the radios parabolic
grid, Yagi and corner reflector antennas.
The antenna that should be used for a particular situation is determined primarily by the frequency of
operation and the gain required to establish a reliable link.
Parabolic grid antennas
Factor Explanation
Frequency Often used in 1350-2700 MHz bands
Gain Varies with size (17 dBi to 30 dBi
typical)
Wind loading Can be significant
Tower aperture required Can be significant
Size Range from 0.6 m to 3 m diameter
Front to back ratio Good
Cost High
Preparation | 20
Yagi antennas
Factor Explanation
Frequency Often used in 330-960 MHz bands
Gain Varies with size (typically 11 dBi to 16
dBi)
Stackable gain increase 2 Yagi antennas (+ 2.8 dB)
4 Yagi antennas (+ 5.6 dB)
Wind loading Less than a parabolic grid antenna
Tower aperture required Unstacked: Less than a parabolic grid
antenna
Stacked: about the same as a
parabolic grid antenna
Size Range from 0.6 m to 3 m in length
Front to back ratio Low
Cost Low
It is possible to increase the gain of a Yagi antenna installation by placing two or more of them in a
stack. The relative position of the antennas is critical.
Example of stacked antennas
Preparation | 21
Corner reflector antennas
Factor Explanation
Frequency Often used in 330-960 MHz bands
Gain Typically 10 dBd
Wind loading Less than a parabolic grid antenna
Tower aperture required About the same as a parabolic grid
antenna
Size Range from 0.36 m to 0.75 m in length
Front to back ratio High (typically 30 dB)
Beamwidth Broad (up to 60°)
Cost Medium
Antenna siting
When siting antennas, consider the following points:
A site with a clear line of sight to the remote terminal is needed. Pay particular attention to trees,
buildings, and other obstructions close to the antenna site.
Example of a clear line-of-sight path
Any large flat areas that reflect RF energy along the link path, for instance, water, could cause
multi-path fading. If the link path crosses a feature that is likely to cause RF reflections, shield the
antenna from the reflected signals by positioning it on the far side of the roof of the equipment
shelter or other structure.
Example of a mid-path reflection path
The antenna site should be as far as possible from other potential sources of RF interference such
as electrical equipment, power lines and roads.
The antenna site should be as close as possible to the equipment shelter.
Note: Wide angle and zoom photographs taken at the proposed antenna location (looking down the
proposed path), can be useful when considering the best mounting positions.
Preparation | 22
Coaxial feeder cables
To ensure maximum performance, it is recommended that you use good quality low-loss coaxial cable
for all feeder runs. For installations requiring long antenna cable runs, use Andrew Heliax™ or
equivalent.
When using large diameter feeders, use a short flexible jumper cable between the feeder and the
terminal to reduce stress on the antenna port connector.
All coaxial cable has loss, that is, the RF energy traveling through it is attenuated. Generally speaking,
the larger the diameter of the cable, the less the loss. When selecting a coaxial cable consider the
following:
Factor Effect
Attenuation Short cables and larger diameter cables have less attenuation
Cost Smaller diameter cables are cheaper
Ease of installation Easier with smaller diameter cables or short cables
When running cables:
Run coaxial cable from the installation to the antenna, ensuring you leave enough extra cable at
each end to allow drip loops to be formed.
For 19-inch rack mount installations, cables may be run from the front of the rack directly onto the
antenna port. They may also be run through the back of the rack to the front.
Terminate and earth or ground the cables in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions.
Bond the outer conductor of the coaxial feeder cables to the base of the tower mast.
Link budget
All of the above factors (and many others not mentioned) combine in any proposed installation to
create a link budget. The link budget predicts how well the radio link will perform after it is installed.
Use the outputs of the link budget during commissioning testing to confirm the link has been installed
correctly, and that it will provide reliable service.
Preparation | 23
Site requirements
Power supply
Ensure that the correct power supply is available for powering the terminal.
The nominal input voltage for a terminal is 12, 24 or 48 volts DC or 115 / 230 volts AC rms.
The DC supply voltage is factory preset at time of order and cannot be adjusted in the field.
The terminal voltage is indicated on the chassis label by the DC input connector and on the
specification label fitted to the terminal.
Warning:
Before connecting power, ground the chassis using the safety earth terminal on the
front panel.
Equipment cooling
Mount the terminal so that air can flow through it. Do not obstruct the free flow of air around the
terminal. The two internal, speed-controlled fans fitted into the chassis provide sufficient cooling.
The fans are microprocessor-controlled to run at the minimum speed required to keep the terminal
below a preset temperature. They are constantly monitored and an alarm is raised under failure
conditions.
The environmental operating conditions are as follows:
Operating temperature -10°C to +50°C
Storage temperature -20°C to +70°C
Humidity Maximum 95% non-condensing
Altitude Up to 5000 metres
Preparation | 24
Earthing and lightning protection
Warning:
Lightning can easily damage electronic equipment.
To avoid this risk, install primary lightning protection devices on any interfaces that are
reticulated in the local cable network.
You should also install a coaxial surge suppressor on the antenna port of the duplexer
Earth the antenna tower, feeders and lightning protection devices in accordance with the appropriate
local and national standards. The diagram below shows the minimum requirements.
Use grounding kits as specified or supplied by the coaxial cable manufacturer to properly ground or
bond the cable outer.
About the terminal | 25
4. About the terminal
Introduction
The terminals operate in a number of frequency bands from 300 MHz up to 2.7 GHz carrying ethernet,
voice and data traffic over distances up to 100 kilometres.
They are designed to meet the demands of a wide range of low to medium capacity access and
backhaul applications.
The digital access terminal is a compact, powerful point-to-point linking solution with up to 64 Mbit/s of
radio link capacity, and customer-configurable interface options integrated within the radio platform.
About the terminal | 26
Modules
The terminal is modular in design, which helps reduce mean time to repair (MTTR). It is designed for
19-inch rack mounting and is only 2U high for standard configurations.
The five main modules housed inside the chassis are the transceiver, modem, motherboard, power
supply, and duplexer. Interface cards are fitted into the eight interface slots on the motherboard.
Modules are interconnected via several buses on the motherboard. A duplexer can be mounted inside
or outside the chassis.
The interrelationships between the components are shown below:
About the terminal | 27
Front panel connections and indicators
All connections to the terminal are made on the front panel of the terminal.
No. Label Description
1 AC or DC power input DC and AC power supplies are available (AC is shown)
2 Safety earth stud An M5 stud for connection to an external protection ground for
protection against electric shock in case of a fault.
3 Antenna connector N-type 50 female connector for connection of antenna feeder
cable.
4 Interface slots A to H Eight interface slots on the motherboard to fit interface cards.
5 ETHERNET Integrated four-port layer 2 switch.
6 SETUP RJ-45 serial connection to PC for initial configuration.
7 ALARM RJ-45 connector for two external alarm input and four external
alarm output connections.
8 LED indicators
OK Indicates normal operation and minor and major alarm
conditions.
RX Indicates status of receive path including normal operation and
alarms such as BER, RSSI and loss of synchronization.
TX Indicates status of transmit path including normal operation and
alarms such as forward / reverse power and temperature.
ON Blue LED indicates that there is power to the terminal.
9 RSSI RSSI test point suitable for 2 mm diameter multimeter test lead
pin.
About the terminal | 28
Interface card types
Each terminal has eight interface slots labeled A to H. Each slot can be fitted with any interface card
type. Typically, the terminal is delivered pre-configured with the requested interface cards.
The following interface card types are currently available:
Name Interface card type Function
QJET Quad E1/T1 interface card Four E1 / T1 interfaces (Framed or Unframed).
Q4EM Quad 4 wire E&M interface card Four 4 wire E&M voice channels
DFXS Dual 2 wire FXS interface card Two 2 wire loop signalling foreign exchange
subscriber (POTS) channels
DFXO Dual 2 wire FXO interface card Two 2 wire loop signalling foreign exchange office
channels
HSS High-Speed Synchronous
interface card
A single high speed serial data channel configured
as synchronous V.24, V.35, X.21, V.36 / RS 449,
or EIA/TIA 530.
QV24 Quad V.24 serial asynchronous
interface card
Four asynchronous V.24/RS232 data channels.
Mounting and installing the terminal | 29
5. Mounting and installing the terminal
This section covers installing the hardware associated with the terminal. Before you begin a terminal
installation, read this section thoroughly.
Warning:
You must comply with the safety precautions in this manual or on the product
itself. 4RF does not assume any liability for failure to comply with these
precautions.
Required tools
No special tools are needed to install the terminal other than those required to physically mount the
terminal into the rack.
Installing the terminal
The terminal is designed for 19-inch rack mounting and is supplied with rack mounting brackets. The
rack brackets can be front, mid, or rear mounted (as shown below) to suit individual installation
requirements. Once the rack brackets are attached, carefully lift the terminal into position in the rack,
and fasten with screws and washers.
Mounting and installing the terminal | 30
Installing the antenna and feeder cable
Carefully mount the antenna following the antenna manufacturers' instructions. Run feeder cable from
the antenna to the terminal mounting location.
Lightning protection must be incorporated into the antenna system. For more information, please
contact Customer Support.
Caution: When the link is operating, there is RF energy radiated from the antenna. Do not
stand in front of or touch the antenna while the terminal is operating.
1. Fit the appropriate male or female N-type connector to the antenna feeder at the antenna end.
Carefully follow the connector manufacturers' instructions.
2. Securely attach the feeder cable to the mast and cable trays using cable ties or cable hangers.
Follow the cable manufacturer's recommendations about the use of feeder clips, and their
recommended spacing.
3. Connect the antenna and feeder cable. Ensure the N-type connector is tight. Weatherproof the
connection with a boot, tape, or other approved method.
4. Fit the appropriate N-type male connector to the antenna feeder at the terminal end (the terminal
is N-type female). Carefully follow the connector manufacturer's instructions.
5. Connect the feeder cable to the antenna port on the terminal. Use a jumper cable, if needed.
Ensure the N-type connector is tight.
6. Connect a coaxial surge suppressor or similar lightning protector between the feeder and jumper
cables (or at the point where the cable enters the equipment shelter).
Earth the case of the lightning protector to the site Lightning Protection Earth. Also earth the
terminal M5 earth stud to a protection earth.
Mounting and installing the terminal | 31
External alarms
Two external alarm inputs and four external alarm outputs are provided on the RJ-45 ALARM
connector on the front panel. These enable an internal alarm to provide an external alarm to the
network operator's existing network management system via contact closure or opening, or for an
external alarm to be transported via the radio link.
The latency for an alarm presented on an external alarm input to the alarm being output on an external
alarm output is < 2 seconds.
Alarm outputs are isolated semiconductor relay type contacts rated to 0 to 60 VDC or AC rms with a
maximum current of 100 mA.
Alarm inputs are isolated current detectors with an operating voltage range of 9 to 60 VDC or AC rms
(effective current threshold of 5.0 to 6.5 mA constant current).
The common reference potential for the two external alarm inputs must be applied to pin 3 and the
common reference potential for the four external alarm outputs must be applied to pin 4.
Alarm circuit setup
A typical alarm circuit setup is:
An external battery applied to the ‘common alarm inputs reference’ and a normally open relay
contact connected to the alarm input. Closing the contact applies the source to the alarm input
detector which turns the alarm on (setup for ‘alarm on when source on’). See “Configuring the
external alarm inputs” on page 74 for the setup options.
An external earth applied to the ‘common alarm outputs reference’ and a ground contact detector
connected to the alarm output. When the alarm is on (active), the external alarm output relay
contact closes (setup for ‘relay closed when alarm on’). See "5Configuring the external alarm
outputs” on page 76 for the setup options.
M
Common alarm
inputs reference
Terminal Terminal
Alarm input
Common alarm
outputs reference
Alarm output
The terminal front panel RJ-45 ALARM connections are:
RJ-45 pin Connection description TIA-568A wire colour
1 External alarm input 1 green / white
2 External alarm input 2 green
3 Common reference for alarm inputs 1 to 2 orange / white
4 Common reference for alarm outputs 1 to 4 blue
5 External alarm output 1 blue / white
6 External alarm output 2 orange
7 External alarm output 3 brown / white
8 External alarm output 4 brown
Mounting and installing the terminal | 32
Interface cabling
All interface cabling connections are made with RJ-45 male connectors which plug into the front of the
interface cards (see “Interface connections” on page 211).
The cabling to the QJET, DFXO and DFXS interface cards must have a minimum conductor size of
0.4 mm2 (26 AWG).
Power supplies
US and Canada: Installations should be in accordance with US National Electrical Code ANSI /
NFPA 70, and Canadian Electrical Code, Part 1 C22.1.
Warning: Do not apply power to the terminal until you have completed installing
the interface cards and connecting the antenna.
Warning: Before disconnecting the safety earth during maintenance, remove AC
or DC power supply connections, antenna cable and all interface cables from the
terminal.
DC power supply
There are three DC power supplies for the terminal 12 VDC, 24 VDC and 48 VDC.
As the terminal DC input is isolated above ground, the DC power input can be either positive grounded
or negative grounded.
Nominal
voltage
Input voltage
range
Power
consumption
Maximum
input current
Recommended DC
breaker rating
±12 VDC 10.5 to 18 VDC 63 - 180 W 18 A 25 A
±24 VDC 20.5 to 30 VDC 63 - 180 W 8 A 10 A
±48 VDC 40 to 60 VDC 63 - 180 W 4 A 5 A
Caution: An all-pole switch or DC circuit breaker of the rating shown in the table above must be fitted
between the terminal DC input and the DC power source.
Each terminal or MHSB terminal should have its own separate fuse or DC circuit breaker.
Mounting and installing the terminal | 33
DC Cabling
The DC power input is terminated on the front panel of the terminal with two high-current M3 screw
clamps for the positive and negative DC input and a M5 stud for the earth connection.
The DC power cables have pre-terminated lugs to fit into the power input M3 screw clamps on one
end and bare wire at the other end.
The appropriate power cable for the power supply ordered is included in the accessory kit.
Ensure that one terminal of the DC power supply is earthed from the power ground.
24 VDC / 48 VDC cable
The 24 VDC and 48 VDC power supplies are supplied with a 3 metre red/black cable of 2.0 mm2 (23
strands of 0.32 mm2).
Terminal Power input Cable colour
+V Positive DC input Red
-V Negative DC input Black
Mounting and installing the terminal | 34
12 VDC cable
The 12 VDC power supply is supplied with a 3 metre red/black cable of two pairs of 2.3 mm2 (72
strands of 0.2 mm2) making a total of 4.6 mm2 per connection. This increase in wire size is to carry the
increased current consumption of the 12 VDC supply (max 18 Amps per terminal).
This 3 metre cable is engineered to power a fully loaded terminal from a 12 VDC supply. A longer
cable should not be used as the additional voltage drop could cause the power supply to fail.
If longer cable runs are required between the 12 VDC power supply and the terminal, it is suggested
that high current distribution bus bars are used to feed the rack and the supplied power cable used
between the bus bars and the terminals.
Terminal Power input Cable colour
+V Positive DC input Red
-V Negative DC input Black
1. Fit both pairs of lugs into the terminal screw
clamps.
2. Twist the other ends together when fitting
to the source.
Mounting and installing the terminal | 35
AC power supply
There is one AC power supply for the terminal. This AC power supply is auto-sensing to operate with a
nominal input voltage of 115 Vrms or 230 Vrms.
The power input is terminated on the front panel of the terminal using a standard IEC plug. This power
supply has a power on/off switch.
A power cable is included in the accessory kit and is pre-fitted with an IEC socket connector and the
country-specific plug that was specified when the order was placed.
Nominal
voltage
Input voltage
range
Power consumption Max VA Frequency
115 VAC 103 - 127 Vrms 63 - 180 W 400 VA 47 - 63 Hz
230 VAC 207 - 254 Vrms 63 - 180 W 400 VA 47 - 63 Hz
Terminal Power input Cable colour
E Earth Green/yellow
N Neutral Blue
L Line / Phase Brown
Important: Please check with your local power authority about correct colour usage and pinouts. AC
power cords used must be in accordance with national requirements.
Norway and Sweden: PLUGGABLE CLASS I EQUIPMENT intended for connection to a telephone
network or similar communications system requires a label stating that the equipment must be
connected to an earthed mains socket outlet.
Mounting and installing the terminal | 36
Safety earth
The terminal chassis must have a protection / safety earth connected between the terminal earth stud
and a common protection earth in the rack. The DC power input can be either positive grounded or
negative grounded depending on the power supply system available.
Ground the terminal chassis using the terminal earth stud on the front panel as shown:
Mounting and installing the terminal | 37
Bench setup
Before installing the link in the field, it is recommended that you bench-test the link. A suggested setup
for basic bench testing is shown below:
When setting up the equipment for bench testing, note the following:
Earthing—the terminal should be earthed at all times. The terminal earth stud must be connected
to a protection earth.
Attenuators— In a bench setup, there must be 60 - 80 dB at up to 3 GHz of 50 ohm coaxial
attenuation (capable of handling the transmit power of +35dBm) between the terminals’ N type
antenna connectors.
This can be achieved with two fixed attenuators fitted to the antennas 'N' connectors and a
variable attenuator with a 60 dB range. You can use other attenuator values as long as you
consider the transmit power output level (max +33 dBm) and the receiver signal input (max -20
dBm).
Cables—use double-screened coaxial cable that is suitable for use up to 3 GHz at 1 metre.
Caution: Do not apply signals greater than -20 dBm to the antenna connection as they can damage
the receiver.
Connecting to the terminal | 39
6. Connecting to the terminal
Connecting to the terminal's setup port
You can configure basic terminal settings by connecting to the terminal using the Setup cable. This
can be useful if you need to confirm the terminal's IP address, for example.
You can password-protect the setup menu to prevent unauthorized users from modifying terminal
settings.
A straight RJ-45 connection cable and a RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter is provided with each terminal.
1. Plug the DB-9 into serial port of the PC.
2. Plug the RJ-45 connection cable into the adaptor as shown below:
3. Plug the other end of the RJ-45 connection cable into the SETUP port of the terminal.
Note: Connecting the PC serial port to the Interface Cards or ALARM connectors may result in
damage to the PC or terminal.
Ensure that the RJ-45 connection cable is connected to the RJ-45 connector marked 'SETUP'.
Cable pinouts (RJ-45 to DB-9)
If you need a conversion connector or cable, refer to the following table:
Console port
(DCE, RJ-45)
RJ-45 to RJ-45 cable RJ-45 to DB-9 adaptor PC port
(DTE, DB-9)
Signal RJ-45 pin RJ-45 pin RJ-45 pin DB-9 pin Signal
RTS 1 1 1 7 RTS
DTR 2 2 2 4 DTR
TXD 3 3 3 3 TXD
GND 4 4 4 5 GND
GND 5 5 5 NC NC
RXD 6 6 6 2 RXD
DSR 7 7 7 6 DSR
CTS 8 8 8 8 CTS
Connecting to the terminal | 40
Configure the PC COM port settings
Terminal emulation software e.g. HyperTerminal is used to setup the basic configuration of a terminal.
The PC's COM port settings must be setup as follows:
Bits per second 115200
Data bits 8
Parity None
Stop bits 1
Flow Control None
Start a HyperTerminal session
1. On the PC, select Start > Programs > Accessories > Communications > HyperTerminal.
2. Enter a name for the connection and click OK.
3. Select the designated COM Port from the Connect Using drop-down box. Ensure it is the same
COM port that you configured earlier on your PC. Click OK.
Note: The Country/region, Area code, and Phone number information will appear automatically.
Connecting to the terminal | 41
4. Set the COM Port settings as follows:
5. When you have completed the settings, click OK, which will open the HyperTerminal window.
6. Apply power to the terminal.
Note: If power was applied to the terminal before launching HyperTerminal, hit the Enter key to
initiate the link.
When the terminal has completed startup, you will be presented with the Setup menu:
Connecting to the terminal | 42
Connecting to the terminal's ethernet interface
The main access to a terminal for management is with the ethernet interface using standard IP
networking. There should be only one ethernet connection from the terminal to the management
network.
The terminals are pre-configured to use IP addressing in one of the common 'non-routable' IP address
ranges. This means the terminals are usually recognized by your operating system without any
reconfiguration.
However, you should change these default addresses (see “Changing the terminal’s IP address” on
page 56) to comply with your IP addressing scheme.
In the example below, the active management PC must only have one connection to the link as shown
by path c. There should not be any alternate path that the active management PC can use via an
alternate router or alternate LAN that would allow the management traffic to be looped as shown by
path d.
Connecting to the terminal | 43
PC requirements for SuperVisor
SuperVisor requires the following minimum PC requirements:
Microsoft Windows 95/98, 2000, NT or XP
Personal computer with 800 MHz Pentium III
128 MB of RAM (the Java plug-in requires at least 32 MB of physical RAM)
108 MB of free hard disk space
Ethernet interface (Local Area Network)
COM port
Web browser with a Java plug-in such as Mozilla FireFox (recommended), Microsoft Internet
Explorer 5.0, or Netscape Navigator 6.0, but SuperVisor also supports other major web
browsers.
Java JRE 1.5.
Note: Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer and the Java JRE are provided on the Aprisa CD (see "5Aprisa
CD contents” on page 16)
Connecting to the terminal | 44
PC settings for SuperVisor
To change the PC IP address:
If your PC has previously been used for other applications, you may need to change the IP address
and the subnet mask settings. You will require Administrator rights on your PC to change these.
Windows XP example: Configure IP settings
1. Open the 'Control Panel'.
2. Open 'Network Connections' and right click on the 'Local Area Connection' and select 'Properties'.
3. Click on the 'General' tab.
4. Click on 'Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)' and click on properties.
5. Enter the IP address and the subnet mask (example as shown).
6. Click 'OK' then close the Control Panel.
If the terminal is on a different subnet from the network the PC is on, set the PC default gateway
address to the network gateway address which is the address of the router used to connect the
subnets (for details, consult your network administrator).
Connecting to the terminal | 45
To change the PC connection type:
If your PC has previously been used with Dial-up connections, you may need to change your PC
Internet Connection setting to 'Never dial a connection'.
Windows XP example: Configure Windows to Never Dial a Connection
1. Open the 'Control Panel'.
2. Open 'Internet Options' and click on the 'Connections' tab.
3. Click the 'Never dial a connection' option.
4. Click 'OK' then close the Control Panel.
Connecting to the terminal | 46
To change the PC pop-up status:
Some functions within SuperVisor require Pop-ups enabled e.g. saving a MIB
Windows XP example: Configure explorer to enable Pop-ups
1. Open the 'Control Panel'.
2. Open 'Internet Options' and click on the 'Privacy' tab.
3. Click on 'Settings'.
4. Set the 'Address of Web site to allow' to the terminal address or set the 'Filter Level' to 'Low: Allow
Pop-ups from secure sites' and close the window.
5. Click 'OK' then close the Control Panel.
Connecting to the terminal | 47
IP addressing of terminals
When logging into a link, it is important to understand the relationship between the Local / Remote and
the Near end / Far end terminals.
The Near end terminal is the terminal that has its ethernet port physically connected to your IP
network.
The Far end terminal is the terminal that is at the other end of the link from the Near end terminal and
communicates through the management connection over the radio link to the Near end terminal.
The Local terminal is the terminal that SuperVisor is logged into and is displayed on the left hand side
of the SuperVisor screen. The Local terminal can be the Near end or Far end terminal.
The Remote terminal is the terminal that is at the other end of the link from the Local terminal and is
displayed on the right hand side of the SuperVisor screen.
To prevent confusion when operating SuperVisor, determine the IP address of the Near end terminal
and log into that terminal. This is now the Local terminal.
The distinction is important as:
Some functions can only be carried out on the Local terminal.
Having different configurations at each end of the link will disrupt communications between the
terminals. In these circumstances it is important to make changes to the Far end terminal of the
link first. The link is then lost only until the near end configuration is completed and communication
restored.
If the Near end terminal is modified first, the link is lost for much longer as staff will have to either
physically visit the Far end terminal to restore the link, or restore the near end to match the far
end, re-establish the link, then start the process again, this time with the Far end terminal first.
Connecting to the terminal | 48
Network IP addressing
Same subnet as local PC
The following diagram shows a link interconnected on the same subnet as the local PC terminal used
for configuration.
In this example, the local PC, as well as the local and remote terminals, are on the same subnet and
therefore have the same subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
This will allow the PC and the terminals to communicate with each other.
Connecting to the terminal | 49
Different subnet as local PC
The following diagram shows a link interconnected on a different subnet as the local PC used for
configuration, and communicating through a network. This can be achieved on the condition that
network router(s) 1 and 2 are programmed to recognize each other and the various subnets on the
overall network.
Managing the terminal | 51
7. Managing the terminal
The command line setup menu can be used to:
Provide basic access to the terminal to set IP addresses
Check or set basic settings of the terminal
4RF SuperVisor is an embedded element manager for the Aprisa XE terminal which is used to:
Configure radio and interface parameters
Setup cross connections between traffic interfaces
Monitor performance, terminal status and alarm details
The setup menu
1. Initiate the link by either applying power to the terminals or, if the terminals are already powered
up, pressing the Enter key.
2. At the prompt, enter your selection:
Selection Explanation
1) Dump terminal
configuration
This shows basic terminal data such as ID, IP data, TX and
RX frequency.
2) Use DHCP configuration This deletes any preset IP addresses and looks for a new
address via DHCP.
3) Configure IP addresses Use this if you want to set the IP address of the local terminal.
4) Configure SNMP Use this to set the SNMP community string.
5) Set hostname Use this to set a name that can be used in conjunction with
DNS.
6) Configure remote
terminal address
Use this to set the IP address of the remote terminal.
7) Reset web server users Restores all the default web usernames and passwords.
8) Reset to defaults Resets all the configurable terminal settings (such as
frequencies, power, IP settings SNMP settings) to pre-defined
defaults. This means that when the terminal restarts, the link
will be lost.
9) Reboot Reboots the terminal.
10) Configure Ethernet Use this to reset the Ethernet configuration to the default
settings, and display the Ethernet configuration.
11) Password Protect Menu Use this to password-protect the menu to prevent
unauthorized users from modifying terminal settings. The
password is setupxe.
Managing the terminal | 52
To get or set the IP address of a terminal using setup
To get the IP address of a terminal using setup:
1. At the prompt, type 1 and enter.
The following information appears:
the IP addresses of the local and remote terminals
the subnet mask and gateway of the local terminal
the TFTP of the remote terminal
To set the IP address of a terminal using setup:
1. At the prompt, enter 1.
2. Enter 3 to configure the local terminal IP address.
Set the following for the terminal using the standard format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:
1) IP address
2) Subnet mask
3) Gateway address
3. Enter 4 (Quit) to return to the main menu.
4. Enter 6 to configure the remote terminal IP address.
Important: You must ensure that the IP addresses of the local and remote terminals are on the
same subnet as the PC being used to configure the terminals.
5. Enter 4 (Quit) to return to the main menu.
6. Enter 9 (Are you sure y/n) to reboot the terminal.
Managing the terminal | 53
4RF SuperVisor
4RF SuperVisor management software is pre-loaded into an integrated web-server within the terminal.
SuperVisor runs on any Java-enabled web browser.
You can use SuperVisor to:
display and configure terminal parameters
view the terminal alarms
monitor the performance and status of the link
upgrade the terminal software
save and load configuration files
save performance and error information to a log file
Managing the terminal | 54
Logging in
The maximum number of concurrent users that can be logged into a terminal is 5.
If SuperVisor is inactive for a period of 30 minutes, the terminal will automatically log out the user.
To log in to SuperVisor:
1. Open your web browser and enter the IP address of the terminal.
Note: If you haven't yet assigned IP addresses to the terminals, use the factory-configured IP
addresses (see “Changing the terminal’s IP address” on page 56).
If you don't know the IP address of the terminal, you can determine it using terminal emulation
software (see “To get or set the IP address of a terminal using setup” on page 52).
2. Login with the user name and password assigned to you.
Note: If unique user names and passwords have not yet been configured, use the default user
names and passwords (see "Setting up users" on page 57).
Important: After you login for the very first time, it is recommended that you change the default
admin password for security reasons (see "Changing passwords" on page 59).
3. Tick the ‘Use Popup Window’ tick box if you want a separate browser window to launch after you
have logged in. The login page remains open in one window allowing you to view or configure
settings in another page. This is useful if you have more than one link to configure, for example,
protected terminals.
4. When you have logged in, the Summary page shows a summary of both the Local and Remote
terminals’ parameters.
Logging out
As the maximum number of concurrent users that can be logged into a terminal is 5, not logging out
correctly can restrict access to the terminal until the after the timeout period (30 minutes).
Logging out from a terminal will logout all users logged in with the same user name.
If the SuperVisor window is closed without logging out, the terminal will automatically log the user out
after a timeout period of 30 minutes.
To log out of SuperVisor:
1. Click on the ‘Logout’ button on the Summary Bar.
Managing the terminal | 55
SuperVisor opening page
SuperVisor terminal status and menu bar
The terminal status and menu bar at the top of the screen shows the name of the terminal and three
status indicators for both the local and remote terminals. The indicators reflect the status LED
indicators on the front panel of terminal.
There are four menus available:
Link - menu options for both terminals in a link
Local - menu options for the local terminal in a link
Remote - menu options for the remote terminal in a link
Help - provides details about the terminal
Note: The local terminal is the terminal that you are logged into.
SuperVisor summary bar
The summary bar at the bottom of the screen shows the login name of the person currently logged in
together with the name of the local terminal and its IP address.
Managing the terminal | 56
Changing the terminal’s IP address
You can use SuperVisor to change the IP address of the terminal from the default. Alternatively, you
can assign the IP address using the SETUP port (see "To get or set the IP address of a terminal using
setup” on page 52).
To change the IP address of the terminals using SuperVisor:
1. Launch your web browser and connect to the terminal using the one of the factory-configured
default IP addresses shown below:
Terminal IP address
Unprotected terminals Terminal 1 (local) 169.254.50.10
Terminal 2 (remote) 169.254.50.20
Protected terminals Terminal 1, terminal A (local) 169.254.50.10
Terminal 1, terminal B (local) 169.254.50.11
Terminal 2, terminal A (remote) 169.254.50.20
Terminal 2, terminal B (remote) 169.254.50.21
Note: The factory default settings for the subnets is 255.255.0.0; the gateway is 0.0.0.0.
2. Log into the terminal as the administrator with the user name 'admin' and the password 'admin'.
Note: For security reasons, change the admin password (see "Changing passwords" on page 59)
as soon as possible.
3. Select Link or Local or Remote > Terminal > Advanced and make the necessary changes.
Note: If this IP address change is being made over the RF link, it is important to change the far
end of the link first.
4. Once you have changed the IP address of a terminal, reconnect to it using the new IP address.
Managing the terminal | 57
Setting up users
Note: You must login with 'admin' privileges to add, disable, delete a user or change a password.
User groups
There are three pre-defined user groups to allocate access rights to users. These user groups have
associated default user names and passwords of the same name.
User
Group
Default
User Name
Default
Password
Access Rights
View view view Users in this group can only view terminal
parameters.
Modify modify modify Users in this group can view and edit terminal
parameters.
Admin admin admin Users in this group have full access to all terminal
parameters including the ability to add and change
users.
Adding a user
1. Select Local or Remote > Maintenance > User Admin > User Table.
2. Select an empty line (that isn't allocated to an existing user) and then click Edit.
3. Enter the user name.
A user name can be up to 32 characters but cannot contain back slashes, forward slashes,
spaces, tabs, single or double quotes.
4. Enter the Password and the Confirm Password.
A password can be up to 32 characters but cannot contain back slashes, forward slashes, spaces,
tabs, single or double quotes.
5. Select the group that they will belong to (View, Modify, or Admin).
6. If the user requires immediate access, enable the user by clicking on Yes.
7. Click Apply.
Note 1: The new user must be setup on both the Local and Remote terminals.
Note 2: For the changes to take effect, you must reboot the terminal (Local > Maintenance > Reboot).
Managing the terminal | 58
Disabling a user
1. Select Local or Remote > Maintenance > User Admin > User Table.
2. Select the user who you want to disable.
3. Click Edit to display the User details and set Enabled to 'No'.
4. When you have made your changes, click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous
configuration.
Note: For the changes to take effect, you must reboot the terminal (Local > Maintenance >
Reboot).
Deleting a user
1. Select Local or Remote > Maintenance > User Admin > User Table.
2. Select the user you want to delete.
3. Click Edit to display the user details and delete the User Name and Password.
4. Reset the Group to 'View' and set Enabled to 'no'.
5. When you have made your changes, click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous
configuration.
Note: For the changes to take effect, you must reboot the terminal (Local > Maintenance >
Reboot).
Saving user information
You can save the list of users to your PC and then load this file to another terminal. This is useful if
you have multiple terminals to configure.
To save the user table to file:
1. Select Local > Maintenance > User Admin > Save User List.
2. Select the 'Save to disk' option in the dialog box that appears.
3. In the next dialog box that appears, navigate to the directory where you want to save the file, enter
a suitable filename, and then click Save (The default name for this file is 'downloadUsers').
Note: If this dialog box does not appear, change your Internet security settings to allow
downloads. You may also need to check your file download location setting.
To save the file to another terminal:
1. Select Local > Maintenance > User Admin > Load User List.
2. On the Upload Users page, select Browse and navigate to the file on your PC.
3. Click Apply.
The User Table appears and you can edit users, as required.
Managing the terminal | 59
Changing passwords
1. Select Local or Remote > Maintenance > User Admin > User Table.
2. Select the user whose password you want to change and click Edit.
3. Enter the new Password and the new Confirm Password.
A password can be up to 32 characters but cannot contain back slashes, forward slashes, spaces,
tabs, single or double quotes.
4. When you have made your changes, click Apply.
Viewing user session details
Administrators can check who is currently logged in, the computer they are logging in from, and how
long they have been logged in for.
Note: A 'session' is the period of time that begins when someone logs into the terminal and ends when
they logout.
To view user session details:
1. Select Local > Maintenance > User Admin > Session Details.
The 'Session Details' shows a list of the current users:
User Name: the User Name logged into the terminal.
Time: the number of minutes the user has been logged in.
Last Access: the number of minutes the user last accessed the terminal in this session.
Address: the address of the computer or proxy server address logged into the terminal.
Configuring the terminal | 61
8. Configuring the terminal
Configuring the RF settings
The RF settings are factory-configured before dispatch to the customer requirements. However, you
can change the RF settings, if required.
Select Link or Local or Remote > Terminal > Basic:
Note: Transmit frequency, transmit power, channel size, modulation and antenna polarization would
normally be defined by a local regulatory body and licensed to a particular user.
Refer to your site license details when setting these fields.
Configuring the terminal | 62
RX and TX Frequency
The local terminal transmit frequency must match the receive frequency of the remote terminal and the
remote terminal transmit frequency must match the receive frequency of the local terminal.
When setting the RX and TX frequency with SuperVisor, the frequency entered is automatically
resolved to the synthesizer step size for the terminal frequency band e.g. a 1400 MHz band frequency
entry of 1474,010,000 Hz will be changed to 1474,012,500 Hz (see synthesizer step size in the table
“RF specifications” on page 237).
The RX and TX frequency entered must be:
Within the frequency band limits of the chosen RF frequency band of the terminal as specified in
“RF specifications” on page 237 e.g. for a frequency band of 1400 MHz, the frequency band limits
are 1350 to 1550 MHz
Within the TX/RX passbands of the duplexer fitted in the terminal e.g. for a frequency band of
1400 MHz, the duplexer passband is 7 MHz and the TX/RX split is > 49 MHz (see Duplexer
(bandpass) “RF specifications” on page 237).
The duplexer passband and center frequencies are written on the duplexer label.
Important: Changing the remote terminal RX or TX frequency will disable all management
communication to the remote terminal but by changing the local terminal to match the remote terminal,
the radio link will be restored as will the management communication
BUT
if the remote terminal RX or TX frequency is changed to be outside the operating range of the
terminal, changing the local terminal to match the remote terminal will not restore the radio link and
management communication
The remote terminal TX and RX frequencies cannot be changed simultaneously i.e. change one
direction and ‘Apply’ the change and then change the other direction and ‘Apply’ the change.
To change both TX and RX frequencies:
1. Change the remote terminal RX frequency and ‘Apply’ the change. The radio link will fail.
1. Change the local terminal TX frequency to that of the remote RX frequency and ‘Apply’ the
change. The radio link will restore.
2. Change the remote terminal TX frequency and ‘Apply’ the change. The radio link will fail.
2. Change the local terminal RX frequency to that of the remote TX frequency and ‘Apply’ the
change. The radio link will restore.
Transmit power
The transmitter power is the power measured at the duplexer output port.
The transmitter power adjustment range varies depending on the Modulation type and frequency band
of the terminal (see “System performance specifications” on page 238).
Channel size
The RF channel size is a factory-configured setting determined by the Aprisa XE hardware option.
Modulation type
Both terminals must be set to the same modulation type.
When you change the modulation type in an operational terminal, traffic across the link will be
interrupted and you may need to change the cross connections capacity, as the Total Capacity of the
radio link may be exceeded.
Configuring the terminal | 63
Modem Performance Settings
Select Local or Remote > Performance > Summary and Quick Links of Modem Performance Settings.
There are two Modem Performance Settings, Modem QPSK Coding and Modem Interleaver Mode.
Modem QPSK Coding
When the Modulation type is set to QPSK, the default QPSK Coding setting is ‘Non-Gray Coded’ but
the QPSK Coding can use ‘Gray Coded’ for interoperability with older hardware.
Modem Interleaver Mode
The Modem Interleaver improves modem bit error rate but increases the end to end link delay so the
Modem Interleaver should be enabled where a low bit error rate is required and disabled where a low
end to end link delay is required.
The ‘Default’ Modem Interleaver Mode setting is on for channel sizes of 250 kHz and greater and off
for channel sizes of 200 kHz and less. The specification of End to End Link Delay for both interleaver
on and off is given in “System performance specifications” on page 238.
When you change the Modem Interleaver Mode in an operational terminal, traffic across the link will be
interrupted
Both terminals must be set to the same Modem Interleaver Mode.
Configuring the terminal | 64
Entering terminal information
To enter basic terminal information:
Select Link or Local or Remote > Terminal > Basic
Terminal Information
1. Enter the terminal Name. This appears in the Terminal status and menu bar at the top of every
page.
2. Enter a unique Terminal ID.
3. Enter the Location of the terminal.
4. Enter a contact name or an email address in Contact Details. The default value is
‘support@4RF.com’.
5. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the terminal | 65
Configuring the IP settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Terminal > Advanced.
2. Select either DHCP or Static IP addressing.
3. If you select Static IP, you must also:
Enter the IP Address for the terminal assigned by your site network administrator. Use the
standard format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. The default IP address is in the range 169.254.50.xx.
Enter the Subnet Mask for the terminal using the standard format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. The default
subnet mask is 255.255.0.0.
Enter the Default Gateway for the terminal, if required, using the standard format
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (There is no default gateway set by default.)
4. In Remote Address, enter the IP address of the remote terminal using the standard format
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (The default IP address is in the range 169.254.50.xx.)
5. If you are setting up for remote logging (see page 209), enter the Syslog Address and the Syslog
Port for the remote terminal.
6. In Time Zone Offset from GMT, select the time zone from the list (optional) .
7. To set the Time to the PC real-time clock, click Now.
8. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the terminal | 66
Saving the terminal's configuration
Note: To save cross connection configurations, see page 130.
To save a configuration:
1. Ensure you are logged in with either 'modify' or 'admin' privileges.
2. Select Local > Maintenance > Config Files > Save MIB.
3. Select the 'Save to disk' option in the dialog box that appears.
4. In the next dialog box that appears, navigate to the directory where you want to save the file, enter
a suitable filename, and then click Save (The default name for this file is backupForm).
Note 1: If this dialog box does not appear, change your Internet security settings to allow
downloads. You may also need to check your default download location.
Note 2: Pop-ups must be enabled on you PC for this function to work (see “PC settings for
SuperVisor” on page 44).
To load a configuration into a terminal:
Important: Only load a saved configuration file to another terminal that has exactly the same
configuration (RF variant and interface cards).
1. Ensure you are logged in with either 'modify' or 'admin' privileges.
2. Select Local or Remote > Maintenance > Config Files > Load MIB.
3. Click Browse and then navigate to the file and select it.
4. Click Upload to load the configuration file into the terminal.
Configuring the terminal | 67
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
In addition to web-based management (SuperVisor), the terminal can also be managed using the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). MIB files are supplied, and these can be used by a
dedicated SNMP Manager, such as Castle Rock's SNMPc (www.castlerock.com), to access most of
the terminal's configurable parameters.
However, it is recommended that SNMP is only used for status and alarm monitoring of your entire
network. SuperVisor is the best means to configure individual terminals.
For communication between the SNMP manager and the terminal, Access Controls, Trap
Destinations, and Community strings must be set up as described in the following sections.
A SNMP Access Control is the IP address of the terminal used by an SNMP manager or any other
SNMP device to access the terminal. Entering an IP address of ‘Any’ (not case sensitive) or * will
allow any IP address access to the terminal. A community string is sent with the IP address for
security.
Commands are sent from the SNMP manager to the terminal to read or configure parameters of the
terminal e.g. setting of interface parameters.
A SNMP Trap Destination is the IP address of a station running an SNMP manager. A community
string is sent with the IP address for security.
Events are sent from the terminal to the SNMP manager e.g. alarm events.
A SNMP Community String is used to protect against unauthorized access (similar to a password).
The SNMP agent (terminal or SNMP manager) will check the community string before performing the
task requested in the SNMP message . Trap Destinations and Access Controls both use community
strings for protection.
To configure Trap Destinations and Access Controls:
Select Local > Maintenance > SNMP > SNMP Settings
Note: SNMP Settings can only be setup on the local terminal.
Configuring the terminal | 68
SNMP access controls
To add an access control:
1. Click on the ‘Add Read Only’ button to enter a Read Only access control or click on the ‘Add
Read/Write’ button to enter a Read/Write access control.
2. Enter the IP address of each SNMP manager allowed access to the terminal (read/write access
control shown). The IP address entered must be a valid dot delimited IP address.
Entering an IP address of ‘Any’ or * will allow any IP address access to the terminal.
3. Enter the community string for the access control.
The Community string is usually different for Read Only and Read/Write operations.
There is no default 'public' community string for an access control, but a 'public' community string
can be entered which will have full MIB access, including the 4RF MIB.
4. Click Add.
To delete an access control:
1. Select the access control you want to delete and click Delete.
2. Click OK to delete the access control or Cancel to abort the delete.
Configuring the terminal | 69
SNMP trap destinations
To add a trap destination:
1. Click on the ‘Add SNMPv1’ button to enter a SNMPv1 trap destination or click on the ‘Add
SNMPv2c’ button to enter a SNMPv2c trap destination.
The differences between SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c are concerned with the protocol operations that
can be performed. Selection of SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c must match the setup of the SNMP
manager.
2. Enter the IP address of the server to which you want SNMP traps sent (SNMPv1 trap destination
shown). The IP address entered must be a valid dot delimited IP address.
3. Enter the community string for the trap destination.
There is no default 'public' community string for a trap destination, but a 'public' community string
can be entered.
4. Click Add.
To delete a trap destination:
1. Select the trap destination you want to delete and click Delete.
2. Click OK to delete the trap destination or Cancel to abort the delete.
Configuring the terminal | 70
Viewing the SNMP traps
Any event or alarm in the SNMP objects list can be easily viewed. This also enables you to verify, if
required, that SNMP traps are being sent.
Select Local > Maintenance > SNMP > View Traps.
Viewing the SNMP MIB details
This is useful to see what MIB (Management Information Base) objects the terminal supports.
Select Link or Local or Remote > Maintenance > SNMP > View MIB Details.
Configuring the terminal | 71
Setting the terminal clock sources
Select Link or Local or Remote > Terminal > Clocking
The current selected clock source and the current states of the primary and secondary network clocks
are shown:
Clock State Clock State Description
Inactive This clock source is either not configured at all, or is not in current use
Active This clock source is providing the clocking for the terminal
Holdover This clock source is nominated as Primary or Secondary but is currently
unavailable, due to a problem with the interface.
You can select which traffic interface ports are nominated as Primary or Secondary Clock sources in
the configuration for the relevant interface ports (see "Configuring the traffic interfaces" on page 77).
The failure of both Network Clock sources results in a major alarm. This situation should be attended
to promptly.
Configuring the terminal | 72
To select the terminal clock source:
The Clock Source selected for the terminal will be used to clock all interface ports requiring clocking
and send a clocking signal over the RF link.
Select Link or Local or Remote > Terminal > Clocking > Clock Source and select one of the following:
Clock Source Terminal Clocking
Network The terminal is clocked from the nominated interface port.
Internal The terminal is clocked from the terminal's internal clock.
Link The terminal is clocked from the RF link.
If the terminal Clock Source is set to Network, the terminal will automatically clock from the nominated
primary clock source if that clock source is available.
If the nominated primary clock source is not available, the terminal will clock from the nominated
secondary clock source if that clock source is available.
If the nominated secondary clock source is not available, the terminal will clock from the internal clock
source.
When a nominated clock source becomes available (primary or secondary), the terminal will then
clock from that clock source.
The terminal at one end of the link must have its clock source set to Internal or Network and the
terminal at the other end of the link must have its clock source set to Link.
QJET or HSS
To manually force the terminal to change its clock source:
Select either Primary Active or Secondary Active from the Network Clock Command drop-down list,
and click Apply.
Note: The Network Clock Command option is only available if the clock source is set to Network
Configuring the terminal | 73
Configuring the RSSI alarm threshold
The threshold (in dB) at which the RSSI alarm activates can be set for each of the modulation types
over the adjustment range of -40 dBm to -110 dBm and the default values are as per the following
screen shot. The alarm threshold has a +1 dB hysteresis for the inactive state.
To configure the RSSI alarm threshold:
Select Link or Local or Remote > Alarms > RSSI Thresholds
1. Enter the alarm threshold required for each of the modulation types.
2. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the terminal | 74
Configuring the external alarms
Each terminal has two external alarm inputs and four external alarm outputs, terminated on the
ALARM RJ-45 connector on the terminal front panel.
Each external alarm input can activate the Major / Minor terminal alarm or be mapped to a remote
terminal external alarm output.
The ‘Alarm On When’ (active alarm state) for both inputs can be configured for 'External Source On' or
'External Source Off' (default is External Source On).
Each external alarm output can be triggered by a local terminal Major / Minor alarm or a remote
terminal Major / Minor alarm or either of the remote external alarm inputs.
The ‘Relay Closed When’ for the four outputs can be configured for 'Alarm On' or 'Alarm Off' (default is
Alarm Off).
Configuring the external alarm inputs
To configure the External Alarm Inputs:
Select Link or Local or Remote > Alarms > Ext Alarm Inputs
Note: When the terminal MHSB mode is enabled, the external alarm input 2 is used by the protection
switch system so is not available for user alarms.
The state of the local terminal external alarm input is always sent to the remote terminal and the
external alarm input can be mapped to a remote terminal external alarm output.
Alarms present on a local terminal external alarm input will only be displayed in the remote terminal
Alarm Table / Alarm History if it has been mapped to one of the remote terminal external alarm
outputs.
Configuring the terminal | 75
1. Select the Display Locally setting for each alarm input.
Display Locally External Alarm Input Function
No The external alarm input does not generate an alarm on the local
terminal, does not appear in the ‘Alarm Table’ or ‘Alarm History’,
and shows as grayed out on the ‘Alarm Summary’.
Default
Yes The external alarm input generates an alarm on the local
terminal, displays in the ‘Alarm Table’ and ‘Alarm History’ and the
‘Alarm Summary’.
2. Select the Severity setting for each alarm input.
This option is only relevant when the ‘Display Locally’ option is set to ‘Yes’.
Severity External Alarm Input Severity
Minor The external alarm input generates a minor alarm on the local
terminal.
Default
Major The external alarm input generates a major alarm on the local
terminal.
3. Enter a Description for each alarm input. The default is ‘External Input 1’ / ‘External Input 2’.
4. Select the Alarm On When setting for the two alarm inputs
Alarm On When External Alarm Input State
External Source On The alarm is on (alarm active) when a source of voltage is
applied to the external alarm input and current is flowing.
Default
External Source Off The alarm is on (alarm active) when no source of voltage is
applied to the external alarm input and hence no current is
flowing.
5. When you have made your changes, click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous
configuration.
Configuring the terminal | 76
Configuring the external alarm outputs
To configure the External Alarm Outputs:
Select Link or Local or Remote > Alarms > Ext Alarm Outputs
Note: When the terminal MHSB mode is enabled, the external alarm output 4 is used by the protection
switch system so is not available for user alarms.
1. Select the Mapping required for each alarm output.
Mapping External Alarm Output Function
None No external alarm output. Default
Local Major The external alarm is present when the local terminal has a major
alarm.
Local Minor The external alarm is present when the local terminal has a minor
alarm.
Remote Major The external alarm is present when the remote terminal has a
major alarm.
Remote Minor The external alarm is present when the remote terminal has a
minor alarm.
Remote Input 1 The external alarm is present when the remote terminal external
alarm input 1 is present.
Remote Input 2 The external alarm is present when the remote terminal external
alarm input 2 is present.
2. Select the Relay closed when setting for the four alarm outputs.
Relay closed when External Alarm Output State
Alarm on When the external alarm output relay contact is closed, the alarm
is on (alarm active).
Default
Alarm off When the external alarm output relay contact is closed, the alarm
is off (alarm inactive).
3. When you have made your changes, click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous
configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 77
9. Configuring the traffic interfaces
Important: When configuring a link, it is important that you configure the remote terminal first as the
new configuration may break the management connection to the remote terminal.
Once the remote terminal has been configured, the local terminal should be configured to match the
remote terminal.
Viewing a summary of the interfaces
To view a summary of the interfaces fitted:
Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary.
The Interface Summary page shows:
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 78
The interface type for each slot that has been configured with the capacity used by each port.
Total Capacity. The total capacity of the radio link.
Ethernet Capacity. The capacity allocated to the Ethernet traffic over the radio link. This includes
the user and management capacity assigned.
Management Capacity. The capacity allocated to the management conduit over ethernet.
Allocated Capacity. The percentage of the total capacity of the radio link that has been allocated
to traffic interfaces.
Drop and insert capacity. The percentage of the total drop and insert capacity used for local
drop and insert cross connections. The total drop and insert capacity is 65536 kbit/s minus the
assigned radio link capacity.
Some interfaces also require extra bandwidth to be allocated to transport signalling, such as CTS /
DTR handshaking or E&M signals. The cross connections application automatically allocates capacity
for signalling when it is needed.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 79
Configuring the traffic interfaces
Important: Before you can configure the traffic interfaces, the interface cards must be already
installed (see "Installing interface cards” on page 191).
Configuring each traffic interface involves the following steps (specific instructions for each interface
card follow this page).
First, specify the port settings for the Remote terminal:
1. Select Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, select the interface card and click Configure
Interface.
2. Select the port you want to configure and modify the settings, as necessary.
3. Click Apply to save the changes you have made.
Now specify the port settings for the Local terminal:
1. Select Local > Interface > Interface Summary, select the interface card and click Configure
Interface.
2. Select the port you want to configure and modify the settings, as necessary.
3. Click Apply to save the changes you have made.
Once you have done this, you will need to configure the traffic cross-connects (see "Configuring the
traffic cross connections" on page 121) for each interface card.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 80
Ethernet
In the default mode the Ethernet switch passes IP packets (up to 1522 bytes) as it receives them.
However, using SuperVisor you can configure VLAN, QoS and port speed settings to improve how IP
traffic is managed.
This is useful for operators who use virtual networks to segment different groups of users or different
types of traffic in their network. These groups can be maintained across the radio link thus ensuring
users in one virtual network cannot access data in other virtual networks.
The switch also has a high-speed address lookup engine, supporting up to 2048 preferential MAC
addresses as well as automatic learning and aging. Traffic is filtered through this table and only traffic
destined for the remote end is sent across the link improving bandwidth efficiency.
Note: You need "modify" or "admin" privileges to configure the Ethernet for VLAN and Quality of
Service (QoS).
VLAN tagging
By default, all user and management traffic is allocated the same VLAN across the link.
Alternatively, you can assign each of the four Ethernet ports to a VLAN. Each VLAN can be configured
to carry user traffic, or user traffic and radio management traffic. The VLAN tagging conforms to IEEE
802.1Q standard.
Configuring the Ethernet switch for VLAN tagging
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Ethernet Settings.
Note: Always configure the remote terminal before the local terminal
2. In the Quick Links box at the bottom of the page, click Ethernet General Settings.
3. From Ethernet Grouping drop-down list select 'Enabled' ('Disabled' is the default setting; Ethernet
traffic is not segregated).
Important: Changing this setting will disrupt Ethernet traffic.
4. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
You now need to select the VLAN groups for each of the four Ethernet ports.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 81
Specifying the VLAN ID for the Ethernet ports
Each Ethernet port can be configured with one of five VLAN IDs. You can configure each of the
physical ports, numbered 1 to 4 with a VLAN ID (numbered User1 to User4 and User+Mgmt).
These VLAN IDs are applied at the ingress port and only used internally across the link. The VLAN ID
is removed when traffic exits the switch at the egress port. Data entering the Ethernet switch on ports
1 to 4 or the internal management port can only exit on ports that are associated with the same VLAN
ID as the ingress port.
For example, the physical RJ-45 port 1 may be on VLAN 3 at the local end, but at the remote end, the
physical RJ-45 port 4 may be associated with VLAN 3. Traffic entering the local end on port 1 will exit
the remote end on port 4.
To allow the radio link to transport traffic using existing VLAN ID information, the radio adds an extra
VLAN ID over the top of an existing VLAN ID (double-tagging). This extra VLAN ID is added at the
ingress port and removed at the egress port. This adds 4 bytes to the packet and the maximum packet
size supported by the radio is 1526 bytes.
Note 1: Tagged flows can only have one port per VLAN ID on each terminal.
Note 2: The ethernet switch only supports packets up to 1522 bytes in size at the ingress port.
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Ethernet Settings.
Note: Always configure the remote terminal before the local terminal
2. In the Quick Links box at the bottom of the page, select the port you want to configure:
3. The Ethernet Port Settings page appears for the port you selected:
4. From the Ethernet Group drop-down list, select the VLAN group to which you want this port to
belong.
Important: To access radio management traffic, you need to allocate one of the VLANs to ‘User
and Management’. It is strongly recommended that you indicate which port or group of ports is
associated to the management traffic first.
5. Click Apply.
6. Repeat steps 1-4 for the Ethernet switch in the other terminal in the link.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 82
Quality of Service
Quality of Service (QoS) enables network operators to classify traffic passing through the Ethernet
switch into prioritized flows.
Each port can have a priority tag set at the ingress port, or it can be read directly from the Ethernet
traffic. When read directly from the Ethernet traffic, the following fields are used to determine the
traffic’s QoS priority.
The IEEE 802.1p Priority information in the IEEE 802.3ac Tag.
The IPv4 Type of Service field.
The IPv6 Traffic Class field.
You can select one of two queuing methods:
IEEE 802.1p standard method
Cisco-proprietary method
The queuing method determines how the traffic is prioritized.
Each port has four egress queues (queues 0-3) of differing priorities. Queue 0 is the lowest priority and
Queue 3 is the highest priority.
Configuring the Ethernet switch for QoS
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Ethernet Settings.
2. In the Quick Links box at the bottom of the page, click Ethernet General Settings.
The Ethernet General Settings page appears:
3. Leave Ethernet Grouping set to 'Disabled' (unless you want to enable VLAN tagging).
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 83
4. Select the Priority Queue Scheduling.
There are two methods for transmitting the Ethernet traffic queues across the link:
Strict: the queue is transmitted based on the priority. The first queue transmitted is the highest
priority queue and the terminal will not transmit any other traffic from any other queue until the
highest priority queue is empty. Then the next highest priority queue is transmitted, and so on.
Weighted (default): each of the queues will transmit a number of packets based on a
weighting. The following table shows how the weighting is applied to each queue.
Queue Priority Number of packets transmitted
Queue 3 Highest Priority 8 packets
Queue 2 4 packets
Queue 1 2 packets
Queue 0 Lowest Priority 1 packets
5. Select the IEEE 802.1 Priority Queue Mapping.
This determines the standard (or scheme) used for prioritizing traffic into one of four queues
numbered 0 to 3 (3 being the highest priority queue).
There are two possible methods for queuing the ethernet traffic. One is based on the IEEE 802.1D
standard (which is the default setting), and the other is based on the Cisco-proprietary method.
The following table shows how traffic is queued using the two methods:
Output Queue
Priority Traffic Type Cisco
Priority Queuing
IEEE 802.1D
Priority Queuing
0 (default) Best Effort 0 1
1 Background 0 0
2 Spare 1 0
3 Excellent Effort 1 1
4 Controlled Load 2 2
5 ‘Video’ < 100ms latency and jitter 2 2
6 ‘Video’ < 10ms latency and jitter 3 3
7 Network Control 3 3
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 84
Configuring the Ethernet ports for QoS
Each Ethernet port can be configured for Ingress Rates and Priority queues.
To configure the Ethernet ports for QoS:
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Ethernet Settings.
2. Select the port you want to configure and click Port Configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 85
3. Select the required Ingress Rate for this port.
The ingress rate (input data rate) limits the rate that traffic is passed into the port. Operators can
protect the terminal’s traffic buffers against flooding by rate-limiting each port.
Ingress Rate
Unlimited Default
128 kbit/s
256 kbit/s
512 kbit/s
1 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
4 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
4. Select the Priority for all Ethernet data entering this port.
The priority specifies where the priority control information is sourced from.
From Frames
Traffic is prioritized into one of the following traffic types (numbered 0 to 7) by the originating
device or application. Generally, the higher the priority, the higher the priority rating.
However, in the IEEE standard queuing scheme, the ordering of the priority is 1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
In this case 0 has a higher priority than 1 and 2.
If priority control information is present in the Ethernet header, this information is used to priorities
the traffic but if there is no priority control information in the Ethernet header, the IP header is used
to priorities the traffic.
Low, Medium, High, Very High
The priority rating you select is applied to all traffic on the port and is applied to all traffic
irrespective of traffic type and the priority control information in the traffic.
5. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 86
Viewing the status of the ethernet ports
Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Switch Summary.
For each port the following is shown:
Speed — the data rate (in Mbit/s) of the port.
Duplex — whether half or full duplex.
Status — whether there is a cable plugged into the port (active) or not (inactive).
Note: The Ethernet ports on the terminal are set to auto-configure the speed and duplex for the best
performance.
Resetting the Ethernet settings
You can easily reset the VLAN and QoS settings to the default values, if required. This is useful if you
want the Ethernet switch to operate in the default mode, that is, IP packets are passed across the link
as received.
Note: You can also do this using the Setup menu (on page 66).
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Default Ethernet Settings.
Set Ethernet Groupings To Default Values.
This resets the Ethernet Grouping setting to 'Disabled', which means that the Ethernet switch no
longer operates as a VLAN. In addition, all the Ethernet ports will default to the 'User and
Management' Ethernet Group.
Set Ethernet QoS To Default Values.
This resets the ingress rate for all the ports to 'Unlimited' and the priority to 'From Frames'. In
addition, the Ethernet QoS settings are reset to the defaults: Priority Queue Scheduling reverts to
'Weighted' and IEEE 802.1 Priority Queue Mapping reverts to 'IEEE Standard'.
2. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 87
QJET port settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, then select the QJET interface
and click Configure Interface.
2. Select the QJET port to be configured and click Edit.
3. Set the QJET Line Encoding:
For an E1 port, set the E1 Line Encoding as required to either HDB3 or AMI. The default is HDB3.
For a T1 port, set the T1 Line Encoding as required to either B8ZS or AMI. The default is B8ZS.
4. Set the QJET T1 Tx Waveform Shaper (T1 only).
The Tx Waveform Shaper applies 1/f pre-emphasis to the transmit waveform to ensure the
waveform meets the G.703 pulse mask at the interconnect point. Waveform shaping assumes the
use of 22 gauge (0.32 mm2) twisted-pair cable. The default is 0 ~ 133 ft.
Cable Length Range
0 ~ 133 ft Default
133 ~ 266 ft
266 ~ 399 ft
399 ~ 533 ft
533 ~ 655 ft
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 88
5. Set the QJET interface Clock Source.
One interface port in each terminal can be set to 'primary' and one interface port to 'secondary' (an
error message will appear if you try to set more than one primary source or more than one
secondary source).
A port currently set to primary must be set to 'None' and applied before it can be reset to
secondary.
Note: The terminal clock source is selected in Local or Remote > Terminal > Clocking
6. Set the QJET interface Loopback, if required, to either line-facing (tests E1 / T1 traffic across the
interface card but not across the link) or terminal-facing (tests E1 / T1 traffic across the link).
Note: The E1 / T1 port green LED flashes when the loopback is active.
7. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 89
Q4EM port settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, select the Q4EM interface, and
click Configure Interface.
2. Select the Q4EM port to be configured, and click Edit.
'Slot' shows the slot the Q4EM interface card is plugged into in the terminal (A – H).
'Port' shows the interface port number (1-4).
‘PCM Mode’ shows the current mode assigned to the port by the cross connect.
‘E&M’ shows if the E&M signalling on the port has been activated by the cross connect.
‘Loopback’ loops back the port 4 wire analogue path to the customer.
3. Set the Q4EM Output level and the Input level required.
Signal Direction Level adjustment range Default setting
Input level (Li) -14.0 dBr to +4.0 dBr in 0.5 dB steps +0.0 dBr
Output level (Lo) -14.0 dBr to +4.0 dBr in 0.5 dB steps +0.0 dBr
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 90
4. Set the Q4EM E wire interface to either Normal or Inverted.
This determines the state of the CAS bit relative to the state of the E wire:
E wire output CAS bit Normal
(default)
CAS bit Inverted
Output Active 0 1
Output Inactive 1 0
5. Set the Q4EM M wire interface to either Normal or Inverted.
This determines the state of the CAS bit relative to the state of the M wire:
M wire input CAS bit Normal
(default)
CAS bit Inverted
Input Active 0 1
Input Inactive 1 0
6. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
7. Select Q4EM PCM Law Control from the Quick Links box.
This option sets the companding law used by the four ports on the Q4EM card.
A-Law is used internationally (default).
µ-Law is used in North America and Japan.
Note: The PCM Law Control controls all four ports on the Q4EM card. To run a mixture of µ-Law
and A-Law interfaces, multiple Q4EM cards are necessary.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 91
DFXO / DFXS loop interface circuits
Function
The function of DFXO / DFXS 2 wire loop interface circuits is to transparently extend the 2 wire
interface from the exchange line card to the telephone / PBX, ideally without loss or distortion.
The DFXO interface simulates the function of a telephone and a DFXS interface simulates the function
of an exchange line card. These circuits are known as ‘ring out, dial in’ 2 wire loop interface circuits.
Network Performance
The overall Network Performance is dependant on the number of D-A and A-D conversions and 2 wire
to 4 wire / 4 wire to 2 wire conversions in the end to end circuit (telephone to telephone).
To achieve the best overall Network Performance, the number of D-A and A-D conversions and 2 wire
to 4 wire / 4 wire to 2 wire conversions should be minimized.
Circuit Performance
The circuit quality achieved with a 2 wire voice circuit is very dependant on the external interface
parameters and the interconnecting copper line.
Short interconnecting copper lines (< 100 meters), have little effect on the circuit performance so the
interface parameters have the dominant affect on circuit performance.
As the length of the interconnecting copper line is increased, the attenuation of the analogue signal
degrades circuit performance but also the impedance of the copper line also has a greater effect on
the circuit performance. For this reason, complex line impedance networks (e.g. TBR21, TN12) were
created which model the average impedance of the copper network.
The factors that affect the quality of the circuit achieved are;
DFXO interface
• The degree of match between the DFXO line termination impedance, the impedance of the
interconnecting copper line and the exchange line card line termination impedance.
This affects the return loss.
• The degree of match between the DFXO line termination impedance, the impedance of the
interconnecting copper line and the exchange line card hybrid balance impedance.
This affects the exchange line card transhybrid balance.
• The degree of match between the DFXO hybrid balance impedance, the impedance of the
interconnecting copper line and the exchange line card line termination impedance.
This affects the DFXO transhybrid balance.
• The circuit levels of both the DFXO and the exchange line card.
DFXS interface
• The degree of match between the DFXS line termination impedance, the impedance of the
interconnecting copper line and the telephone line termination impedance.
This affects the return loss.
• The degree of match between the DFXS line termination impedance, the impedance of the
interconnecting copper line and the telephone hybrid balance impedance.
This affects the telephone transhybrid balance.
• The degree of match between the DFXS hybrid balance impedance, the impedance of the
interconnecting copper line and the telephone line termination impedance.
This affects the DFXS transhybrid balance.
• The circuit levels of both the DFXS and the telephone.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 92
Line Termination Impedance
The line termination impedance (Zt) is the impedance seen looking into the DFXO or DFXS interface.
The line termination impedance is not the same as the hybrid balance impedance network (Zb) but
can be set to the same value.
Changing the DFXO / DFXS impedance setting on the Aprisa XE changes both the line termination
impedance and the hybrid balance impedance to the same value.
Hybrid Balance Impedance
The hybrid balance impedance (Zb) is the impedance network on the opposite side of the hybrid from
the DFXO / DFXS line interface. The purpose of this network is to balance the hybrid to the impedance
presented to the DFXO / DFXS line interface.
Changing the DFXO / DFXS impedance setting on the Aprisa XE changes both the line termination
impedance and the hybrid balance impedance to the same value.
Transhybrid loss
Transhybrid loss is a measure of how much analogue signal received from the remote terminal is
passed across the hybrid and sent to the remote terminal.
The transhybrid loss is maximized when the hybrid balance impedance matches the impedance
presented to the DFXO / DFXS line interface. An optimized hybrid minimizes circuit echo.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 93
Circuit Levels
The 8 bit digital word for each analogue sample encoded (A law), has a maximum of 255 quantizing
code steps, + 127 for positive signals, -127 for negative signals and 0. A nominal level of 0 dBm
generates a peak code of ± 118 which allows up to +3.14 dBm0 of headroom before the maximum
step of 127 is obtained. Any level greater than +3.14 dBm0 will be distorted (clipped) which will cause
severe problems with analogue data transmission.
It is therefore important that analogue signals presented from the DFXO / DFXS line interface be
normalized to fit within the ± 127 quantizing steps. This is done by adjusting the circuit levels relative
to the 0 dBm (± 118 peak code) for example:
If a nominal input level of +1 dBm is applied to the DFXS line interface, the DFXS Input Level
must be set to +1.0 dBr. This will effectively attenuate the sent signal by 1 dB.
If a nominal output level of -6 dBm is required from the DFXS line interface, the DFXS Output
Level must be set to -6.0 dBr. This will effectively attenuate the received signal by 6 dB.
The circuit levels and the transhybrid loss of both ends of the circuit, also determine the stability of the
circuit. If the circuit levels are too high and the transhybrid loss figures achieved are too low, the circuit
can have a positive loop gain and can recirculate (sometimes called singing).
Typically, an end to end 2 wire voice circuit is engineered to have a 2-3 dB loss in both directions of
transmission.
2WS
2WR 2WS input
2WR output
0 dBr -6.0 dBr
+1.0 dBr
-8.0 dBm
+1.0 dBm
-2.0 dBm
0 dBr
0.0 dBm
-4.0 dBr
-1.0 dBr
-6.0 dBm
DFXS
Interface
DFXO
Interface
2WS
2WR
-6.0 dBr
+1.0 dBr
-1.0 dBm
0 dBr
0.0 dBm
0 dBr
-2.0 dBm
Exchange
Line Card
Aprisa XE
Overall Loss
= 3.0 dB
Overall Loss
= 8.0 dB
Derived System Level Plan
Note 1: The derived system loss is 2 dB in both directions due to the deliberate 2 dB level mismatch between
the exchange line card and the DFXO interface unit
ZBZB
ZB
Transmission
Reference Point
4WR
4WS4WR
4WS4WR
4WS
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 94
DFXS port settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, then select the DFXS interface
and click Configure Interface.
2. Select the DFXS port to configure, and click Edit.
'Slot' shows the slot the DFXS interface card is plugged into in the terminal (A – H).
'Port' shows the interface port number (1-2).
‘PCM Mode’ shows the current mode assigned to the port by the cross connect.
‘Loopback’ loops back the port digital paths to return the port analogue signal back to the
customer.
‘Path Mute’ mutes the TX or RX digital path. This function is used to mute the return direction of
transmission during A-A intrinsic performance testing as recommended in ITU G.712 para 1.2 Port
definitions.
Path Mute Description
No Mute Normal signal transmission in both directions Default
Mute TX Mutes the transmit digital path i.e. the signal from the DFXS to
the DFXO is muted
Mute RX Mutes the receive digital path i.e. the signal from the DFXO to
the DFXS is muted
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 95
3. Set the DFXS Input Level and the Output Level required:
Signal Direction Level adjustment range Default setting
Input Level (Li) -9.0 dBr to +3.0 dBr in 0.5 dB steps +1.0 dBr
Output Level (Lo) -9.5 dBr to +2.5 dBr in 0.5 dB steps -6.0 dBr
In the example shown below, the Customer Premises Equipment is a telephone connected to a
DFXS card.
The levels are set based on the system using a 0 dBr transmission reference point.
Output level
+1.0 dBr
Input level
-6.0 dBr
Output level
-6.0 dBr
Input level
+1.0 dBr
Transmission Reference point
0 dBr
DFXS Input Level setting
The telephone has a nominal output level of +1 dBr. To achieve a transmission reference point
transmit level of 0 dBr, the DFXS Input Level is set to +1 dBr (effective T pad loss of 1 dB).
DFXS Output Level setting
The telephone has a nominal input level of -6 dBr. With a transmission reference point received
level of 0 dBr, the DFXS Output level is set to -6 dBr (effective R pad loss of 6 dB).
4. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 96
5. Select the DFXS Control.
The DFXS Control page sets values for both ports on the DFXS card. The cards are shipped with
the default values shown in the illustration below:
'Slot' shows the slot the DFXS interface card is plugged into in the terminal (A – H).
6. Select the DFXS PCM Law.
This option sets the companding law used by both ports on the DFXS card.
A-Law is used internationally (default)
µ-Law is used in North America and Japan.
Note: To run a mixture of µ-Law and A-Law interfaces, multiple DFXS cards are necessary.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 97
7. Select the DFXS Line Impedance
This option sets the DFXS line termination impedance and the hybrid balance impedance to the
same value.
Selection Description
600 Standard equipment impedance Default
600 + 2.16 uF Standard equipment impedance with low frequency
roll-off
900 Typically used on loaded cable pairs
900 + 2.16 uF Typically used on loaded cable pairs with low
frequency roll-off
TN12 Standard complex impedance for Australia
TBR21 Widely deployed complex impedance
BT3 Standard complex impedance for New Zealand
On a short line (< 100 meters), the selected impedance should match the impedance of the
phone (off-hook).
On a long line (> 1000 meters), the selected impedance should match the impedance of the
phone (off-hook) as seen through the line.
If you are not sure what the expected impedance value should be, check with the CPE equipment
supplier.
8. Set the DFXS Transhybrid Balance (usually not required to change).
The default Transhybrid Balance value (0 dB), provides the best circuit performance where the
balance impedance (set by the Line Impedance setting) matches the impedance of the line.
You should only adjust the transhybrid balance when the balance impedance does not match the
actual line impedance. You can achieve small circuit improvements using this option.
9. Set the DFXS Ringer Frequency.
This option sets the DFXS Ringing Frequency.
Selection Description
17 Hz Used in older networks
25 Hz Standard ringing frequency Default
50 Hz Used by some telephone exchanges
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 98
10. Set the DFXS Ringer Output Voltage.
This option sets the DFXS open circuit Ringing Output Voltage which is sourced via an internal
ringing resistance of 178 Ω per port.
The DC offset on the AC ringing signal enables ring trip to occur with a DC loop either during
ringing cycles. The normal DC line feed voltage enables ring trip to occur with a DC loop in the
silent period between the ringing cycles.
Selection Description
60 Vrms + 0 VDC Outputs 60 VRMS ringing with no DC offset
Maximum ringing voltage for high ringing load
applications but no DC ring trip
55 Vrms + 10 VDC Outputs 55 VRMS ringing with a 10 VDC offset
Medium ringing load applications
50 Vrms + 18 VDC Outputs 50 VRMS ringing with a 18 VDC offset
Above average ringing load applications
45 Vrms + 22 VDC Outputs 45 VRMS ringing with a 22 VDC offset
Typical application
Default
40 Vrms + 24 VDC Outputs 40 VRMS ringing with a 24 VDC offset
Lowest terminal power consumption
11. Select the DFXS Billing Tone Frequency.
This option sets the frequency of billing tone generation. If you are not sure what the expected
frequency of the billing tone should be, check with the exchange equipment supplier.
Selection Description
12 kHz Use if the CPE requires a 12 kHz billing tone signal
16 kHz Use if the CPE requires a 16 kHz billing tone signal Default
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 99
12. Select the DFXS Billing Tone Level.
This option sets the DFXS billing tone output level which is defined as the voltage into 200 with
a source impedance equal to the Line Impedance setting.
The billing tone voltage into 200 is limited by the maximum open circuit voltage of 1 Vrms. The
drop down list reflects the maximum allowable billing tone output voltage for the Line Impedance
setting selected.
Selection Description
400 mV rms Billing tone voltage setting available for line impedances
of TN12, BT3 and TBR21.
300 mV rms Billing tone voltage setting available for line impedances
of TN12, BT3, TBR21 and 600 .
Default
200 mV rms Billing tone voltage setting available for line impedances
of TN12, BT3, TBR21, 600 and 900 .
100 mV rms Billing tone voltage setting available for all line
impedance settings.
13. The DFXS billing tone Attack Ramp time can be adjusted to reduce the interference which can be
produced when a signal turns on quickly. The attack ramp time is how long the billing tone
generator takes to ramp up to full level when it is turned. The default ramp time is 1 ms.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 100
14. The DFXS Signalling Advanced options are used to control the four CAS bits ABCD in the DFXO
to DFXS direction of transmission and one CAS bit A in the DFXS to DFXO direction of
transmission. This option sets the signalling for both DFXS card ports.
Transparent Normal mode is used for normal traffic and Transparent Inverted mode can be used
for special signalling requirements when a function needs to be reversed e.g. to change the idle
polarity of the DFXS line feed voltage.
Forced modes are used to disable particular functions e.g. when polarity reversals are not
required. They can also be used for system testing e.g. to apply DFXS continuous ringing output
Selection Description
Transparent Normal Normal transparent transmission of the CAS bit Default
Transparent
Inverted
Transparent transmission of the CAS bit but inverts the
polarity.
Forced Normal Sets the CAS bit to 1 (inactive).
Forced Inverted Sets the CAS bit to 0 (active).
DFXO to DFXS
CAS Bit Forced Normal Forced Inverted
A bit (fault) Sets the CAS A bit to 1
continuous fault state
Sets the CAS A bit to 0
no fault state
B bit (ring) Sets the CAS B bit to 1
no DFXS ringing output.
Sets the CAS B bit to 0
continuous DFXS ringing output.
C bit (billing) Sets the CAS C bit to 1
no DFXS billing tone output.
Sets the CAS C bit to 0
continuous DFXS billing tone output.
D bit (reversal) Sets the CAS D bit to 1
no DFXS polarity reversal
Sets the CAS D bit to 0
continuous DFXS polarity reversal
DFXS to DFXO
CAS Bit Forced Normal Forced Inverted
A bit (off hook) Sets the CAS A bit to 1
no DFXO off hook
Sets the CAS A bit to 0
continuous DFXO off hook
15. Once the DFXS card has been set up, you can ensure optimal performance by plugging in the
telephone (on-hook), and selecting Recalibrate from the Calibrate drop-down menu. This
calibrates the DFXS to the line length.
16. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 101
DFXO port settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, then select the DFXO interface
and click Configure Interface.
2. Select the DFXO port to configure, and click Edit.
'Slot' shows the slot the DFXO interface card is plugged into in the terminal (A – H).
'Port' shows the interface port number (1-2).
‘PCM Mode’ shows the current mode assigned to the port by the cross connect.
‘Loopback’ loops back the port digital paths to return the port analogue signal back to the
customer.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 102
3. Set the DFXO Input Level and the Output Level required:
Signal Direction Level adjustment range Default setting
Input Level (Li) -10.0 dBr to +1.0 dBr in 0.5 dB steps -4.0 dBr
Output Level (Lo) -10.0 dBr to +1.0 dBr in 0.5 dB steps -1.0 dBr
In the example shown below, the PSTN exchange line card is connected to a DFXO card.
The levels are set based on the system using a 0 dBr transmission reference point.
Output level
-6.0 dBr
Input level
+1.0 dBr
Output level
-1.0 dBr
Input level
-4.0 dBr
Transmission Reference point
0 dBr
DFXO Input Level setting
The exchange line card has a nominal output level of -6 dBr. To achieve a digital reference point
transmit level of -2.0 dBm0, the DFXO input level is set to -4.0 dBr (effective T pad gain of 4.0 dB).
The deliberate 2 dB of loss between the exchange line card and the DFXO provides a 2 dB of
overall circuit loss between the DFXO and the DFXS.
DFXO Output Level setting
The exchange line card has a nominal input level of +1.0 dBr. With a transmission reference point
received level of -2.0 dBm0, the DFXO output level is set to -1.0 dBr (effective R pad loss of 1.0
dB).
The deliberate 2 dB of loss between the exchange line card and the DFXO provides a 2 dB of
overall circuit loss between the DFXS and the DFXO.
4. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 103
5. Select the DFXO Control.
The DFXO Control page sets values for both ports on the DFXO card. The cards are shipped with
the default values shown in the illustration below:
'Slot' shows the slot the DFXO interface card is plugged into in the terminal (A – H).
6. Select the DFXO PCM Law.
This option sets the companding law used by both ports on the DFXO card.
A-Law is used internationally (default)
µ-Law is used in North America and Japan.
Note: To run a mixture of µ-Law and A-Law interfaces, multiple DFXO cards are necessary.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 104
7. Select the DFXO Impedance
This option sets the DFXO line termination impedance and the hybrid balance impedance to the
same value.
Selection Description
600 Standard equipment impedance Default
600 + 2.16 uF Standard equipment impedance with low frequency roll-off
900 Typically used on loaded cable pairs
900 + 2.16 uF Typically used on loaded cable pairs with low frequency roll-off
TN12 Standard complex impedance for Australia
TBR21 Widely deployed complex impedance
BT3 Standard complex impedance for New Zealand
BT Network Standard complex impedance for UK
China Standard complex impedance for China
On a short line (< 100 metres), the selected impedance should match the impedance of the
exchange line card.
On a long line (> 1000 metres), the selected impedance should match the impedance of the
exchange line card as seen through the line.
If you are not sure what the expected impedance value should be, check with the exchange
equipment supplier.
8. Enable the DFXO Echo Canceller if required.
The DFXO Echo Canceller provides up to 64 ms of echo cancellation. This feature is only
available on Rev D (and later) DFXO cards.
Analogue data devices e.g. modems send a disable signal to disable any echo canceller in circuit
while it trains its own echo canceller. There are two possible disable signals. ITU G.164 specifies a
disable signal of a single 2100 Hz tone and ITU G.165 specifies a disable signal of 2100 Hz tone
with phase reversals every 450 ms.
Selection Description
Off No echo canceller operation. Default
On Echo canceller operational but without disabling.
Auto Disable
G.164
Echo canceller operational with automatic disabling using ITU G.164
2100 Hz tone.
Auto Disable
G.165
Echo canceller operational with automatic disabling using ITU G.165
2100 Hz tone with phase reversals every 450 ms.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 105
9. Set the DFXO Loop Current Limiter.
This option turns on a current limiter which limits the maximum current that can be drawn from the
exchange line card by the DFXO interface.
As a general rule, only one interface should current limit so if the exchange interface current limits,
the DFXO interface should be set to current limit off.
Selection Description
Off Use if the exchange line interface uses current limiting. Default
On (60 mA) Use if the exchange line interface does not use current limiting. The
DFXO limits the line loop current to 60 mA.
Note: The DFXO provides an early warning over current alarm ‘fxoCurrentOvld’ if the loop current
exceeds 100 mA for 2 seconds. This alarm clears when the loop current is less than 90 mA.
The DFXO also provides an over current safety shut down limit which removes its line loop if the
loop current exceeds 160 mA.
10. Select the DFXO Billing Tone Frequency.
This option sets the frequency of billing tone detection. If you are not sure what the expected
frequency of the billing tone should be, check with the exchange equipment supplier.
Selection Description
12 kHz Use if the exchange outputs 12 kHz billing tone
16 kHz Use if the exchange outputs 16 kHz billing tone Default
11. The DFXO Billing Tone Advanced sets the billing tone Bandwidth and the billing tone Level
Sensitivity.
The DFXO billing tone Bandwidth determines the bandwidth of the band pass filter that is used by
the billing tone detector in terms of +/- % of the billing tone frequency.
The adjustment range is +/- 1.5% to +/- 7.5% and the default value is +/- 5.0%.
The DFXO billing tone Level Sensitivity determines the DFXO detection sensitivity.
The adjustment range is 0 dB (metering detection threshold of -17 dBm measured across 200 Ω)
to 27 dB (metering detection threshold of -40 dBm measured across 200 Ω) in 1 dB steps and the
default value is 0 dB.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 106
12. Select the DFXO On Hook Speed.
This option sets the slope of the transition between off-hook and on-hook.
Selection Description
< 500 s Off-hook to on-hook slope of < 500 s Default
3 ms Off-hook to on-hook slope of 3 ms ± 10% that meets ETSI standard
25 ms Off-hook to on-hook slope of 25 ms± 10% used to reduce transient
interference in copper cable
13. Select the DFXO ringer Impedance.
This option sets the DFXO ringing input impedance as seen by a sine wave ringing signal applied
to the DFXO 2 wire port at the frequency of ringing.
Selection Description
> 10 MΩ DFXO input impedance to ringing of > 10 MΩ Default
30 kΩ DFXO input impedance to ringing of 30 kΩ
14. Select the DFXO ringer Detection Threshold.
This option sets the DFXO ringing detect threshold.
Selection Description
16 Vrms DFXO detects ringing voltages of 16 Vrms or greater (does not
detect ringing below 13 Vrms)
Default
26 Vrms DFXO detects ringing voltages of 26 Vrms or greater (does not
detect ringing below 19 Vrms)
49 Vrms DFXO detects ringing voltages of 49 Vrms or greater (does not
detect ringing below 40 Vrms)
It is recommended that the ringer Detection Threshold be set to 49 Vrms if a DFXO ringer
impedance of 30 kΩ is selected.
Note: The Signalling Mode is set in the Cross Connections application (see page 144).
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 107
15. The DFXO Signalling Advanced options are used to control the four CAS bits ABCD in the DFXO
to DFXS direction of transmission and one CAS bit A in the DFXS to DFXO direction of
transmission. This option sets the signalling for both DFXO card ports.
Transparent Normal mode is used for normal traffic and Transparent Inverted mode can be used
for special signalling requirements when a function needs to be reversed e.g. to change the idle
polarity of the DFXS line feed voltage.
Forced modes are used to disable particular functions e.g. when polarity reversals are not
required. They can also be used for system testing e.g. to apply DFXO continuous off hook
Selection Description
Transparent Normal Normal transparent transmission of the CAS bit Default
Transparent
Inverted
Transparent transmission of the CAS bit but inverts the
polarity.
Forced Normal Sets the CAS bit to 1.
Forced Inverted Sets the CAS bit to 0.
DFXO to DFXS
CAS Bit Forced Normal Forced Inverted
A bit (fault) Sets the CAS A bit to 1
continuous fault state
Sets the CAS A bit to 0
no fault state
B bit (ring) Sets the CAS B bit to 1
no DFXS ringing output.
Sets the CAS B bit to 0
continuous DFXS ringing output.
C bit (billing) Sets the CAS C bit to 1
no DFXS billing tone output.
Sets the CAS C bit to 0
continuous DFXS billing tone output.
D bit (reversal) Sets the CAS D bit to 1
no DFXS polarity reversal
Sets the CAS D bit to 0
continuous DFXS polarity reversal
DFXS to DFXO
CAS Bit Forced Normal Forced Inverted
A bit (off hook) Sets the CAS A bit to 1
no DFXO off hook
Sets the CAS A bit to 0
continuous DFXO off hook
16. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 108
QV24 port settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, then select the QV24 interface
and click Configure Interface.
2. Select the QV24 port to configure, and click Edit.
'Slot' shows the slot the QV24 interface card is plugged into in the terminal.
'Port' shows the interface port number (1-4).
‘Baud Rate’ shows the current baud rate assigned to the port by the cross connect.
‘Loopback’ loops back the port data to the customer (default is no loopback).
3. Set the number of Data Bits (default is 8 bits).
4. Set the number of Stop Bits (default is 1 bit).
5. Set the number of Parity Bits (default is 0 bits).
6. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Tip: The Quick Links box provides links to other related pages.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 109
HSS port settings
1. Select Link or Local or Remote > Interface > Interface Summary, then select HSS (High-speed
Synchronous Serial) interface and click Configure Interface.
'Slot' shows the slot the HSS interface card is plugged into in the terminal (A – H).
'Mode' shows the interface mode provided by the HSS interface (either DTE or DCE). If there is no
interface cable plugged into the HSS port, the ‘Mode’ will show ‘No Cable’.
'Serial Mode' shows interface type provided by the HSS interface (X.21, V.35 etc). If there is no
interface cable plugged into the HSS port, the ‘Serial Mode’ will show ‘None’.
‘Baud Rate (kbit/s)’ shows the current baud rate assigned to the port by the cross connect.
‘Loopback’ loops back the port data to the customer (default is no loopback).
‘Synchronous Clock Selection’ shows the current clocking mode assigned to the port by the cross
connect.
2. Set the HSS RTS CTS Mode as required.
The RTS CTS mode controls the state of the outgoing interface RTS CTS control line.
When the HSS interface is DCE, the outgoing control line is CTS. When the HSS interface is
DTE, the outgoing control line is RTS.
Note: Refer to “HSS handshaking and clocking” on page 111 for additional information on setting
the recommended handshaking mode for each application.
3. Set the HSS DSR DTR Mode as required.
The DSR DTR mode controls the state of the outgoing interface DSR DTR control line.
When the HSS interface is DCE, the outgoing control line is DSR. When the HSS interface is DTE,
the outgoing control line is DTR.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 110
4. Set the HSS DCD Mode as required.
The DCD mode controls the state of the outgoing interface DCD control line.
This setting is only relevant if the HSS interface is DCE.
5. Set the HSS interface Clock Source.
The interface clock source allows the HSS card to provide the master clocking for the terminal.
This setting is compulsory in certain clocking modes.
One interface port in each terminal can be set to 'primary' and one interface port to 'secondary' (an
error message will appear if you try to set another port to either primary or secondary).
A port currently set to primary must be set to 'None' and applied before it can be reset to
secondary.
Note: The terminal clock source is selected in Local or Remote > Terminal > Clocking
6. Enable or disable the HSS XTxC control, as required.
Depending on the clocking mode (see “HSS handshaking and clocking” on page 111) selected,
altering this setting will allow the terminal clock to be substituted for the external XTxC signal.
7. Click Apply to apply changes or Reset to restore the previous configuration.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 111
HSS handshaking and clocking
This section provides detailed information on selecting the recommended handshaking and clocking
modes for the HSS interface card (see "HSS port settings" on page 109).
HSS handshaking and control line function
HSS X.21 compatibility
In general X.21 usage, the C and I wires function as handshaking lines analogous to RTS/CTS
handshakes. For switched carrier applications, the I wire is used to emulate carrier indications (DCD)
function.
HSS RTS / CTS mode
Set the RTS CTS Mode as required according to the table below. This field controls the state of the
outgoing interface control line.
When the HSS interface is DCE, the outgoing control line is CTS.
When the HSS interface is DTE, the outgoing control line is RTS.
RTS CTS
Mode
HSS as a DCE HSS as a DTE Comment
Always Off CTS driven to off state RTS driven to off state
Always On CTS driven to on state RTS driven to on state
Follows
Carrier
CTS follows the state of
the RF link
RTS follows the state of
the RF link
To follow carrier is to
indicate the state of
synchronization of the RF
link
Follows
Carrier +
Remote
RTS/CTS
CTS follows the state of
the RF link and the
remote terminal RTS
input control line if the
remote is a DCE. If the
remote HSS is a DTE,
then CTS follows the
state of the RF link and
the remote HSS CTS
input.
RTS follows the state of
the RF link and the
remote terminal RTS
input control line. The
remote HSS can only
be a DCE.
Control line pass-through
mode where RTS and
CTS are carried over the
link from end to end. The
carrier (as above) plus the
remote terminal input
control line must be
present to output the local
control line signal. The
HSS Control bit in the
Cross Connections
application must be set for
the remote signalling to
operate.
Follows
Carrier +
Remote DCD
CTS follows the state of
the RF link if the remote
HSS is a DCE. If the
remote HSS is a DTE,
then CTS follows the
state of the RF link and
the remote HSS DCD
input control line.
This setting is only
applicable when the local
HSS card in the local
terminal is a DCE. The
HSS Control bit in the
Cross Connections
application must be set for
the remote signalling to
operate.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 112
HSS DSR / DTR mode
Set the DSR DTR Mode as required according to the table below. This field controls the state of the
outgoing interface control line.
When the HSS interface is DCE, the outgoing control line is DSR
When the HSS interface is DTE, the outgoing control line is DTR
DSR DTR
Mode
HSS as a DCE HSS as a DTE Comment
Always Off DSR driven to off state DTR driven to off state
Always On DSR driven to on state DTR driven to on state
Follows Carrier DSR follows the state of
the RF link
DTR follows the state of
the RF link
To follow carrier is to
indicate the state of
synchronization of the
RF link.
Follows Carrier
+ Remote
DSR/DTR
DSR follows the state of
the RF link and the
remote terminal DSR
control line if the remote
terminal is a DTE, or the
remote DTR if the remote
terminal is a DCE.
DTR follows the state of
the RF link and the
remote terminal DTR
control line if the remote
terminal is a DCE. The
remote HSS can only
be a DCE.
Control line pass-through
mode where DSR and
DTR are carried over the
link from end to end. The
carrier (as above) plus
the remote terminal input
control line must be
present to output the
local control line signal.
The HSS Control bit in
the Cross Connections
application must be set
for the remote signalling
to operate.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 113
HSS DCD mode
Set the DCD Mode as required according to the table below. This setting is only relevant in DCE
mode.
DCD Mode HSS as a DCE HSS as a DTE Comment
Always Off DCD driven to off state
Always On DCD driven to on state
Follows Carrier
+ Remote DCD
DCD follows the state of
the RF link and the
remote terminal DCD
input control line if the
remote HSS is a DTE. If
the remote terminal is a
DCE, then DCD only
follows the state of the
RF link.
Control line pass-through
mode where DCD is
carried over the link from
end to end. The carrier
(as above) plus the
remote terminal input
control line must be
present to output the
local control line signal.
The HSS Control bit in
the Cross Connections
application must be set
for the remote signalling
to operate.
Follows Carrier
+ Remote RTS
DCD follows the state of
the RF link and the
remote terminal RTS
input control line when
the remote HSS is a
DCE.
NOT applicable
For switched carrier
applications this provides
RTS-DCD pass through
(DCE to DCE
configuration) and DCD-
DCD pass-through (DTE
to DCE configuration).
Set the XTxC Enabled control as required. Depending on the synchronous clock selection mode
selected, disabling XTxC will allow the terminal clock to be substituted for the external XTxC signal.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 114
HSS synchronous clock selection modes
The following section describes in detail each of the recommended HSS Synchronous Clock Selection
modes for both DTE to DCE and DCE to DCE modes of operation.
The HSS clocking can be configured for clocking types of Internal clocking, pass-through clocking, and
primary / secondary master clocking. The topology of the client network determines the clock mode
that is used.
Note: Modes 3 and 4 provide only physical layer support, not X.21 protocol support.
Terminal 1 HSS as a DTE and terminal 2 HSS as a DCE - “Pipe Mode”
Mode Synchronous Clock Selection mode Clocking Type
0 Internal Clocks – No overhead Not supported
1 RxC + XTxC – 40 kbit/s overhead Not supported
2 RxC + TxC – 56 kbit/s overhead Pass-through clocking
3 RxC (X.21) – 40 kbit/s overhead Pass-through clocking (X.21 only)
4 RxC (X.21) – No overhead Not supported
5 XTxC → RxC – 40 kbit/s overhead Pass-through clocking
6 RxC → RxC – No overhead Primary/ Secondary Master clocking
Note: The designation for mode 5 is shown as ‘XTxC → RxC – 40 kbit/s overhead’ but currently
relates to ‘RxC → RxC - 40 kbit/s overhead’ for DTE to DCE.
Terminal 1 HSS as a DCE and terminal 2 HSS as a DCE - “Cloud Mode”
Mode Synchronous Clock Selection mode Clocking Type
0 Internal Clocks – No overhead Internal clocking
1 RxC + XTxC– 40 kbit/s overhead Not supported
2 RxC + TxC– 56 kbit/s overhead Not supported
3 RxC (X.21) – 40 kbit/s overhead Not supported
4 RxC (X.21) – No overhead Internal clocking (X.21 only)
5 XTxC → RxC – 40 kbit/s overhead Pass-through clocking
6 RxC → RxC – No overhead Not supported
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 115
HSS clocking types
HSS internal clocking
Internal clocking relies on the (highly accurate) terminal system clock, that is, it does not allow for any
independent clocks coming in from client equipment.
For this mode, all incoming clocks must be slaved to a clock emanating from the HSS card.
HSS pass-through clocking
The HSS card is capable in hardware of passing two clocks from one side of a link to the other.
Passing a clock means that the difference between the client clock(s) and the terminal clock is
transferred across the link continuously. Passing a single clock in each direction requires 40 kbit/s
additional link overhead, passing two clocks from DTE to DCE requires 56 kbit/s overhead, whereas
relying on internal clocking requires no overhead.
Network topology determines if passing a clock makes sense. Passing a clock is used where a client's
incoming clock must be kept independent of the clock sourced by the HSS card. The only time it
makes sense to pass two clocks is when a client DCE in one of the HSS modes provides two
independent clocks, that is, the HSS is set to Clock Mode 2.
Pass-through clocking does not require using the HSS incoming clock as a Primary or Secondary
master clock for the link, but does not preclude it either.
HSS primary / secondary master clocking
When implementing an external clock master, all other interfaces in the terminal and internal system
timings are slaved to this external clock. The remote terminal is also slaved to this master clock. This
master clock must be within 100 ppm of the accuracy of the terminal system clock, otherwise the
terminal will revert to using its internal clock. Ideally, the external clock should be much better than 100
ppm.
Mode 6 is offered for those network topologies that require RxC and TxC to be locked. For example,
this is useful when interworking with an Aprisa SE HSS interface.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 116
HSS clocking DTE to DCE “Pipe Mode”
DTE to DCE Mode 2: RxC + TxC - 56 kbit/s overhead (Pass-through clocking)
DTE
clocks
used
DCE
clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC and
TxC
RxC and
TxC
56 kbit/s of overhead is used to
transport RxC and TxC from
HSS DTE to HSS DCE.
This is the preferred dual external
clock system.
Both clocks travel in the same
direction from DTE to DCE. This
mode is used when it is important that
the externally supplied RxC and TxC
are maintained independently.
This is almost only required in
cascaded (that is, multi-link)
networks.
This mode cannot be used in
conjunction with any interface
conversion to / from X.21.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 117
DTE to DCE Mode 3: RxC (X.21) - 40 kbit/s overhead (Pass-through clocking)
DTE
clocks
used
DCE
clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC RxC 40 kbit/s of overhead used to
transport RxC from the DTE to
DCE.
Preferred option for X.21.
DTE to DCE Mode 5: RxC → RxC - 40 kbit/s overhead (Pass-through clocking)
DTE
clocks
used
DCE
clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC and
TxC
RxC and
TxC
40 kbit/s of overhead used to
transfer RxC from the DTE to
the DCE RxC and TxC.
Receiver derived clock system.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 118
DTE to DCE Mode 6: RxC → RxC - No overhead (Primary/ Secondary Master clocking)
DTE
clocks
used
DCE
clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC and
TxC
RxC and
TxC
The DTE XTxC is derived from
the RxC and is used to generate
the terminal network clock. The
DCE generates RxC and TxC
from the terminal clock.
HSS becomes the network master
clock, avoiding explicit clock
passing, but foregoing the use of
passing a clock in either direction
(Modes 1, 5).
The DTE HSS card must be set as
the Network clock for the terminal.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 119
HSS clocking DCE to DCE “Cloud Mode”
DCE to DCE Mode 0: Internal clocks – No overhead (internal clocking)
DCE clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC, TxC,
XTxC
Both RxC and TxC are derived from
the terminal clock.
Default setting. All clocks sourced
internally. XTxC will be used if it is
detected.
Configuring the traffic interfaces | 120
DCE to DCE Mode 4: RxC (X.21) - No overhead (internal clocking)
DCE clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC RxC is derived from the terminal
clock.
Suggested for X.21 Cloud Configuration.
Single clock X.21 system.
DCE to DCE Mode 5: XTxC → RxC - 40 kbit/s overhead (Pass-through clocking)
DCE clocks
used
Clock passing Comment
RxC, TxC,
XTxC
XTxC is transported to RxC and TxC in
both directions