7signal ABG-EYE-APU2 Sapphire User Manual Carat User Guide

7signal Sapphire Carat User Guide

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7signal Sapphire Carat
Carat User Guide
Release 2.5
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
Preface
Document scope
This document is aimed for people that shall manage and configure 7signal Sapphire quality
tests on wlan networks. These administrators may select the target networks and stabilize the
expected the radio environment. The test pattern configuration and 7signal Sapphire system
administration are explained in this document.
This document does not describe how the software is installed and how to handle the
monitoring station. This is found in 7signal Sapphire Deployment Guide. To get guidance on
how to interpret the measurements, please turn to 7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide.
FCC Warning (if applicable)
The radiated output power of the 7signal Sapphire Eye complies with the FCC RF exposure
limits. To avoid the possibility of exceeding the FCC radio frequency exposure limits, a distance
of at least 20 cm should be kept with the user and the device while operating.
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device is restricted to indoor-only use for the 5150.0 – 5250.0 MHz band.
The FCC ID for 7signal Sapphire Eye is YLF-ABG-EYE-APU2 for
IEEE802.11a/b/g
Notes to the user
Any uninstructed modification to the 7signal products may result in violation of FCC
requirements, void warranty- Please check the 7signal Customer Terms that are delivered with
the product. 7signal Sapphire Eye contains FCC ID NKRDCMA82.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital
device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial
environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if
not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is
likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the
interference at his own expense.
In-door use restriction by FCC
Every device operating in 5150.0 – 5250.0 MHz band has similar FCC restrictions – if applicable
– as 7signal Sapphire. The regulation does not limit the value of 7signal Sapphire in any way. If
the targeted wireless environment uses this band, the wireless clients as well as access points
are to be used indoors like 7signal Sapphire.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
PREFACE
Preface
ii
Contact us at 7signal





by mail:
by email:
by phone:
report defects by email:
any other request:
Panuntie 6, FI-00620 Helsinki, Finland
info@7signal.com
+358 40 777 7611 (switch)
defect-report@7signal.com
support@7signal.com
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
Contact information
Table of Contents
iii
1 7signal sapphire – WQA Solution .......................................................................................1
1.1 System overview ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 System components ........................................................................................................ 2
2 Sapphire Eye .....................................................................................................................3
3 Sapphire Carat ..................................................................................................................5
4 Sonar ................................................................................................................................6
5 Sapphire Loupe .................................................................................................................7
6 Carat Management Interface.............................................................................................8
6.1 Menus ............................................................................................................................. 8
6.1.1 Navigation ............................................................................................................ 8
6.2 Network Topology ........................................................................................................... 9
7 On Configuring Of 7signal Sapphire Carat ........................................................................ 11
7.1 How To Create The Minimum Set Of Users .................................................................. 11
7.2 Automated Tests ........................................................................................................... 12
7.3 Access Rights ................................................................................................................. 12
8 User Management .......................................................................................................... 13
8.1 User Groups And Object Permissions ........................................................................... 13
8.2 User Group Hierarchy ................................................................................................... 13
8.3 User Access Levels......................................................................................................... 14
8.4 User Group And User Management ............................................................................. 14
8.5 User Groups .................................................................................................................. 14
8.5.1 Related icons...................................................................................................... 14
8.5.2 User Group Parameters ..................................................................................... 14
8.5.3 Adding User Groups ........................................................................................... 15
8.5.4 Editing User Groups ........................................................................................... 15
8.5.5 Removing User Groups ...................................................................................... 15
8.5.6 User Group Status .............................................................................................. 16
8.6 Users ............................................................................................................................. 16
8.6.1 Related icons...................................................................................................... 16
Parameters.................................................................................................................. 16
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
iv
8.6.3 Adding Users By Copying ................................................................................... 17
8.6.4 Editing User Information ................................................................................... 17
8.6.5 Removing Users ................................................................................................. 18
8.6.6 Changing Password For Users ............................................................................ 18
9 Wireless Networks And Target Networks ......................................................................... 19
9.1 Choosing Networks To Be Monitored ........................................................................... 19
9.1.1 Root Organization .............................................................................................. 19
9.1.2 Addition Network Locations .............................................................................. 20
9.1.3 Hidden Networks ............................................................................................... 20
9.1.4 Removing Networks........................................................................................... 21
9.1.5 Channel Configuration ...................................................................................... 22
10 Setting Up Monitoring Stations ..................................................................................... 24
10.1 States of Monitoring Stations ..................................................................................... 24
10.1.1 Adding Monitoring Stations ............................................................................. 24
10.1.2 Monitoring Station Settings ............................................................................. 25
10.1.3 Activating Monitoring Stations ........................................................................ 26
10.1.4 Floor plan ......................................................................................................... 26
10.1.5 Updating Monitoring Station Software ........................................................... 27
11 Creation And Use Of Encryption Keys............................................................................. 28
11.1 On Key Types ............................................................................................................... 28
11.2 On Different Methods And Implementations ............................................................. 28
11.3 Adding Encryption Keys (PSK) ..................................................................................... 29
11.3.1 Passphrase and pre-shared key ....................................................................... 29
11.3.2 Adding .............................................................................................................. 29
11.4 On Certificate-Based Encryption ................................................................................. 30
11.4.1 Microsoft PKI Infrastructure ............................................................................ 31
12 Test End-Points ............................................................................................................. 32
12.1 Sonar ........................................................................................................................... 32
12.2 Generic Test Counterparts .......................................................................................... 32
13 Access Point Information............................................................................................... 34
13.1 Replacing (Physical) Access Points .............................................................................. 34
14 Links And Link Groups ................................................................................................... 36
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
8.6.2 Adding Users (New) ........................................................................................... 16
Table of Contents
14.2 Removing Links ........................................................................................................... 36
14.3 Creating Link Groups ................................................................................................... 37
14.4 Removing Link Groups ................................................................................................ 37
14.5 Adding Link To Group .................................................................................................. 37
14.6 Removing Link From Groups ....................................................................................... 37
15 Alarms .......................................................................................................................... 38
15.1 Creating Alarm Groups................................................................................................ 38
15.2 Binding Alarm Groups To Access Points ..................................................................... 39
15.3 Alarm Messages .......................................................................................................... 39
15.4 Alarm Exporting .......................................................................................................... 40
15.4.1 Alarms And Email Forwarding ......................................................................... 40
15.5 Alarms and SNMP ....................................................................................................... 41
16 Traffic Classes ............................................................................................................... 42
17 Test Measurements ...................................................................................................... 43
17.1 Test Profiles................................................................................................................. 43
17.2 Contents Of A Test Profile ........................................................................................... 44
17.2.1 Passive ............................................................................................................. 44
17.2.2 Warehouse....................................................................................................... 44
17.2.3 Office................................................................................................................ 45
17.2.4 Lightweight ...................................................................................................... 45
17.2.5 VoIP .................................................................................................................. 45
17.2.6 Hospital ............................................................................................................ 45
17.2.7 Spectrum and Noise......................................................................................... 45
17.2.8 Surveillance ...................................................................................................... 45
17.2.9 TripleSSID ......................................................................................................... 45
17.3 Testing multiple wlan networks in one test profile .................................................... 45
17.4 Operations on Templates............................................................................................ 46
17.4.1 Duplicate .......................................................................................................... 46
17.4.2 Copy as essid .................................................................................................... 46
17.5 Operation on Test Element ......................................................................................... 46
17.5.1 Copy element ................................................................................................... 46
17.6 Operations on Test Profile Node................................................................................. 47
17.7 Operations on Test Profile .......................................................................................... 47
17.8 Operations on essid inside a test profile .................................................................... 48
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
14.1 Forming Links .............................................................................................................. 36
Table of Contents
vi
17.9.1 Modifying test parameters .............................................................................. 48
17.10 Configuring complex test profiles ............................................................................. 49
17.10.1 Use case: fine-tuning existing profile ............................................................ 49
17.10.2 Use case: Multiple SSID testing ..................................................................... 49
17.11 Running test profiles ................................................................................................. 50
18 Passive tests ................................................................................................................. 52
18.1 Initial network scan ..................................................................................................... 52
18.2 “Network Scan” test.................................................................................................... 53
18.3 “Client scan” test......................................................................................................... 54
18.3.1 Addition of a new client ................................................................................... 56
18.4 Spectrum Analyzer ...................................................................................................... 56
19 Active tests ................................................................................................................... 58
19.1 “Noise monitor” test ................................................................................................... 58
20 Active Tests .................................................................................................................. 59
20.1 “Optimal Antenna Selection” test............................................................................... 59
20.2 Download Tests ........................................................................................................... 59
20.3 Upload Tests................................................................................................................ 60
20.4 “Ping” test ................................................................................................................... 61
20.5 Traceroute Test ........................................................................................................... 62
20.6 “Access point traffic” test ........................................................................................... 63
20.7 “Client Scan” ............................................................................................................... 64
20.8 “MOS test” .................................................................................................................. 65
20.9 MOS test parameters .................................................................................................. 65
20.10 “Air Utilization” test .................................................................................................. 67
20.11 “HTTP URL test” aka Intranet test............................................................................. 68
20.12 “Internet AvailabilityTest” ........................................................................................ 69
20.13 “SIP Register Test” .................................................................................................... 70
21 Reporting...................................................................................................................... 72
22 Service Level Agreement ............................................................................................... 73
22.1 Defining a Service Level Agreement into the system ................................................. 73
22.2 Defining SLA Key Performance Indicators (KPI) .......................................................... 73
22.3 Example: Upload throughput KPI ................................................................................ 74
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
17.9 On test elements ......................................................................................................... 48
Table of Contents
vii
22.4.1 Creating an SLA group from a template .......................................................... 75
22.4.2 Creating an SLA group from scratch ................................................................ 75
22.4.3 Binding an SLA group to a Link ........................................................................ 76
22.4.4 Binding an SLA group to a link group ............................................................... 76
23 Viewer Software ........................................................................................................... 77
24 Email Servers ................................................................................................................ 78
25 Database Backup .......................................................................................................... 79
25.1 Backup options............................................................................................................ 79
25.1.1 Automated backup with server downtime ...................................................... 79
25.1.2 Automated backup without server downtime ................................................ 79
25.2 Database logging ......................................................................................................... 79
25.2.1 Purging database logs ...................................................................................... 79
25.3 Backup method options .............................................................................................. 80
25.3.1 Default state (not recommemded) .................................................................. 80
25.3.2 First degree of backup: offline backup ............................................................ 81
25.3.3 2nd degree of backup: online backup ............................................................. 81
25.3.4 Changing log settings ....................................................................................... 82
25.3.5 Managing backup levels................................................................................... 82
25.3.6 File system settings for the database .............................................................. 82
25.3.7 Changing backup settings ................................................................................ 83
25.4 Restoring backups ....................................................................................................... 83
26 Nagios Support ............................................................................................................. 84
26.1 Adding Sapphire Host Information To Nagios Server ................................................. 84
26.2 Adding Nagios Plug-ins To Sapphire Software ............................................................ 85
26.2.1 Install NRPE daemon ........................................................................................ 85
26.2.2 Install toolset ‘Nagios plugins’ ......................................................................... 85
26.3 Verifying Nagios Installation ....................................................................................... 85
26.4 Removing Nagios plugins ............................................................................................ 85
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
22.4 Creating an SLA group ................................................................................................. 74
1 7signal sapphire – WQA Solution
Welcome to 7signal Sapphire, providing you with a new way to continuously and automatically
measure the health and quality of a wireless network from the user's perspective. A commonly
used term here is wireless quality assurance, or WQA. Companies and their business processes
are becoming increasingly dependent on the performance and service quality of their wireless
networks. Thanks to the Sapphire WQA solution, companies can integrate the quality
management of wireless networks with their existing IT and communications technology
services.
7signal Sapphire uses monitoring stations (Sapphire Eye) to monitor performance and quality
in WLAN cells and to monitor the surrounding radio frequency environment. The performance
of the customer’s network is tested against a test server (Sonar). Interactive tests, monitoring
stations, and parameters for automatic measurement are managed with a centralized
management tool (Sapphire Carat). The measurement results are reported via a business
application (Sapphire Loupe). Both tools can forward results either automatically or manually
to designated persons in the company, or to third parties, such as technical support or other
service provider.
The monitoring station, Sapphire Eye, continuously monitors the selected WLAN channels via
passive listening, which does not have an impact on network performance. It can also
impersonate a client device in the target network and then use the network and the services
provided through it. By comparing measurement results to a previously saved acceptable
environment, the solution can detect interfering transmitters, access points and clients
behaving in undesirable ways, and other applications using unregulated frequency bands that
can potentially affect network functionality. Among these applications might be motion
detectors, microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, powerful electric motors, radiation devices
used for decontamination, and baby monitors. The solution can also produce proactive
statistics on the predicted user experience of network performance, which enables the
company to increase network capacity before the users notice loss of performance.
In user emulation tests, also known as active tests, Eye connects to the test server (Sonar) over
the wireless network and uses it like an ordinary production service. The use may include mass
file transfers, browser downloads, wireless VoIP calls, or connections to another production
server. Simply put, Sapphire tests the end-user experience by examining the entire data chain
from the client to the production service. Active tests can monitor the network even when
there are no users in the network. This makes it possible to forecast performance problems
and to take corrective actions even before the service level suffers. Active tests show the
availability and quality of services offered over the network, and they help administrators to
see why some applications with their various demands for network performance do not work
as expected in the network or some of its areas. When problems occur, active tests can also
aid in location of the problem area in the network topology, which often includes WLAN, LAN,
and WAN elements.
The key benefits of 7signal Sapphire are user emulation, superb coverage, continuous
monitoring, and visibility of network health. Competing solutions are often based on
monitoring the access point settings. As a result, they do not give any indication of the service
quality experienced by the end user. In such limited solutions, the service quality parameters
measured are the same as in wired networks. Sapphire, by contrast, produces a
comprehensive picture of the radio connection quality, where delay, number of
retransmissions, and packet loss are taken into account, in addition to the commonly
measured parameters.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
1 7signal sapphire – WQA Solution
1 7signal sapphire – WQA Solution
The 7signal Sapphire Quality Monitoring Solution consists of a Sapphire Eye monitoring
station, a Sonar test server, the feature-rich Sapphire Carat management software, and
Sapphire Loupe for viewing and reporting on results.
1.2 System components
The system components are described in chapters 2–6. The remaining chapters describe the
management software. The result viewing and reporting tool (Loupe) is described in its own
user guide.
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
1.1 System overview
2 Sapphire Eye
Sapphire Eye is a monitoring station for WLAN environments, serving as the measurement
station or monitoring station in the WQA solution. Unlike a common access point or client, the
Eye monitoring station uses advanced broadband antenna technology, which creates an
exceptionally large coverage area. Consequently, one Eye can monitor several access points, or
WLAN cells. The recommended number of monitored cells is 6–10. Eye is protected against
dust and water (conformant to IP55 or IP65 specifications, depending on the model), so it can
be installed outdoors also in challenging environments.
In the picture above:
•
The monitoring station (Eye) is the grey cone-like object in the center;
•
the management interface is on the service provider’s premises (top left corner);
•
the customer’s premises have a wireless network with six access points (center part
of the picture, access points in red);
•
there is one monitoring station on the customer’s premises (the colored lobes
depict the station’s directional antennas and their range);
•
a problem has occurred in an access point in the red lobe;
•
the problem can be seen in the monitoring interface or in a report as a falling
performance indicator value (lower right corner).
In Sapphire, the management tool Carat and monitoring station Eye work as a client and
server, with Eye being the server for Carat. The traffic between the client and server is strongly
encrypted and uses 7signal’s proprietary management protocol. This makes it possible to
manage the monitoring stations from geographically distant locations and over insecure
networks.
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
2 SAPPHIRE EYE
2 Sapphire Eye
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
A monitoring station conducts both passive and active measurements in a WLAN environment.
The passive measurements consist of listening to data traffic that uses the IEEE 802.11
protocol and of general analysis of the radio frequency spectrum in the coverage area. Passive
measurements have no effect on the functionality or utilization rate of the target network, or
the effect is very small (probe request transmissions). During active measurements, Sapphire
Eye contacts each monitored access point in turn and uses the network services via the WLAN;
i.e., it acts like a user or other client in the network. Using both active and passive
measurements, the 7signal WQA solution can monitor the experienced network performance
along the entire length of the service chain and locate problems in both WLAN and LAN
environments.
3 Sapphire Carat
With the Sapphire Carat management tool, you can manage the Sapphire Eye monitoring
stations, run interactive and real-time measurements, configure and manage automatic
measurements, and generate reports of the measurement results. The reports contain tables
and charts, and they can therefore be immediately used at the customer company, or by third
parties such as technical support staff, managers, or service providers.
Sapphire Carat stores the profiles used in the automatic testing of the monitored network, and
the network’s access rights information. Sapphire Carat can be used interactively to test
various areas of the network, or it can be left running in the background for continuous
collection of test results.
Key features:
•
Status information on the radio network’s availability and usability;
•
Availability of a production service;
•
Overview of data traffic from the client to the production server;
•
Packet-level load measurement and traffic analysis in a radio network ;
•
Tests at application level;
•
Properties, signal levels, and noise levels of the radio frequency environment;
•
Statistical analyses, averages, deviations, and distributions;
•
Monitoring of data security settings;
•
Location of interference;
•
Alarms.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
3 SAPPHIRE CARAT
4 Sonar
The role of the Sonar test server in 7signal Sapphire is to emulate one of the customer’s
production servers. Sapphire Eye contacts Sonar over the radio network to use some of the
services available or to request Sonar to contact Eye, if so specified in the service model. Sonar
and Eye thus implement the client–server model during active testing. The roles vary,
depending on the test. This symmetry of roles ensures that both directions (uplink and
downlink, or A subscriber in phone calls) can be measured. The Eye system’s test results are
always sent to the management tool Carat, either by Eye itself or by Sonar.
A single Sonar can serve several monitoring stations without being affected by the monitoring
station‘s home network. One Sonar can therefore be used as the test point for several
networks.
The 7signal Sapphire WQA solution supports the concurrent use of several Sonar test servers,
which means that Sonar can be installed on several servers within a company. Using several
Sonars enables the company to detect and locate problems in its network. Sonar can be
located in the same network as the access points, in a server room in the same building, or
anywhere on the Internet – such as in the centralized identification and authorization center of
an international organization.
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
4 SONAR
5 Sapphire Loupe
Sapphire Loupe is the measurement tracking tool in the WQA solution. Using Loupe, the
persons responsible for business and network can view the saved measurement results, which
are obtained in real time. Loupe cannot be used to control Sapphire’s functions and
measurements themselves; however, the measurement results are available in Loupe in a
more precise and detailed form than in Sapphire. Setting access rights for viewing the results is
easy with the user management feature.
Loupe makes the network’s key performance indicators (KPIs) available at a glance, or in more
detailed form for a given time period. Loupe is browser-based, so authorized persons can use
any of the most common browsers to view the results as long as they have an Internet
connection. The result summaries can be saved as plain text to comma separated value files
(CSV files), or as PDF files, preserving the formatting. The plain-text material can be used in
many ways, including import into a spreadsheet.
Loupe is a separate application with its own user guide.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
5 SAPPHIRE LOUPE
6 Carat Management Interface
The management interface home page looks like this in the initial stage:
The picture is not fancy and it is here only to make the reader familiar with the brutal start.
Later, the user accounts shall have their personal views.
6.1 Menus
6.1.1 Navigation
The menus at the top of the home page function in the same way as in any graphical user
interface. The menu bar is used to manage the application, automatic testing and testing
profiles, and functions related to the settings of networks being monitored.
The menu contents are dynamic based on context, user access rights and the current license.
Menu
Description
File
Log in / log out, lock the session, and
close the application.
Edit
View
Manage
Enter settings for applications used for
viewing the exported result files. Specify
the server for outgoing mail.
Configure and view Sapphire’s general
settings.
Manage Sapphire’s general settings:
- alarms
- user management
- access keys to radio networks
- test end point settings
- administration of target network
client information
- settings for automatic reporting
- remote management of
Submenus
Lock session
Log in
Log off
Exit
Configure tools
SMTP server
Network topology
Alarm
Alarm configuration
Users and groups
Access Control
Network Keys
Test end points
Alarms
Email
SNMP
Network clients
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
6 CARAT MANAGEMENT INTERFACE
6 Carat Management Interface
SLA Definitions
Automated report
configuration
Eye software
management
Change password
Test Profiles
Start sequential testing
Stop sequential testing
Eyes auto test
management
Tools
Start and stop the automatic test profile.
Window
Refresh the main window of the user
interface.
Refresh
Help
Read user documentation and general
information about the system
installation.
Release notes
Carat User guide
Loupe User guide
About
6.2 Network Topology
The Network topology is a hierarchical tree displaying the monitoring stations and the
monitored access points that constitute a network. The user can select from multiple ways to
access the network: either via monitoring stations or via the network’s service areas. Both
methods support network testing, but monitoring stations can only be managed by using their
respective icons.
The network hierarchy is displayed as a tree, with an icon representing each item at each
node. If the item has functionality, you can bring it into view by right-clicking the icon.
Menu
Description
Organization
In the Organization menu, you can add
locations and service areas to the
organization that is being created.
Location
Service area
Eye
From the Location menu, you can set
the network’s physical location (e.g.,
country, city, or building). A location is
always attached to a higher-level
location or organization.
A service area is a location where you
can install a monitoring station. A
service area is determined by the
coverage area of the monitoring station,
not by the coverage area of the target
network.
A service area can have a floor plan.
A monitoring station always belongs to a
service area.
Submenus
Edit
View wireless network
Add location
Add organization
Remove organization
Bind SLA
Edit
Add Location
Add service area
Remove location
Add Link Group
Edit
Add Eye
Bind wireless network
Remove service area
Allowed channels
Floor plan
Edit
Remove Eye
(De)activate
Network scan
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
monitoring station software
6 Carat Management Interface
10
Wireless network
Access Point
This menu describes the target network,
which can be located in one or more
service areas. A service area can contain
several target networks. This menu is
used to configure the encryption
method used in the network.
In this menu, you can perform tests and
set alarm limits for an access point.
Add key
Edit
Unbind wireless network
Allowed channels
Access point info
Active tests
Bind to alarm limit group
Unbind to alarm limit group
Remove access point
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
Client scan
Spectrum analysis
Noise Monitor
Manual tests
Bind to test profiles
Unbind from test profiles
Automated test status
7 On Configuring Of 7signal Sapphire Carat
11
This user manual is mainly intended for ‘random access’ i.e. there is no strict
order how to read the manual. However, this section should be read first as its
purpose is to ensure proper and scalable operations on the system.
The access rights and user management heavily relies a group-based model. The group is the
starting point: every user belongs to one of the groups and the group determines the access
rights of any given user. The technical details and management instructions are in the next
section.
Any objects in the system – Eyes, Sonars, topology elements such as Organizations and
Locations – belong to some administrative group. Objects that do not belong to a certain
group are also invisible to the group. This isolation is very low-level in 7signal Sapphire in order
to enable safe and secure operations in large setups with numerous and heterogeneous
organizations.. 7signal Sapphire supports multiple organizations that are under completely
different administration and must remain unaware of each other.
To fully utilize this feature it is strongly advised that a role called Solution Administrator (see
the next section on user and group management) is used only to create other Administrators
(so called local Administrators) that in turn should not do much more than create a set of
configurators, at least one and as many as deemed necessary.
The recommended minimum setup for an operational 7signal Sapphire is to have default
admin user for general handling of users and groups and admins of one or more organizations.
Any organization needs two users: one for solution administration and one for configuration
network tests etc.
7.1 How To Create The Minimum Set Of Users
The system default user is the ‘Solution Administrator’ belonging to Solution Administrator
Group. This requires no other action than the initial login and changing the default password
to a non-default password.
As ‘Solution Manager’
1. Choose ‘Manage | Users and Groups’ for user account management from the topmenu.
2. Create a new group for the administrators of the organization.
Use a descriptive name, f ex NewAdminGroupForOrganizationX
3. Create a new admin user for the organization.
Use a descriptive name, f ex LocalAdministrator1.
4. Logout
As ‘LocalAdministrator1’ created in the previous step
1. Choose ‘Manage | Users and Groups’ for user account management from the topmenu.
2. Create a new group for the configurators of the organization.
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7 ON CONFIGURING OF 7SIGNAL SAPPHIRE CARAT
7 On Configuring Of 7signal Sapphire Carat
12
3. Create a new admin user for the organization.
Use a descriptive name, f ex LocalAdministrator1.
4. Continue using Sapphire.
Now, all other configurations related to network topology, test profiles, wlan network keys
etc. should be made by the user LocalConfigurator1 to enable proper operation of the
automated object access rights management system.
Some top-level operations for Solution Administrator are explained right below
7.2 Automated Tests
Top-menu selection “Tools | Start automated tests” affects only those objects that are
accessible to the user issuing the command. Stopping works similarly.
Solution Administrator level user starts and stops testing system-wide i.e. all the monitoring
stations. Local Administrator may affect the monitoring stations only inside their own
administrative boundary i.e. only part of the monitoring stations start/stop. However, even
here it is advised to use Configurator level users to manage automated testing locally.
7.3 Access Rights
The access rights is an accessible pane in the “Manage” menu. When one follows the intended
way of user and group definition, the contents and actions in the “Access Rights” pane are
redundant. The feature remains activated but the use of it is discouraged and thus not
instructed in detail.
For sandbox testing and non-warranted try-outs: the left panel contains actual users and
groups and related access rights. The right panel contains all objects in 7signal Sapphire. With
combinations of right-clicks and drag&drops fine-level adjustment and changes to access rights
are possible.
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Use a descriptive name, f ex NewConfigGroupForOrganizationX
8 User Management
13
User management in 7signal Sapphire is based on user groups. A user's access rights in the
system derive from the user group that the user belongs to. A user may only belong to one
user group at a time.
In addition to normal user management the Sapphire system supports user group specific view
virtualization. The system can be configured so that different user groups have access to
different objects that have been created into the system. For instance, one user group may
have access to all objects and two subgroups of that group may only have access to a portion
of all objects. It is also not necessary for the subgroups to have access to any of the same
objects.
User management is also restricted in the same manner as object management. An
administrator user only has access to the users created by him-/herself in addition to any users
belonging to the same administrator group he/she belongs to.
Users belonging to the Sapphire admin group have access to the entire system.
8.1 User Groups And Object Permissions
Almost every object created in the Sapphire system includes an access control list (ACL). An
object's ACL is mainly determined by the user group of the user that creates the object in
question.
Note that objects are also created through automatic testing. For example access points,
wireless clients and alarms created this way. Objects created as a result of automatic testing
inherit their ACL from the Eye that conducted the test.
The Sapphire system also includes the functionality to transfer access rights of objects from
one user group to another.
8.2 User Group Hierarchy
The Sapphire system supports two types of user groups: normal user groups and referencing
user groups.
A normal user group can be created either as a new root group or as a subgroup to an already
existing user group. When new groups are created as subgroups under an existing user group,
the existing group inherits access rights to all objects that its subgroups have access rights to.
This inheritance rule applies to the whole user group hierarchy meaning that the root user
group in a hierarchy gets access rights recursively from all subgroups. Access rights of
referencing user groups are not inherited in this way.
A referencing user group can be created for any group except the Solution Administrator
group. A referencing user group always has the same access rights as the user group it
references. The only difference is that a referencing user group cannot be granted the same
access level as the group it references. A common use for a referencing user group is to have it
reference for example an organization’s configuration group. This way the referencing group’s
users can view the configuration group’s objects, but cannot configure the system.
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8 USER MANAGEMENT
8 User Management
14
The Sapphire system supports three elementary access levels for user groups: Reporter,
Configurator and Administrator. Access rights are inherited from lower to higher levels:
Reporter users only have their own level’s access rights, Configurator users have reporter level
rights plus additional rights granted by their configurator level, and Administrator users have
all rights.
There are four preconfigured levels of access rights:
•
Solution Administrator – system-wide super-user that may be the only user in small
set-ups and should be used only for other administrator definitions in large-scale
environments
•
Administrator – full access and management rights
•
Configurator – full access rights, no user management rights
•
Reporter – access rights to alarms and reports
8.4 User Group And User Management
The Sapphire Carat user management dialog can be accessed from the main menu by selecting
"Manage | Users and groups". Only administrator level users can access user group and user
management in the Sapphire system.
When the user management dialog is opened, a tree view showing the users and user groups
currently existing in the system opens to the right of the dialog.
8.5 User Groups
8.5.1 Related icons
Reporter group
active group
Configurator group
referencing group
inactive group
active group
Administrator group
referencing group
inactive group
referencing group
inactive group
active group
8.5.2 User Group Parameters





Name - The name of the user group
Description - A description of the group
Service Role - Defines access rights for the group's users in the Sapphire system
Type - The group type (normal/referencing)
Status - The group status (active/inactive)
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8.3 User Access Levels
8 User Management
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A new user group can be added into the system in three different ways:
1. As a new root group under which to start creating a new user group hierarchy.
2. As a subgroup to an already existing user group.
3. As a symbolic (referencing) group for an already existing group.
Adding a group can be done by right-clicking on either the "Groups and users" node in case n:o
1 or an existing user group in cases 2 and 3 and selecting "Add instance group" in case n:o 1 or
"Add symbolic group" in cases 2 and 3 from the pop-up menu.
Steps to create a new group:
1. From the top menu bar select “Manage | Users and Groups” to open a pane on left
2. Right-click the root object named “Users and Groups” or an existing group to get a
submenu
3. Select “Add group” to open a pane on right
4. Enter the relevant group information
a. user name: login name for the user
b. (optional) Description: free-text field for the group description
c. Role: group access right level. The field is dynamic, the super-group dictates
the default level and available range of valid access level.
d. Status: Active or inactive. Only users in an active group may login.
5. Save the group by clicking “Save”
8.5.4 Editing User Groups
The user group editing dialog can be accessed by right-clicking the desired user group and
selecting "Edit" from the pop-up menu.
An example of editing a user group:
1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
3. Select the desired user group for editing by right-clicking on it and choosing "Edit"
from the pop-up menu
4. Make the desired changes to the user group’s settings
5. Save the changes by clicking on the "Save" button
8.5.5 Removing User Groups
A user group can be removed by selecting the group to be removed by right-clicking on it and
selecting "Remove Group" from the pop-up menu. The following criteria must be satisfied
before a user group can be removed:
1. The group must be empty of users
2. The group must not have any subgroups
3. The group must not own any objects
An example of removing a user group:
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8.5.3 Adding User Groups
8 User Management
16
8.5.6 User Group Status
In certain situations it may be desired to inactivate some user group. An inactive user group
has no access rights in the system. A user group can be inactivated by right-clicking on the
desired group and selecting "Inactivate" from the pop-up menu. An inactive group can be reactivated by right-clicking on the group and selecting "Activate" from the pop-up menu.
An example of changing a group’s status:
1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
Right-click on the desired group and select "Inactivate" from the pop-up menu
8.6 Users
8.6.1 Related icons
Administrator user
active
inactive
Configurator user
active
Reporter user
active
inactive
inactive
Parameters







User name - User name
Alias - An alias for the user name, for example the user’s real name
Email Address - User’s email address
Phone - User’s phone number
Organization - The Organization that the user belongs to. Useful for example when a
service provider wants to give access rights to clients it manages.
Status - User’s status
Password/Confirm password: Password/Confirm password
When creating a new user the user name, status and password fields are required, the rest of
the parameters are optional.
8.6.2 Adding Users (New)
A new user can be added by right-clicking on the user group that the user is to be added into
and selecting "Add user" from the pop-up menu.
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1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
3. Right-click on a group that satisfies the removal criteria and select "Remove" from the
pop-up menu
8 User Management
17
1.
2.
3.
4.
From the top menu bar select “Manage | Users and Groups” to open a pane on left
Right-click the relevant group to get a submenu
Select “Add user” to open a pane on right
Enter the relevant user information
a. Username: login name for the user
b. (optional) Alias: alternative name for the user
c. (optional) Email address: contact information for the user
d. (optional) Organization: user’s organization
e. Status: Active or inactive. Only active users may login.
f. Password and confirmation: login password
5. Save the user by clicking “Save”
8.6.3 Adding Users By Copying
An existing user maybe copied to several groups. This enables one single account to be used
on numerous organizations while preserving the strict access policy.
Steps to copy a user:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Create one more group
Select a user from a previously existing group and right-click for the menu
Select “Copy user”
Select the icon of the new group and right-click for the menu
Select “Paste user”
The copied account may now access numerous groups. The login of a copied user starts in the
typical manner and after successful login adds a pop-up in order to make selection of the
group used in the login. The possible other groups are invisible after the chosen group (or
context) has been chosen.
8.6.4 Editing User Information
A user’s information can be edited by right-clicking on the desired user and choosing "Edit"
from the pop-up menu. User name and password cannot be changed from here.
An example of editing a user’s information:
1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
3. Right-click on the desired user and pick "Edit" from the pop-up menu
4. Change the desired parameters
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Steps to create a new user:
8 User Management
18
8.6.5 Removing Users
A user can be removed by right-clicking on him/her and selecting "Remove" from the pop-up
menu.
An example of removing a user:
1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
3. Right-click on the desired user and pick "Remove" from the pop-up menu
User’s status
If for some reason it is desired to deny a certain user from accessing the system, that user can
be inactivated by right-clicking on the user and selecting "Inactivate" from the pop-up menu.
An inactivated user may be re-activated by right-clicking on him/her and selecting "Activate"
from the pop-up menu.
An example of changing a user’s status:
1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
3. Right-click on the desired user and select "Passivate" or "Activate" from the pop-up
menu
8.6.6 Changing Password For Users
A user’s password can be changed by right-clicking on the user and selecting "Change
Password" from the pop-up menu. This will open a new dialog into which the user’s new
password can be entered.
An example of changing a user’s password:
1. Log in as an administrator group user
2. Open the user group and user management dialog by clicking "Manage | Users and
Groups" from the top menu bar
3. Right-click on the desired user and select "Change Password" from the pop-up menu
4. Input new password
5. Save new password by clicking the "Save" button
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5. Save changes by clicking "Save"
9 Wireless Networks And Target Networks
19
We refer IEEE802.11 networks as wireless networks. Target networks are wireless networks
that are being monitored by 7signal Sapphire and are under control of the Sapphire user.
9.1 Choosing Networks To Be Monitored
9.1.1 Root Organization
Sapphire can simultaneously manage networks in several independent organizations. A
company or other organization can have many separate locations. The networks are displayed
in a hierarchical tree, where the top node is a root organization that binds the various
organizations conceptually together.
A company can have several networks, for different purposes. For example:
•
Office network
•
Warehouse network
•
Guest network
To meet this need, Sapphire can monitor several networks at the same time.
To handle a hierarchy that might grow utterly complex, 7signal uses a tree-structure. The root
of the tree is the so-called Root Organization. This is an artificial structure merely to hold all
the other objects and thus can be named quite freely.
1. From the top menu bar, select “View | Root Organization”
2. Enter the root organization’s name
3. Save by clicking “Save”
4. The Network topology is automatically displayed after saving
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9 WIRELESS NETWORKS AND TARGET NETWORKS
9 Wireless Networks And Target Networks
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Location is used to define the network’s location in a precise or descriptive way. A location
might be a city, a part of the city, a building, or a single floor in a building, depending on the
coverage area of the organization’s network. A small organization might have only a single
location, an office. On the other hand, a large organization might have several locations, in
different cities, or a single overall location, such as “Europe,” under which countries and cities
etc. are defined.
1. From the top menu bar, select “View | Network topology”
2. Right-click the organization
3. Select “Add location”
4. Enter the location’s name
5. Select the location type from the pull-down menu
6. Enter an optional description for the location
7. Click “Save”
You can add as many locations as needed to describe the organization’s structure.
After you have added a location, you can add a service area.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Right-click a location
Select “Add service area”
Enter a name for the service area
Enter an optional description for the service area
Click “Save”
9.1.3 Hidden Networks
7signal Sapphire considers a hidden network to be a property of certain Organization. The
network scans are based on listening and actively requesting beacon information on the
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9.1.2 Addition Network Locations
9 Wireless Networks And Target Networks
21
NOTE: hiding the network SSID is very limited a security measure as limits only
beacons sent by an access point but not the payload traffic. Any attacker or
typical analysis tool shall find hidden network as soon as there are any payload
packets in the network. Even popular operating systems may present hidden
network after a certain period of time.
To add a hidden network to 7signal Sapphire follow the steps below.
1. locate the Organization with a hidden network from the Topology tree
2. Right-click menu on the Service Area and select "Wireless networks"
3. Enter the relevant data on the hidden network on the pane that opened on the right
a. Name type (optional): currently only text strings are supported SSIDs
b. Name: the name of the network - not friendly name but SSID
c. Description (optional): description on the hidden network
d. Contact person (optional): the administrator for the hidden network
e. Key: the name of the wlan network access key that has been stored earlier to
the system
4. Select "Save" to store the data to the system
The pane "All Wireless Networks" shows all defined networks. By choosing the network it is
possible to change the current data. Button "Remove" deletes the network and the related
information from the system.
9.1.4 Removing Networks
All networks managed by Sapphire are displayed in the Network topology. Networks can be
deleted on the organization level. To delete a network from the Network topology, right click
the network and select:
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Service Areas. The hidden networks shall not actively transmit beacons nor respond to
requests with partial information only. Due to this the various scans - including the initial scan in 7signal Sapphire do not capture hidden networks. Tests related to traffic analysis shall
contain also information on hidden networks but the capture is not used as a technique in
scans.
9 Wireless Networks And Target Networks
22
9.1.5 Channel Configuration
In addition to access points, a wireless network can include a controller, which remotely sets
RF parameters for a network. In such a case, the transmitting power and channels may change
over time, due to operator actions or the controller’s own actions.
Sapphire supports controllers via channel configuration so that each managed wireless
network or access point can have its own set of allowed channel changes. Changes that stay
within the preconfigured channel set do not cause an alarm. A change in a channel outside the
preconfigured channel set causes an alarm if that alarm has been activated.
To set up channel configuration, proceed as follows:
1. From the top menu bar, select “View | Network topology”
2. Right-click the item (access point or network) for which you want to set up a channel
configuration and select “Channels”
3. Select the allowed channels
4. Select “Save”
7signal Sapphire Enterprise extends this functionality such that all access points or networks
within the service area can have their own allowed and forbidden channels. This allows
Sapphire to monitor the channel configuration in several networks, and to obtain information
on other networks that use channels in unexpected ways. One obvious area of application for
channel configuration is office hotels, which have several small wireless networks that can
interfere with each other.
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1. From the Network topology, select the organization containing the wireless network
you wish to remove
2. Right-click the organization and select “View wireless network” – then the “All
Wireless Networks” view is displayed in the right-hand pane
3. Select from the list the network you want to remove
4. Click “Remove”
9 Wireless Networks And Target Networks
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Extended channel configuration is a feature in the enterprise edition and requires a license.
Each version of Sapphire supports channel configuration in managed networks. To monitor
external networks, you need the enterprise license or some other license model that supports
channel configuration. Without a suitable license, accessing channel configuration in the user
interface does nothing.
10 Setting Up Monitoring Stations
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10.1 States of Monitoring Stations
The Eye unit may be in an inactive state. This happens if there is no network connectivity to
the monitoring station when a monitoring station is being added to the system. Also, an active
monitoring station may be turned inactive. This allows exceeding the number of monitoring
stations limited by the license. Only active monitoring stations may run the tests but the
topology may contain unlimited number of inactive monitoring stations.
Related icons
active monitoring station
inactive monitoring station
10.1.1 Adding Monitoring Stations
Monitoring stations can be added in the service areas in the Network topology.
1. In the Network topology, select the service area where you want to set up a
monitoring station (Eye)
2. Right-click the service area and select “Add Eye”
3. Enter a name for the Eye
4. Enter the Eye’s IP address
5. Enter a description for the Eye (optional)
a. for example, its location and mount information
6. If you already know the test profile you want to use, you can select it now (for more
information on test profiles, see the section on test profiles in this user guide)
7. Enter the the regional setting. The wlan channels and possibly power options are
dependent on this setting so one should always choose the right setting.
8. (optional): if the hardware exists, it is possible to use the 8th beam or diversity antenna
with the check-box. When selected, one must also provide
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10 SETTING UP MONITORING STATIONS
10 Setting Up Monitoring Stations
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10.1.2 Monitoring Station Settings
1. Activate the monitoring station by right-clicking on it in the Network topology
2. Select “Edit”
a. This opens the settings window in the right pane
3. The settings window allows you to view and edit the following information about the
monitoring station:
a. Name
b. Description
c. IPv4 address
d. TCP port for management traffic
e. Test profile
f. Settings for the Eye’s heating resistor
g. Monitoring station’s uptime
h. Monitoring station’s current time
i. External antenna enabled or disabled
i. gain of the external antenna
ii. cable loss
j. Software versions and temperature of the monitoring station (in a table)
k. Information about the access points within the monitoring station’s range
4. You can also check the information you have entered for the access points:
a. Access point ID (AP ID)
b. Access point name (AP name)
c. The role of the access point with relation to this Eye (AP relation to Eye)
5. Click “Save” to save any changes you have made
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a. Antenna gain
b. Cable loss (measured or estimate)
9. Save the monitoring station settings by clicking “Save” or “Save and move to scan”; the
latter option places the added Eye in network scan mode
10 Setting Up Monitoring Stations
26
By default, the monitoring station is in active state. This is flagged with the green background
color in the Network topology. An inactive monitoring station would have orange background
color.
It is possible to deactivate the monitoring station. This feature is mainly targeted for
temporary installations. An inactive monitoring station exists in the system and its
measurements are accessible as usual. Only an active monitoring station may produce
measurements and run manual tests. The state management enables consistent user view on
Network topology and measurements.
The use case is to have temporary measurements in numerous locations and to have the
possibility to return to one location and continue with identical monitoring station setup to
keep the measurements comparable. Naturally an activated monitoring station must have a
scan to become operational again.
10.1.4 Floor plan
The floor plan helps you to manage networks and the physical location of devices. The floor
plan accepts all picture formats supported by Java 2 SE.
To add a floor plan, proceed as follows:
1. From the top menu bar, select “View | Network topology” to display the management
hierarchy in the right pane
2. Right-click the service area where you want to add a floor plan
3. In the menu that opens, select “Floor plan”
4. Right-click in the right pane and select “Load new floor plan image”
5. Browse to the floor plan file in the Carat server file system and select “Open”
To add devices to the floor plan, do the following:
1. Right-click on the floor plan and select “Eye” or “Access point” from the menu
2. Drag the selected icon to the appropriate position in the floor plan
a. Note: Before an Eye can be added to a floor plan, it must be added to the Eye
view
3. Right-click the floor plan area and select “Save”
To view and edit a saved floor plan, select the service area from the Network topology and
right-click “Floor Plan.” Right-clicking a floor plan displays a menu containing editing functions.
Note: To refresh the view, right-click the floor plan and select “Refresh.”
Floor Plan For Testing
You can run interactive tests for the monitoring stations also from the floor plan.
1. Right-click a monitoring station in the floor plan and select “Active Tests”
2. Select the test you want to run
3. A test window opens on top of the floor plan
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10.1.3 Activating Monitoring Stations
10 Setting Up Monitoring Stations
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The software versions of the monitoring stations are managed via Carat. In the “Eye software
management” view, you can manage Eye software via the Carat server’s file system. Software
imported into Carat is visible in a list.
The center portion of the view lists the software versions of an individual monitoring station
when the monitoring station is activated. At the same time, you can also perform operations
that are available in the top part of the pane.
Operations:
•
•
•
•
•
Information displays the software versions in the activated Eye
Uninstall uninstalls the software version
Install adds a software version from the Carat server
Activate activates the software uploaded to the monitoring station
To start using a new software version:
1. From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Eye software management”
2. At the bottom right, under “Manage Eye software version in Carat,” select “Import”
3. Browse to the desired monitoring station software version in the Carat server file
system and select “Open”; the software is displayed in the “Eye Software Versions
Available in Carat” list
4. Click on the software version you want to install
5. At the top right, under “Manage Eye,” check the “Install” checkbox
6. Select “Execute”
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10.1.5 Updating Monitoring Station Software
11 Creation And Use Of Encryption Keys
28
Related icons
wpa2 encryption
wpa eap encryption
wpa 1 encryption
wep encryption
ieee encryption
http encryption
Before you start monitoring, you must create an encryption key. You can have several keys, for
different networks. Check the latest supported key set from the release notes.
11.1 On Key Types
Generally the top-level key types are ther following:
WEP
WPA1 / TSN
WPA2 / RSN
WPA with EAP
Dynamic WEP
with EAP key
Open HTTP
Insecure, should not be used in critical networks
Early security method, outdated, recommended not be used
Truly secure method
a.k.a. WPA-Enterprise. Early EAP enhanced WPA that is
supported but somewhat outdated.
Modern and possibly secure. Actual security level is based
on implementation. Couraged to be used.
Needs tailoring per vendor and per software version
because of versatility of HTTP protocol and implementation.
11.2 On Different Methods And Implementations
7signal Sapphire should support all possible encryption methods and this requires generic
approach to encryption issues. A concise presentation of the wlan encryption can be found
from the link http://tldp.org/HOWTO/html_single/8021X-HOWTO/.
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11 CREATION AND USE OF ENCRYPTION KEYS
11 Creation And Use Of Encryption Keys
29
In case Carat does not directly support the encryption method used by the other wlan clients
(as Eyes emulate wlan clients), typically an alternative option may be used. If the
authentication server remains the same, most probably the other method would be successful,
too.
TIP 1: Microsoft environments tend to use combination of 802.1X and
username/password. This falls into category:
Key type: Dynamic WEP with EAP key
Method: EAP-PEAP
Inner authentication: MSCHAPV2
TIP 2: In Cisco PKI infrastructure the a setting similar to the one above would be:
Key type: Dynamic WEP with EAP key
Method: EAP-PEAP
Inner authentication: GTC
11.3 Adding Encryption Keys (PSK)
11.3.1 Passphrase and pre-shared key
Pre-shared key may be sometimes misunderstood as a term. It is both the common name for a
password-based technology and the actual key used in the authentication. However, the key is
definitely not the passphrase that people might tend to think to be the key.
Passphrase in real-life would be something like “TheYear2011WlanQuality” and hopefully not
“qwerty”. The pre-shared key on the other hand is a fixed-length hexadecimal string. The
former shall be turned to latter by wlan authentication software. The latter needs no
processing and is used as-is.
The user may enter either a PSK or a passphrase.
11.3.2 Adding
Add a key by following the instructions below:
1. From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Keys” – the available key types and existing
keys are displayed in a hierarchical structure in the left pane
2. Right-click the key type you want to create and select “Create key”
3. Enter a name for the key
4. Enter the data required by the key type
a. There are significant differences in the data required for different key types
b. When “Show input” is checked, the user interface displays the passwords in
plain-text.
5. Save the key by clicking “Save”
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Various vendor-specific simplify PKI infrastructure into client and server certificates and
username/password accounts. Unfortunately setting up the wlan encryption requires
understanding beyond the use of the vendor-specific PKI implementation.
11 Creation And Use Of Encryption Keys
30
After a key has been created, it can and should be attached to a wireless network.
1. From the top menu bar, select “View | Network topology”
2. In the Network topology, select the network to which you want to add the encryption
key and right-click
3. Select “Edit”
4. Enter a contact person
5. Select a suitable encryption key for the network from the pull-down menu
6. Click “Save”
11.4 On Certificate-Based Encryption
There are input fields for the “CA certificate” and “Client certificate”. It is recommended that
both certificates are added. If one certificate file contains all the information, it should be used
in both of the input fields. However, it is not mandatory to use certificate files if the certificate
or encryption system if the implementation is based on username/password.
The certificate container is expected to be accessible by the Carat GUI client in the local or
shared file system of the host machine. Accepted formats are the following:


CA certificate – PEM, DER, PKCS12 (aka PFX)
Private key – PKCS12 (aka PFX)
As a corollary, a single PKCS12 formatted file that contains the CA certificate as well as the
private key, can be used in both of the cases.
If conversions are required to achieve these formats, please consult Your Certificate Authority.
In Linux and Unix environments OpenSSL is commonplace tool and can handle the conversions
required.
TIP: Microsoft environments have certificate files with file extension CER. The file
content format typically is DER. To turn DER files into PEM, please use the
command below:
openssl x509 –informat DER –in .cer –outformat PEM –out .pem
Windows environments have extension “PFX” to mark a typical certificate container file type.
This format is exactly PKCS12 format that typically has “p12” extension in Linux/Unix world.
7signal Sapphire does not care about the extension but the internal format of the file.
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6.
11 Creation And Use Of Encryption Keys
One commonplace certificate-based environment is implemented by Microsoft. Typically any
appliance shall have their own account (“machine-account”). It would very challenging to
make the linux-based Eye to serve Windows infrastructure with the proper certificate. An
applicable option is to create one user-account to be used by all Eye units.
When a user-account is in place, the authentication may be defined as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Select “Dynamic WEP with EAP key” to get the dialog above
Select WPA key type, either 1 or 2, according the local environment
EAP method must be set to “EAP_MSCHAP_V2”
Fill in the account user name to the field “Identity”
Enter and confirm the account password.
Enter Windows infrastructure CA certificate.
One may enter the same certificate as “Client Certificate” as well.
The Eye is now properly authenticated in Windows PKI environment.
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11.4.1 Microsoft PKI Infrastructure
31
12 Test End-Points
32
12.1 Sonar
Sonar is 7signal specific server that handles typical network requests i.e. it emulates numerous
servers in the network. While the network traffic generated is always identical to the emulated
service, the service cannot be extremely complex or dynamic in nature.
Sonar (icon
) is the server needed for executing elementary tests. There can be several
Sonar servers configured. Each test can be configured to use any of the configured Sonars.
Configuring Sonar servers makes it easy to define the parameters for the automatic
measurements.
1. From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Sonar view”
2. Select “Add Sonar”
3. Enter a name for the Sonar instance (Note: The name should be descriptive, especially
when one is using several Sonars)
4. Enter a description for the Sonar (optional)
5. Enter the IP address or DNS name and TCP port (Note: At this stage, Carat does not
verify that the Sonar actually exists, so ensure that the Sonar exists before you begin
testing)
6. Click “Save”
12.2 Generic Test Counterparts
It is possible to run tests towards actual network servers such as SIP servers or database hosts.
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12 TEST END-POINTS
12 Test End-Points
33
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Test endpoint definition requires information on networking level but does not require
anything application specific. For example, an SQL server is considered only from connectivity
point of view while the actual access credentials and test queries are defined per test.
Therefore the endpoint definition is a simple procedure and is similar to all supported test
endpoints.
13 Access Point Information
34
Related icons
unknown access point (unwanted state)
known access point (in the coverage area but outside administrative domain)
own access point (in administrative domain)
managed access point (target to a monitoring station, in administrative domain)
The access point information can be displayed by right-clicking the access point in the Network
topology and selecting “Access Point Info.” The information includes the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Access point name
The managing Eye (i.e., the Eye that performs the tests)
Network name
Access point type
The antenna used by the Eye to monitor the access point
Channel
MAC address
Alarm limit
Encryption
bits/s values for the supported codecs
13.1 Replacing (Physical) Access Points
7signal Sapphire saves all access points it has noticed. The changes in the hardware may be
due removal of existing hardware or because of extensions of the current network. These
cases are handled by inactivation of the removed access points or scanning and saving the new
ones.
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13 ACCESS POINT INFORMATION
13 Access Point Information
35
To retain the measurement history with a new hardware:
1. Scan the network to get hold of the new access point hardware
2. Right-click on the access point that has been replaced to summon the edit dialog
3. Locate the replace panel and choose from the drop-down list the new access point that
shall assume the role of the replaced access point.
The intended use of this feature is to help with replacing identical hardware. If the hardware is
not identical, the results may be many-fold. SLAs and alarm thresholds should be checked, for
example.
Cisco controller-based environments use software MACs. The software MACs may
be re-shuffled. This is known to be happening during major controller software
upgrades. In this case the physical hardware remains exactly the same, just the
MAC has been reallocated. 7signal Sapphire replacement support guarantees the
continuity of the measurement history.
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The hardware replacements require a different approach. The new equipment shall have new
MAC addresses and this causes a discontinuity in the measurements as it is considered a new
access point in the target network. If this is not the intention and the new equipment should
totally replace an access point that was previously in Managed more, 7signal Sapphire must be
informed.
14 Links And Link Groups
36
In 7signal Sapphire a link denotes an end to end connection between an Eye monitoring
station and a Sonar server. Thus a link can be said to consist of a monitoring station, an access
point and a Sonar server. In the Network topology links are positioned beneath the managed
access points. 7signal Sapphire forms the links automatically when it detects an established
end to end connection.
Related icons
link
link group
A link group is a grouping of links defined by a user. A user can create a link in a Location in the
Network topology. The main purpose of a link group is to give users the ability to easily bind
one SLA group to multiple links with similar expected level of service.
Links and link groups enable the versatile binding of SLA groups formed from service level
agreements to end to end connections. For example an SLA group bound to an organization is
applied to all topology elements within that organization. However, this can be overridden by
binding different SLA groups to specific links or link groups, in which case their compliance
with the service level agreement is determined by measuring against the KPIs defined in their
own SLA group, instead of the SLA group bound to the organization.
14.1 Forming Links
7signal Sapphire Carat forms a link automatically once a test profile with a Sonar definition is
bound to a monitoring station.
For example when a test profile containing active tests to two Sonars ("Sonar1" and "Sonar2")
is bound to a monitoring station ("Eye1") with two managed access points ("AP1" and "AP2")
7signal Sapphire carat forms the following links:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Eye1 - AP1 - Sonar1
Eye1 - AP1 - Sonar2
Eye1 - AP2 - Sonar1
Eye1 - AP2 - Sonar2
14.2 Removing Links
7signal Sapphire Carat automatically removes a link if one of its components (the monitoring
station, access point or Sonar) is removed. Because links are formed automatically it may be in
certain rare situations necessary for the user to remove links one deems unnecessary.
Remove a link as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
Right-click on the link to be removed from the tree hierarchy
Choose "Remove link" from the pop-up menu
Confirm link removal
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14 LINKS AND LINK GROUPS
14 Links And Link Groups
Create a link group as follows:
4. Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
5. Right-click on the desired Location into which the link group is to be added
6. Choose "Add Link Group" from the pop-up menu. A dialog for adding a link group is
opened to the right.
7. Name the link group
8. Define the SLA group to be bound to the link group (optional)
9. Click "Save"
14.4 Removing Link Groups
Remove a link group as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
Right-click on the link group to be removed from the tree hierarchy
Choose "Remove" from the pop-up menu
Confirm link group removal
14.5 Adding Link To Group
Add a link to a link group as follows:
1. Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
2. Drag the link to the desired link group
14.6 Removing Link From Groups
Remove a link from a link group as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
Right-click on the link (under a link group) to be removed from the tree hierarchy
Choose "Remove link" from the pop-up menu
Confirm link removal
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14.3 Creating Link Groups
37
15 Alarms
38
Related icons
alarm configuration
critical alarm
informational message
alarm configuration group
network error
warning message
The system alarms are initiated by significant changes in the monitored network's status or
topology. It is possible to send the alarms to an SNMP system. Please see the instructions later
in this document.
Alarms are used through alarm groups to which the desired alarms can be assigned. There is a
preconfigured alarm group, Global Alarms, which can be bound to a network by binding it to
one of its access points. The alarms will then be issued by any access point in the network. The
Global Alarms group includes the following alarms:
•
•
•
Managed Access Point Down
Offending Channel Changes of Managed Domain
Offending Channel Changes of External Domain
15.1 Creating Alarm Groups
You can extend the Global Alarms group or create new alarm groups. It is recommended that
you create new groups. To create a group, proceed as follows:
1. From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Alarm configuration”
2. Select “Alarm Limit Group” and right-click it
3. Select “Add alarm limit group”
4. Enter a name for the alarm group
5. Select the alarms by dragging them from “metadata” to the alarm group pane
6. When you have added all the alarms you want, select “Save”
Modification of alarms in a group
The table below lists the alarms. Some of them have parameters that can be modified. To
modify the parameters of an alarm, proceed as follows:
1. Select the alarm to be modified in the alarm group
2. Right-click and select “Edit”
3. Modify the parameter value
4. Select “Update”
Menu
Managed Access Point Not
Responding
Potential Channel Interference
Managed Access Point Security
Settings Changed
Description
The alarm is activated when a managed
access point does not respond. This is a
critical alarm.
The alarm is activated when a new access
point with a strong signal is detected on a
managed channel. This is a warning alarm.
The alarm is activated when the security
settings of a managed access point are
changed. This is a critical alarm.
Modifiable?
No
Yes
No
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15 ALARMS
15 Alarms
Offending Channel Change of
External Domain
Unknown Access Point
Detected
Acceptable Response Time
Exceeded
End-to-End Availability Loss
Acceptable Retransmission
Rate Exceeded
IP Resource Availability
The alarm is activated when a managed
access point starts to use a restricted
channel. This is a warning alarm.
The alarm is activated when an external
access point starts to use a restricted
channel. This is a warning alarm.
The alarm is activated when an unknown
access point is detected. This is a warning
alarm.
The alarm is activated when the average
round-trip time in a ping test exceeds the
set limit. This is a warning alarm.
The alarm is activated when ping tests fail.
This is a critical alarm.
The alarm is activated when the
retransmission rate exceeds the set limit.
This is a critical alarm.
The alarm is activated on DHCP timeout.
This is a critical alarm.
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15.2 Binding Alarm Groups To Access Points
Alarms can be configured on a per-access-point basis by binding an alarm group to an access
point. Only an existing group can be bound to an access point.
1. In the Network topology, right-click the access point to which you want to bind the
alarms
2. Select “Bind to alarm limit group”
3. From the pull-down menu, select the alarm group you want to use for this access point
15.3 Alarm Messages
To view the alarms issued, select “View | Alarms” from the top menu bar. You can indicate
whether you want to see all alarms or only alarms that are currently active. You can also select
how the alarms are listed.
You can acknowledge an alarm by clicking the symbol under “Ack time”. The symbol will be
replaced by the current time of the Carat server, and the alarm is acknowledged. The alarms
are turned off in the same way.
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Offending Channel Change of
Managed Domain
39
15 Alarms
There are two methods that alarms may be brought to attention of external systems: email
forwarding and SNMP.
15.4.1 Alarms And Email Forwarding
Alarms are sent as plain-text emails with standard formatting easy to be parsed with typical
text-processing tools.
NOTE: Email may be used only for relaying the alarms to the other messaging
system that convert emails to f ex SMS and messenger formats. 7signal products
do not directly provide such integration.
Email forwarding requires an SMTP server to be defined. There may be numerous recipients
that shall receive the alarms.
1. From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Alarms | Email”
2. Enter target email address to “New recipient” field
3. Select “Add” to register the email address as a recipient. It shall appear in the box
named “Email recipients”
a. Incorrectly added or not any more relevant recipients may be removed by
activating the recipient in the box and then selecting “Remove”
4. Choose the types of alarm event that shall be forwarded by ticking the check-boxes.
a. Types are: raised, acked, offed.
5. Choose the set of alarms to be forwarded by ticking the check-boxes on the alarm
table.
6. Select “Save” the make the selection permanent and stored.
7. Select “Close” to close the pane.
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15.4 Alarm Exporting
40
15 Alarms
41
Some alarms in Sapphire Carat can be forwarded as SNMP notifications to a receiving server.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Alarms | SNMP”
Enter the IP address or DNS name of the receiving server
Enter the UDP port to use
Select the SNMP version (v2c/v3) to be used for the message format
If you select v3, you must also:
a. Enter a security name
b. Select the security level (authentication / no authentication)
c. If you select authentication, configure its settings:
i. Select an encryption method (MD5/SHA)
ii. Enter a password
iii. Re-enter the password
Select the alarms you want to forward
Select the events you want to forward:
a. Alarms issued
b. Acknowledged alarms
c. Alarms that have been turned off
Select “Update”
Right-click “SNMP clients” in the Network topology and select “Save”
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15.5 Alarms and SNMP
16 Traffic Classes
42
The IEEE 802.11e standard defines eight traffic classes. Most mission-critical access points
support this standard. Traffic classes are becoming more and more important, especially on
account of wireless VoIP.
7signal Sapphire Enterprise supports the 802.11e standard. Active tests can be configured to
have a traffic class. All Sapphire versions support assignment of traffic classes, but if the
Sapphire license does not include traffic classes, Sapphire will treat the traffic as ordinary
traffic (Non-QoS, best-effort). Traffic classes are taken into account in only those networks
whose access points support this feature. A request for a traffic class does not guarantee that
it is granted. When viewing measurement reports, you might see that several traffic classes
have been used. The class granted will never exceed that requested.
The following table describes the traffic classes for the parameters of active tests:
The standard defines eight traffic classes, which are grouped into four named classes
(background, best-effort, video, and voice). In practice, most telecommunications devices
support four named classes. This is seen in Sapphire as well, where Eye supports four classes,
and the user interface shows eight. Only supported classes are selectable in the user interface.
Note: The ping test is an active test, but, on account of its nature, assigning a
traffic class to it is not sensible.
Note: Best-effort (0) refers to unclassified traffic that does not conform to the
IEEE 802.11e standard.
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16 TRAFFIC CLASSES
17 Test Measurements
43
The tests are grouped into passive listening tests and active switched tests in the radio
network. There are two ways to run tests in Sapphire Carat: user-initiated tests to locate a
fault and automated tests for continuous monitoring and collecting of measurement results.
You can run the tests from a hierarchical tree. Test menus are accessible by right-clicking a
monitoring station or an access point. You can also run tests from the floor plan.
17.1 Test Profiles
Related icons
test profile element
test profile
test profile template
A test profile is a series of tests that can be run continuously either on a per-access-point basis
or in monitor mode, thus listening all 802.11 traffic. Sapphire contains preconfigured profiles
intended for typical business environments.
To set up test profiles, select “Manage | Test Profiles” to display the Test Profiles view. The
existing templates, test elements and actual profiles are displayed on the left in the
management tree in descending order, respectively.

Templates are a collection of pre-configured test profiles aimed at various business
purposes. They are not to be used as runnable test profiles but as a source, reference
and model for the user creating the runnable test profiles.

Elements are individual tests that may be inserted to test profiles.
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17 TEST MEASUREMENTS
17 Test Measurements
Test profile is a collection of test elements that may be executed. The user is supposed
to copy either templates or elements to a test profile. There may be numerous profiles
for different purposes. A test profile is always bound to a monitoring station.
17.2 Contents Of A Test Profile
The purpose of the network dictates which tests should be used to get the best picture of its
functionality. As a result, there are several preconfigured test profiles, where the order and
frequency of tests is different and so are test parameters, such as the number of megabytes
downloaded and uploaded. The test profile names reflect the business environment in which
they are thought to be most useful.
Below is a sample profile that could be used for a monitoring station.
Test
RTT ping
Download
Scan managed
Download
Access point traffic
Noise monitor
Scan
Http
MOS
Test parameters
32 B x 10
2 MB x 2
350 ms/channel
2 MB x 2
60 s
350 ms/channel
350 ms/channel
500 kB
VoIP parameters
When the profile is running, each test is run in its turn, followed by the next test. After the last
test is run, the test profile starts from the beginning. The table shows the most important test
parameters, but the tests also have other configurable parameters.
Below are descriptions of the preconfigured profiles - Templates - in Sapphire. You can copy a
template and save it under a different name. You can then freely modify the parameters in the
original profile and the copy. By copying test profiles, you can easily create a customized
profile for each monitoring station.
17.2.1 Passive
“Passive” template contains four passive tests and no switched tests. In passive tests, the
monitoring station does not attach to an access point; it just listens to radio traffic for the
specified time. When using a passive profile, you do not need to configure encryption settings
or authentication for the radio network.
Note: A passive profile has an extremely small effect on the monitored network.
The only effect is that Sapphire sends probe requests to access points.
17.2.2 Warehouse
The “Warehouse” template serves the needs of logistics services where the amount of data
transferred is not large but the data traffic is continuous. Network availability and uptime are
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
44
17 Test Measurements
45
17.2.3 Office
The “Office” template is intended for office use wherein the clients are mostly laptops running
office applications. An office WLAN must have superb usability and a robust data transfer
capacity. This profile can be used in all environments with similar circumstances.
17.2.4 Lightweight
The “Lightweight” profile is intended for environments that do not have several concurrent
users and that have a narrowband link to a central server (<512 kbit/s). This profile emphasizes
WLAN availability. Another emphasis is on a fast testing cycle, where each test takes only a
short time.
17.2.5 VoIP
The “VoIP” template is intended for environments where the wireless clients are mostly VoIP
devices. A wireless VoIP network must have extremely high-quality radio connections. The
MOS test indicates packet losses and jitter in the network, among other things.
17.2.6 Hospital
“Hospital” resembles the “Office” template. However, the “Hospital” template produces more
results that describe the status of the wireless clients. The profile is a general purpose one that
emphasizes wireless clients.
17.2.7 Spectrum and Noise
This template is limited in test elements: there are no active test at all. It is targeted for
environments that have severe interference conditions. This can be considered as a troubleshooting template that is activated if the normal course of testing does not provide enough
information on the source of the interference.
17.2.8 Surveillance
The “Surveillance” is a limited template with one test only that specializes in surveillance. The
point is to capture traffic in any channel in any direction. The rationale is environments where
there should be no radio traffic at all or only for white-listed devices.
17.2.9 TripleSSID
Mainly example how to configure test profiles that access numerous wlan networks in a single
profile. This is the case one Eye unit is supposed to monitor multiple wlans concurrently. The
next chapter has more details on this.
17.3 Testing multiple wlan networks in one test profile
One monitoring station may test multiple access points that provide multiple wlan networks.
In the context of test profiles wlan networks are referred as ESSIDs (essid later in the text).
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vital. The network clients are mostly known or even preconfigured. This profile can be used in
all environments that have similar circumstances.
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Whenever it is possible to define an essid to a test element there may be exactly one essid per
element or no essid at all. The latter means that the test in question shall be executed against
all access points managed by the monitoring station. The former limits the access points to
ones that have the essid and are managed by the monitoring station.
17.4 Operations on Templates
Templates are for copying and editing. There are two different supported methods for that,
“Duplicate” to make a fresh copy of the sample profile and “Copy as essid” that adds the
template profile to an existing test profile.
17.4.1 Duplicate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Select “Manage | Test Profiles” to open the management tree on the left.
Choose the appropriate template and right-click for the submenu.
Select “Duplicate” to open the Test Profile pane.
Give a name to the new Test Profile.
Bound Tests window is for informative purposes here only. Editing if desired is
available later.
6. In “Common Values” one may enter test parameters that apply to every test in the
profile.
7. Saving options
a. Select “Cancel Changes” to undo changes.
b. Select “Keep Changes to save the intermediate work.
c. Select “Save All Changes” to finalize the work on this pane.
17.4.2 Copy as essid
The pre-requisite here is to have existing test profiles that shall be the target for pasting all
elements in the template. This is one form of cut&paste operation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Select “Manage | Test Profiles” to open the management tree on the left
Choose the appropriate template and right-click for the submenu
Select “Copy as essid” (no visible results)
Right-click on Test Profile icon and select “Insert essid” to open essid pane on the right
Insert an existing essid name
Optionally, insert other common parameters in the table “Common Values”
Select “Save All Changes” to insert the test elements in the template to the test profile
as individual essid. All tests under the essid contain the same parameters, such as
Sonar etc.
17.5 Operation on Test Element
17.5.1 Copy element
The pre-requisite here is to have existing test profiles that shall be the target for pasting this
test element. This is one form of cut&paste operation.
1. Select “Manage | Test Profiles” to open the management tree on the left
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Testing on multiple essid’s is achieved by either copying and editing individual test element in
a profile or copying a complete template to pasted to an existing profile.
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17.6 Operations on Test Profile Node
Save All Changes
Any change in the sub-tree shall be made persistent.
Add empty Test Profile
A new test profile object to the tree shall be inserted. The only input required is the name of
the profile.
17.7 Operations on Test Profile
Edit
Open a pane with “Common Values” and “Name” field ready for editing. “Bound Tests”
remains read-only, the elements are managed in the tree.
Duplicate
Create identical test profile with a new name. It is possible to change top-level parameters on
the same pane. This option enables easy creation of test profiles with similar test elements to
another link.
Copy as essid
Copies the contents of a test profile to be pasted to another profile as essid object.
Remove
Removes the object.
Bound Eyes
Shows the monitoring stations that are using this profile.
Automated Tests
No current functionality.
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2. Choose one of the test elements and right-click
3. Select “Copy element” (no visible results)
4. Paste the element by choosing “Paste testprofile element” available on the right-click
a. If the target is a Test Profile icon, the element shall be the last one in that
profile
b. If the target is an essid inside a test profile, the element shall be the last one
for that essid.
5. Repeat step 2-4 until the test profile is according the expectations.
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No current functionality.
Paste test profile element
Paste previously copied test profile element as the last element in the profile.
Save
Make the changes in the sub-objects persistent.
Insert Essid
Paste previously copied essid into this profile as the last element.
Insert New Essid
Create a new empty essid into this profile as the last element.
17.8 Operations on essid inside a test profile
Edit
Open a pane with “Common Values” and “Name” field ready for editing.
Copy
Enable pasting of the object.
Paste test profile element
Paste previously copied test profile element as the last element in the profile.
Remove
Deletes the object.
17.9 On test elements
Each test has default parameters, which can be used as is or modified as needed. To obtain the
best results and find the best measurement methods for a target network, plan and configure
the tests to suit the network.
A test profile must be configured for each monitoring station separately. The same profile can
be used in several monitoring stations.
17.9.1 Modifying test parameters
If you wish to modify individual tests, see the instructions below. However, the tests will work
perfectly well even without modification. For each test, do the following:
1. Select the test from the profile and right-click the test
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17.10 Configuring complex test profiles
Free editing makes it possible to create profiles for any imaginable purpose. One might want
to create fine-grain testing for a particular wlan network or it might want to test multiple wlan
networks in one profile.
17.10.1 Use case: fine-tuning existing profile
Use “Copy Element” and “Insert Element After” or “Insert Element Before” to multiply one
single test. Change parameters in each duplicate to achieve the desired effect. This could be
changing the ping packet size, changing the amount of data to be transferred or changing the
MOS test parameters. Such extreme-values and range tests produce detailed information on
the network behavior.
17.10.2 Use case: Multiple SSID testing
There are two ways to achieve testing on multiple networks on one single monitoring station.
The first is based on element copying (the previous paragraph) and the other is using copies of
essid objects.
Using copies of elements may be burdensome at the configuration time but gives control over
the test order. By copying one single element (test type) to be sequentially tested on different
wlans produces the following sample profile:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FTP on Wlan1
FTP on Wlan2
FTP on Wlan3
Spectrum
MOS on Wlan1
MOS on Wlan2
MOS on Wlan3
Scan
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2. Select “Edit”
3. If desired, set the test duration (in seconds)
a. The test duration does not affect the running of the test; however, if the test
type is temporarily removed from the test set, the time specified is spent in
sleep mode, depending on the configuration
4. Select a test
5. Select a test type (parameter is visible)
6. For some tests, such as RTT ping, you may also do the following:
a. Select the interval, or the pause between pings
b. Select Sonar
c. Select an access point
d. Select an IP address
e. Select the number of bytes to be downloaded/uploaded
f. Select the number of repetitions
g. Select the client’s IP address policy:
i. DHCP in use (1)
ii. Static address (0) – enter address data
7. Select “Keep changes”
8. Select “Save all changes”
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FTP on Wlan1
MOS on Wlan1
Spectrum
FTP on Wlan2
MOS on Wlan2
Scan
FTP on Wlan3
MOS on Wlan3
Please observe that in the latter approach the measurements on a single wlan network shall
be sparser temporally. While individual tests shall happen on roughly the same time interval,
the distribution of the samples per network differs a great deal on these two approaches.
When planning the test cycles, one should bear in mind:
•
The more tests there are in the sequence, the bigger the difference in sample
distribution.
•
The more networks, the less samples for individual networks.
17.11 Running test profiles
Select “Tools | Eye auto tests management” to see current status of Eye units.
The Eyes of the user context are enlisted in the box on the right. The Eye name, the test profile
name and the state of the test profile run are indicated.
By selecting one of the Eyes brings additional information such as the run time and test profile
content on the left.
Buttons:
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The other approach is the create a simple test sequence as essid and then duplicate the essid
object and make the duplicates to point to different wlans. The resulting sample test profile
would be similar to the following:
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Play – runs the chosen test profile on the active Eye
Pause – temporarily stop or resume running the test profile on the active Eye
Stop – Stop running the profile on the active Eye
51
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52
18.1 Initial network scan
When the Eye has been installed or needs to be reset, you must run a network scan. There are
various preconfigured scanning durations. When an Eye has been installed for the first time, it
is recommended that you run the longest scan, titled “Initial scan.” The purpose of the initial
scan is to scan the monitoring station’s radio frequency environment very thoroughly and to
detect the access points suitable for monitoring.
Network scan type
Description
Initial
Slow
Regular
Fast
First deployment
Thorough
Normal
Quick
Estimated duration (all antennas and
channels) for channels 1-11 excl. 5 GHz
15–20 min
7–9 min
3–4 min
less than 1 min
The scan results are presented in a table. An initial scan should be run whenever substantial
physical changes have been made in the environment being monitored (for example, new or
removed walls), or if the Eye’s location has been changed.
The table contains the following information about the WLAN access points detected:
• Network name (ESSID)
• Encryption methods supported by the access point
• MAC address of the access point
• Channel
• Management status (if not known, denoted as “Unknown”)
• Antenna that hears the access point best
• Access point signal strength
• Noise level
The access points in the service area must have a management status. Setting a management
status means that the access point’s existence is acknowledged. Unacknowledged access
points prompt issuing of an alarm if such an alarm has been configured. The management
statuses are as follows:
•
•
•
•
Managed: Monitored by this monitoring station
o The recommendation for signal strength is >65 dBm
Own: Own access point managed by another monitoring station
Known: An access point that is an accepted part of the radio frequency environment
(for example, a neighboring network)
o If possible, ensure the access point operates properly and can be accepted
Unknown: An access point without a monitoring status
o In practice, this status should exist only during network scans in new service
areas; it should not exist in normal use
The changes are saved in Sapphire Carat’s database and the installed monitoring station. The
test is described in more detail below, under the “Network Scan” description.
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The network scan test can also be used as a separate test outside initial deployment. The
deployment is described in the previous section of this guide.
To scan the network, do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
In the Network topology, select the Eye you want to use for scanning the network
Right-click and select “Network Scan”; a test window is displayed in the right pane
Select the test duration from the pull-down menu
If you want to view information about each antenna, select “Show RX level”
a. If this checkbox is selected, the results window has a separate line for each
antenna, which might make the window’s content more difficult to read
b. The system selects the best antenna automatically in any case
c. The system offers an active test for verification of the antenna selection
Select the scan directions – i.e., antenna lobes
Select the channels to scan
Select “Scan”
The results are displayed in a table
MAC
hidden
After the network scan, you can verify the suitability of the selected antenna by
running the antenna selection test.
The information in the table can be edited. Remember to save the changes.
• “Manage”: The management status: the status of a monitoring station can be changed
• “Sel Ant”: Selected antenna – you can change the antenna used by the Eye to monitor
the access point
o We recommend that you compare the signal levels received very thoroughly
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18.2 “Network Scan” test
18 Passive tests
We recommend that you perform the antenna selection test if anything is
even slightly unclear
Options for processing the results:
• “Save” saves the information in the table to the Carat system.
• “Columns” select the visible columns; the table might be easier to read if you hide
unnecessary columns
• “Export” exports a text file to the Carat file system – you can enter the location in the
dialog that appears after you click “Export” – which is a handy feature for comparison
of results obtained at different times
18.3 “Client scan” test
You can scan for preconfigured clients by their MAC address.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In the Network topology, select the Eye you want to use for scanning the network
Right-click and select “Active Tests | Client Scan”
Enter the scan duration under “Scan interval”
Select the scan directions – i.e., antenna lobes
Select the channels to scan
Select “Scan”
The results are displayed in a table:
a. The MAC address of the scanned devices that transmitted during the test
b. The noise level and signal strength, by antenna
MAC
hidden
8. Select “Save”; the clients detected remain in the table
9. You can enter a friendly name and description for each user; this name will be
displayed in future results instead of the MAC address
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54
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55
MAC
hidden
10. Select “Save” to save the friendly names and descriptions
The data can be viewed and edited.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Network clients”
To change the information, select the MAC address or name
Right-click and select “Edit”
Edit the information
Select “Save”
MAC
hidden
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MAC
hidden
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1. From the top menu bar, select “Manage | Network clients”
2. In the hierarchical tree in the left pane, right-click the topmost element, titled
“Network clients”
3. Select “Add network client”
4. Enter a friendly name for the client
5. Enter a user’s name, if known
6. Enter a description (optional)
7. Enter the client’s MAC address
8. Click “Save”
To add several clients at once, select “Import network clients” in step 3. This option imports a
text file from the Carat server’s file system. The file format is as follows:
field
explanation
example
MAC
MAC address,
required
complete
description
omitted
partial
Name
User
Description
Client name,
Client user if
Client description
(optional)
known (optional) (optional)
A:B:C:D,pda,Pda User,personal digital assistant
A:B:C:D,officeLaptop,J.D.,
A:B:C:D,barCodeReader, ,
The “Export network clients” function creates a corresponding file in the Carat server’s file
system.
18.4 Spectrum Analyzer
The monitoring station supports frequency-sweep-based radio spectrum analysis. The
frequency status is displayed as a colored map.
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
Right-click and select “Spectrum Analysis”
Select a suitable sweep method from the pull-down menu
Select the presentation mode from the pull-down menu
a. Off-line: one-time draw
b. On-line: regularly updated image
5. Select the test duration from the pull-down menu
6. Select the antennas to be used in the test by selecting their respective checkboxes
7. Select “Scan”
See the figure below:
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18.3.1 Addition of a new client
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19 Active tests
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Active test means that the monitoring station assumes the role of a network client i.e. it is
active by attaching itself to the wlan network to run some operation.
Active tests may be run continuously from the test profiles. This is automated and continuous
right after the test parameters has been set for each profile and profiles are bound to the
monitoring stations (See chapter Test Profiles).
Below it is instructed how to run tests interactively from the user interface. This approach is
suitable to both deployment phase and detailed and interactive troubleshooting cases.
The test are activated from the Network topology by right-click on icon of either the
monitoring station or an access point. The test selection is available on the menu.
19.1 “Noise monitor” test
You can measure the noise levels surrounding the monitoring station. This test is available
based on backward compatibility and for entry-level systems, more accurate results are
available with spectrum analysis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
Right-click and select “Noise Monitor”
Select the scan directions – i.e., antenna lobes
Select the channels to scan
Select “Execute”
The results are displayed in a table as seen below
To view the results in a graphical view, click “Show graph”
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20.1 “Optimal Antenna Selection” test
The antenna test is used to verify the suitability of the selected antenna. Because of
reflections, the network scan can show similar results for different antennas. However, during
transmission of data to an access point, the differences between antennas become significant.
This test is worth running if more than one antenna shows similar results.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
Right-click and select “Active Tests | Optimal Antenna Selection”
Select the Sonar against which you want to run the test, or type another IP address
Select an access point
Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
a. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3) gateway
Set up the test options:
a. Select the amount of data transferred at one time
b. Select the antennas to be used in the test
Select “Execute”
The results are displayed in a table as seen below
If an antenna gives better results than the currently used antenna, select the better
antenna for monitoring
20.2 Download Tests
This test gives an indication of an access point’s FTP or UDP downlink capacity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
Right-click and select ”Manual tests”
From the submenu select either “FTP Download Test” or “UDP Download Test”
Specify whether you want to run the test against a Sonar or another target
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You can change the table type even after the test is executed.
20.3 Upload Tests
This test gives an indication of an access point’s FTP or uplink uplink capacity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
Right-click and select ”Manual tests”
From the submenu select either “FTP Upload Test” or “UDP Upload Test”
Configure the test target in the target area:
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5. Select the Sonar against which you want to run the test, or type another IP address
6. Select an access point
7. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
a. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3) gateway
8. Set up the test options
a. Select the amount of data transferred at one time
b. (UDP only): Packet size to be used (small = 256, medium = 1024, large = 32768
bytes)
c. (UDP only): Sender (Sonar) port. Default 0 means that MOS test ports shall be
used. User-given port overrides this setting. Please observe possible firewall
settings.
d. (UDP only): Receiver (Eye) port. Default 0 means that MOS test ports shall be
used. User-given port overrides this setting. Please observe possible firewall
settings.
e. Select the display format for the results
f. Select how many times the test is to be run
9. Select “Execute”
10. The results are displayed in a table as shown below
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You can change the table type even after the test is executed.
20.4 “Ping” test
A ping test tests the accessibility of a device, the number of packets sent and received, and
latency time.
1. In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
2. Right-click and select ”Manual tests | Ping test”
3. Define the test target in the target area:
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a. Select the Sonar against which you want to run the test, or type another IP
address
b. Select an access point from the pull-down menu
c. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
i. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3)
gateway
5. Set up the test options:
a. Select the amount of data from the pull-down menu
b. (UDP only): Packet size to be used (small = 256, medium = 1024, large = 32768
bytes)
c. (UDP only): Sender (Eye) port. Default 0 means that MOS test ports shall be
used. User-given port overrides this setting. Please observe possible firewall
settings.
d. (UDP only): Receiver (Sonar) port. Default 0 means that MOS test ports shall
be used. User-given port overrides this setting. Please observe possible
firewall settings.
e. Specify how many times the test is to be run
f. Select the display format for the results from the pull-down menus
g. Select the traffic classes to use (licensed products only)
6. Select “Execute”
The results are displayed in a table as seen below.
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You can change the table type even after the test is executed.
20.5 Traceroute Test
This test helps one perform network troubleshooting and identify routing problems or
firewalls that may be blocking access to a host.
1. In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
2. Right-click and select ”Manual tests | Traceroute Test”
3. Define the test target in the target area:
a. Select the Sonar against which you want to run the test, or type another IP
address
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a. Select the Sonar against which you want to run the test, or type another IP
address
b. Select an access point from the pull-down menu
c. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
i. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3)
gateway
4. Set up the test options:
a. Select the size for the ping packet
b. Select the waiting time between tests (in milliseconds)
c. Select the waiting time (in seconds) before termination of a test that does not
progress
d. Specify how many times the test is to be run
e. Select the display format for the results from the pull-down menus
5. Select the traffic classes to use (licensed products only) – note that it is not
recommended to use traffic classes in a ping test
6. Select “Execute”
The results are displayed in a report as seen below.
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The results are displayed in a report as seen below.
Note: You can change the report type even after the test is executed
20.6 “Access point traffic” test
This test listens to radio traffic in the Sapphire Eye’s coverage area and gathers many kinds of
information.
1. In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
2. Right-click and select ”Manual tests | Access Point Traffic Test”
Note: This test is among the active tests since it requires you to select a target access
point
3. Select the target access points from the table
4. Select the listening time (in milliseconds)
5. Select “Execute”
The results are displayed in a table as seen below – the tree view in the table shows the access
point as the root node, and the heard clients under it; for more information, move the mouse
cursor over the individual items in the tree or, to display even more details and a graphical
view, click an item in the tree.
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b. Select an access point from the pull-down menu
c. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
i. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3)
gateway
4. Set up the test options:
a. Minimum TTL: minimum number of devices/hops to try
b. Maximum TTL: maximum number of devices/hops to try
c. Queries per hop: how many times a device/hop is tried
d. Timeout: how long to wait before giving up on a device/hop
5. Select the traffic classes to use (licensed products only)
6. Select “Execute”
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20.7 “Client Scan”
This test listens to radio traffic in the Sapphire Eye’s coverage area and gathers information on
wlan clients that are active i.e. exchange traffic with access points in the proximity.
The result contains all the clients that were active during the test. Please note that both
channels and antennas work in an exclusive manner, only one antenna and only one channel
are active at the time. In other words: it is impossible to capture all the traffic during the test
execution.
Depending on the test purpose, it might be worthwhile to define the interesting MAC
addresses beforehand, possibly giving a friendly-name, too. If such definition exists, the
friendly-name is shown in the result tables instead of text-formatted MAC addresses.
To run the test:
1. In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
2. Right-click and select ”Manual tests | Client Traffic Test”
3. Select the antennas to be used in the test
4. Select the channels to be used in the test
5. Select the listening time from the drop-down menu, the division is similar to the
network scan
6. Select “Execute”
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The table “Client Scan Results” shows individual clients and their antenna sectors. By activating
a row on this table, more detailed information on the client is displayed on the table named
“Client Results” below.
20.8 “MOS test”
This test creates a VoIP call between Sapphire Eye and Sonar. Both uplink and downlink call
quality are measured, simultaneously and independently.
1. In the Network topology, select the Eye that will run the test
2. Right-click and select ”Manual tests | Http test”
3. Define the test target in the target area:
a. Select the Sonar against which you want to run the test
b. Select an access point from the pull-down menu
c. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
i. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3)
gateway
4. Configure the test data (see separate instructions)
5. Select “Execute”
20.9 MOS test parameters
1. Select the initial display format for the results (Table/Graph)
2. Select the direction of the test (Downlink/Uplink)
3. Select the codec to be used in the test (VoIP Codec):
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The results are displayed in two tables as seen below. The tables are active and the column
names support sort-orders.
20 Active Tests
6.
7.
8.
9.
a. G.711 PCM Linear 16 = 64 kbit/s
b. G.729 GSM data = 8 kbit/s
Select an optional error correction method (Stream FEC)
Configure sender information:
a. Enter a port for the MOS test (Local port)
b. Enter the test duration in seconds (Send time)
c. Enter the packet interval in milliseconds (Stream interval)
d. Enter the packet size in bytes (Packet size)
e. Enter the sampling window size in seconds (Sampling interval)
Configure the receiver information:
a. Enter a port for the MOS test (Receiver port)
b. Enter the receiving window size in seconds (Window size)
c. Enter the sampling interval in seconds (Sampling Interval)
d. Enter the size of the dejittering buffer (Dejittering Buffer)
e. Enter the connection timeout in milliseconds (Timeout)
Enter the traffic class (licensed feature only)
Select “Execute”
The results are displayed in a new window in the selected format
Sample result set:
Elements of the results image:
• MOS result: The distribution of MOS values related to test duration. The color coding
indicates quality.
• Loss Rate: Packet loss as a function of test duration.
• Average Jitter: Variation in delay as a function of test duration.
• Codec: The distribution of codecs used during the test. If only one result is visible, the
codec was not changed during the test.
• Levels: Signal and noise levels during the test, averaged over the duration of the test.
• SNR: Signal/noise ratio during the test, averaged over the duration of the test.
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4.
5.
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Test result
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Bad
In practice, the supported codec’s can reach MOS scores that are slightly above 4.
20.10 “Air Utilization” test
To capture spectrum heavy-users and misconfigurations – such as extensive use of legacy
codecs - in the wlan network, air utilization test should be run. This test is not part of the test
profiles as it is lengthy troubleshoot test. Special attention to the test parameters is required
as the maximum runtime is easily very high. One should check the “aggregate time” box for an
estimate.
To run the test:
1. Select antennas, at least one must be selected.
2. Select the desired channels with the check-boxes.
3. Select the time – in minutes – to listen to each selected channel on each selected
antenna.
The result is a table that has each antenna/channel combination as one row. One will get
simple table result by activating each row with the mouse. There shall be more detailed result
if “Show graph” is selected for the activated row:
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For more information on interpretation of the test results, see the description of
mean opinion score, MOS, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Opinion_Score.
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Antenna/channel row is presented in a pie-chart form that show frame type distribution on
the left and codec distribution on the right.
20.11 “HTTP URL test” aka Intranet test
Http test (Sonar) and Http URL test (Intranet) serve different purposes. While the former is
close to ftp test with detailed download measurements, the latter merely checks the
availability and success of the page download.
Typically intranet pages contain dynamic elements. Http download against Sonar brings fixed
size downloads thus providing tools for analysis.
To run the Intranet test:
1. Select an access point from the pull-down menu
2. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
a. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3) gateway
3. Choose URL from the box
a. To add a URL
i. Write a well-formed and proper address to the input box
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The result marks whether the download was successful (protocol errors or not), the download
time and the downloaded byte count.
20.12 “Internet AvailabilityTest”
This is an infrastructure test that reflects how well a wlan client (Eye) is able to utilize the
Internet. The test includes the following steps:
- radio link setup
- wlan authentication
- DHCP service
- Gateway pinging
- DNS server checks
- DNS name resolves
If the Eye passes all the phases of the test, it is justified to assume that the internet use is in
general fully functional.
To run the Internet availability test:
1. Select an access point from the pull-down menu
2. Select IP address
a. Use DHCP of the wlan network by checking the box
i. DHCP result shall affect other test parameters as the actual servers
shall be dictated by the result and the reliability is expected.
b. Use of static IP address configuration
i. enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3) gateway
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ii. Select “Add URL”
b. To remove a URL
i. Activate the URL to be removed with a right-click
ii. Select “Remove URL”
4. Select Execute.
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The result-set is three-fold:
1. General results: IP address obtained, attach time, dhcp retrieval time and gateway
address.
2. Status of DNS servers
Results of the name resolving.
20.13 “SIP Register Test”
It is possible to run SIP REGISTER test in both unauthorized and authorized mode.
To run the SIP test:
1. Select the SIP server to register to
a. From the pull-down menu
i. SIP end-point has to be defined as a test end-point to be selectable
b. Arbitrary IP address
i. Enter IP address and the port
2. Select an access point from the Network topology
3. Select the Eye’s IP address (DHCP or static)
a. If static, enter the (1) local IP address, (2) local netmask, and (3) gateway
4. Enter the SIP protocol specific parameters
a. Name is mandatory
b. If alone, the test is run as un-authorized
5. Select the wlan traffic category
6. Select “Execute”
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ii. Enter primary DNS server
iii. Enter secondary DNS server (optional)
iv. Enter tertiary DNS server (optional)
v. Enter 1st network name to be resolved
vi. Enter 2nd network name to be resolved (optional)
vii. Enter 3rd network name to be resolved (optional)
3. Select “Execute”
20 Active Tests
Test setup information contais:
- attach time
- dhcp retrieval time
- Eye IP address used in wlan interface
- The gateway
SIP results contain:
- used IEEE802.11e traffic category
- SIP server response for REGISTER: SIP protocol code
- Register time, milliseconds
- Authentication information (optional)
- SIP server response for UNREGISTER: SIP protocol code
- Unregister time, milliseconds
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The test result is two-fold: test setup information and SIP specific.
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21 Reporting
72
Detailed explanation of reporting options requires a description of key performance indicators
and knowledge of the Loupe application. As a result, report configuration and subscription are
described in the Loupe user guide.
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21 REPORTING
22 Service Level Agreement
73
Service Level Agreement (SLA) groups a number of KPIs and their expected target values. In a
nutshell, typically a KPI has a scalar value while SLA is combination of numerous KPI values and
statistical rules that result in a higher-level view on the quality of the network.
The ultimate goal is to bind together a contractual agreement and actual measurements, the
expression of the desired or required level of the service and the proven real-life phenomena.
As such, the SLA is a communication medium between the service provider and the customer.
The SLA outcome is percentage value and based on user-defined thresholds it is divided into
values green, yellow and red according the three-basket principle. This means that the enduser experience on the wlan network might remain adequate but the resulting SLA value is
clearly in the red basket.
Related icons
SLA template
SLA KPI definition
SLA group
KPI definition
22.1 Defining a Service Level Agreement into the system
A network service provider can make Service Level Agreements (SLA) with their customers,
defining the level of service provided to the customer. 7signal Sapphire enables users to
monitor the fulfillment of the various performance level guarantees defined in the SLA.
The user may freely choose the performance indicators to be monitored in the
service level agreement, in effect forming out of them an SLA group.
22.2 Defining SLA Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
In 7signal Sapphire an SLA group is formed out of a set of Key Performance Indicators
corresponding to the SLA. The SLA group is bound to a topology element in the monitored
network. Network topology elements that an SLA group can be bound to are Organization, Link
and Link Group.
An SLA group consists of several KPIs which define the boundary values used in monitoring the
fulfillment of the service level agreement.
SLA definitions are inherited throughout the network topology as follows:



If an organization has an SLA group bound to it, the performance indicators defined in
the group are inherited by all links and link groups in the organization.
If a link group has an SLA group bound to it, only the performance indicators defined
in the group's own SLA group are applied regardless of whether the organization
above it has an SLA group bound to it or not.
If a link has an SLA group bound to it, only the performance indicators defined in the
link's own SLA group are applied regardless of whether the link group or organization
above it have SLA groups bound to them or not.
In the 7signal Sapphire system the boundary values can be set separately for each KPI
contained in the SLA group. Each KPI defines a certain type of boundary value and percentage
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22 SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT
22 Service Level Agreement
74
Three color coding is used for service levels in the KPIs: green, yellow and red. The percentage
boundaries are defined for green and yellow levels of service.
To attain the green level of service the percentage of measurement samples that fulfill the
boundary value criteria set in the KPI (that is, are over or under the set boundary value,
depending on the type of KPI) must be at least as high as the percentage boundary value set
for the green level in the KPI. If there are too many measurement samples that do not fulfill
the boundary value criteria, the service level falls to yellow. The yellow level functions likewise:
if it is not attained, the service level falls to red.
22.3 Example: Upload throughput KPI
The table below explains how an SLA value is calculated based on target KPI, it’s measurement
and statistical analysis.
Boundary value
above 5,5 Mbit/s
Green level
99,0%
Yellow level
95,0%
Red level
below 95,0%
This is a relatively low value. One should bear in
mind that this target is for numerous access
points and the calculation interval might be
rather long.
On the other hand, an alarm might be bound to
this KPI with a higher alarming threshold for
access points with extreme performance
expectations.
At least 99,0% of measured samples must attain
an upload throughput of at least 5,5Mbit/s in
order to attain the green level for the KPI in
question.
If the percentage of measured samples that
satisfy the boundary value criteria falls between
95,0% and 98,99% the yellow level is attained.
If the percentage falls below 95,0% the service
level can be considered unfulfilled.
22.4 Creating an SLA group
An SLA group can be created in one of two ways:
1. By modifying an SLA template
2. By creating an empty SLA group and adding to it the desired Key Performance
Indicators
When the desired set of KPIs has been added to the SLA group the KPI boundary values can be
set to match the service levels outlined in the actual Service Level Agreement contract.
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values for how many measurement samples may fall outside the defined boundary values
without causing the service level agreement to be considered unfulfilled. The type of the KPI
determines whether measurement samples with values over or under the boundary value are
desired.
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75
Create the SLA group as follows:
1. Click on "Manage | SLA definitions" from the top menu bar
2. Right-click on "SLA templates" from the tree hierarchy
3. Right-click on the desired SLA template
4. Choose "Duplicate" from the pop-up menu. An SLA group editing dialog opens to the
right (pictured above)
5. Name the SLA group
6. Remove unnecessary KPIs from the "KPI definitions" list by using the "Remove KPI"
button
7. If it's desired to change the boundary values of KPIs, choose the desired KPI from the
"KPI definitions" list. The KPI's name, description and boundary values according to
service level agreement are updated into the editing dialog.
8. Edit the boundary values to your liking.
9. Repeat from step 7. until every boundary value is as desired.
10. Click "Save"
22.4.2 Creating an SLA group from scratch
The dialog pane is identical to the case of duplicated template. Naturally the contents of the
pane are empty, but the look and the process is identical.
Create the SLA group as follows:
1. Click on "Manage | SLA definitions" from the top menu bar
2. Right-click on "SLA groups" from the tree hierarchy
3. Choose "Add SLA group" from pop-up menu. An SLA group editing dialog opens to the
right.
4. Name the SLA group
5. Choose "KPI definitions" from the tree hierarchy. Available KPIs are opened into the tree.
6. Right-click on the desired KPI
7. Choose "Copy" from the pop-up menu
8. Click "Paste KPI" from the SLA group editing dialog
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22.4.1 Creating an SLA group from a template
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22.4.3 Binding an SLA group to a Link
Bind an SLA group to a link as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
Right-click on the link that you want to bind an SLA group to from the tree hierarchy
Choose "Set SLA group" from the pop-up menu
Choose the desired SLA group from the menu that opens
or alternatively
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
Right-click on the link that you want to bind an SLA group to from the tree hierarchy
Select "Edit" from the pop-up menu. A link editing dialog opens to the right
Choose the desired SLA group from the drop-down menu
Click "Save"
22.4.4 Binding an SLA group to a link group
Bind an SLA group to a link group as follows:
1. Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
2. Right-click on the link group that you want to bind an SLA group to from the tree
hierarchy
3. Choose "Set SLA group" from the pop-up menu
4. Choose the desired SLA group from the menu that opens
or alternatively
1. Click on "View | Network topology" from the top menu bar
2. Right-click on the link group that you want to bind an SLA group to from the tree
hierarchy
3. Select "Edit" from the pop-up menu. A link group editing dialog opens to the right
4. Choose the desired SLA group from the drop-down menu
5. Click "Save"
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9. Choose the KPI in the SLA group editing dialog ("KPI definitions"). The KPI's name,
description and boundary values according to service level agreement are updated into
the editing dialog.
10. If necessary, edit the boundary values.
11. Repeat from step 6. onwards until all desired KPIs have been added to the SLA group.
12. Click "Save"
23 Viewer Software
77
Test result information and other results can be transferred outside Carat in spreadsheet
format and as raw or delimited text and pdfs. You can select the applications you want to use
to process these files in Carat.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
From the top menu bar, select “Edit | Configure viewers”
The installed applications are displayed on the right
To change the applications, click “Browse”
Locate the application in the Carat server file system and select “Open”
Click “Save”
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23 VIEWER SOFTWARE
24 Email Servers
When one configures an email server (icon
), one can send reports and alarms to email
addresses. This setting is only for the SMTP server, the email account information is given in
each of the features using the SMTP server.
There should be only one SMTP per a user group. Solution Administrator has
visibility to all SMTP servers but local Administrators and Configurators may add
only one SMTP server.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
From the top menu bar, select “Edit | Mail server configuration”
Enter the SMTP server’s address
Enter the recipient’s e-mail address
Enter the SMTP port to use
Enter a username and password, if required by the SMTP server
Click “Save”
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24 EMAIL SERVERS
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25 Database Backup
79
It is possible to backup databases in 7signal Sapphire. Given a proper backup, the system state
may be recovered completely in case of system crash. There are two remarkably different
alternatives and an option not to backup the database. The default in 7signal Sapphire is no
backup. While this option is known to be non-optimal for any production environment, it is
chosen as default to force every organization to define their own backup policy.
25.1 Backup options
25.1.1 Automated backup with server downtime
Backup with downtime is a circadian backup based on Unix cron that pauses the
measurements by stopping the Carat server and closing the underlying database connections.
In quiescent mode a full backup of the database is made and stored to the desired location in
the Carat server file system. The user is responsible for managing the backup files, moving and
purging and so on. This type of logging is later referred as offline backup.
25.1.2 Automated backup without server downtime
Online backup is a circadian backup based on Unix cron that keeps 7signal Sapphire in
production while creating the backups. While this obviously is the most tempting option, it
comes with a price of heavier administration.
To understand the difference between the methods – thus making one able to decide on
appropriate backup policy – we must understand database logging methods first.
25.2 Database logging
In short, the logs of a database system are the most precious. It is justified to say that the logs
are the database as they are written first and the tables are updated after that.
IBM DB2 provides alternative logging methods that affect the backup options. So called
'circular logging' method keeps the size of the logs very predictable. The other option used in
7signal Sapphire is so called 'infinite archive logging'. This is very flexible a logging method
provided that there is a special file system available. Practically the file system must not fill up
ever.
The default logging method in 7signal Sapphire is 'circular logging'.
25.2.1 Purging database logs
Circular logging
There is no need for purging in case of circular logging. The default logging method in 7signal
Sapphire is 'circular logging'.
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25 DATABASE BACKUP
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There is one secure way of purging the log files in the infinite archive directory. Offline backup
has to be done and this comes with price of the 7signal Sapphire halt. Offline backup provides
one single and unique point-in-time to be restored later. Once the offline backup exists, the
log files in the infinite archive directory become obsolete and may be removed.
The other option comes with no warranty whatsoever. The option is to keep 7signal Sapphire
running and to delete log files in the infinite archive directory. To understand what files are
likely to be unused, the active log files has to be followed to see the time to fill up a single log
file and then deduce what infinite archive files might be available for deleting . If one chooses
this option, setting the safety margins reasonably high is advisable.
In case there is both a system crash and a log file has been deleted too early, the
recovery shall never be able to finish. In this case, the only consistent system
stage is available at offline backup time.
The automated reporting lessens the impact of possible data loss if used in detail
and frequently. However, possibility to measurement drill-in analysis is lost as
well as any change in the network topology and other management information.
The infinite archival logging is provided in order to support online backups (see below) but it
should also be seen as a method to make system run longer automatically without user
interruption. However, the system has to be maintained and administered. It is outside of the
scope of this document to fit 7signal Sapphire to IT processes of all organizations but offline
backups with planned system halts are highly recommended.
25.3 Backup method options
25.3.1 Default state (not recommemded)
Essentially the 7signal Sapphire system default state is not a backup system at all but it is
based on the underlying database management system's robustness, fault tolerance and basic
level recovery options. In case of a permanent disk failure the data is lost. By installing the
databases on RAID disks lessens the risk further.
On default state the 7signal Sapphire relies on the database management system (IBM DB2)
logging. The assumptions are that the management information (Eye, access point and target
network) changes are not continuous but rather sporadic. The measurements are continuous
but losing few of the most recent samples is a risk that can be tolerated. Typical starting point
for analysis is one week of measurements and in case of sudden system down one would lose
the data until the system is fixed. And in case of system down it is expected that all the efforts
shall be there to bring 7signal Sapphire and other systems online again. There shall be no
special snapshots where to start operations again. It is possible to resume a state before the
interrupt, possibly the system is operational with no special effort at all.
Offline backups are possible but require user actions both to shutdown 7signal Sapphire and
do the actual backup.
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Infinite archice logging
25 Database Backup
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Method strengths:
- least planning
- least resource consuming
25.3.2 First degree of backup: offline backup
Most importantly this method gives fully recoverable snapshots at the desired intervals. The
disk space requirement is an issue but not extremely serious as the frequency is totally usermanaged and the file size growth is easy to check (with the tools provided by the operating
system, not by 7signal). The downside is the downtime as the 7signal Sapphire must be halted
for the time of the backup, hence it is called offline backup. Typically this would be rather
minutes than tens of minutes. Naturally all the measurements are stopped for that time.
Offline backup 1st degree is available in every install and run scenario of 7signal Sapphire. One
can start offline backup with a tool or have it run by the system in a circadian manner.
Method handicaps:
- backup process requires downtime
Method strengths:
- simple to recover
- recovered system state is thoroughly consistent
TIP: offline backup is suitable for environments that require automated backup
but do not have special backup policy hardware nor other extensive resources.
25.3.3 2nd degree of backup: online backup
The requirement for the online backup is that infinite archive logging is enabled.
When online backup is operational, the most significant benefit is the ability to run circadian
backups online i.e. 7signal Sapphire remains operational and continues testing while creating
the backup. As opposed to offline backup, the system is online all the time producing
measurements.
The first and the most important assumption is that there is a storage device available that in
practice is a so-called endless device. 7signal cannot and shall not guarantee any checks on the
device but it is assumed to be available all the time and have the capacity for massive data
transfers. The user is responsible for the storage capacity.
NOTE: backups are not done incrementally in any case. This means that over time
the needed to dump the database increases but more importantly the disk space
requirement increases continuously.
NOTE: use of backup systems require planning and administration i.e continuous
effort from the administrator. This area is outside of 7signal scope, 7signal
encourages clear planning on the issue.
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Handicaps of the default method:
- no precise and secure backup (system state) to return to by default
- backup process is completely manual
- backup process requires downtime
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Behind the scenes the technology relies completely on IBM DB2 backup system and 7signal
provides interface that covers and automates IBM interface to support 7signal databases.
TIP: there are environments that require separate hardware for backups. If
possible, 7signal Sapphire should be integrated (on file system level) to these.
TIP: with frequent and detailed automated reports the loss of measurement data
becomes less drastic as the needed information may be found in the reports.
25.3.4 Changing log settings
Install time gives the option to set all the backup related settings including log setup.
To change the settings while the system is installed and in production later, please use the tool
7db and the logsetup sub-command. Complete guide to 7db tool is in the appendix of
Deployment Guide.
25.3.5 Managing backup levels
By default the system is in default state, no automated backups at all. Any change to that state
would require more resources and administration that should be planned separately.
In case one has changed the default settings – either by giving such install parameters or
issuing the needed commands after the installation - the following operations return the initial
state:
1) stop circadian backups
2) set logging to circular mode
This implies that the default state means circular logging without circadian backups.
25.3.6 File system settings for the database
There are three elements that require – optimally separate – disk space:
1. databases
a. measurement database
b. management database
c. security database
2. database logs
3. database backups
Naturally the backups must be stored separately from the logs and the databases, otherwise
the value of the backups reduces significantly. The databases and the related logs are expected
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7signal Sapphire Carat Carat User Guide Release 2.5
During installation there shall be various destination folders inquired by the install script. The
folders are for logs, for bakcup files etc. As complex as online backup may sound, the setting of
the online backup is easy. To maintain and keep it available and functional requires IT support
that is beyond the scope of 7signal guidance.
25 Database Backup
83
NOTE: log files and databases residing in the same physical disk mean duplicate
disk operation efforts on the same device. It is good design to separate logs and
actual databases to different physical storage devices.
25.3.7 Changing backup settings
Install time gives the option to set all the backup related settings.
To change the settings while the system is installed and in production later, please use the tool
7db and the backup sub-command. Complete guide to 7db tool is in the appendix of
Deployment Guide.
Below there are example commands to give the reader an overview:
7db
7db
7db
7db
7db
7db
7db
backup
backup
backup
backup
backup
backup
backup
remove
set weekly Wed 00:30 /mnt/backups /mnt/backups
set daily 03:00 /mnt/backups
set directory /mnt/newbackups
set weekly Sun 01:30
set type online
now /mnt/backups online
25.4 Restoring backups
Backups are located in the user-defined directory. Backup files contain timestamp in the name,
also the operating system timestamp exists.
NOTE: the user must be aware which backup file should be used. Therefore it is
essential to understand the backup system and the related files.
Based on this information one must choose which backup to restore.
Restore command is
# 7db backup restore
NOTE: while issuing restore command when using online backup, it might be
necessary for the system to retrieve files from the infinite archive directory when
the restore command is issued. The access time is affected by the physical device.
If the system cannot access the files, restore shall not happen. The most recent
offline backup is the alternative point of recovery.
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to be accessible easily from the hosting server but it is encouraged to use separate physical file
systems for these two.
26 Nagios Support
84
7signal Sapphire supports Nagios, a commonplace open license tool for IT infrastructure
monitoring.
In this case Sapphire is the object of monitoring, not the monitor itself. Therefore we assume
the general concepts and usage of Nagios to be well-known to the user. If this is not the case,
one may start exploring the topic from the Nagios web pages (http://www.nagios.org). Also, a
recent Nagios release package is included in the delivery media of the 7signal Solution in Sonar
disk and the folder named "Non-7signal Software"
26.1 Adding Sapphire Host Information To Nagios Server
The prerequisite is that Nagios is installed and running on the host machine. In order to
monitor a remote Carat server do the following steps (as a root user):
1. Modify commands.cfg file (default location: /etc/nagios/object/commands.cfg)
Add:
define command {
command_name check_nrpe
command_line $USER1$/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$
2. Create configuration file for remote machine running the Carat server to Nagios
objects directory (default location: /etc/nagios/objects)
File extension is cfg, otherwise the naming is free. You may use or modify the
following:
carat-host-xyz.cfg
7signal_wqa_carat_1.cfg etc.
Content of the file:
define host {
use linux-server
host_name
alias
address
define service {
use local-service
host_name
service_description 7signal Sapphire Carat
check_command check_nrpe!check_carat_server
3. Add host configuration file (the previous step) to nagios.cfg file (default location:
/etc/nagios/nagios.cfg):
cfg_file=/etc/nagios/objects/carat-host-xyz.cfg
4. Restart Nagios server
service nagios restart
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26 NAGIOS SUPPORT
26 Nagios Support
85
The prerequisite is that client-side tools of Nagios have been installed on the host running
7signal Sapphire software. The protocol being used is NRPE. There is no SSH support
concurrently.
26.2.1 Install NRPE daemon
Use online install with yum:
# yum install nrpe
26.2.2 Install toolset ‘Nagios plugins’
Use online install with yum:
# yum install nagios-plugins-nrpe
NOTE: the following installers shall open port tcp/5666 for Nagios traffic in the
firewall settings.Install Sapphire plugin
There folders named Nagios_support on both Carat and Sonar delivery disks. They contain the
following files
7signal-Nagios-plugin--for-Carat-installer.bin
7signal-Nagios-plugin--for-Loupe-installer.bin
7signal-Nagios-plugin--for-Sonar-installer.bin
The files are executable and totally self-contained. By running each of the file makes the
respective Sapphire Nagios plugin available. The process includes configuration file creation,
updates and firewall settings.
Silent install mode (option -s) uses 7signal defaults for all parameters. If this option is not used,
all parameters are inquired interactively with the default setting visible.
By default, the plugin installations end up in /opt/7signal/nagios folder. However, the
installation makes the plugins available and after this the process and operations are
completely transparent to the Carat user.
26.3 Verifying Nagios Installation
Complete and operational install is achieved if Nagios GUI shows
check_carat_server
check_sonar_server
check_loupe_server
as options for monitoring for the hosts running 7signal Sapphire software.
26.4 Removing Nagios plugins
The installation directory contains uninstall_nagios.sh that removes Sapphire related
plugin files. The NRPE daemon stays untouched and its configuration is cleaned only for
Sapphire plugins thus NRPE and other Nagios operations remain untouched.
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26.2 Adding Nagios Plug-ins To Sapphire Software

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Title                           : Carat User Guide
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